M‘ ALPINE’S 
 
 GAELIC GRAMMAR. 
 

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 OF ILLINOIS 
 LIBRARY 
 
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Testimonial in favour of this Work by Mr. Alexander M‘Fa blank, 
 Corrector of the Press for the Gaelic Bible. 
 
 Sir, Grandtully, 7th August 1832. 
 
 Your Gaelic Pronouncing Dictionary being the first work of the kind that 
 appeared , will no doubt meet with a variety of opinions ; but if its merits 
 be fully appreciated , its circulation will soon be extensive wherever that lan - 
 guage is even a little understood . Your attention to one mode of ortho- 
 
 graphy must greatly enhance its value , while its cheapness and superiority 
 of Typography , entitle you to the esteem of every brother Celt , by placing 
 within his reach what is fully competent to give him a thorough knowledge 
 of his native Language. 
 
 I am. Sir , 
 
 Yours , with every wish of merited success , 
 
 ALEX. M i FA RLA NE. 
 
 To Mr. N. M‘ALPINE. 
 

 
PREFACE 
 
 BY THE 
 
 COMPILER OF PART SECOND 
 
 In presenting to the Public the Second or English- Gaelic Part 
 of this Dictionary, I deem it requisite to say something regarding 
 my labours ; more especially, as the First or Gaeiic-English 
 Part was written by a different hand. 
 
 The Compiler^of the First Part very judiciously availed him- 
 self of the labours of his predecessors. His work is more copious ; 
 his definitions more appropriate, many useful examples of idiom 
 and practical phrases being given ; and his orthography, in gene- 
 ral, much more correct than those who have preceded him ; 
 notwithstanding his additions and emendations, there are still 
 omissions,* and various provincialisms. Of the latter, the fol- 
 lowing instances may be given : — u Coca” for co-aca ; u driom” 
 for dr aim, back; u thala” for folhh ; u faid” for faidh ; u gaoith” 
 for gaoth ; u maidinn” for maduinn ; and u urra” for the prep, 
 pro. u oirre,” on or upon her, &c. &c. ; and he.has besides made use 
 of other provincialisms peculiar to the Western Isles and some 
 districts of Argyleshire ; but as these are generally understood, it 
 would be superfluous to refer to them here. These he defends, 
 giving them a preference over words of more general acceptation, 
 a proceeding by no means to be justified in a work of this kind, 
 and to be accounted for, only, from his partiality to words pecu- 
 liar to the circumscribed locality of which he is a native — the 
 Island of Islay. 
 
 * On collating the First Part with other Gaeiic-English Dictionaries, the 
 words found to have been omitted, ''are inserted in the Second Part, and will 
 be found opposite to the corresponding English words, thus rendering the pre- 
 sent Work the most copious of its kind yet published. 
 
Vlll 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 In giving the genders of nouns, the accuracy of the Compiler 
 of the First Part exceeds that of his predecessors ; indeed, great 
 credit is due to him in that department ; yet he differs from them 
 in some instances in which I consider him erroneous, as not 
 being in accordance with the general practice of Gaelic writers, 
 and speakers of acknowledged celebrity. Those deviations, 
 however, are but few, and are here specified for the satisfaction 
 of the Gaelic student and philologist, being the only objection- 
 able ones which could be detected after a careful and repeated 
 perusal of the work : — “ Fhsach,”* wilderness, desert; “ubh- 
 all,” an apple ; u ugh,” or “ ubh,” an egg. These nouns he has 
 marked as feminine instead of masculine , which is their proper 
 gender. 
 
 In giving the definition and translation of several English 
 words, I have frequently been under the necessity of using Gaelic 
 vocables, wanting in the First Part ; several of the definitions 
 given do not occur in any other vocabulary of the language 
 known to me. It was less with the view to originality than to 
 arrive at perspicuity that I adopted those comparatively new 
 terms. Having had an opportunity of making myself acquainted 
 with the various dialects of the language as used in Scotland, 
 I have been careful, even to fastidiousness, in avoiding provin- 
 cialisms, and using only words which may be readily understood 
 by the general reader. It is notorious that some words are used 
 and understood in one part of the country in an entirely different 
 sense from what they are in another ; these I may term words 
 of double meaning; and so opposite are some of them, that a 
 word of ordinary import in one district, is highly indecent in 
 another ; such words, therefore, as convey different significations 
 to different individuals, I have excluded, and substituted in their 
 place others of a more classical character, and whose meaning 
 admits of no doubt. 
 
 In former productions of this nature (English- Gaelic Dic- 
 tionaries), the compilers have omitted several hundreds of natu- 
 ralized words now in daily use, whether from being at a loss for 
 the correlative terms in Gaelic, or with a view to condensation, 
 I venture not to hazard an opinion. On the other hand, they 
 have given definitions of superfluous and poetical compounds 
 
 * Fasach seems to be a noun of disputed gender. It is feminine in Perth- 
 shire, Sutherlandshire, and in the eastern districts of Inverness and Ross-shires; 
 but the best poets render it masculine , with the exception of Dr J. Smith and 
 William Ross, both of whom have used it indiscriminately to suit their rhymes. 
 
 • 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IX 
 
 which might with propriety be dispensed with, without affecting 
 the copiousness of either language. Such words as I allude to 
 have been excluded from all modern Dictionaries of the English 
 language. 
 
 In regard to the present system of Gaelic orthography, much 
 has been said both for and against it, some wishing to improve 
 the system, while others maintained that it should remain 
 as it is. By the advocates for its improvement, eight essays 
 were contributed to a Philological Society in Glasgow about the 
 year 1830, of which four are distinguished for ability and 
 research. Those are the productions of some of the best Gaelic 
 scholars which the present age has produced,* and, though they 
 differ in design and sentiment, I have derived no small advantage 
 from their perusal, as materials for useful investigation in con- 
 nection with the present subject. My study in this department 
 has led me to deviate but slightly from the received system. 
 I have done so, not without hesitation, but with a degree of 
 caution, and with such competent advice, as justifies the belief 
 that the variations introduced will receive the stamp of universal 
 approbation. I give the following as examples where verbal 
 terminations are dispensed with, and the words left in their ra- 
 dical purity : — u Balia,” a wall, for ballad; u eala,” a swan, for 
 ealaJA ; “ cala,” a haven, for cala dh ; “ coire,” a kettle, cauldron, 
 or dell, for coireadh; u daorsa,” bondage, for daorsac?/*; u earbsa,” 
 trust, for earbsadA; u ola,” oil, for olac?/i, &c. Kules have their 
 exceptions. There is another class of nouns ending in dh not 
 quiescent, as u eideadh,” apparel, armour ; u deideadh,” tooth- 
 ache ; “ reodhadh,” frost, &c. ; and in some parts of the country 
 these words are unintelligible when expressed or written deide , 
 e'ide , reodhe , as they are frequently met with in some books. 
 Great care has been taken in giving those nouns in accordance 
 with the orthoepy universally adopted. 
 
 There is an old rule, well known to Gaelic writers, that u in 
 polysyllables, the last vowel of one syllable, and the first vowel 
 of the subsequent syllable, must be both of the same quality.” 
 This rule (shortly expressed, leathann ri leathann , a's caol ri 
 caol , t. e. broad to broad, and small to small) has left the 
 orthography of the language u arbitrary and unsettled,” as 
 “ criosdaidh,” or “ criosdwidh ;” u fianais,” or u fianwis ;” the corre- 
 
 * The late Dr Ross of Lochbroom ; the late Mr James M‘Intyre, school- 
 master, Glasgow ; Mr James Munro, Fort-William, auth#r of the excellent 
 Gaelic Grammar; and Alexander Munro, Esq., Glasgow. 
 
X 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 spondents a and w, in these" words, convey no sound or primitive 
 import. In order to write the same word with consistency, I have 
 always adopted a as the corresponding broad vowel of the se- 
 cond syllable, and o for the intruding broad vowel of the first, as 
 “ rioghachd,” “miothlachd,” &c. ; but when the first broad vowel of 
 the subsequent syllable is a primitive, as the u in seachdzfin, seachd 
 and uin, it is erroneous to write “ seachdain,” as is sometimes 
 done ; and, for the same reason, it is fully as absurd to write 
 the word “ Slanaighear,” a compound of u slkijaich” and “ fear,” 
 Slanuighear , from the Irish Slanuigheor; for in Scotland the verb 
 slanaich, from which the first part of the noun is derived, is never 
 written “ slanuich” except in the Bible, where many words set 
 down in the Irish style are still to be met with, to the annoyance 
 of intelligent readers and prejudice of the Scottish Gaelic. Mr 
 M ‘Alpine in this work has the merit of being the first to present 
 a Dictionary divested of antiquated Irishisms. 
 
 For the sake of perspicuity, and other reasons, I have re- 
 stored to their original form several words recently introduced 
 into the language, such as “ amhuinn,” for abhuinn , a river ; and 
 u lebmhann,” for leoghonn , a lion, — the new spelling of these 
 having a tendency to produce ambiguity. Thus, “ amhuinn,” 
 for abhuinn , a river, is confounded with “ amhuinn,” an oven 
 or furnace ; and “ leomhann, ” for leoghann , a lion, with the name 
 of one of the smallest insects — a moth, by writing it “leomhann.” 
 I have also given the past part, of the verbs “ ta” or “ te,” 
 as the euphony requires it, without regard to the rule of corre- 
 spondents. 
 
 Thus far I have attempted to simplify and fix the Ortho- 
 graphy of the Gaelic Language, without deviating from the 
 present system. Aware, however, that any suggestion which 
 I, or any other living could offer, might be construed to con- 
 vey offence to some who claim for themselves perfection in 
 this department, I may here state, that I am not the inventor 
 of the system of orthography which I have adopted and recom- 
 mend. It was used by some of the earliest writers in the lan- 
 guage. My aim is not “ to innovate,” for to do so “ is not to 
 refcrm ; ” but rather to point out that which appears to me to 
 be the best of the various forms of orthography now in use. 
 
 JOHN MACKENZIE. 
 
 Edinburgh, January 1847. 
 
 * 
 
XI 
 
 KEY. 
 
 A has six sounds in the Key. 
 a long, like a in fame, came, tame, 
 a, a, a 2 , is the short sound of the last, as 
 a in fate, rate, gate, final, 
 a is the sound of a in far, far, star, star, 
 a is the short soft sound of the last ; as, in 
 farm, farm. 
 
 a is the short and shut sound of a, as in 
 can. 
 
 a is the nasal sound. The only sounds 
 that approach this, in English, is a in 
 palm, calm, psalm. It occurs uniform- 
 ly before m, mh and n — sometimes be- 
 fore th ; as, in mathair, mother ; ath, a 
 ford ; nathair, a serpent ; math, good, 
 and its derivatives ; athar, sky, firma- 
 merit; — in some words n is introduced 
 for r in order to give it the nasal sound ; 
 as in canran, manran, manrach, marr- 
 an, karr-an, marr-aeh; also manr, 
 marr, to obstruct; — ai placed before 
 mh, &e. has the same sound, or one 
 nearly allied to ai in sprain, strain, 
 brains, as the Scotch pronounce these 
 words marked in the key spren, 
 strdn, brens. 
 
 A is the short nasal sound ; e before n, 
 &c. the short one of ai or ae. 
 a in participles • thus, tya sounds like 
 short u or ao shorter a little, chyao. 
 ao has nothing like it in English ; a pretty 
 correct idea may be formed of it by 
 pronouncing the u, in the surname 
 Burns, long; also u in gun, without 
 touching the -rns in the first instance, 
 and the -n in the latter. Bao — gao — 
 the French eu is somewhat like it. 
 ao is the short sound of the last. 
 
 E has two sounds, long and short, 
 e long, like ee in teem, seem ; feed, hired 
 e, e, e 2 , is the short of the above. 
 b long, as e in there, pronounced long 
 ther— the of the Greeks, as the Scotch 
 and Foreigners pronounce it. 
 
 6 is the short sound of the last. 
 
 Before v, representing mh and n, it has 
 a nasal sound — see a nasal changed 
 into ai — also representing ea or eu ; 
 as Neumh or Neamh, nev, Heaven, 
 neamh, nev, venom. 
 
 \ has one sound long and short; as, y in 
 my, thy; mi, thi, short; as i in sight, 
 might, sit, mit. 
 
 O has four sounds, long and short. 
 
 6, as o in more, mdr, tone, ton, pole, poL 
 6, o, o 2 , short sound of the above. 
 
 6 sounds like o in lord, lord, cord, kOrd. 
 o is the short of the last ; o shorter. 
 
 6 is the long nasal sound, occurring uni- 
 formly before mh, and sometimes be- 
 fore n ; in many instances the nasal 
 sound of o occurs otherwise placed ; as, 
 in mdd, a court of justice, being a con- 
 traction of momhad ; also mo, contrac- 
 tion of momha, greater; also moit,/hs- 
 tidiousness ; mothar, a horrifying voice; 
 glothar, gag; mdgharr bland. The true 
 orthography is momhar, glomhar, &c. 
 6 is the short nasal sound of o. Even be- 
 fore n, o sounds likeo in pole, sole, &c. 
 sometimes; as, tonn, t62nn, a wave; 
 n is introduced sometimes to give the 
 nasal sounds merely; thus onrachd, 
 sbnraich, drr-achg, sdrr. ech ; the same 
 as anrath, arr-aA in a nasal. 
 
 U has a great number of sounds, 
 u sounds as u in pure, cure, tune, 
 u, vi, is the short sound of the last, 
 u sounds as oo in moor, cool, tool, 
 u is the short sound of the last, 
 u is the same as the French u nearly, 
 u is the French short sound, 
 u the same as the u in under, or un- a pre- 
 fix. 
 
 a is a contraction to save room, and repre- 
 sents the primitive sound ao-gh’, being 
 a kind of a syllable and a half. See -gh\ 
 -Gh’, an idea of this original sound. It is 
 a kind of an ineffectual effort to disjoint 
 your jaws without touching the palate or 
 teeth with your tongue, and at the same 
 time making a strong respiration. It is 
 nearly akin to the Greek It is not 
 possible, without oral instruction, to con- 
 vey an adequate idea of -gh\ 
 v 2 , this representing mh, shews that the v 
 is only slightly sounded, the object of mh 
 being chiefly to give the nasal twang to 
 the preceding vowel. 
 
 II 2 , lly*, shews that the 11 is liquified, as in 
 filial, fe-lyal ; for 11 and nn initial, see l 
 and n in the Grammar, 
 id, de. — This is represented by ej. It is said 
 that it does not express the true sound. 
 If not, Walker, and Fulton and Knight, 
 must be wrong in pronouncing age, aj ; 
 
 IttiNuiS U8RARY 
 
 AT UKbARA-CH AMPA lGN 
 
tedious, tej-us, and te-jus, te-dyus. This 
 sound, when not final, is often exhibited 
 thus, deug, dyag. 
 
 en, enn, is often not marked at all, the 
 last n being always liquified, enny’ ; 
 sometimes marked en’, eny’, and nn’ and 
 nny\ 
 
 ty’.— This, sound is found in Christianity, 
 Kris-tye-, or che-an-e-te. The t is thus 
 liquified often by putting j before it, 
 thus, sagairt, sag-arjt, a pi test ; and some- 
 times by marking it V. 
 
 £u shews also the short sound of a , as in 
 beag, beug; ea is the short form of eu, 
 which is always long; eu, ea, ei, are 
 styled always diphthongs ; With the ex- 
 ception of the very peculiar sound ao, I 
 do not think there is such in the lan- 
 guage, eu long, and its short sounds ea 
 and ei, having both the vowels sounded. 
 
 Thus, feum, fa-um, the um being pro- 
 nounced so quick, that they almost form 
 one syllable. They form a syllable and a 
 half, as is seen in ui and oi in buil, toil, 
 bu’l, t5’l, i. e. bu-ul, to-ul, being two 
 syllables thrown almost into one. 
 
 The orthography of the Gaelic, shews more 
 acuteness and ingenuity in its structure, 
 than any other language the author knows 
 any thing of. It is said, that mh and bh 
 should give way to v no such thing ! ! 
 Bh represents the simple form of v, and 
 mh of v, following the nasal sound ; and, 
 besides, bh is only an occasional or acci- 
 dental form; thus, b6, a cow ; a bho, 
 uv-vAo, the cow . 
 
Xlll 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS IN THIS WORK. 
 
 A. after v. thus, v. a., verb active. 
 a. adj. adjective. 
 
 Adv. adverb. 
 
 Arab. Arabic. 
 
 Ar. Arg. peculiar to Argyleshire. 
 
 Armst. Arm. Dr. Armstrong’s excellent 
 Gaelic Dictionary. 
 
 Art. m. article masculine ; art. f. article 
 feminine, or a. m. and a. f. or art. fem. 
 a. as. f. aspirated form or a.f. 
 
 Belg. for Belgic Language. 
 
 B. for Bible, also 1 31— B. B. Bedel’s Bible. 
 Brit. British. 
 
 Buck. Buchanan’s Hymns. 
 
 Campbell or Campb. Campbell’s Poems. 
 Comp, comparative degree. 
 
 Chald. Chaldee. 
 
 Coll, collective noun. 
 
 Cond. St. Columbus’s Conundrums. 
 
 Contr. contracted or contraction. 
 
 Corr. corrup. corrupted or corruption of. 
 D. Ban. Danish Language. 
 
 D. Buck. D. B. Dugald Buchannan. 
 
 Deg. degrees of comparison. 
 
 Def. def. v. defective verb. 
 
 Bern. pro. pron. demonstrative pronoun. 
 
 D. M‘L. Dr. M ( Leod’s Glossary and Diet. 
 Fut. for future tense. 
 
 F. Fr. French. 
 
 G. MS. Gaelic Manuscript. 
 
 Gen . genitive. 
 
 Gill. Gillies’s Gaelic Poems. 
 
 G. P. or Prov. Gaelic Proverbs. 
 
 Gr. Greek ; Gt. Grant’s Poems. 
 
 Har. for Harris. 
 
 Heb. Hebr. Hebrew. 
 
 H. S. High. Sc. Highland Society’s Dic- 
 tionary. 
 
 I. i. e. id est. that is. 
 ib. the same. 
 
 Imp. Impersonal. 
 
 Inten. Intensative. 
 
 Inter, or Int. interjection. 
 
 Interr. interrogative. 
 
 l r. for pure Irish. — Irish for Irish Dialect. 
 Isd. Islands. 
 
 l s. Island of Islay, Argyleshire. 
 
 Isl. Icelandic. 
 
 l t. Italian. 
 
 K. Ki. Kk. Rev. Mr. Kirk. 
 
 K . 31. Kenneth Mackenzie. 
 
 Lat. L. Latin. 
 
 Leg. Popular Legends. 
 
 Lw. Lew. Isle of Lewis. 
 
 Lit. literally. 
 
 Ltd. Lhtyd. author of a huge manuscript. 
 Loch. Lochab. for Lochaber. 
 
 31. for Island of Mull. 
 
 m. masculine gender. 
 
 Md. Alexander Macdonald the Poet ; also 
 3Iacd . Macdon. 
 
 3IacauU Macaulay’s History of St. Kilda. 
 3Iacf. 3Iacfar. The Rev. Mr. Macfarlane’s 
 New Testament, Psalms, or Gaelic Vo- 
 cabulary, 
 
 3VD. Macdougall’s Poems, also 3Iacd. 
 
 31 land, mainland of Argyle ; also 3Ild. 
 
 3It. 3Iacint. Mackintyre’s Songs. 
 
 3Iart. Martin’s Description of the High- 
 lands. 
 
 3 las. masculine gender. 
 
 3IacC. MacCruiminn, a poet. 
 
 3I‘G. 3IacG. MacGregor’s Poems. 
 
 311. 3VL. Mr. Maclauchlan’s translation of 
 Homer, the best Gaelic translation in ex- 
 istence. 
 
 3ln. Martin’s Highlands. 
 
 31 S. 3ISS. manuscript, manuscripts. 
 
 3Iur. Dr. Murray, late Professor of Oriental 
 Languages, Edinburgh. 
 
 N. North, North Highlands; also N. H. 
 
 n. f. noun feminine. 
 n. m. noun masculine. 
 nom. for nominative case. 
 
 Obs. obsolete. 
 
 Oss. Ossian’s Poems. 
 
 P. page; also past tense; participle 
 P. Fj. part. expl. particle expletive. 
 pt. part, for participle. 
 
 Past, past tense. 
 
 Pers. Persic. 
 
 Perf part, perfect participle. 
 
 Psh. Perthsh. Perthshire ; also P. S* 
 
 Per. pro. pron. personal pronoun. 
 
 PI. plural number. 
 
 Pref. prefix. 
 
 Pre. prep. pro. preposition and pronoun. 
 Pr. Prov, Gaelic Proverbs ; also G. P. 
 
 Ps. Psalms of David. 
 
 Provin. Provincial word. 
 
 R. D. Robb Donn. 
 
 R. 3I ( D., R. D., Ranald Macdonald. 
 
 S'. Rev. Dr. Smith. 
 
 R. Rss. Rev. Dr. Ross’s Psalms. 
 
 Sc. Scot. Scotch, Scottish. 
 
 Sh. Shaw, Rev. Dr. Shaw’s Vocabulary. 
 
XIV 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS IN THIS WORK, 
 
 Sg. popular Songs. 
 
 Sg. sing, singular number. 
 
 Sk. Skye. 
 
 Sm. Rev. Dr. Smith. 
 
 Sp. Span. Spanish. 
 
 St. Stew. Stewart’s Songs; also St. Kilda. 
 Su. Suths. Sutherlandshire; also Suthl. 
 Syr. Syriac. 
 
 Trad. Tradition. 
 
 Tt. Teut. Teutonic, or Old Genoan, or i 
 Gaelic. 
 
 T. Tt. Turn. Peter Turner’s compilation. 
 
 V. v. verb active ; n. v. neuter verb. 
 v. n. verb active and neuter. 
 
 Val. Vallancey. 
 v. irreg. verb irregular. 
 
 Voc. Vocabulary. 
 
 W. and W. H. West Highlands. 
 
 Wl. Wei. for Welsh. 
 
 West, West H-, West Highlands. 
 
XV 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 PART I. Op Orthography. The 
 Gaelic Alphabet has eighteen letters, a, b, 
 e, d, e, f, g, h, i, 1, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u ; 
 of which five are vowels, a, e, i, o, u ; the 
 rest consonants. 
 
 Of Vowels. A represents three differ- 
 ent sounds ; 1. a as in bar, as cds, predica- 
 ment ; short, as a in cat. The third sound 
 is rather a peculiar one, being the short 
 sound of ao (which see explained in the 
 Key), and is generally before dh and gh, as 
 stadh, agh, a swathe of grass , a heifer , 
 — in the articles and plural of nouns a 
 sounds like u shut ; as, an duine, un duen’- 
 ao, the man. 
 
 E has three different sounds ; 1st, e like 
 the Greek vj, as pronounced in Scotland and 
 on the Continent, or e long in where , wher ; 
 2d, sounds like a in fame, as, re an latha, 
 during the day ; 3d, e final has the sound 
 of a (a5) in agh, a heifer, beannaichte, 
 byann-ech-tyao, blessed. 
 
 I sounds like ee in English when marked 
 thus, i, as sith, sheeh, peace ; sinn, stretch, 
 righ, rreeh, king ; short, as ee in feet, bith, 
 being, existence. 
 
 O has three different sounds both short 
 and long ; as o in lord, 61, drinking, gor- 
 aeh , foolish ; 2d, like o in fold ; as, cos, a 
 sponge, kos— short when not marked ; as, 
 borb, turbulent ; god, toss the head ; 3d, loin, 
 Horn, bare, like o in mote, a particle of 
 dust. Before mh, and sometimes m and n, 
 it has a nasal sound to which there is no si- 
 milar sound in English. See the Key. o 
 sounds ao or u shut in do, thy, mo, my,— 
 (do, mo, should be du, mu). 
 
 U has four sounds long and short ; long, 
 as oo in moon ; as, iir, fresh, new ; short, 
 as, ugh, an egg, like oo in fool or u in bush. 
 In gu, and rud, and cuthach, its shut sound, 
 has, gao, raod, cao-huch. See Key. 
 
 Diphthongs. There are thirteen of 
 these, ai, ae, ao ; ea, ei, eu ; ia, io, iu ; oi ; 
 ua, ui *, of which, ao, eu, ia, ua, are always 
 long ; — ao, eu, are styled by our Gramma- 
 rians, improper diphthongs, because, pro- 
 perly speaking, there are no diphthongs but 
 themselves in the Gaelic, ia, &c. being 
 
 double sounds, (ea); — ae, never occurs but in 
 Gael, a Highlander. 
 
 Ai sounds like i in like; or ae. Ai 
 sounds often aoe ; as, gairm, a call , tairbh, 
 bulls, mairbh, the dead, airm, arms, 
 gairbhe, grosser. The a in these and many 
 other instances represents the short sound 
 of ao, which is always long, as in faobhar, 
 edge of a tool. It is, however, very often 
 in this shape, very stupidly changed into 
 o; as, clann, cloinne, faighidinn, foighid- 
 inn. By the bye, it is not using us in Ar- 
 gyle politely, to write this word foighidinn, 
 seeing it is impossible to pronounce it 
 fijj-ej-eny 2 , whereas others may, quite con- 
 sistently, pronounce faighdinn, fao-ej-eny 2 . 
 
 Ea like e ; as, fear, fer or fd-ur (short), 
 sometimes sounds ya; as, cealg, kyalag, 
 deceit. 
 
 Ei is the short sound of eu generally, but 
 sometimes sounds both vowels; as, feidh, 
 faey, deer ; 2d, like a ; as, reidh, ra, plain, 
 level; but if spelt as it should be, reudh, 
 there would be no occasion for making e 
 thus, 6. 
 
 Eo sounds y6 ; as ce6, Kyaw, mist. 
 
 Ia sounds ea ; as fiar, (fear,) oblique ; but 
 in cia, what ? and iad, ia, is pronounced a 
 and e, ka, ed, — properly c6, eud. 
 
 Io generally sounds eu, the u being for 
 the most part shut, as in under ; as sior she- 
 ur or she’r, ever; sometimes the io sounds 
 like eu or 6 of the French, as iongantas, 
 eaong-ant-as, Wonder. In some places the 
 o is uniformly mispronounced u, — hence 
 such absurdities as griithach for griobhach, 
 grev-ach, the measles. 
 
 Iu sounds u or eu ; as fiu, fu, or feu ; 
 sometimes yu, as diult, dyult, refuse. 
 
 Oi is very apt to be mispronounced also, 
 —hence, buin for boin, touch ; uidhche for 
 oidhche, night,— for the most part is mis- 
 pronounced u ; as much for moch, early ; 
 fulbh for folbh, go; mult for molt, a wed- 
 der; uircean for oircean (or Toircean), a 
 pigling ; oi for the most part sounds both 
 its vowels; thus, doigh, doey’, method; 
 sometimes it is used for ai ; as goir for gair, 
 gaor’, crow as a cock ; coinneal for cainneal* 
 
XVI 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 a candle ; sometimes the long sound of ai 
 is improperly used for this; as maothais 
 for maghais, mao. ash, procrastination or 
 loitering in the fields ; from magh, a 'plain . 
 
 Ua sounds both letters; as fuar, fuar, 
 cold; before gh, th, dh, the a sometimes 
 sounds a5 ; as sluagh, sluaogh, a multitude. 
 
 Ao, — see ao in the Key. 
 
 Eu sounds both its letters properly, 
 though said to be but one sound, like a in 
 fame, — see Key ; — many words are spelt 
 with eu in place of ia; thus ceud, a hun- 
 dred, should be ciad, kead, being the u- 
 niversal pronunciation ; — also ceudna for 
 ciadhna; also eu is mispronounced in many 
 places ea : as eun, ean, in place of e’n, a 
 bird; seum, shem, a petition, sheam; it 
 has three sounds as at present retained in 
 use, — thus, ls£, feum, fa-m or fa-um, 
 need, use. 2 d, beul, breug, feur, be’ll, 
 bre’gg, fe’r, mouth, a lie ; in these three 
 words and others, e sounds like the Greek 
 »j, and u as in ugly, but pronounced quick. 
 
 Triphthongs are five; aoi, eoi, iai, 
 uai, iui. 'they are pronounced often dif- 
 ferently from the diphthongs from which 
 they are derived j— thus, caoidh, kliey’, to 
 lament ; naoidh, nliey’, nine, and not kaoey, 
 naoey’; they are all long, — occurring al- 
 ways in monosyllables and the first of poly- 
 syllables. 
 
 Consonants are twelve in number ; b, 
 c, d, f, g, m, n, p, r, s, t, and h which is 
 rather an aspiration ; they have been clas- 
 sified thus. 
 
 Labials, b, f, m, p. 
 
 Palatals, c, g. 
 
 Dentals, d, t, s. 
 
 Linguals, 1, n, r. 
 
 Of these b, c, d, f, g, m, p, s, t, are mu- 
 table or liable to be aspirated, in which 
 state their simple or primary sound is ei- 
 ther changed or lost ; thus, staid, dh’ fhan, 
 pronounced stajj, ghan ; bha, vvha, was, 
 thuit, huejt, fell, &c. 
 
 Labials. B has a simple sound some- 
 what harder than b or p in English; as 
 buain, shear ; boin, touch ; bh sounds like 
 v ; bhuain, bhoin, did shear, did touch , — 
 at the end of words, it is very wickedly 
 murdered, in some places u; as searbh, 
 sheru, in place of shervv, as properly pro- 
 nounced in the Islands. In the middle of 
 words it is often silent ; as soirbheas, soer-as, 
 wind, success, easiness; doirbheas, doer -as, 
 difficulty of accomplishment. 
 
 F sounds as f in English ; fh is silent ex- 
 cept in fhuair, fhein, huaer, haen, found, 
 self. 
 
 M the same as in English, — mh sounds 
 v, never u, bh and mh initial, have a dou- 
 ble sound ; thus, a’ bho, uv-vho, his cow ; 
 
 a bhalaich, uv-vhal-ech, ye fellow, ye boor; 
 mh serves very often only to give a nasal 
 sound to a or o ; not so in ramh, tarn h, rav, 
 tav, an oar, rest; it is silent always in the 
 prefix comh, but giving the nasal sound ; 
 also in dhomh, gh6, &c. 
 
 P sounds as in English, but f when as- 
 pirated — phaidh, faey’, did pay. 
 
 Palatals. C sounds like English K 
 when initial; as ceann, kyaun, a head; 
 .final sounds chg often ; as, mac, machg, a 
 son ; tac, tachg, choke ; ch sounds like ^ 
 Greek, or gh Irish, or ch in the surname 
 Strac^an, as the Scotch pronounce it. 
 
 G sounds as in English — for gh, see the 
 Key. 
 
 Dentals. D is more dental than the d 
 in English ; it is more a-kin to the Italian 
 and French d ; d preceded or followed by 
 i sounds j or ch as in c/iild ; as, bhoid, vhoj, 
 or vhoc/i, of Bute ; — sounds g in the syllable 
 ach<2, achg 1 , dh initial sounds often like y, 
 and sometimes like gh. See Key. 
 
 T sounds like the French or Italian t or 
 ’ft initial; as, tamh, ttav or uttav almost; 
 followed by i or e, it sounds like ch in child 
 or ti in Chritianity ; as, teinn, tyaenn or 
 chaenn’, a strait, predicament ; it is silent 
 before thus, thoir, thalla, hoer, ha’l-a, 
 give , come along; — th final sounds general- 
 ly h; as, sith, she/i peace, fairy -like. 
 
