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 STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 
 
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 ILLINOIS-MISSOURI 
 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCE 
 
 
 COMPLEX - A BASE FOR 
 
 
 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 
 
 
 Hubert E. Risser 
 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 
 URBANA 
 
 
 CIRCULAR 337 1962 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 
 
 http://archive.org/details/illinoismissouri337riss 
 
ILLINOIS-MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE 
 
 COMPLEX -A BASE FOR INDUSTRIAL 
 
 DEVELOPMENT 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 ABSTRACT 3 
 
 PART I. GENERAL 5 
 
 Introduction 5 
 
 Scope 5 
 
 The Keys to Industrial Production 7 
 
 PART II . THE ROLE OF MAJOR MINERAL MATERIALS 8 
 
 Iron and Steel as the Basic Metals of Modern Industry 8 
 
 Basic Construction Materials 9 
 
 Stone 9 
 
 Sand and Gravel 9 
 
 Clay 10 
 
 Lead and Zinc 10 
 
 Lead 10 
 
 Zinc 1 1 
 
 Fluorspar 11 
 
 Water 1 1 
 
 Energy , Fuels , and Electric Power 1 1 
 
 Energy's Contribution 11 
 
 Trends in Fuel Use in Manufacturing 12 
 
 Electric Power 13 
 
 (TABLES 1-16 Principal uses of major mineral commodities 
 
 and quantities of energy consumed in manufacturing.) 14-29 
 
 PART III. THE ILLINOIS-MISSOURI RESOURCE BASE 30 
 
 Non-Fuel Mineral Resources 3 
 
 Iron- and Steel-Making Materials 30 
 
 Construction Materials 35 
 
 Nonferrous Metals 39 
 
 Miscellaneous Minerals 41 
 
 Water 4 1 
 
 Fuels and Electric Power 41 
 
 Fuels 43 
 
 Electric Power 47 
 
 Transportation 49 
 
 Railroads 49 
 
 Waterways 49 
 
 Highways 51 
 
 Pipelines 51 
 
 New Concepts in Minerals Transportation 51 
 
 PART IV. CONCLUSION 52 
 
 (TABLES 17-18 Manufacturing employment and payroll in 
 
 St. Louis Standard Metropolitan Area .) 53 
 
 REFERENCES 54 
 
 SELECTED SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF RESOURCE PUBLICATIONS 56 
 
ILLINOIS-MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE 
 
 COMPLEX-A BASE FOR INDUSTRIAL 
 
 DEVELOPMENT 
 
 Hubert E. Risser 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 Three basic factors— man, materials , and energy— are es- 
 sential to the modern industrial economy. The latter two, mate- 
 rials and energy, are available to man primarily in the form of 
 mineral substances. 
 
 Illinois and Missouri possess jointly a combination of 
 mineral resources matched by few, if any, areas of equal size 
 throughout the United States . Within the contiguous portions of 
 these two states lie the iron ore , coking coal , limestone , and 
 fluorspar that are requisite to the production of iron and steel— 
 the very backbone of modern industry. Here, too, are vast re- 
 serves of mineral fuels to provide the heat and power required for 
 industrialization. There are deposits of sand and gravel , and 
 of stone, for construction. Limestone and shale for cement- 
 making and shale and clays for the manufacture of refractory 
 goods and other ceramic products are abundant. Deposits of sil- 
 ica sand and other siliceous materials used in the manufacture 
 of glass , abrasives , and ceramic goods are present. In addition 
 to all of these, important reserves of lead and zinc and deposits 
 of various other metallic and nonmetallic minerals , including 
 copper, cobalt, and barium, also occur. 
 
 Large-scale facilities for low-cost transportation and in- 
 terchange by rail , water, and highway combine to move materials 
 efficiently and cheaply for assembly , fabrication, processing, 
 and distribution. Well developed and still expanding networks 
 of electric-power and fuel-distribution lines blanket the area . 
 
 In addition to material resources and well developed fa- 
 cilities , the area also possesses a population made up of intel- 
 ligent and well trained people. This combination of essential 
 factors can provide a sound basis for significant growth and de- 
 velopment. 
 
4 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 ;} St. Louis Standard 
 Metropolitan Area 
 
 Fig. 1 - Mutually-supporting resource areas of Illinois and Missouri 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 5 
 
 PART I. GENERAL 
 Introduction 
 
 This publication describes the complex of mineral resources occurring in 
 the contiguous portions of Illinois and Missouri and discusses their contribution 
 and importance to the area. The manner in which various mineral substances 
 supplement and complement each other in providing materials for industry is ex- 
 amined . The interdependency of the various segments of industry and the vital 
 role of transportation and electric power are discussed. 
 
 The material contained in this publication was presented first as a lecture 
 before the St . Louis Section of the American Institute of Mining , Metallurgical and 
 Petroleum Engineers on January 12 , 1962 . It results from a compilation of data 
 from many sources. The assistance of numerous persons connected with mining, 
 transportation, power, and industrial development activities is gratefully acknowl- 
 edged. Special acknowledgement is made to Dr. Thomas R. Beveridge , Director of 
 the Missouri Division of Geological Survey and Water Resources , and members of 
 his staff for their assistance with the maps and data pertaining to Missouri, and 
 to the author's colleagues at the Illinois State Geological Survey. 
 
 An attempt has been made to bring the data as up to date as possible (as 
 of January, 1962) . The author accepts all responsibility for any shortcomings or 
 inaccuracies that may occur and for the economic interpretation of the factors dis- 
 cussed. 
 
 Within the text, reference is made to specific publications providing infor- 
 mation on the various minerals of the area . For readers interested in more complete 
 information on a specific item, a supplemental list of publications, by subject or 
 commodity, follows the references. 
 
 Scope 
 
 The area covered by this report is shown in figure 1 . A major portion of the 
 area lies within a radius of 125 miles from Greater St. Louis. This radius extends 
 roughly half way to the surrounding cities of Chicago , Indianapolis , Memphis , and 
 Kansas City. The Standard Metropolitan Area of St. Louis , lying within a vast 
 region containing no other cities of major size, provides a logical focal point for 
 study. This Standard Metropolitan Area , as designated by the United States Bureau 
 of the Census, consists of the following (fig. 1): 
 
 East St. Louis, Illinois 
 Madison County , Illinois 
 St. Clair County, Illinois 
 St. Louis, Missouri 
 Jefferson County, Missouri 
 St. Charles County, Missouri 
 St. Louis County, Missouri 
 
 According to the 1960 Census of Population, 4.4 million people live within 
 a radius of 125 miles of St. Louis. (This compares with 3.9 million in 1950.) Of 
 these ,2.1 million, or about 48 percent, live within the Standard Metropolitan Area. 
 
 The large population within the region constitutes a prime reservoir both of 
 contributors to industrial production and of consumers of industrial output. Mere 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 <u O O O O 
 
 5 5 S s = J 
 
 II 
 
 V 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 7 
 
 numbers of individuals, however, provide no assurance of industrial development. 
 Without the required organizational ability, the know-how and the effort— physical 
 and mental— of skilled and well-trained people , the modern industrial system can- 
 not exist. Within the particular region covered by this study, the population pos- 
 sesses a high degree of education, industrial training,and experience. Besides 
 basic educational facilities, no less than 20 institutions of higher learning, in- 
 cluding junior colleges, colleges, and universities, operate within the area. 
 
 The Keys to Industrial Production 
 
 Man, materials, and energy are the keys to industrial production. Modern 
 industry exists to provide man with the goods and products required for his well- 
 being, comfort, and material standard of living. Through application of human 
 capabilities , man combines and shapes forces of nature and materials into items 
 suitable for his use . Without needs to satisfy and human requirements to meet , 
 there would be no industrial activity; without the requisite human organizational 
 ability, knowledge, and initiative, the modern industrial complex could not exist. 
 As both the initiator and the beneficiary of industry, man is the indispensable 
 ingredient . 
 
 Figure 2 shows in simplified form the flow of the essential ingredients into 
 industrial production, and the flow of products from the system to the consumer. 
 Although, to some degree, portions of one of the factors may be substituted for 
 another, all three must be present. Not apparent from the diagram is the vital role 
 transportation plays in the system by assembling the factors and distributing the 
 output. Nor is the role of communications which brings together those possessing 
 the factors , those controlling the production , and those who consume the output 
 shown. 
 
 Regardless of how skilled man might be , he can accomplish little without 
 tools and machines with which to work and without materials with which to build. 
 
 Furthermore , lacking outside sources of energy and power to supplement 
 his own physical strength, almost the entire effort of man must be expended in 
 producing the bare essentials of life. 
 
 The transition from raw material to finished product is not accomplished in 
 a single sweep but occurs in a series of steps or stages , with the product of one 
 stage combining with other items to form the input for the next stage . For this 
 reason, the flow pattern assumes such major significance that rarely does a major 
 industrial plant exist in isolation from other related activities . For example , a 
 steel plant forms a nucleus for all the industries that support and supply it and for 
 those industries that use steel in the fabrication or manufacture of other items . 
 
 Within the industrial system part of the output must be diverted from the 
 flow of consumer goods to provide capital goods such as either new or replacement 
 plants and equipment. 
 
 Vegetal , or plant materials , and animals provide the food that sustain 
 human life , and in some degree they contribute raw materials to industrial produc- 
 tion. However, it is minerals that provide the greatest portion by far of the mate- 
 rials and energy that modern man uses in building or manufacturing the things that 
 maintain his high standard of living. The average quantities of major mineral 
 products consumed directly or indirectly within the United States in 1960 is shown 
 in table 1 . 
 
8 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 Rarely, if ever, is a material used singly or directly. Almost invariably, 
 a useful item either consists of two or more materials (for example , a simple pocket 
 knife with steel blades, brass casing, nickel-plated ends, and plastic handle) or 
 is shaped or modified through the use of other materials . The material requirements 
 of modern industry are so broad and varied that no single region or even nation is 
 completely self-sufficient and capable of providing them all. Illinois and Missouri, 
 however, possess a rare combination of basic mineral materials that is matched by 
 few other areas of the country. 
 
 PART II. THE ROLE OF MAJOR MINERAL MATERIALS 
 
 Only the minerals produced in the Illinois-Missouri region are discussed 
 here . Consumption figures presented in the tables are for the entire United States . 
 
 Iron and Steel as the Basic Metals of Modern Industry 
 
 Of all the mineral materials that man obtains from the earth and molds to 
 his use, iron and steel are by far the most important. Comparison of the quantities 
 of steel and other metals consumed each year, as shown in table 1 , illustrates in 
 a striking manner the preeminence of steel in modern life . 
 
 Because of iron's strength, durability, and permanence, its abundance in 
 nature , ease of conversion from raw ore to finished product , and its relatively low 
 cost, no other material ever has been found that could supplant it. Nor is any 
 suitable substitute likely to be found for all its uses in the foreseeable future . 
 
 Important among the qualities of iron and steel is their ability to be cast , 
 rolled, or drawn into desired shapes. Steels can be annealed, machined to spec- 
 ifications, and then retempered for use. Another of iron's characteristics of 
 extreme importance is its alloyability . Through the addition of certain alloying 
 agents (chromium, manganese, molybdenum, etc.) special properties of corrosion 
 resistance, hardness, toughness, and strength can be imparted. Also significant 
 is iron's ability to be readily magnetized and demagnetized for electrical appli- 
 cations . 
 
 Approximately 70 million tons of pig iron and 100 million tons of steel are 
 manufactured within the United States each year, involving the use of 190 million 
 tons of raw mineral materials and about 50 million tons of scrap. In 1960, an 
 average of 3 , 150 pounds of iron ore , 1 ,500 pounds of coke , and 480 pounds of 
 fluxing stone , plus smaller amounts of other minerals , was used for every ton of 
 pig iron produced . 
 
 There are few activities within the modern industrial nation in which iron 
 and steel do not play an important part through at least some of their many uses . 
 The broad usage of steel and its application to many facets of modern life are 
 indicated in table 2 . 
 
 From the table it may be seen that 24 percent of the steel shipments go 
 into transportation (automotive and rail) use. Construction activity consumes 13.6 
 percent of the shipments and machinery and equipment of various types (industrial , 
 electrical, commercial, and domestic) account for another 11.3 percent. Containers, 
 including cans , drums , barrels , and the like , consume 9 percent. 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 9 
 
 Thus ,57.9 percent of the steel shipments enter four major groupings of use. 
 These uses, however, cover a multitude of products. The remaining steel ship- 
 ments go into a wide array of uses either directly or through warehouses from which 
 they are obtained for various purposes . 
 
