SELF FEEDING DAIRY COWS 
 
 BY 
 
 LU SCHOLFIELD HOLLER 
 
 THESIS 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE 
 
 IN 
 
 AGRICULTURE 
 
 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 1922 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2015 
 
 https://archive.org/details/selffeedingdairyOOholl 
 

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
 
 The author wishes to taJce this opportunity to 
 express his appreciation for the suggestions and supervision 
 he has received from Professor W. W. Yapp and the several 
 other members of the Production Division of the Department 
 
 of Dairy Husbandry 
 

 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION 
 
 II. OBJECT 
 
 III. EQUIPMENT 
 
 IV. COWS USED AND METHOD OF PROCEDURE 
 
 V. RESULTS; 
 
 A. The Effect of Self Feeding on Dairy Cows. 
 
 B. The Palatability and Variation in Daily 
 Consumption of Feed# 
 
 C. A Comparison between the Net Energy in the Feeds 
 Consumed and that Required for Maintenance ajid 
 Milk Production. 
 
 VI . CONCLUSION 
 
 VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
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I. INTRODUCTION 
 
 A survey of the literature on self feeding seems to indicate 
 that the first reported use of this method of feeding was in the case of 
 Mr. F. E. Drviry (1), 1889. The incidents relating to the building of this, 
 the first, self feeder are especially interesting and worthy of note. Although 
 Mr. Drury had been connected with his father's feeding operations for many 
 years, this was his first private enterprise. With a limited amovint of 
 capital and a low market price for his products, it was necessary for him to 
 eliminate all possible expense. In order to accomplish this he endeavored 
 to use discarded wind-mill fans in the construction of a corn bin. 
 
 It so happened that he placed two of the fans together with the 
 small ends of the V down, and thus discovered that he could make the ends 
 for a V-shaped bin from the fan blades. While constructing the bin, Mr. 
 
 Drury decided that by leaving a small opening along the bottom of the bin 
 the corn would automatically run out as it was consumed by the hogs. The 
 V-shaped bin was placed over a trough for the corn to feed into, and the 
 first self feeder was built. 
 
 This method of feeding proved to be very successful and 15r. Drviry, 
 as well as his neighbors, have employed it to the present time in their feed- 
 ing operations. He does not state specifically the economy of this method 
 of feeding, but infers that it was more economical than the hand feeding 
 method of his father's. 
 
 While visiting on the Drury farm, Prof.Eward (2) of the Iowa 
 Experiment Station saw the self feeder in operation. Upon his return to the 
 station he constructed a similar feeder, and began the first of his self 
 feeding experiments. From that time until the present he has conducted 
 

 
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 numerous experiments, and written a number of articles on the self feeder 
 for hogs* It is thru Prof .Eward's efforts that the self feeder became 
 so prominent in hog feeding operations. 
 
 Two other experiment stations have been among the pioneers in this 
 field. They are the University of Illinois, and the University of Missouri. 
 Many of the experiment stations in the United States have done more or less 
 work with the self feeder for hogs. Both satisfactory and \msatisfactory 
 results have been obtained* This discrepancy appears to be due for the most ^ 
 part to the feeds used, the class of hogs fed, and existing labor conditions. 
 
 As early as 1906 the self feeder was used in connection with a 
 short fed steer experiment at the University of Illinois(3). In these I 
 
 trials self feeding proved to be slightly more satisfactory than hand feed- 
 ing* The steers appeared to eat from the self feeder with remarkable j 
 
 regularity and after becoming accustomed thereto did not overeat. 
 
 In commenting on the self feeder for beef production. Prof* 
 
 Mumford (4) states that the grain requirement per pound gain is slightly 
 greater with the self feeder than with the hand feeding method. However, 1 
 he further states that the difference is not great enough to condemn the 
 use of this method. He further states that by mixing the grain with the 
 roughage at the first of the feeding period, and then gradually cutting 
 down the roughage the cattle may be placed on the self feeder from the | 
 
 very beginning. | 
 
 Although beef cattle were among the first animals to be fed on I 
 the self feeder and some of our most prominent feeders (5,6) have used this 
 method, data and literature on the subject are not obtainable. 
 
