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Field Columbian Museum 
 
 Publication qi. 
 
 Zoological Series. Vol. Ill, No. 16, 
 
 CATALOGUE OF MAMMALS 
 
 COLLECTED BY 
 
 E. HELLER 
 
 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 
 
 BY 
 D. G. Elliot, F. R. S. E., Etc. 
 
 Curator of Department. 
 
 Chicago, U. S. A. 
 
 March, 1904. 
 
CATALOGUE OF MAMMALS COLLECTED BY E. HELLER 
 IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 BY I). G. ELLIOT, F. R. S. E., ETC. 
 
 On his return from the expedition into the San Pedro Martir 
 Mountains in Lower California, Mr. Heller was instructed to continue 
 collecting in the Colorado and Mohave Deserts, Death Valley, 
 and the various mountain ranges in the vicinity of these, visiting as 
 many as possible of the type localities accessible on his proposed 
 route. In pursuance of the course indicated for him to follow, he 
 commenced his labors in February, 1902, at Whitewater, where 
 four days were passed. This place is fifteen miles from Palm Springs 
 and at the eastern terminus of San Gorgonio Pass and the extreme 
 western end of the Colorado Desert at an elevation of 12,000 feet, 
 and here topotypes of Dipodomys m. similis = D. m. simiolus, were 
 procured. "The vegetation about Whitewater is almost wholly that 
 of the Lower Sonoran of the desert. The creosote bush, the char- 
 acteristic species, is abundant about the ranch and to the west as 
 far as Cabezon, ten miles from the mouth of the Pass. The mesquite, 
 Prosopsis julifera, extends westward to the same limits as the creosote. 
 A small tree yucca, Y. mohavensis, is abundant, and forms a con- 
 spicuous part of the vegetation." 
 
 From Whitewater Mr. Heller went to Palm Sprixgs, a village on 
 the Colorado Desert situated in a cave of San Jacinto Mountain and 
 about fifteen miles east of Whitewater. "The desert at this place," 
 writes Mr. Heller, "is a level plain of white sand, recently a bed of 
 the arm of the Gulf of California, but now 4,000 feet above sea level, 
 from which the mountains rise abruptly in some places, forming 
 cliffs, and the mouths of the canons are marked by great alluvial 
 fans which rise a considerable height above the plain. Although so 
 close to Whitewater, the conditions are much more those of the 
 desert, and the heat in summer is extreme. The Lower Sonoran Zone 
 spreads out over the entire desert and reaches into all the canons, 
 and ascends the sides of the hills as high as 3,000 feet. The creosote 
 bush grows here to large proportions and forms a continuous belt 
 from the lower hills well out into the desert. The mesquite, Prosopis 
 julijlora, and the desert willow, Cliilopsis linearis, are generally dis- 
 
 271 
 
272 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 tributed along dry washes, in some places forming thickets of large 
 extent. On the rocky hillsides and mesas bordering the more sandy 
 portions of the desert cacti are abundant, chiefly cholla, Opuntia 
 tesselata and 0. echinocarpa, a species of Cereus, and the barrel cactus, 
 Echinocactus. In the canons the fan palm, Neowashingtonia fila- 
 mentosa, forms the most conspicuous part of the vegetation, associated 
 with which are willows, cottonwoods, sycamores, screw-pod mesquite, 
 and low thickets of Acacia. Farther up the canons, at 2,000 feet, 
 occur the juniper, piiion pine, and agave, while a few Yucca moha- 
 vensis occur at the mouths of the canons. Owing to the abruptness 
 of the mountains and the low elevation of the plain upon which they 
 rest, the coast and mountain flora and fauna are brought down into 
 close contact with forms which are characteristic of the lowest part 
 of- the desert." A Citcllus and a Perognathus are described as new 
 from this locality and topotypes of Dipodomys m. simiolus, Perog- 
 nathus p. bangsi, Nyctinomus femorosaccus, and Neotoma bella were 
 obtained. 
 
 From Palm Springs Mr. Heller traversed the Morongo Pass 
 through the San Bernardino Range to its northern side. This Pass 
 which "marks the eastern boundary of the valley, has an elevation 
 of 3,000 feet, and the valley itself is about 500 feet lower, and forms 
 a connection between the Colorado Desert and the southwestern arm 
 of the Mohave Desert. The valley is about ten miles in length, with 
 a width of two or three miles, and has a gravelly floor and rolling 
 surface, due to the washes of the several creeks which cross it at 
 right angles to break through the low hills on the southeast to the 
 Colorado Desert. The valley is in the Lower Sonoran Zone, being 
 covered by a pure growth of creosote in many parts. Yucca niolia- 
 vensis is also an abundant species and here reaches its maximum 
 dimensions. To the south, the Pass is walled in by San Jacinto 
 Mountain, which rises very abruptly from the level floor of the desert 
 to a height of 10,805 feet. The San Bernardino Mountains form the 
 northern wall, the highest peak lying less than fifteen miles to the 
 north and attaining an altitude of 11,485 feet. At Whitewater, the 
 mouth of the Pass is a little more than two miles in width, with a 
 gradual decline eastward to the desert. To the west it keeps its 
 broad, open character and gradual ascent to the summit, 2,600 feet, 
 a few miles west of Banning, where one day was passed and a few 
 specimens procured. Near Whitewater the Pass is filled with white 
 sand washes, and the Whitewater Creek from the San Bernardino 
 Mountains enters the desert from the north at the mouth of the 
 Pass, and the mountain vegetation, and to a slight extent the fauna 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 273 
 
 also, follows this stream to the desert." A short distance east of 
 the Pass is Warren's Well, where a few specimens were procured. 
 It is "in the Tree Yucca Belt, the upper edge of which is marked by 
 scrub-oak, juniper, and pihon pines. A considerable number of speci- 
 mens were captured in Morongo Pass, among which was a new 
 species of OuycJwmys and topotypes of Thomomys cabezoncs. The 
 next camp was made at Burn's Spring, in Burn's Canon, on the 
 east slope of the San Bernardino Range, at an altitude of 5,000 feet. 
 This "is situated in the Upper Sonoran Zone amid the pihon pines, 
 tree yuccas, junipers, and scrub-oaks. In this region the creosote 
 bush is found at an altitude of 4,500 feet and carries the Sonoran 
 Zone well up the canon. Above the canon are flats where cacti 
 and yuccas abound, and the only Upper Sonoran plant found is the 
 juniper. The new Onychomys was also taken at this place. A 
 number of the desert species were found here, and Citellus leucurus 
 and Dipodomys m. simiolus were common. 
 
 The Mohave Desert was now reached and the next stopping-place 
 was Old Woman's Spring, "situated on the level sandy desert at an 
 altitude of 3,200 feet, at the east base of the San Bernardino Moun- 
 tains. The creosote bush is the predominant vegetation on the 
 sandy areas, with various species of Atriplcx in the dry lake beds. 
 The tree yuccas straggle down to this locality, which is their lower 
 limit. Cacti are rare at the spring." Passing through Victor on 
 the Santa Fe Railroad, where one night was passed and a few speci- 
 mens secured, the next camp was made at Oro Grande, about forty 
 miles northwest of Old Woman's Spring, where a week was given to 
 collecting. "Oro Grande is situated on the Mohave River at an 
 altitude of 2,600 feet, where the river cuts through a nearly level 
 mesa country of granite formation, which rises a few hundred feet 
 above its bed. The Mohave sinks a little east of Oro Grande, but 
 the water is usually permanent in its bed the year round at this point, 
 and this marks the limit of the paludose plants and such species of 
 mammals as have followed this vegetation down from the river's 
 source. The vegetation of the neighboring hills and mesa is wholly 
 desert in character, and consists of creosote bushes, Atriplcx, vuccas, 
 and a large variety of cacti, in which many of the desert animals 
 find shelter. In the river valley are cottonwoods, willows, Bacharis, 
 grasses, reeds, etc., and in the drier parts of the desert are willows 
 (Chilopsis), screw-pod mesquites, sage-brush, etc. The plains and 
 hills through which the river flows are all in the Lower Sonoran Zone, 
 and the vegetation of the river valley is a part of that Zone." A 
 considerable number of specimens were obtained during the sojourn 
 
274 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 at this camp, and one new race of Neotoma, quite characteristic of the 
 desert, and a new species of Lcpus, were procured. 
 
 From Oro Grande, Mr. Heller next went to Daggett, "situated 
 on the south bank of the Mohave River about fifty miles northeast 
 of the last stopping-place, at an elevation of 2,000 feet above the 
 sea. At this place the river is a dry sand wash with low banks which 
 rise gradually to the level gravelly desert through which the bed has 
 been cut. The river, at intervals of several years, contains water 
 for a short period during the winter as far down as Daggett, and a 
 narrow part of the bed is free from vegetation. The greater part 
 of the bottom land is composed of fine white sand, which has been 
 drifted into small sand dunes a few feet in height, which gives it an 
 undulating surface. This part of the bed supports a growth of desert 
 willows, Chilopsis, together with a few creosote bushes. The level 
 and border parts of the bed are covered with a thick growth of 
 Atriplcx bushes. The country bordering the river vallev consists of 
 extensive plains of granite gravel, which slope gradually toward the 
 river from the low granite hills of the more distant country. This is 
 perhaps one of the most desolate parts of the Mohave Desert. The 
 soil supports a widely scattered though even growth of straggly 
 creosote bushes, interspersed with a few low Atriplcx bushes; cacti 
 and other vegetation is rare except in canons." At this place there 
 was a stay of ten days, and especial efforts were made to procure 
 Citellus mohavensis and Dipodomys descrti, and fair series of both 
 were obtained. Among the various animals taken was a new species 
 of desert fox which ranges through this district north to the Pana- 
 mint Mountains, and has its allies in British Columbia and west of 
 the Sierras. 
 
 The next camp was at Copper City, an abandoned mining camp 
 thirty-five miles northwest of Daggett, at an elevation of 4,200 feet. 
 "It lies at the south base of the Granite Mountains, of which Pilot 
 Knob, seven miles north, is the eastern terminus, and on the north 
 side of Paradise Valley. This last is an immense level, with a forest 
 of giant yuccas, except in its central portion, where several dry lake 
 beds occur. Lane's Mill, wdiere a few specimens were taken, is 
 situated at the southeast border of the valley. The vegetation about 
 Copper City is almost wholly creosote, which grows luxuriantly at 
 this elevation on the loose, gravelly soil. Beneath the creosote 
 bushes a flourishing growth of annuals is found for a short time in 
 the spring. The entire region is in the upper part of the Lower 
 Sonoran Zone: The most abundant mammal of this district was 
 Perognathus panamintinus , and it was found everywhere on the loose, 
 
March. 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 275 
 
 gravelly soil about creosote bushes; but no specimens of Dipodomys 
 m. simiolus were seen, and the animal appeared to be entirely absent 
 from the region. 
 
 From this place, proceeding northward, Mr. Heller's next camp 
 was at Lone Willow Springs, in the Panamint Valley. This last 
 "lies at an elevation of 1,200 feet between the Slate and Argus 
 Mountains on the west and the Panamint Range on the east. It is 
 a long, narrow vallev extending north and south without outlet, its 
 lowest part being occupied by an alkaline marsh, which is usually 
 dry. The sides of the lake are in some places vertical walls, which 
 show traces of wave action, and are occasionally made up of fossil 
 mollusca, or more commonly show traces of cavities where such 
 fossils existed. It is evident that the valley was very recently an 
 inland sea or lake. The physical features are identical with those 
 of Death Vallev, of which it is a prototype at a somewhat higher 
 elevation." Collections in this valley were made in two places, 
 Lone Willow Springs and Ballarat, the first being at the southern 
 end, in the Slate Range, at an altitude of 2,500 feet. "The country 
 about the Spring is broken by numerous small washes and rock 
 ledges, with the creosote most abundant on the hillsides, while the 
 mesquite and cacti occur about the rocky places. Ballarat is on the 
 eastern side of the valley and at the head of the alkali marsh. The 
 Lower Sonoran Zone covers the vallev and the hills to an altitude 
 of 7,000 feet above the sea." A short stay only was made at these 
 places and only a few mammals were taken. The soil in the valley 
 is extremelv dry, and in consequence of this no species of Thomomys 
 is found there, although they occur in the canons and on the summits 
 of the mountains. 
 
 From Ballarat Mr. Heller passed through Emigrant Pass to 
 Mesquite Valley, which is "in the northern end of Death Valley 
 and slopes gradually to the south, but all of its surface is above sea 
 level. Death Valley lies between the Panamint Range on the 
 west and the Funeral and Grapevine Ranges on the east. It has a 
 general northwest and southeast direction, attaining an extreme 
 length of about 120 miles and a maximum width of fifteen miles. 
 Death Valley proper comprises the southern third part, and consists 
 almost wholly of an extensive alkaline or borax marsh, the whole 
 of which is more than 100 feet below sea level. The lowest depres- 
 sions in this marsh are 480 feet below sea level. Employing the 
 lowest level as a base, we would have the Panamint Range reaching 
 a height of over 11,000 feet and the Funeral Mountains of about 
 7,000 feet. The marsh is snowy white in appearance, being covered 
 
276 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 by a deposit of various salts and alkalies, but the surface is broken 
 into innumerable cavities and raised into pinnacles a foot or two 
 high, which have hardened into unyielding masses. Farther out 
 toward the middle the surface is more moist and less rough, but it is 
 wholly without vegetation, except near the margin, where the compo- 
 sition is less alkaline. The level ground bordering* the marsh is 
 covered by a pure growth of salt-grass, which gives way nearer the 
 marsh to a heavy growth of pickle weed, Allenrolfea, which forms 
 a narrow border or setting to the snowy expanse. Away from the 
 marsh in sandy soil and in creek beds the mesquite grows luxuriantlv. 
 Between the mesquite and the salt-grass near the marsh several 
 species of Atriplcx flourish. On the gravelly soil sloping down to the 
 valley from the mountains the creosote bush predominates. Furnace 
 Creek enters the marsh near its northern end from the Funeral 
 Mountains, and is marked by a luxuriant growth of mesquites, 
 willows, cottonwoods, Baccharis, Pluchea, tules, reeds, etc. The 
 entire valley is covered by clumps of large mesquites and in moist 
 places near its walls by patches of screw-pod mesquite, cane-fields, 
 bunch-grass, willows, etc. The southern part of the valley has been 
 blown into huge sand dunes forty or more feet in height. Over most 
 of this area water can be found within two or three feet of the surface, 
 but it is often intensely salt. The rarity of mammals in the valley 
 was striking, and this can be attributed to the Panamint Indians, 
 who trap all kinds of mice and rats for food. Their "dead falls" 
 were seen about every clump of mesquites, and a single Indian, it is 
 said, will catch daily seventy-five or more rats and mice for his 
 family." An interesting collection was made in this valley and new 
 forms were obtained in Citellus, Dipodomys, and Lepus, as well as 
 topotypes of Ncotoma desertorum. 
 