 S preceded or followed by i or e sounds 
 sh ; sean, shen, old; sion, she’n^the blast ; 
 except is, uss, am, and ; followed by d, t, 
 1 or n, it sounds nearly sh, or rather shj ; 
 as, stiuir, sjuir or ushtyuer, steer, direct 
 snlomh, shnev, spin, snamh, usnav, swim 
 sh intial sounds h; seol, sail, sheol hyoil 
 did sail. 
 
 Linguals. L has often a double sound, 
 quite unlike any thing in English. The 
 first l has this sound particularly; thus, 
 lamb, a hand, sounds somewhat like llav 
 or ullav. This sound is very evident in the 
 masculine genitive ; thus, a litir, his letter, 
 pronounced, ull-le-tyer — again, a litir, her 
 letter, pronounced, ao-lyet-tyer. It has the 
 double sound followed by itself or a, o, u ; 
 as , fallan, healthy; lan, full; — Neither be- 
 fore or after e or i sounds as 1 in the Eng- 
 lish adjective filial, fe-lyal, or the Italian 
 gl, or the French 11 after ai, or gl in se- 
 raglio. LI following a, o, or u, has a 
 sound somewhat like ull, in ultimate, if 
 you make the pronunciation dental instead 
 of palatal. 
 
 2 d, N sounds like the first n in opinion, 
 o-peny 2 nyun, or dp-eny 2 un, when pre- 
 ceded or followed by i or e; as, nigh, 
 nyeh, wash ; linn, llyenny’, a generation ; 
 binn, bbenny’, melodious. The e preced- 
 ing a, ever gives this sound to the « ; thus 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 XVII 
 
 Allpean , Binnean , Cuilean, Ailp-dny’, 
 B<nny’-dny’, Ku’l-dny’, Alpine, a pinnacle, 
 a whelp. Even in the genitive, the nasal 
 sound of the a is retained though the very a 
 is thrown out. — Ailpein, Binnein, A’lp-aen’, 
 benn-den’, owing to the very absurd adhe- 
 rence, in every instance to the rule, coal, 
 ri caol , &c. there is no rule without ex- 
 ception, and why not write these and simi- 
 ar nouns, Ailpain, Cuilain, Binneain. 2d, 
 n has a double initial sound, to which there 
 is no similar sound in English ; nuadh, 
 unnua or unuagh. 1 his occurs in verbs in 
 the imperative or masculine adjectives, 
 the n being followed by a, o, or u. 3d, n 
 sounds r when followed by m or c, the ob- 
 ject being to give the nasal sound to the 
 vowel characteristic; cnaimh, kraev or 
 kr6iv, a bone ; mna, mrra, of a woman ; 
 mdnran marr-an, dandering, — lastly, when 
 the next word begins with c or g, an and 
 nan, the article sounds ung andnung; as 
 nan con, of the dogs, nung kon ; an comh- 
 naidh, ung k6n-nne, habitually. 
 
 R. 1st, sounds like r in English ; 2d, pre- 
 ceded or followed by i, it has the French 
 sound similarly placed; cdir, k6ry’, worthy, 
 &c. Like the French, it has an initial 
 double sound ; thus, A righ, ur-reh, O king ! 
 
 H is rather a singular letter ; it is used 
 either expressed or understood, in almost 
 every syllable of the Gaelic, and yet has no 
 place in a genuine Celt’s alphabet. 
 
 II. Parts of Speech. There are nine 
 parts of speech ; article, adjective, noun, 
 pronoun, verb, declinable ; 2d, adverb, pre- 
 position, interjection, and conjunction, in- 
 declinable. 1 st, The article is declined by 
 gender, number, ahd case ; and hence the 
 reason, that this trifling thing has hitherto 
 almost defied us, the Lexicographers, to 
 define in our Dictionaries, otherwise than 
 by styling it every thing that it is not. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Mas. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Mas. and Fern. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 An, am 
 
 an a’ 
 
 na 
 
 Gen. 
 
 An, a’ 
 
 na, 
 
 nan, nam 
 
 Dat. 
 
 An, a’ 
 
 an a’ 
 
 na 
 
 N. B. See An, am, a’, articles in the Dic- 
 tionary. 
 
 Genders are two, masculine and femin- 
 ine : Is/, nouns signifying males, the young 
 of animals, as laogh, calf, whether males or 
 females, nouns having o in the last syllable ; 
 as ced, mist, soc, share, are masculine ; also, 
 diminutives in an, abstracts in as, deriva- 
 tives in iche, air, Sfc. and native trees, are 
 masculine ; as, caman, club ox bandy, cear- 
 tas, justice , maraiche, a seaman , dorsair, 
 a door-keeper, an daraich, the oak-tree, 
 are masculine likewise, nouns having a, 
 o» or u, for their characteristic, for the 
 
 most part, are masculine ; as, bcachd, idea , 
 judgment, biichd,Zm/fc, roc, a sunk rock, &c. 
 
 Feminines. Names signify mgfemales, as 
 mathair, a mother', names of countries, as, 
 an Fhraing, an Duidse, France, Holland , 
 Eirinn, Ireland', names of musical instru. 
 merits, as, 6irinn-6irinn, pianoforte, cruit, 
 a harp, piob, bagpipes, nounsending in aid ; 
 as,neasgaid, staid, a boil, a slate’, alsoderiva 
 tives in achd ; as, firinteachd, righteousness, 
 derivatives in ag; as, nioghnag, a lass, and 
 abstracts in e, as doille gile, blindness, 
 whiteness, from dall, blind, and geal, white , 
 are feminine ; also nouns sometimes adjec- 
 tives in ach are feminine; as, gruagach, a 
 damsel, an spagach, the splay footed lady, a’ 
 mhurlach, the woman with the ugly head of 
 hair, S$c. 
 
 Observations. Oganach, a young man, 
 61ach, a curious fellow, and many others 
 ending in ach are masculine ; also names of 
 diseases ending in ach are feminine; as, a’ 
 bhuidheach, the jaundice, a’ ghriobhach, 
 the measles; also, an triogh, a’ bhreac, the 
 hooping-cough, the small-pox, zxe feminine. 
 Many nouns of one syllable in au, as, 
 cuach, bruach, tuadh, a drinking cup, a 
 bank, a hatchet, are feminine. 
 
 Lastly, Some nouns are masculine in 
 the nominative, and feminine in the geni- 
 tive ; as, Cruinne, the globe of the earth, 
 talamh , land, the earth ; gu crich na talmh- 
 ainn, to the extremity of the earth ; agh- 
 aidh, na cruinne, the face of the globe ; an 
 talamh, the earth, the globe, masculine . 
 Boirionnach, a female, bata, a boat, and 
 mart, a cow — set all rules at defiance. 
 
 Declensions and Numbers. Though 
 Gaelic Grammar naturally divides itself into 
 six declensions, having that number of va- 
 rious modes of forming the genitive, yet 
 grammarians have restricted themselves to 
 two declensions. Is/, Nouns having their 
 characteristic vowels, a, o, u, forming the 
 first; 2d, Nouns whose last vowels are e or i, 
 the second ; which arrangement we, in the 
 mean time, pretty nearly follow, meaning 
 I at some future period, to make a distinct 
 Treatise on Gaelic Grammar. Nothing, in- 
 deed, can be more ludicrous than to see, 
 even the acute and learned Dr. Arm- 
 strong gravely stating, that the verb has 
 three Tenses, present, past , and future , 
 though he, in common with his prede- 
 cessors, has forgotten to give an instance 
 of a present tense, for the cogent rea- 
 son, that there is no such thing in the 
 language. Quite of piece with this, is the 
 first and second declension, and the 
 verb governing thenom'nat.in place of the 
 accusative. 
 
 Is/ Declension, according to the rk« 
 
xviii 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 ceived mode. 1st, General Rule. Nouns of 
 the first declension, form the genitive by in - 
 serting i before the last letter ; as, padhadh, 
 thirst, a’ phadhaidh, of the thirst ; but 
 feminines of one syllable add a final e com- 
 monly ; as, slat, a rod, cluas, an ear , lamh, 
 hand, slaite, cluaise, laimhe, of a rod, of an 
 ear, of a hand. 
 
 2 d Rule. Nouns ending in a, o, u, e, 
 achd, eaehd, iochd, have their genitive a- 
 like, i. e. are indeclinable in the sing. ; as, 
 tra, a time, meal of meat', crb, a pen, a fold ; 
 cl iu, fame, character ; duine, a man, beann- 
 aclul, blessing ; beachd, opinion, iochd, mer- 
 c> /. — bo, cu, &c. are irregular, and are, with 
 all other anomalies, to be found nom. and 
 gen. in their respective places in the Dic- 
 tionary. 
 
 5d Rule. Nouns of one syllable end- 
 ing indh, gh, th, um, rr, take a final in the 
 gen. ; as, stadh, bladh, stays, swathe of 
 grass, substance, stadha, bladha ; rath, pros- 
 perity, ratha, cath, fight, catha ; ceum, 
 step, ceuma ; geum, low, geuma ; barr, bar- 
 ra, crop. 
 
 4 th Rule. Nouns of one syllable in ul, 
 ur, us, and eun, change u into oi ; as, beul, 
 beoil, mouth ; feur, feoir, grass ; leas, torch, 
 leois ; deur, deoir, tears ; meur, meoir, fing- 
 ers ; eun, coin, birds ; geadji, a goose, has 
 geoidh, geese, neul, cloud, wink, neoil ; 
 sgeul, news, tale, sgeoil ; also leud, breadth , 
 leoid. 
 
 5th Rule. Words of one syllable in ia, 
 change ia into ei ; as, iasg, eisg,fish ; dias, 
 dels, an ear of corn ; ciall, sense, cedi ; 
 cliabh, the chest, pannier, cleibh, cliath, 
 cleith, or cleidh, a shoal offish, a harrow, a 
 hurdle', fiadh, feidh, a deer, gria-n; greine, 
 the sun ; iall, idle, a thong ; sgiadh, sgeidh, 
 a wing, a shield ; sliabh, sleibh, a tract of 
 moorland, a hill; Dia, De and Deidh, God, 
 — sliosaid has sleisde, a thigh ; biad h,food, 
 has bidh in Perthshire, but for the most part 
 in Argy \e,bidhich ; sgian, a knife, has sginne. 
 
 6th Rule. Words of one syllable whose 
 vowels are a,o ,or u,change them into ui ; as, 
 alld,a mountain stream, a ravine, uilld; moll, 
 chaff, muill ; alt, a joint, uilt ; but alt, me- 
 thod, is indeclinable; bolg, bellows ; bag, 
 builg; ball, a rope, an article , a spot, 
 buill ; calg, awn, cuilg ; car, a turn, move- 
 ment, cuir ; earn, a heap of stones, cuirn ; 
 clag, a bell, cluig ; fait, hair of the head, 
 fuilt ; molt, a wedder, muilt ; gob, a beak, 
 a bill, guib ; long, a three-masted ship, 
 luinge; lorg, a shepherd's staff, a trace, 
 luirg ; ord, a sled ge-hammer, iiird ; poll, 
 mire, puill; sonn, a hero, suinn; bonn, a 
 piece of money, the sole of the foot, &c. 
 buinn ; toll, a hole, tuill ; fonn, an air, land, 
 ftiiun ; 61, drink, has oil ; all nouns end- 
 
 ing in on, are formed according to the ge- 
 neral rule; as, brdn, sorrow, brdin ; ron, 
 a seal, rbin ; geon, gebin, avidity ; sebl, 
 a sail, away, has siuil ; ce61, music, has 
 ciuil ; some nouns in io lose o in the geni- 
 tive ; as, cioch, nipple, breast , ciche ; crioch, 
 cr'iche, an end, march ; lion, lin, a net, 
 lint; siol, sil, seed, oats ; sion, blast, sine; 
 o before g in monosyllables add i, after the 
 o, and e final ; as, fro g,.froige, a dark ugly 
 hole ; erbg, erbige, a large hand ; brog, 
 brbige, a shoe, a hoof; some nouns in io 
 add a; as, bior, a prickle, biora; crios, 
 girdle, final, criosa; fion, wine , fiona. 
 
 To these rules there are few exceptions ; 
 rainn or roinn, a peninsula, ranna ; math- 
 air, athair, seanair, mother, father, grand- 
 father, lose the i, mathar, &c. ; so do all 
 their compounds, such as seanmhair, piuth- 
 ar-athar, grandmother , maternal aunt ; 
 piuthar has peathar ; leanabh, leinibh ; 
 talamh, earth, talmhainn ; leaba, leabaidh, 
 a bed, has leapa ; gobhar, a goat, has goibh- 
 re; gobha and gobhainn, a blacksmith, has 
 goibhne. There is a number that form 
 their genitive by ach or rach ; as, saothair, 
 toil, trouble, saoithreach ; cathair, a chair, 
 caithreach ; breac, a trout, has brice ; cearc, 
 a hen, has circe ; ceann, head, has c'inn ; 
 meann, a kid, has minn ; peann, a pen, has 
 pinn ; leac, a flag, has lice ; gleann, a glen, 
 a valley, has glinn ; meall, a lump, mill ; 
 geall, a pledge, gill ; meall, mill, lumps ; 
 clach, a stone, has cloiche ; cas, afoot, has 
 coise; abhainn, a river, has aibhne; buidh- 
 eann, a band, has buidhne • mac, a son, has 
 mic; fear, a man, husband, has fir, — all 
 these exceptions to the rules laid down, are 
 to be found in their proper places in the 
 Dictionary — each of polysyllables, is always 
 changed into ich in the genitive; as fith- 
 each, fithich, of a raven . 
 
 Dative. 1st. Nouns masculine have their 
 dative and nom. sing, alike — the dative fe- 
 minine is like the genitive. Tobar, nom. 
 sing. mas. dative tobar ; — misneach, nom. 
 fern. gen. and dat. misnich, 
 
 Note. The dative fern, is like the nom. 
 when the genitive is formed by contraction ; 
 as, piuthar, nom. and dat. genitive peath- 
 ar ; sitheann, venison ; genitive sithne ; 
 dat. sitheann, like the nom. 2d, Words of 
 one syllable drop e from the genitive ; as, 
 cluas, lamh, nom.; gen. cluaise, laimhe ; 
 dative, cluais, laimh. The accusative is 
 sometimes like the nom. and sometimes 
 like the genitive in Gaelic. 
 
 Vocative. The vocative sing, of mas. 
 monosyllables, is the genitive aspirated ; as, 
 
 Nom. Cu, dog Gen. coin Voc. cl.oin 
 
 Bard bai;d bh&ird 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 XIX 
 
 2 d Rule. Nouns mas. beginning with a 
 vowel have their voc. and gen. alike; as, 
 worn, ord, a hammer, gen. uird, voc. uird; 
 mow. amaid, a female fool, gen. and roc. 
 amaid ; nom .oganach, young man, gen. and 
 voc. oganaich. 3d, Feminine nouns form 
 their vocative by aspirating their nomina- 
 tive ; as, nom. gealaeh, moon, voc. gheal- 
 4 tch, 0 moon ! nom, grian, the sun , voc. 
 ghrian, 0 sun ! 
 
 Plural Number. The nominative piu- 
 ral is formed from the nominative singu- 
 lar by adding an (sometimes by way of sur- 
 prising people by a) ; as, srad, a spark of 
 fire, sradan, sparks ; rioghachd, a king- 
 dom ; rioghachdan, kingdoms. 
 
 Special Rules Nom. Pl. 1st, A few dis- 
 syllables in ach , form the nom. plural from 
 the gen. sing, in aich by adding ean ; as, 
 
 Nom. Sing. Gen. Sing. Nom. Plur. 
 
 Clarsac.h, Clarsaich, Clarsaichean. 
 
 Mullach, Mullaich, Mullaichean. 
 
 •2d, For the most part nouns in aich, in the 
 genitive sing, may have their nom. plural 
 alike ; as, oglach, a young man ; gen. sing, 
 and nominative plural oglaich, of a young 
 man or of young men. 
 
 3d, Nouns in ar form their plural by 
 throwing away the ar and adding raichean ; 
 as, tobar, a well ; piuthar, a sister ; leobhar, 
 a book ; tobraichean, wells ; peathr aich ean, 
 sisters ; leobhraichean, books ; latha, a day, 
 has laithean ; leaba, a bed, has leapaichean. 
 
 4th Rule. Nouns that change ea into 
 i, in the genitive sing., have the nom. pl. 
 like the gen. sing. ; as, fear, fir, men or of 
 a man; meall, mill, lumps; geall, gill, 
 pledges ; ceann, cinn, heads ; meann, m'inn, 
 kids ; peann, pinn, pens, except beann, a 
 hill, beanntan, hills ; gleann, a valley, has 
 gl'mn, and gleanntan, valleys ; sliabh, has 
 sleibhtean, hills’ sides ; sabhall, has saibh- 
 lean, barns; bo, a cow, has ba, cows, in Ar- 
 gyle—in Perth, crodh ; some has tan, but 
 very few ; reul, a star, has reultan, stars ; 
 lion, a net, a snare, has Viontan, nets; 
 gniomh, a deed, act, has gmomharan and 
 gniomhan; as the plural of overseer, 
 gntomhtan or grimh. 
 
 5th Rule. Words of one syllable has for 
 the most part the 'om. plur. like the geni- 
 tive singular ; as, c. .g, a bell, cluig, bells; 
 ball, buil, spots, articles ; balls ; bolg, 
 builg, bellows, bags, wallets ; cat, cuit or 
 cait, cats; ceard, ceaird and ceardan, tink- 
 ers ; sloe, a pit, sluic, pits; soc, suic, 
 shares ; toll, tuill, holes ; — some have two 
 plurals ; mall, rent, maill and maltan ; 
 baile, bailtean , towns; eanna, a can, cann- 
 aichean, cans. 
 
 Genitive Plural is like the nominative 
 sing, in monosyllables; as, bird, a poet, 
 gen. pl. nam bard, of the poets ; except 
 bean, a woman ; nam ban, of the women ; 
 cu, a dog, nan con, of the dogs: bo, a 
 cow, nam b6, (pro. baw, and nom. sing, 
 ba), of the cows ; coara, a sheep, nan coar- 
 ach, of the sheep; sluagh, a multitude, nan 
 sluagh, of the multitudes , (nan slogh is 
 nonsense) ; 2d, also dissyllables that have 
 ean in the nom. pl. have the same in the 
 gen. pl. ; as, nom. and gen. plural, leap- 
 aichean, leobhraichean, tobhraichean, beds, 
 or of beds ; books, or of books ; wells, or of 
 wells. 
 
 Dative Plural of words of one syllable, 
 ends in aibh or ibh, excepting words ending 
 in bh or mh, in which case, the dative is 
 like the nominative plural - hence the ab- 
 surdity of writing na marbhaibh in place of 
 mairbh, tarbhaibh for tairbh. Note. — By 
 way of being superfine in Gaelic scholar- 
 ship, the best Celtic scholars write the tail 
 aibh, supposing it were as long as your 
 arm ! 2 d, dative plural is derived from the 
 nom. plural, when formed by tean or tan ; 
 as, beanntan, hills, beanntaibh, to the hills ; 
 sleibhtean, hill sides, sleibhtibh, dative. 
 In like manner, Cuantan, Cuantaibh, 0- 
 ceans; fiadh, a deer, has feidh in nom. and 
 dat. plural ; some prefer slbigh to slauigh, 
 but we never used it ; baibh, a fury, damh, 
 an ox, a bullock; ramh, an oar, tamh, 
 rest, have their nominatives and datives plu- 
 ral alike, daimh, &c. Math, a personage, 
 has Maithibh in nom. and dative plural ; 
 thainig maithibh Bhaile-cliath mach ’nar 
 cojnneamh, the principal people of Dublin 
 came out to meet us, — Legend. 
 
 Vocative Plural is the nom. plu. aspir 
 rated ; as, beanntan, hills, bheanntan, 0 
 hills ! It is proper enough to write bheann- 
 ta in the vocative, though very question- 
 able as a nom. plural, compounds alone ex- 
 cepted ; caora-madaidh, dog-berries, caora- 
 feulain, ivy-berries ; but always caoran , 
 elder-berries, or berries generally. 
 
 There are some irregular nouns, such as, 
 bean, a woman ; cu, dog ; bo, cow, which 
 shall be declined at large. 
 
 Second Declension. Though wehave 
 followed the arrangement of Armstrong 
 and Stewart, for the most part, yet it is ob- 
 vious to any person, that the classification 
 of nouns given here, divides into six fami- 
 lies or different modes of forming the geni- 
 tive. See Declension. 
 
 Under the Second Declension, is classed 
 all nouns having their last vowel i, and 
 sometimes e final, and whose genitive is 
 like the nominative, or is irregularly forca* 
 ed. 
 
XX 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 1st Rule. Nouns masculine of more 
 than one syllable, whose last vowel is i or 
 e, have the genitive like the nominative ; 
 as, aimsir, /. weather ; gen. in e and aim- 
 sireach ; cealgair, a hypocrite ; cladhaire, 
 a coward or hero; gealltair, a cowards 
 figheadair, a weavers aimsreadair, a wea- 
 ther-glass; gruagadair, a barber; briath- 
 radair, a dictionary; clachair, a mason ; 
 crochadair, a hangman ; eunadair, a fowl- 
 er ; deanadair, a doer or agent. 
 
 2 d Rule. Words of one syllable add e to 
 thenom. ; as, ainm, a name, ainme; airc, 
 a strait, airce ; airc, an ark, airce ; claise or 
 clais, a furrow, claise', buil, result, success- 
 ful termination, buile ; tuil, a flood, tuile. 
 
 1st Exception, dail, delay, credit, has 
 dallach, or dalach ; sail, heel, salacli ; lair, 
 Idrach, a mare ; dail, a meadow or plain, 
 dalach; but sail, salt-water, has saile ; 
 suil, an eye, has siila and sulach ; muir, sea, 
 has mar a ; driom, a back, ridge, has droma ; 
 cuid, part, has codach; truid, a starling, 
 smuid, a column of smoke, cruit, a harp, 
 follow sometimes the General Rule, and at 
 other times nom. and gen. are the same. 
 Feoil , flesh, has fe61a ; sroin, a nose, srdna, 
 and sroine ; mbine, peat-moss, mona, mo- 
 nach, and moine; tbn, buttom, tbnand thin. 
 
 3d Rule. Feminine nouns of two syl- 
 lables, in air, change air into rack ; as, 
 cathair, cathrach, chair , gig; machair, 
 machrach, a green extensive beach ; saoth- 
 air, toil, trouble, saoithreach ; nathair, a 
 serpent, nathrachs faighir, a fair, faigh- 
 reach ; staighir, a stair, staighreach ; coir, 
 right, has also, corach ; likewise, mathair, 
 mother, has mathar; piuthar has peuthar 
 and piuthair ; athair, father, athar ; bra- 
 thair, brathar, srathair, srathach. 
 
 Dinneir or Dindeir has its genitive in 
 e or earach ; as, dinneir e or dinneireach — 
 so have suipeir, a supper, and inneir, dung. 
 
 Ni, righ, brigh, sithre, te, tethich, have 
 their nom. and gen. alike ; but the follow- 
 ing form their genitives irregularly ; thus. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Abhainn, f. river. 
 
 Ban a is, f. wedding, 
 Collunn, f. body, 
 Duthaicii, f. a country, 
 Fiacail, f. a tooth, 
 Gamhainn, m. a steer, 
 Guallainn, f. a shoulder, 
 Maid inn, f. morning, 
 Obair, f. a work , 
 Uilnn, an elbow. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Aibhne. 
 
 Bainnse. 
 
 Cola, coluinne. 
 Duthcha. 
 
 Fiacla, fiacail. 
 Gamhna. 
 
 Guaille, guailne. 
 Maidne. 
 
 Oibre, oibreach. 
 Uille , uilne. 
 
 Dative singular is like the nominative. 
 Vocative singular is like the nom. when 
 the nouns begin with a vowel — with a con- 
 sonant, it is aspirated. 
 
 Plural Number. 1st, Thenom. plural 
 is formed from the nom. singular by adding 
 ean ; as, cealgair, cealgairean, deceivers, &c. 
 
 Special Rule. 1$/, Nouns forming 
 their genitives irregularly, take their plural 
 from the genitives ; as, 
 
 Nom. Sing. Gen. Sing. Nom. Plu. 
 Abhainn,/*. Aibhne, Aibhnichean . 
 Banais,/. Bainnse, Bainnsean. 
 
 Duthaich,/. Duthcha, JJuthchannan. 
 Gamhainn, m. Gamhna, Gamhnan-na . 
 Fi ach a ill,/. Fiacla, Fiaclan-an. 
 Gualainn,/. Guailne, Guailnean, 8$c. 
 Maidinn,/. Maidne, Maidnean. 
 
 Nam h aid, m. Naimhde, Naimhdean . 
 Uillinn,/. Uilne, &c. Uilnean, 
 
 uillean. 
 
 Caraid, a friend, has Cairdean , friends; 
 sometimes, aibhnean and uillean also. 
 
 2 d Rule. Nouns forming their geni- 
 tives in ach, from air, form the plural by 
 changing ach into aich and adding ean ; 
 as, cathair, cathrach, caithrichean, chairs; 
 lasair, lasraichean, machair, machraichean, 
 beaches; measair, measraichean, dishes ; 
 nathair, nathraichean, serpents athair, 
 father; mathair, mother; piuthar, sister ; 
 &c. have athraichean, fathers ; maith- 
 richean, mothers; nathraichean, serpents, 
 &c. Cridhe, heart, has cridheachan ; uisge, 
 water, has uisgeachean, waters; cuid has 
 codaichean. 
 
 3d Rule. Nouns in eil, eile, ail, aile, 
 ain, ein, and e, for the most part add tean ; 
 feill, feilltean, festivals ; leine, leintean, 
 shirts ; sail, sailtean, heels ; cain, caintean, 
 fines ; dail, dailtean, delays ; smaointean, 
 thoughts ; baile, bailtean, towns; aithne, 
 aithntean and fathanntan, commands ; 
 coille, coilltean, woods ; failte, failtean, 
 welcome; but fail has failean, pallets, sties; 
 caile has cailean, girls ; sail, sailthean, logs, 
 
 \th Rule. Nouns in uil, uile, form 
 their plural by ean, and sometimes by tean ; 
 as, fuil, fuiltean; tuil, tuiltean; cuil, cuilt- 
 ean, bloods, floods, corners; suil, an eye, 
 has siiilean ; buille, a blow, buillean 
 
 Irregulars. 
 
 Singular . 
 Bo, a cow. 
 
 Cu, a dog. 
 Fear, a man. 
 Bean, a wife. 
 Ni, a thing. 
 Righ, a king. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Ba, cows. 
 
 Coin. 
 
 Fir, men, husbands, 
 Mnai, mnathan. 
 Nithean (nichean). 
 Righre, righrean. 
 
 Gen. Plur. Many words of one or more 
 syllables have their genitive like the nomi- 
 native singular and plural. Ni, a thing, ha3 
 nom. and gen. plur. nithe, nitheanuaa 
 righ, king, has righre, righrean. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 XXI 
 
 Feminine Polysyllables have com- 
 monly their nominatives and genitives plu- 
 ral alike; as, linntean, generations , or of 
 generations ; cridheachean, hearts, or of 
 hearts ; duil, element, has dull, — Dia nan 
 dull, the God of the elements ; all these irre- 
 gularities are met with in their respective 
 places in the Dictionary. 
 
 Dative and Vocative Plural. Words 
 of one syllable form their datives by adding 
 ibh — in all other cases they are like the nom.; 
 the voc. being the aspirate form — Cailleach- 
 an, nuns ; O chailleachan ! 0 nuns ! 
 
 Sex by three ways. 
 
 Righ, king. 
 
 Balach, boy ; boor. 
 Balachan, boy. 
 
 Boc, buck. 
 
 Oide, godfather, &c. 
 Coileach, cock . 
 Athair, father. 
 
 Drac, trac, drake. 
 Gille, man-servant. 
 Fear, man, husband. 
 Duine, man, indivi- 
 dual. 
 
 Oganach, 6igear, 
 young man. 
 
 Tarbh, bull. 
 
 Cii, dog. 
 
 Each, horse. 
 
 Cullach, boar. 
 Brathair, brother. 
 Reith, ram. 
 
 Mac, son. 
 
 Gannra, gander. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Gruagach, cailinn. 
 Banrighinn, queen . 
 Caile, girl ; quean. 
 Caileag, little girl. 
 Eilid, roe. 
 
 Muime, godmother. 
 Cearc, hen. 
 
 Mathair, mother. 
 Tunnag, duck. 
 Searbhanta, maid. 
 Bean, woman, wife. 
 Te, woman, indivi- 
 dual. 
 
 digh, virgin , lass. 
 
 B6, mart, cow. 
 Galla, bitch. 
 
 Capull, mare. 
 
 Muc, sow. 
 
 Piuthair, sister. 
 Coara, sheep. 
 Nighean, daughter. 
 Geadh, goose. 
 
 Second and third method' is by pre- 
 fixing ban and banna and bain ; as, Tigh- 
 earn, Lord, proprietor ; baintighearna, a 
 lady, proprietor's lady ; prionnsa, prince ; 
 banna-phrionnsa, princess'. Thirdly, by 
 subjoining firionn, male, and boirionn, fe- 
 male ; as, uan firionn, uan boirionn, a lie- 
 lamb, a she-lamb. 
 
 1st, By different Words. 
 Males. 
 
 Fleasgach, sti ipling. 
 
 Examples of the several Nouns. 
 Isf, Nouns of one syllable. 
 
 Bard, a poet. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 N. Bard, a poet. Baird, poets. 
 
 G. Bhaird, of a poet . Bard, of poets. 
 
 D. Bard, to a poet. Bhardaibh, to poets. 
 V Bhaird, 0 poet. Bhardaibh, poets. 
 Fear, a man. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 N. Fear, a man. Fir, fearaibh, men. 
 G. Fir, of a man. Fear, fearaibh. 
 
 D. Fhear, to a man. Fearaibh, to men. 
 
 V. Fhir, Oman. Fheara, fhearaibh. 
 
 The nominative and dative plural of sur- 
 names, are alike. 
 
 Same Noun with the Article. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 N. Am fear. 
 
 G. An fhir. 
 
 D. An ’n fhear. 
 
 A’ Chluas, 
 
 A’ chluas, the ear. 
 Na cluaise, of the ear. 
 An *n cluais, to the 
 ear. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Na fir, fearaibh. 
 Nam fear, fearaibh. 
 Na fearaibh, to the. 
 
 ? ear, feminine. 
 
 Na cluasan, the ears. 
 Nan cluas, of the ears. 
 Na cluasaibh, to the 
 ears. 
 
 Coileach, a cock, masculine, two syll. 
 Coileach, a cock. Coilich, cocks. 
 
 Choilich, of a cock. Coileach, of cocks. 
 Coileach, to a cock. Coilich, to cocks. 
 
 An Coileach, the cock. 
 
 An coileach, the cock. Na coilich, the cocks. 
 G. A’ choilich, of the Nan coileach, of the 
 cock. cocks. 
 
 D. An ’n choileach, Na coilich to the 
 to the cock. cocks. 
 
 Dorus, a door, masculine. 
 
 N. Dorus, a door. Dorsan, doors. 
 
 G. Doruis, of a door. Dorsan , of doors. 
 
 D. Dorus, to a door. Dorsaibh, to doors. 
 V. Dhoruis, Odoor! Dhorsan, 0 doors! 
 
 An Dorus, the door. 
 