 Poultry breeders have employed this method rather extensively in 
 their feeding operations* The success of it is readily shown by its 
 

 
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 The field of self feeding among horse breeders seems not to have 
 been entered. Mules have been fed by this method for many years. It has 
 been employed in construction camps and mule markets with favorable success. 
 The mule shows unusual ability in the selection of his diet. 
 
 Lambs (7,8,9) are the only class of sheep that have been self fed. 
 This method has not proved satisfactory as it has increased the feed con- 
 sumed per pound gain. The death rate is also increased, and the individual 
 appetites require special attention. Furthermore, sheep do not like feed 
 that has been eaten over or "blown on" as the term is used by shepherds. 
 Consequently, this method has not been adopted by the sheep breeder or feeder. 
 
 Turning now to dairy cattle. Here again very little experimental 
 and no practical work has been done# Calf feeding by the means of the self 
 feeder has been tried at several stations. Only one experiment has been 
 conducted with cows# 
 
 Mr. McCandlish (10) working at the Iowa station with three 
 calves, age 30, 37 and 70 days respectively, found that the calves did not 
 tend to fatten, but remained in good growing condition thruout the coxurse 
 of the experiment# They consvaned a much narrower ration than expected, the 
 nutritive ratio being 1 : 3 7 ^ instead of 1 : 4^ as was anticipated# Mr. 
 McCandlish states that the feed per 100 pounds live weight was relatively 
 low - 2.37 pounds grain for 1.5 poxinds gain# The calves showed a prefer- 
 ence for shelled corn over cracked corn, and whole oats over ground oats# 
 
 They practically ignored hominy and gluten meal, but ate well of bran and 
 oil meal# The oil meal consumption was slightly too heavy# In conclusion 
 the author states that he believes the appetite is an in^ortant factor in 
 supplying the physiological needs of an animal# 
 
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W. B. Nevens (11) reporting from the Nebraska station upon calf 
 
 feeding found that calves from birth to six months of age ate large amoxints of 
 
 hay and grain, and made rapid gains. The calves did not attain an vindesirable 
 
 fleshiness in spite of the large amount of grain consumed, but toy/ard the end 
 
 of the experiment showed a slight tendency to fatten. The calves gave no 
 
 evidence of digestive trouble ajid were in the best of health and vigor at all 
 
 times. The self fed calves attained a larger frame and weighed more than the 
 
 hand fed calves. The gains reported are as follows; 
 
 1 pound gain on self fed lot for every 2.43-2.69 pounds gain 
 1 '• » '• hand " " " '• 2.47 ” " 
 
 The average on the self fed calves showed a gain of 1.93 to 2.34 pounds daily, 
 
 while ordinarily 1.0 to 1.5 pounds are considered good gains. 
 
 At the University of Illinois (12) the self feeder has been used 
 in the "Preservation and Cost of Raising Dairy Heifer Calves". Hulce reports 
 that the calves liked the soft feeds, and those that were high in protein. On 
 free choice in the self feeder the calves showed preference for feeds in the 
 following order: Oil Meal, Corn and Oats. Alfalfa hay was the preferred 
 
 roughage. The gains made were reported as satisfactory. Most of the experi- 
 ments extended from birth until three months of age. In these, the calves 
 remained in good condition, and no detrimental effects were noticeable. In a 
 few cases the experiments were carried on after the calves reached three months 
 of age. In this work he reported that self feeding is not economical due to 
 the excessive amovints of feed consumed and in some cases the calves developed 
 a rheumatic condition which was thought to be caused by the excessive consximp- 
 tion of grain. 
 
 As previously stated, only one experiment has been conducted on the 
 self feeding of dairy cows. This work was carried on by Hunt of the Virginia 
 Polytechnic Institute, Agricultural Experiment Station (13). The following 
 

 
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5. 
 
 summary of the work will give an idea of the methods employed and results 
 obtained* 
 
 Four cows - two Jerseys and tv/o Holsteins- were used in conducting 
 the experiment. The cows were not entirely self fed as they were given a 
 regular grain ration in the morning and then turned into a lot where they had 
 access to a self feeder. In this feeder the cows had free choice of corn meal, 
 wheat bran, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, linseed meal, silage and hay. Due to 
 the method employed of allowing all the cows to eat from one feeder the results 
 were averaged for the four cows. The milk records were also presented as an 
 average of the four cows. The average of the grain consumed was 17.3 pounds 
 per day. The average milk production 7?as 25.6 pounds of 4.18^ milk, or 1«46^ 
 milk for each pound of grain consumed . 
 
