UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LiBRm AT UR3ANA-CHAMPAIGN AGRICULTURE Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/summaryofillinoi874wilk "^p^^ wmss ^ SUMMARY OF ILLINOIS FARM BUSINESS RECORDS T)>- Commercial Farms: PRODUCTION COSTS INCOME INVESTMENTS UNIVERSITY OF IlllNOIS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE CIRCULAR 874 This report summarizes for 1962 the farm business records of 5,740 Illinois farmers. It is the 38th in a series of annual summaries of such records obtained from farmers cooperating with the Department of Agricultural Economics and the Illinois Farm Bureau Farm Management Service. At present about 1 out of every 11 full-time com- mercial farmers (farmers with $10,000 or more of gross sales) in Illinois is enrolled in this service. In Tazewell County 1 out of every 4 is enrolled. The Pioneer Association has 1 of every 6 enrolled. There were 427 new enrollees in 1962 in addition to the 95 percent that continued from previous years. The con- centration and stability of enrollment by associations is shown below: 1962 enroll- 1959 census ment as per- Percent farms over Farmers cent of census continuing $10,000 enrolled farms over enrollment Association sales 1962 $10,000 sales for 1963 Blackhawk 5,728 350 6.11 95.7 East-central 4,175 540 12.93 96.8 Eastern 4,929 329 6.67 95.0 Illinois Valley. . . 7,781 694 8.92 91.9 Lincoln 11,678 1,167 9.99 94.4 Northeastern 5,429 365 6.72 95.4 Pioneer 5,814 907 15.60 97.3 Sangamon Valley 3,923 490 12.49 97.5 Shawnee 1,257 138 10.98 92.2 Western 11,178 760 6.80 95.3 State of Illinois.. 61,892 5,740 9.27 95.3 Participation in this farm business analysis service is voluntary, and cooperating farmers pay a fee for the services received. The 5,740 farms of this report fall largely within the size of business of Economic Classes I, II, and III, as defined in the 1959 Census of Agriculture. These classes include all farms selling $10,000 or more of farm products per year. In 1959, there were 154,652 census-defined farms in Illinois, of which only 61,892, or 40 percent of all farms, sold more than $10,000 of farm products. These 40 percent farmed 63 percent of the land area and produced 79 percent of the total value of products sold from Illinois farms in 1959. This segment of Illinois agriculture is often referred to as "commercial farming." Although the record-keeping farmers are largely within the first three economic classes, there is no assurance that the information obtained from their records is directly representative of all farms in these census groups. It is reasonable to expect that those who participate in this type of service are better managers than average. The farm management program on which this re- port is based is designed to aid Illinois farmers in two ways: (1) through the individual farm business analysis provided to the farmers who are active mem- bers of the program, and (2) through the compre- hensive information provided to farm management ex- tension and research workers and other individuals working with and assisting Illinois farmers with the problems resulting from a changing and dynamic agriculture. Organization of the report Except for a comparison of cost and income varia- tions and changes on selected samples of farms, this report contains annual data for the calendar year 1962, including descriptive facts, inputs or costs, and out- put or income data about the farms and their livestock enterprises. The incomes reported in Tables 1 and 2 for four types of farms in northern Illinois and three types in southern Illinois are indicative of the income, costs, and farm earnings experienced in 1962 by selected segments of Illinois farms. Similar data for 1961 and a ten-year average provide a comparison with other years for southern Illinois. Comparisons of high- and low-return farms are provided for northern Illinois. Data for all the major livestock enterprises for 1962 are included in Tables 3 through 10. Because a large proportion of the feed grains and roughage pro- duced on Illinois farms is marketed through livestock, the margins of income from livestock enterprises are important in interpreting the economic results of farm- ing operations. Tables 12 through 16 report costs, returns, financial summaries, investments, land use, and crop yields for several sizes and types of farms in northern and south- ern Illinois. The definitions of terms and accounting measures that precede these tables will aid in using the data. FINANCIAL SUMMARY OF 180-259 ACRE FARMS Comparisons of high-, low-, and average-return farms among major types of farming in northern Illi- nois are reported in Table 1. Comparative costs and returns between years and among major types of farming in southern Illinois are reported in Table 2. The separation of farms into northern and southern Illinois is based on soil-type and divides the state approximately