 An dorus, the door. Na dorsan, the doors. 
 
 An doruis, of the Nan dorsa, of the 
 
 An ’n dorus, to the Na dorsaibh, to the 
 door. doors. 
 
 Buachaill, a herd, masculine. 
 Buachaill, a herd. Bhuachaillean, 
 Bhuachaill , of a herd. Buachall, of herds. 
 Bhuachaill, 2o aherd. Bhuachaillean, to 
 Bhuachaill, 0 herd 1 . Bhuachaillean, 0 
 herds ! 
 
 Am buchaill, the herd. 
 
 Am buachaill, the Na buachaillean, the 
 herd. herds. 
 
 A’ bhuachaill, of the Nam buachaill. 
 
 An ’n bhuachaill, to Na bucachaillean, to 
 the herd. the herds. 
 
 Bhuchaill, 0 herd. Bhuachaillean-aibh, 
 
 0 herds. 
 
 Fi abh ras, fever, mas. 
 
 Fiabhras, fever. 
 
 Fhiabhrais, of a fever. 
 
 Fhiabhras, to a fever. 
 
 Fhiabhrais, 0 fever 1 
 
XXII 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 Am faidh, the prophet, mas. 
 
 Am fkidh, the pro - Na fkidhean, the 
 phet. prophets. 
 
 An fhaidh, of the Nam faidhean fadh, 
 prophet. of the prophets. 
 
 An ’n fhaidh, to the Na faidhibh, to the 
 prophet prophets. 
 
 Am f&idh, 0 the pro- O f haidhean, O pro - 
 phet. pliets. 
 
 Notes. 1st , That nouns having the 
 article, beginning with s, and followed by 
 l, n, r, or a vowel, insert t - between the 
 article and the gen. and dative singular ; 
 2 d, That nouns masculine beginning with 
 a vowel, insert' t- in the nom. sing. ; nouns 
 feminine insert h- in the genitive singular ; 
 and also in the nominative and dative plu- 
 ral before the article. See sop and sluagh 
 declined. 5d, That nouns masculine , be- 
 ginning with a vowel, insert t- between the 
 article and the nominative singular, and h- 
 between the article and the nominative and 
 dative plural. 4 th , Nouns feminine with 
 the article, beginning with a vowel, in- 
 sert h- between the article and the genitive 
 singular and nominative and dative plural. 
 See oiteag declined. 
 
 Sop, a straw or wisp — s before a vowel. 
 An sop, the straw. Na suip, the straws. 
 An t-suip, of the Nan sop, of the 
 Ant-sop , to the straw. Na sopaibh, to the 
 O shuip, 0 straw. Nasuip, 0 the 
 
 Without the article, N. sop, G. suip, D. 
 shop, V. shuip. — Plu. suip, sop, sopaibh, 
 shuip. 
 
 An Sluagh, host or muliitude—s before 
 1, n, r. 
 
 An sluagh, a host. Nasluaigh , the hosts 
 An t-sluaigh, of the Nan sluagh, of the 
 An ’n t-sluaigh, to the Na siuaigh, to the 
 host. hosts. 
 
 Without the article, N.sluagh, G.sluaigh, 
 D. sluagh, shluagh. — V. siuaigh, sluagh, 
 N. siuaigh, G. shluaigh. 
 
 Iasg, a fish . — Note Second. 
 
 An t-iasg, the fish. Na h-\asgan,thefishes 
 
 An disg, of the fish. Nan iasg, ofthejishes. 
 An ’n iasg, to the Na h-iasgaibh, to the 
 fish. fishes. 
 
 Tra, meal of meat, time .— Rule First. 
 (Genitive). 
 
 Tra, meal. Trathannan-an, meals. 
 
 Trii, of a meal. Tra, of meals. 
 
 Tra, to a meal. '1 rathaibh, to meals. 
 Thr^, 0 meal! Thrathaibh, 0 meals. 
 
 Paidheadh, pay,— gen. idh, beginning 
 with a mutable. 
 
 PAidheadh, pay. Seldom used in 
 
 Phaidhidh, of pay. the pfural. 
 Phaidheadh, to pay. 
 
 Phaidhidh, 0 pay ! 
 
 Barr, crop; — nouns adh, agh, rr, &c. 
 
 Barr, a crop. 
 Bharra, of a crop. 
 Bharr, to a crop. 
 Bharr, 0 crop. 
 
 Barranan, crops. 
 Barr, of crops. 
 Bharraibh, to crops . 
 Bharraibh, 0 crops. 
 
 An t-each, the horse, — ea changed into ei. 
 Ant-each, the horse Nah-eich, the horses 
 An eich, of the horse Nan each, of the 
 An ’n each, to the Na h-eich, to the 
 Eich, 0 horse. N a h-eich, eachaibh, 
 
 0 the horses. 
 
 Me all, a lump,- 
 Meall, a lump. 
 
 Mill,* of a lump. 
 Mheall, to a lump. 
 Mhill, 0 lump. 
 
 ea changed into i. 
 Mill, lumps. 
 
 Meall, of lumps. 
 Mill, meallaibh. 
 Meallaibh, 0 lumps. 
 
 Cearc, a hen, add e, — so breac, gleann,leac. 
 Cearc, a hen. Cearcan, hens. 
 
 Circe, of a hen. Cearc, of hens. 
 
 Chirc, to a hen. Cearcaibh, to hens. 
 
 Chearc, 0 hen ! Chearean, 0 hens ! 
 
 Oigeach, an entire horse, fitheach, &c. 
 Oigeach, a stallion. Oigich, stallions. 
 Oigich, of a stallion. Oigeach, of stallions. 
 Oigeach, to a stallion Oigich, to stallions. 
 Oigich, O stallion. Oigeacha, -aibh, O 
 
 stallions. 
 
 Cliabh, pannier, ia changed into 6i so 
 ciall, cliath, &c. 
 
 Cliabh, a pannier. Cleibh, panniers. 
 
 ChleibhjO/'a pannier Cliabh, of panniers. 
 Cliabh, to a pannier. Cleibh, to panniers 
 Chleibh, Opannier. Chleibh,0 panniers ! 
 
 Sgian, a knife. 
 Sginne, of a knife. 
 Sgian, to a knife. 
 Sgian, O knife. 
 
 Sgeanan, knives. 
 Sgeanan, of knives. 
 Sgeanaibh, to knives. 
 Sgeanan, O knives. 
 
 Oiteag, a blast of wind. — Note Fourth. 
 
 Deur, tear, drop eu, into eoin, sgeul, &c. 
 
 An oiteag, the blast. 
 Na h-oiteige, of the 
 An ’n oiteig, to the 
 blast. 
 
 Na h-oiteagan, the 
 Nan oiteag, of the 
 Na h-oiteagan, to the 
 blasts. 
 
 Deur, a tear. 
 Deoir, of a tear. 
 Deur, to a tear. 
 Dheur, 0 tear. 
 
 Deoir, tears. 
 
 Deur, of tears. 
 Deoir,-aibh,tfo team 
 Dheoir, 0 team. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 XXIII 
 
 C as, a foot ; — a ii 
 C as, foot. 
 
 Choise, of foot. 
 Chois, to foot. 
 
 Chas, Ofoot. 
 
 * oi, clach , cloiche. 
 Casan, feet. 
 
 Cas, of feet. 
 Casaibh, to feet. 
 Chasan, Ofeet. 
 
 Leanabh, a child ; 
 Leanabh, a child. 
 Leinibh, of a child. 
 Leanabh, to a child. 
 Leinibh, 0 child. 
 
 ?aba, leapach, leapa. 
 Leanaba, children. 
 
 . of children. 
 
 — — to children. 
 0 children. 
 
 Clann, children , offspring , elainne or 
 eloinne, in nom. plu.— sometimes clannaibh 
 and clanna. 
 
 Allt. a mountain- stream ; — a into ui. 
 
 ball 
 
 Allt, a stream. 
 
 Uillt, of a stream. 
 Allt, to a stream. 
 Uillt, 0 stream. 
 
 buill. 
 
 uillt, streams. 
 allt, of streams. 
 alltaibh, to streams. 
 alltan, 0 streams. 
 
 Gob, a beak , bill of a bird ; — so, lorg, ord 
 molt. 
 
 N. Gob, a bill. 
 
 G. Guib, of a bill. 
 D. Gob, to a bill. 
 V. Ghuib, 0 bill. 
 
 Guib, bills or beaks. 
 Gob, of bills or beaks. 
 Gobasbh, to bills. 
 Ghuib, Ghoban, 0 
 bills, &c. 
 
 Seol, a sail ; — so ceol, — cuil, of music. 
 
 Se61, a sail. 
 Siuil, of a sail. 
 Se61, to a sail. 
 Shebl, 0 sail. 
 
 Siuil, sails. 
 
 Se61, of sails. 
 Seoltaibh, to sails. 
 Shedltaibh, shiuil, 
 0 sails. 
 
 B R0G,fl shoe ; — so crbg,fr6g, bron, rbn, on. 
 
 Brbg, a shoe. 
 Brdige, of a shoe. 
 Brbig, to a shoe. 
 Bhr6g, 0 shoe. 
 
 Brbgan, shoes. 
 Br6g, of shoes. 
 Brbgaibh to shoes. 
 Bhrogan, 0 shoes. 
 
 Bruach, a bank', — cuach, sluagh, luadh. 
 Bruach, a bank. Bruachan, banks. 
 
 Bruaiche, of a bank. Bruach, of banks, 
 Bruaich, to a bank. Bhruachaibh, to 
 
 Bhruach, 0 bank. Bhruachan-aibh, 0 
 
 banks. 
 
 Crioch, end ; — so 
 Crioch, an end. 
 Criche, of an end. 
 Crlch, to an end. 
 Chrloch, 0 end. 
 
 clod), slon, slol, lion. 
 Criochan, ends. 
 Crioch, of ends. 
 Criochaibh, to ends. 
 Chrlochan, 0 ends. 
 
 Fion, wine \ — so crios, lios, sometimes fios. 
 
 Fion, wine. 
 Fiona, of wine. 
 Fion, to wine. 
 Fhion, 0 wine. 
 
 Lios, a garden. 
 Liosa,lis ,of a garden. 
 Lios, to a garden. 
 Llios, 0 garden. 
 
 Geadh, goose, has geoidh, geese. 
 
 Geadh, a goose. 
 Geoidh, of a goose. 
 Geadh, to a goose. 
 Gheoidh, 0 goose 
 
 Geoidh, geese. 
 Geadh, of geese. 
 Geoidh, to geese. 
 Gheoidh, 0 geese. 
 
 Exceptions to Gen# Rule*.— -B ean, a 
 woman, wife. 
 
 Bean, a woman. Mnathan, women. 
 
 MhnA, of a woman. Ban, of women. 
 Mhnaoi, to a woman. Mhnathaibh, to wo. 
 
 men. 
 
 Bhean, 0 woman. Mhathaibh-an,Ou’o- 
 
 men . 
 
 A’ bhean, the woman. 
 
 A’ bhean, the wife. Na mnathan, the 
 Na mna, of the wife. Nam ban, of the 
 An ’n mhnaoi, to the Namnathaibh,fc> the 
 wife. wives. 
 
 A bhean, 0 wife. A mhathaibh-an, &e. 
 
 Gobhar, a goat. 
 
 Gobhar, a goat. 
 Goibhre, of a goat. 
 Gobhar, to a goat. 
 Ghobhar, 0 goat. 
 
 Cu, 
 
 Cu, a dog. 
 
 Coin , of a dog. 
 
 Chu cu, to a dog. 
 Choin, 0 dog. 
 
 Bo, l 
 
 Bo, a cow. 
 
 Borne, of a cow. 
 Bhoin, to a cow. 
 Bho, 0 cow. 
 
 Gobhair, goats. 
 Gobhar, of goats. 
 Gbbhraibh,£o goats. 
 Ghobhraibh,0 goats 
 
 ig, mas. 
 
 Coin, dogs. 
 
 Con, of dogs. 
 
 Coin, to dogs. 
 Chonaibh, 0 dogs. 
 
 )W, fern. 
 
 Ba, ba, cows, kine. 
 Bo, ba, of cows, SfC. 
 Ba , to cows. 
 
 Bha, 0 cotes 
 
 Nouns ending in l, 
 
 1 
 
 L6n, f. a snarsh . 
 Loin, of a marsh. 
 L6n, to a marsh. 
 L6in, 0 marsh. 
 
 m, n , — plural by add. 
 an. 
 
 Lbintean, marshes. 
 L6n, of marsh. 
 Lointibh, to marsh, 
 Lointean ..ibh, O 
 marshes. 
 
 Dia, God. 
 
 Dia, God. 
 
 De, Dhb, of God. 
 Dhia, to God. 
 Dhe, 0 God . 
 
 D be, D i a th a n n an , gods. 
 Dee, of gods. 
 Dbiathannaibh,/o^ool 
 Dhee, 0 gods. 
 
 Second declension, — as it is called, which 
 see. 
 
 Sail, an eye. Suilean, eyes. 
 
 Sill and sula, of an Sul, of eyes. 
 ey£ 
 
 Suil , to an eye. * Siiilibh, to eyes. 
 Shuil, 0 eye. Shuilibh, Oeyei. 
 
XXIV 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 An t-suil, the eye. 
 An t-suiJ, the eye. 
 
 N a sul, of the eye. 
 An t*suil, O the eye. 
 
 Dail, credit , 8$c. 
 
 Dail, delay , $c. 
 Dalach, of delay. 
 Dkil, to delay. 
 
 Dhail, 0 delay. 
 
 Mhuir, the sea. 
 A mhuir, the sea. 
 
 Na mara, of the sea. 
 An ’n mhuir, to the 
 Mhuir, 0 the sea. 
 
 See note, first page. 
 Na suilean, the eyes 
 Nan sill, of the eyes. 
 Na suilean, 0 the eyes 
 
 See sail, heel, lair, dail, 
 
 Sfc. 
 
 Daltan, delays, SfC. 
 Dail, of delays. 
 Daltaibh, to delays. 
 Dhaltan, 0 delays. 
 
 See Anomalies. 
 Marannan,muirtean, 
 Nam marannan, of 
 Na muirtibh, to the 
 Na marannan, 0 the 
 seas . 
 
 Cuid, property, part. 
 
 Cuid, a part. Codaichean, parts . 
 
 Codach, of a part. Codaichean, of parts 
 Cuid, to a part. Codaichibh, to parts. 
 
 Chuid, Opart. Chodaichean, 0 parts. 
 
 Cathair, a chair. See saothair, lasair, 
 nathair, &c. 
 
 Cathair, a chair. Cathraichean, chairs 
 
 Cathrach, of a chair. Cathraichean, of 
 
 Cathair, to a chair. Chathraichean, to 
 
 Chathair, 0 chair. Chathraichean, 0 
 
 Faith ne, an injunction; faithntean, injunc- 
 tions. Also with the article, an fhaithne, /Ac 
 injrcnction ; na faithne, of the injunction ; 
 an ’n fhaithne, to the injunction', O 
 fhaithne, 0 injunction! — Plural, Fathant- 
 an, faithntean, &c. 
 
 Banais, a wedding. See gamhain, fiac- 
 ail, &c. 
 
 Banais, a wedding. Bainnsean , weddings. 
 
 Bainnse, of a Bainnsean, of 
 
 Banais, to a wedding. Bainnsibh, to 
 Bhanais, 0 wedding. Bhainnsibh-an, 0 
 
 Gamhainn, a steer. 
 
 Gamhainn, a steer. Gamhna, steers. 
 Gamhna, of a steer. Gamhna, of steers. 
 Gamhainn , to a steer. Gamhnaibh, to 
 Ghamhainn, 0 steer. Gamhnaibh-a, O 
 
 Duthaich, a country. 
 
 Duthaich, a country. Diithchannan, coun, 
 tries. 
 
 Duthcha, of a Diithchannan, of 
 
 Diithaich, to a Diithchannan, to 
 
 Dhiithaich, 0 Dhiithchannan, 0 
 
 Note. You know that adding the taiVaihh 
 to any noun having more than one syllable 
 is absolutely sheer nonsense— downright 
 blarney. See Maidinn. 
 
 Nathair, a serpent. 
 
 Nathair, a serpent. Nathraichean, ser- 
 pents. 
 
 Nathrach, of a ser- Nathraichean, of 
 Nathair , a serpent. Nathraichean, to 
 Nathair, 0 serpent. Nathraichean, 0 
 
 Math air , a mother. See athair.piuthar, &c. 
 Mathair, mother. Mhathraichean, mo- 
 thers. 
 
 Mathar, of a mother. Mathraichean, of 
 Mhathair, to a Mathraichean, to 
 
 Mhathair, 0 mother. Mathraichean, 0 
 
 Piuthar, a sister. 
 
 Piuthar, a sister. 
 
 Peathar, of a sister. 
 Piuthar, to a sister. 
 Phiuthar, 0 sister. 
 
 Peathraichean, sis- 
 ters. 
 
 Peathraichean, of 
 Pheathraichean, to 
 Pheathraichean, 0 
 
 Baille, a town. See aithne, smaoin, 
 coille. &c. 
 
 Baile, a town. 
 Bhaile, of a town. 
 Baile, to a town. 
 Bhaile, 0 town. 
 
 Bailtean, towns. 
 Bailtean, of towns. 
 Bailtibh, to towns. 
 Bailtibh-an, Olowns. 
 
 Aithne, an injunction , or properly f&ithne. 
 
 Rich, a king. 
 Righ, a king. 
 
 Righ, of a king. 
 Righ, to a king. 
 
 O righ, 0 king. 
 
 See Anomalies. 
 Righre, -rean , kings. 
 Righre, -rean, of 
 Righribh, to kings. 
 Righre, -ibh, 0 kings. 
 
 An Adjective is a word that expresses 
 the nature or sort of a noun, or a name, 
 and is declined as nouns in every particular. 
 
 I. Declensions, Marbh, dead, lifeless, 
 inanimate. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 M. Sf F. Asp. f M. Sf F. Asp. f. 
 MfirBH, mharbh, marbha, mharbha. 
 Mhairbh, mhairbh, marbha, mharbha. 
 Marbh, mhairbh, marbha, mharbha. 
 Mhairbh, mharbh, marbha, mharbha. 
 
 Rules for Inflections. — Singular 
 Number. 
 
 The Nominative of an initial conso- 
 nant, when it is mutable, is aspirated for 
 the feminine gender, and terminates like 
 j the masculine ; thus, duine mbr, a great 
 man', bean mhor, a great woman', mac 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 XXV 
 
 math, a good son ; nighean mhath, a good 
 daughter ; fear glic, a wise man ; tb ghlic 
 a wise female ; an t-amadan gbrach, the 
 silly fool\ anamaid ghdrach, the silly fool ; 
 duine cbir, a worthy man; but, fir choire, 
 mnathan cbire, (when the article is prefix- 
 ed. See Rule for article before adjectives), 
 worthy men, worthy women ; gen. cuid 
 nam ban cbire; cuid nan daoine coire; 
 dat. do na daoine coire ; do na mnathaibh 
 cbire; o dhaoine cbire, o mhathaibh-an 
 cbire. 
 
 Notn. Sing. Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Ban, pate, 
 
 bhan. 
 
 Bochd, poor, 
 
 bhochd. 
 
 Buan, lasting. 
 
 bhuain, 
 
 Cam, crooked. 
 
 cham, 
 
 Caomh, gentle , 
 
 chaomb 
 
 Crion, puny , 
 
 chrion. 
 
 F"»in, weak, 
 
 fhan, 
 
 Gann, scarce. 
 
 ghan, 
 
 Gearr, short, 
 
 ghear. 
 
 Saor, cheap, 
 
 shaor. 
 
 Rule 11. Words of 
 
 one syllable in , 
 
 tive, masculine and feminine; — ora, onn, 
 »nto ei. 
 
 Dali, blind , 
 
 dhall. 
 
 Mall, slow, 
 
 mhall, 
 
 Crom, bent, 
 
 chrom 
 
 Lorn, bare, 
 
 Horn, 
 
 Trom, heavy, 
 
 throm. 
 
 Donn, brown, 
 
 dhonn. 
 
 Borb , fierce. 
 
 bhorb. 
 
 Gorm, blue. 
 
 ghorm. 
 
 Dearg, red. 
 
 dhearg, 
 
 Deas, ready, 
 
 dheas, 
 
 Searbh, sour , 
 
 shearbh. 
 
 Geur, sharp, 
 
 gheur. 
 
 Liath-dh, grey, 
 
 Hath, 
 
 Some change ea into i ; as, beag, bhige, 
 teann, tight , tinne or teinne, &c. ; breac, 
 spotted, bhreac, bhric, brice ; geal, white , 
 gheal, ghil, gile ; — but eo suffers no change; 
 as, beo, bheb, bheo, beb, lively , 
 
 Rule III. Adjectives of more than on< 
 the genitive singular feminine ; as. 
 
 Oblique cases singular of each gender, 
 are like those of the first declension, and 
 follow the same rules of construction. 
 
 Genitive Singular Feminine, for the 
 most part, is formed from the genitive sin- 
 gular masculine by throwing aside the as- 
 pirate form of the initial consonant, and 
 monosyllables generally add a or e to the 
 last letter, but when a or e is the final let- 
 ter of the masculine it suffers no change 
 throughout. 
 
 Gen. Sing. Masc. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 bhain. 
 
 bhaine. 
 
 bhochd, 
 
 bochda. 
 
 bhuain, 
 
 buaine. 
 
 chaim, 
 
 caime. 
 
 chaoimh, 
 
 caoimhe. 
 
 chrin. 
 
 crine. 
 
 fhainn, 
 
 fainne. 
 
 ghainn. 
 
 gainne. 
 
 ghearr, 
 
 gearra. 
 
 shaoir. 
 
 saoire. 
 
 change a into oi (properly ai ) in the geni- 
 
 b, orm, change o into ui ; 
 
 and ea, eu, and ia, 
 
 dhoill. 
 
 doille. 
 
 mhoill. 
 
 moille. 
 
 chruim. 
 
 cruime. 
 
 lluim, 
 
 lluime. 
 
 thruim. 
 
 truime. 
 
 dhuinn. 
 
 duinne. 
 
 bhuirb, 
 
 buirbe. 
 
 ghuirm. 
 
 guirme. 
 
 gheirg, 
 
 deirge. 
 
 dheis, 
 
 deise. 
 
 sheirbh, 
 
 seirbhe. 
 
 gheir. 
 
 gbire. 
 
 leidh. 
 
 leidhe lyay’-b. 
 
 Note. — A djectives beginning with a vow. 
 el suffer no initial change; as, 
 
 ait, odd, ait, ait, aite. 
 aosda, aged , aosda aosda, aosda. 
 ixr, fresh, ur, uir, uire. 
 
 syllable do not generally add any thing to 
 
 Cinnteach, sure, chinnteach, chinntich, cinntich. 
 
 Eagallach, dread, eagallach, eagallaich, eagalaicb. 
 
 Excepting Bodhar, deaf, odhar, dun ; as, bodhar, bhodhar, bhuidhir, buidhir, and 
 buidhire, &c. 
 
 Dative. General Rule. — The dative singular masculine, without the article, as 
 that of nouns, is like the nominative singular ; and the Dative singular feminine is 
 like the genitive masculine ; as, 
 
X XVI 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 Nom. Sing. 
 
 Gen. Sing. Mas. 
 
 Dat. Sing. Mas. 
 
 D. S. Fm. 
 
 Bodhar, 
 
 bhuidhir, 
 
 bodhar, 
 
 bhuidhir. 
 
 Caol, slender, 
 
 chaoil, 
 
 caol, 
 
 chaoil. 
 
 Donn, brown. 
 
 dhuinn. 
 
 donn. 
 
 dhuinn. 
 
 Geal, vjhite, 
 
 ghil. 
 
 geal. 
 
 ghile. 
 
 Trom, heavy , 
 
 thruim, 
 
 trom. 
 
 thruim. 
 
 Mear, merry , 
 
 mhir. 
 
 mear. 
 
 mhire. 
 
 Deal, dil, keen, 
 
 dhil, 
 
 deal. 
 
 dile. 
 
 uiseil, fond, 
 
 uiseile. 
 
 uiseil. 
 
 uiseil. 
 
 Vocative Sing, is like the Nouns in all shapes. 
 
 N. S. F. 
 
 G. S. M. 
 
 V. S. M. 
 
 V. S. F. 
 
 Bhan, pale. 
 
 bhain, 
 
 bhain. 
 
 bhan. 
 
 Bheag, little, 
 
 bhig. 
 
 bhig, 
 
 bheag. 
 
 Theann, tight. 
 
 thinn. 
 
 thinn. 
 
 theann. 
 
 Dhall, blind. 
 
 dhoill, 
 
 dhoill. 
 
 dhall. 
 
 Gheal, white, 
 
 ghil. 
 
 ghil. 
 
 gheal. 
 
 Throm, heavy, 
 
 thruim, 
 
 thruim. 
 
 throm. 
 
 Mhall, slow, 
 
 mhoill. 
 
 mhoill. 
 
 mhall. 
 
 Ghann, scarce , 
 
 ghainn. 
 
 ghainn. 
 
 ghann. 
 
 Gheur, acute. 
 
 gheir. 
 
 gh£ir, 
 
 gheur. 
 
 Ghorm, blue. 
 
 ghuirm. 
 
 ghuirm. 
 
 ghorm. 
 
 Dhan, bold, 
 
 dhain, 
 
 dhain. 
 
 dhan. 
 
 Ghorm, blue 
 
 ghuirm 
 
 ghuirm, 
 
 ghorm. 
 
 Dhonn, dun, 
 
 dhuinn. 
 
 dhuinn. 
 
 dhonn. 
 
 Plural Number of Adjectives of one 
 syllable, adds a to the nominative singular 
 masculine ; and then follows the general 
 rule for the rest of the cases. See exam- 
 ples, last page; as, fear m6r, a great 
 man ; fir mhora, great men ; bean mhor, a 
 great woman', mnathan mora, great wo- 
 men ; eun m6r, eoin mhdra, geadh m6r, 
 geoidh mhora, a great goose, great geese. 
 
 The Second Declension of Adjectives, 
 like that of nouns, is characterised by i, 
 and observes the same rules through all 
 their variations, which, in both declen- 
 sions, consist chiefly in changes of the ini- 
 tial form and terminations, depending on 
 the circumstance, whether used with, or 
 without, the article, and of what gender. 
 
 Bean mhath, a good 
 woman. 
 
 Mna maith, of a good 
 woman. 
 
 Mnaoi mhaith, to 
 the good woman. 
 
 Bhean mhath, 0 
 good woman. 
 
 Mnathan matha^ood 
 
 women. 
 
 Ban matha, of good 
 women. 
 
 Mnaibh matha, 
 good women. 
 Mnathan matha, 
 good women. 
 
 to 
 
 A’ bhean mhath, the good woman. G. Na 
 mna maith, of the good woman. D. An ’n 
 mnaoi mhaith, to the good woman. V. A’ 
 bhean mhath, 0 the good woman. 
 
 Plural. Na mnathan matha, the good 
 women * Nam ban matha, of the good women. 
 Na mnathaibh or mnaibh matha, to the 
 good women . O mna mnatha matha, 0 the 
 good women. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Fear marbh, a dead Fir mharbha, dead 
 
 Eun binn, a melodious bird. 
 
 man. 
 
 Fhir mhairbh, of a 
 dead man. 
 
 Fhear marbh, to a 
 dead man. 
 
 Q fhir mhairbh, 0 
 dead man. 
 
 Am fear marbh, the 
 dead man. 
 
 An fhir mhairbh, of 
 the dead man. 
 
 An ’n fhear mharbh, 
 to the dead man. 
 
 men. 
 
 Feara, -aibh marbh, 
 of dead men. 
 
 Fearaibh marbha, to 
 dead men. 
 
 Fhearbhaibh -a mar- 
 bha, 0 dead men. 
 
 Na fir mharbha, the 
 dead men. 
 
 Nam feara marbha, 
 of the dead men. 
 
 Na fearaibh marbha, 
 to the dead men. 
 
 Eun binn, a melodi- 
 ous bird. 
 
 Eoin bhinn, of a 
 melodious bird. 
 
 Eun bhinn, to the 
 melodious bird. 
 
 Eoin bhinn, 0 melo- 
 dious bird. 
 
 Eoin bhinne, the me- 
 lodious birds. 
 
 Eun binne, of melo- 
 dious birds. 
 
 Eoin eunaibh binne, 
 to melodious birds. 
 
 Eoin or eunaibh 
 binne, 0, &c. 
 
 A t-eun binn, the melodious bird. An eoin 
 bhinn, of the melodious bird. An ’n eun 
 bhinn, to the melodious bird. An. t-eun 
 binn, 0 the melodious bird ! 
 
 Bad Be ag, a little tuft. Masc. 
 
 Bad beag, a little Badan beaga, little 
 tuft. tufts. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 XXVI 
 
 Bhaid bhig. of the 
 little tuft . 
 
 Rhad beag, to a little 
 tuft. 
 
 Bhaid bhig, 0 little 
 tuft. 
 
 Badan beaga, of little 
 tufts. 
 
 Bhadaibh beaga, to 
 little tufts. 
 
 Bhadaibh -a beaga, 0 
 little tufts. 
 
 Instead of changing a into ui, according 
 to rule — bad, gad, slad, cab, stad, samh, 
 damh, ramh, form their gen. baid, goid or 
 gaid, slaid, caib, slaid, saimh, daimh, 
 raimh. 
 
 Gaisgeach mor, a great or brave hero 
 Gaisgeach mbr. Gaisgich mhbra. 
 
 Ghaisgich mhoir. Gaisgeach mhbra. 
 
 Gaisgeach mbr. Gaisgich mhbra. 
 
 Ghaisgich mhbir. Ghaisgichibh-ean-e 
 
 mhbra. 
 
 An gaisgeach mor, the great hero ; a’ 
 ghaisgich mh6ir, of the great hero ; an ’n 
 (’n before a vowel) ghaisgeach mhbr, to 
 the great hero ; O ghaisgich mhbir, 0 
 great hero\ Plural. Na gaisgich mhbra, 
 the great heroes ; nan gaisgeach m bra, of 
 the great heroes ; na gaisgich mhora, to 
 the great heroes', na gaisgich mhora, 0 the 
 great heroes ! 
 
 Cath fuasach, a terrible battle or struggle. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 N. Cath fuasach. 
 
 G. Catha fhuasaich. 
 D. Chath fausach. 
 V. Chdith fhuasaich. 
 
 Plural.. 
 
 Cathan fuasach. 
 Cath fuasach. 
 
 C athaibh fuasach. 
 Chathanan fhuas- 
 aich. 
 
 Note. When the adjective precedes the 
 noun qualified, it undergoes no change 
 save the aspiration ; as, tfczor-shlaightire, a 
 thorough-paced villain', Gen. daor-shlaigh- 
 tire ; Voc. dhaor-shiaightire ; — also, sar- 
 ghaisgeach, a complete hero • a shar -ghaisg- 
 ich, ye oytiplete hero; saon.thobhartas, a 
 free offering; a shaor-thobhartais, ye free 
 offering. 
 
 Compa risons. There are only two com- 
 parisons in the Gaelic, known to ordinary 
 scholars — in the vocabularies of extraordi- 
 nary ones there are three, the third being 
 a secret, they have failed to communicate 
 to their less gifted brethren. The positive 
 expresses the simple state, the comparative 
 enlarges or diminishes that state. The su- 
 perlative is made up by some adjunct to 
 the comparative. There are two ways of 
 forming the comparative ; thus, teith, hot, 
 teoithe, hotter, a’s teoithe air fad, uile- 
 g 7 ‘ leir, na dhnitli uile s is hottest of all — 
 with the article, is teoithide e so, it is the 
 hotter of this . — Few only admit of the last 
 mode. 
 