 The author states that the decline of each cow in milk production 
 during the experiment would be naturally expected with advance in the lactation 
 period. He also points out that the cows were in good health throughout the 
 experiment and that they did not appear to gorge. In his conclusion the author 
 makes the following statements: 
 
 1. The method was very xmeconomical . 
 
 2. A good method to compare palatability of feeds. 
 
 3. The longer the cows remained on the experiment the greater 
 
 the consumption of concentrates within certain limits* 
 
 From the foreging summary of the experimental data on the self feed- 
 ing of dairy cattle, the subject seems to warrant further investigation. 
 Consequently, it was thought desirable to conduct some further experiments in 
 this particular field of study, the results of which constitute the subject 
 for the following report* 
 

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7 
 
 III. EQUIPMENT 
 
 A working drawing of the type of feeders used in this experiment is 
 shown on the following page. The feeder was designed after a study was made 
 of those used in previous experiments in the feeding of dairy cows, steers j 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 and swine • | 
 
 i 
 
 The design of the feeder box proved very satisfactory in that the i 
 
 cows could easily reach the feed and the waste was reduced to a minimum. The 
 inlet from the hoppers to the feed box, an 8 inch opening, is large in comparison 
 to other feeders, but it allowed a free passage of the consentrates and keeps 
 a large supply in the feed box at all times. The cows did not mess over the 
 feed and consequently this feature was desirable. 
 
 The hoppers were designed to hold a weeks supply of each feed. 
 
 However, in this trial the feed was weighed out and in each day. 
 
 Hay and silage were fed in a box-like rack, with solid sides and back. 
 
 The front was made solid to a height of 18 inches; above this it was slatted 
 
 with an opening large enough for the cow to get her head thru. The top was 
 left open. The dimensions of the hay and silage rack were 4' x 3' x 5'. 
 
 The feeders and racks were placed along one side of the box stalls 
 in which the cows were kept. The height from the floor in all cases, except 
 one, was 12 inches to the bottom of the feeder. In the stall of Cow No. 290 
 the bottom of the feeder was placed on a level with the floor. In this case 
 straw was frequently found in the feed, and therefore the height of 12 inches 
 was considered most desirable. Only once or twice during the entire experiment 
 
 was there any difficulty experienced from the cows dropping feces, or tirinating 
 
 in the feeder. 
 
 The stalls were large and roomy in all cases except that of lot 2, 
 

 
 
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7a 
 
 Diagram of Self Ffedfr 
 
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9 . 
 
 IV. COWS USED km METHOD OF PROCEDURE. 
 
 Preceding tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 will be found most of the data relating 
 to each cow. A few additional points, however, are worth recording. 
 
 Cow No. 274 was a rather inferior animal as to dairy tendency. She 
 showed good feeding capacity and was strong in constitution and vigor. She 
 had been milking with first calf for 374 days at the beginning of the experi- 
 ment, at which time she was carrying a calf and was due to freshen on L!arch 
 26, 1922, or five months after the beginning of the experiment. 
 
 Cow No. 290 was a large Holstein heifer showing fair dairy tendency, 
 and good capacity. She freshened 18 days before the beginning of the experiment. 
 
 Cow No. 650 was taken from the experiment herd of the University. 
 
 She was a grade Guernsey showing large size for the breed. She was in her 
 second lactation period having aborted in the seventh month. 
 
 Cow No. 649 was taken from the same herd as Cow No. 650. She was of 
 small size but showed good dairy tendency. Her capacity was fair in comparison 
 to size. This was her first lactation period and she had aborted in the seventh 
 month of gestation. She gave the appearance of a high-grade Guernsey. 
 
 All of the cows were taken directly from the regular herd care and 
 rations, and placed on the self feeder. 
 
 Cows Nos. 274, 290 and 650 were given a free choice of the following 
 concentrates: 
 
 Ground Corn 
 Ground Oats 
 
 Wheat Bran 
 Oil Meal (O.P.) 
 
 These feeds were fed in separate compartments of the self feeder. 
 
 Cow No. 649 was given a previously mixed ration consisting of the following 
 
 feeds and in the proportions stated: 
 
 100 lbs. Ground Corn 200 lbs. Oil Meal 
 
 200 “ " Oats 300 '* Wheat Bran 
 
 100 lbs. Corn Gluten Meal 
 
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 This was the basic ration for the cows on official test. 
 