on an east-west line from Mattoon to Jacksonville. The sample of farms ranged between 180 and 259 acres in size and averaged about 220 acres. Labor used on this size group of farms aver- aged 14 months on grain farms, 16 months on hog and beef farms, and 20 months on dairy farms. The data in these tables are presented as an owner-operated V5 -^^. f cof. < ^(^K type of tenure arrangement. Landlord and tenant shares of the business were combined where farms were leased. Size of farm, type of farm, and quality of soil were held reasonably constant over time by the sampling procedure used in selecting farms. The 1962 sample for northern Illinois was divided into a high-return and a low-return group according to the level of the management returns per tillable acre. Each group represented one-third of the farms in the original sample. Variations between these groups are due to differences in internal organization, volume, and efficiency of the individual farm busi- nesses. Variations between 1960, 1961, and the ten- year average on southern Illinois farms are due to changes in farm prices and costs, weather, and internal farming adjustments made within each system. The data in Table 1 are helpful for indicating the range in returns that is possible under different levels of management. It also shows the relative importance of various cost and return items as they affect the management return. The data in Table 2 are particularly helpful for evaluating changes in farm costs and returns within a particular size and type of farm and making com- parisons between types of farming. The data do not reflect over-all farming adjustments resulting from farm enlargement or major changes in resource use. The farm and family earnings measure includes returns to the farm family for all unpaid labor, inter- est on invested capital, and managerial inputs used in farming. Changes in value of farm inventories and value of farm products consumed are included as income. Farm and family earnings are calculated by accounting methods that are generally comparable to the accrual method of calculating taxable farm income for federal income tax. Important differences in accrual income tax accounting methods are the pro- vision for capital gains on livestock sales and the inclusion of interest paid as a farm expense. Accounting procedures used did not reduce capital purchases by the amount of the investment credit allowed on the federal income tax. The credit was included with regular depreciation in order to account for all expenditures in the capital accounts. It is estimated that this credit averaged about $150 to $200 per farm in 1962 and was recovered at the time income taxes were paid. The cash balance figure is the amount available to pay for living costs, income and social security taxes, interest, and debt repayment and to add to savings. Purchases of new capital investments for the farm business have been included with total cash expendi- tures. Although the cash balance figure reflects the cash position of the farm business, it is influenced by purchase and sale transactions of feed and livestock. Also, new capital investments may exceed or fall short of the depreciation charges made in calculating farm and family earnings. Northern Illinois farms Grain farms. The total value of farm production of the high-return northern Illinois 220-acre grain farms averaged $7,170 more per farm with only $525 more total non-feed costs than the low-return farms in 1962 (Table 1). This greater value of farm produc- tion was due to higher crop yields, more acres of high- value crops, and more efficient feed conversion through livestock. This was accomplished with slightly fewer months of labor. Note the higher production per man and per $1.00 of non-feed costs on the high-return farms as compared to the low-return farms. Hog farms. The total value of farm production on the high-return northern Illinois 220-acre hog farms averaged $9,375 more per farm with only $512 more total non-feed costs than the low-return farms in 1962 (Table 1). This higher value of farm production was due to higher crop yields and a greater volume of livestock. This resulted in $6,901 more production per man and 42 cents more per $1.00 of nonfeed costs. The average farm and family earnings in 1962 continued at the relatively high level of 1960 and 1961. Crop yields increased from 1961 to 1962 over most of the northern Illinois area. Dairy farms. High-return northern Illinois 220- acre dairy farms had $6,137 more value of farm pro- duction with $2,719 less total non-feed cost than the low-return farms in 1962 (Table 1). This resulted from more milk sales per cow and per man, higher crop yields, and lower fertilizer, machinery and equip- ment, and other farm costs. Average farm and family earnings in 1962 were $1,609 less than in 1961. A 19 cent lower average price received for milk in 1962 along with a