 The actual contribution of iron and steel to industrial activity is impossible 
 to measure. Automobiles and automotive items provide an example. One-fifth of 
 the steel industry is engaged in producing steel used in automobiles . Another 
 large segment of industry is engaged in the conversion of this steel into the fin- 
 ished product. The transportation capacity afforded by these automobiles provides 
 the means of movement for workers , materials , and products involved in still 
 further industrial activity. The influence provided by the availability of adequate 
 quantities of steel for automobiles and other uses goes on and on, both directly 
 and indirectly , throughout the economy . 
 
 Basic Construction Materials 
 
 Machines and equipment alone do not constitute the modern industrial 
 picture. Shelter, buildings, factories, and plants must be provided. Housing 
 must be provided , too , for the workmen who operate and maintain the plants . 
 Transportation facilities such as railroads , airports , roads , pavements , and bridges 
 must be provided. The construction of all these things requires vast quantities of 
 materials that, common though they may be, are highly essential. Although steel 
 and other metals are used to some extent in construction , millions of tons of 
 materials such as stone , sand and gravel , cement , lime , brick , and tile must be 
 available . 
 
 Stone 
 
 From a tonnage standpoint, stone is the most significant single mineral 
 commodity in the United States today. More than 450 million tons of crushed and 
 broken limestone and dolomite were consumed in 1950, as shown in table 3. 
 
 The greatest portion of the limestone and dolomite produced was crushed 
 and used as concrete aggregate in the construction of buildings , highways , and 
 other structures. Concrete, roadstone , and cement accounted for more than 7 7 
 percent of the total crushed stone consumed during that year. Another three percent 
 was used as riprap and ballast, making a total of 80 percent consumed directly in 
 construction. The remaining crushed stone was used for agriculture and for a multi- 
 tude of industrial and chemical purposes. Lamar (1961) has described more than 
 70 uses for limestone and dolomite. 
 
 Sand and Gravel 
 
 Sand and gravel, like stone, have many uses; the most important use is as 
 construction materials. The United States Bureau of Mines classifies sand into 
 two categories, common sand and industrial sand. Common sand, along with gravel, 
 is used almost entirely for construction purposes . Industrial sand , on the other 
 hand , is applied to a wide variety of uses . The consumption of common sand , 
 gravel , and industrial sand is shown in table 4 . 
 
 About 50 percent of the common sand and almost 25 percent of the gravel are 
 used in the construction of buildings. Another 40 percent of the sand and 65 percent 
 of the gravel go into the paving of streets and highways . 
 
10 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 The construction of buildings and other structures accounts for about 
 half of the one-fourth billion tons of common sand used each year. Another 40 
 percent goes into the construction of streets and highways, with the remaining 10 
 percent used for other purposes . 
 
 Paving of streets and highways is the major use for gravel, accounting for 
 about 68 percent of the total quantity consumed. Another 25 percent is used in 
 building construction, and the remaining 13 percent is used for fill, railroad ballast, 
 and miscellaneous purposes. 
 
 Industrial sand , most of which is silica sand , is used in many industrial 
 applications , as shown in table 3 . For some applications the full grained sand is 
 used. In others the sand is ground to finer sized particles before use. 
 
 Approximately one-third of the sand consumed industrially is used in the 
 manufacture of glass, where a high-purity silica sand is required. Molding sand, 
 for use by the metal industries , also accounts for about one-third of the total con- 
 sumption. The remaining industrial sand is used as an abrasive material, filtration 
 medium, filler, and for numerous other purposes. 
 
 Clay 
 
 The many types of products manufactured from clay are shown in table 5 . 
 
 Construction materials including heavy clay products , floor and wall tile , 
 terra cotta , lightweight aggregate, and cement accounted for 78.6 percent of the 
 tonnage consumed in 1960 . The greater portion of this was used in heavy products 
 such as brick, drain tile , sewer pipe , and the like , with cement-making as the 
 second most important use . 
 
 Extremely important from an industrial standpoint is the use of clay in re- 
 fractories . The iron and steel and other metals industries are highly dependent 
 upon firebrick and other refractories as materials for furnace linings . The ability 
 of these materials to withstand extremely high temperatures is of critical importance 
 to the metallurgical processes . About 13 percent of total clay consumption is in 
 refractory products . 
 
 The remaining 8.4 percent of the clay production serves numerous uses , in 
 the manufacture of pottery and stoneware, as filler, and for general industrial pur- 
 poses . 
 
 Lead and Zinc 
 Lead 
 
 Lead has many uses , both in metallic form and in chemical compounds , as 
 shown in table 6 . 
 
 The principal single use for lead is in storage batteries which account for 
 about 25 percent of total consumption. Most important among other uses for metal- 
 lic lead are calking lead (6.6%), cable covering (6%), and solder (6%). Lead in 
 metal form for all uses constitutes about 72 percent of total consumption. 
 
 Among lead chemicals tetraethyl lead is very significant. This chemical, 
 used as an anti-knock agent in motor fuel, consumes more than 16 percent of the 
 total . 
 
 Another major use of lead is in the manufacture of various pigments for 
 paints. This use consumes about 10 percent of the total. 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Table 7 shows the uses of zinc. 
 
 The galvanizing of steel sheet, wire, pipe, and other products to provide a 
 protective rust-resistant coating accounts for more than 42 percent of the total 
 consumption. Zinc base alloys , used primarily for die castings , consume another 
 38 percent. This means that more than 80 percent of the product is consumed in 
 two principal uses . 
 
 Rolled zinc, zinc oxide, batteries, and other miscellaneous uses account 
 for the remainder. 
 
 Fluorspar 
 
 Fluorspar is a mineral of many industrial uses (Finger et al . , 1960) , as 
 shown in table 8 . 
 
 Almost 58 percent of the fluorspar consumed in the United States is used in 
 the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid. This acid, in turn, is used in the production 
 of fluorine chemical compounds for insecticides , wood preservatives welding 
 fluxes , antiseptics , tooth decay preventives , and many other purposes . Important 
 also is the use of hydrofluoric acid in the manufacture of aluminum fluoride and 
 synthetic cryolite, essential to the production of aluminum. 
 
 Use of fluorspar as a flux in steel-making, which in 1940 accounted for 
 about 70 percent of consumption, currently amounts to about 33 percent. 
 
 The remaining fluorspar (table 8) is used for a variety of purposes . 
 
 Water 
 
 In recent years there has been a growing appreciation of the central role 
 that water plays in the industrial development of a nation. Lack of adequate water 
 supplies may very well become the factor that will limit the extent to which devel- 
 opment can progress in many parts of the country. Water must be available not 
 only for the industrial processes involved but also for the culinary, sanitary, and 
 other purposes of the population supporting the industry. 
 
 Water, whether for industrial or other use, may be classified by source as 
 surface water obtained from streams , lakes , and reservoirs and ground water ob- 
 tained through wells . 
 
 The withdrawal of water from underground sources faster than the rate at 
 which these sources are recharged is equivalent to the "mining" of this resource. 
 No permanent industrialization can be based on such a practice . Sound devel- 
 opment requires that sufficient water be available not only initially but through- 
 out the full life of the operations as well. 
 
 Energy, Fuels , and Electric Power 
 Energy's Contribution 
 
 Much of the material progress of mankind in recent centuries has been 
 
12 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 directly related to his increased use of the inanimate sources of energy and power 
 which give him strength and capacities far beyond those possessed within himself. 
 Man has sought energy from new sources , learned to release that energy, and then 
 to harness and to direct it to his purpose. His control over inanimate energy has 
 enabled him to shift the heavy burden of labor to tireless machines . Tasks formerly 
 too heavy or too great for men to attempt now can be accomplished easily. Opera- 
 tions formerly too minute and delicate for human hands can be performed readily by 
 powered tools or instruments . 
 
 Man has learned to convert the stored up energy of fuels into other forms 
 and transmit it to points many miles distant from the original source of generation. 
 He has learned to direct and concentrate energy to a small target as , for example, 
 in the arc of a welding machine or at the point of a dentist's drill. 
 
 Through his control of energy man has been transformed from a creature of 
 relatively limited physical capacity to a director of almost limitless forces. 
 
 Trends in Fuel Use in Manufacturing 
 
 In the years since 1900, there has been a five-fold increase in the amount 
 of energy consumed annually within the United States . Per capita energy consump- 
 tion has risen to more than twice its earlier level, increasing from the equivalent 
 of 4 tons of coal in 1900 to more than 9 tons in 1960. With this increase have 
 come very significant changes in the patterns of fuel consumption. Coal which 
 formerly provided most of the energy has been displaced from its position of pro- 
 minence by petroleum products. Petroleum, in turn, is being rapidly replaced in 
 many of its uses by natural gas . Electricity is tending to supplant the direct use 
 of all three fuels in numerous applications . 
 
 For some purposes a specific fuel may possess characteristics that make it 
 especially suitable. The use of natural gas in the manufacture of glass because 
 of convenience and to prevent contamination, the use of petroleum liquid fuels for 
 automobiles and locomotives , and the use of natural gas for home heating are 
 examples. For most industrial uses , however, oil, gas , and coal can perform the 
 service with equally satisfactory results, and where a choice of fuels is possible, 
 the fuel is selected purely on the basis of overall economy. 
 
 Trends in the consumption of fuel energy per worker and in the relative 
 quantities of each fuel consumed in selected manufacturing industries are shown in 
 table 9 . A very significant downward trend in per-worker fuel consumption may be 
 noted, illustrating the decrease of in-plant use of fuel to provide energy. This has 
 been replaced by electrical energy, commonly transmitted into the plants from out- 
 side sources. (See also table 10 and section on Electricity.) 
 
 The trends in percent of Btu's provided by the various fuels show a steady 
 replacement of coal by oil and/or gas . Among the most spectacular changes is that 
 the category of "Miscellaneous Manufactures" where coal dropped from 63 percent 
 in 1947 to 25 percent in 1958. Fuel oil showed a significant gain from 1947 to 
 1954 but none during the next four years . Gas , on the other hand, rose from 
 6 percent in 1947 to 37.5 percent in 1958. 
 
 Coal .— Table 10 shows the consumption of coal within the United States in 
 1960, by major consumer categories. This consumption of 380 million tons com- 
 pares with an all-time high of almost 594 million reported in 1943. During that 
 year 130 million tons were consumed by railroads, 102 million was used in coke, 
 142 million in general industrial categories , and 120 million for retail purposes . 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 13 
 
 On the other hand, these losses have been offset to some extent by electric power 
 utilities which used only 74 million tons in 1943 as compared to about 174 million 
 tons in 1960. 
 
 The loss of markets by coal has resulted from increased competition from 
 other fuels. Coal's ability to hold the electric utility market stems from its low 
 cost and the efficiency in coal combustion in large power plants . 
 
 Oil. — Oil provides the greatest share of the fuel energy in the United States 
 today, accounting for about 38.2 percent. 
 
 A large portion of the energy provided by petroleum liquid fuels is consumed 
 in transportation. Table 11 shows that almost half of the output of refineries in the 
 United States in 1960 was gasoline. Much of this was, of course, used as fuel 
 for private automobiles , but important quantities were used also by trucks hauling 
 both the raw materials and finished products of industry. Likewise, a very signi- 
 ficant portion of the distillate fuel oil was used to power diesel locomotives and 
 trucks . 
 
 Table 12 shows the various uses made of distillate and residual fuel oils . 
 
 Natural Gas . — Natural gas is the most rapidly growing of the major fuels . 
 In the period 1947-1960 , it increased its share of the energy market from 13.8 to 
 28.3 percent of the total. Much of this growth was made possible by the rapid 
 expansion of the gas pipeline network throughout the country. 
 
 About two-thirds of the natural gas consumed goes into various industrial 
 uses (table 13). One-half of the total consumption is as industrial fuel. Part of 
 this industrial fuel is provided on an interruptible basis during summer periods when 
 domestic heating requirements are low and extra gas is available. In such cases 
 the consumer must be capable of switching to other fuels promptly when necessary. 
 
 Electric Power 
 
 Among the various segments of industry within the United States , the elec- 
 tric power industry has been outstanding in the rate, length, and continuity of its 
 expansion. 
 
 In 1960 the combined utility and industrial production of electricity was 840 
 billion kilowatt hours as compared to 57 billion in 1920, 180 billion in 1940, and 
 389 billion in 1950. While the estimated total consumption of energy in the United 
 States rose 67 percent during the period 1940-1960, production of electricity in- 
 creased 367 percent, or more than 5 times as much. Table 14 shows the gain in the 
 use of electric power for various purposes from 1940 to 1960. 
 
 A strong trend toward the purchase of electric power from utilities , rather 
 than generating it within individual industrial establishments, is indicated. This 
 is undoubtedly because of the greater efficiency and economy that can be attained 
 by large generating plants . 
 