 As each cow entered the experiment she was started at practically the i 
 same amount of grain she had been receiving in the herd previous to Entering 
 the experiment. The separate feeds of cows Nos. 274, 290 and 650 were in- 
 creased .4 of a pound per day except oil meal which was increased .2 of a 
 pound per day. They were fed twice daily. This method was continued imtil | 
 
 the cows reached their maximum consumption after which time the feed was weighed 
 in and out once daily at approximately the same hour. The same general method 
 was followed in the case of Cow No. 649 whose mixed ration was increased at 
 the rate of 1 pound per day. 
 
 The silage and hay ration was started high. Each cow was given 
 practically all she wanted from the very first of the experiment. This is 
 not true in the case of Cow No. 650 who from the start consumed an excessively 
 large amovint of silage. In her case the silage was increased at the rate of 
 2 pounds each two days vmtil she reached the limit of her consxanption. 
 
 The feeds used were the same as the regular herd cows received. Both 
 grain and roughage ranged from fair to good in quality. An effort was made 
 to have feeds of good quality. 
 
 The percentage of fat in each case was obtained from a 7-day com- 
 posite sample. This sample was obtained by taking an aliquot, portion of the 
 milk of each milking and preserving the same with a mercxa:ic chloride tablet 
 until tested. 
 
 At the beginning of the experiment each cow was v/eighed at approxi- 
 mately the same time on three consecutive days, the average of these three 
 daily weighings being taken as the weight at the beginning of the test. The 
 aame procedure was practised at the close of the test. During each week the 
 cow was imder observation, a single weighing was made at the close of the 
 weekly feeding period. 
 

 
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V. RESULTS 
 
 In tables Nos. I, II, III, and 
 weekly data obtained from Cows Nos. 274, 
 respectively* 
 
 IV are presented the 
 290, 649, and 650 
 
TABLE NO. I. 
 
 Consumption of Grain and Roughage, 
 Live Weight, Production of Milk, 
 Percentage of Fat St Po\mds of Fat. 
 
 12 . 
 
 Cow No. 274, Lot No. I. 
 
 Breed, Ayrshire 
 
 Age at Beginning of Test, 4 years, 1 month, 4 days. 
 
 Weight at Beginning of Test, 1107 pounds. 
 
 Namiber of Weeks on Test, 26. 
 
 Method of Feeding, Free Choice in Self Feeder. 
 
 Feeds Used, Ground Corn, Wheat Bran, Alfalfa Hay, 
 Groimd Oats, Oil Meal, Silage. 
 
 Number of Days in Milk at Beginning of Test, 374. 
 
 Calved on Test, March 6, 1922. 
 
 Period Covered by Test, October 26, 1921- April 26, 1922. 
 
 Week 
 
 
 GRAIN (Lbs.) 
 
 
 R0UGHAGE(Lbs.) 
 
 WEIGHT 
 
 
 MILK 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Bran 
 
 OilMeal 
 
 Total 
 
 Silage Alfalfa 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 )5’at' 
 