 From Death Valley Mr. Heller passed into the Panamint Moun- 
 tains and made his first camp at Wild Rose Spring. Of this lofty 
 range he writes as follows: "The Panamint Mountains proper extend 
 from Windy Pass, at the southern extremity of Death Valley, to 
 Emigrant Canon, at the southern end of Mesquite Valley, a distance 
 of about forty-five miles. North of Emigrant Pass, which has an 
 altitude of 5,500 feet, the Range is continued as a broad mesa country, 
 which in some places attains an altitude of more than 9,000 feet, 
 and extends as far north as Mount Magruder, which gives the Range 
 a total length of 115 miles. Telescope Peak, the summit of the 
 Range, has an altitude of 10,938 feet and is situated nearly due west 
 of the lowest portion of Death Valley. The Range at this point is 
 very narrow, with very steep sides, making the area reaching above 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 277 
 
 8,000 feet so small that its limited fauna and flora do not show the 
 characteristic forms belonging to such altitudes. The higher parts 
 of the Range, in contrast to the usual eruptive formation of the 
 desert ranges, is made up almost wholly of sedimentary rocks. The 
 ridge and sides of Telescope Peak are composed of slate, which 
 formation evidently accounts for much of its steepness. Lower 
 down, the Range is made up largely of a hardened, metamorphosed 
 sandstone of various colors, with its strata much contorted and 
 folded. Various kinds of schists form a large part of the rock forma- 
 tion also. Lower down, some granite and much porphyry and 
 basaltic lava form the slopes of the Range. The Panamints are 
 evidently much younger than other desert ranges and have not been 
 subject to erosion long enough to wear away the sedimentary rocks 
 which overlie the igneous or eruptive series, except near their base. 
 
 The Panamint Range is flanked by the lowest and hottest deserts 
 in America and is everywhere subject to extreme dryness. On 
 account of these conditions the Lower Sonoran Zone extends far up 
 the mountains, the creosote bush, its characteristic floral species, 
 reaching an altitude of 5,000 feet. The lower edge of the Upper 
 Sonoran Zone, which is marked by the Juniper Belt, extends down 
 to 6,000 feet. Between these two belts a small shrub, Coleogyne, 
 forms a nearly pure growth and covers large tracts at the north end 
 of the Range between these altitudes. The pinon, Pi 11 its mono- 
 phylla, forms an extensive forest between the altitudes of 7,000 and 
 9,500 feet. Above the area of the pinon the white-barked pine, 
 Piu us flcxilis, predominates for a short distance and extends to the 
 summit of Telescope Peak, where it becomes a prostrate shrub. 
 From 9,000 feet to the summit of the highest peaks the bristle-cone 
 pine, Piuits aristata, forms a heavy forest of tall columnar trees, in 
 which P. flcxilis is seldom seen. The last two species, in the absence 
 of the yellow pine, evidently mark the Transition Zone, although 
 the latter is closely related to the Boreal-timber-line tree of the 
 Sierras. Piuits flcxilis, however, is found commonlv in the Yellow 
 or Black Pine Belt of the Sierras, beyond which belt it does not extend 
 far. Besides the pines and junipers, the following species were found 
 in the Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones: 
 
 Populits tricocarpa. — Balsam cottonwood; a few seen in Han- 
 nopee Canon, at 8,500 feet. 
 
 Salix. — Various species of willows occurred in the canons to an 
 altitude of 9,000 feet. 
 
 Cercocarpus. — Mountain mahoganv was abundant about the Coal 
 Kilns and ranged from 7,000 to 9,000 feet. 
 
2]S Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 Acer glabrum. —A small maple occurred widely scattered along 
 creek beds from 7,000 to r 0,000 feet. 
 
 Sambucus. — The elderberry was observed occasionally between 
 the altitudes of 7,500 and 9,000 feet. 
 
 Amelanchier . — The June-berry was seen only near the Coal Kilns, 
 where it formed an extensive thicket about a spring, the bushes 
 attaining a height of ten feet. 
 
 Spirea. — A few bushes seen at 8,500 feet on Hannopee Creek. 
 
 Symphoricarpus . — The snow-berry was an abundant bush from 
 7,000 feet to the summit of the range. 
 
 Artemisia tridentata. — The sage-brush formed a heavy growth m 
 many places and occurred from 6,000 feet to the summit of the 
 range. 
 
 Ceanothus. — A small Buck-thorn, or lilac, occurred sparingly at 
 8,500 to 10,000 feet. 
 
 In the lower part of the Upper Sonoran Zone, and lower, various 
 species of cacti of the genera Opuutia, Ccrcus, and Echinocactus were 
 abundant. The mesquites were common in creek beds up to an 
 altitude of 6,000 feet." 
 
 Wild Rose Spring "is situated at the north end of the Range 
 proper, on the western side, on a broad, open flat, at 4,500 feet. A 
 small stream rises at the spring and -flows a short wav down the 
 canon. The spring and canon are overgrown by rose bushes, willows, 
 Baccharis, etc., and has long been the favorite residence of the Pana- 
 mint Indians. The higher ground near the spring is comparatively 
 level and of a sandy character, with loose rocks scattered through 
 it. The vegetation near the spring is largely creosote, but this soon 
 gives way to an unbroken growth of Colcogync.'" A series of Perog- 
 nathus panamintinus was obtained here, and I presume thev are 
 topotypes, as Perognathus Flat, the type locality of the species, 
 lies between Wild Rose Spring and Emigrant Canon. This Spring 
 appears to be near the northern boundary of Mil pes arsipus, being 
 the most northern point at which the animal was taken.. From Wild 
 Rose Spring, the second ridge of the range was crossed and camp 
 made in Hannopee Canon (which extends directly east from Telescope 
 Peak), at an elevation of about 7,500 feet, near the lower edge of 
 the Pihon Belt, where seven days were passed, and a considerable 
 number of specimens secured. "Hannopee Canon," says Mr. Heller, 
 "drains the whole of the east side of Telescope Peak and contains 
 the largest stream of water in the Panamint Range. Our first camp 
 was situated on the north fork, at about 8,500 feet, and another 
 tarn]) was made in the main canon at about 6,000 feet, where a con- 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 279 
 
 siderable stream of water flows through the canon. This locality was 
 at the upper limit of the creosote and mesquite vegetation. Here a 
 series of Tamias panamintinus, among other desirable specimens, 
 were secured, and new forms of Tlwmomys and Lepus were taken. 
 The route from here was retraced to the Coal Kilns, north of Tele- 
 scope Peak, where four days were passed. This camp was "about 
 ten miles southeast of Wild Rose Spring and much nearer the ridge 
 of the Range, but in the same drainage. The 'Kilns' are in an 
 open ravine, a short distance above the flat on which the Spring is 
 situated. The ravine at this point is 7,500 feet in altitude and the 
 hills lie at the lower edge of the Pihon Belt. A large number of 
 mountain mahogany and juniper trees covers the floor of the ravine 
 at this point." At this canon a new species of Peromyscus was 
 secured. From here the route was through Shepherd Canon, in 
 the Argus Mountains, and then over the Coso Mountains to Keeler 
 and Lone Pine. The first camp was made in the canon above named, 
 and then two days were passed on the Coso Range, one at the south 
 end, in the upper part of the Yucca arborescens Belt, and another at 
 the north end, at about the same elevation, and forty or fifty mammals 
 were secured, some very desirable. Mount Whitney and the neigh- 
 boring region in the Sierra Nevada was the next objective point, and 
 a considerable stay was made in the various localities. Of this 
 region Mr. Heller writes as follows: "The greater part of the high 
 meadows of the southern Sierras are in the Boreal Zone; that is, 
 thev are above the belt of black pines, Piints jcjjcri. The Boreal 
 is here made up largely of two trees, the lodge pole pine, Pin us 
 murrayana, and the fox-tail pine, Pinus balfouriaua. The former is 
 confined to the borders of meadows and streams, and follows the 
 water courses to timber-line, where it becomes dwarfed and prostrate. 
 The fox-tail pine grows on the ridges and hillsides above the other 
 species and forms a heavy growth at timber-line, where it grows 
 erect, but somewhat dwarfed. Both trees have practically the same 
 range, but each grows on a different kind of ground. These two 
 pines formed the great bulk of the forest. A few black pines occur 
 on the lower edge of the Boreal on Cottonwood Creek and about 
 *Monache and Ramshaw Meadows. About Monache Meadow occur 
 considerable forests of Abies magnified, the red fir, and on the ridges 
 are a few P. lambertiana, the sugar pine. 
 
 About Crater Meadow, on Whitney Creek, and at Ramshaw 
 Meadow, the western juniper, J. occidentalis , was abundant on rocky 
 
 * Mr. Heller throughout his notes spells this, Monache; Dr. Merriam, on the 
 other hand, gives it as Menache. 
 
280 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 hillsides. The streams here were bordered by small willows and in 
 some places by balsam cottonwoods, P. tricocarpa. In the lower 
 part of the Boreal Zone considerable brush occurred. The com- 
 monest shrubs were manzanita, mountain mahogany, chincapin, sage- 
 brush, snow-berry, currants, etc. 
 
 The lower part of Long Canon is in the Transition Zone. At 
 this point a considerable number of trees and shrubs reach their 
 upper limits. Among these are the incense cedar, yellow pine, silver 
 Mr, sugar pine, pinon pine, white alder, canon live-oak, California 
 black oak, cascara buckthorn, Garrya, etc. The lodge-pole pine does 
 not range below this altitude. 
 
 The rock formation of the higher parts of the Sierras is chiefly 
 a light grayish granite, which splits up into hard, angular blocks. 
 On the east side of Whitney Creek, near Ramshaw Meadows, are two 
 large craters of red basaltic lava, which have poured out a large 
 stream of lava and covered the country for several miles to the west 
 and southwest and broken the granitic monotony. Much of the 
 topography is rugged, as is usual in granite regions, especially at the 
 lower elevations where streams have been able to do considerable 
 sculpturing." 
 
 The first camp in this region was in Little Cottonwood Meadows, 
 near the summit of the Range, at about 9,500 feet altitude, and the 
 next at Big Cottonwood Meadows, where six days were passed, 
 and then the camp was moved to Ramshaw Meadows, fifteen miles 
 south, at an altitude of about 8,000 feet. Crater Meadows, on 
 Whitney Creek, a few miles west of Ramshaw Meadows, was the 
 next stopping-place, where Mr. Heller remained six days, and then 
 went to Whitney Meadows, 9,000 feet elevation, and passed six 
 days there. At all of these localities collections were made of inter- 
 esting material, and at Crater Meadows the new form of Gulo and 
 topotypes of Microtits dutchcri and Thomomys at pi 11 us were obtained. 
 Long Canon was next visited, and a stay of four days made there, 
 and the route was continued to Hot Springs, several miles lower 
 down the Canon, and then Monache Meadows was visited, at the 
 southwest base of Olancha Peak, and the last camp was made at 
 the head of Big Cottonwood Creek, at the lakes situated at timber 
 line, at the east base of the peak of Old Mt. Whitney (Mt. Corcoran). 
 
 Valuable collections were made at these points, and but one new 
 form, Teonoma c. acrcoa, at Hot Springs, was taken. 
 
 Mr. Heller now went into the Inyo Mountains and remained two 
 weeks, the first camp being at a spring in Beveridge Canon, on 
 the east slope, at about 6,000 feet elevation. He says of this place 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 281 
 
 that the "geological formation and vegetation are almost identical 
 with that found in the Panamint Range and many of the mammals 
 are apparently the same species, here reaching their western limit." 
 About forty specimens were taken at this place, and the camp was 
 moved to the summit of the Range and water brought up from the 
 spring, eight miles below, for their use. "At this elevation Finns 
 flexilis, the Rocky Mountain white-barked pine, and Piuns aristata, 
 the bristle-cone pine, occurred." Leaving the mountains, Mr. Heller 
 proceeded to Lone Pine, a settlement "situated at the base of the 
 Sierras on the west side of Owens Valley, a few miles north of the 
 lake. It is at an altitude of 3,800 feet, on a natural dry swale, at 
 the mouth of Lone Pine Creek. The place is separated from the 
 slopes of the Sierra by a low range of bare granite hills. The fauna 
 and flora have few desert characteristics, most of these having been 
 derived from the Sierra Nevada Range. The vegetation on this side 
 of Owens Valley consists largely of sage-brush (Artemisia tridcutata), 
 Atriplex, and various shrubby composite. The paludose vegetation 
 of the streams consists of willows, the western birch, cotton woods, 
 ash, roses, etc. Near the streams thickets of Ceanothus and Rhamnus 
 occur. The region is in the Upper Sonoran Zone. The streams do 
 not extend much beyond the base of the Range, being soon lost in 
 the sandy valley. As they depend on the melting snow, thev are 
 largest during mid-summer. The Pihon Zone of the Sierras extends 
 down to about 7,500 feet, which does not carry it even to the base 
 of the Range." 
 
 A good number of mammals was procured at this place, among 
 which were two new forms of Peromyscits, and topotypes of Ncotoma 
 j. dispar, Microtus c, vallicola, and Tkomomys a. perpes. 
 
 From here Mr. Heller went to Keeler, "on the east shore of 
 Owen's Lake, at an altitude of 3,622 feet. For a half-mile or more 
 before the lake is reached is a level expanse of white, sandv soil, 
 containing a large amount of soda and other salts, which have been 
 deposited as the waters receded. To this sandy margin and alkali 
 soil several species of mammals are confined and owe their coloring, 
 apparently, to the composition of the soil. Just back of the water's 
 edge is a considerable expanse of bare mud and deposit of soda, etc., 
 and beyond this occurs a growth of salt-grass about a hundred vards 
 wide, succeeded by tracts of loose sand, with a scattered growth of 
 Atriplex bushes, which gradually give way to small sand dunes and 
 creosote bushes." The mammals from this place have their colora- 
 tion intensified, and even such species as are found in other localities 
 have a much richer pelage exhibited by individuals from Keeler. 
 
282 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 New forms of Citellus, Dipodomys, and Perognathus were procured 
 here, and also topotypes of Thomomys operarius and Di podomys m. 
 nitratus. From this last stopping-place Mr. Heller drove to Fort 
 Tejon, which journey occupied nine days, and a week was passed 
 at this place. Mr. Heller writes : "Fort Tejon lies in the San Joaquin 
 drainage, a few hundred feet below the divide between the Mohave 
 Desert and the San Joaquin Valley. North of the P'ort the Teha- 
 chapi Range rises gradually northward and culminates in Tehachapi 
 Peak. At their southern end near the Fort, their sides are gently 
 rounded and the summits broad and level. To the south of the 
 Fort, Mt. Pinos rises abruptly to a height of nearly 10,000 feet. On 
 this mountain three new forms belonging to the genera Peromyscus, 
 Ncotoma and Perognathus were procured. Three drainage systems 
 center about Mt. Pinos; those of the north and west slope into the 
 San Joaquin Valley; those of the east and south go toward the coast, 
 and that of the east of the slopes of the Tehachapi and Libra Ranges, 
 passes into the Mohave Desert. The west, or rather northwest, 
 slope of the pass drops away much more rapidly than the east, which 
 drops about 500 feet in ten miles, where it merges into Antelope 
 Valley. 
 