 Although the amount of direct fuel energy consumed per worker in manufac- 
 turing concerns has been declining (table 9) , the electric energy consumed per 
 worker has shown a marked increase. Table 15 shows trends in the electric power 
 per worker in the major manufacturing categories . A continuing growth is shown in 
 nearly all these groups . 
 
 Table 16 gives the 1958 per-worker consumption of electric power in selec- 
 ted industries having especially large power consumption. Most pronounced is that 
 of aluminum reduction plants where consumption approaches 1 1/2 million KWH per 
 worker . 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 TABLE 1 - ESTIMATED PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF MINERAL MATERIALS 
 IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1960* 
 
 Energy (in terms of bituminous coal) 9.6 tons 
 
 Major metals: 
 
 Steel 
 
 (Estimated steel in use, 
 8.4 tons per person) 
 
 Copper 
 
 Lead 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Aluminum 
 
 Chromium 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Nickel 
 
 Tin 
 
 Non-metallic minerals: 
 
 Stone, sand and gravel 14,771 lbs. 
 
 Cement 652 lbs. 
 
 Clays 541 lbs. 
 
 Gypsum 261 lbs. 
 
 Common salt 291 lbs. 
 
 Phosphate rock 152 lbs. 
 
 Lime (other than for cement) 144 lbs. 
 
 Sulphur 79 lbs. 
 
 Potassium salts 26 lbs. 
 
 Among metals consumed in smaller amounts are antimony, magnesium, molyb- 
 denum, cadmium, cobalt, tungsten, beryllium, vanadium, niobium, 
 and bismuth. 
 
 *Based on estimates of total consumption by the United States Bureau of 
 Mines, and United States population figures of the United States 
 Bureau of the Census . 
 
 794, 
 
 ,0 
 
 lbs. 
 
 15 
 
 .1 
 
 lbs. 
 
 11 
 
 .4 
 
 lbs. 
 
 9 
 
 .8 
 
 lbs. 
 
 22 
 
 .5 
 
 lbs. 
 
 7 
 
 .4 
 
 lbs. 
 
 5 
 
 .8 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1 
 
 .2 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 lbs. 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 TABLE 2 - SHIPMENTS OF STEEL PRODUCTS, BY MARKET CLASSIFICATION, 
 IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1960 
 
 Market classification 
 
 Automotive 
 
 Warehouses and distributors 
 
 Construction, including maintenance 
 
 Containers 
 
 Machinery, industrial equipment, 
 and tools 
 
 Contractors products 
 
 Steel for converting and processing 
 
 Rail transportation 
 
 Electrical machinery and equipment 
 
 Domestic and commercial equipment 
 
 Appliances, utensils and cutlery 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 All other, including exports 
 
 Total 
 
 Thousands of 
 
 Percent 
 
 short tons 
 
 of total 
 
 14,610 
 
 20.5 
 
 12,480 
 
 17.5 
 
 9,664 
 
 13.6 
 
 6,429 
 
 9.0 
 
 3,958 
 
 5.6 
 
 3,602 
 
 5.1 
 
 2,928 
 
 4.1 
 
 2,525 
 
 3.5 
 
 2,078 
 
 2.9 
 
 1,959 
 
 2.8 
 
 1,760 
 
 2.5 
 
 1,003 
 
 1.4 
 
 8,153 
 
 11.5 
 
 Source: United States Bureau of Mines. 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 TABLE 3 - CONSUMPTION OF CRUSHED AND BROKEN LIMESTONE AND DOLOMITE, 
 IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1960 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Value in thousands 
 
 Use 
 
 of tons 
 
 of dollars 
 
 Concrete and roadstone 
 
 267,657 
 
 $347,428 
 
 Cement 
 
 79,851 
 
 85,652 
 
 Flux 
 
 30,245 
 
 43,328 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 22,518 
 
 38,863 
 
 Lime and dead burned dolomite 
 
 18,568 
 
 29,019 
 
 Riprap 
 
 9,584 
 
 11,982 
 
 Railroad ballast 
 
 5,428 
 
 6,884 
 
 Alkali manufacture 
 
 2,637 
 
 2,961 
 
 Filler (not whiting substitute) 
 
 
 
 Asphalt 
 
 2,391 
 
 5,604 
 
 Fertilizer 
 
 424 
 
 1,036 
 
 Other 
 
 193 
 
 805 
 
 Limestone sand 
 
 1,845 
 
 3,004 
 
 Glass manufacture 
 
 1,232 
 
 3,720 
 
 Calcium carbide manufacture 
 
 1,016 
 
 1,092 
 
 Sugar refining 
 
 875 
 
 2,268 
 
 Limestone whiting* 
 
 657 
 
 7,101 
 
 Mineral food 
 
 568 
 
 2,972 
 
 Paper manufacture 
 
 491 
 
 2,052 
 
 Fill material 
 
 476 
 
 366 
 
 Coal mine dusting 
 
 424 
 
 1,668 
 
 Filtration 
 
 169 
 
 269 
 
 Poultry grit 
 
 146 
 
 1,106 
 
 Refractory (dolomite) 
 
 92 
 
 244 
 
 Other uses+ 
 
 1,968 
 
 5,312 
 
 Use unspecified 
 
 938 
 
 1,561 
 
 Total 
 
 450,393 
 
 $606,297 
 
 Includes stone for filler for calcimine, calking compounds, ceramics, 
 chewing gum, explosives, floor coverings, foundry compounds, glue, 
 grease, insecticides, leather goods, paint, paper, phonograph records, 
 picture-frame mouldings, plastics, pottery, putty, roofing, rubber, 
 toothpaste, wire coating and unspecified uses. Excludes limestone 
 whiting made by companies from purchased stone . 
 
 Includes stone for acid neutralization, carbon dioxide, cast stone, 
 chemicals (unspecified), concrete products, disinfectant and animal 
 sanitation, dyes, electrical products, magnesia, magnesite, magnesium, 
 mineral wool, oil-well drilling, patching plaster, rayons, rice milling, 
 roofing granules, stucco, terrazzo, and water treatment. 
 
 United States Bureau of Mines. 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 TABLE 4 - QUANTITIES AND VALUES OF SAND AND GRAVEL CONSUMED, 
 BY USE, IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1960 
 
 Thousands of Tons 
 
 Value in Thousands of Dollars 
 
 Building 
 
 Paving 
 
 Fill 
 
 Railroad ballast 
 
 Other 
 
 Common Sand 
 
 122,788 
 
 99,241 
 
 20,355 
 
 622 
 
 $127,868 
 91,599 
 10,929 
 
 Total 
 
 $234,248 
 
 Building 
 
 Paving 
 
 Fill 
 
 Railroad ballast 
 
 Other 
 
 Total 
 
 Gravel 
 
 107,799 
 289,148 
 
 27,908 
 4,650 
 
 12,343 
 
 441,848 
 
 $135,842 
 
 258,455 
 
 15,140 
 
 3,810 
 
 12,337 
 
 $425,584 
 
 Industrial Sand 
 
 Unground 
 
 
 
 Glass 
 
 
 6,433 
 
 Molding 
 
 
 6,063 
 
 Grinding and pol: 
 
 ishing 
 
 1,023 
 
 Engine 
 
 
 890 
 
 Blast sand 
 
 
 679 
 
 Fire or furnace 
 
 
 559 
 
 Filtration 
 
 
 269 
 
 Oil hydrafrac 
 
 
 153 
 
 Ferrosilicon 
 
 
 63 
 
 Other 
 
 
 1,201 
 
 subtotal 
 
 
 17,333 
 
 Ground 
 
 
 
 Foundry uses 
 
 
 239 
 
 Pottery, porcelain and tile 
 
 184 
 
 Abrasives 
 
 
 162 
 
 Filler 
 
 
 123 
 
 Glass 
 
 
 47 
 
 Chemicals 
 
 
 13 
 
 Enamel 
 
 
 9 
 
 Unspecified 
 
 
 201 
 
 subtotal 
 
 
 981 
 
 Total 
 
 
 18,314 
 
 $ 21,521 
 
 16,001 
 
 2,030 
 
 1,683 
 
 3,303 
 
 1,214 
 
 624 
 
 939 
 
 173 
 
 3,469 
 
 $ 50,957 
 
 $ 1,368 
 
 1,773 
 
 1,540 
 
 752 
 
 409 
 
 139 
 
 108 
 
 1,914 
 
 $ 8,004 
 
 $ 58,961 
 
 United States Bureau of Mines . 
 
IN O O *tf r 
 
 D <* ^ O C 
 O H C 
 
 t> t~- <* o ^ e 
 
 3 o r~ 
 
 -% ^ 
 
 qj h -I 
 
 H g ^ 15 -P (C 'ri id 
 
 >>o^ o W 4-1 
 
 <>« 3 h+j m -a) 
 
 J CJ O M M ^ 
 
 HI W T3 01 SH 
 
 3h«*C3 bD^d 
 
 -H H H -H O « +J 
 
 C'H ft4 
 T3 ^ TD < 
 
bo en 
 
 3 bo faJO-P 
 
 
 (1) 
 
 O C C O 
 
 
 
 a; -h -h cts 
 
 
 
 c H n 
 
 •HO) >> O ^ 
 
 +J 
 
 B 41 u-a 
 
 
 H E -P C 
 
 CD (0 a O 
 
 O 0) 
 
 H CO H 03 
 
 ^ -P (1) CO 
 
 a-i^c 
 
 0) C'H 
 
 +J O rC .O 
 
 
 OHh 
 
 o«o< 
 
 w o 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 Product 
 
 
 Tons 
 
 Product 
 
 Tons 
 
 Metal products: 
 
 
 
 Chemicals: 
 
 
 Ammunition 
 
 
 43,577 
 
 Tetraethyl lead 
 
 163,82 6 
 
 Bearing metals 
 
 
 20,717 
 20,485 
 
 Miscellaneous chemicals 
 Total 
 
 2,806 
 
 Brass and bronze 
 
 166,632 
 
 Cable covering 
 
 
 60,350 
 
 Pigments: 
 
 
 Calking lead 
 
 
 66,527 
 
 White lead 
 
 8,432 
 
 Casting metals 
 
 
 7,023 
 
 Red lead and litharge 
 
 74,901 
 
 Collapsible tubes 
 
 
 8,705 
 
 Pigment colors 
 
 11,445 
 
 Foil 
 
 
 3,684 
 
 Other* 
 
 3,763 
 
 Pipes, traps, and 
 
 bends 
 
 22,119 
 
 
 
 
 Sheet lead 
 
 
 26,607 
 
 Total 
 
 98,541 
 
 Solder 
 
 
 60,013 
 
 Miscellaneous uses: 
 
 
 Storage batteries: 
 
 
 
 Annealing 
 
 5,153 
 
 Antimonial lead 
 
 
 175,458 
 
 Galvanizing 
 
 1,383 
 
 Lead oxides 
 
 
 177,738 
 
 Lead plating 
 
 218 
 
 Terne metal 
 
 lucts 
 
 1,765 
 28,159 
 
 Weight and ballast 
 
 Total 
 Other, unclassified uses: 
 
 Grand total+ 
 
 9,045 
 
 Type metal 
 
 15,799 
 
 Total metal proc 
 
 722,927 
 
 17,273 
 
 
 1,021,172 
 
 * Includes lead content of leaded zinc oxide and other pigments. 
 
 + Includes lead which sent directly from scrap to fabricated products. 
 