 ^at 
 
 ; 1 
 
 26.6 
 
 26.6 
 
 26.0 
 
 10.0 
 
 89.80 
 
 143.2 
 
 ♦ 
 
 ♦ 
 
 66.1 
 
 4.0 
 
 2.64 
 
 2 
 
 16.8 
 
 30.3 
 
 32.2 
 
 10.7 
 
 90.0 
 
 145.6 
 
 42.0 
 
 * 
 
 60.9 
 
 4.2 
 
 2.56 
 
 3 
 
 00.0 
 
 43.7 
 
 43.3 
 
 8.3 
 
 95.3 
 
 195.1 
 
 48.3 
 
 * 
 
 57.4 
 
 4.4 
 
 2.53 
 
 4 
 
 00.0 
 
 24.2 
 
 13.7 
 
 6.1 
 
 44.0 
 
 184.1 
 
 46.5 
 
 1163 
 
 49.7 
 
 4.6 
 
 2.29 
 
 5 
 
 
 52.3 
 
 38.1 
 
 2.33 
 
 92.4 
 
 175.9 
 
 28.2 
 
 1195 
 
 52.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 2.39 
 
 6 
 
 
 59.6 
 
 35.4 
 
 7.3 
 
 102.3 
 
 181.2 
 
 31.4 
 
 1221 
 
 53.7 
 
 4.4 
 
 2.36 
 
 7 
 
 12.0 
 
 63.0 
 
 32.3 
 
 10.1 
 
 117.4 
 
 179.6 
 
 38.4 
 
 1237 
 
 53.4 
 
 4.4 
 
 2.35 
 
 8 
 
 63.0 
 
 39.0 
 
 17.5 
 
 6.8 
 
 126.1 
 
 172.9 
 
 26.9 
 
 1228 
 
 51.4 
 
 4.6 
 
 2.36 
 
 9 
 
 71.1 
 
 28.1 
 
 6.0 
 
 10.4 
 
 115.6 
 
 198.4 
 
 44.2 
 
 1242 
 
 47.2 
 
 4.5 
 
 2.12 
 
 10 
 
 00.0 
 
 48.5 
 
 22.7 
 
 7.4 
 
 78.6 
 
 209.6 
 
 47.6 
 
 1250 
 
 42.9 
 
 4.8 
 
 2.06 
 
 11 
 
 00.0 
 
 33.8 
 
 37.4 
 
 8.3 
 
 79.5 
 
 182.0 
 
 47.2 
 
 1260 
 
 42.1 
 
 4.9 
 
 2.06 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 34.1 
 
 42.8 
 
 6.2 
 
 83.1 
 
 189.0 
 
 42.9 
 
 1270 
 
 39.4 
 
 5.3 
 
 2.09 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 39.4 
 
 31.9 
 
 2.3 
 
 73.6 
 
 170.0 
 
 40.9 
 
 1286 
 
 32.4 
 
 5.3 
 
 1.72 
 
 14 
 
 40.4 
 
 18.9 
 
 20.2 
 
 4.0 
 
 83.5 
 
 118.7 
 
 41.8 
 
 1258 
 
 27.4 
 
 5.7 
 
 1.56 
 
 15 
 
 75.0 
 
 16.8 
 
 10.2 
 
 3.8 
 
 106.8 
 
 136.4 
 
 46.2 
 
 1279 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 53.0 
 
 19.4 
 
 8.8 
 
 6.1 
 
 87.3 
 
 103.1 
 
 47.3 
 
 1310 
 
 Dry 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 41.7 
 
 13.8 
 
 7.8 
 
 6.4 
 
 69.7 
 
 134.9 
 
 42.6 
 
 1360 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 34.3 
 
 8.5 
 
 14.3 
 
 4.3 
 
 61.4 
 
 122.9 
 
 38.1 
 
 1341 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 24.4 
 
 10.2 
 
 9.1 
 
 1.3 
 
 45.0 
 
 109.5 
 
 34.1 
 
 1269 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 48.3 
 
 37.8 
 
 23.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 110.5 
 
 112.3 
 
 42.8 
 
 1269 
 
 143.6 
 
 5.1 
 
 7.32 
 
 21 
 
 35.1 
 
 38.7 
 
 23.0 
 
 3.3 
 
 100.01 
 
 95.7 
 
 42.0 
 
 1258 
 
 223.7 
 
 5.1 
 
 11.3 
 
 22 
 
 38.3 
 
 42.0 
 
 25.5 
 
 6.8 
 
 112.6 
 
 66.4 
 
 48.0 
 
 1247 
 
 229.6 
 
 5.0 
 
 11.48 
 
 23 
 
 35.5 
 
 45.9 
 
 17.4 
 
 6.1 
 
 104.9 
 
 90.2 
 
 54.7 
 
 1220 
 
 228.2 
 
 5.2 
 
 11.87 
 
 24 
 
 25.5 
 
 27.4 
 
 22.4 
 
 8.4 
 
 85.7 
 
 87.6 
 
 47.3 
 
 1233 
 
 221.2 
 
 5.0 
 
 10.95 
 
 25 
 
 28.2 
 
 34.9 
 
 32.8 
 
 5.7 
 
 101.6 
 
 124.9 
 
 49.4 
 
 1245 
 
 214.5 
 
 4.6 
 
 9.76 
 
 26 
 
 44.9 
 
 31. 6 
 
 13.4 
 
 5.6 
 
 95.5 
 
 103.5 
 
 56.6 
 
 1209 
 
 224.8 
 
 4.6 
 
 10.34 
 
 ♦ Weight not taken. 
 
t 
 
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13 . 
 