continua- tion of the lengthy trend of increased costs account for this drop in earnings. Beef farms. High-return northern Illinois 220- acre beef farms had $12,239 greater value of farm production with only $732 more total non-feed costs than the low-return farms in 1962 (Table 1). This higher value of farm production resulted from higher fat cattle prices and feeding efficiency with larger volumes of cattle, higher crop yields, and more effi- cient use of capital. The result was $7,018 more production per man and $.46 more per $1.00 of non- feed costs. The average farm and family earnings in 1962 was $3,971 higher than in 1961. After three years of rela- tively low earnings compared to other types of farms. Table 1. — Average Selected Total Farm Items on Northern Illinois 180-259 Acre Farms, 1962 Grain farms High- Low- Average- return return return farms farms farms Number of farms. 37 37 112 Total acres Soil-productivity rating Total months of labor Total value feed fed. . . Total farm investment Total cash sales Less purchased feed and livestock Net cash sales Inventory change Farm products consumed Value of farm production Cash operating expenses Annual depreciation. . . Farm and family earnings Unpaid labor charge. . . Returns to capital and management. . . . Interest charge on capital Management returns . . Total cash income*. . . . Total cash expenditures* Cash balance Livestock returns above feed costs .... Feed and grain returns Corn, bushels per acre Soybeans, bushels per acre PERCENT OF TILL- ABLE LAND IN Corn and corn silage Soybeans Diverted acres Hay and pasture crops Soil fertility cost Machinery and equipment cost Total non-feed costs. . . Farm production per man Farm production per ^1.00 of non-feed costs 231 85 13.9 ? 3,480 131,561 5 25,211 218 78 14.4 5 3,354 116,422 ? 19,406 227 81 14.0 $ 3,518 125,315 $ 22,710 3,518 3,834 3,865 21,693 1,565 102 15,572 542 76 18,845 1,004 104 23,360 16,190 19,953 7,741 $ 7,263 $ 7,489 2,387 2,787 2,604 13,232 6,140 9,860 2,673 2,818 2,730 10,559 3,322 7,130 5,5.';6 4,964 5,310 5,003 -1,642 1,820 25,295 19,454 $ 22,768 13.388 13,190 13,388 13,575 12,105 6,066 9,193 2,165 20,558 114.3 36.4 855 $ 1,655 14,709 17,668 97.2 106.7 31.8 34.2 40.6 42.0 40.9 31.0 18.5 25.8 8.4 11.7 9.2 8.8 13.4 10.8 1,738 $ 1,342 $ 1,521 4,380 4,552 4,526 18,357 17,832 18,133 20,167 13,492 17,102 1.27 .91 1.10 Hog farms High- Low- Average- return return return farms farms farms 48 45 147 216 78 16.3 ; 20,083 130,251 ; 42,864 18,614 24,250 4,288 232 220 76 16.3 5 12,698 123,734 ? 29,512 10,117 19,395 -177 177 220 76 16.4 5 15,484 124,327 5 34,820 13,434 21,386 1,780 196 28,770 19,395 23,362 9,363 3,560 15,847 2,936 12,911 5,688 7,223 42,896 31,289 : 9,350 3,450 6,595 2,869 3,726 5,366 -1,640 ; 30,059 23.948 9,200 3,394 10,768 2,853 7,915 5,397 2,518 34,906 26,339 11,607 6,111 8,567 $ 12,455 15,580 106.1 36.2 5,302 13,462 94.3 30.7 8,420 14,255 100.5 33.2 54.5 53.1 52.0 9.6 8.4 10.1 3.2 5.2 4.8 17.4 18.6 18.2 $ 1,403 $ 1,466 $ 1,369 5,622 21,547 5,697 21,035 5,560 20.844 21,180 14,279 17,094 1.34 .92 1.12 Dairy farms High- Low- Average- return return return farms farms farms 19 21 61 219 73 20.6 ; 13,564 121,147 ; 30.441 220 72 20.6 5 12,129 130,139 5 24.312 219 71 20.3 ! 12,942 122,214 5 26,829 4,791 4,275 4,734 25,650 295 325 20,037 -232 328 22,095 214 327 26,270 20,133 22,636 9,878 3,451 12,941 3,338 9,603 5,287 4,316 30,975 ; 10,686 4,793 4,654 3,450 1,204 5,744 -4,540 ; 24.312 10,090 3,969 18,022 19,244 8,577 3,271 5,306 5,376 -70 26,996 18,342 Beef farms High- Low- return return farms farms Average- return farms 18 19 60 226 79 17.2 : 24,076 162,839 ; 62,556 208 75 15.9 $ 18,159 146.121 $ 56,596 38,175 36,925 19,671 582 24,381 7,612 298 299 216 76 16.1 5 19,867 148,543 ? 55,692 36,504 19,188 6,131 288 32,291 20,552 25,607 12,953 5,068 8,654 11,692 14,026 99.0 29.2 7,129 12,367 92.6 20.4 9,461 12,584 94.9 24.5 31.2 32.6 34.1 861 $ 1,245 $ 1,017 6,098 21,954 6,804 24,673 6,212 22,706 15,302 11,728 13,381 1.20 .82 1.00 9,983 3,868 18,440 2,789 15,651 7,218 8,433 62,662 51,442 $ 9,353 4,487 6,712 2,761 3,951 6,525 -2,574 $ 56,627 51,024 9,584 4,212 11,811 2,777 9,034 6,602 2,432 55,759 50,433 11,220 5,603 5,326 14,439 17,289 108.5 36.2 $ 6,109 13,812 95.7 30.1 9,444 15,528 101.2 31.7 H.9 37.0 38.8 56.4 55.1 55.5 4.4 5.5 3.7 2.6 3.5 4.1 5.3 8.2 6.0 1.5 8.4 4.5 20.2 17.6 18.8 $ 1,607 $ 1,287 $ 1,475 5,521 6,047 5,981 23,858 23,126 23,175 22,'529 15,511 19,086 1.35 .89 1.10 * Includes sales or purchases of capital items. this was the highest earning year since 1958. Total cash sales from these farms increased in 1962, but purchases of feed and feeder livestock increased. Southern Illinois farms Grain farms. Farm and family earnings on southern Illinois 220-acre grain farms decreased $929 in 1962 from 1961 (Table 2). Large crop inventories carried into 1962 were reduced to cash and not re- placed at the same levels due to slightly lower crop yields in 1962. Cash operating expenses per farm increased about 13 percent above 1961. This was due mostly to in- creases in taxes and soil fertility costs. It will be Table 2. — Average Selected Total Farm Items on Southern Illinois 180-259 Acre Farms Grain farms ^*^"^ 1962 Number of farms 26 Total acres 216 Soil-productivity rating 39 Total cash sales ^18,193 Less purchased feed and livestock. . 