 Source: United States Bureau of Mines. 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 TABLE 7 - CONSUMPTION OF SLAB ZINC, BY USE, 
 IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1960 
 
 Industry and product 
 
 Sheet and strip 196,057 
 
 Wire and wire rope 35,262 
 
 Tubes and pipe 56,680 
 
 Fittings 9,258 
 
 Other 74,332 
 
 Total galvanizing 371,589 
 
 Zinc base alloy: 
 
 Die castings 331,112 
 
 Alloy dies and rod 3,442 
 
 Slush and sand castings 3,819 
 
 Total zinc -base alloy 338,373 
 
 Brass products: 
 
 Sheet strip and plate 45,870 
 
 Rod and wire 29,971 
 
 Tube 8,504 
 
 Castings and billets 4,699 
 
 Copper-base ingots 9,412 
 
 Other copper-base products 567 
 
 Total brass products 99,023 
 
 Rolled zinc 38,696 
 
 Zinc oxide 15,593 
 
 Wet batteries 1,152 
 
 Desilverizing lead 2,521 
 
 Light-metal alloys 3,181 
 
 Other 7,756 
 
 Total other uses 14,610 
 
 Total consumption 877,884 
 
 Source: United States Bureau of Mines. 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 TABLE 8 - FLUORSPAR (DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN) CONSUMED, BY GRADES AND INDUSTRIES, 
 IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1960 
 
 Grade and industry Consumption* 
 (short tons) 
 
 Acid grade: 
 
 Hydrofluoric acid 372,654 
 
 Glass 3,874 
 
 Enamel 135 
 
 Welding rod coatings 861 
 Nonferrous 
 Special flux -i 
 
 Ferroalloys V 2,052 
 
 Primary aluminum -> 
 
 Total 379,576 
 
 Ceramic grade: 
 
 Glass 22,396 
 
 Enamel 4,676 
 
 Welding rod coatings 1,192 
 Nonferrous 
 Special flux 1 
 Ferroalloys J 
 
 Total 34,254 
 
 Metallurgical grade: 
 
 Glass 687 
 
 Enamel 4 
 
 Welding rod coatings 395 
 
 Nonferrous 738 
 
 Special flux ■> 
 
 Ferroalloys V 1,732 
 
 Primary magnesium J 
 
 Iron foundry 11,810 
 
 Basic open-hearth steel 168,733 
 
 Electric-furnace steel 45,613 
 
 Bessemer steel 217 
 
 Total 229,929 
 
 All grades: 
 
 Hydrofluoric acid 372,654 
 
 Glass 26,957 
 
 Enamel 4,815 
 
 Welding rod coatings 2,448 
 
 Nonferrous 738 
 
 Special flux 4,166 
 
 Ferroalloys 2 , 543 
 Primary aluminum "I 
 Primary magnesium J 
 
 Iron foundry 11,810 
 
 Basic open-hearth steel 168,733 
 
 Electric-furnace steel 45,613 
 
 Bessemer steel 217 
 
 3,065 
 
 Total 643,759 
 
 *Glass, enamel, and other (including welding rod coatings, nonferrous, special 
 flux, and ferroalloys), partly estimated from sample canvases of consumers who 
 accounted for more than 95 percent of total usage in 1958. 
 
<Oh O O r 
 
- H O <H o 
 H H H H r 
 
 O O O H 
 
 
 O ^ ■sj' ■* m 
 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 TABLE 10 - CONSUMPTION OF BITUMINOUS COAL AND LIGNITE, 
 BY CONSUMER CLASS, IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1960 
 
 Thousands 
 Consumer class of tons Per> 
 
 Electric power utilities 
 
 Coke plants 
 
 General industrial use 
 
 Retail 
 
 Cement mills 
 
 Steel and rolling mills 
 
 Class I railroads 
 
 Bunker, foreign and lake vessel 
 
 Total of classes shown 380,429 
 
 Source: United States Bureau of Mines 
 
 TABLE 11 - OUTPUT OF REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY 
 UNITED STATES REFINERIES IN 1960 
 
 173,882 
 
 45.7 
 
 81,015 
 
 21.1 
 
 76,487 
 
 20.1 
 
 30,405 
 
 8.0 
 
 8,216 
 
 2.2 
 
 7,378 
 
 2.0 
 
 2,101 
 
 .6 
 
 945 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Thousands of 
 
 Percent 
 
 Product 
 
 barrels 
 
 of total 
 
 Gasoline 
 
 1,510,134 
 
 49.2 
 
 Distillate fuel oil 
 
 667,050 
 
 21.7 
 
 Residual fuel oil 
 
 332,147 
 
 10.8 
 
 Kerosine 
 
 135,772 
 
 4.4 
 
 Asphalt 
 
 98,671 
 
 3.2 
 
 Jet fuel 
 
 88,248 
 
 2.9 
 
 Liquefied petroleum gas 
 
 77,578 
 
 2.5 
 
 Lubricants, wax, road oil and others 
 
 161,384 
 
 5.3 
 
 Total 
 
 3,070,984 
 
 100.0 
 
 United States Bureau of Mines . 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 TABLE 12 - SALES OF DISTILLATE AND RESIDUAL FUEL OILS, 
 BY USE, IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1960 
 
 
 Distillate 
 
 Oil 
 
 Residual 
 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 
 Use 
 
 of barrels 
 
 Percent 
 
 of barrels 
 
 Percent 
 
 Heating oils 
 
 422,855 
 
 61.9 
 
 125,088 
 
 22.7 
 
 Railroads 
 
 86,490 
 
 12.7 
 
 5,610 
 
 1.0 
 
 Diesel fuel 
 
 74,562 
 
 10.9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Industrial 
 
 34,271 
 
 5.0 
 
 157,270 
 
 28.6 
 
 (Excluding oil co. use) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bunkering of vessels 
 
 18,730 
 
 2.7 
 
 94,084 
 
 17.1 
 
 (Excluding military) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Range oil 
 
 15,155 
 
 2.2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Military 
 
 10,793 
 
 1.6 
 
 31,724 
 
 5.8 
 
 Oil company use 
 
 8,347 
 
 1.2 
 
 45,061 
 
 8.2 
 
 (Excluding heating) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gas and electric public 
 
 
 
 
 
 utilities power plants 
 
 4,742 
 
 0.7 
 
 85,408 
 
 15.5 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 7,380 
 
 1.1 
 
 6,291 
 
 1.1 
 
 Total 
 
 683,325 
 
 100.0 
 
 550,536 
 
 100.0 
 
 Source: United States Bureau of Mines. 
 
 TABLE 13 - CONSUMPTION OF NATURAL GAS, BY USE, 
 IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1960 
 
 
 
 Quantity in 
 
 Percent 
 
 Average cost 
 
 
 
 millions of cubic 
 
 of 
 
 in cents 
 
 Use 
 
 
 feet 
 
 total 
 
 per M.C.F. 
 
 Residential 
 
 
 3,103,167 
 
 24.8 
 
 103.4 
 
 Commercial 
 
 
 1,020,222 
 
 8.2 
 
 77.5 
 
 Industrial: 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fuel 
 
 
 
 
 
 Refinery fuel 
 
 
 775,154 
 
 6.2 
 
 
 Gas pipelines 
 
 
 347,075 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 Other industrial 
 
 fuel* 
 
 5,286,510 
 
 42.2 
 
 
 Total fuel 
 
 
 6,408,739 
 
 51.2 
 
 31.7 
 
 Field use 
 
 
 1,779,671 
 
 14.2 
 
 12.4 
 
 Carbon black 
 
 
 197,628 
 
 1.6 
 
 10.0 
 
 Total of classes shown 
 
 12,509,427 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 * Includes electric utility fuel 
 Source: United States Bureau of Mines. 
 
ILLINOIS-MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 27 
 
 TABLE 14 - CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRIC POWER, BY MAJOR CONSUMER CATEGORIES, 
 IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1940 AND 1960 
 
 Millions of Millions of Increase in 
 
 Use KWH Percent KWH Percent use (percent) 
 
 Residential 24,068 14.9 198,070 25.7 723 
 
 Commercial 22,373 13.8 118,801 15.4 431 
 
 Industrial: 
 
 Provided by 
 
 utilities 54,320 33.5 328,367 42.5 505 
 
 Generated by 
 industrial 
 establishments 38,070 23.5 87,596 11.4 130 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Light and power 23,173 14.3 38,486 5.0 66 
 
 Total of categories 
 
 shown 162,004 100.0 771,320 100.0 322 
 
 Source: Federal Power Commission 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 TABLE 15 - ELECTRIC POWER USED PER WORKER, BY MANUFACTURING GROUPS, 
 IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1958, 1954, AND 1947 
 
 
 No. of U.S. 
 
 Total kw-hrs* 
 
 
 
 
 
 employees 
 
 used in mil- 
 
 Kw-hrs per worker 
 
 Industry group 
 
 1958 
 
 lions, 1958 
 
 1958 
 
 1954 
 
 1947 
 
 Food and kindred 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 products 
 
 1,761,816 
 
 17,711 
 
 10,052 
 
 8,190 
 
 7,043 
 
 Tobacco manu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 factures 
 
 91,856 
 
 458 
 
 4,986 
 
 3,480 
 
 1,959 
 
 Textile mill 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 products 
 
 916,987 
 
 12,198 
 
 13,302 
 
 11,82 7 
 
 8,140 
 
 Apparel and related 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 products 
 
 1,187,840 
 
 944 
 
 795 
 
 1,021 
 
 762 
 
 Lumber and wood 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 products 
 
 586,753 
 
 4,372 
 
 7,451 
 
 6,609 
 
 3,678 
 
 Furniture and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fixtures 
 
 350,585 
 
 1,457 
 
 4,156 
 
 3,570 
 
 2,872 
 
 Pulp, paper and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 products 
 
 578,134 
 
 29,274 
 
 50,635 
 
 44,396 
 
 34,204 
 
 Printing and pub- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lishing 
 
 872,502 
 
 3,015 
 
 3,455 
 
 2,095 
 
 1,789 
 
 Chemicals and pro- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ducts 
 
 784,927 
 
 101,544 
 
 129,368 
 
 83,009 
 
 31,013 
 
 Petroleum and coal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 products 
 
 245,336 
 
 13,312 
 
 54,261 
 
 48,994 
 
 30,651 
 
 Rubber products 
 
 335,655 
 
 5,459 
 
 16,263 
 
 15,207 
 
 13,296 
 
 Leather and leather 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 products 
 
 359,107 
 
 937 
 
 2,609 
 
 2,050 
 
 1,235 
 
 Stone, clay, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 glass products 
 
 575,717 
 
 14,357 
 
 24,938 
 
 23,531 
 
 17,093 
 
 Primary metal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 products 
 
 1,135,577 
 
 70,528 
 
 62,108 
 
 62,690 
 
 35,126 
 
 Fabricated metal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 products 
 
 1,089,028 
 
 7,287 
 
 6,691 
 
 5,785 
 
 4,016 
 
 Machinery, except 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 electrical 
 
 1,385,494 
 
 8,094 
 
 5,842 
 
 5,228 
 
 3,832 
 
 Electrical machinery 
 
 1,198,926 
 
 8,013 
 
 6,684 
 
 5,843 
 
 4,512 
 
 Transportation 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 equipment 
 
 1,635,881 
 
 13 , 644 
 
 8,340 
 
 5,102 
 
 5,229 
 
 Instruments and re- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lated products 
 
 304,336 
 
 1,437 
 
 4,721 
 
 3,647 
 
 2,349 
 
 Miscellaneous man- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 factures 
 
 579,357 
 
 1,571 
 
 2,711 
 
 6,470 
 
 2,399 
 
 Total quantity of electric 
 
 
 
 
 
 power i 
 
 ased: 1958 
 
 318,059 million 
 
 kw-hrs 
 
 
 
 
 1954 
 
 247,666 million 
 
 kw-hrs 
 
 
 
 
 1947 
 
 140,947 million 
 
 kw-hrs 
 
 
 
 * Purchased plus generated minus sales 
 
 Source: Census of Manufactures for 1958, 1954, and 1947. 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 TABLE 16 - CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 
 IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES IN 1958 
 
 Kilowatt hours 
 Number consumed Kilowatt hours 
 Industry of employees (millions) per worker 
 
 Alkali and chlorine chemicals 20,476 
 
 Fibers, plastics and rubbers 121,536 
 
 Cement 41,127 
 
 Blast furnaces and steel mills 511,392 
 
 Aluminum reduction 17,381 
 
 7,393 
 
 361,000 
 
 5,276 
 
 43,311 
 
 6,910 
 
 168,015 
 
 28,821 
 
 56,358 
 
 25,138 
 
 1,446,300 
 
 Source: Census of Manufactures for 1958 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 PART III. THE ILLINOIS-MISSOURI RESOURCE BASE 
 
 Non-Fuel Mineral Resources 
 
 Iron- and Steel-Making Materials 
 
 Iron ore, coking coal, and limestone— the three basic ingredients in the 
 process for the production of iron— are all found within a radius of less than 90 
 miles from Greater St. Louis. Fluorspar, essential to the manufacture of steel, is 
 found at only a slightly greater distance. Figure 3 shows the location of these 
 important minerals. The locations of iron ore in Missouri, coking coal and fluor- 
 spar in Illinois , and high-grade limestone deposits on both sides of the Missis- 
 sippi are shown. 
 
 Steel plants are in operation at three points shown on the map— Granite 
 City, Alton, and Peoria. The Granite City plant, producing about 1 1/4 million 
 tons per year, is the largest plant in the area and is the only one at which blast 
 furnaces are in operation. 
 