 RuleI. The comparatives of monosyl- 
 lables are commonly the genitive singular 
 feminine ; as, ban, pale, baine, paler, a’s 
 baine air fad, which is palest of any ; — so 
 buan, lasting, buaine, more lasting, fyc. 
 gann, scarce, gainne, scarcer ; borb, tur- 
 bulent, buirbe, more turbulent; cam, 
 crooked, caime, more crooked; dall, blind, 
 doille, blinder ; caomh, mild, caoimhe, 
 milder; dan, presumptuous, na’s daine, 
 more presumptuous; crom, bent, cruime, 
 neo na’s cruime, more bent; daor, dear in 
 price, daoire, dearer; crion, puny, very 
 little in size, na ’s crine, more trifling in 
 size; dearg, red, deirge, redder; deas, pre- 
 pared, deise, more prepared; donn, brown, 
 duinne, browner; lag, faint, laige, fainter, 
 Sfc. with dubh, fann, geal, gorm, hath, 
 lorn, trom, mall, marbh duibhe, fanna, 
 gile, guirme, leidh, lbidhe, &c. 
 
 Rule 2. If the positive ends in ach, 
 each, or eil, idh, it is formed by adding e 
 final to the gen. sing. ; as, cealgach, deceit 
 ful , cealgaiche, more deceitful ; cinnteach, 
 certain, cinntiche, more certain ; also, 
 banail, feminine, banaile, more feminine ; 
 cairdeil, edirdeile, more friendly; diadh- 
 aidh, diadhaidhe, more pious. 
 
 Rule 5. Adjectives of more than one 
 syllable ending in ta and da, form the 
 comparative by adding -iche or cha; as, 
 curanta, curantacha, more heroic ; bunanta, 
 bunantacha, more firm set ; ceanalta, cean- 
 altacha, more tractable; caranta, amiable, 
 carantaiehe, more amiable ; farasda, /izrastf- 
 aiche; stblda, stoldacha, more sedate ; m&U- 
 ta, malltacha; also, adjectives ending in 
 aidh, add either e final or iche; as, diadh- 
 aidh diadhaidhiche or diadhaidhe; eusg- 
 aidh, eusgaidhe or eusgaiche, more ready , 
 as a lazy person. 
 
 Rule 4. Adjectives ending ar, or, na, 
 da, change into aire, oire, uine, and aide ; 
 as, gradhar, gradhaire; cebghar, ceoghaire, 
 pro. kyo-ghury’-a, in some places perhaps, 
 ceomhoire ; tana, thin, taine, thinner; fada, 
 long, faide, longer ; also fagasg, has faisge', 
 nearer, and fagaisge ; falamh, \\zsfalaimhe, 
 and failmhe, emptier, fiar, fiaire, ciar, ceire, 
 siar, siaire, grod, groide, more rotten. 
 
 Anomalies. Bodhar has buidhre, deafer 
 odhar, uidhre, more dun ; dorcha, duirche, 
 boidheach, boidhche, prettier; domhainn, 
 doimhne, deeper; if the positive ends in 
 iudhe the comparative is like it ; — beb,/ire- 
 ly, has beothaidh, or beoithe, more lively. 
 
 Beag, little, lugha, less. 
 
 Duilich, sorry, duileacha,dorra, more sorry 
 
 difflcxdt. 
 
 Fagasg, near, faisge, fhaisge, nearer. 
 
XXV111 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 Furas,-asda , easy , fasa,fhusa, fhasa, easier . 
 Gearr, goirrid, short, giorra, shorter. 
 lonmhainn, \annsa, more dear, or be - 
 Tagh, toigh, / loved. 
 
 Dogh, doigh, ddcha, dacha, more probable. 
 Math, fearr -a, fhearra, good, better. 
 
 M6r, great , momlia mo, great, greater. 
 Ole, uilce, miosa, bad, worse. 
 
 Teith, teoithe, hot, hotter. 
 
 All these variations and other deviations 
 from general or particular rules, are found 
 in their respective places in the Dictionary. 
 
 Pronouns are words used to avoid the 
 too frequent repititions of nouns; as, leig 
 Josa a sios a bheatha airarson-ne, laidhe 
 e ’san uaigh ; dh’ eirich e bho na mairbh, 
 agus thig e a rithisd a thoirt breith, 'se sin. 
 
 leig Iosa asios— laidh/os<z — dh’eirich Iosa— 
 thig Iosa, that is, Jesus laid down, Jesus lay, 
 Jesus rose, Jesus shall come. 
 
 There are six kinds of pronouns ; per 
 sonal, relative, interrogative, adjective, in- 
 definite and compound, admitting of gen- 
 der, number and case ; also of a simple, err. 
 phatic and aspirate form. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. Mi, mhi, I. sinn, we. 
 
 “2. Tu, thu, thou. sibh, ye ox you. 
 
 5. E, se, he — i, si, she, iad, siad, eud send, 
 they. 
 
 Emphatic. 
 
 sinn, sinn-ne. 
 sibh, sibhse 
 iadsan, siadsan, eud- 
 san, seudsan. 
 
 Mise, mhise, 
 
 Tusa, thusa. 
 
 Esan, ise, he % she. 
 
 The forms of the personal pronouns governed by a transitive verb are, — 
 
 Simple Form. Emphatic Form. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Mi, mise, me, sinne, we. 
 
 Thu, thusa, thee, sibhse, you. 
 
 E, i, esan, ise, him, her, eudsan, iadsan, them. 
 
 Note. That fAin is equivalent to the 
 Latin syllabic adjective met, Greek «y- 
 conjunctive, English self, or selves ; mi 
 fein, mi fhAin, myself; mise fein, I, my own 
 self', thu fbin, thyself ; of Ain, himself', i 
 fAin, herself', sinne fhein, ourselves', we our- 
 selves, sibh fhein or fein, yourselves ; eud 
 fhein. The common way in Argvle, and I 
 think the proper mode, is, mi phAin, sibh 
 pAin, eud phAin. — We have heard some say 
 sibh pin. Pronouns of the first and second 
 persons singular and all the plurals, are com- 
 mon gender ; e, esan, masc. i, ise, feminine « 
 
 Relative Pronouns are three : who, 
 which, that, gen. and dat. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 N. A, who, which, that. 
 
 G. An, of whom, of which, of that. 
 
 D. An, to whom, to which, to that. 
 
 Nach, (indeclinable) who not, which not, 
 that not ; an ti nach d’ thig, the one that 
 will not come (plural) all that, those that ; 
 na, singular, that, which, what', na ni, 
 that which will do,— plural, all that, those 
 who or which, every one that, all those 
 whom ; na chi mi, all those whom I may 
 see. Seena, nach, at great length exempli, 
 tied in the Dictionary. 
 
 * Eud, send, is the Argyle form of the 
 pronoun, pronounced e’ dd’ she’dd— eu in the 
 North and a part of Perthshire, sounds ea. 
 
 Adjective Pronouns are mo or mu, 
 my ’, do or du, thy ; a, her or his ; plural, 
 ar, our ; bhur’ or ar, your or yours ; an, 
 their or theirs used before vowels and con- 
 sonants, except b,f, m, p, which take am. 
 
 N ote. These Pronouns never have the 
 emphatic form of the personal pronouns.buj 
 are expressed with names in the following 
 manner. 
 
 Singular. 
 Mo lamh-sa. 
 
 Do lamh-sa, 
 
 A lamh«sa. 
 
 Plural. 
 ar lamh-ne. 
 bhur or 'ar lamh-sa. 
 an lamh-sa. 
 
 If the noun be followed by an adjective, 
 the emphatic form is annexed to the adjec- 
 tive or the last of two adjectives ; as. 
 
 Mo chu luath-sa, Mo chii luath, geal-sa. 
 Do chu luath-sa. Do chu luath, geal.sa. 
 A chu luath-sa, A chii luath, geal-sa. 
 
 * In some parts sibh, or as they mispro- 
 nounce it,shush-ao,is used to old and young, 
 but in the islands it is never used but as a 
 mark of respect, answering to sir and ma- 
 dam in English, and thus applied to superi- 
 ors, instructors, and seniors. Thou, thu 
 thusa, is used to address equals and inferi- 
 ors,— the inhabitants of Kintyre, thou and 
 thee, even his majesty. In three farms in 
 Islay, the same is done to their parents, even 
 contending that the Almighty is always so 
 addressed, and that it is impious to pretend, 
 higher honours to men. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 XXIX 
 
 Before a vowel or f aspirated, mo and do, 
 a-e written m’ d’ ; as, m’athair, m’fhiolair, 
 m’ fhaine or m* fhaithnc, my father , my 
 eagle, my ring'., d’ ordugh, thy order ; d’ 
 fh&ithne,M?/ ring or 7R<r?icfaf£>ehanged often 
 to, t ' flidithne, t' ordugh. 
 
 Demonstrative Pronouns are three, so, 
 sinn, siod, ad ; so, this ; siod, yon, yonder ; 
 sinn, that', (sud, nonesense) ', gach, each, 
 every ; gach uile, every, contracted chuile 
 and na h-uile, a ch6i!e, each other, are by 
 some styled Distributive Pronouns. For a 
 
 particular exemplification of all these, see 
 Dictionary. 
 
 Interrogative Pronouns are,D6,i/;7?a£ ? 
 (in some cases ciod) ; deile, what else l c6, 
 who ? cia, or <:&, which ? and nach, used ne- 
 gatively ; as,wac/i robh ean siod ,washenot 
 yonder ? each, the rest ; cuid, some ; cuid 
 eile, some other', eile, other ; ce b’ e, who- 
 soever ; ce b’ e air bith, de air bith, whoever , 
 whatsoever, whatever , are termed indefi- 
 nite PRONOUNS. 
 
 Compound Pronouns are made up of prepositions; as, ann mi, anamsa, in me', 
 agamsa, at me ; (aig and mi) in my possession ; riumasa, to me, against me, SfQ. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 1. Agamsa, at me, 
 
 2. Agadsa, at the, 
 
 ~ CAige-san , at him, 
 l Aice-se, at her, 
 
 Plura 7 . Singular. 
 
 Plural . 
 
 } 
 
 againn-ne, at us. Orm-sa, on me, 
 agaibh-se, at you. Ort-sa, on thee, 
 
 a nt them Airsan > on him » 
 a ’ at t/iem - Urra- urra-se, on her , 
 
 oirnn-ne, on us. 
 oirbh-se, on you. 
 
 orra-san, on them. 
 
 Ann, in 
 
 1. Annam, in me, 
 
 2. Annad, in thee, 
 
 _ f Annsan, in him, 
 \ Innte, in her. 
 
 annainn -n e,in us. 
 annaibh-se, in you. 
 j-annta-sa, in them. 
 
 Asam, out of me, 
 Asad-sa, out o f thee, 
 Asan, out of him, 
 Aisde-se, out of her. 
 
 s, out of. 
 
 asainne-ne, out of us. 
 asaibh, out of you. 
 asda-san, out of them. 
 
 D’ e’ i*, out of him, her. Do, 
 
 1 . Dhiom-sa, off me, dhinne, off us. Dhomh-sa, to me, 
 
 2. Dhiot-sa, off thee, dhibb-se, of you. Dhuit- se, to you, 
 
 - i Dheth-sa,o/f;fo him, \ ,, . „ Dhaibh-san, to him 
 
 { Dhith.se,® toiler, Jdhiuth-sa, o/ttfm. Dhi _ se> 0 ff, to her. 
 
 dhuinne, to us. 
 dhuibh-se, to you. 
 
 dhaibh-sa, to them. 
 
 Fodha, under. 
 
 Eadar, between. 
 Plural. 
 
 Eadaruinn, between us. 
 Eadaruibh, between you. 
 Eatorra-san, between them. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Fodham-sa, under me, 
 Fodhad.sa, under you, 
 Fodha-san, under him, 
 Foithe-se, under her, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 foidhinne, under us 
 foidhibh-se, under you. 
 fodha-san, under them. 
 fotha-san, under them. 
 
 Note. The folly and absurdity of writing fuidhe for foidhe, is obvious from the 
 compound of foidh, i, e, fodham-sa, fodhad-sa. It is only a mispronunciation, as griobh- 
 ach is mispronounced, gruach, siod (sud) • and if fuidh be continued fudham-sa, 
 fudhad-sa must be adopted, to be consistent. 
 
 Gu, to. * 
 
 1. Thugam-sa, to me, thugainne, to us. 
 
 2. Thugad-sa, to thee, thugaibh-se, to you. 
 
 3 ■ {SS'E' } to them. 
 
 Le, with. 
 
 1. Leam-sa, with me, leinn-ne, or leinne, with us. 
 
 2. Leat-sa, with thee, leibh-se, or leibhse, with you. 
 
 -r / Leis-sean , with him, \ , ... .. 
 
 3. (.Leithe-se, with her, / leotha, (loch-cha) leo-san, with them. 
 
 * Thugad, thugaibh, &c. are often used in the sense of, here is at you, beware , 
 take care! leave the way ! 
 
XXX 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 1. Romham-sa 
 
 2. Romhad-sa, 
 , Roithe-se, 
 
 ‘ Roimhpe-se, 
 
 Bho, q, from. 
 Bhuam-sa, 4 - 
 uam-sa, ff rom me ' 
 Bh rite-s , ) 
 uaite-se, ff rom thee. 
 Bhuaithe-se, \ 
 Bhuaipe-se, yfro?n her 
 uaipe-se. ) 
 Bhuaith-san, ) „ 
 uaith-san, ) from him. 
 
 Romh, roimii, before. 
 
 , before me. Romhainn-ne, before us. 
 
 before thee. Romhaibh-se, before you. 
 
 ? before her. Rompa-san, before them. 
 
 j about me. 
 
 | about thee. 
 j- about him. 
 \ about her. 
 
 1 . 
 
 5. 
 
 Cardinal Numbers. 
 
 1 Aon, a h-aon. 
 
 43 Tri’s da fhiehead. 
 
 2 Dha, a dha. 
 
 44 Ceithir is da fhiehead. 
 
 3 Tri. 
 
 45 Coig is da fhiehead. 
 
 4 Ceithir. 
 
 46 Se’s da fhiehead. 
 
 .5 C6ig. 
 
 47 Seachd is da fhiehead. 
 
 6 Se, sia. 
 
 48 Ochd is da fhiehead. 
 
 7 Seachd. 
 
 49 Naoidh is da fhiehead. 
 
 8 Ochd. 
 
 50 Leithehiad. 
 
 9 Naoidh. 
 
 51 Aon deug is da fhiehead, 
 
 10 Deich. 
 
 &c. &e. &c. &c. &c. &c. 
 
 1 1 Aon deug. 
 
 60 Tri fichead. 
 
 12 Dha-dheug. 
 
 70 Deich is tri fichead. 
 
 13 Tri-deug. 
 
 80 Ceithir fichead. 
 
 14 Ceithir-deug. 
 
 90 Deich is ceithir. fichead. 
 
 15 C6ig deug. 
 
 100 Ciad, ceud. 
 
 16 Se deug. 
 
 200 Da chiad. 
 
 .* 7 Seachd deug. 
 
 500 Tri chiad. 
 
 1 3 Ochd deug. 
 
 400 Ceithir chiad. 
 
 19 Naoidh deug. 
 
 500 Coig ciad. 
 
 20 Fichead. 
 
 600 Se ciad. 
 
 21 Aon ’ar or air ’fhiehead. 
 
 700 Seachd ciad. 
 
 22 Dha air ’f hichead. 
 
 800 Ochd ciad. 
 
 23 Tri air ’fhiehead. 
 
 900 Naoidh ciad. 
 
 24 Ceithir air ’f hichead. 
 
 1,000 Mile, se sin 10 ciad. 
 
 25 C6ig air ’f hichead. 
 
 2,000 Da mhile. 
 
 26 Se air ’fhiehead. 
 
 5,000 Tri mile. 
 
 27 Seachd air ’f hichead. 
 
 4,000 Ceithir mile. 
 
 2S Ochd air ’fhiehead. 
 
 5,000 Coig mile. 
 
 29 Naoidh air ’f hichead. 
 
 6,000 Se mile. 
 
 30 Deich air ’fhiehead. 
 
 7,000 Seachd mile. 
 
 51 Aoin deug air ’fhiehead. 
 
 8,000 Ochd mile. 
 
 32 Dha dheug air ’f hichead. 
 
 9,000 Naoidh mile. 
 
 33 'iri deug air ’f hichead. 
 
 10,000 Deich mile. 
 
 34 Ceithir deug air ’f hichead. 
 
 20,000 Fichead mile. 
 
 35 Cbig deug air ’f hichead. 
 
 50,000 Deich mile fichead. 
 
 36 Se deug air ’f hichead. 
 
 40,000 Da fhiehead mile. 
 
 37 Seachd deug air ’fhiehead. 
 
 50,000 Leithehiad mile. 
 
 38 Ochd deug air ’f hichead. 
 
 60,000 Tri fichead mile. 
 
 39 Naoidh deug air ’fhiehead. 
 
 70,000 Deich is tri fichead mi?« 
 
 40 Da fhiehead. 
 
 80,000 Ceithir fichead mile. 
 
 4.1 Aon is da fhiehead. 
 
 90,000 Deich is ceithir fichead rrulfl. 
 
 42 Dha’s da fhiehead. I 
 
 100,000 Ciad mile 
 
 Tiiroimh, or Troimh, through and through. 
 
 • Thromham-sa, through me. Thromhainne-ne, through us. 
 Thromhad-sa, through thee. Thromhaibh-se, through you. 
 Throimhe-san , through him.} ^ .. ... 
 
 Thoimhe. se, through her. ) Thrompa-sau, through them. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 XXXI 
 
 Dual Number.— There is, to all intents 
 and purposes, a dual number in the Gaelic 
 as well as the Greek; thus, we say, aon 
 f hear, one man ; da f hear, two men, lite- 
 rally, two man; but when we arrive at 
 the number three, tri fir, three men- with 
 every thing else, aon each, one horse ; da 
 each, two horses ; but tri eich, ceithir eich, 
 three horses, four horses. 
 
 Cardinals are formed by placing the ar- 
 ticle an before the numeral, and prefixing 
 -amh, or -eamh ; thus, an coigeamh salm 
 t/iar an fhichead ; an ochdamh salm thar an 
 fhichead; an uaoidheamh salm thar an 
 fhichead, the twenty-fifth psalm, the 
 twenty^eighth psalm, the twenty-ninth 
 psalm, &c.— but the twentieth psalm, am 
 ficheadamh salm, an deicheamh salm thar 
 an fhichead, an da f hichearnh salm, an tri 
 ficheadamh salm, an ceithir ficheadamh 
 salm, an ciadamh salm ; the thirtieth, the 
 fortieth, sixtieth, eightieth, the hundredth 
 psalm, Sfc. then, an deicheamh salm thar 
 a* chiad, an ficheadamh thar a chiad, &c. 
 the hundred and tenth, and hundred and 
 twentieth, psalms. 
 
 Verb is a word signifying to be, to do, or 
 to suffer. In Gaelic there are two conjuga- 
 tions, the first comprehending all the verbs 
 beginning with consonants except f ; the se- 
 cond all beginning with f, or a vowel. 2. 
 There are two voices, active and passive. 3. 
 There are in Gaelic only, in common with 
 the Hebrew and other Oriental languages, 
 two tenses, the past and the future; 
 however, by a stroke of Gaelic generalship 
 unknown in modern tactics, our Gaelic 
 grammarians have discovered a present 
 tense, but very wisely kept it a secret in 
 their own bosoms.* 
 
 * Since the author is notin possession of 
 this philosopher’s stone, he will endeavour 
 to shew the substitute, used by unextraordi- 
 nary mortals for this tense, — want of at- 
 tention to which, he conceives to be the great 
 cause of all our English-Gaelic Dictionaries 
 not answering their legitimate purposes, no 
 more than an Esquimaux Almanack would. 
 
 The present tense is formed by means 
 of adjectives and nouns, and the verb to be. 
 2. By means of participles and the verb to be 
 particularly the negative mood . 3. Often 
 
 by means of the compound pronouns, with 
 the negative particles, without the aid of any 
 verb. 
 
 1st, Is toigh leam, Hike, I love ; ma ’s 
 toigh leat, if you like, if you love ; is fuath 
 le Dia, God hates ; cha ’n fhuath le Dia, 
 God does not hate, or, is fuathach le Dia, 
 God hates , sic. Is fiosraeh mi* I know ; am 
 
 First Conjugation. — Verb, Paisg.— 
 Past Tense. 
 
 Sing, and Plur . 
 
 1. Phaisg mi, I did wrap, or wrapped. 
 
 2. Phaisg thu, thou didst wrap, or wrapped. 
 5. Phaisg e,i, he or she did wrap, ox wrapped 
 
 1. Phaisg sinn, we did wrap, ox wrapped. 
 
 2. Phaisg sibh, ye or you did wrap, or 
 
 3. Phaisg iad, they did wrap, or wrapped. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1. Paisgidh mi, I shall or will wrap. 
 
 2. Paisgidh tu, thou shalt or wilt wrap. 
 
 3. Paisgidh e, i, he or she shall or will wrap. 
 
 1. Paisgidh sinn, we shall or will wrap. 
 
 2. Paisgidh sibh, ye or you shall or will 
 
 3. Paisgidh iad, they shall or will wrap. 
 Interrogative and Negative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1. Cha do phaisg mi, I did not wrap. 
 
 2. Cha do phaisg thu, thou didst not wrap. 
 
 3. Cha do phaisg e, i, he or she did not 
 
 1. Cha do phaisg sinn, we did not wrap. 
 
 2. Cha do phaisg sibh, ye did not wrap. 
 
 3. Cha do phaisg iad, they did not wrap. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1. Nach do phaisg mi, did I not wrap ? 
 
 2. Nach do phaisg thu, didst thou not wrap 
 
 3. Nach do phaisg e, i, did he not wrap ? 
 
 1. Nach do phaisg sinn, did we not wrap ? 
 
 2. Nach do phaisg sibh, did ye not wrap ? 
 
 3. Nach do phaisg iad, did they not wrap ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur.. 
 
 1. Mar do phaisg mi, if I did not wrap. 
 
 2- Mar do phaisg thu, if thou didst not wrap 
 
 3. Mar do phaisg e, i, if he did not wrap. 
 
 1. Mar do phaisg sinn, i f we did not wrap. 
 2- Mar do phaisg sibh, if ye did not wrap. 
 
 3. Mar do phaisg iad, if they did not wrap. 
 Future Tense.— Interrogative or 
 Negative Mood. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 1. Cha phaisg mi, I shall or will not wrap 
 
 2. Cha phaisg thu, thou shalt or wilt not 
 
 3. Cha phaisg e, i, he shall or will not wrap 
 
 fiosrach thu, do you know ? are you aware? 
 cha ’n fhios domhsa ni sam bith ma dheibh- 
 inn, I know nothing about him. 2 d, Tha 
 e a ' fiosrachadh, he inquires ; am bheil e «’ 
 faicinn, does he perceive} tha e a ’ grddh, 
 or, ag rddh, he says. 3d, Am math leat 
 mise a dh’ fholbh, do you wish me to go ? 
 cha mhath leam, I do not wish , cha ’n aith- 
 ne dhomh, I do not know, I do not recog- 
 nise ; literally, no good along with me, no 
 knowledge to me. The limits of these out- 
 lines of grammar do not admit of shewing 
 how the Hebrew and other languages form 
 their present tenses. 
 
XXX11 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 3. Cha phaisg sinn, ue shall or will not wrap 
 
 2. Cha phaisg sibh, ye shall or will not wrap 
 
 3. Cha phaisg iad, they shall or will not wrap 
 
 Sing, and Plur . 
 
 Nach paisg mi, shall or will I not wrap. 
 2. Nach paisg thu, shalt or wilt thou not 
 .3. Nach paisg e, i, shall or will he not wrap 
 \ . Nach paisg sinn, shall or will we not wrap 
 
 2. Nach paisg sibh , shall or will you not wrap 
 
 3. Nach paisg e, i, shall or will they not wrap 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1. Mar paisg mi, if I shall or will not wrap. 
 
 2. Mar paisg thu, if thou shalt or wilt not 
 
 3. Mar paisg e, \,if he shall or will not wrap 
 
 1 . Mar paisg sinn, if we shall or will not wrap 
 
 2. Mar paisg sibh,?/ ye shall or will not wrap 
 
 3. Mar paisg iad, if they shall or will not 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. — Past Tense. 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1. Phaisginn,/ might, could or should wrap 
 
 2. Phaisgeadh tu, thou mightst , couldst or 
 
 shouldst wrap. 
 
 3 Phaisgeadh e,i, he mighty could or should 
 , Phaisgeadh sinn, or \ we might, could or 
 ' Phaisgeamaid, ) should wrap or have 
 
 2. Phaisgeadh sibh,?/e might, could or should 
 
 3. Phaisgeadh iad, they might , could or 
 
 should wrap, or have wrapped. 
 
 Future Subjunctive. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1. Ma phaisgeas mi, if I shall or will wrap. 
 
 2. Ma phaisgeas tu, if thou shalt or wilt 
 
 3. Ma phaisgeas e, i, if he shall or will wrap 
 
 1. Ma phaisgeas sinn, i f we shall ox will &c. 
 
 2. Ma phaisgeas sibh, if ye shall or will &c. 
 
 3. Ma phaisgeas iad, if they shall or will &c. 
 
 Or, 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1 . Nam paisg inn,?// might or were to wrap. 
 
 2. Nam paisgeadh tu, if thou mightst or 
 
 3. Nam paisgeadh e, i, if he might or were 
 
 1. Nam paisgeadh sinn, if we might ox were 
 
 2. Nam paisgeadh sibh, if ye might ox were 
 
 3. Nam paisgeadh iad, if they might or 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1 . Paisgeam.sa, let me wrap. 
 
 2. Paisg, or paisg thusa, wrap thou. 
 
 3. Paisgeadh e, i, let him , her, or it wrap. 
 
 1 . Pasg- or paisgeamaid, let us wrap. 
 
 2. Paisgibh, wrap ye or you. 
 
 3. Paisgeadh iad, let them wrap. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 A phasgadh, to wrap. 
 
 Participle Active. 
 
 A’ pasgadh, wrapping. 
 
 Passive Voice. — Indicative Mood. 
 Paisgte, wrapped. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1. Phaisgeadh mi, I was wrapped ox folded. 
 
 2. Phaisgeadh thu, thou wert wrapped or 
 
 3. Phaisgeadh e, i, he or she was wrapped 
 
 1. Phaisgeadh sinn, we were wrapped or 
 
 folded. 
 
 2. Phaisgeadh sibh, ye were wrapped or 
 
 3. Phaisgeadh iad, they were wrapped or 
 
 Future Tense. — Passive Voice. 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1. Paisgear mi, I shall or will be wrapped. 
 
 2. Paisgear thu,£/?im shalt or wilt be wrapped 
 
 3. Paisgear e, i, he, she or it shall or will be 
 
 1. Paisgear sinn, we shall or will be unapped. 
 
 2. Paisgear sibh, ye or you shall or will be 
 
 3. Paisgear iad, they shall or will be wrapped 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. — 
 Past Tense. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1. An do phaisgeadh, or phasgadh mi, was 
 
 1 wrapped f 
 
 2. An do phasgadh thu, wert thou wrapped ? 
 
 3. An do phasgadh e, i, was he, she or it 
 
 1. An do phaisgeadh sinn, were we wrapped. 
 
 2. An do phaisgeadh thu, wert thou wrapped 
 
 3. And do phaisgeadh e, i, was he, she or it 
 Also, 
 
 Cha do phaisgeadh mi, I was not wrapped. 
 Cha do phaisgeadh sinn, ive were not &c. 
 Nach do phaisgeadh mi, was I not wrapped? 
 Mar do phaisgeadh mi, if I was not wrapped 
 Mar do phaisgeadh sinn, if we were not Ac. 
 
 Future. — Interrogative or Negative. 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1. Am paisgear mi, shall I be wrapped V 
 
 2. Am paisgear thu, shalt thou be wrapped ? 
 
 3. Am paisgear e, i, shall he, she or it be 
 
 1. A paisgear sinn, shall we be wrapped? 
 
 2. Am paisgear sibh, shall you be wrapped ? 
 
 3. Am paisgear iad, shall they be wrapped t 
 
 Also, 
 
 Cha phaisgear mi, I shall not be wrapped . 
 Cha paisgear sinn, we shall not be wrapped 
 Nach paisgear mi, shall I not be wrapped. 
 Nach paisgear sinn, shall we not be 
 Mar paisgear mi, if I am not wrapped. 
 
 Mar paisgear sinn, if we are not wrapped. 
 Nam paisgte mi, if I were wrapped. 
 
 Nam paisgte sinn, if we were wrapped. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood.— Past Tense. 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1. Phaisgteadh mi, I might , could, t oou<4 0? 
 should be wrapped . 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 XXX111 
 
 2 Phaisgteadh thu, thou mightst, couldst, 
 wouldst or shouldst, be wrapped. 
 
 Z. Phaisgteadh e, i, he or she might , could, 
 would or should , be wrapped. 
 
 1. Phaisgteadh sinn, we might, could, would 
 
 or should be wrapped . 
 
 2. Phaisgteadh sibh, you might, could, 
 
 would or should be wrapped. 
 
 3. Phaisgteadh iad, they might, could, 
 
 would or should be wrapped. 
 
 Future Tense.— Subjunctive Mood. 
 Ma phaisgear mi, if 1 be wrapped. 
 
 Ma phaisgear sinn, if we be wrapped. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 1 . Paisgtear or pasgar mise, let me be wrap- 
 
 ped. 
 
 2. Paisgtear sinn, let us be wrapped. 
 
 Participles. — Paisgte, wrapped; or, 
 air a phasgadh, he being wrapped ; or, air a 
 pasgadh, she being wrapped ; air do phasg. 
 adh, you being wrapped. 
 
 The same verb may be declined with the 
 verb to be, for the Present Tense ; thus, 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1. Tha mi pasgadh, lam wrapping, &c. 
 
 2. Tha thu pasgadh, thou art, &c. 
 
 3. Tha e, i, pasgadh, he wraps or is, &c. 
 
 1. Tha sinn a’ pasgadh, we are wrapping. 
 
 2. Tha sibh a’ pasgadh, ye are wrapping. 
 
 3. Tha iad a’ pasgadh, they are wrapping. 
 
 Note. — The a’ for ag is left out after 
 vowels. — All the rest of the tenses and 
 moods may be thus gone through. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Sing, and Plur . — a’ pasgadh. 
 
 1. Tha mi, &c. I am wrapping. 
 
 2. Tha thu, thou art wrapping. 
 
 3. 1 ha e, i, he, she, or it is wrapping. 
 
 1. Tha sinn, we are wrapping. 
 
 2. Tha sibh, ye are wrapping. 
 
 3. Tha iad, they are wrapping. 
 
 * Past Tfnse. 
 
 Sing, and Plur . — a’ pasgadh. 
 