 The rock formation is largely shale, sandstone, or limestone. The 
 hills down to an altitude of 2,000 feet are heavily covered with 
 chaparral of scrub-oak, buck-thorn, chamiso, manzanita, Garrya, and 
 other shrubs. In the canons and ravines several kinds of oaks pre- 
 dominate. The hills above 4,000 feet are covered by a scattered 
 forest of pifion pines, which give way to the black pine at 6,000 feet. 
 The desert slope of the hills is similar in vegetation to that of the 
 coast, but supports a scattered growth of gray pines below the Pihon 
 Zone. The lower slopes of hills bordering the San Joaquin Valley 
 are largely clothed by buckeyes, poison-oak, box-elder, cottonwoods, 
 willows, and Isomeris brush. The valleys among the hills are usually 
 open and grassy below 5,000 feet, with a widely scattered growth 
 of California white oak. Above 5,000 feet many of the valleys are 
 choked with sage-brush and scrub-oaks. 
 
 Three days were passed at the mouth of the Canada De Las 
 Uyas, between the Fort and Rose Station, on the edge of the San 
 Joaquin Valley, and topotypes of Antrozous p. pacificus were pro- 
 cured. Five days were passed at Castac Lake, and then Lock- 
 wood Valley was visited. This Valley lies "broad and open at the 
 east base of Mt. Pinos, at an elevation of 5,000 feet. The drainage 
 is southeast into Piru Creek. The valley is chiefly a sage-brush 
 plain, and the hills surrounding it are forested with Piiius mono- 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 2$i> 
 
 phylla and scrub-oaks. Here a small series of a new form of Perog- 
 nathits was taken. Three days were passed at Bailey's Ranch, at 
 the headwaters of Piru Creek, about twenty miles from its mouth, 
 which is near the type locality of Euderma maculata, but nothing 
 resembling this species was seen. "The ranchers had never seen any 
 bat answering the coloration of Euderma, but had killed Antrozons, 
 Vespertilio, and Pipistreltus." From here Mr. Heller went to Neenach, 
 Antelope Valley, where was a small herd of antelope that were 
 protected. He had a permit to take a male and female, and with 
 the acquisition of these, his journey was brought to a close. 
 
 ORDER UNGULATA. 
 
 FAM. CERVID/E. 
 *ODONTOC(ELUS. 
 Odontocoelus hemionus. 
 
 Cervus hemionus Rarin., Amer. Month. Mag., 1, 181 7, p. 436. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 42. 
 
 2 Specimens J $ : Long Canon, Mt. Whitney. 
 
 "Deer were secured only at the head of Long Canon, near Mt. 
 Whitney, at 8,500 feet elevation. In this part of the Sierras 
 their tracks were not rare on brushy hillsides and rockv ridges. 
 The species in this region is subject to vertical seasonal migra- 
 tions. The winter months are spent on the lower slopes of the 
 range along both the eastern and western sides, until the early 
 summer, when a gradual upward migration takes place until 
 midsummer to the upper limits of the manzanita and Ceanoikus 
 brush, at about 9,500 feet altitude. This marks their extreme 
 upper limits, the majority being found 1,000 or 2,000 feet lower 
 where the brush is heavier. Their tracks are seldom seen in 
 open pine forests or in meadows. Deer seldom occur on the 
 Inyo Mountains, except occasionallv in winter as strays from the 
 Sierras. No deer occur on the ranges east of the Inyo Moun- 
 tains. Their absence in the high pine-clad Panamint Range is 
 no doubt due to the lack of brushy areas.' In the hills about 
 Fort Tejon, in the Tehachapi and Mt. Pinos Ranges, deer tracks 
 were abundant in the heavy oak and Ceanoikus chaparral. In 
 the foothills of the San Jacinto Range near Palm Springs and 
 
 *If it is necessary to burden our nomenclature with Rafmesque's generic 
 term, founded upon a tooth of some undeterminable animal, let us at all events 
 spell it correctly, odiiuc, tooth, KoJAoq, hollowed — Odontocoelus. 
 
284 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 in the lower slopes of the San Bernardino Range near Morongo 
 Pass and Burn's Canon, they are said to occur sparingly. Formerly 
 they descended the valley of the Mohave River as low as Oro 
 Grande." 
 
 fam. antilocaprid:k. 
 
 AN TILOCAPKA. 
 
 Antilocapra americana. 
 
 Antilocapra americana Ord, Guth., Geog., 2d Amer. ed., 11, 
 p. 292. Elliot, Syn. X. Amer. Mamm., 1901, p. 43. 
 
 2 Specimens 6 ? : Antelope Valley, near eastern base of the 
 Tehachapi Mountains. 
 
 A herd of thirty was found in the western end of Antelope 
 Yallev, near the eastern base of the Tehachapi Mountains, on 
 the western border of the Mohave Desert. This band is the 
 remnant of the hundreds that recently inhabited this arm of the 
 desert. The central sandy portion of the valley is covered by a 
 heavv forest of tree-yuccas, which is flanked by an open adobe 
 plain supporting a scanty growth of bunch-grass and alrilerea, 
 to the bases of the bordering hills and mountains. Upon this 
 open plain the antelope are always to be found in a compact 
 herd. Occasionally they go to the mouths of the canons for 
 water, or wander out into the edge of the yucca forest. As 
 they are now protected by law, the}" have become quite tame 
 and would increase rapidly, were it not for the destruction of 
 the young by coyotes, which harass the band constantly. While 
 stalking this herd several coyotes were observed following the 
 antelope and a few of the old bucks were seen pursuing one, 
 attempting to disable it by striking it with the fore feet. A 
 fawn seen in captivity at one of the ranches had been rescued 
 from the attacks of two coyotes that had cut it out from the 
 main herd and had almost succeeded in running it down. Formerly 
 when antelope were abundant, they retired to the small, sheltered 
 valleys among the foothills to winter, and in the spring brought 
 forth their young in such retreats; but the existing herd, on 
 account of its small numbers and the settled condition of the 
 country, is strictly resident on the open plains. Much of the 
 countrv they now inhabit is a cattle ranch fenced by barbed 
 wire, but such barriers do not confine their movements. In 
 passing such obstacles they slip gracefully between the wires. 
 . The voung, which are normally two in number, are dropped 
 early in the spring. The rutting season is evidently in mid- 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 285 
 
 summer, as the horns are shed in the early part of October 
 or late in September. A male shot the middle of October had 
 small, soft horns, and a female taken the same date had shed 
 one horn, but still retained the other. This specimen contained 
 two embryos about three months old. 
 
 At the head of the San Joaquin Valley, near the western termi- 
 nation of Tehachapi Pass, a herd of seven antelope is said to be 
 still in existence on the open plains of the valley. Another band 
 of about the same proportions was reported still farther west, 
 near Buena Vista Lake, and another one on the Carriso Plains, 
 on the western side of the San Joaquin Valley. Thev are said 
 to have formerly migrated through the low passes in the Teha- 
 chapi Mountains from the San Joaquin to the Mohave Desert. 
 
 ORDER RODENTIA. 
 
 FAM. SC1URID/E. 
 
 SCIURUS. 
 
 A. Hesperosciurus. 
 Sciurus griseus. 
 
 Sciurus griseus Orel, Guth., Geog., 1815, p. 292. Elliot, Syn. 
 N. Am. Mamm., iqoi, p. 55. • 
 
 I Specimen: Hot Springs, Mt. Whitney. 
 
 "This squirrel was not common at this elevation, where thev 
 were confined to the black pine timber, Finns jeffreyi, which 
 does not extend much above this altitude. They were also seen 
 about Fort Tejon and on Mt. Pinos. About the fort they were 
 found in the white and live-oaks, and on Mt. Pinos in forests 
 of Pi mis jeffreyi. 
 
 Sciurus douglasi albolimbatus. 
 
 Sciurus d. albolimbatus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
 1898, p. 453. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 66. 
 
 II Examples: 1 Whitney Creek, 1 Whitney Meadows, 4 Ram- 
 shaw Meadows, 4 Big Cottonwood Meadows, 1 Hot Springs, Long 
 Canon, Mt. Whitney. 
 
 "An abundant species in the Canadian Zone of the high 
 Sierras, in the vicinity of Mt. Whitney. Most of the chicarees 
 were seen in forests of lodge-pole pines, Piuus iniirrayaua, but 
 they were not rare in growths of the fox-tail pine, Piuus balfour- 
 iana. None were seen below the range of the lodge-pole pine 
 or below 8,000 feet. At timber-line thev were rare, the favorite 
 
286 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 altitudes of the species being from 9,000 to 10,000 feet. At the 
 Hot Springs their range overlaps that of the gray squirrel, but 
 the two species inhabit different kinds of timber." 
 
 TAMIAS. 
 Tamias merriami. 
 
 Tamias asiaticus merriami Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
 1889, p. 176. 
 
 Tamias merriami Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 71. 
 
 13 specimens from Lockwood Valley, Mt. Pinos. Altitude, 
 5,000 feet. 
 
 "This species was found abundantly about Mt. Pinos at from 
 5.000 to 6,000 feet in the scrub-oak and pinon timber. At the 
 time of our visit, early in October, the chipmunks were busy 
 gathering the nuts of the pinon, Finns monophylla, and the 
 ground at the bases of the trees was covered with heaps of cone 
 scales, from which radiated the trails of the chipmunks in everv 
 direction. About Fort Tejon, which is below the Pinon Belt, 
 these animals were more scarce and confined to thickets of scrub- 
 oaks, Quercus chrysolepis and <]. dumora. Several were found 
 living in deserted nests of Neotoma f. streatori." 
 
 This was the only chipmunk seen upon Mt. Pinos, no indi- 
 viduals of Tamias callipeplus having been observed. 
 
 Tamias callipeplus inyoensis. 
 
 Tamias c. inyoensis Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, 
 p. 208; Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 73. 
 
 Two examples were procured at the summit of the Invo 
 Range, at an elevation of 8,500 feet. 
 
 "In this region the species was found largely on the bristle- 
 cone pine, Piiius aristata, occasionallv straying to the upper 
 limits of the limber pine, Piiuis flcxilis, and the summit of the 
 range east of Lone Pine marks the southern limits of the two 
 pines which this chipmunk inhabits, and consequently at this 
 point but few were seen." 
 
 Tamias frater. 
 
 Tamias frater Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 88; 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 73. 
 
 22 Specimens from Mt. Whitney, 6 Monache Meadows, 1 Hot 
 Springs, 2 Big Cottonwood Lakes, 7 Big Cottonwood Meadows, 
 6 Whitnev Creek. 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 287 
 
 "About the high meadows near Mt. Whitney this was one of 
 the most abundant mammals. Above 10,000 feet it becomes 
 rare, and is seldom seen near timber-line. Near Big Cotton- 
 wood Creek it was common on bushy hillsides, about manzanita 
 and mountain mahogany chaparral. Few were seen below 
 8,000 feet, they being apparently most numerous above the 
 belt of black pine. 
 
 Tamias panamintinus. 
 
 Tamias panamintinus Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, 
 p. 134. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 74. 
 
 57 Examples: 17 Hannopee Canon, 17 Coal Kilns, 9 Beveridge 
 Canon, 13 summit of the range east of Lone Pine, Panamint 
 Mountains. 
 
 "In the Panamints this chipmunk was fairly common from 
 the lower edge of the Juniper Belt, or 7,000 feet elevation, to 
 the summit of the range. During May and June, when our 
 observations were made the species was feeding on the seeds of 
 the juniper, most of those secured having their cheek pouches 
 filled with the nuts. It was also abundant on the Inyo Moun- 
 tains from 6,000 to 9,000 feet altitude. It descends about 1,000 
 feet below the Pinon Belt, following the brush along streams. 
 In the drier part of the range it came to the springs daily about 
 noon, coming down the canon sides slowly and cautiously, and 
 stopping often to utter its sharp, chattering alarm notes. Above 
 the Juniper Belt they were found commonly in the limber and 
 bristle-cone pines." 
 
 Tamias minimus alpinus. 
 
 Tamias m. alpinus Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. 137. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 79. 
 
 26 Specimens: 12 Big Cottonwood Meadows, 1 Little Cotton- 
 wood Meadows, 5 Whitney Meadows, 6 Whitney Creek, 2 Mt. 
 Corcoran. 
 
 "In the elevated valleys near Mt. Whitney this was the most 
 abundant chipmunk. It is especially common at timber-line, 
 where it lives amid the gray granite boulders, to which its pale 
 coloration is well suited. Wherever found it usually occurs 
 among rocks rather than about logs and timber. The species 
 was seldom seen below 9,000 feet. A few were seen as far south 
 as Olancha Peak, which marks the southern extremity of timber- 
 line peaks and also the range of the species." 
 
288 Field Columbian JvIuseum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 CITELLUS. 
 Citellus chrysodeirus. 
 
 Citellus chrysodeirus Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 19. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 84. 
 
 26 Examples: 3 Little Cottonwood Meadows; 11 Big -Cotton- 
 wood Meadows, 3 Whitney Meadows, 1 Whitney Creek, 4 Mona- 
 che Meadows, 1 Ramshaw Meadows, 2 Big Cottonwood Lakes. 
 Mount Whitney, 1 Summit of the Inyo Range east of Lone Pine. 
 
 "An abundant species in the Boreal Zone of the Sierras in the 
 Mount Whitney region. It is not common in the Transition 
 Zone, the upper part of which it invades as low as 8,000 feet, or 
 the lower limit of the lodge-pole pine. Between 8,000 and 
 r 0,000 feet it is most abundant, extending its range to timber- 
 line, but never becomes common at such high altitudes. The 
 lodge-pole pine forests bordering meadows and streams are its 
 favorite haunts, the burrows being usually placed among granite 
 boulders. A few individuals were found on the summit of the 
 Inyo Range at 8,500 feet in forests of limber pine. Their dis- 
 tribution on this range corresponds with that of Tamias c. 
 inyoensis." 
 
 Citellus leucurus. 
 
 Citellus leucurus Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, p. 20. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 86. 
 
 32 Specimens: 10 Palm Springs, 9 Whitewater, 1 Banning, 
 4 Morongo Pass, 3 Lone Willow Spring, 5 Daggett. 
 
 "In the eastern part of San Gorgonio Pass the antelope squir- 
 rel occurs abundantly on rocky mesas and on the gravelly bed of 
 the pass. It extends westward through the pass as far as Ban- 
 ning, which lies a little below the summit on the western slope. 
 The cheek pouches of the majority of the specimens secured 
 contained the seeds of the cholla cactus, Opuntia echinocarpa, 
 which is an abundant plant on the eastern slope of the pass. 
 About Banning, however, the squirrels live in thickets of the 
 coast chollas, 0. bernardina, which is an abundant species from 
 the summit westward to the San Bernardino Valley. Evidently 
 the distribution of this Citellus is limited by the climatic influ- 
 ences of the coast slope, as the species extends over the summit 
 of the pass, and its chief food supply extends much farther west. 
 