 Iron Ore .—Missouri has been a producer of iron ore for almost a century 
 and a half (Bishop, 1949 , p. 33) . First recorded mining of iron ore in Missouri 
 was in 1815. Maximum production, almost 42 8 thousand long tons, took place in 
 1887 and during this same year 124 thousand tons of pig iron was produced within 
 the state . As the rich iron ores of the Lake Superior region gained favor because 
 of their high grade, ease of mining, and their proximity to low-cost transportation, 
 iron ore production in Missouri suffered a long period of decline until in 1933 no 
 production was reported. Since then, iron ore mining within the state has made a 
 strong comeback. In 1960, production of 863 thousand long tons of crude ore, 
 equivalent to 404 thousand tons of usable ore, was reported. Recent developments 
 promise to increase greatly the importance of Missouri as an iron ore producing 
 state . 
 
 About 90 percent of the iron ore mined thus far in Missouri has been hema- 
 tite. Specular hematites , directly associated with rhyolite porphyries in the area 
 of Iron Mountain, have been the principal source. The general region of occurence 
 lies where the borders of Iron, St. Francois, and Madison Counties join. This is 
 the easternmost Precambrian iron ore region shown on the map in figure 3. 
 
 Most of the Missouri iron ore in recent years has come from the Iron 
 Mountain Mine, now operated by the Midwest Ore Company (Christiansen, 1962) . 
 The ore consists principally of a hard blue specular hematite, although in places 
 magnetite may be present in quantities constituting as much as 25 percent of the 
 ore content. The natural ore, averaging about 3 5 percent in iron content, is 
 crushed and processed to form a 54+ percent concentrate for blast furnace use. 
 Reported production in 1960 was 255,000 tons of concentrates (Hensen, 1961). 
 
 Sedimentary iron ores have provided most of the remainder of the iron mined 
 in Missouri. The areas in figure 3 designated by Roman numerals I through V have 
 been indicated by the Missouri Division of Geological Survey and Water Resources 
 as principal sedimentary iron ore districts of the state (Hayes, 1957) Although 
 some specular hematite is found among the sediments of these regions , limonite is 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 31 
 
 the principal type of ore. Limonite ores are distributed widely and are found to 
 some extent in nearly every county in the Missouri Ozark region. The deposits 
 are numerous and small and, for the most part, occur within residual clays as 
 small masses or large ledge-like masses. The presence of silica and of iron sul- 
 fides , and the difficulty of separating them from the clay, hinder the satisfactory 
 preparation of these ores for use and tend to increase production costs . 
 
 Another factor that has retarded the development of the sedimentary ores is 
 the variation in ore characteristics and purity from one deposit to the next. This 
 prevents large shipments of a uniform grade of ore. On the other hand, the low 
 phosphorous content of the sedimentary ores makes them useful for blending with 
 other ores containing a greater percentage of phosphorous . 
 
 District Number I is the West Plains District. It encompasses Howell and 
 Oregon Counties and parts of Ozark , Douglas , Texas , and Shannon Counties . 
 Ore within the district is chiefly limonite and occurs as boulder, tabular, and pipe 
 ore, and as ocher. The deposits are of secondary origin and are found in a thick 
 blanket of residual clay and chert. Iron content is reported at about 53 to 55 
 percent . 
 
 District II is the Poplar Bluff District and extends from Ripley County 
 northeast across Carter, Wayne, and most of Madison County. Parts of Reynolds 
 and Butler Counties are included also. Both primary and secondary limonite deposits 
 are found within the area , occuring mostly as boulders irregularly distributed in a 
 residuum of cherty clay. Average iron content is about 46 percent according to 
 reports of the Missouri Geological Survey. 
 
 The Osage River District, shown as District Number III, includes parts of 
 Benton, Hickory, Morgan, Camden, Miller, Osage, Maries, and Gasconade 
 Counties. Most of the ore occurs as secondary limonite boulders and pipe ore. 
 In central and southeastern Miller County a number of hematite deposits occur. 
 
 District IV, the Springfield District, lies at the western edge of the map, 
 mostly in Polk and Greene Counties . Ore within this district consists chiefly of 
 secondary brown ore (limonite) deposits in the form of fragments and boulders lying 
 within cherty clay. Iron content of the ore runs about 50 percent. Phosphorous , 
 averaging about 0.2 percent, is generally several times as high as that in the ores 
 of the other districts . 
 
 The Steelville District, shown as Number V on the map, covers Dent, Phelps , 
 and Crawford Counties , together with southern Gasconade and Franklin Counties and 
 western Washington County. In this district, both limonite and hematite are found. 
 Soft red hematite and quantities of hard blue specular hematite boulders from most 
 of the ore. These deposits are found, to a large extent, as fill materials within the 
 sinks occuring in the dolomites and sandstones of the region. 
 
 Thus far, the only magnetite ore marketed from Missouri has been a small 
 quantity mined with the hematite ores in the areas of Iron Mountain and Shepherd 
 Mountain. Recent discoveries, however, promise to make magnetite the most impor- 
 tant ore within the state . 
 
 The existence of magnetic disturbances in east central Missouri has been 
 well known for many years. In the late 1940's extensive airborne magnetometer 
 surveys , jointly sponsored by the Missouri Division of Geological Survey and Water 
 Resources, the U.S. Geological Survey, and interested mining companies, were 
 flown over the area and a number of important magnetic anomalies were pin-pointed. 
 Subsequent drilling has indicated that at least three magnetic iron ore deposits of 
 major significance lie within the area (Chamber of Commerce of Metropolitan St. 
 Louis, 1960). 
 
32 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 I- V Sedimentary iron 1^ Areas of coking 
 
 ore districts coal production 
 
 £§ Major (Precambrian) ^^ Fluorspar region 
 iron ore deposits _ 
 
 © Limestone deposits 
 
 Fig. 3 - Iron and steel resources and operations 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 33 
 
 One new mine is being developed at Pea Ridge , in the northwestern corner 
 of Washington County, where the Mermac Mining Company is sinking shafts to 
 develop a massive underground deposit of magnetite and hematite with an iron con- 
 tent reported at 55 to 58 percent. The size of the orebody has been estimated at 
 100 million tons. According to published reports the plan is to produce about 3 
 million tons of ore each year which, in turn, will be pelletized to form 2 million 
 tons of concentrate. Production will begin in 1963. 
 
 A few miles to the west, in Bourbon, Crawford County, another anomaly is 
 being investigated jointly by the American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Company and 
 the Granite City Steel Company (Hayes, 1959, p. 14). This deposit, too, was re- 
 cently reported to contain 100 million tons of commercial-grade iron ore. Still 
 another anomaly, near Kratz Spring, Franklin County, is reported to be of promis- 
 ing character. 
 
 About 35 miles to the south of the Pea Ridge and Bourbon deposits , the 
 Granite City Steel Company and the American Zinc , Lead and Smelting Company 
 have reported an iron and copper ore deposit in the Boss-Bixby area (Hayes , 1959 , 
 p. 16). 
 
 Currently, Missouri provides about one-third of the 1 ,600 thousand tons of 
 iron ore consumed within the area annually, with the balance coming principally 
 from Minnesota and Michigan. Completion of the projects now under way will 
 raise production considerably above the amount being consumed at present and 
 would support a considerable expansion in iron- and steel-making capacity. 
 
 Coking Coal.— Approximately 1.4 tons of coking coal is used in the manu- 
 facture of 1 ton of coke . For every ton of pig iron or hot metal produced in the 
 United States in 1960, an average of about 0.75 tons of coke was consumed in the 
 process. Most of the coal used in the manufacture of metallurgical coke in the 
 Missouri-Illinois region comes from southern Illinois coal mines. Illinois coal 
 currently being consumed in coke production is mined from the areas shown in 
 figure 3 . The high-volatile coals from southern Illinois are mixed with low-volatile 
 Pocahontas coal from the southern Appalachian coal fields to form a blend contain- 
 ing 75 percent Illinois coal. In recent years approximately one-half million tons 
 of Illinois coal has been consumed each year at Granite City coke ovens . Additional 
 tonnages have gone to the steel industry in the Chicago area. With recent expansion 
 of coke-oven capacity at the Granite City Steel Company plant, annual consumption 
 of Illinois coal there should approach 900 thousand tons. This will be more than six 
 times the 140 thousand tons of Illinois coal consumed in coke production during the 
 year 1944. About 200 thousand additional tons are consumed annually in the Chicago 
 area. 
 
 The growing acceptance of Illinois coal for the manufacture of metallurgical 
 coke can be attributed primarily to two things. First is the coking research program 
 carried on by the Illinois State Geological Survey, in close cooperation with the 
 steel and coal industries , which showed that suitable coke can be made with 
 Illinois coal Qackman et al. , 1956, 1959) . Second is the improved competitive 
 position of Illinois coal (Risser, 1962) . This improved position has resulted from 
 the preparation of the coal by the producer in order to obtain a higher quality and 
 more uniform product, greater mining efficiency obtained through large-scale mech- 
 anization, and the steadily increasing spread between the cost of shipping coal to 
 Granite City from the eastern coal fields and the cost of shipping from southern 
 Illinois. Currently (1962), this spread is $3.27 per ton in favor of southern Illinois 
 coal. 
 
34 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 _o_ 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 KEY 
 
 • Quarries 
 ^ Lime plants 
 B Cement plants 
 
 Fig. 4 - Location of limestone and dolomite quarries, and lime and cement plants 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 Limestone .—In addition to the necessary iron ore and coke used, approx- 
 imately 500 pounds of high quality limestone, for flux, is consumed in the produc- 
 tion of each ton of pig iron. Large tonnages of limestone currently are being pro- 
 duced for this purpose near Valmeyer, Illinois . Known deposits of high grade 
 stone also occur almost directly across the Mississippi in Jefferson and Ste . 
 Genevieve Counties , Missouri, and on both sides of the Mississippi not far from 
 Quincy, Illinois. Tests and analyses by the Illinois State Geological Survey and 
 the Missouri Division of Geological Survey and Water Resources indicate that 
 sufficiently high quality limestone may be available at numerous other spots in 
 both states along the Mississippi River as shown in figure 3. 
 
 Fluorspar.— Fluorspar, used as a fluxing material in steel-making opera- 
 tions , is produced from deposits in Pope and Hardin Counties in southeastern 
 Illinois (fig. 3). These deposits, about 125 miles southeast of St. Louis, provide 
 about 60 percent of the fluorspar produced within the United States each year 
 (Finger et al. , 1960) . Although currently depressed by competition from imports of 
 foreign fluorspar, the deposits of this region have made Illinois the country's 
 leading fluorspar producer for many years . 
 
 Construction Materials 
 
 Stone . —Limestone and dolomite are produced from numerous deposits 
 scattered widely throughout the area as shown in figure 4. Also shown are the 
 locations of cement plants and lime plants within the area . 
 
 Cement provides the greatest mineral value within the state of Missouri 
 each year. Three of the four cement j -producing counties of the state lie within 
 the area shown in figure 4. Four plants are in operation. Currently (1962), no 
 cement is produced within the portion of Illinois shown. However, the cement 
 industry is expanding to meet growing demand and a new plant is under construction 
 on the Ohio River near Joppa , Illinois . Geologic studies indicate that resources 
 are available for a considerable expansion of the cement industry in Illinois and 
 Missouri (Lamar et al. , 1956; Buehler , 1907). 
 
 Lime plants are operating in Ralls , Ste . Genevieve and Cape Girardeau 
 Counties in Missouri and in Adams County, Illinois. 
 
 Deposits of rock suitable for use as building stone also are available in 
 the area . In Illinois , sandstone and limestone currently are produced for this 
 purpose. Marble deposits occurring within the state have not been developed yet. 
 In Missouri, limestone, sandstone, and granite, and marble are produced in various 
 locations throughout the area (fig. 4) . Dimension granite is produced in Iron 
 County, marble in Ste. Genevieve County and sandstone in Shannon County. 
 
 Sand and Gravel . — Illinois and Missouri have large production of common 
 sand and gravel; most of it comes from deposits along the major streams of both 
 states and the glacial deposits of northern and central Illinois (fig. 5). 
 
 Special sands and industrial sands, the most important of which is silica 
 sand , are also produced within the area . Silica sand is produced in a number of 
 locations west of St. Louis and along the west side of the Mississippi River south 
 of St. Louis. Undeveloped deposits of sandstone possessing a high silica content 
 occur in extreme southern Illinois. Deposits of tripoli and ganister, consisting 
 principally of very fine particles of silica, are being mined in southwestern Illinois. 
 