3,526 Net cash sales 14,667 Inventory change 393 Farm products consumed 152 Value of farm production 15,212 Cash operating expenses $ 6,252 Annual depreciation 2 , 162 Farm and family earnings 6 , 798 Unpaid labor charge 2,669 Returns to capital and management. . 4,129 Interest charge on capital 2,572 Management returns 1 ,557 Total cash income'' ?18,248 Total cash expenditures* 11 ,930 Cash balance 6,318 ' Includes sales or purchases of capital items. 1961 1953-62 average 38 39 222 40 ^17,035 3,191 13,844 1,524 160 15,528 $ 5,527 2,274 7,727 2,680 5,047 2,509 2,538 ?17,165 11,344 222 40 $U,822 2,558 12,264 632 188 13,084 $ 4,953 2,199 5,932 2,411 3,521 2,458 1,063 ?14,942 9,906 5,821 5,036 Hog farms 1962 1961 1953-62 average 31 45 40 218 38 ?28,573 11,512 17,061 2,374 247 19,682 $ 7,598 2,612 9,472 2,929 6,543 2,987 3,556 328,636 22.199 214 35 325,105 8,818 16,287 1,822 268 18,377 $ 6,746 2,260 9,371 2,858 6,513 2,537 3,976 325,129 18,727 220 37 320,849 7,571 13,278 638 293 14,209 3 5,701 2,257 6,251 2,622 3,629 2,558 1,071 320,918 15,887 6,437 6,402 5,031 Da iry farms 1962 1961 1953-62 average 23 35 46 220 30 323,782 4,918 18,864 432 363 19,659 3 8,276 3,357 8,026 3,122 4,904 2,850 2,054 323,818 16,979 217 32 324,128 5,542 18,586 1,386 389 20,361 3 7,877 3,495 8,989 3,294 5,695 2,911 2,784 324,331 18,245 216 31 318,405 4,072 14,333 712 358 15,403 3 6,199 2,765 6,439 2,962 3,477 2,588 889 318,499 13,991 6,839 6,086 4,508 necessary to maintain the present high levels of pro- duction on these farms in order to keep management returns near the 1953-62 average. Hog farms. Farm and family earnings on southern Illinois 220-acre hog farms continued at the highest level in the past 11 years for the second year in a row (Table 2). These earnings are comparable to those received in 1962 on similar sized hog, dairy, and grain farms in the more productive soil areas of northern Illinois. It is evident that the high cash incomes of the past two years resulting from good crop yields and favor- able hog prices has allowed increased expenditures for fertilizers and replacement of capital items. Total cash expenditures in 1962 increased sharply. These ex- penditures are associated with doubling the volume of hog production in the past ten years. Dairy farms. Farm and family earnings on 220- acre southern Illinois dairy farms in 1962 remained substantially above the 1953-62 average (Table 2). The $963 decrease from 1961 resulted from slightly lower milk prices and lower crop yields. The productivity of labor on these farms is chang- ing rapidly. The months of labor used per farm has remained constant while the value of farm production has doubled in the past ten years. Table 3. — Returns per $100 Feed Fed to Different Classes of Livestock Beef Dairy Feeder Native Feeder Yearly Year cow cow cattle sheep sheep Hogs Poultry price herds herds bought raised bought of corn 1948 143 183 137 138 79 131 137 31.89 1949 132 175 136 142 104 144 161 1.16 1950 169 173 170 177 182 152 122 1.35 1951 170 187 142 171 111 127 137 1.66 1952 99 175 86 67 44 116 116 1.65 1953 64 147 81 84 113 178 148 1.44 1954 95 141 126 97 119 154 104 1.46 1955 94 168 106 103 100 109 142 1.28 1956 103 177 117 137 108 142 133 1.30 1957 134 189 143 138 113 172 136 1.15 1958 162 199 144 98 47 180 142 1.10 1959 147 191 112 102 61 114 123 1.10 1960 129 200 117 108 122 164 157 1.03 1961 139 196 116 110 108 164 150 1.01 1962 149 190 148 126 112 159 144 .98 1948-62 average 129 179 125 120 102 147 137 31.30 LIVESTOCK ENTERPRISES Hog enterprises The information on hogs in Table 4 is based on a sample of 725 farms farrowing ten or more litters per year. Farms were omitted from the sample if the number of hogs purchased exceeded 10 percent of the pigs weaned. This eliminated from the sample those farms with combined farrowing and feeder-pig opera- tions. Feeder-pig enterprise information is included in Table 6. Returns per $100 feed fed for hogs were $159 in Table 4. — Hog Enterprises, 1962 Items All farms High- return farms Low- return farms Number of farms .... 725 93 178 Average per farm Pounds of pork produced . . 103 ,494 Total returns ?16,331 Value of feed fed 10,243 Returns per 3100 feed fed 159 Returns above feed per litter 98 Number of litters farrowed 62 Pigs farrowed per litter ... 9.0 Pigs weaned per litter. ... 7.4 Number of pigs weaned. . . 457 Number that died after weaning 18 Pounds of death loss 1 ,431 Percent of pounds produced 1.4 Weight per hog sold 235 Price received per 100 pounds $ 16.30 $ Feed cost per 100 pounds produced 9 . 