 About Palm Springs the species is confined to the rocky 
 mesas bordering the desert, the mouths of canons and the lower 
 slopes of the mountains. It is not a species of the low, open, 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 289 
 
 sandy desert, but requires rocky or at least gravelly localities, 
 except the higher brush-covered sandy areas of mesas. 
 
 The species was found as high as 6,000 feet on the eastern 
 slope of the San Bernardino Range, which altitude was also 
 attained by the desert cholla. It is a characteristic species of 
 the Sonoran Zone, extending through both the lower and upper 
 divisions, but of local distribution in the extreme upper and 
 lower part of the zone. 
 
 Citellus leucurus vinnulus. 
 
 Citellus 1. vinnulus Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in. 1903, 
 p. 240. Zoology. 
 
 19 Examples: 3 Summit of the Inyo Range east of Lone 
 Pine; 4 Beveridge Canon, 4 Keeler, 2 Coso Mountains, 2 Wild 
 Rose Spring, 1 Hannopee Canon, 3 Coal Kilns, Panamint Moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Although Mr. Heller in his notes states that this spermophile 
 is found in Death Valley, no specimens were taken there. He 
 writes concerning this new form that it is "an abundant species 
 on the higher parts of the Mohave Desert. About the mesquite 
 thickets and sand-dunes of the northern part of Death Valley it 
 was of rather rare occurrence, but on the mountains confining 
 the valley it is much more abundant. This form ranges over 
 the slopes of the Panamint Mountains to an altitude of 8,500 
 feet, or the upper limit of the pifion pines. They were espe- 
 cially numerous at 7,500 feet about the Coal Kilns, and at 8,000 
 feet on Hannopee Creek. In these high altitudes they are 
 usually associated with thickets of Canutilla, Ephedra viridis, 
 beneath which their burrows are usually placed. 
 
 The highest altitude attained by this species in the region 
 traversed was in the Inyo Mountains, where they were secured 
 at 9,000 feet, some distance above the Pifion Pine Belt. They 
 were fairly common in this locality in the lower edge of the 
 limber pine timber. The cheek pouches of the specimens 
 secured at these altitudes contained seeds of mountain mahogany 
 and of a small cactus, Opuntia rutila. 
 
 In Owens Valley, at the base of the range, they were less com- 
 mon, but generally distributed to the base of the Sierras, where 
 they evidently do not ascend the slope much beyond 6,000 feet. 
 About Keeler, on the shore of Owens Lake, they were abundant 
 in the sand dunes and creosote vegetation." 
 
290 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 Citellus nelsoni. 
 
 Citellus nelsoni Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1893, p. 129. 
 Elliot, Syn. X. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 87. 
 
 5 Specimens from Rose Station, Fort Tejon. 
 
 This species inhabits the open, level, grassy plain of the 
 San Joaquin Valley. A considerable number was seen near the 
 head of the valley in grain-fields, about five miles beyond the. 
 northern base of the Tehachapi Mountains. In this locality 
 they were found inhabiting burrows dug in the hard adobe floor 
 of the valley, and were to be seen out only early or late, being 
 considerable less diurnal than C. leucunts. On account of the 
 open character of the plain inhabited by this squirrel, it is much 
 more protectively colored, the white dorsal stripes and the 
 white of the under side of the tail being scarcely conspicuous 
 on the pale yellowish background of the body. They were not 
 found anvwhere closer than four miles to the foothills surround- 
 ing the valley, and it is probable that they do not leave the 
 open valley. 
 
 Citellus variegatus fisheri. 
 
 Citellus v. fisheri Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1S93, p. 133. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 88. 
 
 12 Specimens: 1 Oro Grande, 2 Hot Springs, Mt. Whitney; 
 3 Lone Pine, 6 Fort Tejon, at the mouth of Canada de las Uvas. 
 
 "This rock-squirrel was found on both slopes of the Sierras, 
 as high as 8,000 feet, or the upper limit of the black pine, down 
 to the floor of the O.wens Valley and as far east as the Coso 
 Valley. In the Colorado Desert it was seen on the eastern flank 
 of the San Jacinto Mountains, and farther north in the Mohave 
 Desert on the eastern slope of the San Bernardino Mountains. 
 About Fort Tejon and the head of the San Joaquin Valley they 
 were abundant in the white-oaks, and on the mountains as high 
 as 6,000 feet, but do not extend farther east than the base of the 
 foothills." 
 
 There is a considerable variation in the color of Mr. Heller's 
 specimens, some being nearly black between the shoulders, like 
 S. v. douglasi. These are from Oro Grande and Fort Tejon. 
 Again, one from Lone Pine is of such a pale gray that if the 
 others from the same locality agreed with it in color, there would be 
 little hesitation in regarding it as entitled to subspecific rank, but 
 the other examples are an unusually deep rich brown, which proves 
 that the gray specimen exhibits merely an individual variation. 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 291 
 
 Citellus tereticaudus mohavensis. 
 
 Citellus mohavensis Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, p. 15. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 98. 
 
 34 Specimens from Daggett. 
 
 "Near the dry bed of the Mohave River, near Daggett, this 
 race was found in abundance. The burrows are usually 
 placed beneath clumps of desert willows, Chilopsis linearis, in 
 the white sand. The desert squirrel is very wary, and so pro- 
 tectively colored that it is seldom seen. The species is confined 
 to creek washes and sandy lake beds in the lower part of the 
 desert. Its note consists of a low, mellow whistle, uttered at 
 long intervals." 
 
 In color it is practically impossible to distinguish this form 
 from C. tereticaudus, and the only differences that appear to 
 exist is that mohavensis has a shorter tail as a rule. Not deeming 
 this a sufficient character by itself to constitute a species, it seems 
 best to regard the form as only entitled to rank as a subspecies. 
 
 Citellus chlorus. 
 
 Citellus chlorus Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., ill, 1903, 
 p. 242. Zoology. 
 
 8 Examples from Palm Springs. 
 
 "Near Palm Springs this species was confined to the level, 
 sandy desert, the burrows being placed beneath thorny bushes, 
 usually mesquite. The characteristic whistling notes of this 
 group were not heard during our visit in February, which may 
 be due to their utterance during the breeding season only." 
 
 Citellus erenomonus. 
 
 Citellus erenomonus Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in, 1903, 
 p. 243. Zoology. 
 
 3 Specimens from Furnace Creek, Death Valley. 
 
 "This is not an abundant species in Death Valley. The 
 Indians catch them for food in dead-fall traps, and their shyness 
 and scarcity is apparently due to constant persecutions of this 
 character. At the mouth of Furnace Creek the species was 
 found in mesquite thickets, but farther north in Mesquite Valley 
 no evidences of them were found." 
 
 MARMOTTA. 
 
 Marmotta flaviventer. 
 
 Arctomys flaviventer Aud. & Bach., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. 
 Phila., 1841, p. 99. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 106. 
 
292 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 13 Specimens: 7 Ramshaw Meadows, 6 Big Cottonwood 
 Meadows, Mount Whitney. 
 
 In the high Sierras, near Mount Whitney, this marmot was 
 abundant in the Boreal Zone from the upper edge of the Tran- 
 sition to timber-line. Their burrows are usually placed in loose 
 piles of boulders of such gigantic size that no bear or other 
 enemy can roll them aside or displace them. These retreats are 
 close to meadows where vegetation is abundant and where only 
 a short retreat is necessary to regain their burrows. The feeding 
 is usually done in the heat of the day, but the meadow is not 
 entered until a careful inspection of the vicinity has been made 
 from the highest rock pile near the burrow. The animals 
 usually live in colonies, and a few remain on guard while the 
 others feed in the adjacent meadows. When danger is dis- 
 covered a sharp whistle is given, which is answered by all the 
 other sentinels and the feeders in the meadow, as soon as they 
 discover the source of the danger move in a waddle as rapidly 
 as possible toward the rocks for safety. Out in the meadow, 
 accessory burrows are dug which are used as temporary retreats 
 if the danger is such that they have not time to reach the home 
 burrow. After the marmots have appeased their hunger they 
 usually retire to the pinnacle of some rock pile and bask in 
 the sun. 
 
 In the Mount Whitney region they usually begin to hibernate 
 late in October, and appear again in the latter part of May, but 
 their hibernation is regulated largely by the altitude they 
 inhabit." 
 
 FAM. MURID.F. 
 
 MUS. 
 Mus musculus. 
 
 Mus musculus Linn., Syst. Nat., x ed., 175S, 1, p. 62. Elliot, 
 
 Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 108. 
 
 2 Specimens: 1 Daggett, 1 Lone Pine. 
 
 ONYCHOMYS. 
 Onychomys pulcher. 
 
 Onychomys pulcher Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in, 1903, 
 p. 243. Zoology. 
 
 13 Specimens: 6 Morongo Pass, 1 Burns Canon, 1 Warren's 
 Well, 1 Daggett, 1 Lane's Mill, 2 Coso Mountains, 1 Lone Pine. 
 
 "On soil composed of coarse sand derived from decomposed 
 granite seems to be the favorite situations for this genus. This 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 293 
 
 species in Morongo Valley was found on the sides of canons in 
 granite sand, but on the Mohave Desert they frequented level 
 plains or valleys amid tree yuccas or about the dry washes of 
 stream beds." 
 
 Peromyscus leucopus deserticola. 
 
 Peromyscus 1. deserticola Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Xat. Hist., 
 1890, p. 285. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 125. 
 
 112 Examples: 5 Palm Springs, 2 Whitewater, 12 Morongo 
 Pass, 3 Banning, 2 Warren's Well, 1 Burns Cation, 1 Victor, 
 7 Oro Grande, 7 Coal Kilns, 17 Hannopee Canon, 1 Wild Rose 
 Springs, Panamint Mountains, 13 Hot Springs, 3 Monache 
 Meadows, 1 Whitney Meadows, 1 Whitney Creek, 8 Big Cotton- 
 wood Meadows, 2 Coso Mountains, 14 Inyo Mountains, 12 Lone 
 Pine. 
 
 "An abundant race from the lowest part of the desert to 
 the highest parts of the Sierras where it was secured at timber- 
 line. On the desert this race occurs usually only about 
 streams and wet meadows." 
 
 I refer all the specimens in this series to the present sub- 
 species after critical examination and comparison with topotypes. 
 It appears to range as widely as does its darker relative, P. tluir- 
 bcri, in Lower California, Mexico, and in the extreme southern 
 part of California, affecting the hot deserts and cold mountain 
 summits, apparently indifferent to temperature, bearing its 
 extremes equally well. Some old individuals have an entire 
 rich ochraceous pelage, very conspicuous among the paler 
 specimens, but these are not confined to one localitv, but come 
 from the desert at Palm Springs, on the Morongo Pass at Ban- 
 ning, and in the high mountains at Hot Springs in the Pana- 
 mints, and this dress cannot be considered seasonal, for some 
 were taken in February, others in July, and therefore probably 
 it is due to age. As is natural in a series as large as this there 
 is considerable variation in the coloring of the specimens, and 
 some approach in appearance to P. t. gambeli, but none is as 
 dark as that mouse. It is a pale, widely dispersed, somewhat 
 variable form, but possessing characteristics that cause it to be 
 fairly recognizable at almost all ages. 
 
 Peromyscus parasiticus. 
 
 Peromyscus parasiticus Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 111, 
 1903, p. 244. Zoology. 
 
294 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. HI. 
 
 6 Examples from Lone Pine. 
 
 "At the base of the Sierras, near Lone Pine, this form was 
 secured about brushy areas bordering streams, and usually 
 occupying deserted nests of Ncotoma fuscipes dispar." 
 
 Peromyscus eremicus. 
 
 Peromyscus eremicus Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, p. 479. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 136. 
 
 72 Specimens: 16 Palm Springs, 8 Whitewater, it Morongo 
 Pass, 2 Warren's Well, 2 Burns Canon, 2 Oro Grande, 1 Daggett, 
 
 5 Furnace Creek, Death Valley, 4 Fort Tejon, 4 Bailey's Ranch, 
 9 Canada de las Uvas, 4 Neenach, 4 Mt. Pinos. 
 
 In the low, sandy parts of the desert this mouse occurs abun- 
 dantly, ranging to an altitude of 5,000 feet, or slightly higher 
 in suitable localities. The distribution of the creosote bush 
 coincides fairly well with the distribution of this mouse." The 
 five Death Valley examples are included with the others of this 
 species with some hesitation, as their tails are much shorter, 
 99- 103. 
 
 Peromyscus petraeus. 
 
 Peromyscus petraeus (misprinted petraius.) Elliot, Pub. Field 
 Columb. Mus., in, 1903, p. 244. Zoology. 
 
 68 Examples: 7 Palm Springs, 2 Morongo Pass, 4 Victor, 
 11 Oro Grande, 1 Daggett, 5 Copper City, 7 Lone Willow Spring, 
 
 6 Wild Rose Spring, 5 Hannopee Canon, 1 Emigrant Spring, 
 1 Coal Kilns, 2 Coso Mountains, 9 Inyo Mountains, 7 Lone Pine. 
 
 "An abundant animal on the higher parts of the desert and 
 on the flanks of the mountains in the same region. The species 
 usually occurs on rocky mesas and hillsides, or in boulder-strewn 
 creek beds, seldom on open, sandy flats. On the Panamint 
 Mountains they were found from 5,000 to 9,000 feet, usually in 
 areas covered by sage-brush, Artcmcsia tridentata. In the Inyo 
 Range they were not found above 6,000 feet. On the east 
 slope of the Sierras in Owens Valley and on the Coso Mountains 
 they were common in sage-brush thickets." 
 
 Peromyscus montipinoris. 
 
 Peromyscus montipinoris Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in, 
 1904, p. 264. 
 
 3 Specimens: 1 Lockwood Valley, Mt. Pinos, 2 Fort Tejon. 
 "A rather rare species in the mountains." 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 295 
 
 Peromyscus lasius. 
 
 Peromyscus lasius Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in, 1904, 
 p. 265. 
 
 32 Specimens: 17 Hannopee Canon, 3 Coal Kilns, Panamint 
 Mountains, 12 summit of the Inyo Mountains east of Lone Pine. 
 
 "This species was first secured in the Panamint Mountains, 
 where it occurred from 6,000 to 10,000 feet, practically the 
 Coniferous Belt of the range. The seeds of the juniper formed 
 a large proportion of its food. In the willow growths about 
 springs it was especially common. On the Inyo Range it was 
 found on the summit down to about 8,000 feet, or the lower 
 limit of the limber pines." 
 
 RHITHRODONTOMYS. 
 
 Rhithrodontomys megalotis. 
 