36 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 Springfield 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 Common sand and/or gravel ♦ Tripoli, ganister 
 Silica sand A Glass plant 
 
 Fig. 5 - Location of sand, gravel, and silica production and glass plants 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 37 
 
 Springfield 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 • Brick, tile, aggregate o Clay grinding plants 
 ■ Pottery, whiteware A Brick refractories 
 
 Fig. 6 - Clay and ceramic operations 
 
38 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 Qi^- 
 
 '/VO/S STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ,* 
 
 Areas of Non Ferrous Metal Deposits 
 ^•Disseminated lead deposits ^v^Zinc deposits 
 
 @$m Disseminated lead with cobalt, nickel, and copper <^) Manganese deposits in igneous rock 
 
 tffiffl Residual deposits of lead, zinc, and barite gM Lead and zinc associated with fluorspar 
 
 Fig. 7 - General areas of deposits containing ores of nonferrous metals 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 39 
 
 A major use of silica sand is in the manufacture of glass . A number of 
 glass plants are operation within the area as shown in figure 5. 
 
 Clay Products . — Numerous plants manufacturing ceramic goods of various 
 types are within the territory. The location of these plants is shown in figure 6. 
 Products include construction materials such as common and face brick , tile , 
 lightweight aggregate, and refractories; pottery and whiteware are also produced. 
 
 Of major significance are the deposits of excellent refractory clays of 
 northeastern Missouri, especially those occurring in Audrain County. These 
 deposits and the refractory goods produced from them are of international repute . 
 Such products are used for constructing fire resistant linings in metallurgical and 
 other high-temperature furnaces. 
 
 Nonferrous Metals 
 
 Ores of a number of base or nonferrous metals are found within the region. 
 The general areas of their occurrence are shown in figure 7 . 
 
 Lead .— Lead was first mined commercially in Missouri about 1720 and the 
 state has been an important lead producer since that time. In 1960 Missouri pro- 
 vided about 45 percent of the total primary lead production in the United States . 
 Principal among the nonferrous metallic deposits of the area are the disseminated 
 lead deposits of the famous Southeast Missouri Lead Belt lying in the Flat River- 
 Bonne Terre region of St. Francois County. To the west, mines at Viburnum in 
 Iron County and Indian Creek in Washington County also are exploiting major de- 
 posits. Most of the lead produced within the area is smelted and refined at 
 Herculaneum , Missouri 
 
 Residual deposits lying in the Central District, southwest of Jefferson 
 City, were important sources of lead during the third quarter of the nineteenth 
 century. The ores in the Central District declined in importance after 1880, with 
 growth of mining in the richer Southeast Missouri Lead Belt and the Joplin District 
 (Bishop, 1949, p. 44). 
 
 In the Illinois portion of the area under study small quantities of lead are 
 produced in conjunction with the mining of fluorspar in Pope and Hardin Counties . 
 
 Other Metals . — In addition to the well-known lead deposits of southeastern 
 Missouri, deposits containing zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, and barite also are 
 present (fig. 7) . 
 
 Zinc occurs in association with lead in the residual deposits of the Central 
 Region in Missouri. Zinc ores also are found to the east and southeast of Spring- 
 field, Missouri. Currently, the price of zinc is too low to justify any appreciable 
 production. In 1960, zinc production was reported from only St. Francois and 
 Washington Counties in Missouri where it was produced in conjunction with lead 
 mining. In Pope and Hardin Counties, Illinois, small quantities are recovered in 
 fluorspar production. 
 
 Copper is associated with some of the lead deposits of Missouri. Cobalt 
 and nickel occur in complex ores containing lead and copper. Small quantities of 
 cadmium, gallium, germanium, and indium are present as trace elements in the 
 lead-zinc ores of Missouri. These are recovered from the flue dust of zinc smelters. 
 
 Manganese-bearing igneous rocks occur within an area southwest of the 
 principal lead deposits in southeast Missouri. Exploitation of these is not econ- 
 omically feasible at the present time . 
 
40 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 Springfield 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 NOTE: 
 Pennsylvanian areas near 
 the Missouri River con- 
 tain no coal but do 
 contain Pennsylvanian 
 fire clays 
 
 A Surface mines 
 % Underground mines 
 
 *» Boundary of Pennsylvanian 
 v'.\ (coal- bearing) rocks 
 
 Fig. 8 - Coal mines and resources 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 Miscellaneous Minerals 
 
 A number of other mineral materials are available within the area. Missouri 
 possesses important deposits of barite (Muilenburg , 1948), and in Illinois some 
 barite occurs with the fluorspar in the southeastern part of the state (Bradbury, 1959) . 
 Missouri is the second-largest producer of barite in the United States, and its 
 production of 181 ,000 tons in 1960 accounted for about 25 percent of the total United 
 States output during that year. Ninety— four percent of the barite consumed in 1960 
 went into well-drilling muds. The remainder was used in the manufacture of paint, 
 rubber, glass, chemicals, and miscellaneous other products . 
 
 Agate and other varieties of stone are produced for gemstones in small 
 quantities in Missouri. 
 
 Water 
 
 Research on the availability and quality of water within the area has been 
 done by the Illinois State Water Survey, the Illinois State Geological Survey, the 
 Missouri Division of Geological Survey and Water Resources , and the United 
 States Geological Survey. (See page 60.) Ground water and/or surface water are 
 present for industrial purposes throughout much of the area , and additional reser- 
 voirs and lakes have been advocated in many locations to supplement that now 
 available . 
 
 Much of the ground water available in the area lies within glacial deposits 
 and in the alluvial deposits of major river valleys. Sandstone and limestone strata 
 also are water-bearing in parts of the region. The Mississippi, Illinois, Missouri, 
 Ohio, and Wabash Rivers , together with their tributaries , provide surface water. 
 Average annual rainfall (St. Louis) is 37.86 inches. 
 
 Fuels and Electric Power 
 
 Any large-scale industrial development is highly dependent on the ready 
 availability of tremendous quantities of energy. To be suitable for industrial use, 
 energy must not only be available in large quantities but must be available at a 
 reasonable cost. In this respect the area under study enjoys an extremely favorable 
 position, primarily because of the large quantities of thick, easily-mined coal it 
 possesses . 
 
 A study of fuel consumption and costs by manufacturing concerns was made a 
 number of years ago (United States Bureau of the Census , 1948) . The low cost of 
 coal used by manufacturing concerns in the St. Louis Standard Metropolitan Area was 
 matched by only 4 of the 148 areas reported. 
 
 The comparison of the cost of fuel for the generation of electric power provides 
 another example of the low cost of coal within the area . Of the eight metropolitan 
 areas having greater population than St. Louis only one, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 
 has a lower reported fuel cost per million Btu's . If only the Illinois portion of 
 the St. Louis Standard Metropolitan Area is considered, then the cost is even low- 
 er than for Pittsburgh. 
 
42 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 §J?. ! 
 
 KEY 
 tf Oil fields 
 «# Gas fields 
 ^Gas fields abandoned 
 
 Fig. 9 - Oil and gas fields 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 Fuels 
 
 Coal .— The Illinois-Missouri area possesses tremendous energy resources , 
 primarily in the form of the huge coal deposits lying within the area (fig. 8) . 
 Of the 137 billion tons of minable coal in Illinois, about 103 billion tons lie 
 within 125 miles of St. Louis (Cady et al. , 1952) . Twenty-five to 30 billion 
 tons of this coal is less than 50 miles away. Much of the coal lies at depths 
 sufficiently shallow to be mined by surface mining methods . Along the western 
 edge of the coal fields , from Cass County southward, an estimated 4.5 billion 
 tons is covered by overburden less than 100 feet in thickness (Smith, 1957, 1958, 
 1961) . Another 3 billion tons lies under cover ranging from 100 to 150 feet. Of 
 the coal that is too deep to strip, the greater portion lies in thick, relatively level 
 beds that are susceptible to mining by the most modern and efficient underground 
 mining methods . 
 
 During 1960, Illinois produced 45.8 million tons of coal, of which almost 
 40 million tons was mined within the 125 mile radius. Within the Illinois Basin, 
 the thick No. 6 and No. 5 beds provide the greatest quantity of the coal produced. 
 Beyond the limits of these coals some thinner beds are being mined . 
 
 Coal has been mined for many years on the Missouri side of the Missis- 
 sippi River (Henson, 1949 , p. 22) . Portions of the City of St. Louis now stand 
 above early coal-mine workings. At the present time (1962) , coal is being mined 
 in four Missouri counties lying within the 125-mile radius . These are Boone , 
 Callaway, Ralls, and Randolph Counties, where 173,000 tons of coal were pro- 
 duced in 1960. In the northwestern corner of the map (fig. 8) , three adjoining 
 counties— Adair , Clark, and Macon— accounted for another 639,000 tons. The 
 Peabody Coal Company recently announced plans for the construction of a new 
 mine near Columbia, Missouri, to produce 400 to 500 thousand tons per year. 
 
 The coal beds of eastern Missouri, like those of parts of western Illinois , 
 are relatively thin and shallow and most of the coal production is by strip-mining 
 methods . 
 
 Oil.— Oil constitutes a second major energy fuel resource within the area. 
 The oil fields , as show : n f'gure 9 , are concentrated for the most part in the 
 deep, central part of tl Qlinois Basin. Seventy-five to eighty million barrels of 
 oil per year are produced from these fields (Bell et al. , 1961) . 
 
 Up to this time , oil has been produced from only one pool within the portion 
 of Missouri included in this discussion. This was the Florissant pool, located just 
 north of St . Louis . 
 
 Large quantities of crude oil, principally from the southwestern United 
 States, come into Illinois for refining. Meanwhile, approximately 70 percent of 
 the crude oil produced in Illinois moves into other states to be refined. About 190 
 million barrels of crude oil are refined within Illinois each year. 
 
 Figure 10 shows the trunk oil lines in the area. Local gathering lines are 
 not included. Also shown on the map is the location of oil refineries. The refin- 
 eries shown have a capacity of more than 400 thousand barrels of crude oil per day, 
 almost 300 thousand of which are provided by plants within the St. Louis Metro- 
 politan Area . 
 
 Natural Gas . — Natural gas also is an important fuel for many uses within the 
 area. No natural gas comes from the Missouri portion of the area and only a rela- 
 tively small quantity of natural gas , ranging from 400 to 500 million cubic feet 
 
44 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 45 
 
 3 
 
 sf 
 
 — SjpQuincy 
 
 /Champaign- Urbana 
 
 JeffersonJCity 
 
 Springfield 
 
 > 
 \ 
 
 iSr^> 
 
 '< 
 
 /+*■' 
 
 4 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 Underground ^ Main natural gas 
 
 storage sites pipe lines 
 
 Fig. 11 - Natural gas pipelines 
 
46 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 KEY 
 ■ Steam plants of 20,000 KW or greater capacity 
 • Hydro plants 
 
 — Transmission lines, 66,000 volts or higher 
 0— Under construction 
 
 Fig . 12 - Electric-power distribution lines 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 per year, is produced in Illinois . Nearly all the gas consumed within the area is 
 supplied by pipelines from the southwestern United States. The major gas trans- 
 mission lines are shown in figure 11; local or regional distribution lines are not 
 included. A new 600-mile pipeline from western Oklahoma to St. Louis has been 
 proposed but not yet approved. If this is completed, additional gas will be avail- 
 able for industrial and other purposes . 
 
 Gas storage reservoirs , shown in figure 11, are used to more fully utilize 
 the long-distance transmission lines during periods of low demand and increase the 
 availability of gas during peak demand (Bell, 1961). These reservoirs consist of 
 underground rock formations porous enough to receive gas pumped from the surface 
 through drill holes and so shaped that the gas will be confined by overlying imper- 
 vious rock layers. Surplus pipeline gas is injected into the reservoir and with- 
 drawn when needed . 
 
 Electric Power 
 
 Most energy released through the combustion of fuels is applied directly 
 to the performance of a specific task. However, about one-sixth of the total fuel 
 energy consumed within the United States is used for the generation of electricity 
 which, in turn, is used in this form. 
 
 The economical conversion of heat energy from the fuels into electrical 
 energy requires large and efficient power generation plants . Vast networks of elec- 
 tric power transmission lines are required to move the power from generating plant 
 to point of use . 
 
 Power transmission lines of 66,000 and higher voltages are shown in fig- 
 ure 12. Also indicated are the names and locations of steam power plants having 
 a capacity of 20,000 kilowatts or more. The combined 1961 capacity of the plants 
 shown exceeds 5 . 1 million kilowatts of which 4 .4 million is in Illinois . Plants in 
 the St. Louis Metropolitan Area have a capacity of almost 2 million kilowatts of 
 which 55 percent is in the East St. Louis-Wood River region. 
 