 1. Bha mi, &c. I was wrapping. 
 
 2. Bha thu, thou wert wrapping. 
 
 3. Bha e, i, he was wrapping. 
 
 1. Bha sinn, we were wrapping. 
 
 2. Bha sibh, ye were wrapping. 
 
 3. Bha iad, they were wrapping. 
 
 * This verb and faic, see , have a Present 
 Tense ; thus, chi mi, I see or shal ' see ; chi 
 thu dithisd, thou see st two ; chi mi iad a* 
 tighinn, I see them coming . 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. — a’ pasgadh. 
 
 1. Bithidh mi, &c. I shall be wrapping. 
 
 2. Bithidh thu, thou shalt be wrapping. 
 
 3. Bithidh e, i, he shall be wrapping. 
 
 1. Bithidh sinn, we shall be tvrapping. 
 
 2. Bithibh sibh, ye shall be wrapping. 
 
 3. Bithidh iad, they shall be wrapping. 
 
 Interrogative. 
 
 Sing, and Plur . — a’ pasgadh. 
 
 1. Am bheil mi, &c. am I wrapping ? 
 
 2. Am bheil thu, art thou wrapping ? 
 
 3. Am bheil e, i, is he or she wrapping ? 
 
 1. Am bheil sinn, are we wrapping? 
 
 2. Am bheil sibh, are ye ox you wrapping 
 
 3. Am bheil iad, are they wrapping ? 
 
 Negavtive or Interrogative. 
 Present. — a’ pasgadh. 
 
 Am bheil mi, &c. am I wrapping? 
 
 Am bheil thu, art thou wrapping ? 
 
 Am bheil e, i, is he or she wrapping ? 
 
 Am bheil sinn, are we wrapping ? 
 
 Am bheil sibh, are you wrapping ? 
 
 Am bheil iad, are they wrapping ? 
 
 Past. — a’ pasgadh. 
 
 An robh mi, &c. was I wrapping ? 
 
 An robh thu, wast thou wrapping ? 
 
 An robh e, i, was he or she wrapping ? 
 
 An robh sinn, were ive wrapping ? 
 
 An robh sibh, were ye wrapping ? 
 
 An robh iad, were they wrapping? 
 
 Future Tense. — Interrogative and 
 Negative. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Am bi mi a’ pasgadh, shall I be wrapping? 
 Am bi thu a’ pasgadh, shalt thou be 
 Am bi e, i, a’ pasgadh, shall he be 
 Am bi sinn a’ pasgadh, shall we be 
 Am bi sibh a’ pasgadh, shall ye be 
 Am bi iad a’ pasgadh, shall they be 
 
 Present. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha’n ’eil mi a’ pasgadh, I am not wrapping 
 Cha ’n ’eil thu a’ pasgadh, thou art not 
 Cha ’n ’eil e, i, a’ pasgadh, he is not 
 Cha ’n ’eil sinn a’ pasgadh, we are not 
 Cha ’n ’eil sibh a’ pasgadh, you are not 
 Cha ’n ’eil iad a’ pasgadh, they are not 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur . 
 
 Cha robh sinn i’ p sgad i, i was not wrap 
 ping. 
 
 Cha bh thu a’ pasgadh, thou wert not 
 Cha robh e a’ pa gadh, he was not 
 Cha robh sinn a’ pasgadh, we were not 
 Cha roHh sibh a pasgadh, you were not 
 Cha robh iad a' pasgadh, they were noi 
 B 2 
 
XXX1Y 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 Future Negative. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha bhi mi pasgadh,/ shall not be wrapping. 
 Cha bhi thu pasgadh, thou shalt not be 
 Cha bhi e, i, pasgadh, he shall not be 
 Cha bhi sinn a’ pasgadh, we shall not be 
 Cha bhi sibh a* pasgadh, you shall not be 
 Cha bhi iad a’ pasgadh, they shall not be 
 
 Present. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach ’eil mi pasgadh, am I not wrapping l 
 Nach ’eil thu pasgadh, art thou not 
 Nach ’eil e, i, pasgadh, is he or she not 
 Nach ’eil 6inn a’ pasgadh, are we not 
 Nach ’eil sibh a’ pasgadh, are you not 
 Nach ’eil iad a’ pasgadh, are they not 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach robh mi pasgadh,was I not ivrapping ? 
 Nach robh thu pasgadh, writ thou not 
 Nach robh e pasgadh, was he not 
 Nach robh sinn a’ pasgadh, were we nut 
 Nach robh sibh a’ pasgadh, were you not 
 Nach robh iad a’ pasgadh, were they not 
 
 Future Interrogative and Negative. 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach bi mi pasgadh, shall I not be wrapping ? 
 Nach bi thu pasgadh, shalt thou not be 
 Nach bi e, i, pasgadh, shall he or she not be 
 Nach bi sinn a’ pasgadh, shall we not be 
 Nach bi sibh a’ pasgadh, shall you not be 
 Nach bi iad a’ pasgadh, shall they not be 
 Present. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Mar bheil mi pasgadh, if lam not w apping. 
 Mar bheil thu pasgadh, if thou ait not 
 Mar bheil e, i, pasgadh, if he is not 
 Mar bheil sinn a’ pasgadh, if we were not 
 Mar bheil sibh a’ pasgadh, if you are not 
 Mar bheil iad a’ pasgadh, if they are not 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 M ar robh mi pasgadh ,?/ 1 was not wrapping. 
 Mar robh thu pasgadh, if thou wert not 
 Mar robh, e, i, pasgadh if he was not 
 Mar robh sinn a’ pasgadh, if we were not 
 Mar robh sibh a’ pasgadh, if you were not 
 Mar robh iad a’ pasgadh, if they were not 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Mar bi mi pasgadh, if Iskall not be wrapping. 
 Mar bi thu pasgadh, if thou shalt not be 
 Mar bi e, i, pasgadh, if he shall not be 
 Marbi sinn a’ pasgadh, if we shall not be 
 Mar bi sibh a’ pasgadh, if you shall not be 
 Mar bi iad a’ pasgadh, if they shall not be 
 
 Subjunctive Mood.— Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Bhithinn a’ pasgadh, I would be wrapping 
 Bhitheadh tu pasgadh, thou wouldst be 
 Bhitheadh e pasgadh, he would be 
 Bhitheadh sinn a’ pasgadh, we would be 
 Bhitheadh sibh a’ pasgadh, you would be 
 Bhitheadli iad a’ pasgadh, they would be 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Mabhitheas mi pasgadh, if I shall be wrap-, 
 ping. 
 
 Ma bhitheas thu pasgadh, if thou shalt be 
 Ma bhitheas e pasgadh, if he shall be 
 Ma bhitheas sinn a’ pasgadh, if we shall b - 
 Ma bhitheas sibh a’ pasgadh, if you shall be 
 Ma bhitheas iad a’ pasgadh, if they shall be 
 Am bithinn would I be wrapping ; am 
 bitheamaid, would we be wrapping. 
 
 Cha bhithinn, I would not be wrapping] 
 cha bhitheamaid, we would not be wrap- 
 ping. 
 
 Mar bithinn, if I were not wrapping ; mar 
 bitheamaid, if we were not wrapping. 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Bitheam-sa pasgadh, let me be ivrapping. 
 Bith ’bi thusa a’ pasgadh, be thou 
 Bitheadh e pasgadh, let him be wrapping. 
 Bitheamaid a’ pasgadh, let us be wrapping. 
 Bithibh bi a’ pasgadh, be ye ox you 
 Bitheadh iad a’ pasgadh, let them be 
 
 Infinitive Mood.— A bhith, bhith, to be. 
 The Passive Voice of pasg with bi. 
 Pres. Tha mi paisgte, I am wrapped ; 
 tha thu paisgte, thou art wrapped , &>c ; 
 Past. Tense. Bha mi paisgte, I was wrap, 
 ped, Sfc. Future. Bithidh mi paisgte, I 
 shall be wrapped. 
 
 The Second Declension. 
 
 Aom, incline, prevail upon. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Dh’aom mi, / inclined , or did incline. 
 Dh’aom thu, thou inclinedst. 
 
 Dh’aom e, he inclined. 
 
 Dh’aom sinn, we inclined. 
 
 Dh’aom sibh, you inclined , ’» 
 
 Dh’aom iad, they inclined. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Aomaidh mi, I shall or will incline. 
 Aomaidh tu, thou shalt or wilt incline. 
 Aomaidh e, he shall or will incline. 
 Aomaidh sinn, we shall or will incline. 
 Aomaidh sibh, you shall or will incline. 
 Aomaidh iad, they shad or will incline. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 XXXV 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. 
 An d’-chad, &c. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur . 
 
 An d’aom mi, did I incline ? 
 
 An d’aom thu, didst thou incline? 
 
 An d’aom e, i, did he incline ? 
 
 An d’aom sinn, did we incline? 
 
 An d’aom sibh, did you incline ? 
 
 An d'aom iad, did they incline ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha d’aom mi, J did not incline. 
 
 Cha d’aom thu, thou didst not incline. 
 
 Cha d’aom e, i, he or she did not incline. 
 Cha d’aom sinn, we did not incline. 
 
 Cha d’aom sibh, ye did not incline. 
 
 Cha d’aom iad, they did not incline. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach d’aom mi, did I not incline ? 
 
 Nach d’aom thu, didst thou not incline? 
 Nach d’aom e, i, did he or she not incline ? 
 Nach d’aom sinn, did we not incline ? 
 Nach d’aom sibh, did ye not incline? 
 Nach d’aom iad, did they not incline? 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An aom mi, shall Iincline? 
 
 An aom thu, shalt thou incline ? 
 
 An aom e, shall he incline ? 
 
 An aom sinn, shell we incline? 
 
 An aom sibh, shall ye incline? 
 
 An aom iad, shall they incline ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha’n aom mi, I shall not incline. 
 
 Cha’n aom thu, thou shalt not incline. 
 Cha’n aom e, he shall not incline. 
 
 Cha’n aom sinn, we shall not incline. 
 Cha’n aom sibh, ye shall not incline. 
 Cha’n aom iad, they shall not incline. 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach aom mi, shall I not incline? 
 
 Nach aom thu, shaft thou not incline? 
 Nach aom e, i, shall he not incline? 
 
 Nach aom sinn, shall we not incline ? 
 
 Nach aom sibh, shall ye not incline ? 
 
 Nach aom iad, shall they not incline? 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Dh’ aomain, I would or could incline. 
 
 Dh’ aomadh tu, thou wouldst incline. 
 
 Dh’ aomadh e, he would incline. 
 
 Dh’ aomadh sinn, we would incline. 
 
 Dh’ aomadh sibh, you would incline. 
 
 Dh’ aomadh iad, they would incline. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma dh’aomas mi, if I incline. 
 
 Ma dh’aomas tu, if thou inclinest. 
 
 Ma dh’aomas e, if he biclines. 
 
 Ma dh’aomas sinn, if we indi te. 
 
 Ma dh’aomas sibh, if you incline. 
 
 Ma dh’aomas iad, if they incline. 
 
 Imp. Mood. Aomam, let me incline ; 
 aom, aom thusa, incline thou ; aomadh e, 
 let him incline ; aomamaid, let us incline', 
 aomaibh, incline ye or you — aomadh iad, 
 let them incline. 
 
 In fin. A dh’ aomadh, to incline ; Part. 
 aomadh a g aomadh, inclining. 
 
 Passive Voice. — Indicative Mood. 
 Past Tense. Dh’ aomadh mi, I was pre- 
 vailed upon ; dh’aomadh thu, you were 
 prevailed upon ; dh’aomadh e, he was pre- 
 vailed upon, Sfc. 
 
 Neg. or Inter. Mood. Cha d’ aomadh 
 e, he was not prevailed upon ; cha d’ aom- 
 adh iad, they were not prevailed upon. 
 
 Nach D’ aomadh e, was he not prevailed 
 upon ; nach d’ aomadh iad, were we not pre- 
 vailed upon. 
 
 Future. Cha’n aomar mi, thu, e, i, thou, 
 he, or she shall not be prevailed upon ; nach 
 aomar iad, shall they not be prevailed upon. 
 
 Of Irregular Verbs. 
 
 T he Irregular Verbs are reckoned ten ; 
 seven of the first conjugation, viz. dean, 
 cluinn, beir, rach, ruig,thig or thalla, thoir, 
 or thobhair ; and three of the second, viz. 
 faic, faigh, abair. 
 
 The Firt Conjugation. 
 
 Dean, make. 
 
 Active Voice. — Affirmative or Indi. 
 cative Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 1. Rinn mi, I made or did. 
 
 2. Rinn thu, thou madest or didst. 
 
 3. Rinn e, he made ox did. 
 
 1. Rinn sinn, we made or did. 
 
 2. Rinn sibh, ye made or did. 
 
 3. Rinn iad, they made or did. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ni mi, I shall or will make or do. 
 
 Ni thu, thou shalt or wilt make or do. 
 
 Ni e, he shall or will make or do. 
 
 Ni sinn, we shall or will make or do. 
 
 Ni sibh, ye shall or will make ox do. 
 
 Ni iad, they shall or will make or do. 
 
GAELIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 XXX \i RUDIMENTS OF 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An do rinn mi, did I make or do ? 
 
 An do rinn thu, didst thou make or do? 
 
 An do rinn e, did he make or do ? 
 
 An do rinn sinn, did we make or do ? 
 
 An do rinn sibh, did ye make or do ? 
 
 An do rinn iad, did they make or do ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach do rinn mi, did I not make ? 
 
 Nach do rinn thu, didst thou not make? 
 Nach do rinn e, did he not make ? 
 
 Nach do rinn sinn, did we not make? 
 
 Nach do rinn sibh, did ye not make ? 
 
 Nach do rinn iad, did they not make ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur . 
 
 Cha do rinn mi, I did not make or do. 
 
 Cha do rinn thu, thou didst not make. 
 
 Cha do rinn e, he did not make or do. 
 
 Cha do rinn sinn, we did not make or do. 
 Cha do rinn sibh, ye did not make or do. 
 
 Cha do rinn iad, they did not make or do. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An dean mi, shall or will I make? 
 
 An dean thu, shalt or wilt thou make ? 
 
 An dean e, shall or will he make? 
 
 An dean sinn, shall or will we make ? 
 
 An dean sibh, shall or will ye make ? 
 
 An dean iad, shall or will they make ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach dean mi, shall or will I not make? 
 Nach dean thu, shalt ox wilt thou not make? 
 Nach dean e, shall or will he not make? 
 Nach dean sinn, shall or will we not make ? 
 Nach dean sibh, shall or will ye not make ? 
 Nach dean iad, shall ox will they not make? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha dean mi, I shall or ivill not make. 
 
 Cha dean thu, thou shalt or wilt not make. 
 Cha dean e, he shall or will not make. 
 
 Cha dean sinn, we shall or will not make. 
 
 Cha dean sibh, ye shall or will not make. 
 Cha dean iad, they shall or will not make. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur- 
 
 Dheanainn, I would or could make or do. 
 Dheanadh tu, thou wouldst or couldst make 
 Dheanadli e, he would or could make. 
 Dheanamaid, we would or could make 
 Dheanadh sibh, ye would or coxdd make. 
 Dheanadh iad, they wou’d or coxdd make, j 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nan deanairn, if I would or coxdd make. 
 Nan deanadh tu, if thou wouldst or could si 
 Nan deanadh e, if he would or could make. 
 Nan deanamaid, if we would or could mafee. 
 Nan deanadh sibh, if ye would or coxdd 
 Nan deanadh iad, if they would or coxdd 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma ni mi, if I shall or will make. 
 
 Ma ni thu, if thou shalt or wilt make. 
 
 Ma ni e, if he shall or will make. 
 
 Ma ni sinn, if we shall or will make. 
 
 Ma ni sibh, if ye shall or will make. 
 
 Ma ni iad, if they shall ox will make. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Mar dean mi, if I shall or will not make. 
 Mar dean thu, if thou shalt ox wilt not make 
 Mar dean e, if he shall or will not make. 
 Mar dean sinn, if we shall or will not make 
 Mar dean sibh, if ye shall or will not maty. 
 Mar dean iad, if they shall or will not make 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Deanam, let me. make or do. 
 
 Dean, make thou or do thou make. 
 Deanadh e, let him make. 
 
 Deanamaid, let xis make. 
 
 Deanaibh, make ye or you. 
 
 Deanadh iad, let them make. 
 
 Infinitite Mood. 
 
 A dheanamh, a dheanadh, to do or nuifce 
 Participle. 
 
 A’ ( for ag) deanamh, doing or making. 
 
 Passive Voice. — Affirmative o> 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Rinneadh mi, I was made. 
 
 Rinneadh thu, thou wert made. 
 
 Rinneadh e, he was made. 
 
 Rinneadh sinn, we were made. 
 
 Rinneadh sibh, ye were made. 
 
 Rinneadh iad, they were made. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plxcr. 
 
 Nithear mi, I shall or will be made. 
 
 Nithear thu, thou shalt ox wilt be made. 
 Nithear e, he sh It or / ll be ma . 
 
 Nithear sinn, we shall or will be made. 
 Nithear sibh, e shall or will be made. 
 Nithear iad, they shall or il e made 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 XXXY11 
 
 Interrogative or Negative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An do rinneadh mi, was I made ? 
 
 An do rinneadh thu, wcrt thou made ? 
 
 An do difieadh e, was he made ? 
 
 An do rinneadh sinn, were we made ? 
 
 An do rinneadh sibh, were ye made ? 
 
 An do rinneadh iad, were they made ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach do rinneadh mi, was I not made ? 
 
 Nach do rinneadh thu, wert thou not made ? 
 Nach do rinneadh e, was he not made ? 
 
 Nach do rinneadh sinn, were we not made ? 
 Nach do rinneadh sibh, were ye not made ? 
 Nach do rinneadh iad, were they not made ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha do rinneadh mi, I was not made. 
 
 Cha do rinneadh thu, thou wert not made. 
 Cha do rinneadh e, he was not made. 
 
 Cha do rinneadh sinn, we were not made. 
 Cha do rinneadh sibh, ye were not made. 
 
 Cha do rinneadh iad, they were not made. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An deanar mi, shall or will I be made ? 
 
 An deanar thu, shalt or wilt thou be made} 
 An deanar e, shall or will he be made ? 
 
 An deanar sinn, shall or will we be made ? 
 
 An deanar sibh, shall or will ye be made ? 
 
 An deanar iad, shall or will they be made ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach deanar mi, shall or will I not be made ? 
 Nach deanar thu, shalt or wilt thou not be 
 Nach deanar e, shall or will he not be made ? 
 Nach deanar sinn, shall or will we not be 
 Nach deanar sibh, shall or will ye not be 
 Nach deanar iad, shall or will they not be 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha deanar mi, I shall or will not be made. 
 Cha deanar thu, thou shalt or wilt not be 
 Cha deanar e, he shall or will not be made. 
 Cha deanar sinn, we shall or will not be 
 Cha deanar sibh, ye shall or will not be 
 Cha deanar iad, they shall or will not be 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Dheanteadh mi, I would or could be made. 
 Dheantadh thu, thou wouldst or couldst be 
 Dheantadh e, he would or could be made. 
 Dheantadh sinn, we would or could be made. 
 Dheantadh sibh, ye would or could be made 
 Dheantadh iad, they would or could be l 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nan deanteadh mi, if I would or could be 
 made. 
 
 Nan deantadh thu,*/' thou wouldst or couldst 
 Nan deantadh e, if' he would or could be 
 Nan deantadh sinn, if we ivould or could be 
 Nan deantadh sibh, if ye would or could be 
 Nan deantadh iad, if they would or could 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma nithear mi, if I shall or will be made. 
 Ma nithear thu, if thou shalt or wilt be 
 Ma nithear e, if he shall or will be made. 
 
 Ma nithear sinn, if we shall or will be made. 
 Ma nithear sibh, if ye shall or will be made. 
 Ma nithear iad, if they shall oi will be made. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nan deanar mi, if I shall or will be made. 
 Nan deanar thu, if thou shalt ox wilt be 
 Nan deanar e, if he shall or will be made . 
 Nan deanar sinn, if we shall or will be made 
 Nan deanar sibh, if ye shall or will be made 
 Nan deanar iad, if they shall or will be 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Deantar mi, let me be made. 
 
 Dean tar thu, be thou made. 
 
 Deantar e, i, let him or her be made. 
 Deantar sinn, let us be made. 
 
 Deantar sibh, be ye made. 
 
 Deantar iad, let them be made. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Deanta, deante, done. 
 
 Cluinn, hear. 
 
 Active Voice.— Affirmative or Indica- 
 tive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ohuala mi, I heard or did hear . 
 
 Chuala thu, thou heardst or didst hear. 
 Chual’ e, he heard or did hear. 
 
 Chuala sinn, we heard or did hear. 
 
 Chuala sibh, ye heard or did hear. 
 
 Chual’ iad, they heard or did hear. 
 
 Future. * 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cluinnidh mi, I shall or will hear. 
 Ciuinnidh tu, thou shalt or wilt hear. 
 Cluinnidh se, he shall or will hear. 
 
 Cluinnidh sinn, we shall or will hear. 
 Cluinnidh sibh, ye shall or will hear. 
 Cluinnidh iad, they shall or will heat . 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 xxxviii 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An cuala mi, did I hear ? 
 
 An cuala thu, didst thou hear ? 
 
 An cual’ e, did he hear ? 
 
 An cuala sinn, did we hear ? 
 
 An cuala sibh, did ye hear ? 
 
 An cual’ iad, did they hear ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach cuala mi, did I not hear ? 
 
 Nach cuala thu, didst thou not hear ? 
 
 Nach cual’ e, did he not hear ? 
 
 Nach cuala sinn, did rue not heart 
 Nach cuala sibh, did ye not hear ? 
 
 Nach cual’ iad, did they not hear ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha chuala mi, I did not hear. 
 
 Cha chuala thu, thou didst not hear. 
 
 Cha chual’ e, he did not hear. 
 
 Cha chuala sinn, we did not hear. 
 
 Cha chuala sibh, ye did not hear. 
 
 Cha chual’ iad, they did not hear. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An cluinn mi, shall or will I hear ? 
 
 An cluinn thu, shall or wilt thou hear ? 
 
 An cluinn e, shall or will he hear ? 
 
 An cluinn sinn, shall or will we hear ? 
 
 An cluinn sibh, shall or will ye hear ? 
 
 An cluinn iad, shall or will they hear ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach cluinn mi, shall or will I not hear ? 
 Nach cluinn thu, shalt or wilt thou not heart 
 Nach cluinn e, shall or will he not hear ? 
 Nach cluinn sinn, shall or will we not hear ? 
 Nach cluinn sibh, shall or will ye not hear t 
 Nach cluinn iad, shall or will they not hear t 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha chluinn mi, I shall or will not hear. 
 Cha chluinn thu, thou shalt or wilt not hear. 
 Cha chluinn e, he shall or will not hear. 
 
 Cha chluinn sinn, we shall or will not hear. 
 Cha chluinn sibh, ye shall or will not hear. 
 Cha chluinn iad, they shall or will not hear. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Chluinnin, I could or would hear. 
 Chluinneadh tu, thou couldst or wouldst hear 
 Chluinneadh e, he could or would hear. 
 Chluinneamaid, we could or woidd hear. 
 Chluinneadh sibh, ye could or would hear. 
 Cnluinneadh iad, they could or would hear. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma chluinneas mi, if I shall or will hear. 
 Ma chluinneas tu, if thou shalt or wilt hear. 
 Ma chluinneas e, if he shall or will hear. 
 
 Ma chluinneas sinn, if we shall or will hear. 
 Ma chluinneas sibh, if you shall or will hear 
 Ma chluinneas iad, if they shall ox will hear. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cluinneam, let me hear. 
 
 Cluinn, hear thou or do thou hear. 
 Cluinneadh e, let him hear. 
 
 Cluinneamaid, let us hear. 
 
 Cluinnibh, hear ye or you. 
 
 Cluinnead iad, let them hear. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 A chluinntinn, to hear. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 A* cluinntinn, hearing. 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Chualadh mi, 1 was heard. 
 
 Chualadh thu, thou wert heard. 
 
 Chualadh e, he was heard. 
 
 Chualadh sinn, we were heard. 
 
 Chualadh sibh, ye were heard. 
 
 Chualadh iad, they were heard. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cluinnear mi, I shall or will be heard. 
 Cluinnear thu, thou shalt or wilt be heard 
 Cluinnear e, he shall or will be heard. 
 Cluinnear sinn, we shall or will be heard. 
 Cluinnear sibh, ye shall or will be heard. 
 Cluinnear iad, they shall or will be heard. 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An cualadh mi, was I heard ? 
 
 An cualadh thu, wert thou heard ? 
 
 An cualadh e, was he heard ? 
 
 An cualadh sinn, were we heard ? 
 
 An cualadh sibh, were ye heard ? 
 
 An cualadh iad, were they heard ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach cualadh mi, was I not heard ? 
 
 Nach cualadh thu, wert thou not heard ? 
 Nach cualadh e, was he not heard ? 
 
 Nach cualadh sinn, were we not heard ? 
 Nach cualadh sibh, were ye not heard ? 
 Nach cualadh iad. were they not hea>d? 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 XXXIX 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An eluinnear mi, shall or tuill I be heard ? 
 
 An eluinnear thu, shall or wilt thou be 
 An eluinnear e, shall or will he be heard ? 
 
 An eluinnear sinn, shall or will we be heard ? 
 An eluinnear sibh, shall ox will ye be heard ? 
 An eluinnear iad, shall or will they be heard ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach eluinnear mi, shall or will I not be 
 heard ? 
 
 Nach eluinnear thu, shalt thou not be 
 Nach eluinnear e, shall or will he not be 
 Nach eluinnear sinn, shall or will we not be 
 Nach eluinnear sibh, shall or will ye not be 
 Nach eluinnear iad, shall or will they not be 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Chluinnteadh mi, Icouldox wonldbe heard. 
 Chluinnteadh thu, thou could st or wouldst 
 Chluinnteadh iad, they could or would be 
 Chluinnteadh sinn, we could or would be 
 Chluinnteadh sibh, ye could or would be 
 Chluinnteadh iad, they could or would be 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma chluinnearmi, if I shallox wiUbeheard. 
 Ma chluinnear thu, if thou shalt or wilt be 
 Ma chluinnear e, if he shallot will be heard. 
 Ma chluinnear sinn, if we shall or will be 
 Ma chluinnear sibh, if ye shall or will be 
 Ma chluinnear iad, if they shall or will be 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cluinntear mi, let me be heard. 
 
 Cluinntear thu, be thou heard. 
 
 Cluinntear e, let him be heard. 
 
 Cluinntear sinn, let us be heard. 
 
 Cluinntear sibh, be ye heard. 
 
 Cluinntear iad, let them be heard. 
 
 Thig, Neo Thalla, come. 
 
 Actite Voice. — Affirmative or Indica- 
 tive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Thainig mi, I came or did come. 
 
 Thainig thu, thou earnest or did come. 
 Thainig e, he came or did come. 
 
 Thainig sinn, we came or did come. 
 Thainig sibh, ye came or did come. 
 Thainig iad, they came or did come. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Thig mi, I shall or will come. 
 
 Thig thu, thou shalt or wilt come. 
 
 Thig e, he shall or will come. 
 
 Thig sinn, ive shall or will come. 
 
 Thig sibh, ye shall or will come. 
 
 Thig iad, they shall or will come. 
 
 Interrogative or Negative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An d’ thainig mi, did I cornel 
 An d’ thainig thu, didst thou come ? 
 
 An d’ thainig e, did he come l 
 An d’ thainig sinn, did we come ? 
 
 An d’ thainig sibh, did ye come ? 
 
 An d’ thainig iad, did they come ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach d’ thainig mi, did I not cornel 
 Nach d’ thainig thu, didst thou not com 
 Nach d’ thainig e, did he not come l 
 Nach d’ thainig sinn, did we not come ? 
 
 Nach d’ thainig .sibh, did ye not come ? 
 
 Nach d’ thainig iad, did they not come l 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha d’ thainig mi, I came not or did not 
 come. 
 
 Cha d’ thainig thu, thou earnest not or 
 Cha d’ thainig e, he came not or did not 
 Cha d’ thainig sinn, we came not or did n<d 
 Cha d’ thainig sibh, ye came not or did not 
 Cha d’ thainig iad, they came riot or did 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An d’ thig mi, shall or will I come l 
 An d’ thig thu, shalt or wilt thou come ? 
 
 An d’ thig e, shall or will he come ? 
 
 An d’ thig sinn, shall or will we come ? 
 
 An d’ thig sibh, shall or will ye come ? 
 
 An d’ thig iad, shall or will they come ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach d’ thig mi, shall or will I not come ? 
 Nach d’ thig thu, shalt or wilt thou not 
 Nach d’ thig e, shall or will he not come ? 
 Nach d’ thig sinn, shall or will we not come 3 
 Nach d’ thig sibh, shall ox will ye not come ? 
 Nach d’ thig iad, shall or will they not 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha d’ thig mi, I shall or will not come. 
 
 Cha d’ thig thu, thou shalt or wilt not come. 
 Cha d’ thig e, he shall or will not come. 
 
 Cha d’ thig sinn, tve shall or will not come. 
 Cha d’ thig sibh, ye shall or will not c ■ me. 
 Cha d’ thig iad, they shall or will not come. 
 
xl 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Thiginn, I would come. 
 
 Thigeadh tu, thou wouldst come. 
 
 Thigeadh e, he would come. 
 
 Thigeamaid, we would come. 
 
 Thigeadh sibh, ye would come. 
 
 Thigeadh iad, they would come. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nan d’ thiginn, if I had or would come. 
 Nan d’ thigeadh thu, i f thou hadst or 
 Nan d’ thigeadh e, if he had or would come. 
 Nan d’ thigeamaid, if we had or would come 
 Nan d’ thigeadh sibh, if ye had or would 
 Nan d’ thigeadh iad, if they had or would 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma thig mi, if I shall or will come. 
 
 Ma thig thu, if thou shalt or wilt come. 
 
 Ma thig e, if he shall or will come. 
 
 Ma thig sinn, if we shall or will come. 
 
 Ma thig sibh, if ye shall or will come. 
 
 Ma thig iad, if they shall or will come. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Mar d’ thiginn, if I had or would not come. 
 Mar d’ thigeadh thu, if thou hadst or 
 Mar d’ thigeadh e, if he had or would not 
 Mar d’ thigeamaid, or Mar d’ thigeadh sinn, 
 if we had or would not come. 
 
 Mar d’ thigeadh sibh, if ye had or would not 
 Mar d’ thigeadh iad, if they had or would 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Thigeam, neo thallam, let me come. 
 
 Thig, neo thalla, come thou. 
 
 Thigeadh, neo thalladh e, let him come. 
 Thigeamaid, neo thallamaid, let us come. 
 Thigibh, neo thallaibh, come ye. 
 
 Thigeadh, neo thalladh iad, let them. come. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 A thighinn, A theachd, to come; 
 
 Participle. 
 
 A* tighinn, A teachd, coming. 
 
 Beir, bear , bring forth. 
 
 Active Voice. — Affirmative or Indica- 
 tive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Rug mi, I bore. 
 
 Rug thu, thou borest. 
 
 Rug i, she bore. 
 
 Rug sinn, we bore. 
 
 Rug sibh, ye bore. 
 
 Rug iad, they bore. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Beiridh mi, I shall or will bear 
 Beiridh thu, thou shalt or wilt bear. 
 Beiridh si, she shall or will bear. 
 
 Beiridh sinn, we shall or will bear. 
 
 Beiridh sibh, ye shall or will bear. 
 
 Beiridh iad, they shall or will bear. 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Moon 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An do rug mi, did I bear ? 
 