 Rhithrodontomys megalotis Baird, N. Am. Mamm., 1857, 
 p. 451. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 151. 
 
 17 Specimens: 12 Lone Pine, 3 Fort Tejon, 1 Bailey's Ranch, 
 1 Mt. Pinos. 
 
 "This Harvest Mouse was abundant in Owens River and the 
 creeks along the east slope of the Sierras. Also the meadows 
 and creek banks near Fort Tejon and the headwaters of Piru 
 Creek supported numbers of this species." It also was found 
 in Lockwood Valley on Mount Pinos. 
 
 Rhithrodontomys longicaudus pallidus. 
 
 Rhithrodontomys 1. pallidus Rhoads, Am. Nat., 1893, p. 835. 
 9 Specimens from Oro Grande. 
 
 "The grassy meadows bordering the Mohave River near Oro 
 Grande were favorite places for this Harvest Mouse." 
 
 NEOTOMA. 
 Neotoma fuscipes macrotis. 
 
 Neotoma L macrotis Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th Ser., 
 xii, 1893, p. 234. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1903, p. 234. 
 
 1 Specimen from Whitewater. 
 
 Of this example Mr. Heller states it was secured from a nest 
 in a clump of yuccas, and was apparently a stray individual 
 from the San Bernardino Mountains. It is an old female with 
 quite red pelage. 
 
296 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 Neotoma fuscipes mohavensis. 
 
 Neotoma f. mohavensis Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in, 
 [903, p. 246. Zoology. 
 
 7 Specimens from Oro Grande. 
 
 This new form of wood rat was procured at only one locality, 
 "in the thickets bordering the Mohave River at Oro Grande," 
 where were also found the large nests. The river sinks in sum- 
 mer beyond this point and the willows and rat nests cease a few 
 miles lower down the stream. At the headwaters of the Mohave 
 in the San Bernardino Mountains this race meets N. f. macrotis 
 of the Coast Slope. 
 
 Neotoma fuscipes dispar. 
 
 Neotoma f. dispar Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 124. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 160. 
 
 11 Specimens: 10 Lone Pine (topotypes), 1 Mount Whitney. 
 
 This race was apparently scarce, for it was met with in only the 
 two places named above, and the individual from Mount Whitney 
 was a young one only about half grown, agreeing completely, 
 however, with one of about the same age from Lone Pine. 
 Mr. Heller states that "along the streams of the east slope of the 
 Sierras and at Lone Pine the nests of this wood rat were not 
 common. Their usual situation was in thickets of wild roses 
 or willows near streams. The animal probably ascends the 
 streams to the Transition Zone. None were observed below 
 Lone Pine in the bed of Owens River." 
 
 Neotoma fuscipes cnemophila. 
 
 Neotoma f. cnemophila Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in. 
 1904, p. 267. 
 
 8 Specimens: 5 Lockwood Valley, Mount Pinos (type and 
 topotypes), 1 Castac Lake, 1 Bailey's Ranch, 1 Fort Tejon. 
 
 "In the mountains near Fort Tejon this wood rat was abun- 
 dant. The nests were usually of large proportions, and con- 
 structed in oak chaparral or in the thorny thickets of Kibes. 
 About Lockwood Valley on the south slope of Mt. Pinos the 
 nests were placed at the bases of tlie pifion pines, the nuts of 
 which form an important food supply for the rats. A few imma- 
 ture were secured at 8,000 feet altitude on Kern River (but not 
 preserved), and this evidently represents the upper limit of 
 their range." 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 297 
 
 Neotoma desertorum. 
 
 Neotoma desertorum Merr.. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894. 
 p. 125. Elliot, Svn. N. Am. Mamm., iqoi. pp. 161, 42g. 
 
 3g Specimens: 3 Copper City, 5 Lone Willow Spring, g Fur- 
 nace Creek, Death Valley (topotypes), 6 Hannopee Canon, 
 3 Coal Kilns, Panamint Mountains; 2 Coso Mountains, 5 Bever- 
 idge Canon, and 3 at summit of Inyo Mountains east of Lone 
 Pine, 3 Lone Pine. 
 
 In the Synopsis, page 42g, I mentioned the statement of 
 Mr. Bangs that Mr. G. S. Miller, Jr., had examined the type of 
 N. lepida Thomas, and was of the opinion that that species and 
 desertorum were the same. If Mr. Miller had compared specimens 
 of desertorum and lepida, it would have been more satisfactory, 
 for it is very difficult to carry in qne's mind the appearance of a 
 Neotoma, or indeed that of any animal not particularly con- 
 spicuous, sufficiently well to determine its identity; and as 
 Mr. Miller merely states it is his opinion, it would seem wise 
 before making desertorum a synonym of lepida, to wait until the 
 two can be brought together. A description alone is a very 
 unsatisfactory medium upon which to decide the status of these 
 wood rats, and Mr. Thomas's measurements of his species proves 
 that it is a smaller animal than desertorum, although an average 
 of several specimens might show there is not much difference in 
 size between them. Mr. Thomas's description is perplexing 
 also in certain points, as when he says the tail is "thickly haired," 
 causing a doubt as to whether it is a Neotoma or Teouoma. 
 While desertorum has a hairy tail, there is no doubt it belongs to 
 Neotoma. Under the circumstances, therefore, it seems best, for 
 the present at least, to retain the name given by Dr. Merriam to 
 the species. Mr. Heller states that this "is an abundant species 
 on the desert, ranging from the lowest valleys to the summits of 
 the highest desert ranges. On the Panamint Mountains they 
 were taken up to 9,000 feet, which elevation also marked their 
 upper limit on the Inyo Mountains. The extreme upper limit 
 of the pinon pine coincides with the upper limit of their range. 
 The nest is unusually small, and composed of sticks, brush. 
 cacti, etc., piled in the crevices between rocks, or more rarely in 
 thorny vegetation." 
 
 Neotoma desertorum sola. 
 
 Neotoma d. sola Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., i8g4, p. 126. 
 Elliot, Syn. X. Am. Mamm., igoi, p. 161. 
 
298 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 17 Examples: 16 Mouth of the Canada de las Uvas, 1 Castac 
 Lake. 
 
 "This race was found occupying a narrow belt on the 
 border of the San Joaquin Valley near Fort Tejon. At the 
 mouth of the Canada de las Uvas they occurred at the lower 
 edge of the .Oak Belt, the nests being placed among loose rocks 
 on hillsides and the walls of canons. They occupied a belt 
 covering only 300 or 400 vertical feet." 
 
 Neotoma intermedia gilva. 
 
 Neotoma i. gilva Rhoads, Am. Nat., xxvin, 1894, p. 70. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 162. 
 
 10 Specimens from Whitewater. 
 
 While resembling N. intermedia rather closely, the present 
 race can be distinguished by its much paler tail. The examples 
 were procured by Mr. Heller not far from the type locality, and 
 may almost be regarded as topotypes. Of this race Mr. Heller 
 says that ' ' about Whitewater and the eastern slope of the 
 San Bernardino Mountains this form was found commonly in 
 nests placed in clumps of small tree-yuccas, Yueca mohavensis. 
 About Burns Canon they occurred as high as 6,500 feet." 
 
 Neotoma intermedia bella. 
 
 Neotoma i. bella Bangs, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, 1899, p. 66. 
 
 25 Specimens: 11 Palm Springs (topotypes), 2 Whitewater, 
 6 Morongo Pass, 1 Burns Canon, 1 Old Woman's Spring, 4 Oro 
 Grande. 
 
 TEONOMA. 
 Teonoma cinerea acraea. 
 
 Teonoma c. acraea (misprinted acraia), Elliot, Pub. Field 
 Columb. Mus., in, 1903, p. 247. 
 
 7 Specimens: 3 Hot Springs (type and topotypes), 1 Big 
 Cottonwood Meadows, 1 Big Cottonwood Lakes, Mount Whitney; 
 2 Summit of the Inyo Mountains east of Lone Pine. 
 
 This seems to be a rather rare animal in the localities in which 
 it was met, which fact accounts for the small number of speci- 
 mens obtained, and it evidently inhabits only the higher parts 
 of the mountains, being indeed an alpine form. Mr. Heller 
 states that "it was not common about Mount Whitney, where it 
 was found from 8,000 feet elevation to timber-line. About Big 
 Cottonwood Lakes it was fairly numerous among granite boul- 
 ders, where it lived in the crevices, no attempt at nest-building 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 299 
 
 being apparent. On the summit of the Inyo Mountains down 
 to the limits of the limber pine, 8,000 feet, it occurred sparingly." 
 
 M1CROTUS. 
 Microtus dutcheri. 
 
 Microtus dutcheri Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, p. 85. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 185. 
 
 46 Specimens: 6 Big Cottonwood Meadows (topotypes), 
 3 Big Cottonwood Lakes, 17 Whitney Meadows, 15 Whitney 
 Creek, 5 Hot Springs. 
 
 "In the broad zones of the Sierras this is a very common 
 mammal. It was found in every meadow, from those in the 
 upper part of the Transition Zone to the Alpine ones above 
 timber-line at 12,000 feet. The surface runways and tunnels 
 were usuallv constructed about the clumps of dwarf willows 
 growing in the meadows. In habits they were more diurnal 
 than nocturnal at high altitudes." This species is conspicuous 
 for its short tail, considering its rather large size, and the 
 uniformity of the coloring in a fairly large series, only occa- 
 sionally a reddish one being observed. 
 
 Microtus californicus. 
 
 Arvicola californicus Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp. Mamm., 1848, 
 p. 46. 
 
 Microtus californicus Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 186. 
 
 21 Examples: 5 Fort Tejon, 11 Bailey's Ranch, near Fort 
 Tejon; 5 Oro Grande. 
 
 "About the swamps near Fort Tejon and near the headwaters 
 of Piru Creek, Bailey's Ranch, the California meadow mouse was 
 abundant. The species also invades the desert, following the 
 vallev of the Mohave River as far as Oro Grande, or to the limit 
 of damp meadows." 
 
 Microtus californicus vallicola. 
 
 Microtus c. vallicola Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1898, 
 p. S9. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 186. 
 
 24 Specimens from Lone Pine (topotypes). 
 
 "In Owens Valley this species occurs abundantly along the 
 river and about the streams as high as the Transition Zone." 
 
 Microtus mordax. 
 
 Microtus mordax Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 5, 1891, p. 61. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 191. 
 1 Specimen Hot Springs, Mount Whitney, 
 
300 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 I refer this example to tins species, and it is the only one 
 preserved by Mr. Heller in this region. He writes that it was 
 "a rather rare species in the Sierras, where it was found from 
 cS.ooo to 12.000 feet elevation, or from the upper edge of the 
 Transition to the Alpine Zone above timber-line." 
 
 THOMOMYS. 
 
 Thomomys operarius. 
 
 Thomomys operarius Merr., Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., 1S97, 
 p. 215. Elliot, Syn. X. Am. Maram,, 1901, p. 223. 
 
 14 Examples from Keeler (topotypes). 
 
 "At Keeler this gopher is abundant on the borders of Owens 
 Lake in moist soil supporting a heavy growth of salt-grass. 
 The species is apparently restricted to this narrow zone which 
 bounds the lake." 
 
 Thomomys fulvus. 
 
 Thomomys fulvus Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil.,- 
 1852, p. 201. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 227. 
 
 4 Specimens: 1 Fort Tejon, 2 Bailey's Ranch, 1 north of 
 Canada de las Uvas. 
 
 "The moist borders of creeks near Fort Tejon and about 
 Mt. Pinos are dotted with the mounds of this species. The 
 badgers have hunted it so persistently in this region that it has 
 become a very wary animal." 
 
 Thomomys perpallidus. 
 
 Thomomvs talpoides perpallidus Merr., Science, vui, 1886, 
 p. 588. 
 
 Thomomys perpallidus Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, 
 p. 229. 
 
 23 Specimens: 11 Palm Springs, 1 Whitewater, 1 Morongo 
 Pass, 1 Warren's Well, 6 Oro Grande, 2 Daggett, 1 Copper City. 
 
 "In the irrigated fields at Palm Springs the desert gopher 
 was abundant. Farther north on the Mohave River it was 
 again met with about fields and along irrigating ditches at Oro 
 Grande and Daggett." 
 
 Thomomys cabazonae. 
 
 Thomomys cabazonae Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. 1901, p. no. 
 
 10 Specimens: 7 Whitewater, 3 Banning (topotypes). 
 
 This seems to be the form common in the San Gorgonio Pass, 
 and at the limit of its eastern range at Whitewater it overlaps 
 that of T. perpallidus. 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 301 
 
 Thomomys alpinus. 
 
 Thomomys alpinus Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, p. 216. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., rqoT, p. 229. 
 
 17 Examples, Mount Whitney region: 10 Big Cottonwood 
 Meadows (topotypes), 3 Ramshaw Meadows, 3 Hot Springs, 
 Long Canon, 1 Whitney Meadows. 
 
 Misled by his specimens, Dr. Merriam says this species is 
 "rather small," and gives a total length of 228 millimeters, 
 when in fact it is a large species, attaining a total length of 27c 
 millimeters, and is exceeded in size by only a few of the known 
 species of the genus. "In the Boreal Zone of the Sierras it 
 occurs abundantly in the heavy black loam of the wet meadows, 
 and was taken from 8,000 feet elevation to the meadows above 
 timberdine in the Alpine Zone. At timberdine the mounds 
 were usually placed on dry gravelly hillsides." 
 
 Thomomys scapterus. 
 
 Thomomys scapterus Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 111, 
 1903, p. 248. 
 
 5 Specimens: 3 Hannopee Canon (type and topotypes), 2 Coal 
 Kilns, Panamint Mountains. 
 
 In the description of this form I gave the geographical dis- 
 tribution as the Panamint, Coso, and Inyo Mountains. Having 
 examined and compared the examples since the publication of 
 my paper, 1 am satisfied that the Coso and Inyo Mountain 
 specimens should be referred to T. a. per pes, thus restricting 
 T. scapterus to the Panamints. 
 
 Thomomys aureus perpes. 
 
 Thomomys a. perpes Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iyoi , p. 1 1 1. 
 
 17 Examples: 1 Coso Mountains, 1 Summit of the Inyo 
 Mountains east of Lone Pine 15 Lone Pine (topotvpes). 
 
 This rather pale gopher was "abundant along the streams of 
 the east slope of the Sierras in Owens Valley. About the shores 
 of Owens Lake it meets T . operarius, and somewhere in the 
 Transition Zone T. alpinus of the high Sierras." No specimens, 
 however, were taken either in the Mount Whitney Region or in 
 the Panamint Mountains, and it is reasonable to suppose it is 
 not to be found to the eastward of the Coso'and Invo Mountains. 
 
302 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 FAM. HETERQMY] DM. 
 Sub. Fam. Dipodomyin^e. 
 DIPODOMYS. 
 Dipodomys merriami nitratus. 
 
 Dipodomvs m. nitratus Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., il 
 p. 112. Elliot, Syn. X. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 233. 
 