 During 1960 the total output of the plants shown in figure 12 was 26 billion 
 kilowatt hours (National Coal Association, 1960). Coal produced 93.0 percent, 
 oil about 0.5 percent, and natural gas 6.5 percent of this power. Reported cost 
 per million Btu's as consumed, ranged from a low of 18.7 cents to a high of 32 
 cents, with an average of 21.3 cents. This compares with an average of 26.0 
 cents for total coal consumed by electric utilities throughout the United States 
 during 1960. 
 
 In order to keep abreast of growing demands , generating capacity and trans- 
 mission lines are being expanded constantly. A new Union Electric Company plant 
 is under construction near Taum Sauk in Iron County, Missouri. It will be a "pump- 
 ed storage" plant with a 350,000 kilowatt capacity. Surplus electrical energy, 
 available during hours when demand is low, will be used to pump water into a 
 storage reservoir on the mountain behind the plant. During the peak demand periods , 
 the water will flow from the high reservoir through the combination pump-turbines to 
 provide generation of hydroelectric power . 
 
 Public announcement has been made of plans by the Illinois Power Company 
 for a 1-million kilowatt plant near Baldwin, Illinois. The Central Illinois Public 
 Service Company has announced its intention to build a plant of 350,000 kilowatt 
 near Coffeen, Illinois . Other large plants are under consideration or in the plan- 
 ning stage at present. 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GE0L06ICAL SURVEY 
 
 Fig . 13 - Network of railways 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 Transportation 
 
 The Illinois-Missouri area under discussion is fortunate in having, within 
 a relatively short distance of each other, a combination of nearly all the major 
 mineral commodities required for industrial development. Nevertheless, large- 
 scale and low-cost transportation facilities are necessary in order to assemble 
 economically and efficiently these materials for processing and use. Likewise, 
 good transportation is required for movement of finished products to market. 
 
 Within the area studied, transportation facilities for rail, water, pipeline, 
 and highway shipment are available . 
 
 Railroads 
 
 Figure 13 shows the network of railways crisscrossing the area. Exami- 
 nation of this map indicates that within the vast Illinois coal fields there is no 
 point that is more than 12 miles from a railroad. Most of the coal lies within 5 
 miles or less . 
 
 Eighteen trunk lines enter the St. Louis area from the surrounding territory. 
 Six short lines and switching lines also serve the area. These make St. Louis the 
 second largest railroad terminal in the United States . 
 
 It is estimated that more than half of the tonnage carried by the railroads 
 of the region is of mineral origin. 
 
 Waterways 
 
 Another medium of transportation is the inland waterway system (fig. 14) 
 which provides low-cost bulk transportation within the area. A nine-foot channel 
 permits the passage of large barges throughout much of the territory. Some trib- 
 utaries also have been canalized, but to lesser depth, and plans are under way 
 for canalizing still other streams. Congress has authorized a study of a proposed 
 50-mile improvement of the Kaskaskia River from the Mississippi to Fayetteville , 
 Illinois . This would make water transportation available to large coal reserves 
 situated along that stream. 
 
 Canalization of the Big Muddy River from the Mississippi to the vicinity 
 of Benton , Illinois , and of the Saline River to the vicinity of Harrisburg , Illinois , 
 also has been advocated as has canalization of the Wabash River. Completion of 
 these projects also would provide water transportation for large reserves of coal. 
 
 Minerals account for the greater portion of the tonnages moved by waterway. 
 On the Illinois Waterway in I960, for example, petroleum products accounted for 
 20.5 percent of the total tonnages moved, bituminous coal for 26.3 percent, and 
 sand, gravel, and crushed stone for another 11.2 percent. These three items 
 totaled 58 percent of all cargo tonnage. If iron and steel products and other pro- 
 ducts make from minerals are added to this , they account for about 86 percent 
 (U. S . Army Corps of Engineers , 1961). 
 
 Of 123 loading docks and terminals on the portions of the Mississippi and 
 Illinois Rivers shown in figure 14 , 87 are mineral loading and/or unloading facil- 
 ities . 
 
50 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 Springfield 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 __ Waterways over 9 ft. deep A Harbors over 9 ft. deep 
 
 •••Waterways less than 9ft. deep 4 Harbors less than 9ft. deep 
 
 Fig. 14 - Waterway system 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 Highways 
 
 Thousands of miles of federal, state, county, and township roads cross 
 the area. Truck haulage moves large quantities of minerals , especially from the 
 small-sized mining operations . Because of their bulk and their relative abundance 
 and low unit value, items such as crushed stone and sand and gravel usually are 
 moved only short distances. In Illinois , for example, more than 90 percent of 
 the crushed stone and 75 percent of the sand and gravel move by truck. On the 
 other hand, only 12.5 percent of the coal moves by truck; 82 percent is shipped 
 by rail. 
 
 Pipelines 
 
 Pipelines provide a cheap and effective means of transporting liquid and 
 gaseous mineral fuels . The advantage is demonstrated by the fact that , of the 
 2.5 billion barrels of domestic crude oil received by U . S. refineries in 1959, 
 83.7 percent arrived via pipeline, 14.7 percent via water, and only 1.6 percent 
 by truck and rail . 
 
 New Concepts in Mineral Transportation 
 
 Because of the weight and bulk of many minerals as compared to their unit 
 value , transportation is an important factor in their delivered cost . Where con- 
 siderable distances are involved , transportation costs may exceed the cost of the 
 materials themselves . 
 
 Vigorous efforts have been make in recent years to find ways of cutting 
 transportation costs of minerals . Coal has been active in these attempts because 
 of its keen competition with other fuels . Coal may offer the best opportunity for 
 the application of new procedures because large quantities often move from a 
 single producing mine to a single consumer. 
 
 Among the new unconventional methods reciving study and being applied 
 are the unitized train and pipeline transportation of coal and the extra-high-volt- 
 age transmission of electric power. 
 
 Unitized Train .— The proposed unitized train will consist of cars and loco- 
 motives permanently or semi-permanently coupled together. Trains of up to 250 
 cars capable of carrying as much as 25 ,000 tons have been proposed. The unit 
 will shuttle back and forth from mine to consumer without need for the costly and 
 time-consuming switching and assembly operations normally required. The shuttle 
 train principle is being applied successfully on a smaller scale in a number of 
 locations and recent announcements have indicated that at least two shuttle trains 
 will be put into service in Pennsylvania within the near future (Wall Street Journal , 
 April 6,1962). Considerable savings are anticipated. 
 
 Coal Pipeline .— A second development in coal transportation is the coal 
 pipeline. A pipeline has been in operation from Cadiz, Ohio, to Cleveland since 
 1957, using a 50-50 mixture (slurry) of water and finely ground coal. Research 
 has recently shown that this can be increased to 70 percent coal and still maintain 
 satisfactory operations . A burner has been developed to burn the slurry directly, 
 eliminating the necessity of drying the coal. Pipelines appear especially suitable 
 for serving large utility markets . 
 
52 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 Extra-High-Voltage Transmission . —A third possibility that is receiving 
 much attention involves not the movement of the coal but the extra-high-voltage 
 transmission of electric power over greater distances than is customary at present. 
 If proper procedures and long distance facilities can be developed to reduce trans- 
 mission by using extra-high-voltages , the trend toward building power plants at 
 the coal mines will be accelerated. By placing the plants at the mine mouth, all 
 fuel transportation will be eliminated and the coal will, in effect, be sent by wire. 
 
 Progress in any of the above three fields will succeed in reducing the cost 
 of industrial energy to a point even lower than at present. 
 
 PART IV. CONCLUSION 
 
 There are few areas that can offer a complex of mineral resources — energy 
 fuels, coking coal, iron ore, fluorspar, base metals, industrial, and construction 
 materials — that will match that of Illinois and Missouri. These, combined with 
 well developed but still expanding networks of transportation facilities and power 
 and fuel distribution lines , should provide the region with a sound basis for strong 
 growth and industrial development in the years to come. 
 
 The primary function of mineral resources is that of providing materials to 
 sustain the industrial activity of the region and the material standard of living of 
 its people. The minerals industry's role extends far beyond that of a mere supplier 
 of goods and energy. Its other economic contributions are both numerous and ex- 
 tremely important. 
 
 One contribution of the minerals industry to the economy is the direct 
 employment it provides. In 1958, within the counties studied, more than 30,000 
 employees were engaged directly in the production of minerals . The payroll drawn 
 by these people during that year exceeded 150 million dollars , and the value of 
 mineral output was over 665 million dollars. 
 
 Rarely are mineral products consumed at their point of origin. Frequently, 
 they must be transported over long distances for processing, fabrication, or other 
 use. Most of the material shipped by barge, a large portion of that moved by rail, 
 and nearly all that transported by pipeline is of mineral origin. These products, 
 therefore , contribute significantly both to freight revenues and to employment of 
 those directly involved in the handling and movement of goods and the maintenance 
 of transport facilities . 
 
 In the same manner, the firms and employees engaged in the production 
 and transmission of electric power generated from mineral fuels are directly depend- 
 ent upon the minerals industry. 
 
 The processing of minerals constitutes another activity directly dependent 
 upon the availability of resources. During 1958, within the St. Louis Standard 
 Metropolitan Area , 38 ,500 workers received 215 million dollars for their work in 
 minerals processing operations (tables 17 and 18). Such operations included the 
 production of refined products from petroleum and coal , the manufacture of cement , 
 ceramics goods, and glass from stone, clay, and sand, and the primary metals 
 industries . 
 
 The fabrication of metals into machinery, equipment, and other items em- 
 ployed another 92 ,000 workers during the year with earnings of 233 million dollars. 
 
 In total, the processing of minerals and metals from raw state to finished 
 product makes up more than half the manufacturing employment and payroll in the 
 Standard Metropolitan Area of St . Louis . 
 
ILLINOIS -MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 Manufacturing categories Employe. 
 
 Number '. 
 
 } 
 
 Petroleum and coal products 6,871 
 
 Stone, clay and glass products 10,150 
 
 Primary metal industries 21,460 
 
 Fabricated metal products 17,880 
 
 Machinery except electric and construction 16,200 -> 
 
 Electrical machinery 16,311 I 
 
 Transportation equipment 41,374 J 
 
 Sub total 130,246 53.40 
 
 Other manufacturing categories 113,32 7 46.60 
 
 All categories 243,573 100.00 
 
 Source: United States Bureau of the Census 
 
 TABLE 18 - MANUFACTURING PAYROLL IN THE ST. LOUIS 
 STANDARD METROPOLITAN AREA IN 1958 
 
 
 Payroll 
 
 
 Manufacturing categories 
 
 Dollars 
 (1,000) 
 
 Percent 
 
 Petroleum and coal products 
 
 Stone, clay and glass products 
 
 Primary metal industries 
 
 Fabricated metal products 
 
 Machinery except electric and construction 
 
 Electrical machinery 
 
 Transportation equipment 
 
 $ 42,654-^ 
 52,094 L 
 
 120,186 J 
 92,410 
 85,391 >, 
 79,623 I 
 
 232,829 J 
 
 17.30 
 7.40 
 32.00 
 
 Subtotal 
 Other manufacturing categories 
 
 705,187 
 537,282 
 
 56.70 
 43.30 
 
 All manufacturing categories 
 
 $1,242,469 
 
 100.00 
 
 Source: United States Bureau of the Census 
 
54 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 A further point of major significance is related not to the dependence of 
 economic activity upon the availability of minerals for direct use as materials , 
 but to the direct and indirect interdependence of minerals upon each other. 
 
 The production of steel requires not only iron ore, but also coke, limestone, 
 and fluorspar. The iron and steel industry also is directly and indirectly a large 
 consumer of fuels . In addition to the fuel consumed directly within the plants , the 
 iron and steel industry uses 10 percent of the total electrical power consumed by 
 all manufacturing industries within the United States . 
 
 Although the principal materials used in the manufacture of aluminum are 
 bauxite and cryolite , the aluminum industry is one of the greatest power consumers 
 of the nation and thus , indirectly, of mineral fuels. Average power consumption 
 in primary aluminum production is approximately 1 1/2 million kilowatt hours per 
 worker per year. This means that for every eight workers employed in primary 
 aluminum production, enough electric power is used to keep one miner, on the 
 average , busy mining coal to generate that power. Thus , if a new 2 ,400 man plant 
 were to come into the area south of East St. Louis , as has been reported , full 
 time work might be anticipated also for 300 miners to produce the coal requisite 
 for power generation. 
 
 Almost every area in the United States is clamoring for new industry and 
 new development. Illinois and Missouri possess a combination of resources that 
 can scarcely be matched . 
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 Bell, A. H. , Oros , M . O. , Van Den Berg, Jacob, Sherman, C. W. , and Mast, R. F. 
 1961, Petroleum industry in Illinois, 1960: Illinois Geol. Survey Illinois 
 Petroleum 75 . 
 