90 Feed per 100 pounds produced Farm grains, lb 352 Commercial feeds, lb.. . . 65 Total concentrate, lb. 417 Pasture (pasture days) . . 1.1 Cost per 100 pounds of commercial feeds $ 5 .50 Cost per 100 pounds of concentrates 2 . 34 103,899 316,800 8,982 187 99 315 10 ,501 ,295 ,889 140 128 70 61 8.9 7.6 466 63 9.0 7.1 449 12 1,054 1 22 ,701 1.0 1.7 233 235 $ 16.40 3 16.07 8.64 10.94 310 56 366 1.1 386 72 458 1.2 $ 5.45 3 5.53 2.32 2.35 1962, $12 above the 1948-62 average. The average price received for hogs sold w^as $16.30 per hundred pounds, down 28 cents from the 1961 average price of $16.58. The decrease in returns per $100 feed fed from $164 to $159 is associated with the decrease of 28 cents per hundred pounds from 1961 to 1962. The average size of hog enterprises increased from 41 litters per farm in 1955 to 62 Utters in 1962. The high-return farms produced nearly 1,039 hundred pounds of pork compared to 995 hundred pounds on low-return farms. Farms with high and low returns per $100 feed fed were tabulated separately in Table 4. The high- return group had returns per $100 feed fed that ranged from $180 to $199 and the low-return group ranged from $130 to $149. This grouping of farms was made to demonstrate the range in performance and efficiency among hog producers and to indicate where the highly efficient farms excel in management. Feed conversions and feed cost per 100 pounds pro- duced were the most important differences between the high and low return groups. The high-return group averaged 366 pounds of feed and $8.64 feed cost per 100 pounds produced while the low-return group averaged 458 pounds of feed and a feed cost of $10.94 per 100 pounds produced. This difference in Table 5. — Dairy Cattle Enterprises, 1962 Milk per cow Items All farms Over Under 10,000 lb. 10,000 lb. Number of farms 387 248 139 Average per farm Number of cows in herd .. . 33.4 34.5 31.3 Number of milk cows 33.2 34.4 31.1 Percent of milk cows dry. . 15 14 17 Animal units in herd 54.0 58.0 46.8 Pounds of beef produced . . 15,763 17,295 13,030 Total returns 315,353 317,271 311,932 Value of feed fed 8,081 8,938 6,552 Returns per 3100 feed fed.. 190 193 182 Returns above feed per milk cow 219 242 173 Total pounds of milk produced.. 354,347 403,586 266,495 Pounds of milk per milk cow 10,673 11,732 8,569 Pounds of butterfat per milk cow 375 430 336 Pounds of beef per cow in herd 475 503 419 Pounds of death loss 1,166 1,201 1,103 Percent of pounds produced 7.4 6.9 8.5 Feed cost per unit" 3 15.78 3 15.50 3 16.51 Price received for: 100 lb. milk 3.71 3.66 3.85 100 1b. beef 16.31 16.49 15.89 Feed per unit of milk and beef, pounds Grain, lb 253 251 259 Protein and minerals, lb. 60 61 57 Total concentrates, lb. 313 312 316 Hay and dry roughage, lb 408 394 444 Hay silage and soilage, lb 189 183 206 Corn and other silage, lb 645 646 643 Pasture (pasture days). . 12 11 14 Pasture days per animal unit 113 109 122 * 1,000 pounds of milk or 100 pounds of beef. feeding efficiency amounted to a saving in feed cost of approximately $2,300 per farm for the high-return farms compared with the low-return group. Other areas of higher management performance were in pigs weaned per litter, death losses, and prices received for hogs marketed. Dairy enterprises Returns per $100 feed fed to dairy enterprises averaged $190 (Table 5) in 1962. This was the fifth year in a row that returns have been $190 or above. The returns per $100 feed fed to dairy enterprises averaged $179 for the 1948-1962 period (Table 3). The minimum size of herd included in this analysis was ten milk cows. The average herd in 1962 included 33.4 cows and about 30 head of young stock of all ages. The average size of dairy herd has increased very rapidly the last few years. In 1955, dairy herds averaged 21.8 cows per farm on record- keeping farms with ten or more cows. Milk produced per milk cow averaged 10,673 pounds in 1962 compared with 10,419 in 1961 and 8,229 in 1951. The average price received for milk in 1962 averaged $3.71 per hundred pounds, down 19 cents from a year earlier. The average price reported is net after deduction of hauling and marketing costs. The dairy herds in Table 5 were divided into two groups, herds with over 10,000 pounds of milk per cow and herds under 10,000 pounds. This separation di- vided the high-producing and large-breed herds from the low-producing and small-breed herds. The average butterfat test was 3.67 percent for the over-10,000 pound group and 3.92 percent for the under-10,000 pound group. Total feed cost, expressed as a cost per cow, averaged $260 for the high-producing group and $211 for the low-producing group. Because it was not entirely possible to separate large breeds from small breeds, the differences observed between the two sub- groups in Table 5 should not be interpreted as differ- ences resulting