 16 Examples: 6 Keeler (topotypes), 10 Lone Pine. 
 
 "The sand dunes near Owens Lake in the vicinity of Keeler 
 were perforated with the tunnels of this local form. As the 
 animal recedes from the hot sandy shores of the lake, it becomes 
 less reddish, and it is evident that the typical form does not 
 extend more than fifteen or twenty miles from the shore line." 
 Most of the mammals from this locality are characterized bv 
 greater depth of coloring than those from elsewhere, and speci- 
 mens from Keeler or the lake are much richer in hue than speci- 
 mens of the same species taken at a distance. These animals from 
 the Owens Lake region exhibit in a striking degree the effects of 
 environment upon color, and local varieties are produced, though 
 without doubt the individuals are specifically the same as those 
 living twenty miles away and which have a less ornate dress. But 
 according to the custom of the day these variations must be 
 dignified with a separate name, and they are in fact more easily 
 recognizable among other specimens of the genus than man}' a 
 one bearing a subspecific appellation, but which unhappily has 
 no especial coloration to separate it from its fellows. In such 
 cases faith has much to do with the determination. Some of 
 the Lone Pine specimens are considerably paler than those from 
 Keeler. 
 
 Dipodomys merriami simiolus. 
 
 Dipodomvs m. simiolus Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 
 1893, p. 410. Elliot, Syn. Am. Mamm., iqoi, p. 234. 
 
 Dipodomys m. similis Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 
 1893, p. 411. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 234. 
 
 54 Specimens: 20 Palm Springs (topotypes of IK m. simiolus), 
 12 Whitewater (topotypes of D. m. similis), 6 Morongo Pass, 
 4 Burns Canon, 1 Warren's Well, 3 Old Woman's Spring, 2 Oro 
 Grande, 1 Calico Mountains, 5 Daggett. 
 
 With so manv topotvpes of D. m. simiolus and D. m. similis 
 from Palm Springs (xVgua Caliente) and Whitewater, I do not 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 303 
 
 hesitate to place the latter name as a synonym of the former, for 
 I cannot perceive the slightest difference, either in external 
 appearance or cranial characters, between them. In the volume 
 of the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy for 1893 both 
 names appear, simiolus on page 410, and similis on page 411, 
 thus giving the priority to simiolus. In Miller & Rehn's List it 
 is stated that similis was published on January 27, 1894, and 
 simiolus on Januarv 30, 1894. This, of course, must have hap- 
 pened by the issue of independent leaflets to a few persons, but 
 if one is to abide by the volume issued by the Academy and 
 which is the Official Publication, the name simiolus must take 
 precedence. The species appears to be an abundant one in the 
 localities it frequents, and is found throughout the southern 
 part of the Mohave Desert visited by Mr. Heller, to the vicinity 
 of Daggett, north of which it does not seem to go. for no Dipodo- 
 mys was met with until Ballarat was reached, near Death Valley, 
 where the next race was found. In Mr. Heller's notes of this 
 race, the following account is given: "An abundant anjmal 
 throughout the Colorado and the southern portion of the 
 Mohave Desert, from the lowest valleys to the middle limits of 
 the Upper Sonoran Zone. This is the most abundant and wide- 
 spread mammal of the desert, in which region it forms a large 
 part of the food of the snakes, owls, carnivora, and Indians. In 
 the lowest and hottest valleys it is less common than D. deserti. 
 The burrows, which are few in number, are usually situated in 
 sandy flats or gravelly mesas, often at the bases of spiny or 
 thorny bushes, where they cannot be easily dug out by the 
 larger carnivora. About the eastern end of San Gorgonio Pass 
 they are abundant, but do not extend so far into the pass as the 
 summit, apparently not ranging much farther east than White- 
 water or Cabezon. On the eastern slope of the San Bernardino 
 Range they ascend above 6,000 feet. 
 
 Dipodomys merriami mortivallis. 
 
 Dipodomys m. mortivallis Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in, 
 1903, p. 250. Zoology. 
 
 7 Furnace Creek, Death Valley; 1 Ballarat. 
 
 "In Death Valley this form was not abundant, owing appar- 
 ently to the salinity of the soil. Above the valley on gravelly 
 mesas it occurred more commonly, and was also found in the 
 vicinity of Ballarat in Panamint Valley. The range of this race 
 does not seem to overlap that of Perodipus panamintinus , which 
 
304 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, -Vol. TTL 
 
 checks its vertical range at about 4,000 feet, the lower limit of 
 the rive-toed species. South of the range of Perodipus pana- 
 mi 11 tin its the allied D. m. simiolus ranges up to 6,000 feet, where 
 it enters the lower edge of the Pirion Zone." 
 
 Dipodomys deserti. 
 
 Dipodomys deserti Steph.. Amer. Nat., xxi, 1881. p. 42. Elliot, 
 Syn. X. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 235. 
 
 40 Examples: 4 Palm Springs, 27 Daggett, 2 Ballarat, 7 Fur- 
 nace Creek, Death Valley. 
 
 At Daggett, where most of the specimens were taken, this 
 species was ''abundant in the white sand area of the river bed 
 to which it is confined. In Death Valley it was abundant 
 everywhere about sandy soil and mesquite vegetation. Known 
 locally as the mesquite-rat on account of the large quantity of 
 mesquite-pods they store away in underground cavities. The 
 Indians often dig open the burrows and gather their supply of 
 pods from the rats, from which, after being ground into a flour, 
 a vellowish bread is made." 
 
 Dipodomys deserti helleri. 
 
 Dipodomys d. helleri Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus.. in. 1903, 
 p. 249. 
 
 6 Specimens from Keeler. 
 
 A richly colored race, similar in hue to D. m. nitraius, which 
 was "common in the sand dunes a little beyond the margin of 
 the grass, and evidently confined to a zone about the lake." 
 
 PERODIPUS. 
 Perodipus agilis. 
 
 Perodipus agilis Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 1848, 
 p. 77. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm.. 1901, p. 236. 
 
 15 Specimens: 1 Banning, 1 Fort Tejon, 2 Bailey's Ranch, 
 8 Castac Lake, 3 Lockwood Valley, Mount Pinos. 
 
 "This species extends as far east as the summit of San Gorgonio 
 Pass, where it was found near Banning, and the burrows were 
 seen near Beaumont at the summit. In the Mount Pinos region 
 it was common in the valleys and ravines, as high as the lower 
 limit of the black pines or up to 6.000 feet altitude. They cross 
 the Tehachapi Mountains in the vicinity of Fort Tejon, where 
 thev were found from the edge of the San Joaquin Valley east- 
 ward through the pass to Antelope Valley." 
 
March, [904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 305 
 
 Perodipus agilis streatori. 
 
 Perodipus streatori Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, p. 113. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., in, 1Q03, p. 237. 
 
 10 Specimens: 2 North of Canada de las Uvas, 3 Rose Sta- 
 tion, 5 Neenach. 
 
 '■An abundant race in the San Joaquin Valley in grain-fields 
 near Rose Station at the mouth of the Canada de las Uvas. At 
 the western base of the Tehachapi Mountains they become 
 smaller and darker, grading into P. agilis." In view of the fact 
 just stated, it would seem that the proper status of this rat 
 should be a subspecihc one, instead of considering it entitled to 
 specific rank as originally described. 
 
 Perodipus panamintinus. 
 
 Perodipus panamintinus Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1894, 
 p. 114. 
 
 18 Specimens: 12 Wild Rose Spring, Panamint Mountains, 
 3 Coso Mountains, 3 Lone Pine. 
 
 In color this form so nearly resembles P. streatori that it is 
 difficult to distinguish them apart, but it has a shorter tail in 
 the adult, and somewhat smaller measurements generally. 
 "The stonv mesas and creek washes on Telescope Peak in the 
 Panamint Range were covered with the burrows of this rat. 
 Their vertical range extended from 4,000 to 6,500 feet, which in 
 this region coincided with that of Coleogyne, which forms a 
 nearly pure growth at this altitude. The burrows were very 
 numerous, a single rot usually living in a nest having a dozen 
 or more tunnels, the mouths of which are connected on the 
 surface by well-defined runways. In Coso Valley this form was 
 again met in the Artemesia and Coleogyne vegetation. About 
 Lone Pine it was fairly common at the base of the Sierras in 
 Artemesia brush and in gram-fields. Much to my surprise the 
 species was not found on the Inyo Range on the opposite side of 
 the valley, both slopes of which were explored." 
 
 Sir,. Fam. Hkteromvix.k. 
 PEROGNATHUS. 
 
 Perognathus panamintinus. 
 
 Perognathus longimembris panamintinus Merr., Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Scien. Phil., 1894, p. 265. 
 
 Perognathus panamintinus Elliot, Syn. X. Am. Mamm., 1901, 
 P- -45- 
 
306 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 10 Specimens from Wild Rose Spring, Panamint Valley. 
 
 "The gravelly mesas near Wild Rose Spring, at the north 
 end of the Panamint Range, supported large numbers of this 
 pocket-mouse, which here outnumbered all other mammals in 
 abundance. The range extended to the lower edge of the 
 Juniper Belt, 6,500 feet, and down the eastern slope to about 
 4,000 feet, the species not occurring apparently in Death Valley. 
 On the western slope of the range it descends to Panamint Valley, 
 where it is fairly common." 
 
 Perognathus panamintinus bangsi. 
 
 Perognathus p. bangsi Mearns, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist . 
 1898, p. 300. 
 
 43 Specimens: 1 Castac Lake, 1 Bailey's Ranch, 9 Oro 
 Grande, 5 Daggett, 3 Calico Mountains, 12 Copper City, 9 Lane's 
 Mill, 3 Ballarat. 
 
 This race so closely resembles the preceding species that it is 
 almost impossible to distinguish one from the other. Mr. 
 Osgood (N. Am. Faun., No. 18, p. 2q) says, "a convenient 
 character to distinguish them is the color of the upper side of 
 the tail, which is normally dusky in panamintinus and buffy in 
 bangsi." Perhaps for many examples this rule will answer as 
 well as any other, but there are a number of specimens which 
 have dark tails from the same locality as those having buff tails, 
 and then it becomes a good deal a matter of guesswork, unless 
 one is willing to rely entirely upon the locality itself to determine 
 the name of the specimen. Mr. Heller says of this race that 
 "on the higher part of the Mohave desert on gravelly mesas 
 supporting creosote bushes, this race is usually common. About 
 Oro Grande and Daggett it was rare, but farther north in the 
 vicinity of Pilot Knob it occurred so numerously that seventy- 
 five per cent of the traps set contained this form. The burrows 
 were invariably placed beneath the roots of creosote bushes in 
 this locality. A single specimen was secured as far north as 
 • Coso Valley. At Antelope Valley the race ranges westward 
 from the Mohave, and crosses the divide, occurring as low down 
 as Fort Tejon, where, however, it is rather uncommon. It also 
 occurs on the west slope of the mountains at Bailey's Ranch 
 on Piru Creek." 
 
 Perognathus longimembris. 
 
 Perognathus longimembris Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 
 1875, p. 305. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 247. 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 307 
 
 16 Specimens: 15 Rose Station, near Fort Tejon (topo- 
 types), 1 Neenach. 
 
 "In the San Joaquin Valley this pocket-mouse occurs very 
 abundantly in the grass-fields and dry plains. A few were 
 secured at the base of the Tehachapi Mountains, at the mouth 
 of the Canada de las Uvas, but they apparently do not extend 
 into the mountains as far as Fort Tejon, where only P. p. bangsi 
 was secured. The pouches of most of the specimens taken 
 contained the seeds of alfileria, EroJium." The young adult of 
 this species is of quite a different color, and much darker and 
 more olivaceous." 
 
 Perognathus pericalles. 
 
 Perognathus pericalles Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., HI, 
 1903, p. 252. 
 
 2 Specimens from Keeler. 
 
 This beautiful little species was evidently quite rare, as the 
 two examples secured were the only ones seen. It shows to a 
 remarkable degree the influence exerted upon color that the 
 neighborhood of Owens Lake exerts in producing the rich, deep 
 cream buff hue of its pelage. It was found among the sand 
 dunes at the edge of the lake, to which it appeared to be 
 restricted. 
 
 Perognathus* elibatus. 
 
 Perognathus elibatus Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., in, 1903. 
 p. 252. 
 
 9 Specimens from Lock wood Valley, Mt. Pinos. 
 
 This is a dark species, and was abundant in the locality in 
 which the examples were taken, at an elevation of 5.500 feet, 
 "on the eastern slope of Mt. Pinos in the Pinon Belt. It was 
 found on gravelly soil supporting sage-brush, scrub-oaks, and 
 pinon pines." 
 
 Perognathus monticola olivaceus. 
 
 Perognathus olivaceus Merr., X. Am. Faun., No. 1, 1889, p. 15. 
 Elliot, Svn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 249. 
 
 6 Examples from the summit of the Inyo Mountains, east of 
 Lone Pine. 
 
 I refer these specimens to the present race, although they 
 are not by any means "bright cinnamon buff," as given by 
 
 *rjX'./3o-<i: the smooth breathing is misprinted on page 252 ^UQaznq the 
 rough breathing. 
 
,308 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 Osgood, but olivaceous and black. According to Mr. Osgood's 
 Monograph, they ought to be magruderensis , but great emphasis 
 is placed by him upon the size of that race, and all these examples 
 are considerably smaller than the measurements given, the largest 
 Vicing, total length, 1S1; tail vertebra', 95; hind foot, 23, as 
 compared with 108, 107, 26; and an average of the six before 
 me would be much less than the dimensions of the selected 
 specimens given above. In color they agree with Dr. Merriam's 
 description fairly well. According to Mr. Heller, this form was 
 common in sage-brush areas on the summit of the Invo Moun- 
 tains at S,5oo feet. 
 
 Perognathus formosus. 
 
 Perognathus formosus Merr., X. Am. Faun., 1889, p. 17. Elliot, 
 Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 250. 
 
 71 Specimens: 8 Old Woman's Springs, 2 Victor, 12 Oro 
 Grande, n Daggett, 2 Copper City, 7 Lone Willow Spring, 11 
 Wild Rose Spring, 4 Hannopee Canon, 2 Ballarat, 12 Furnace 
 Creek. 
 
 I refer all of this series to the present species, as thev are 
 all large individuals, with the hind foot measuring as high as 
 27 millimeters, the average, however, being probably about 25. 
 The examples from Lone Willow Spring are the largest, averaging 
 about 200 mm. in total length. The two specimens from Bal- 
 larat are of a reddish color different from all the others. Whether 
 this is an individual variation, or characteristic of this localitv. 
 cannot be decided, as no more examples were taken at that 
 place. Mr. Osgood considered some of his examples from the 
 Panamints to be magruderensis, but in this series I am unable 
 to distinguish more than one form. There is a variation in 
 size, but this must be expected among individuals where so 
 much depends upon the tail to determine the total length. The 
 hind foot, however, varies but slightlv in dimensions among 
 them all. Mr. Heller writes of this species that "throughout 
 the Mohave Desert this is the most abundant and widespread 
 species of pocket-mouse. In the Death Valley region it occurs 
 from the floor of the valley to a height of 7.500 feet on the 
 Panamint Mountains, which carries it to the lower edge of the 
 Pinon Belt. Rocky hillsides and canon walls are the usual 
 haunts of the species." 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 309 
 
 Perognathus mesembrinus. 
 