 Bell, A. H. , 1961, Underground storage of natural gas in Illinois: Illinois Geol. 
 Survey Circ. 318. 
 
 Bishop, O. M. , 1949, The mineral industry of Missouri in 1946 and 1947 with 
 
 total production summarized: Missouri Div. of Geol. Survey and Water 
 Resources Information Circ. 4. 
 
 Bradbury, J. C. , 1959, Barite in the southern Illinois fluorspar district: Illinois 
 Geol. Survey Circ. 265. 
 
 Buehler, H. A. , 1907, The lime and cement resources of Missouri: Missouri Div. 
 of Geol. Survey and Water Resources , 2nd series , v. VI. 
 
 Cady, G. H. , and others, 1952, Minable coal reserves of Illinois: Illinois Geol. 
 Survey Bull. 78. 
 
 Chamber of Commerce of Metropolitan St. Louis, 19 60, New mineral developments 
 in S . E. Missouri: St. Louis Commerce, Dec 1960, p. 13-16. 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 Christiansen, C. R., 1962, Iron ore mining in Missouri: Skillings" Mining 
 Review, v. 51, no. 5, p. 1, 8-13. 
 
 Finger, G. C, Risser, H. E., and Bradbury, J. C, 1960, Illinois fluorspar: 
 Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 29 6. 
 
 Hayes, W. C, 1957, Exploration and development of sedimentary iron ores of 
 
 Missouri: Missouri Div. of Geol. Survey and Water Resources Infor- 
 mation Circ. 14. 
 
 Hayes, W. C, 1959, Geology and exploration of Missouri iron deposits: Missouri 
 Div. of Geol. Survey and Water Resources Miscellaneous Publication. 
 
 Hensen, Floyd, 1961, Seventy-third annual report of the Division of Mine Inspec- 
 tion: Missouri Dept. of Labor and Industrial Relations, Springfield, 
 Missouri. 
 
 Jackman, H. W., Eissler, R. L., and Reed, F. H., 1956, Coking coals of Illi- 
 nois. Their use in blends for metallurgical coke: Illinois Geol. Survey 
 Circ. 219. 
 
 Lamar, J. E., Machin, J. S., Voskuil, W. H., and Willman, H. B., 1956, Pre- 
 liminary report on Portland cement materials in Illinois: Illinois Geol. 
 Survey Rept. Inv. 195. 
 
 Lamar, J. E., 1961, Uses of limestone and dolomite: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 
 321. 
 
 Muilenburg, G. A., 1957, Barite mining and production in Missouri: Missouri 
 
 Div. of Geol. Survey and Water Resources Miscellaneous Publication. 
 
 National Coal Association, 1961, Steam-electric plant factors: Washington, Dept. 
 of Economics and Transportation, 11th edition, July, 1961. 
 
 Risser, H. E., 1962, Economic trends favoring the use of Illinois coal for metal- 
 lurgical coke: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. (in press) . 
 
 Smith, W. H., 1957, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois. Part 1: Illinois Geol. 
 Survey Circ. 228. 
 
 Smith, W. H., 1958, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois. Part 2; Illinois Geol. 
 Survey Circ. 260. 
 
 Smith, W. H., 1961, Strippable coal reserves of Illinois. Part 3: Illinois Geol. 
 Survey Circ. 311. 
 
 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1961, Waterborne commerce of the U. S. Part 3 — 
 Waterways and harbors— Great Lakes: Washington, U. S. Govt. Print- 
 ing Office. 
 
 U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1948, Census of manufactures, 1947. Fuels and 
 
 electric energy consumed. Report MC203: Washington, U. S. Govt. 
 Printing Office. 
 
 Wall Street Journal, 1962, Central Road to begin 700-mile mine-to-plant coal 
 shuttle service: Wall Street Journal, April 6, 1962, p. 4. 
 
56 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 SELECTED SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF MINERAL RESOURCE PUBLICATIONS 
 
 CLAY AND SHALE 
 
 Illinois State Geological Survey 
 
 Further Investigations of Illinois Fire Clays, Bulletin 38 D, 1921, 149 p. 
 
 Refractory Clays of Calhoun and Pike Counties, Illinois, Report of Investigations 
 22, 1931, 44 p. 
 
 Illinois Surface Clays as Bonding Clays for Molding Sands, Report of Investigations 
 104, 1945, 41 p. 
 
 Clay and Shale Resources of Extreme Southern Illinois, Report of Investigations 
 128, 1948, 107 p. 
 
 Pottery Clay Resources of Illinois, Circular 233, 1957, 8 p. 
 
 Ceramic Tests of Illinois Clays and Shales, Circular 303, 1960, 72 p. 
 
 Missouri Division of Geological Survey and Water Resources 
 
 The Geology and Bleaching Clays of Southeast Missouri, Biennial Report of the 
 State Geologist, Appendix 1, 1935, 78 p. 
 
 Further Investigations of Southeastern Missouri Clays, Biennial Report of the State 
 Geologist, Appendix 1, 1941, 48 p. 
 
 Geology of the Fire Clay Districts of East Central Missouri, Second Series, 
 Volume XXVIII, 1943, 250 p. 
 
 Study of Missouri Shales for Lightweight Aggregate, Report of Investigations 23, 
 1958, 39 p. 
 
 Kaolin Deposits Near Glen Allen, Bollinger County, Missouri, Miscellaneous 
 Publication, 1960, 19 p. 
 
 Illinois State Geological Survey 
 
 Classification and Selection of Illinois Coals, Bulletin 62, 1935, 354 p. 
 
 Analysis of Illinois Coals, Supplement to Bulletin 62, 1948, 77 p. 
 
 Coal in the Future Energy Market, Circular 310, 1960, 15 p. 
 
 Effects of Outdoor Storage of Illinois Steam Coals, Circular 313, 1961, 10 p. 
 
 Shipping Coal Mines Map, 1961. 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 Missouri Division of Geological Survey and Water Resources 
 
 The Coal Deposits of Missouri, Second Series, Volume XI, 1912, 503 p. 
 
 Coal Production, Distribution, and Consumption in Missouri, Information Circular 
 3, 1949, 52 p. 
 
 IRON AND STEEL 
 
 Illinois State Geological Survey 
 
 Fuels and Power in the Iron and Steel Industry, Reprint Series 1957P, 5 p. 
 
 Economic Aspects of Direct Reduction of Iron Ore in Illinois, Circular 283, 19 59, 
 19 p. 
 
 Missouri Division of Geological Survey and Water Resources 
 
 The Iron Ores of Missouri, Second Series, Volume X, 1912, 434 p. 
 
 Pyrites Deposits of Missouri, Second Series, Volume XXX, 1945, 482 p. 
 
 Brown Iron Ore Locations in Howell County, Missouri, Miscellaneous Publication, 
 1954, 8 p. 
 
 The Brown Iron Ore Resources of Missouri, Miscellaneous Publication, 1954, 4 p. 
 
 Brown Iron Ore Locations in Oregon County, Missouri, Miscellaneous Publication, 
 1954, 7 p. 
 
 List of Brown Iron Ore Deposits, Wayne County, Missouri, Miscellaneous Publi- 
 cation, 1957, 14 p. 
 
 OIL AND GAS 
 
 Illinois State Geological Survey 
 
 Geology and Oil Possibilities of Extreme Southern Illinois, Report of Investigations 
 71, 1940, 71 p. 
 
 Future Oil Possibilities of the Eastern Interior Basin, Circular 169, 1951, 13 p. 
 
 Oil Resources and Possibilities in Illinois, Illinois Petroleum 72, 1955, 12 p. 
 
 Glacial Drift Gas in Illinois, Circular 29 2, 1960, 59 p. 
 
 Developments (Oil) in Illinois in 1960, Reprint Series 1961 Q, 1961, 7 p. 
 
 Missouri Division of Geological Survey and Water Resources 
 
 Northeast Missouri's Oil Possibilities Improve, Report of Investigations 21, 
 1956, 2 p. 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 SAND, GRAVEL, AND SILICEOUS MATERIALS 
 
 Illinois State Geological Survey 
 
 Natural-Bonded Molding Sand Resources of Illinois, Bulletin 50, 1925, 183 p. 
 
 Geology and Economic Resources of the St. Peter Sandstone in Illinois, Bulletin 
 53, 1928, 175 p. 
 
 Progress Report on the Study of Southern Illinois Silica as a Pottery Material, 
 Report of Investigations 24, 1932, 7 p. 
 
 Feldspar in Illinois Sands— A Study of Resources. Report of Investigations 79, 
 1942, 87 p. 
 
 Southern Illinois Novaculite and Novaculite Gravel for Making Silica Refractories, 
 Report of Investigations 117, 1946, 55 p. 
 
 Sands and Silts of Extreme Southern Illinois — A Preliminary Report, Circular 184, 
 
 1952, 28 p. 
 
 Siliceous Materials of Extreme Southern Illinois, Report of Investigations 166, 
 
 1953, 39 p. 
 
 Sandstone Resources of Extreme Southern Illinois— A Preliminary Report, Report of 
 Investigations 188, 1955, 21 p. 
 
 Missouri Division of Geological Survey and Water Resources 
 
 The Sand and Gravel Resources of Missouri, Second Series, Volume XV, 1918, 
 214 p. 
 
 Illinois State Geological Survey 
 
 Limestone Resources of Illinois, Bulletin 46, 19 25, 392 p. 
 
 Illinois Building Stones, Report of Investigations 184, 1955, 25 p. 
 
 Chemical Analyses of Illinois Limestones and Dolomites, Report of Investigations 
 200, 1957, 33 p. 
 
 Limestone Resources of Extreme Southern Illinois, Report of Investigations 211, 
 1959, 81 p. 
 
 Salem Limestone in Southwestern Illinois,. Circular 284, 1960, 32 p. 
 
 Directory of Illinois Limestone and Dolomite Producers, Mineral Economics Brief, 
 July, 1961, 21 p. 
 
 Uses of Limestone and Dolomite, Circular 321, 1961, 41 p. 
 
ILLINOIS - MISSOURI MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEX 
 
 Missouri Division of Geological Survey and Water Resources 
 
 The Quarrying Industry of Missouri, Second Series, Volume II, 1904, 371 p. 
 
 Rock Wool Resources in Central Missouri, Biennial Report of the State Geologist, 
 Appendix 2, 1937, 24 p. 
 
 Occurrence of Dolomite in the Fredericktown Area, Madison County, Missouri, 
 Biennial Report of the State Geologist, Appendix 2, 1943, 16 p. 
 
 Missouri Marble, Report of Investigations 3, 1946, 47 p. 
 
 Limestones and Dolomites in the St. Louis Area, Report of Investigations 5, 1947, 
 
 Illinois State Geological Survey 
 
 Groundwater Geology in Southern Illinois, Circular 212, 1956, 25 p. 
 Groundwater Geology in South-Central Illinois, Circular 225, 1957, 30 p. 
 Groundwater Geology in Western Illinois, South Part, Circular 232, 1957, 28 p. 
 Groundwater Geology in East-Central Illinois, Circular 248, 1958, 36 p. 
 
 Missouri Division of Geological Survey and Water Resources 
 
 Underground Waters in St. Louis County and City of St. Louis, Missouri, Biennial 
 Report of the State Geologist, Appendix 5, 1935, 11 p. 
 
 Ground Water Supplies in Missouri, Miscellaneous Publication, 1945, 5 p. 
 
 Surface Waters of Missouri (Stream Flood Records) 1940-1949, Second Series, 
 Volume XXXIV, 1952, 934 p. 
 
 Groundwater Reports 
 
 (Separate reports discuss the water possibilities in the glacial drift of 
 the following counties of Eastern Missouri) 
 
 Putnam County, Report 4, 81 p. 
 Sullivan County, Report 10, 7 p. 
 linn County, Report 11, 10 p. 
 Chariton County, Report 12, 14 p. 
 
 Water Resources Map (no date). 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 337 
 
 Illinois State Water Survey 
 
 Preliminary Investigation of Ground-Water Resources in the American Bottom in 
 
 Madison and St. Clair Counties, Illinois, Report of Investigations 17, 
 1953, 28 p. 
 
 Potential Water Resources of Southern Illinois, Report of Investigations 31, 1957, 
 97 p. 
 
 U. S. Geological Survey 
 
 Water Resources of the St. Louis Area, Missouri and Illinois, Circ. 216, 1952, 
 55 p. 
 
 Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 337 
 
 60 p., 14 figs., 18 tables, 1962 
 
 Printed by Authority of State of Illinois, Ch. 127, IRS, Par. 58.25. 
 
CIRCULAR 337 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 URBANA