from milk yields only. Feeder-cattle and feeder-pig enterprises Feeding enterprises involve the purchase of live- stock to feed until ready for slaughter. Feeder cattle is the most common enterprise but feeder pigs are increasing in importance. Calendar-year operations for feeder-cattle and feeder- pig enterprises are presented in Table 6. This involves weights and values on partly finished animals at the begin- ning and end of the calendar year. Returns per $100 feed fed from feeder-cattle enterprises averaged $148 in 1962, com- pared with $116 in 1961 (Table 6). Returns from feeder-pig enterprises aver- aged $129 down $3 from the 1961 average of $132. The feed cost per 100 pounds of gain was less than 1 percent below 1961 for the feeder-pig enterprises. Unlike other live- stock enterprises, the interac- tion between purchase price for feeder-animals and selling Table 6. — Feeder-Cattle and Feeder-Pig Enterprises, 1962 Items Feeder cattle Feeder pigs Number of farms . 420 137 Average per farm Total pounds produced 63,208 Total returns ^16,604 Value of feed fed 1 1 , 178 Returns per ?100 feed fed Pounds of death loss Percent of pounds produced Average weight purchased Price paid per 100 pounds Price received per 100 pounds Feed cost per 100 pounds produced. Feed per 100 pounds produced Grain, lb Protein and mineral feeds, lb Total concentrates, lb Hay, lb Silage, lb Pasture (pasture days) 148 1,180 1.9 577 ? 26.82 25.91 17.68 602 65 667 155 500 5 56,030 $ 6,784 5,262 129 1,057 1.9 50 $ 29.81 16.50 9.39 359 55 414 1 price for finished livestock affects the margin of returns from feeding enterprises. Cattle- feeding operations starting with the purchase of a drove of feeder-cattle and ending with the sale of finished animals are presented in Table 7 for five se- lected systems. These data summarize information Table 7. — Feeder-Cattle Enterprises, Good-to-Choice Grades Fed During 1961-62 Feeding Year Items Heifer calves Steer calves Long-fed yearlings, pastured Long-fed yearlings, drylot Short-fed yearlings Number of droves. 16 15 21 Average per farm Average number of cattle 55 Date bought Nov. 3 Date sold July 9 Days on farm 248 Days on feed 233 Days on summer pasture 25 Purchase weight 462 Sale weight 865 Gain per head 403 Average daily gain 1 . 62 Per 100 pounds Purchase price $ 24 . 21 Sale price 24 . 07 Cost of gains 16.76 Price spread margin — . 14 Feeding margin 7.31 Returns above feed per head. . . 27.57 Returns per ^100 feed fed 141 Feed per 100 pounds of gain Corn, lb 532 Oats, lb 32 Protein feeds, lb 73 Hay, lb 220 Corn silage, lb 336 Other silage, lb Pasture (pasture days) 3.3 95 51 89 60 Oct. 19 Oct. 23 Oct. 26 Oct. 18 Sept. 10 Aug. 28 July 28 May 9 326 309 275 203 269 254 244 157 41 67 451 579 627 678 1037 1102 1108 1097 586 523 481 419 1. 81 1 70 1 76 1.88 $ 26. 56 $ 25.43 $ 25. 61 $ 24.16 26. 46 26. 98 26. 15 24.45 15. 97 17. 10 17. 26 17.52 — 10 1. 55 54 .29 10.49 9. 88 8. 89 6.93 59. 76 59. 30 45. 64 26.80 165 168 156 141 538 549 577 610 29 19 13 58 51 54 60 156 254 233 175 218 264 525 57 384 63 6. 1 ii. 7 1. 4 5.0 Table 8. — - Beef Cow Enterprises, 1962 Items Number of fa rms 238 Table 9. — Poultry Enterprises, 1962 Average per farm Number of cows in herd 27.4 Animal units in herd 36.8 Total pounds produced 19,293 Total returns $ 4,487 Value of feed fed 3,018 Returns per ?100 feed fed 149 Pounds of beef per cow in herd .... 704 Pounds of death loss 819 Percent of pounds produced 4.2 Feed cost per unit* $ 15 . 64 Price received per 100 pounds 23 . 84 Feed per unit of milk and beef Grain, lb. . . _. 228 Protein and mineral feeds, lb 26 Total concentrates, lb 254 Hay and dry roughage, lb 561 Hay silage, lb 10 Corn and other silage, lb 195 Pasture (pasture days) 41 Pasture days per animal unit 215 " 1,000 pounds of milk or 100 pounds of beef. All Number of hens per farm Items t farms 101-299 300-749 750 + Number of farms 248 129 67 52 Average per farm Pounds of poultry produced 2,183 747 1,459 6,676 Total returns ? 3,345 $ 846 ?2,086 ?11,167 Value of feed fed 2,328 686 1,574 7,373 Returns per? 100 feed fed. . 144 123 132 151 Returns above feed cost per hen 1.50 .84 1.19 1.72 Average number of hens 679 190 431 2,212 Eggs produced per hen 213 188 204 221 Percent production 58 52 56 60 Feed requirement units*.... 