 An do rug thu, didst thou bear ? 
 
 An do rug i, did she bear ? 
 
 An do rug sinn, did we bear ? 
 
 An do rug sibh, did ye bear ? 
 
 An do rug iad, did they bear ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha do rug mi, I bore not or did not bea 
 Cha do rug thu, thou borest not or didst 
 Cha do rug i, she bore not or did not bear 
 Cha do rug sinn, we bore not or did not 
 Cha do rug sibh, ye bore not or did not 
 Cha do rug iad, they bore not or did not 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach do rug mi, did I not bear ? 
 
 Nach do rug thu, didst thou not bear ? 
 Nach do rug i, did she not bear ? 
 
 Nach do rug sinn, did we not bear ? 
 
 Nach do rug sibh, did'ye not bear ? 
 
 Nach do rug iad, did they not bear ? 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Am beir mi, shall or will I bear ? 
 
 Am beir thu, shalt or wilt thou heart 
 Am beir i, shall or will she bear? 
 
 Am beir sinn, shall or will we bear ? 
 
 Am beir sibh, shall or will ye bear ? 
 
 Am beir iad, shall or will they bear ?’ 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha bheir mi, I shall or will not bear. 
 
 Cha bheir thu, thou shalt or wilt not beai . 
 Cha bheir i, she shall or will not bear. 
 
 Cha bheir sinn, we shall or will not bear. 
 Cha bheir sibh, ye shall or will not bear. 
 Cha bheir iad, they shall or will not bear. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach beir mi, shall or will I not bear ? 
 Nach beir thu, shalt or will thou not bear ? 
 Nach beir i, shall or will she not bear ? 
 Nach beir sinn, shall or tvill we not bear ? 
 Nach beir sibh, shall or will ye not bear ? 
 Nach beir iad, shall or will they not bear ? 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Bheirinn, I could or would bear. 
 
 Beireadh tu, thou couldst or wou’dst bear. 
 Bheireadh i, she would or cou’d bear . 
 Bheireamaid, we could or Would bear. 
 Bheireadh sibh, ye could or Would bear. 
 Bheireadh iad, they could or Would bear. 
 
 FUTUttE. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma bheireas mi, if I shall or will bear. 
 
 Ma bheireas tu, if thou shalt or wilt bear. 
 Ma bheireas i, if she shall or will bear. 
 
 Ma bheireas sinn, if we shall or will bear. 
 Ma bheireas sibh, if ye shall or will bear. 
 Ma bheireas iad, if they shall or will bear. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 •■Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Beiream, let me bear. 
 
 Beir, bear thou. 
 
 Beireadh i, lei her bear. 
 
 Beireamaid, let us bear. 
 
 Beiribh, bear ye. 
 
 Beireadh iad, let them bear. 
 
 Infinitite Mood. 
 
 A bheirsinn, A bhreith, to bear. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 A bheirsinn, A breith, bearing. 
 
 Passive Voice. — Affirmative or Indi- 
 cative Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Rugath mi, I was born. 
 
 Rugadh tu, thou wast born. 
 
 Rugadh e, he was born. 
 
 Rugadh sinn, we were born. 
 
 Rugadh sibh, ye were born. 
 
 Rugadh iad, they were born. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Beirear mi, I shall be born. 
 
 Beirear thu, thou shalt be born. 
 
 Beirear e, he shall be born. 
 
 Beirear sinn, we shall be bom. 
 
 Beirear sibh, ye shall be born. 
 
 Beirear iad, they shall be born. 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 An do rugadh mi, was I born ? 
 
 An do rugadh thu, wert thou born ? 
 
 An do rugadh e, was he boni ? 
 
 X ll 
 
 Plural* 
 
 An do rugadh sinn, were we born ? 
 
 An do rugadh sibh, were ye born ? 
 
 An do rugadh iad, were they born ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha do rugadh mi, I Was not born 
 Cha do rugadh thu, thou Wert not born. 
 
 Cha do rugadh e, he was not born. 
 
 Cha do rugadh sinn, we were not born . 
 
 Cha do rugadh sibh, ye were not born. 
 
 Cha do rugadh iad, they were not born . 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Am beirear mi, shall I'be born ? 
 
 Am beirear thu, shalt thou be born l 
 Am beirear e, shall he be bom ? 
 
 Am beirear sinn, shall we be born ? 
 
 Am beirear sibh, shall ye be born? 
 
 Am beirear iad, shall they be born ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha bheirear mi, I shall not be born. 
 
 Cha bheirear thu, thou shaft not be bom. 
 Cha bheirear e, he shall not be born. 
 
 Cha bheirear sinn, we shall not be born. 
 j Cha bheirear sibh, ye shall not be bor n. 
 
 Cha bheirear iad, they shall not be bom. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Bheirteadh mi, J could or would be born. 
 Bheirteadh thu, thou couldst or vwuldst be 
 Bheirteadh e, he could or would be born. 
 Bheirteadh sinn, we could or would be born , 
 Bheirteadh sibh, ye could or would be born. 
 Bheirteadh iad, they could or would be bom. 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nam beirteadh mi, if I could or would be 
 born. 
 
 Nam beirteadh thu, i f thou couldst or 
 Nam beirteadh e, if he could or would be 
 Nam beirteadh sinn, if we could or would 
 Nam beirteadh sibh, if ye coidd or would 
 Nam beirteadh iad, if they could or would 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur , 
 
 Ma bheirtear mi, if I shall be born. 
 
 Ma bheirtear thu, if thou shalt be born. 
 
 Ma bheirtear e, if he shall be born. 
 
 Ma bheirtear sinn, if we shall be born. 
 
 Ma bheirtear sibh, if ye shall be born. 
 
 Ma bheirtear iad, if they shall be born. 
 
 Imperative Moon. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Beirthear, Beirtear mi, let me be born. 
 Beirthear, Beirtear thu, be thou bom 
 Beirthear, Beirtear e, let him be born. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 xlii 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Beirthear, Beirtear sinn, let us be born. 
 Beirthear, Beirtear sibh, be ye born. 
 Beirthear, Beirtear iad, let them be born. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Air breith, born. 
 
 Rach or Theirig, go. 
 
 Active Voice.— Affirmative or Indica- 
 tive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Chaidh mi, I went or did go. 
 
 Chaidh thu, thou wentest or didst go. 
 Chaidh e, he went or did go. 
 
 Chaidh sinn, we went or did go. 
 
 Chaidh sibh, ye went or did go. 
 
 Chaidh iad, they went or did go. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Th4id mi, I shall go. 
 
 Th6id thu, thou shalt go. 
 
 Theid e, he shall go. 
 
 Th&d sinn, we shall go. 
 
 Th&d sibh, ye shall go. 
 
 Theid iad, they shall go. 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An deachaidh mi, did I go? 
 
 An deachaidh thu, didst thou go ? 
 
 An deachaidh e, did he go ? 
 
 An deachaidh sinn, did we go? 
 
 An deachaidh sibh, did ye go? 
 
 An deachaidh iad, did they go ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach deachaidh mi, did I not go ? 
 
 Nach deachaidh thu, didst thou not go i 
 Nach deachaidh e, did he not go ? 
 
 Nach deachaidh sinn, did we not go ? 
 
 Nach deachaidh sibh, did ye not go ? 
 
 Nach deachaidh iad, did they not go? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha deachaidh mi, I did not go. 
 
 Cha deachaidh thu, thou didst not go. 
 
 Cha deachaidh e, he did not go. 
 
 Cha deachaidh sinn, we did not go. 
 
 Cha deachaidh sibh, ye did not go. 
 
 Cha deachaidh iad, they did not go. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An d’ th&d mi, shall or will I go? 
 
 An d’ thdid thu, shalt or wilt thou go ? 
 
 An d’ theid e, shall or will he go ? 
 
 An d’ th£id sinn, shall or will we go ? 
 
 An d’ th&d sibh, shall or will ye go ? 
 
 An d’ th&d iad, shall or will they go ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach d’ th£id mi, shall or will 1 not go ? 
 Nach d’ theid thu, shalt or wilt thou not 
 Nach d’ theid e, shall or will he not go? 
 Nach d* th6id sinn, shall or will we not go f 
 Nach d’ th&d sibh, shall or will ye not go ? 
 Nach d’ thdid iad, shall or will they not go * 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha d’ th&d mi, I shall or will not go. 
 
 Cha d’ th&d thu, thou shalt or wilt not go. 
 Cha d* th£id e, he shall or will not go. 
 
 Cha d’ th&d sinn, we shall or will not go. 
 Cha d’ th&d sibh, ye shall or will not go. 
 Cha d* th6id iad, they shall or will not go. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Rachainn, I would or could go. 
 
 Rachadh thu, thou wouldst or couldst go. 
 Rachadh e, he would or could go. 
 Rachamaid, we would or could go. 
 
 Rachadh sibh, ye would or could go. 
 Rachadh iad, they would or could go. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma th&d mi, if I shall or will go. 
 
 Ma th&d thu, if thou shalt or wilt go. 
 
 Ma theid e, if he shall or will go. 
 
 Ma theid sinn, if we shall or will go. 
 
 Ma th6id sibh, if ye shall or will go. 
 
 Ma theid iad, if they shall or will go. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Racham, neo their igeam-sa, let me go. 
 Rach, neo theirig thusa, go thou. , v 
 Rachadh, neo theirigeadh e, let him^o. 
 Rachamaid, neo theirigeamaid, let us go. 
 Rachaibh, neo theirigibh, go ye. 
 
 Rachadh, neo theirigeadh iad, let them go 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 A’ dhol, to go. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 A’ dol, going. 
 
 Ruio, or Rioghaig, reach or arrive at. 
 Active Voice. 
 
 Affirmative or Indicative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Rainig mi, I reached. 
 
 Rainig thu, thou reachedst. 
 
 Rainig e, he reached. 
 
 Rainig sinn, we reached. 
 
 Rainig sibh, ye reached. 
 
 Rainig iad, they reached 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 xliii 
 
 * UTURE. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ruigidh mi, I shall or will reach. 
 
 Ruigidh thu, thou shalt or wilt reach. 
 Ruigidh e, he shall or will reach. 
 
 Ruigidh sinn, we shall or will reach . 
 Ruigidh sibh, ye shall or tv ill reach. 
 Ruigidh iad, they shall or will reach . 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An do rainig mi, did 1 reach ? 
 
 An do rainig thu, didst thou reach ? 
 
 An do rainig e, did he reach ? 
 
 An do rainig sinn, did we reach ? 
 
 An do rainig sibh, did ye reach ? 
 
 An do rainig iad, did they reach ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach do rainig mi, did I not reach ? 
 
 Nach do rainig thu, didst thou not reach ? 
 Nach do rainig e, did he not reach ? 
 
 Nach do rainig sinn, did we not reach ? 
 Nach do rainig sibh, did ye not reach ? 
 Nach do rainig iad, did they not reach ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha do rainig mi, I reached not or did not 
 reach. 
 
 Cha do rainig thu, thou reachedst not or 
 Cha do rainig e, he reached not or did not 
 Cha do rainig sinn, we reached not or did 
 Cha do rainig sibh, ye reached not or did 
 Cha do rainig iad, they reached not or a id 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An ruig mi, shall I reach ? 
 
 An ruig thu, shalt thou reach ? 
 
 An ruig e, shall he reach ? 
 
 An ruig sinn, shall we reach ? 
 
 An ruig sibh, shall ye reach ? 
 
 An ruig iad, shall they reach ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach ruig mi, shall I not reach ? 
 
 Nach ruig thu, shalt thou not reach ? 
 
 Nach ruig e, shall he not reach ? 
 
 Nach ruig sinn, shall we not reach ? 
 
 Nach ruig sibh, shall ue not reach l 
 Nach ruig iad, shall they not reach ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha ruig mi, I shall or will not reac . 
 
 Cha ruig thu, thou shalt or wilt not reach. 
 Cha ruig e, he shall or wil not reach. 
 
 Cha ruig sinn, we s' it ll or will not reach. 
 Cha ruig sibh, ye shall or will not reach. 
 Cha ruig iad, they shall or will not reach. 
 
 Subjunctive Moon. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ruiginn, I would reach. 
 
 Ruigeadh tu, thou wouldst reach . 
 Ruigeadh e, he would reach. 
 
 Ruigeamaid, we would reach. 
 
 Ruigibh, ye would reach. 
 
 Ruigeadh iad, they would reach. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma ruigeas mi, if I shall or will reach. 
 
 Ma ruigeas tu, if thou shalt or wilt reach. 
 Ma ruigeas e, if he shall or will reach. 
 
 Ma ruigeas sinn, if we shall or will reach. 
 Ma ruigeas sibh, if ye shall or will reach. 
 Ma ruigeas iad, if they shall or will teach. 
 
 Imperative Moon. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Rulgeam, let me reach. 
 
 Ruig, reach thou. 
 
 Ruigeadh e, let him reach . 
 
 Ruigeamaid, let us reach. 
 
 Ruigibh, reach ye. 
 
 Ruigeadh iad, let them reach. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 A ruigsinn, A ruigheachd, to reach. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 A ruigsinn. A’ rioghachd, reaching . 
 
 Thoir or Thobhair,* give. 
 Affirmative or Indicative Moon. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Thug mi, I gave or did give. 
 
 Thug thu, thou gavest or didst give. 
 Thug e, he gave or did give. 
 
 Thug sinn, we gave or did give. 
 
 Thug sibh, ye gave or did give. 
 
 Thug iad, they gave or did give. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Bheir mi, I shall or will give . 
 
 Bheir thu, thou shalt or wilt give. 
 
 Bheir e, he shall or will give. 
 
 Bheir sinn, we shall or will give. 
 
 Bheir sibh, ye shall or will give. 
 
 Bheir iad, they shall or will give. 0 
 
 * Thobhair is also written tobhair 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 xliv 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An d’ thug mi, did I give ? 
 
 An d’ thug thu, didst thou give ? 
 
 An d’thug e, did he give ? 
 
 An d’ thug sinn, did wegivel 
 An d’ thug sibh, did ye give ? 
 
 An d’ thug iad, did they give ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur . 
 
 Nach d’ thug mi, did I not give ? 
 
 Nach d’ thug thu, didst thou not give ? 
 Nach d’ thug e, did he not give ? 
 
 Nach d’ thug sinn, did we not give ? 
 
 Nach d’ thug sibh, did ye not give ? 
 
 Nach d’ thug iad, did they not give ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach d’ thug mi, did I not give ? 
 
 Nach d’ thug thu, didst thou not give? 
 Nach d’ thug e, did he not give ? 
 
 Nach d’ thug sinn, did we not give ? 
 
 Nach d’ thug sibh, did ye not give? 
 
 Nach d’ thug iad, did they not give? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha d’ thug mi, I did not give. 
 
 Cha d’ thug thu, thou didst not give. 
 
 Cha d’ thug e, he did not give. 
 
 Cha d’ thug sinn, we did not give. 
 
 Cha d’ thug sibh, ye did not give. 
 
 Cha d’ thug iad, they did not give. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Bheir mi, I shall or will give. 
 
 Bheir thu, thou shalt or wilt give. 
 
 Bheir e, he shall or will give. 
 
 Bheir sinn, we shall or will give. 
 
 Bheir sibh, ye shall or will give. 
 
 Bheir iad, they shall or will give. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An d’ thoir mi, shall or will I give. 
 
 An d’ thoir thu, shalt or wilt thou give ? 
 
 An d’ thoir e, shall or will he give l 
 An d’ thoir sinn, shall or will we give ? 
 
 An d’ thoir sibh, shall or will ye give ? 
 
 An d’ thoir iad, shall or will they give ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach d’ thoir mi, shall or will I not give ? 
 Nach d’ thoir thu, shalt or wilt thou not 
 Nach d’ thoir e, shall or will he not give ? 
 Nach d’ thoir sinn, shall or will we not give ? 
 Nach d* thoir sibh, shall or will ye not give ? 
 Nach d’ thoir iad, shall or will they not give ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha d’ thoir mi, I shall or will not give. 
 Cha d’ thoir thu, thou shalt or wilt not 
 Cha d’ thoir e, he shall or will not give. 
 
 Cha d’ thoir sinn, we shall or will not give . 
 Cha d’ thoir sibh, ye shall or will not give. 
 Cha d’ thoir iad, they shall or will not give. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Bheirinn, I could or would give. 
 
 Bheireadh tu, thou couldst or wouldst gttx. 
 Bheireadh e, he could or Would give. 
 Bheireamaid, we could or would give. 
 Bheireadh sibh, ye could or would give. 
 Bheireadh iad, they could or Would give . 
 
 Sing, arid Plur. 
 
 Cha d’ thugainn, I would not give. 
 
 Cha d’ thugadh tu, thou wouldst not give. 
 Cha d’ thugadh e, he would not give. 
 
 Cha d* thugamaid, we would, not give. 
 
 Cha d’ thugadh sibh, ye would not give. 
 Cha d’ thugadh iad, they would not give. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Chad’ thoirinn, I would not give. 
 
 Cha d* thoireadh tu, thou wouldst not give. 
 Cha d' thoireadh e, he would not give. 
 
 Cha d’ thoireamaid, we would not give. 
 
 Cha d’ thoireadh sibh, ye would not give. 
 Cha d’ thoireadh iad, they would not give. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma bheir mi, if I shall or will give. 
 
 Ma bheir thu, if thou shalt or wilt give, 
 
 Ma bheir e, if he shall or will give. 
 
 Ma bheir sinn, if we shall or will give. 
 
 Ma bheir sibh, if ye shall or will give. 
 
 Ma bheir iad, if they shall or will give. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Thoiream, thugam, let me give. 
 i hoir, thug, give thou. 
 
 Thoireadh e, thugadh e, let him give. 
 
 I hoireamaid, thugamaid, let us give. 
 Thoiribh, thugaibh, give ye. 
 ihoireadh iad, thugadh iad, let them give. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 A' thoirt. A’ thobhairt, to give. 
 
 * D ’ Thug is also written Tug by some of 
 04r best writers. 
 
 Participle. 
 A’ toirt. A* tobhairt, giving. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 xlv 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 Affirmative or Indicative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing- and Plur. 
 
 Thugadh mi, I was given. 
 
 '1 hugadh thu, thou xvast given. 
 
 Thugadh e, he was given. 
 
 Thugadh sinn, we were given. 
 
 Thugadh sibh, ye were given. 
 
 Thugadh iad, they were given. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An d’ thugadh mi, was I given l 
 An d’ thugadh thu, wert thou given ? 
 
 An d’ thugadh e, was he given ? 
 
 An d’ thugadh sinn, were we given ? 
 
 An d’ thugadh sibh, were ye given? 
 
 An d’ thugadh iad, were they given ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha d’ thugadh mi, I was not given. 
 
 Cha d’ thugadh thu, thou wert not given. 
 Cha d’ thugadh e, he was not given. 
 
 Cha d’ thugadh sinn, we were not given. 
 Cha d’ thugadh sibh, ye were not given. 
 
 Cha d’ thugadh iad, they were not given. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Bheirear mi, I shall he given. 
 
 Bheirear thu, thou shalt be given. 
 
 Bheirear e, he shall be given. 
 
 Bheirear sinn, we shall be given. 
 
 Bheirear sibh, ye shall be given. 
 
 Bheirear iad, they shall be given. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An d’ thoirear mi, shall I be given ? 
 
 An d’ thoirear thu, shalt thou be given ? 
 
 An d’ thoirear e, shall he be given ? 
 
 An d’ thoirear sinn, shall we be given ? 
 
 An d* thoirear sibh, shall ye be given ? 
 
 An d’ thoirear iad, shall they be given ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha d’ thoirear mi, I shall not be given. 
 Cha d’ thoirear thu, thou shalt not be 
 Cha d’ thoirear e, he shall not be given. 
 
 Cha d’ thoirear sinn, we shall not be given. 
 Cha d’ thoirear sibh, ye shall not be given. 
 Cha d’ thoirear iad, they shall not be given . 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Bheirteadh mi, I would be given. 
 Bheirteadh thu, thou wou/dst be given. 
 Bheirteadh e, he would be given. 
 Bheirteadh sinn, we would be given. 
 Bheirteadh sibh, ye would be given. 
 Bheirteadh i d, they would be given. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha d’ thugteadh mi, I would not be given. 
 Cha d’ thugtadh thu, thou wouldst not be 
 Cha d’ thugtadh, e, he would not be given. 
 Cha d* thugtadh sinn, we would not be given. 
 Cha d’ thugtadh sibh, ye would not be given. 
 Cha d’ thugtadh iad, they would not be 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma bheirear mi, if I shall be given. 
 
 Ma bheirear thu, if thou shalt be given. 
 
 Ma bheirear e, if he shall be given. 
 
 Ma bheirear sinn, if we shall be given. 
 
 Ma bheirear sibh, if ye shall be given. 
 
 Ma bheirear iad, if they shall be given. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Thugthar mi, let me be given. 
 
 Thugthar thu, be thou given. 
 
 Thugthar e, let him be given. 
 
 Thugthar sinn, let us be given. 
 
 Thugthar sibh, be ye given. 
 
 Thugthar iad, let them be given. 
 
 Faic, see. 
 
 Active Voice. — Affirmative or Nega- 
 tive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Chunna or Chonnaic mi, I saw or did see. 
 Chunna or Chonnaic thu, thou sawest or 
 Chunna or Chonnaic e, he saiv or did see. 
 Chunna or Chonnaic sinn, we saw or did 
 Chunna or Chonnaic sibh, ye saw or did 
 Chunna or Chonnaic iad, they saw or did 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Chi mi, I shall or will see. 
 
 Chi thu, thou shalt or wilt see. 
 
 Chi e, he shall or wUl see. 
 
 Chi sinn, we shall or will see. 
 
 Chi sibh, ye shall or will see. 
 
 Chi iad, they shall or will see. 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Am fac mi, did I see ? 
 
 Am fac thu, didst thou see ? 
 
 ( Am fac e, did he see ? 
 
 Am fac sinn, did we see ? 
 
 Am fac sibh, did ye see ? 
 
 Am fac iad, did they see ? 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nach fhac mi, did I not see? 
 
 Nach fhac thu, didst thou not see 
 Nach fhac e, did he not see ? 
 
xlvi 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nach fhac sinn, did we not see? 
 Nach fhac sibh, did ye not see ? 
 Nach fhac iad, did they not see ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha *n fhac mi, I did not see. 
 
 Cha *n fhac sinn, we did not see. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Am faic mi, shall I see ? 
 
 Am faic thu, shalt thou see ? 
 
 A m faic e, shall he see ? 
 
 Am faic sinn, shall we see ? 
 
 Am faic sibh, shall ye see ? 
 
 Am faic iad, shall they see ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach fhaic mi, shall I not seel 
 Nach fhaic thu, shalt thou not see ? 
 Nach fhaic e, shall he not see l 
 Nach fhaic sinn, shall we not see? 
 Nach fhaic sibh, shall ye not sec ? 
 Nach fhaic iad, shall they not see ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha ’n fhaic mi, I shall not see. 
 
 Cha ’n fhaic sinn, we shall not see. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 Chithinn, I would see ? 
 
 Chitheadh thu, thou wouldst see? 
 Chitheadh e, he would see? 
 Chitheamaid, we would see. 
 Chitheadh sibh, ye ivould see. 
 Chitheadh iad, they would see. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma 
 
 chi 
 
 mi, 
 
 if I shall see. 
 
 Ma 
 
 chi 
 
 thu, 
 
 if thou sliult see. 
 
 Ma 
 
 chi 
 
 e, i f he shall see. 
 
 Ma 
 
 chi 
 
 sinn 
 
 , if we shall see. 
 
 Ma 
 
 chi 
 
 sibh 
 
 , {f ye shall see. 
 
 Ma 
 
 chi 
 
 iad. 
 
 if they shall see. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nam faicinn, if I would or could see. 
 
 Nam faiceadh thu, if thou ivouldst or couldst 
 Nam faiceadh e, if he would or could see. 
 Nam faiceamaid, or faiceadh sinn, if we 
 would or could see. 
 
 Nam faiceadh sibh, if ye would or could see. 
 Nam faiceadh iad, if they would or could 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Pb 
 Faiceam, let ire see. 
 
 Faic, see thou. 
 
 Faiceadh e, let him see . 
 
 Faiceamaid, let us see. 
 
 Faicibh, see ye. 
 
 Faiceadh iad, let them see. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 V dh* fhaicinn, Dh’ fhaicsinn, to see. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 A’ faicinn. A’ faicsinn, seeing. 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 Affirmative or Indicative Moor. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 Chonnacadh mi, I was seen- 
 Chonnacadh thu, thou i vert seen. 
 Chonnacadh e, he was seen. 
 
 Chonnacadh sinn, we were seen. 
 Chonnacadh sibh, ye were seen. 
 Chonnacadh iad, they were seen. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Chithear mi, I shall be seen. 
 
 Chithear thu, thou shalt be seen . 
 Chithear e, he shall be seen. 
 
 Chithear sinn, we shall be seen. 
 
 Chithear sibh, ye shall be seen. 
 
 Chithear iad, they shall be seen. 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Am facadh mi, teas 1 seen ? 
 
 Am facadh thu, wert thou seen ? 
 
 Am facadh e, was he seen ? 
 
 Am facadh sinn, were we seen ? 
 
 Am facadh sibh, were ye seen ? 
 
 Am facadh iad, were they seen ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach facadh mi, was I not seen? 
 
 Nach facadh sinn, were ive not seen ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha ’n fhacadh mi, I was not seen. 
 
 Cha ’n fhacadh sinn, we were not seen. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Am faicear mi, shall 1 e seen ? 
 
 Am faicear thu, shalt thou he seen ? 
 
 Am faicear e, shall he be seen 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 xlvii 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Am faicear sinn, shall we be seen ? 
 
 Am faicear sibh, shall ye be seen ? 
 
 Am faicear iad, shall they be seen ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach fhaicear mi, shall I not be seen ? 
 
 Nach fhaicear sinn, shall we not be seen ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha ’n fhaicear mi, / shall ?iot be seen. 
 
 Cha ’n fhaicear sinn, we shall not be seen. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Chiteadh mi, I would seen. 
 
 Chiteadh thu, thou wouldst be seen. 
 Chiteadh e, he would be seen. 
 
 Chiteadh sinn, we would be seen. 
 
 Chiteadh sibh, ye would be seen. 
 
 Chiteadh iad, they would be seen. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nam faicleadh mi, if I would be seen. 
 
 Nam faicteadh thu, if thou wouldst be seen. 
 Nam faicteadh e, if he would be seen. 
 
 Nam faicteadh sinn, if tee would be seen. 
 Nam faicteadh sibh, if ye would be seen. 
 Nam faicteadh iad, if they would be seen. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma chithear mi, if I shall be seen. 
 
 Ma chithear thu, if thou shalt be seen 
 Ma chithear e, if he shall be seen. 
 
 Ma chithear sinn, i f we shall be seen. 
 
 Ma chithear sibh, if ye shall be seen. 
 
 Ma chithear iad, if they shall be seen. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Faicthear, faicear e, let it be seen. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 Dh’ f haicinn, dh’ f haicsinn, to see. 
 
 Faigh, get. 
 
 Active Voice.— Affirmative or Indica- 
 tive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Fhuair mi, I got or did get. 
 
 Fhuair sinn, we got or did get. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Gheibh mi, I shall or will get. 
 
 Gheibh sinn, we shall or will get. 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An d’ f huair mi, did I get ? 
 
 An d’ fhuair sinn, did we get ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach d’ fhuair mi, did I not get ? 
 
 Nach d’ fhuair sinn, did we not get l 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha d’ fhuair mi, I did not get. 
 
 Cha d’ fhuair sinn, we did not get. 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Am faigh mi, shall I get ? 
 
 Am faigh sinn, shall we get ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach faigh mi, shall I not get ? 
 
 Nach faigh sinn, shall we not get? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha ’n f haigh mi, I shall not get. 
 
 Cha ’n f haigh sinn, we shall not get. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Gheibhinn, I would or could get. 
 Gheibheadh tu, thou wo/uldst or couldst get. 
 Gheibheadh e, he would or could get. 
 Gheibheamaid, or gheibheadh sinn, we 
 would or could get. 
 
 Gheibheadh sibh, ye would or could get. 
 Gheibheadh iad, they would or could get.. 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nam faighinn, if I would or could get. 
 
 Nam faigheadh tu, if thou wouldst ox couldst 
 Nam faigheadh e, if he would or could get. 
 Nam faighearnaid, or nam faigheah sinn, 
 if we would or could get. 
 
 Nam faigheadh sibh, if ye would or could 
 Nam faigheadh iad, if they would or could 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma gheibh mi, if I shall get. 
 
 Ma gheibh thu, if thou shalt get. 
 
 Ma gheibh e, if he shall get. 
 
 Ma gheibh sinn, if we shall get. 
 
 Ma gheibh sibh, if ye shall get. 
 
 Ma gheibh iad, if they shall get. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Faigh earn, let me get. 
 
 Faigh, get thou or do thou get. 
 
 Faigheadh e, let him get. 
 
 Faighearnaid, let us get. 
 
 Faighibh, get ye or do you iret. 
 
 Faigheadh iad, let them get. 
 
xlviii 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 A dll’ fhaotuinn. A’ dh’ fhaghail, to get. 
 Participle. 
 
 A* faotainn, A’ faghail, getting. 
 
 Passive Voice. — Affirmative or Indica- 
 tive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Fhuaradh mi, I xvas found. 
 
 Fhuaradh thu, thou ivert found. 
 
 Fhuaradh e, he was found. 
 
 Fhuaradh sinn, we were found. 
 
 Fhuaradh sibh, ye were found. 
 
 Fhuaradh iad they were found. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Gheibhear mi, I shall be got. 
 
 Gheibhear thu, thou shall be got. 
 Gheibhear e, he shall be got. 
 
 Gheibhear sinn, we shall be got. 
 
 Gheibhear sibh, ye shall- be got. 
 
 Gheibhear iad, they shall be got. 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An d* fhuaradh mi, was I found ? 
 
 An d’ fhuaradh thu, wert thou found ? 
 
 An d’ fhuaradh e, was he found ? 
 
 An d* fhuaradh sinn, were we found ? 
 
 An d’ fhuaradh sibh, were ye found? 
 
 An d’ fhuaradh iad, were they found ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach d’ fhuaradh mi, was I not got ? 
 
 Nach d’ fhuaradh sinn, were we not gut l 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Am faighear mi, shall I be got ? 
 
 Am faighear thu, slialt thou be got ? 
 
 Am faighear e, shall he be got ? 
 
 Am faighear sinn, shall we begot ? 
 
 Am faighear sibh, shall ye- be got ? 
 
 Am faighear iad, shall they be got? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach faighear mi, shall I not be got ? 
 
 Nach faighear sinn, shall we not be got? 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Gheibhteadh mi, I would be got. 
 Gheibhteadh thu, thou wouldst begot. 
 Gheibhteadh e, he woxdd be got. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Gheibhteadh sinn, we would be got. 
 Gheibhteadh sibh, ye would be got. 
 Gheibhteadh iad, they would begot. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nam faighteadh mi, if I would be got. 
 Nam faighteadh sinn, if we woxdd be got 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Ma gheibhear mi, if I shall be got. 
 
 Ma gheibhear thu, if thou slialt be got. 
 Ma gheibhear e, if he shall be got. 
 
 Ma gheibhear sinn, if we shall be got. 
 
 Ma gheibhear sibh, if ye shall be got. 
 