 Perognathus mesembrinus Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 
 C903, p. 251. Zoology. 
 
 13 Specimens from Palm Springs. 
 
 "At the base of the San Jacinto Mountains, in the vicinity 
 of Palm Springs, this form occurs fairly common on rocky mesas 
 and about the mouths of the canons." 
 
 ClI.KTODIIMS. 
 
 Perognathus penicillatus. 
 
 Perognathus penicillatus Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. 
 Phil., 1852. p. 200. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 252. 
 
 13 Specimens: 3 Palm Springs. 4 Whitewater, 2 Morongo 
 Pass, 4 Oro Grande. 
 
 I refer these specimens to the present species, although they 
 are much less in their dimensions, the largest being in total 
 length, t 85 ; tail, 103: hind foot, 23; another is 182, 99, 24. 
 There is also a conspicuous black patch at the base of the 
 whiskers, which Mr. Osgood states in his Monograph, p. 46, is 
 absent in penicillatus. "This species inhabits the sandy flats 
 and drv creek washes of the desert. They are especially abundant 
 about sand dunes in the lowest parts of the desert, usually 
 occurring wherever Dipodomys deserti is found. Some were 
 secured above 3,000 feet."- 
 
 Perognathus stephensi. 
 
 Perognathus stephensi Merr., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 
 1894, ]). 267. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., igor, p. 253. 
 
 3 Specimens, Mesquite Valley, northwest arm of Death Valley. 
 
 Two of these examples were taken near the edge of the valley 
 and appear best to answer the description of the species, being 
 a uniform pinkish and vinaeeous buff, which is said to be the 
 "left over winter pelage." The one taken near the middle of 
 the valley is a deep, rich cream buff, very much the same color 
 as P. pericalles from Keeler, but of course these specimens are 
 much larger than the Keeler examples. I imagine this cream 
 buff individual to be in the full summer dress, which view, if 
 correct, would show that the seasonal pelages are very different. 
 The species is so very rare, only two specimens besides these 
 examples being m any' collection, I believe, that no information 
 about it has been gained. The three individuals before me 
 were taken on the 1st and 2nd of May. Of the Mesquite Valley 
 
310 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 Mr Heller writes that "the rarity of mammals was striking. 
 At one camp we put out ioo traps and secured but three mice, 
 the bait remaining untouched on the others. Xearlv all the 
 localities where we have trapped, one-third or one-half of the 
 traps set will catch animals. Some of the bad luck can be 
 attributed to the Panamint Indians, who trap all kinds of rats 
 and mice in the valley for food. Their 'dead-falls' were seen 
 about every clump of mesquites, and a single Indian, it is said, 
 will catch daily seventy-five or more rats and mice for his 
 family." 
 
 Perognathus fallax pallidus. 
 
 Perognathus f. pallidus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1901. 
 
 P- 135- 
 
 7 Specimens: 1 Whitewater, 3 Morongo Pass, 1 Victor, 2 Oro 
 Grande. 
 
 These examples, apparently representing the species described 
 by Dr. Mearns, from Mountain Spring, Coast Range. San Diego 
 County, California, constitute a pale form of Jul lax. "About 
 the lower slopes of the San Bernardino Range in the vicinity 
 of Morongo Pass, this form was fairly common between the 
 altitudes of 2.000 and 6,000 feet. They are not abundant in 
 the Juniper Belt on sandy or gravelly mesas and hillsides." 
 
 Perognathus spinatus. 
 
 Perognathus spinatus Merr., X. Am. Faun., Xo. 1. 1889, p. 59. 
 
 4 Specimens, from Palm Springs. 
 
 This species was abundant at Palm .Springs, but onlv the 
 above individuals were preserved. It goes into the canons for 
 considerable distances. 
 
 Perognathus californicus dispar. 
 
 Perognathus c. dispar Osgood, X. Am. Faun., Xo. 18, 1900. 
 p. 58. Elliot, Syn. X. Am. Mamm.. 1901, p. 255. 
 
 5 Examples: 2 Hot Springs, Mt. Whitney, 1 Fort Tejon. 1 
 Bailey's Ranch, 1 north of Canada de las Uvas. 
 
 "In the Sierra Xevada this sub-species was taken in the vicinity 
 of Mt. Whitney in Long Canon, the waters of which are tributary 
 to Kern River. This locality is in the upper limits of the black 
 pine, or Transition Zone, and apparently marks the upper range 
 of the race, which is here rather uncommon. The specimens 
 were all taken on open, rocky hillsides. Above Fort Tejon they 
 were found on rockv hillsides, from the lower limits of the oak 
 groves to the black pine timber, at 6,000 feet." 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 311 
 
 FAM. ZAPODID/E. 
 Sue. Fam. Zapodin/E. 
 ZAPUS. 
 Zapus trinotatus alleni. 
 
 Zapus t. alleni Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., 1898, p. 212. 
 Zoology. 
 
 1 Specimen, from Hot Springs, Long Canon, Mt. Whitney. 
 
 This was the only example of Zapus procured on the journey, 
 and was taken at an altitude of 8,000 feet. It was apparently 
 very rare in the southern Sierras. 
 
 FAM. ERETHIZONTID/E. 
 Sub. Fam. Erethizontin^e. 
 ERETHIZON. 
 Erethizon epixanthus. 
 
 Erethizon epixanthus Brandt., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., 1835, 
 ]). 389, pis. 1, 9. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1903, p. 265. 
 
 1 Specimen, Whitney Creek, Mt. Whitney. 
 
 "In the High Sierras, near Mount Whitney, many of the lodge- 
 pole pines, Pinus murrayana, bear the characteristic scars due 
 to the gnawing of the porcupine; but, notwithstanding the 
 abundance of such signs, the animal is rare, and unknown to 
 many of the cattlemen. Their food consists, apparently, largely 
 of the bark of this pine, no other tree in the vicinity showing 
 the scars. Their range corresponds fairly well with that of the 
 lodge-pole pine, the scars occurring at all altitudes between 8,000 
 and 10,000 feet. The bark is usually gnawed at the base of the 
 tree, on one side only, or just above the larger limbs, which are 
 used as a resting-place by the animal as it works. On trees 
 where the limbs are placed at convenient intervals, the bark is 
 stripped for several feet,- the strip usually having a width of 
 five or six inches." 
 
 FAM. OCHOTONID/E. 
 OCHOTONA. 
 
 Ochotona schisticeps. 
 
 Ochotona schisticeps Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, p. 11. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1903, p. 267. 
 
312 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 10 Specimens, Big Cottonwood Lakes, Mount Whitney. 
 
 ''Coneys were found fairly common at timber-line, or a little 
 above it, on the east slope of Old Mount Whitney, in the vicinity 
 of Big Cottonwood Lakes. They usually inhabited rock jams 
 or talus slopes in which the rocks were of large size; but thev 
 occasionally lived in the crevices of cliffs. The usual note is a 
 sharp 'quank' repeated three or four times rapidlv and resem- 
 bling closely that of the slender-billed nuthatch, but much more 
 penetrating. At dusk the coneys were especially noisy and 
 active, sounding their alarm notes without any provocation. 
 Their light ashy colors harmonize perfectly with the light gray 
 of the granite." 
 
 FAM. LEPORID-/E. 
 
 LEPUS. 
 Lepus campestris. 
 
 Lepus campestris Bachm., Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien., Phil., 1837, 
 ]>. 34Q. Elliot, Syn. X. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 277. 
 
 1 Specimen, from Big Cottonwood Meadows. Mount Whitney. 
 
 "This hare ranges on the high meadows and stony hillsides 
 in the vicinity of Mount Whitnev, from 8,000 to 13,000 feet. 
 Above timber-line their droppings were abundant on black, 
 gravelly hillsides, where their light coloration is protective. In 
 running, their movements consist of graceful stiff-legged leaps, 
 like those of deer, and are quite different from the long, rapid 
 leaps of the California jack rabbit." 
 
 Silvilagus. 
 Lepus laticinctus. 
 
 Lepus laticinctus Elliot. Pub. Field Columb. Mus., ill, 1903, 
 p. 254. Zoology. 
 
 10 Specimens: 2 Fort Tejon, 3 Castac Lake, 4 Oro Grande, 
 1 Lone Pine. 
 
 "An abundant species on the bottom lands of the Mohave 
 River near Oro Grande, where it occurs in willow thickets and 
 sage-brush. Farther down the river at Daggett a few were 
 seen near the river in beds of A triplex bushes. A cotton-tail 
 was seen several times in Morongo Valley, which appeared to lie 
 this form." Common in the vicinity of Fort Tejon. where it 
 ranges from the lower edge of the Chaparral Belt to the Black 
 Pine Belt on Mount Pinos. A young one was taken at 8,000 
 feet in the Sierras near Kern River. 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 313 
 
 Lepus laticinctus rufipes. 
 
 Lepus 1. rufipes Elliot, Pub, Field Columb. Mus., in, 1903, p. 
 
 254. Zoology. 
 
 g Examples, from Furnace Creek, Death Valley. 
 
 "This race was common in the heavy growth of Pluchea 
 bushes at the mouth of Furnace Creek, but was not noted else- 
 where in the valley." 
 
 Lepus laticinctus perplicatus. 
 
 Lepus 1. perplicatus Elliott, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 11 1, 1903, 
 p. 255. Zoology. 
 
 7 Specimens: 1 Hannopee Canon, Panamint Mountains, 4 
 Coso Mountains, 1 summit of the Inyo Range, east of Lone 
 Pine, 1 Hot Springs, Mount Whitney. 
 
 "On the Panamint Range this race was not rare in the Pihon 
 and Juniper Zones from 7,000 to 10,000 feet, where the drop- 
 pings were numerous. None were seen, however, above 8,000 
 feet. On the Invo Mountains it was seen as high as 8,500 feet, 
 but it was rare on this range. The brushy hillsides of the 
 Coso Range supported a great many of this race at an elevation 
 of about 5,000 feet." 
 
 Macrotolagus. 
 Lepus texensis deserticola. 
 
 Lepus t. deserticola Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1895, P- 
 564. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 291. 
 
 4 Specimens: 1 Whitewater, 1 Copper City, 1 Coal Kiln, 1 
 Lone Pine. 
 
 A common form in most parts of the desert, from the lowest 
 valleys to the lower edge of the Boreal Zone. A few were seen 
 at 9,000 feet on the summit of the Invo Range, on slopes support- 
 ing a heavy growth of sage-brush, and on the Panamint Range 
 their droppings were not uncommon at the same elevation. On 
 the eastern slope of the San Bernardino Range they were seen 
 as high as 8,000 feet. They are most abundant on the higher 
 levels of the desert. At the mouth of Furnace Creek, in Death 
 Valley, where food is abundant, they were not rare, contrary 
 to the general rule. In the vicinity of Mt. Pinos they range 
 at least as high as 6,000 feet on the eastern slope. 
 
314 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 ORDER CARMVORA. 
 
 FAM. CANID/E. 
 
 CAN IS. 
 
 Canis lestes. 
 
 Canis lestes Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. 1897, p. 25. Elliot, 
 Syn. X. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 301. 
 
 3 Specimens: 1 Whitney Creek. 1 Long Canon. 1 Big Cotton- 
 wood Meadows, Mount Whitney. 
 
 I refer these three examples to this species, but without topo- 
 types to compare with, the identification of a number of these 
 coyotes is very unsatisfactory and uncertain. Mr. Heller savs 
 it is abundant in the high Sierras near Mount Whitney, from 
 the Transition Zone to timberdine. 
 
 Canis estor. 
 
 Canis estor Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897. p. 31. Elliot, 
 Syn. X. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 302. 
 
 1 Specimen, from Xeenach, Los Angeles County. 
 "Abundant in Antelope Valley, but throughout the drier parts 
 
 of the Mohave they were seldom seen or heard. On the Pana- 
 mint Mountains the tracks were seen as high as 6,000 feet." 
 
 Canis ochropus. 
 
 Canis ochropus Eschsch., Zool. Atlas, 111, 1S29, pp. 1 2. pi. 11. 
 Elliot, Syn. X. Am. Mamm.. 1901, p. 303. 
 
 2 Examples, from Fort Tejon. 
 
 "In the vicinity of Fort Tejon this coyote was abundant, from 
 the summit of the Tehachapi Mountains to the floor of the San 
 Joaquin Vallev. In the hilly country their food consists largely 
 of juniper berries, wild cherries, and anv edible berry native 
 to the region." 
 
 VULPES. 
 Vulpes arsipus. 
 
 Vulpes arsipus Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus.. 111, 1903, 
 p. 256. 
 
 6 Specimens: 4 Daggett, 1 Pilot Knob, 1 Wild Rose Spring. 
 
 Chief! v a resident of the Mohave Desert, where, in certain 
 localities, it is quite numerous. "About the Mohave River near 
 Daggett, the Swift, as it is locally known, is common and appears 
 to replace the covote largely. It usually lives in burrows on 
 the level desert, or in the embankments of drv sand washes, in 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 315 
 
 small colonies or families. Farther north in the Panammt 
 Range they are much less common and inhabit chiefly the higher 
 levels above 2,000 feet. Tracks were seen in Antelope Valley, 
 where they are said to be fairly common. The Swifts are often 
 seen during the day sitting a-t the mouths of their burrows and 
 are usuallv easily approached and shot. This sort of curiosity 
 or stupidity leads them to speedy extermination in settled 
 districts. Afoot they are much swifter and possess more endur- 
 ance than the coyote, often being able to outrun trained grey- 
 hounds." 
 
 Vulpes necator. 
 
 Yulpes necator Merr., Wash. Acad. Scien., 1900, p. 664. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., Append., 1901, p. 433. 
 
 4 Specimens: 3 Whitney Creek, 1 Ramshaw Meadows, all 
 virtually topotypes, Mount Whitney. 
 
 These examples are all in the summer coat, having been taken 
 in June and July. Two of them answer fairly well to Dr. 
 Merriam's description of the species; the other two are entirely 
 different, and if the skulls were missing they might be regarded 
 as young, and one is; the other is that of an adult animal, 
 although not very old. The nose, back of neck and dorsal region, 
 throat and line down breast and abdomen, is black, with white 
 hairs mixed on back and under parts ; haunches sooty ; sides of 
 neck and body yellowish buff; fore and hind legs black for their 
 entire length on the outer side, but with buff intermingled on 
 part of the outside of the thigh; elbow inside deep buff; tail 
 above buff at base, remainder gray; hairs tipped with black, 
 beneath sooty, with buff intermingled; ears on outside black. 
 While these specimens are so different from typical V. necator, 
 they undoubtedly belong to that species, and were taken in the 
 same locality as the most typical of the examples, Whitney 
 Creek. Thev probably represent the midsummer coat, with 
 most of the bright-colored fur absent. "This fox is fairly 
 common in the Boreal Zone 111 the vicinity of Mount Whitney, 
 where it occurs from 8,500 feet to timber-line. Most of the 
 specimens were taken at 9,000 feet, at which elevation it is most 
 abundant." 
 
 u ROC YON. 
 