13,513 3,468 8,312 45,132 Feed cost per unit $ .17 ? .20 3 A9 $ .16 Pounds of concentrates per unit 6.1 6.8 6.6 5.8 Cost per 100 pounds of concentrates $ 2.82 $ 2.89 $ 2.88 $ 2.79 Price per pound sold .08 .09 .09 .08 Price per dozen eggs sold. . . .31 .30 .30 .31 Pounds of death loss 473 162 355 1397 * One dozen eggs or 1.5 pounds of weight produced. published earlier in the Twenty-Fourth Annual Report of Feeder Cattle. Using "returns above feed per head" as a measure of returns, all systems included in Table 7 had returns above the levels received in 1960-61 feeding year. Steer calves and long- fed yearlings on pasture showed the largest returns. Cattle marketed from these sys- tems were sold in 1962 during a fall rise in the market price of slaughter cattle. Beef-cow herds The minimum size of a beef-cow herd included in Table 8 was ten or more cows. Farms with combina- tions of cow herds and purchased feeder-cattle were not included. The common practice followed by farm- ers with cow herds includes raising and fattening the calves produced. A few farms in this cow-herd analysis may sell calves produced as feeder-cattle. Returns per $100 feed fed to beef-cow herds aver- aged $149 in 1962 up $10 from $139 in 1961. The feed cost produced was $15.64 per 100 pounds, and the average price received for beef sold was $23.84 per 100 pounds. This latter figure includes sales of slaugh- ter cattle, cull breeding stock, and in some instances sale of feeder-calves. The average price received from the sale of beef from all feeder-cattle enterprises was $25.91 per 100 pounds in 1962, $2.07 higher than sales made from cow herds. Poultry enterprises Returns per $100 feed fed from all poultry flocks in 1962 averaged $144 compared with $150 in 1961 (Table 9). The sale price of eggs averaged 31 cents a dozen, down 2 cents from 1961. The eggs produced per hen averaged 213, up two eggs from 1961. The minimum size of flock included in Table 9 is 100 hens. The size of flock in 1962, omitting farms with less than 100 hens, averaged 679 hens. Flock size has increased sharply the past several years. The aver- age flock size was 706 hens in 1961, 647 hens in 1960, 513 in 1959, and 316 in 1955. Several important differences were observed when flocks were grouped by average number of hens. Eggs produced per hen, calculated on a hen-day basis, in- creased with increases in flock size. Feed cost per unit of product (1 dozen eggs or lYz pounds of meat) de- creased and returns above feed cost per hen increased with changes in flock size. In calculating total returns from poultry in Table Table 10. — Sheep Enterprises, 1962 Items Native flocks Feeder sheep Number of farms .... 122 11 Average per farm Pounds of wool and mutton produced 3,841 12,279 Total returns $ 746 ? 2,055 Value of feed fed 593 1 ,833 Returns per ? 100 feed fed 126 112 Percent lamb crop 119 ... Pounds of death loss 557 4,421 Percent of pounds produced 14.5 36.0 Feed cost per 100 pounds produced. . $ 15.44 $ 14.93 Price received per 100 pounds 20. 18 18.00 Price paid for sheep bought ... 17 . 82 Feed per 100 pounds produced Concentrates, lb 227 455 Hay, lb 506 156 Silage, lb 17 1 Pasture (pasture days) 48 27 9, the cost of replacement chicks or started pullets has been deducted from the sale of eggs and cull hens. Sheep enterprises Sheep production is a minor enterprise on record- keeping farms. The minimum size of enterprise in Table 10 was set at three animal units. One animal unit of sheep is defined as 750 pounds liveweight. The sheep enterprises were divided into native ewe flocks and feeder-lamb operations. Returns per $100 feed fed in 1962 were $126 for native fiocks and $112 for feeder sheep. Returns per $100 feed fed for the two enterprises in 1961 were $110 and $108, respectively. DEFINITION OF TERMS AND ACCOUNTING MEASURES Soil-productivity rating An average index representing the inherent pro- ductivity (low level of management) of all tillable land in the farm. Individual soil types on each farm are assigned an index ranging downward from 100. Type of farm Sampling technique. The records in each size group for northern Illinois were sampled to provide a pro- portional representation of all farms of that size range according to the 1959 census. Grain farms. Farms where the value of feed fed to livestock was less than one-half of the feed and grain returns and value of feed to dairy or poultry was not more than one-sixth of the feed and grain returns. Hog or beef farms. Farms where the value of feed fed to livestock was more than one-half of feed and grain returns and either hog or beef-cattle enterprises received more than one-half of the value of feed fed. Dairy or poultry farms. Farms where the value of feed fed to livestock was more than one-half of feed and grain returns and either dairy or poultry enter- prises received more than one-third of the value of feed fed. Cost items Machinery and equipment. Includes machinery and equipment depreciation, machinery repairs, machine hire, gas and oil, electricity and telephone, and farm share of auto. Labor. Includes actual hired-labor costs plus family and operator's labor charged in 1962 at $215 and $200 a month respectively for northern and south- ern Illinois. Interest charge on capital. Interest charged at 5 percent on January 1 inventory of remaining capital investment in grain, livestock, machinery, buildings, soil fertility, and farm share of auto, plus 4 percent interest on bare land priced at current land values. Total non-feed costs. All cash operating