 Ma gheibhear iad, if they shall be got. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Faightear, faighear e, let it be got. 
 
 A bair, say. 
 
 Active Voice. — Affirmative or Indi- 
 cative Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Thubhairt mi, I said or did say. 
 Thubhairt thu, thou saidst or didst say . 
 Thubhairt e, he said or did say. 
 Thubhairt sinn, we said or did say. 
 Thubhairt sibh, ye said or did say. 
 Thubhairt iad, they said or did say. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Their mi, I shall or will say. 
 
 Their thu, thou shalt or wilt say. 
 
 Their e, he shall or will say. 
 
 Their sinn, we shall or will say. 
 
 Their sibh, ye shall or will say. 
 
 Their iad, they shall or will say. 
 
 Negative or Interrogative Moorx 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An dubhairt or d’ thuirt mi, did I say ? 
 An dubhairt thu, didst thou say ? 
 
 An dubhairt e, did he say ? 
 
 An dubhairt sinn, did we say? 
 
 An dubhairt sibh, did ye say ? 
 
 An dubhairt iad, did they say ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach dubhairt mi, did I not say ? 
 
 Nach dubhairt thu, didst thou not say ? 
 Nach dubhairt e, did he not say ? 
 
 Nach dubhairt sinn, did we not say ? 
 Nach dubhairt sibh, did ye not say ? 
 Nach dubhairt iad, did they not say 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 xlix 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha dubhairt mi, I said not or did not say. 
 Cha dubhairt thu, thou saidst not or didst 
 Cha dubhairt e, he said not or did not say. 
 Cha dubhairt sinn, we said not or did not 
 Cha dubhairt sibh, ye said not or did not 
 Cha dubhairt iad, they said not or did not 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An abair mi, shall or will I say ? 
 
 An abair thu, slialt or wilt thou say ? 
 
 An abair e, shall or will he say ? 
 
 An abair sinn, shall or will we say ? 
 
 An abair sibh, shall or will ye say ? 
 
 An abair iad, shall or will they say ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach abair mi, shall or will I not say ? 
 Nach abair thu, slialt or wilt thou not say ? 
 Nach abair e, shall or will he not say ? 
 
 Nach abair sinn, shall or will we not say ? 
 Nach abair sibh, shall or will ye not say • 
 Nach abair iad, shall or will they not say l 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha ’n abair mi, I shall or will not say. 
 
 Cha ’n abair thu, thou shall or wilt not say. 
 Cha ’n abair e, he shall or will not say. 
 
 Cha ’n abair sinn, we shall or will not say. 
 Cha ’n abair sibh, ye shall or will not say. 
 Cha ’n abair iad, they shall or will not say. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Theirinn, I would say. 
 
 Theireadh tu, thou wouldst say. 
 
 Theireadh e, he would say. 
 
 Theireamaid, we would say. 
 
 Theireadh sibh, ye would say. 
 
 Theireadh iad, they would say. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nach abairinn, abrainn, would I not say ? 
 Nach abaireadh, abradh tu, tvoxddst thou 
 Nach abaireadh, abradh e, would he not 
 
 Nach abaireamaid, abramaid, would we not 
 Nach abaireadh, abradh sibh, would ye not 
 Nach abaireadh, abradh iad, would they not 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Nan abairinn, abrainn, if I would say. 
 
 Nan abaireadh, abradh tu, if thou wouldst 
 Nan abaireadh, abradh e, if he would 
 Nan abaireamaid, abramaid, if we would say 
 Nan abaireadh, abradh sibh, if ye would say 
 Nan abaireadh, abradh iad, if they would say 
 
 Future 
 Sing, and Pint , 
 
 Ma their mi, if 1 shall or will say. 
 
 Ma their tu, if thou sha.lt or wilt say. 
 
 Ma their e, if he shall or will say. 
 
 Ma their sinn, if we shall or will say. 
 
 Ma their sibh, if ye shall or will say. 
 
 Ma their iad, if they shall or will say. 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Abaiream, abram, let me say. 
 
 Abair, say thou. 
 
 Abaireadh, abradh e, let him say. 
 Abaireamaid, abramaid, let us say. 
 Abairibh, abraibh, say ye. 
 
 Abaireadh, abradh iad, let them say. 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 A radh or a ghrkdh, to say. 
 Participle. 
 
 Ag radh or a’ gr&dh, saying. 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 Affirmative or Indicative Moc d 
 Past. 
 
 Thuirteadh e, it was said. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Theirear e, it shall be said. 
 Negative or Interrogative Mood. 
 Past. 
 
 An d’ thuirteadh e, urns it said ? 
 
 Nach d’ thuirteadh e, was it not said ? 
 
 Cha d’ thuirteadh e, it was not said. 
 Future. 
 
 An abairear, abrar e, shall it be said ? 
 
 Nach abairear, abrar e, shall it not be said ? 
 Cha ’n abairear, abrar, e, it shall not be said 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Theirteadh e, it would be said. 
 
 Nan abairteadh e, if it would be said. 
 Future. 
 
 Ma theirear e, if it shall be said. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Abairear, abrar e, let it be said. 
 Defective Verbs. 
 
 Defective Verbs are, orsa (orsus Latin and 
 arsa is a cousin to aigeach) diugainn, come 
 along', theabh , had almost • faodaidh,/ may ; 
 imridh, feum, feumaidh, is fheudar, to be 
 obliged, must, it behoves, are rather imper- 
 sonal verbs. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Orsa mise, said I. 
 
 Orsa thusa, saidst thou. 
 
 Orsa esan, said he. 
 
 Orsa sinn-ne, said we. 
 
 Orsa sibhse, said you. 
 
 Orsa iadsan, said they. 
 
 0 
 
1 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Faodaidh mi, I may. 
 
 Faodaidh tbu, you may . 
 
 Faodaidh e, he may. 
 
 Faodaidh sinn, we may. 
 
 Faodaidh sibh, you may. 
 
 Faodaidh iad, they may. 
 
 Interrogative Mood. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Am faod mi, may I ? 
 
 Am faod thu, mayest thou ? 
 
 Am faod e, may he? 
 
 Am faod sinn, may wet 
 Am faod sibh, may ye ? 
 
 Am faod iad, may they ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha ’n fhaod mi, I may not. 
 
 Cha ’n fhaod thu, thou mayst not. 
 
 Cha ’n fhaod e, he may not. 
 
 Cha ’n fhaod sinn, we may not. 
 
 Cha ’n fhaod sibh, ye may not. 
 
 Cha ’n fhaod iad, they may not. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Am feum mi, iomair mi, must I ? 
 
 Am feum thu, or am iomair thu, are you 
 obliged , must thou ? 
 
 Am feum e, or am iomair e, must he ? 
 
 Am feum sinn, or am iomair sinn, trust we ? 
 Am feum sibh, or am iomair sibh, must you 
 Am feum iad, or am iomair iad, must they ? 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Dh’ fhaodainn, dh’ fheumainn, dh’ imrinn, 
 folbh, I might, could, fyc. or I was obliged 
 to go, or to have gone, or it behoved me 
 to go, or to have gone. 
 
 Ma dh’ fheumas mi, neo ma dh’ imreas mi 
 folbh, if I be obliged, or if it behoves me 
 to go. 
 
 Theab tuiteam, had almost f align. 
 Indicative. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Theab mi tuiteam, I had almost fallen. 
 Theab thu teateam,//i<m hadst almost fallen 
 Theab e,i tuiteam, he or she had almost fallen 
 Theab sinn tuiteam, we had almost fallen. 
 Theab sibh tuiteam, ye had almost fallen. 
 Theab iad tuiteam, they had almost fallen. 
 Interrogative and Negative Mood. 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 An do theab mi 61, had I almost drunk ? 
 An do theab thu 61, hadst thou almost drunk? 
 An do theab e, 61, had he almost drunk ? 
 
 An do theab sinn 61, had we almost drunk ? 
 An do theab sibh 61, had ye almost drunk? 
 Ail do theab iad 61, had they almost drunk ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 Cha do theab mi 61, 1 had not almost drunk. 
 Cha do theab thu 61, thou hadst not almost 
 Cha do theab e 61, he had not almost drunk. 
 Cha do theab sinn 61, we had not almost 
 Cha do theab sibh 61, ye had not almost 
 Cha do theab iad 61, they had not almost 
 
 Nach do theab mi’ 6\,had or did I not almost 
 drink. 
 
 Nach do theab sinn 61, had we not almost 
 Mar an do theab sibh 61, ye had not almost 
 Ma do theab mi 61, if I had not almost 
 Ma theab sinn 6), if we had not almost 
 Theabadh a chall, he had been almost lost 
 —literally, his loss had been almost ac- 
 complished, he staked his life. 
 
 Diugainn, come thou along ; diugainnibh 
 come ye along. 
 
 Is fheudar, it behoves. 
 
 Is fheudar dhomh, I must, or it behoves me 
 Is fheudar dhuit, you must, or it behoves 
 Is fheudar dha, he must, or it behoves him. 
 Is fheudhar dhith,A^e must, or it behoves her 
 Is fheudhar dhuinn, we must, ox it behoves us 
 Is fheudar dhuibh,?/^ must, or it behoves you 
 Is fheudar dhaibh, they must, or it behoves 
 them. 
 
 Their le a m , I sh ould suppose, (air leam , 
 nonsense.) 
 
 Their leam, I should suppose or think. 
 Their leat, you should suppose or think. 
 Their leisean, he should suppose or think. 
 Their leinn, we should suppose or think. 
 Their leibh, ye should suppose or think. 
 Their leotha, they should suppose. 
 
 Their le neach, one should suppose. 
 
 Their le duine, a man should suppose. 
 Their le neach, a person should suppose. 
 Their leath-ise, she should suppose. 
 
 Is coir, it ought. 
 
 Is c6ir dhomh folbh, I ought to go. 
 
 Is c6ir dhuit folbh, thou oughtest to go. 
 
 Is c6ir dha,dhith folbh, he or she ought to go. 
 Is c6ir dhuinn folbh, we ought to go. 
 
 Is coir dhuibh folbh, ye ought to go. 
 
 Is c6ir dhaibh folbh, they ought to go 
 
 Many verbs, particularly in the Pre- 
 sent Tense, are made up of Nouns, Ad- 
 jectives, and Compound Pronouns : — Is 
 fhearr leam, I prefer ; is fhearr leat, you 
 prefer ', is fhearr leatha, she prefers ; is 
 fhearr leinn, we prefer', is fhearr leibh, 
 you prefer', is fhearr leotha, they prefer; 
 but used impersonally, is fhearr dhomh, 
 I had better, &sc, ; tha diiil ’am, I suppose; 
 tha duil aige, he supposes or expects ; nac*h 
 ’eil duil againn, do we not expect or sux>- 
 pose? ma tha duil agad, if you suppose; 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 tha suil againn ris, we expect him or it . — 
 These are the proper methods of expressing 
 such ideas, and not the new-fangled manner 
 which modern Lexicographers invent. 
 
 Th’ agam air, he owes me. 
 
 Th’ agad air, he owes you. 
 
 'i h’ aige orm, I owe him. 
 h h’ againn air, he owes us. 
 
 Th’ agaibhse air, he owes you. 
 
 Th’ aca air, he owes them. 
 
 Th’ agam orra, they owe me. 
 
 Th’ agam urra, she owes me. 
 
 Th’ agam o rbh, you owe me. 
 
 Th’ agam air Seumas, James owes me. 
 
 'i h’ aig Seumas orm, I owe James. 
 
 Tha mi ad chomain, I am obliged to you. 
 Tha thu nan comain, you are obliged to 
 them. 
 
 Tha e ad chomain, he is obliged to you. 
 Nach ’eil i ad chomain, is she not obliged 
 to you ? 
 
 Is math leam thu thighinn, I wish you to 
 come. 
 
 Am math leat &c. mi, dp you wish me, &c. 
 Nach math leat mi, do you not wish me, &c. 
 Mas math leat mi, if you wish me, &c. 
 
 Is math an airidh e air, he well deserves it. 
 Nach math an airidh e air, does he not rich- 
 ly deserve. 
 
 Mas math an airidh e air, if he richly de- 
 serves. 
 
 An airidh e air dithist, does he deserve two ? 
 Am fiachleis, can he condescend ? 
 
 Nach fiach leam, will I not condescend ? 
 Tha ’mhiann orm, I mean, I intend. 
 
 Am bheil a mhiann ort, do you mean or 
 intend ? 
 
 Ma tha mhiann ort, if you mean or intend. 
 
 Is diginn domh, I am under the neccessity. 
 Is eiginn duit, thou art under the necessity. 
 Is eiginn da, dith, he or she is under the ne- 
 cessity. 
 
 Is Eiginn duinn, we are under the necessity. 
 Is Eiginn duibh, ye are under the necessity. 
 Is eiginn daibh, they are under the necessity. 
 
 Interrogative and Negative Tenses, 
 Nach eiginn domh, am I not under the ne- 
 cessity. 
 
 Cha ’n eiginn domh, I am not under, &lc. 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Ma *s Eiginn, dhomh, if I am under the ne- 
 cessity. 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 Gu is the sign, — gu math, well. 
 
 A bbain, downwards. 
 
 A bhos, on this side • 
 
 li 
 
 A mach, mach, outwards. 
 
 Air astar, a. fur. 
 
 Air deireadh, last, hindermost. 
 
 Air toiseach, first, foremost. 
 
 Air thoiseach , first, foremost. 
 
 Am fad, afar. 
 
 Am fagasg, near, at hand. 
 
 An laimh, in custody. 
 
 An so, here, in this place. 
 
 An siod, yonder . 
 
 An taic, close by. 
 
 An steach, within. 
 
 A stigh, stigh, within. 
 
 Barrachd, barr, moreover. 
 
 C’aite, where. 
 
 Fagasg, -us, near at hand. 
 
 Fail, far, where, in which. 
 
 Muigh, out, outside. 
 
 Ris, exposed , bare. 
 
 Shios, down, below. 
 
 Shuas, up, upwards . 
 
 Tarsuinn, obliquely, down 
 Thall, on the other side. 
 
 Thar, over, moreover. 
 
 Thairis, abroad, across. 
 
 A leith-taobh, aside. 
 
 An aird, upwards. 
 
 An nail, to this side. 
 
 An nunn, to the other side. 
 
 An slos, downwards. 
 
 A suas, upwards. 
 
 De ’n taobh, whither. 
 
 Near, eastwards. 
 
 Niar, westwards. 
 
 Deas, southwards. 
 
 Tuath, northwards. 
 
 Ri bruthach, upwards. 
 
 Ri leathad, downwards. 
 
 Cheana, already. 
 
 Theana, already. 
 
 Chlisge, instantaneously. 
 
 Choidhche, ever. 
 
 Riamh, never. 
 
 Gnath, always. 
 
 Nis, now. 
 
 Air ball, immediately. 
 
 Air a mhionaid, immediately 
 A latha, by day. 
 
 A dh’ oidhche, by night. 
 
 Am fad *s, whilst. 
 
 Am feadh, whilst. 
 
 Am feasd, ever, never. 
 
 Am maireach, to-morrow. 
 
 Air uairibh, sometimes. 
 
 An ceartair, just now. 
 
 An de. yesterday. 
 
 An athghoirrid, shortly. 
 
 An d6igh laimhe, afterwards. 
 
 An diugh, to-day. 
 
 An drasd, for some time. 
 
 An earar — See Dictionary. 
 
lil 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 An la roimhe, the other day. 
 
 An nochd, to-night. 
 
 An rair, last night. 
 
 An sin, then, thereupon. 
 
 An so, hereupon. 
 
 ’Nuair, when. 
 
 An (uridh, last year. 
 
 Aon uair, once. 
 
 Da uair, twice. 
 
 Tri uairean, thrice. 
 
 A so suas, henceforward. 
 
 As-ur, anew. 
 
 Cuin, c’uine, when. 
 
 '} hathast f hathast, yet. 
 
 Idir, at all. 
 
 Ma ’dheireadh, at last. 
 
 Thai, at long last. 
 
 O cheann fada, long ago. 
 
 O cheann ghoirrid, late r y. 
 
 O thoiseach, from Jirst. 
 
 Roimhe, beforehand. 
 
 Seach, rather than. 
 
 Seachad, past. 
 
 (Jair, once on a time 
 Uair eile, once more. 
 
 Uaireiginn, sometime. 
 
 Uair sam bith, any time. 
 
 Ainmig, seldom. 
 
 Annamh, seldom. 
 
 Am bicheanntas, often, generally. 
 An comhnaidh, habitually. 
 
 An cumhnantas, commonly. 
 
 Cia fhad, how long, far. 
 
 Cia minig, how often. 
 
 Cia trie, how often. 
 
 Cia goirrid, how short. 
 
 Fada, long, tediously. 
 
 Fhadsa, as long as. 
 
 Gu brath, for ever. 
 
 Gu la bhrath, ever. 
 
 Gu dilinn, to the close of time 
 Gu siorruith, for evermore. 
 
 Gu suthainn, for evermore. 
 
 Gu trie, frequently. 
 
 O so suas, henceforward. 
 
 Ach beag, almost. 
 
 Air alt, so that. 
 
 Air boil, stark mad. 
 
 Air a chuthaeh, stark mad. 
 
 Air cball, out of sight.- 
 Air chor, in a manner. 
 
 Air choraiginn, somehow or other. 
 A dh aon obair, purposely. 
 
 A dh aindheoin, in spite of. 
 
 Air ghleus, in trim, tuned. 
 
 Air faontradh, adrift. 
 
 Air iomroll, astray. 
 
 Air iondrann, amissing. 
 
 Air seachran, astray. 
 
 Air mhisg, drunk. 
 
 Air sgeul, forthcoming. 
 
 Air bhrath, forthcoming. 
 
 A mhainn, only. 
 
 Amhuil, like as. 
 
 An coinneamh cinn, headlong. 
 
 An comhair cinn, headlong. 
 
 An coinneamh cuil, backwards. 
 
 An comhair cuil, backwards. 
 
 An deidh, an geall, very much addicted tu 
 An nasgaidh, gratis. 
 
 As an aghaidh, outright. 
 
 Car air char, topsy-turvy 
 Deamar, how. 
 
 Carson, why. 
 
 Cha, not. 
 
 Comhla, together. 
 
 Cuideachd, also. 
 
 Cia tuige, wherefore. 
 
 D’ar righribh, seriously, really, actually. 
 Mar leith, air leith, severally, individually 
 Gle, very, enough. 
 
 Gu beachdaidh, assuredly. 
 
 Gu buileach, thoroughly. 
 
 Gu dearbh, truly, indeed. 
 
 Gu deimhinn, verily. 
 
 Gu fior, in truth. 
 
 Gu l&r, thoroughly. 
 
 Gu math, in health. 
 
 Gu bochd, sickly. 
 
 Gu leoir, enough. 
 
 Gun chaird, impartially. 
 
 Leith mar leith, equally. 
 
 Mar gu, as if. 
 
 Mar chomhla, together. 
 
 Ma seach, alternately. 
 
 Na, not, let not. 
 
 An ceann acheile, on an average, promises 
 
 cusly. 
 
 Seadh, yes, just so. 
 
 Thar a ch6ile, at variance. 
 
 Thar cheann, on an average. 
 
 Thiotamh, momently. 
 
 Theagamh, perhaps. 
 
 Thuilidh thuille, moreover. 
 
 Uidh air n-uidh, ly degrees. 
 
 Prepositions. 
 A, out of, out. 
 
 Aig, at. 
 
 Air, on, after'. 
 
 An, ann, in. 
 
 Bharr, off. 
 
 Car, for. 
 
 Do, of, to. 
 
 Eadar, between. 
 
 Fo, fodha, under. 
 
 Gu, gus, to, into. 
 
 Le, by, with. 
 
 Ma, about. 
 
 O, bho, from. 
 
 R6, during. 
 
 Hi, ris, to. 
 
 1 Roimhe, before, 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR. 
 
 liii 
 
 Seach, past, to. 
 
 Thar, thairis, above. 
 
 Thun, to, towards. 
 
 Throimh, through. 
 
 Troimh, through. 
 
 Frld, through. 
 
 Trid, through. 
 
 Bhua, ua, from. 
 
 Compound Prepositions. 
 
 Air beulthaobh, in front. 
 
 Air culthaobh, behind. 
 
 Air fad, throughout. 
 
 Air feadh, throughout. 
 
 Air son, on account. 
 
 Am measg, among. 
 
 An aghaidh, against. 
 
 An dail, to meet. 
 
 An dbigh, after. 
 
 An dbis, after. 
 
 An lorg, in consequence. 
 
 An tbir, in consequence. 
 
 As leith, in behalf of. 
 
 A bhrigh, because of. 
 
 A chum, to, towards. 
 
 A dhith, without. 
 
 A rbir, according to. 
 
 A thaobh, on account of. 
 
 A choir, near to. 
 
 Do rbir, in proportion to. 
 
 Dh’ ionnsuidh, to, towards. 
 
 Ma choinneamh, opposite to. 
 
 Ma thimchioll, about. 
 
 As ceann, above. 
 
 Rb, during. 
 
 Timchioll, about. 
 
 Interjections. 
 
 A bab, fie! Pshaw! shame! abomination 
 ordure ! 
 
 A mach, out! go about your business! 
 Wonder, obh ! bbh ! iibh,ubh! Odear! ay! 
 Aversion, tut ! fuich ! a bab! fie ! pshaw ! 
 Disgust, ach ! ach! horrid! abominable! 
 Shame, mo naire is moleaghadh! my con- 
 fusion ! 
 
 Laughter, ha, ha, ha ! ah! 
 Demonstration, feuch ! faic! seall ! be- 
 hold! see! look! 
 
 Calling, tho-lo, thbidh, stop! avast! also, 
 stad, athaiseach ! gu reidh ! na dean! 
 Terror, Thugad, thugad, leave off! 
 
 PART. HI. 
 
 Syntax or Construction is the right 
 arrangement of the words of a language 
 into sentences, or phrases ; its parts are two. 
 Concord and Government. 
 
 Concord is the agreement one word has 
 with another,in gender, number and person. 
 
 Rule L-The article is placed immediately 
 before its noun, unless the adjective precede 
 
 the noun, in which case the noun is always 
 aspirated ; as, am ball, the rope ; na fir, the 
 men ; but an droch dhuine, the bad man. 
 
 Rule II. — An adjective and an article a- 
 gvee with their nouns in gender, number and 
 case ; as, na daoine mbra, matha, the great, 
 good men ; do na nigheanan matha, O an 
 duine maith, to the good young women, O 
 the good man ! 
 
 Rule III. — The possessive pronouns, 
 which before vowels are contracted, always 
 precede the nouns, and the adjectives for 
 the most part follow it ; as, m’ athair, my 
 father ; do mhathair, your mother ; again, 
 lann gheur, duine glic ; a sharp blade ; a 
 wise man ; but the adjectives generally pre- 
 cede the noun, if is be the verb beginning 
 the sentence; as, is math an duine e, how 
 good a man he is ! is meanrachd te a gheibh 
 e, happy is the woman that gets him. 
 
 Rule IV. — The possessive a, in the femi- 
 nine, before a vowel requires h- ; as, a h-each, 
 her horse', a h-anam, her soul', but in the 
 masculine, the a is apostrophised before a 
 vowel and fh ; as, ’aghaidh, his face ; ’fhaire 
 ’fhalt, his attention, his head of hair. See 
 first page of Dictionary. 
 
 Rule V. Numerals are placed before the 
 nouns qualified; as, tri miosan, three 
 months ; naoidh fir, nine men ; but the fol- 
 lowing are excepted ; Righ Seumas a h- 
 aor., Righ Uilleam a Ceithir, King James 
 the First, King William the Fourth. 
 
 Rule VI. When the possessive pronouns 
 
 ar, owr,bhur or, ur, your, precede a noun, be 
 ginning with a vowel n- is inserted between 
 them, but the possessive do contracted is 
 changed into t’ before a vowel or fh ; as, t' 
 aghaidh, thy countenance', t’ fhaire, thy at- 
 tention ; as, ar n-atliraichean, our fathers ; 
 bhur n-aghaidhean, your countenances. 
 
 Rule VII.— The nominative, which is 
 often understood with the poets, is when 
 expressed generally placed after the verb ; 
 
 as, tha sinn, we are ; chroch iad an duine, 
 they hanged the man ; dh’ birich iad, they 
 rose ; but the relatives a, na, nacli, before it; 
 as, na fir a thuirt, the men that said ; na 
 chunnaic sinnn-ne, all those whom we saw ; 
 fear nach teich, a man that will not flinch. 
 
 Government of Nouns. 
 
 Rule I.— A noun signifying a different 
 thing governs another in the genitive ; as, 
 inneal mairbh, an instrument of death ; 
 seol teichidh, a way of escape. 
 
 Rule II. — If a second noun follow the 
 genitive, that second noun may be either in 
 the nominative, or accusative, or genitive, 
 or dative, but more often in the former; 
 tigh fear na bainnse, or tigh fhir nabainnse 
 the bridegroom's house j ainm mac an righ* 
 
liv 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 or ainm mhican rlgh, the name of the king’s 
 son. 
 
 Rule III. — The article is placed before 
 the noun governed in Gaelic, but in English 
 before the one governing ; as, tighanrigh, 
 the king’s house ; solus na gealaich, the light 
 of the moon ; aim’ a chinn, the height 
 of his head. 
 
 Rule IV. — Nouns without the article go- 
 verning the genitive aspirate mutables ; as, 
 Mac Dh&mhuill, tigh Sheumais, nighean 
 Phdrraig, neo Gadhlaig Dhubh, dhona 
 Pharraig , Donald’s son , James’s house, 
 Peter’s daughter, or Peter’s melancholy, dis- 
 astrous Gaelic. 
 
 Government of Adjectives. 
 
 Rule I. — Adjectives of plenty and satiety 
 are followed by do or du (and by way of sur- 
 prising people de) either simple or com- 
 pounded ; as, lan sll, full of oats : buidheach 
 do bhiadh,satfw/*eY2 with food-, sgith do chais, 
 tired of cheese ; but, grainnaichte le Gadh- 
 laig Pharraig, quite disgusted with Peter’s 
 abominable Gaelic. 
 
 Rule II. — Adjectives of merit or dis- 
 praise, remembrance, distance, acquaint- 
 ance, and other affections of the mind, are 
 generally followed by air simple or com- 
 pounded ; as, airidh air peanas, deserving 
 punishment ; deidheil air fion, addicted to 
 wine ; eolach air Ian, acquainted with John ; 
 fad air folbh ,far off. 
 
 Rule III. — Adjectives of likeness or un- 
 likeness, similarity, habits, duration, com- 
 passion, &c. require ri : as, cosail ri Seu- 
 mas, ri Parraig, like James, like Peter; 
 r’a chosnadh, habituated to earning ; ri 
 bliadhna,/or a year ; truacanta rithe, com- 
 passionate to her. 
 
 Rule IV.— Adjectives of profit or dis- 
 profit, proximity, relationship, necessity or 
 use, require do ; math dhuit, good for you ; 
 dona dhith, bad for her ; fagasg dhuinn, 
 near us ; dluth dhaibh, nearly connected 
 with them ; cairdeach dhomh, nearly con- 
 nected with me, &c. ; — but adjectives of 
 measure qualified by the particle ni or 
 na, require na, than ; as, na’s milse na 
 mil, sweeter than honey, na’s luaiihe na 
 earb, swifter than a roe ; na’s fhearr na an 
 t-dr, better than the gold. 
 
 Rule V. — Superlatives require do or its 
 compounds. An te ’s fhearr do’n triuir, 
 the best of the three ; an t-aon is naoimhe 
 dhiutha uile, the most holy of the whole ; am 
 fear is miosa ’s an t- saoghal, the worst fel- 
 low in the universe. 
 
 Government of Verbs. 
 
 Rule I. — An active verb governs the 
 accusative, which is always the same as the 
 
 nominative ; as, las an solus, kindle the light’, 
 caomhainn do shaothair, spare yourself 
 the trouble', buail e, strike him', cha bhuail 
 e mi, he shall not strike me. 
 
 Rule II. — Neuter verbs require prepo- 
 sitions which govern the noun or pronoun 
 following, according to their respective 
 classes ; as, leig dha, let him alone ; gabh 
 da, belabour him ; tog ris a’ bhruthach, as- 
 cend the acclivity ; buail air, fall to ; cum 
 ris, keep up to him. 
 
 Rule III. — Impersonal verbs require le; 
 as, seallar leinn, we beheld, we looked ; and 
 bu aspirates the following word ; as, b’fhearr 
 leam, I would prefer; bu mhise a rinn e, 
 it was I that did it; bu thuiteamas a 
 bh’ann, it was an accident ; bu dorcha, 
 or bu dhorcha an oidhche, how dark the 
 night teas. 
 
 Rule IV. — The infinitives, which are al- 
 ways nouns, govern the genitive; as, a 
 thearbadh cruidh, to separate cattle ; a dh’ 
 innseadh bhreug, to tell lies; a chumail 
 feill, to observe holydays ; a dh’ innseadh 
 sgeoil, to report proceedings; a sheinn 
 eiuil, to play on an instrument; verbs be- 
 ginning with a vowel or f require d aspi- 
 rated; as, a dh’ol fion, to drink wine; a 
 dh’ fholbh, to go. 
 
 Rule V. — Present participles of active 
 verbs govern the genitive or ablative; as, 
 a’ coinneachadh fir, meeting a person; ag 61 
 fiona, drinking wine; a’ mathadh peacaidh, 
 pardoning sin ; a’ ruith ciadtarruinn, dis- 
 tilling low-wines. 
 
 Rule VI. — Past participles require le or 
 its compounds, signifying by means of, by 
 the agency of; as, seblte, or, air a sheoladh 
 le Seumas, directed by James; paisgte le 
 sreing, wrapped up with a cord ; ceann- 
 saichte leis a’ chlaidhimh, subdued by the 
 sword. 
 
 Government of Adverbs and 
 Prepositions. 
 
 Rule I. — Ra or ro, fior, sar, lar, aspi- 
 pirate the words beginning with a conso. 
 nant, to which they are prefixed ; ra- 
 mhath, very well ; gle-mh6r, large enough ; 
 sar-ghaisgeach, a complete hero ; lar-bhur- 
 aidh, a complete numskull. 
 
 Rule II. — The negative cha, which in- 
 serts n- before a vowel or f aspirated, al- 
 ways aspirates b, m, p, c, g, and sometimes 
 
 d, t, s; as, cha bhuail mi, I will not strike; 
 cha n-fhan e, he will not stay ; cha mhair 
 
 e, it will not last ; cha n-ann idir, not so at 
 all ; cha phaisg iad, they will not wrap ; cha 
 chaith e, it will not wear out or exhaust; 
 cha ghuil e, he shall not weep ; but, cha 
 dean or dhean mi, I will not do; cha seas 
 or cha sheas e, he will not stand ; cha teich 
 e, or cha theich e, he will not decamp. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 lv 
 
 Rule III.— The prepositions air, &c. 
 signifying place or position ; aig, &c. sig- 
 nifying contact, like the Latin, govern the 
 ablative, which is the same as the dative; 
 as, air chluais, by the ear; air laimh, by 
 the hand ; air traigh, on the strand; air 
 uairibh, at times; aig laimh, at hand; aig 
 na dorsaibh, at the doors; aig saoithir, 
 toiling, at the trouble. 
 
 Rule IV. — But when signifying posses- 
 sion or property, they govern the accusative, 
 which is uniformly like the nominative; 
 as, aige air Seumas, owed to him by James ; 
 aig bard air, owed by him to a poet. 
 