 Urocyon cinereo-argenteus inyoensis. 
 
 Urocvon c. inyoensis, Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., m, 1904, 
 p. 268. Zoology. 
 
3 1 6 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. TIT. 
 
 3 Specimens, from the Inyo Mountains. 
 
 A very pale form of U. cinereo-argenteus , allied to U. c. cali- 
 fornicus, but with only a slight amount of black on the back, 
 like ( r -. catalincB, but very much paler than that species in all 
 its coloration. 
 
 FAM. PROCVONID/E. 
 PROCYON. 
 
 Procyon lotor hernandezi. 
 
 Procyon 1. hernandezi Wagl. Isis, 183 1, p. 514. 
 
 2 Specimens: 1 Palm Springs, 1 Oro Grande. 
 
 "At the east base of the San Jacinto Range this species is 
 common on the edge of the desert in the vicinity of Palm Springs. 
 On the Mohave River tracks were seen as far down as Daggett. 
 The absence of the raccoon in Owens Valley is inexplicable." 
 
 FAM. MUSTELID/E. 
 
 TAXIDEA. 
 
 Taxidea taxus. 
 
 Taxidea taxus Schreib. Saugeth., in, 1778, p. 520. 
 
 1 Specimen, from Antelope Valley near Neenach. 
 
 "Near Wild Rose Spring in the Panamint Range, badger 
 tunnels were not rare among the colonies of Perodipus, but the 
 Indians and miners report them as rare. Thev are occasionally 
 taken on the desert near Morongo Valley. In Antelope Valley 
 they are said to be rare." 
 
 MEPHITIS. 
 
 Mephitis platyrhina. 
 
 Chincha platyrhina Howell, N. A. Faun., No. 20, 1901, p. 39.- 
 
 1 Specimen, from Lone Pine. 
 
 A single example was taken near the eastern base of the 
 Sierras. "It occurs along the streams entering Owens Valley 
 from the west and also along Owens River." 
 
 Mephitis occidentalis holzneri. 
 
 Mephistis o. holzneri Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, 1897, 
 p. 461. 
 
 3 Specimens, from Oro Grande. 
 
 I refer these examples to this species. The animals were 
 very abundant at Oro Grande, especially along the Mohave 
 River. This, I believe, is the first desert record for this species, 
 
March, 1904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 317 
 
 east of the mountains. The hind foot is remarkably short for 
 the size of the animals, this member measuring in two females 
 61 and 65 mm., respectively. 
 
 SFILOGALE. 
 Spilogale gracilis. 
 
 Spilogale gracilis Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 12. 
 Elliot, Svn. X. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 330. 
 
 6 Specimens, from Beveridge Canon, lnvo Mountains. 
 
 These examples were taken at an elevation of 6,000 feet. 
 They are also known to the Indians on the Panamint Mountains 
 and are common in Owens Valley. 
 
 Spilogale phenax. 
 
 Spilogale phenax Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 4, 1890, p. 15. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 331. 
 
 1 Specimen, from north of Canada de las Uvas. 
 
 GULO. 
 Gulo luteus. 
 
 Gulo luteus Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., 1903, p. 260. 
 
 1 Example, Whitney Creek, Mount Whitney. 
 
 "The wolverine is rather a rare animal in the high Sierras, 
 where it occurs from the lower part of the Boreal Zone to the 
 meadows above timber-line. Occasionally in winter it is taken 
 at the east base of the Sierras near Lone Pine. Near Ramshaw 
 Meadows tracks of an adult and two young were seen ranging 
 over a considerable extent of country. A few tracks were seen 
 on the shore of an alpine lake above timber-line. Trappers 
 located at Kern River Lakes a few vears ago are said to have 
 secured eight during the winter." 
 
 PUTORIUS. 
 Putorius xanthogenys. 
 
 Putorius xanthogenys Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1 S 4 3 , p. 
 1 18. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., T901 , p. 349. 
 
 2 Examples from Lone Pine. 
 
 "Not rare in Owens Valley at the east base of the Sierras 
 and on the east slope of this range they ascend as high as 8,000 
 feet. One was killed at Monache Meadows during our stav, but 
 the animal is seldom seen at this elevation." 
 
318 Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 ORDER INSECTIVORA. 
 
 FAM. SORICID.E. 
 
 SOREX. 
 
 Sorex montereyensis. 
 
 Sorex montereyensis Merr., X. Am. Faun.. Xo. 10, 1895, p. 75. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 373. 
 
 5 Specimens, from Whitney Meadows, near Whitney Creek, 
 Mount Whitney. 
 
 Three examples were taken at a height of 9.000 to 10,000 
 feet, and all exhibit the light summer pelage. 
 
 Sorex ornatus. 
 
 Sorex ornatus Merr., X. Am. Faun., Xo. 10, 1895, p. 79. Elliot, 
 Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 374. 
 
 4 Examples: 3 Bailey's Ranch, near Fort Tejon, 1 Fort Tejon. 
 
 These are in the summer pelage and the "dark rump patch," 
 mentioned by Dr. Merriam, is not visible. "Common on Pine 
 Creek at 4.000 feet. Much rarer on Uvas Creek, near Fort 
 Tejon." 
 
 NEOSOREX. 
 
 Neosorex palustris navigator. 
 
 Xeosorex p. navigator Baird, Mamm. X. Am.. 1857. p. 11. 
 Elliot, Syn. X T . Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 379. 
 
 13 Specimens: 6 Whitney Meadows, 7 Whitney Creek. 
 
 "Abundant about Whitney Creek at q.ooo feet, and on Whitney 
 Meadows in swampy places." 
 
 ORDER CHIROPTERA. 
 
 FAM. YESPERTILIOXID.E. 
 Sun. Fam. Yespertii.ionix.k. 
 MYOTIS. 
 Myotis lucifugus longicrus. 
 
 Myotis 1. longicrus Miller. X. Am. Faun., Xo. 13, 1897, p. 63. 
 Elliot, Syn. X. Am. Mamm., 1901. p. 402. 
 
 2 Specimens, from Beveridge Canon, Inyo Mountains. 
 
 Myotis yumanensis. 
 
 Vespertilio vumanensis H. Allen, Mon. X. Am. Bats, 1864, 
 p. 58. 
 
March, 1904, Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 319 
 
 Myotis yumanensis Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Faun., iqoi, p. 403. 
 2 Specimens: 1 Shepherd Canon, Argus Mountains, 1 Rose 
 Station, Fort Tejon. 
 
 Myotis californicus. 
 
 Vespertilio californicus Aud. & Bach., Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien. 
 Phil., 1842, p. 20. 
 
 Myotis californicus Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 403. 
 
 8 Specimens: 5 Hot Springs, Mount Whitney, 3 Fort Tejon. 
 
 "Abundant in the vicinity of Mount Whitney at 8,000 feet, 
 where they seldom range above the Transition Zone. One of 
 the commonest species in the vicinity of Fort Tejon. Many 
 were seen at Wild Rose Spring on the Panamint Range." 
 
 Myotis californicus pallidus. 
 
 Myotis c. pallidus Steph., Biol. Soc. Wash., 1900, p. 153. 
 6 Specimens: 2 Mesquite Valley, Death Vallev, 4 Wild Rose 
 Springs, Panamint Mountains. 
 
 1 refer these specimens to the race described by Mr. Stephens, 
 as they seem to accord with his description, although the tvpe 
 locality is a considerable distance from those given above, and 
 no specimens, so far as I am aware, have been taken in the 
 intervening mountain ranges or desert country. 
 
 Sub. Fam. Antrozoin/*:. 
 ANTROZOUS. 
 Antrozous pallidus. 
 
 Antrozous pallidus Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil., 
 1855, p. 437. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 396. 
 
 2 Specimens: 1 Coso Mountains, 1 Lone Pine. 
 "Abundant in some of the desert ranges. Near Ballarat, in 
 
 the Panamints, they occurred 'about precipitous canon walls. 
 In the Argus Range many were seen at the mouth of Shepherd 
 Canon. In the Alabama hills near Lone Pine thev were not 
 uncommon." 
 
 Antrozous pallidus pacificus. 
 
 Antrozous p. pacificus Merr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1897, 
 p. 180. Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 397. 
 
 3 Examples, from Fort Tejon. 
 
 "In the vicinity of Fort Tejon this bat is a rather rare species. 
 Several were secured while I was stopping in an old house. The 
 
:j_>o Field Columbian Museum — Zoology, Vol. III. 
 
 bats could not be found in the house during the day, but at 
 night they entered through the open windows, bringing with 
 them large brown mole crickets, which they devoured at their 
 leisure while suspended from the roof. The floor of the house 
 below their perches was covered with the remains of the insects. 
 At Surveyor's Wells, in Mesquite Valley, many of these bats 
 were seen at dusk, drinking. About Furnace Creek Ranch they 
 were also common." 
 
 Myotis evotis. 
 
 Vespertilio evotis H. Allen, Mon. X. Am. Bats, 1864, p. 48. 
 Myotis evotis Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., 1901. p. 406. 
 1 Specimen, from Hot Springs, in Long Canon, Mount Whitney. 
 This was the only example seen on the entire journey. 
 
 PIPISTRELLUS. 
 Pipistrellus hesperus. 
 
 Scotophilus hesperus M. Allen, Mon. N. Am. Bats, 1864, p. 43. 
 
 Pipistrellus hesperus Elliot, Syn. N.Am. Mamm., 1901, p. 409. 
 
 23 Specimens: 2 Palm Springs, 1 Oro Grande, 4 Wild Rose 
 Springs, Panamint Mountains, 2 Beveridge Canon, Inyo Moun- 
 tains,. 1 Lone Pine, 1 Rose Station, near Fort Tejon, 9 north of 
 Canada de las Uvas, 3 Bailey's Ranch, (11 alcoholics.) 
 
 "The specimens from Wild Rose Spring are very pale in color 
 and are nearest the typical style. "This is the most abundant 
 bat in the west, where it occurs throughout the desert, from 
 the lowest valley to the Transition Zone." 
 
 VESPERTILIO. 
 Vespertilio fuscus. 
 
 Vespertilio fuscus Beauvois, Cat. Peale's Mus., 1796, p. 14. 
 Elliot, Syn. N. Am. Mamm., igor, p. 410. 
 
 26 Specimens: 12 Hot Springs, Long Canon, Mount Whitney, 
 5 Lone Pine, 9 Fort Tejon. (3 alcoholics.) 
 
 The examples from Fort Tejon are much darker than the 
 rest, the young being almost black. There is, however, consid- 
 erable variation observable in color among individuals of this 
 species. 
 
 NYCTINOMl'S. 
 Nyctinomus mexicanus. 
 
 Nyctinomus mexicanus Sauss., Rev. Zool., i860, p. 283. 
 Nyctinomus mohavensis Merr., N. Am. Faun., No. 2, 1889, 
 P- 25- 
 
March, [904. Mammals of Southern California — Elliot. 321 
 
 Xvctinomus brasiliensis Elliot, Syn. X. Am, Mamm., 1901, 
 p. 417. 
 
 9 Specimens: 1 Palm Springs, S Fort Tejon. 
 
 "Common at Palm Springs, in Palm Canon. At Fort Tejon 
 several hundred were found living in the garret of one of the 
 old buildings." 
 
 Nyctinpmus femorosaccus. 
 
 Xvctinomus femorosaccus Merr., X. Am. Faun., Xo. 2, 1889, 
 
 P- 23- 
 
 1 Specimen, from Palm Canon, near Palm Springs (alcoholic). 
 
 "One was secured in Palm Canon, near Palm Springs, in a 
 mummified condition, impaled on a mesquite bush which over- 
 hung a pool of water where the bats came to drink." In this 
 locality this species was associated with the one preceding. The 
 flight of this bat is very swift, and it seems to be very rare, 
 and is probablv more a resident of Lower California, with its 
 northern limit about the latitude of Palm Springs. 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY, PL. XXXIV. 
 
 1. Camp at Vallecitos, 9,000 feet, San Pedro Martir Mountains. 
 
 2. La Grulla Meadows and Outfit, San Pedro Martir Mountains. 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY. PL. XXXV. 
 
 1. Pack Train at Santa Rosa Meadows, San Pedro Martir Mountains. 
 2. Santa Eulalia. End of Pine Belt, San Pedro Martir Mountains 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY, PL. XXXVI. 
 
 1. San Pedro Martir Peak, 10,126 feet. 
 2. Odocoileus h. californicus and Hunter, Hanson Lagoon. 
 

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FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY, PL. XXXVIII. 
 
 1. Tree Yucca, Palm Springs. 
 2. Fan Palms, Palm Springs. 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY, PL XXXIX. 
 
 1. Pilot Knob, Mohave Desert. 
 2. Redrock Canon, Mohave Desert. 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY, PL. XL. 
 
 1. Wild Rose Spring, Panamint Mountains. 
 2. Ballarat. Panamint Mountains in Background. 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY, PL. XLI 
 
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 *$*4£d 
 
 1. Coal Kilns, Panamint Mountains. 
 2. Indian Pictures, Emigrant Canon, Panamint Mountains. 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY, PL. XLII. 
 
 *r --ji** '■? *. - ' +4 ft -a* 4 
 
 w *- •:J. ; ' Y > !■/ " 
 
 1 . Surface of Death Valley. 
 2. Furnace Creek, Death Valley. 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY, PL. XLIII. 
 
 1. East Front, Mount Whitney. 
 
 2. Palisades Mount Whitney. 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY. PL. XLIV. 
 
 *?&%. j 
 
 1. Old Crater near Mount Whitney. 
 2. Timber-line, Mount Whitney. 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY. PL. XLV. 
 
 1. Mount Williamson, from the Summit of Mount Whitney. 
 2. Rock Creek, Mount Whitney. 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY, PL. XLVI. 
 
 1. Monache Meadows, Orlando Peak in Background. 
 2. Sheep Mountain, near Mount Whitney. 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY, PL. XLVII 
 
 1. Cinder Cove, Little Owens Lake. 
 
 2. Mount Whitney, from Lone Pine. 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY, PL. XLVIII. 
 
 1. Ingo Mountains, from Owens Valley. 
 2. The Sierras, from Middle of Owens Valley. 
 
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. 
 
 ZOOLOGY. PL. XLIX. 
 
 1 . Fort Tejon. 
 2. Antelope Rescued from Wolves, Antelope Valley.