expenses, depreciation and imputed charges for unpaid labor and interest on capital. Purchased feeds and livestock are omitted. Value of land (current basis). A basic value on bare land is established for each farm according to the soil-productivity rating. This basic value is adjusted Table 11. — Average Prices Received and Paid by Farm Record Keepers 1962 1961 Grain prices Corn, sold Soybeans, sold Oats, sold Wheat, sold Corn, purchased Oats, purchased Livestock prices Hogs, all weights Fat cattle, all weights. . . Feeder cattle, all weights, prices paid Dairy cattle, all weights. Sheep, all weights Poultry Milk Eggs Northern Northern Southern Illinois Illinois Illinois $ 1.12 $\m ^1.07 2.35 2.38 2.31 .62 .65 .71 2.09 1.85 1.78 1.02 1.02 1.04 .65 .63 .75 J516.30 ^16.58 23.84 22 58 25.91 23.47 16.31 16 72 20.18 18 94 .08 08 3.71 3 .90 .31 i2, each year according to the index of land prices in Illinois as reported by the USDA. Return items Feed and grain returns. The sum of grain and feed sales, value of all feeds fed (except milk), and change in value of feed and grain inventories less the value of feed purchased. Value of farm production. Total cash sales of products and services, less purchased feed and live- stock, plus change in inventory values of grain and livestock, plus value of farm products consumed. Farm and family earnings. Value of farm produc- tion less cash operating expenses and depreciation. This figure includes the return to the farm and family for unpaid labor, interest on invested capital, and re- turns to management. Labor and management earnings. Farm and family earnings less the value of family labor and interest charge on capital invested. It is the residual return to operator's labor and management efforts. Capital and management earnings. Farm and family earnings less a charge for all unpaid (operator and family) labor. Management returns. 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OJ . >. ^ S C M M 5i ^ J2 5 o i-H. 0"° 03 +J _C **-• 1-" So ° o 8 u <"-S i2— P • — ^ 3 1,^ 1,1: -1: TO-— c o ^2 jP3 0qS:§SOKDH§ ^ifi-g-g-g^ O cd > c S c u -iE-gis:^ S o3-=;.g c c E E Ol > c c Q < W O f=. _ f^ 03 03 a .S ^ [fi 03 tao aj O. 03 c S m c;5 < -^ o o =: y-o OJ «! C E'o "^ u Ih 03 3 CO Q O C J2 en (u Z -O U « S^ 19 This report results from the cooperation of state and local Farm Bureau Farm Management Asso- ciations and the University of Illinois. The information is for farmers and workers in farm manage- ment extension, teaching, and research and for others assisting Illinois farmers in business analysis. The report supplements work of FBFM fieldmen by providing comparative standards for farmers enrolled in the service. The cooperative efifort of the university staff working with 35 fieldmen who are supported largely by fees paid by farmers makes this educational and service program possible. By participating in this program each farmer-cooperator (5,740 reporting this year) increases his chances for successful farm operation and contributes to the improvement of Illinois agriculture. The records show a high level of net income for farm living on well-organized and competently managed farms. In 1962, in five central-Illinois counties, the earnings of the 35 high-earning tenants on all-rented farms between 180 and 349 acres averaged $8,640 (labor and management earnings). The 35 low-earning tenants on the same size farms averaged $2,897. Adequate records are part of the nec- essary foundation for successful farm planning, management, and operation. We hope that this 38th Annual Report will be used to contribute to more profitable farm operation and a more desirable level of family living. Harold G. Halcrow, Head Department of Agricultural Economics ASSOCIATIONS, FIELDMEN, AND COOPERATORS ENROLLED BLACKHAWK — . G. W. Bevington C. M. Roodhouse WESTERN P.W.Dickhaut T. H. Jennings A. G. Pille \ I. D. Schroll \ Bryon Wright \ SANGAMON VALLEY C. E. Bofterbusch D. G. Clompet G.W.Shafer LINCOLN sr; — J. H. Boyd "~-. P.M. Fuller ~- M. A. Gummersheimer W. W. Marquart C. B. Roodhouse E. A. Thurn C.J.Wargel NORTHEASTERN D. R. Muehling N. C. Specht ILLINOIS VALLEY R. D. Geschwind H. D. Hawkins G. E. Hulslonder D. G. Thompson PIONEER K. W. Amstuft W. W. Janssen R. P. Kesler H. W. Robinson T. E. Swigart EASTERN J. W. Dicker B. A. Henry EAST CENTRAL W. E. Berner R. E. Fowler R. D. Gustafson SHAWNEE K. S. Cook Prepared by D. F. Wilken, State Leader of Fieldmen, and D. E. Erickson, both of the Department of Agricultural Economics. Urbana, Illinois August, 1963 Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics: University of Illinois, College of Agriculture, and the United States Department of Agriculture cooperating. LOUIS B. HOWARD, Director. Acts approved by Congress May 8 and June 30, 1914. 12M— 8-63— 80532 I UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA Q.630.7IL6C COOS CIRCULAR URBANA. ILL. 874 1963 3 01 2 0' 9540613