 TABLE NO. II. 
 
 Consvunption of Grain and Roughage, 
 Live Weight, Production of Milk, 
 Percentage of Fat & Pounds of Fat. 
 
 Cow No. 290, Lot No. II. 
 
 Breed, Holstein. 
 
 Age at Beginning of Test, 2 years, 1 month, 22 days. 
 Weight at Beginning of Test, 1195 pounds. 
 
 Number of Weeks on Test, 20. 
 
 Method of Feeding, Free Choice in Self Feeder. 
 
 Feeds Used, Ground Corn, Wheat Bran, Alfalfa Hay, 
 
 Ground Oats, Oil Meal, Silage. 
 Nvimber of Days in Milk at Beginning of Test, 18 
 Calved on Test, 
 
 Period Covered by Test, December 14, 1921 - May 3, 1922. 
 
 Week 
 
 
 GRAIN (Lbs.) 
 
 
 ROUGHAGE(Lbs.) 
 
 LIVE 
 
 WEIGHT 
 
 
 MILK 
 
 No. 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Bran 
 
 OilMeal 
 
 Total 
 
 Silage 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 LDS. feF&t 
 
 Wit 
 
 1 
 
 27.4 
 
 27.4 
 
 27.4 
 
 13.30 
 
 95.4 
 
 208.3 
 
 52.2 
 
 1205 
 
 167.2 
 
 3.5 
 
 5.85" 
 
 2 
 
 48,0 
 
 27.1 
 
 47.4 
 
 17.0 
 
 139.5 
 
 169.5 
 
 40.4 
 
 1258 
 
 142.9 
 
 3.6 
 
 5.14 r 
 
 3 
 
 48.2 
 
 21.4 
 
 56.0 
 
 12.10 
 
 138.3 
 
 194.1 
 
 37.5 
 
 1250 
 
 142.6 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.99 
 
 4 
 
 27.3 
 
 52.4 
 
 26.4 
 
 21.0 
 
 127.1 
 
 208.3 
 
 41.5 
 
 * 
 
 153.9 
 
 3.4 
 
 5.23 
 
 5 
 
 23.0 
 
 56.7 
 
 21.6 
 
 18.2 
 
 119.5 
 
 200.4 
 
 40.1 
 
 1250 
 
 155.6 
 
 3.3 
 
 5.13 
 
 6 
 
 7.9 
 
 57.6 
 
 47.7 
 
 8.8 
 
 122.0 
 
 162.2 
 
 44.4 
 
 1262 
 
 153.4 
 
 3.5 
 
 5.36 
 
 7 
 
 75.0 
 
 13.4 
 
 42.8 
 
 13.6 
 
 144.8 
 
 202.2 
 
 39.9 
 
 1240 
 
 167.5 
 
 3.1 
 
 6il9 
 
 8 
 
 48.7 
 
 31.2 
 
 48.6 
 
 19.7 
 
 148.2 
 
 185.7 
 
 42.8 
 
 1270 
 
 183.3 
 
 3.0 
 
 5.49 
 
 9 
 
 74.8 
 
 32.6 
 
 32.3 
 
 14.7 
 
 154.4 
 
 150.4 
 
 33.8 
 
 1310 
 
 181.4 
 
 2.9 
 
 5.26 
 
 10 
 
 77.6 
 
 21.0 
 
 43.5 
 
 21.7 
 
 163.8 
 
 168.3 
 
 32.2 
 
 1321 
 
 188.9] 
 