 Rule V. — The prepositions do, le, foidh, 
 (fuidh is out of fashion) gu, gun, mar, ma, 
 thromh, or tre, generally aspirate muta- 
 bles; as, m’a cheann, about h is head; but 
 m’a ceann, about her head; gun fhios, not 
 knowing, unawares; fo bhr6n, under trou- 
 ble, mourning ; mar thonn, like a wave ; 
 thromh chruadal, through hardship ; frid, 
 or trld a’ghlinn, through the glen. 
 
 Rule VI.— Eadar, between, governs the 
 accusative, sometimes aspirate, and some- 
 times the simple form ; as, eadar talamh or 
 thalamh is athar, between the earth and the 
 sky; eadar bheag is mh6r, or eadar am 
 beag agus am mbr, both great and small. 
 
 Rule VII. — Gu, gun and mar, govern 
 the ablative (or dative) ; marchraoibh, gun 
 cheann, like to a tree, without a head ; but 
 with the article the accusative (or nomina- 
 tive) ; as, gun an ceann, without the head ; 
 mar a’ chraobh, like unto the tree ; how- 
 ever, if the article be not immediately in 
 contact with the noun, the dative or abla- 
 tive is governed ; as, gu crich na talmh- 
 ainn, to the extremity of the earth. 
 
 Rule VIII. — Compound prepositions go- 
 vern, generally, the genitive; as, air feadh 
 na duthcha, throughout the country; air 
 deireadh nan feachd, in the rear of the bat- 
 tle; a dh’ ionnsaidh na h-aibhne, towards 
 the river. 
 
 Interjections and Conjunctions. 
 
 Rule I. — Sometimes interjections, which 
 always govern the vocative, are followed 
 by the possessives mo, do, and prepositions 
 air and do expressed or understood; as, 
 Och ! mo thruaigh, 0 ! woe's me ! mo 
 chreaeh, alas ! is an-eibhinn duibh, woe 
 unto you ! mo naire (ort) shame (on thee). 
 
 Rule II. — The conjunctions agus, is and 
 na, couple like cases and moods ; as, a’ nigh- 
 eaclh a lamh is a chas, washing his hands 
 and his feet ; thog iad sin ortsa is ormsa, 
 they raise that report of you and me ; thig 
 neo cha d’ thig iad, they shall come or stay, 
 (or not come) ; thainig sinn is dh’ fhuirich 
 sinn, we came and sta ll . 
 
 Rule III. — The particles cho and co, 
 may have the aspirated form or not after 
 them ; as, cho chinnteaeh or cinnteach ris a 
 bh&s, or co chinnteaeh, &c. as sure as death; 
 cho fhoirbhidh, or cho foirbhidh, as per- 
 fect, or manly , or womanly; cho or co 
 shoirbh or soirbh, as tractable. 
 
 Rule IV. — Mar, gar, and gu, gum, be* 
 fore b, f, m, p,— gun before all other let- 
 ters, precede the interrogative; as, mar 
 d’ thig iad, urdess they come; gu bheil 
 sibh, that you are; gum faic sinn, that 
 we shall see ; gun d’ thoir sinn, that we wilt 
 bring ; but nam before b, f, m, p, or nan 
 before all other letters, has after it that 
 part of the verb ending in -inn ; nam 
 faighinn, were I to get or to have got; 
 nan d’ thugainn, were I to give or to have 
 given. 
 
 Exercises.— Verb. 
 
 Bi ann, to be with, in existence, being. 
 
 Co th’ ann, who is it ? or there ? 
 
 Co bh’ ann, who was it? or there 
 Tha mi ann, lam there. 
 
 Tha thu ann, thou art there. 
 
 Tha e, i ann, he or she is there. 
 
 Tha sinn ann, we are there. 
 
 Theid mi ann, I will go there. 
 
 Is urrainn domh, I am able. 
 
 Is urrainn duitse, thou art able. 
 
 An uilear domh, must I or will I require ? 
 Am b’ uilear domh, would I not require ? 
 Mas uilear daibh, if they require. 
 
 Cha b’ uilear domh, 1 would require, or it 
 is expedient. 
 
 Ma’s uilear domh. If I would require. 
 
 Cha ruig thu leas, you need not, or require. 
 Ma ruigeas mi leas, if I require. 
 
 Mar an ruig e leas, if he will not require. 
 
 An ruig e leas, does it behove him ? 
 
 Nach ruig e leas, need he not ? 
 
 Nach ruig thu leas, needst thou not ? 
 
 Cha ’n urrainn domh, I am not able. 
 
 Ma’s urrainn domh, if I am able. 
 
 Mar an urrainn duinn, if we are not able. 
 Co ’s urrainn, who is able? 
 
 ’S ann domh is urrainn, J am the man that 
 is able. 
 
 Am bheil e ’na urrainn, is he able ? 
 
 An uilear dhomh fichead, will I require 
 twenty ? 
 
 Second Conjugation. 
 
 Verb beginning with/. 
 
 Dh’ fhair mi, I watched or kept watch. 
 
 Dh’ fhair thu, thou watched, or kept watch. 
 Dh’ fhair e, i, he or she watched or kept 
 Dh’ fhair sinn, we watched or kept watch . 
 Dh’ fhair sibh, you watched or kept watch. 
 Dh’ fhair iad, they watched or kept watclu 
 
1 VI 
 
 RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR, 
 
 Fairidh mi, 1 will or shall watch. 
 
 Fairidh tu, thou shalt or wilt watch. 
 
 Fairidh e, i, he or she shall or will watch. 
 Fairidh sinn, we shall or will watch. 
 
 Fairidh sibh, ye shall ox will watch. 
 
 Fairidh iad, they shall or will watch. 
 
 An d* fhair mi, did I watch or keep watch ? 
 An d’ fhair thu, didst thou watch or keep 
 An d’ fhair e, did he watch or keep watch ? 
 An d’ fhair sinn, did we watch or Iceepivatch 
 An d’ fhair sibh, did you watch or keep 
 An d’ fhair iad ,did they watch Or keep watch 
 Cha ’n fhair xx\\,I shall ox will not keep watch 
 Cha ’n fhair thu, Mow shalt or wilt not watch 
 Cha ’n fhair e, i, thou or he shall or will not 
 Cha ’n fhair iad, they shall or will not watch 
 Am fair mi, shall I watch ox' keep watch. 
 
 Am fair thu, shalt thou watch ox keep watch 
 Am fair e, i, shall he or she watch or keep 
 Am fair sinn, shall we watch or keep watch. 
 Am fair sibh, shall ye watch or keep watch. 
 Am fair iad, shall they watch or keep watch 
 Nach fair mi, shall or will I not watch. 
 
 Nach fair thu, shalt ox. wilt thou not watch. 
 Nach fair e, i, shall or will not he or she 
 Nach fair sinn, shall or will we not watch. 
 Nach fair sibh, shall or will you not watch. 
 Nach fair iad, shall or will they not watch. 
 Ma dh’f hair mi, if I watched or kept watch 
 Ma dh’f hair thu, if thou watched or kept 
 Ma dh’f hair e, if he watched or kept watch. 
 Ma dh’f hair sinn, if we watched or kept 
 Ma dh’f hair sibh, if you watched or kept 
 Ma dh’f hair iad, if they watched or kept 
 Mar fair mi, unless I watch or keep watch 
 Mar fair thu, ujiless thou watch or keep 
 Mar fair e, i, unless he or she watch or keep 
 Mar fair sinn, unless we watch or keep watch 
 Mar fair sibh, unless you watch or keep 
 Mar fair iad, unless they watch or keep watch 
 Dh’ fhairinn, I would , could ox should watch 
 Dh’ fhaireadh tu, thou wouldst or shouldst 
 Dh’ fhaireadh e, i, he or she would or could 
 Dh’ fhaireamaid, we would watch or keep 
 Dh’ fhaireadh sibh, you would watch or 
 Dh’ fhaireadh iad, they would watch or keep 
 Nach fairinn, would or should I not watch ? 
 Nach faireadh tu, tuonldst thou not watch ? 
 Nach faireadh e, would he not watch ? 
 
 Nach faireamaid, would we not watch? 
 Nach faireadh sibh, would you not watch ? 
 Nach faireadh iad, would they not watch ? 
 Am fairinn, would 1 watch or keep watch ? 
 Am faireadh tu, wouldst thou watch ox keep 
 Am faireadh e, i, would he or she watch or 
 Am faireamaid, would we watch or keep 
 Am faireadh sibh, would you watch or keep 
 Am faireadh iad, would they watch or keep 
 Cha *n fhairinn, I wo aid not ivatch or keep 
 Cha ’n fhaireadh tu, thou wouldst not watch 
 Cha ’n fhaireadh e, he woull not ivatch or 
 Cha ’n fhaireamaid, we would not watch or | 
 
 Cha ’n fhaireadh sibh, you would not watch 
 Cha ’n fhaireadh iad, they would not watch 
 Ma dh’ fhaireas mi, if I shall or will watch. 
 Ma dh’ fhaireas tu, if thou shalt or wilt 
 Ma dh’ fhaireas e, i, if he or she shall or wifi 
 Ma dh’ fhaireas sinn, if we shall or will 
 Ma dh’ fhaireas sibh, if you shall or will 
 Ma dh’ fhaireas iad, if they shall or will 
 A dh’ fhaireadh, to watch. 
 
 Imperative Mood. Faiream-sa, let me 
 watch ; fair, fair thusa, watch , watch thou ; 
 faireadh e, let him watch ; faireamaid, let 
 us watch', faireadh sibh, watch ye or you ; 
 faireadh iad, let them watch. 
 
 Dh’ fhaireadh mi, I was watched or dogged 
 Dh’ fhaireadh thu. Mow wast watched. 
 
 Dh’ fhaireadh e, i, he or she was watched. 
 Dh’ fhaireadh sinn, we were watched. 
 
 Dh’ fhaireadh sibh, you or ye were watched 
 Dh’ fhaireadh iad, they were watched. 
 Fairear mi, I shall or will be watched. 
 Fairear thu, or tu, Mow shalt or wilt be 
 Fairear e, i, he or she shall be watched. 
 Fairear sinn, we shall or will be watched. 
 Fairear sibh, ye ox you shall or will be 
 Fairear iad, they shall or will be watched. 
 An d’ fhaireadh mi ,wasl watched or dogged ? 
 An d’ fhaireadh thu, wert thou watched ? 
 An d’ fhaireadh e, i, was he or she watched > 
 Verb to have or possess. 
 
 Bh’ agam, I had or possessed. 
 
 Bh’ agad, you had or possessed. 
 
 Bh’ aige, he had or possessed. 
 
 Bh’ aice, she had or possessed. 
 
 Bh’ againn, we had or possessed. 
 
 Bh’ agaibh, you had or possessed. 
 
 Bh’ aca, they had or possessed. 
 
 Bithidh agam, I will or shall have. 
 
 Bithidh agad, thou wilt or shalt have. 
 Bithidh aige, he will or shall have. 
 
 Bithidh aice, she shall or will have. 
 
 Bithidh againn, we shall or will have. 
 Bithidh agaibh, you shall or will have. 
 Bithidh aca, they shall or will have. 
 
 Interrogative or Negative Mood. 
 
 An robh agam, had I or did I possess ? 
 
 An robh againn, had we or did we possess ? 
 Nach robh agad, had you not or did you 
 Nach robh agaibh, had ye or you not 
 Nach robh aige, had he not 
 
 Tuit or tachair do, happen to. 
 
 Thuit domh, it has , or happened to me. 
 Thachair domh, it has, or happened to me. 
 Thuit daibh, it has , or happened to them. 
 Thuit duit, it has 1 appened to you. 
 
 Thuit duinn, it has happened to us. 
 
 Thuit duibh, it has happened to you. 
 
 Thuit daibh, it has happened to them. 
 Second Conjugation. 
 
 Eirich do, happen to. 
 
 Dh’ eirich dhomh or domh, it has happen . 
 ed to me. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR 
 
 Ivii 
 
 Dll’ 6irich dhuit, it has happened to thee . 
 Dh’ dirich dha, it has happened to him, SfC. 
 Dll’ dirich dhuinn, it has happened to us. 
 Dh’ dirich dhi, it has happened to her. 
 
 Dh* dirich dhuibh, it has happened to you. 
 Dh’ dirich dhaibh, it hus happened to them 
 Ma’n dirich dhomh, lest it should happened 
 Ma’n dirich dhuit, lest it should happen to 
 Ma’n dirich dha, lest it should happen to him 
 Ma’n dirich dhuinn, lest it should happen to 
 Ma’n dirich dhuibh, lest it should happen 
 Ma’n dirich dhaibh, lest it should happen to 
 Eiridh dhomh, it shall happen to me 
 Eiridh dhuit, it shall or will happen to thee. 
 Eiridh dha, dhi, it shall happen to him , SfC. 
 Eiridh dhuinn, it shall happen to us. 
 
 Eiridh dhaibh, it shall happen to them. 
 
 An d’ diridh dhomh, has it happened tome ? 
 An d’ dirich dhuit, has it happened to thee ? 
 An d’ dirich dha, has it happened to him ? 
 An d’ dirich, dhuinn, has it happened to usl 
 An d’ dirich dhuibh, has it happened to you ? 
 An d’ dirich dhaibh. has it happened to them ? 
 Ma dh’dirich dhomh, if it happened to me. 
 Ma dh’dirich dhuit, if it happened to thee. 
 Ma dh'eirich dha, if it happened to him. 
 
 Ma dh’dirich dhuinn, if it happened to us. 
 Ma dh’dirich dhuibh, if it happened toyou. 
 Ma dh’dirich dhaibh, if it happened to them 
 Nach d’eirich domh, has it not happened 
 Nach d’eirich duit, has it not happened to 
 Nach d’eirich da, has it not happened to 
 Nach d’dirich duinn, has it not happened to 
 Nach d’dirich duibh, has it not happened to 
 Nach d’eirich daibh, has it not happened to 
 Cha d’eirich domh, it has not happened to 
 Cha d’dirich duit, it has not happened to 
 Cha d’eirich dha, it has not happened to] 
 Cha d’dirich dhuinn, it has not happened to 
 Cha d’dirich dhuibh, it has not happened to 
 Cha d’dirich dhaibh, it has not happened to 
 Cha’n eiridh dhomh, it shall not happen to 
 Cha’n diridh dhuit, it shall not happen to 
 Cha’n diridh dha, it shall not happen to him 
 Cha’n diridh dhuinn, it shall not happen to 
 Cha’n diridh dhuibh, it shall not happen to 
 Cha’n diridh dhaibh, it shall not happen to 
 Is aithreach leam, I regret, it repents me. 
 Is aithreach leat, thou regretest, it repents 
 Is aithreach leis, he regrets, it repents him. 
 Is aithreach leinn, we regret, it repents us. 
 Is aithreach leibh, you regret, it repents ye 
 Is aithreach leotha, they regret, it repents 
 Ma’s aithreach leam, if I regret or if I be 
 Ma’s aithreach leat, if I regret or be sorry. 
 Ma’s aithreach leinn, if we regret or be sor 
 Ma’s aithreach leibh, if ye regret ox be sor 
 Ma’s aithreach leis, if he regret ox be sorry. 
 Ma’s aithreach leotha, if they regret or be 
 An aithreach leam, do I regret or am sorry ? 
 An aithreach leat, do you regret or art 
 An aithreach leis, does he regret or is he so>- 
 
 An aithreach leinn, do rue regret or are we 
 An aithreach leotha, do they regret or are 
 Cha b’ aithreach leam, I would not regret. 
 Cha b’ aithreach leat, thou wouldst not re 
 Cha b’ aithreach leis, he would not regret. 
 Cha b’ aithreach leinn, we would not regret 
 Cha b’ aithreach leibh, ye or you would not 
 Cha b’ aithreach leotha, they would not re 
 Cha b’ aithreach dhomh, l had no reason 
 Cha b’ aithreach dhuit, thou hadst not, $c. 
 An leir dhomh, can I see or perceive ? 
 
 An leir dhuit, canst thou see or perceive l 
 An leir dha, can he see or perceive ? 
 
 An leir dhuinn, can we see or perceive ? 
 
 An leir dhuibh, can you see or perceive ? 
 
 An leir dhaibh, can they see or perceive ? 
 Cha leir dhomh, I eannot see or perceive. 
 Cha leir dhuit, thou canst not see or per 
 Cha leir dha, dhi, he or she cannot see, %c. 
 Cha leir dhuinn, we cannot see or perceive. 
 Cha leir dhuibh, you cannot see of perceive 
 Cha leir dhaibh, they cannot see or perceive 
 Ma’s leir dhomh, i f I see or perceive 
 Ma’s leir dhuit, if thou see or perceive. 
 
 Ma’s leir dha na dhi, if he or she see, SfC. 
 Ma’s leir dhuinn, if we see or perceive. 
 
 Ma’s leir dhuibh, if ye see or perceive. 
 
 Ma’s leir dhaibh, if they see or perceive . 
 Mar an leir dhomh, unless I perceive. 
 
 Mar an leir dhuit, unless thou see or per 
 Mar an leir dha, unless he see or perceive. 
 Mar an leir dhuinn, unless we perceive or 
 Mar an leir dhuibh, unless you see or per 
 Mar an leir dhaibh, unless they see or per 
 An leir dhomh, can 1 see or perceive ? 
 
 An leir dhuit, canst thou see or perceive ? 
 An leir dha, dhi, can he or she perceive ? 
 An leir dhuinn, can we see or perceive ? 
 
 An leir dhuibh, can ye or you see or per 
 An leir dhaibh, can they see or perceive ? 
 Nach leir dhomh, can I not see or perceive ? 
 Nadi leir dhuit, canst thou not see or per 
 Nach leir dha, dhi, can he or she not see or 
 Nach leir dhuinn, can vie not see or per 
 Nach leir dhuibh, can ye not see or pei' 
 Nach leir dhaibh, can they not see or per 
 An cuimhne leam, do I recollect ? 
 
 An cuimhne leat, dost thou recollect ? 
 
 An cuimhne leis, leatha, does he recollect*. 
 An cuimhne leinn, do we recollect ? 
 
 An cuimhne leibh, do ye recollect? 
 
 An cuimhne leotha, do they recollect ? 
 Nach cuimhne leam, do I not recollect ? 
 Nach cuimhne leat, dost thou not recollect 3 
 Nach cuimhne leinn, do we not recollect ? 
 Nach cuimhne leibh, do ye not recollect ? 
 Nach cuimhne leis, does he not recollect ? 
 Nach cuimhne leotha, do they not recollect ? 
 Ma’s cuimhne leam, if I recollect. 
 
 Ma’s cuimhne leis, if he recollect. 
 
 Ma’s cuimhne leinn, if we recollect. 
 
 Ma’s cuimhne leibh, if ye recollect 
 
 C 2 
 
Iviii 
 
 RUDIMFNTS OF GAELIC .GRAMM AR, 
 
 Ma’s cuirnhne leotha, if they recollect. 
 
 Is beag orm thu, I hate you or you are 
 disagreeable to me. 
 
 Is beag ort e, thou hatest him 
 
 Is beag air e, he hates him or is disagree 
 
 Is beag oirnn iad, we hate them 
 
 Is beag oirbh iad, ye or you hate them 
 
 Is beag orr’ iad, they hate them 
 
 Cha bbeag orm thu, I do not hate you. 
 
 Cha bheag ort iad, you do not hate them. 
 Cha bheag air iad, he does not hate them. 
 Cha bheag urr’ iad, she does not hate them. 
 Cha bheag oirnn iad, we do not hate them. 
 Cha bheag oirbh iad, you do not hate them. 
 Cha bheag orr’ iad, they do not hate them. 
 Nach beag orm e, do I not hate him ? 
 
 Nach beag ort e, dost thou not hate him ? 
 Nach beag air e, does he not hate him ? 
 Nach beag urr’ e, does she not hate him ? 
 Nach beag oirnn e, do we not hate him ? 
 Nach beag oirbh e, do ye not hate himl 
 Mar am beag orm, unless I hate him. 
 
 Mar am beag ort e, unless thou hate him. 
 Mar am beag air e, unless he hate him. 
 
 Mar am beag urr’ e, unless she hate him. 
 Mar am beag oirnn e, unless we hate him. 
 Mar am beag oirbh e. Jinless you hate him. 
 Mar am beag orr’ e, unless they hate him. 
 Am beag orm e, i, do I hate him or her? 
 Am beag ort e na i, dost thou hate him or 
 Am beag air e na i, does he hate him or her ? 
 Am beag oirnn e na i, do we not hate him ? 
 Am beag oirbh e na i, do ye hate him or 
 Am beag air e na i, does he hate him or herl 
 Am beag urr’ e na i, does she hate him or 
 Am beag oirnn e na i, do we hate him or 
 Am beag oirbh e na i, do ye hate him or 
 Am beag orr’ e na i, do they hate him or 
 Is tagh learn e na i , I love him or her, or he, 
 or she is an object of choice with me. 
 
 Is tagh leat e na i, thou lovest him or her 
 Is tagh leis e na i, he loves him or her 
 Is tagh leinn e na i, we love him or her 
 Is tagh leibh e na i, you love him or her 
 Is tagh leotha e na i, they love him or her 
 An annsa learn e na i, do I like him more 
 than her ? 
 
 An annsa leat e, dost thou love him more ? 
 An annsa leis e, does he like him better ? 
 
 An annsa leinn e, do we like him better ? 
 
 An annsa leibh e, do you like him better ? 
 An annsa leotha e, do they like him better ? 
 Nach annsa learn e, do I not like him better 
 Nach annsa leate, dost thou not like him 
 Nach annsa leis e, does he not like him bet - 
 Nach annsa leatha e, does she not like him 
 Nach annsa leinn e, do we not like him bet- 
 Nach annsa leibh e, do you not like him 
 Nach annsa leotha e, do they not like him 
 Cha tagh learn thu, I do not like you or thee 
 Cha ’n annsa leat e, thou dost not like him 
 Cha tagh leis p, i, he does not like him or 
 Cha ’n ai.nsa leinn e we do not like him 
 
 Cha tagh leibh e, you do not like him bet- 
 Cha ’n annsa leotha e, they do not like him 
 Is fuath le Dia, God hates or abhors. 
 
 Is fuath learn, I hate or abhor. 
 
 Is fuath leat, thou hatest or abhorest. 
 
 Is fuath leis, he hates or abhors. 
 
 Is fuath leinn, we hate or abhor. 
 
 Is fuath leibh, you hate or abhor. 
 
 Is fuath leinn, we hate or abhor. 
 
 Is fuath leibh, you hate or abhor. 
 
 Is fuath leotha, they hate or abhor. 
 
 Cha ’n fhuath learn, I do not hate or abhor 
 Cha ’n f huath leat, yuu do not hate or ob 
 Cha ’n fhuath leis, he does not hate or air- 
 Cha ’n fhuath leatha, she does not hate or 
 Cha ’n fhuath leinn, we do not hate or ab- 
 Cha ’n fhuath leibh, you do not hate or ab - 
 Cha ’n fhuath leotha, they do not hate or 
 Is aithne or is f haithne dhomh, I know. 
 
 Is f haithne dhuit, thou knowest or 
 Is f haithne dha na dhi, he or she knows. 
 
 Is f haithne dhuinn, we know. 
 
 Is f haithne dhuibh, ye or you know. 
 
 Is f haithne dhaibh, they know. 
 
 Nach f haithne dhomh, do I not know ? 
 Nach f haithne dhuit, dost thou not know ? 
 Noch f haithne dha na dhi, does he or she 
 Nach f haithne dhuinn, do we not know ? 
 Nach f haithne dhuibh, do ye not know? 
 Nach f haithne dhaibh. do they not know ? 
 Ma’s f haithne dhomh, if I know. 
 
 Ma’s f haithne dhuit, if thou knowest. 
 
 Ma’s f haithne dha na dhi, if he or she 
 Ma’s f haithne dhuinn, if we know. 
 
 Ma’s f haithne dhuibh, if you know 
 Ma’s f haithne dhaibh, if they know. 
 
 Cha ’n f haithne dhomh, I do not know. 
 Cha ’n f haithne dhuit, thou dost not know. 
 Cha ’n f haithne dha, he do s not know. 
 Cha'n f haithne dhuinn, we do not know. 
 Cha’n f haithne dhuibh, ye do not know. 
 Cha ’n f haithne daibh, they do not know. 
 An f haithne dhomh-sa, do I know? 
 
 An f haithne dhuit, dost thou know? 
 
 An f haithne dha, does he know ? 
 
 An f haithne dhuinn, do we know ? 
 
 An f haithne dhuibh, do ye know ? 
 
 An f haithne dhaibh, do they know ? 
 
 Mar an f haithne dhomh, unless I know. 
 Mar an f haithne dhuit, unless thou know. 
 Mar an f haithne dha, unless he know. 
 
 Mar an f haithne dhuinn, unless we know. 
 Mar an f haithne dhuibh, unless ye know. 
 Mar an f haithne dhaibh, unless they know. 
 Is aille learn, I would fain wish. 
 
 Is aille leat, thou would fain wish. 
 
 Is aille leis, leatha, he or she would fain 
 Is aille leinn, we would fain wish. 
 
 Note Literally, unless it is knowledge to me ; 
 
 faithne signifies circle— therefore, ch i ’n f haithne 
 dhomh, means, it is not within the circle of my know - 
 ledge. 
 
RUDIMENTS OF GAELIC GRAMMAR 
 
 Is iiille leibh, you would, fain wish. 
 
 Cha ’n iiille leam, 1 would not fain wish. 
 Cha ’n aille leat, thou wouldst not fain wish. 
 Cha ’n kille leis, he would not fain wish. 
 
 Cha ’n kille leatha, she would not fain wish. 
 Cha ’n aille leinn, we would not fain wish. 
 Cha ’n aille le.'oh; you would not Jain wish. 
 Cha ’n aille leotha, they would not fain 
 Cha ’n fhiach leam, I will not condescend 
 or stoop. 
 
 Cha ’n fhiach leat, thou wilt not condescend 
 Cha ’n fhiach leis, he will not condescend 
 Cha’n fhiach leinn, we will not condescend 
 Cha ’n fhiach leibh, you will not condes- 
 Cha ’n fhiach leotha, they will not condes - 
 Ma’s fhiach leat, if you condescend or stoop 
 Nach fhiach leis, will he not condescend or 
 Nach fhiach leotha, will they, S$c . — See 
 jiach in the Dictionary. 
 
 Cha mhomha orm thu, I care as little for 
 you. 
 
 Cha mhomha urra mi, she cares as little 
 Cha mhomha ort i, thou carest as little for 
 Cha mhomha orra e, they care as little for 
 Cha mhomha air i, he cares as little for her. 
 Nach momha orm, do I not care as little ? 
 Nach momha orra, do they not care as little ? 
 Nach momha leat e, dost thou not care as 
 Nach momha leotha, do they not care as 
 Nach momha leinn iad, do we not care as 
 Nach momha leatha, does she not care as 
 Ma’s momha leam, if I care as much for 
 Ma’s momha leat e, if thou care as much 
 Ma’s momha leinn, if we care as much for 
 Am momha leat, do you care as much for i 
 Am momha leinn, do we care as much fori 
 Am momha leatha, does she care as much 
 Am momha leibh, do you care as much fori 
 Is coma leam thu, I hate or dislike you. 
 
 Is coma leat e, you hate him — never mind 
 him. 
 
 Is coma leis e, he dislikes or hates him. 
 
 Is coma leotha mi, they dislike or hate me. 
 Is coma leinn e, we hate him or dislike him. 
 Is coma leatha e, she dislikes him. 
 
 Is coma leibh iad, you dislike them. 
 
 Is coma leotha e, they dislike him. 
 
 An coma leam e, do I dislike him ? 
 
 An coma leat mi, dost thou dislike me ? 
 
 An coma leis i, does he dislike her l 
 An coma leinn i, do we dislike her ? 
 
 An coma leibh iad, do you dislike them ? 
 An coma leotha e, do they dislike him ? 
 
 Is miann leam, l wish or mean. 
 
 Am miann leat, dost thou wish or mean ? 
 Am miann leis, does he mean or wish l 
 Am miann leinn, do we wish or mean. 
 
 Am miann leibh, do you wish or mean ? 
 
 I s miann leam, / wish or mean. 
 
 Th’a mhiann orm, / mean or intend. 
 
 Am bheil a mhiann ort, do you wish or in- 
 
 lix 
 
 Am math leat, do you wish , or is it your 
 Is fuathach leis, he hates or abhors. 
 
 Is fuathach leinn, we hate or abhor. 
 
 Is fuathach leibh, you hate or abhor. 
 
 Am fuathach leam, do I hate or abhor l 
 Am fuathach leat, do you hate or abhor l 
 Am fuathach leotha, do they hate or abhor? 
 Is aighearach leam, / am highly delighted. 
 Is aighearach leat, thou art highly delight - 
 Is aighearach leinn, we are highly delight - 
 Is aighearach dhomh, it is truly happy for 
 Is aighearach cluit, it is truly happy for 
 Is aighearach dha, it is truly happy for him 
 Is aighearach dhuinn, it is truly happy for 
 Is a ghearach dhuibh, it is truly happy for 
 Is aighearach dhaibh, it is truly happy for 
 An aighearach dhomh, is it happy for me l 
 Is miosa leam, I regret most, I think worse. 
 Is miosa leat, you regret most, you think 
 Is miosa leis, he regrets most, he thinks 
 Is miosa leinn, we regret most, we think 
 Is miosa leibh, ye regret most, he thinks 
 Is miosa leotha, they think worse or regret. 
 Nach miosa leam, do I not regret most? 
 Nach miosa leat, dost thou not regret most l 
 Nach miosa leis, does he not regret most l 
 Nach miosa leinn, do we not regret most ? 
 Am miosa leam, do I regret most or think 
 Am miosa leinn, do we reeret most l 
 Is leamh leam, I think it galling, I am 
 piqued. 
 
 Is leamh leat, you think it galling ox pi- 
 Is leamh leinn, we think it galling or pi- 
 Nach leamh dhomh, is it not galling to me ? 
 Nach leamh dhuit, is it not galling to you ? 
 Nach leamh dhuinn, is it not galling to us ? 
 Nach aighearach dhomh, is it not happy 
 for me ? 
 
 Nach aighearach dhaibh, is it not happy 
 B’ aighearach dhuit, it were happy for you. 
 B’ aighearach dhith, it were happy for her. 
 B’ aighearach dha, it were happy for him. 
 Nach b’ aighearach dhomh, were it not hap - 
 Is ion domhabhi, I have great reason to be 
 Is ion duit a bhi, you have great reason to 
 Is ion da, di, he or she have great reason to 
 Nach ion duinn, have we not great reason 
 Nach ion duibh, have ye not great reason 
 Nach ion daibh, have they not great reason 
 An ion domh, have I great reason to be ? 
 An ion duit, have you great reason to be ? 
 An ion duinn, have we great reason to be ? 
 Nach bu leamh duit, were it not galling. 
 
 Is eagal leam, I am afraid. 
 
 Is eagal leat, thou art afraid. 
 
 Nach eagal Jeinn, are we not afraid ? 
 
 Nach eagal leibh, are you not afraid ? 
 
 Ni h-eagal leam, I am not the least afraid. 
 Ni h-eagal leis, he is not the least afraid. 
 
 Is mor m’ eagal, I am very much afraid. 
 
 Is mbr t’ eagail, you are very much afraid. 
 
 FINIS. 
 

 *