 2.8 
 
 5.28 
 
 11 
 
 57.6 
 
 30.7 
 
 43.7 
 
 20.4 
 
 152.4 
 
 161.3 
 
 41.4 
 
 1263 
 
 191.1 
 
 3.4 
 
 6.49 
 
 12 
 
 26.1 
 
 22.3 
 
 25.1 
 
 11.8 
 
 85.3 
 
 158.6 
 
 40.1 
 
 1332 
 
 185.8 
 
 3.3 
 
 6.06 
 
 13 
 
 19.0 
 
 19.0 
 
 19.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 64.0 
 
 217.9 
 
 54.8 
 
 1270 
 
 188.6 
 
 3.2 
 
 6.03 
 
 14 
 
 14.0 
 
 14.0 
 
 14.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 49.0 
 
 243.0 
 
 65.2 
 
 1341 
 
 190.0 
 
 3.2 
 
 6.10 
 
 15 
 
 14.0 
 
 14.0 
 
 14.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 49.0 
 
 233.7 
 
 69.0 
 
 1316 
 
 188.2 
 
 3.2 
 
 6.02 
 
 16 
 
 14.0 
 
 14.0 
 
 14.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 49.0 
 
 228.0 
 
 60.5 
 
 1325 
 
 186.3 
 
 3.3 
 
 6.14 
 
 17 
 
 24.5 
 
 24.5 
 
 24.5 
 
 15.4 
 
 88.9 
 
 229.9 
 
 50.8 
 
 1353 
 
 196.2 
 
 3.4 
 
 6.67 
 
 18 
 
 40.4 
 
 38.9 
 
 34,0 
 
 28.8 
 
 142.1 
 
 230.1 
 
 40.2 
 
 1353 
 
 198.4 
 
 3.1 
 
 6.10 
 
 19 
 
 13.6 
 
 68.6 
 
 26.6 
 
 38.2 
 
 147.0 
 
 268.0 
 
 32.5 
 
 1365 
 
 201.8 
 
 3.2 
 
 6.45 
 
 20 
 
 19.3 
 
 53.1 
 
 30.5 
 
 54.8 
 
 157.7 
 
 277.8 
 
 32.8 
 
 1355 
 
 205.1 
 
 3.3 
 
 6.76 
 
 ♦ Weight not taken. 
 
: - 
 
 . 0 '’ ' 
 
 
 r 
 
14 
 
 TABLE NO. 
 
 III. 
 
 Consumption of Grain and Roughage, 
 Live Weight, Production of Milk, 
 Percentage of Fat & Pounds of Fat. 
 
 Cow No. 650, Lot No. III. 
 
 Breed, Grade Guernsey 
 
 Age at Beginning of Test, 3 years, 11 months, 8 days. 
 Weight at Beginning of Test, 1090 pounds. 
 
 Number of Weeks on Test, 14 
 
 Method of Feeding, Free Choice in Self Feeder. 
 
 Feeds Used, Ground Corn, Wheat Bran, Alfalfa Hay 
 
 Ground Oats, Oil Meal, Silage. 
 
 Number of Days in Milk at Beginning of Test, 164 
 Calved on Test, — 
 
 Period Covered by Test, Feb. 8, 1922 - May 16, 1922. 
 
 LIVE 
 
 Week GRAIN (Lbs.) ROUGHAGE WEIGHT MILK 
 
 No. 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Bran 
 
 OilMeal 
 
 Total 
 
 Silage 
 
 Hay 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 %Fat 
 
 #at 
 
 1 
 
 28.0 
 
 00.0 
 
 24.8 
 
 12.50 
 
 65.3 
 
 228.0 
 
 68.9 
 
 1107 
 
 150.6 
 
 4.6 
 
 6.92 
 
 2 
 
 23.4 
 
 00.2 
 
 45.8 
 
 21.00 
 
 90.4 
 
 276.0 
 
 56.9 
 
 1124 
 
 144.1 
 
 5.2 
 
 7.49 
 
 3 
 
 5.0 
 
 00.0 
 
 78.0 
 
 26.3 
 
 109.3 
 
 274.1 
 
 40.9 
 
 1120 
 
 142.8 
 
 4.8 
 
 6.85 
 
 4 
 
 35.0 
 
 3.4 
 
 80.9 
 
 5.1 
 
 124.4 
 
 231.7 
 
 39.5 
 
 1130 
 
 131.4 
 
 4.8 
 
 6.31 
 
 5 
 
 41.5 
 
 1H2 
 
 86.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 140.7 
 
 167.9 
 
 48.4 
 
 1090 
 
 125.5 
 
 4.8 
 
 6.02 
 
 6 
 
 16.8 
 
 32.5 
 
 28.7 
 
 32.3 
 
 110.3 
 
 185.9 
 
 49.4 
 
 1123 
 
 120.2 
 
 5.0 
 
 6.01 
 
 7 
 
 00.1 
 
 87.4 
 
 15.0 
 
 28.2 
 
 130.7 
 
 149.9 
 
 51.6 
 
 1135 
 
 124.3 
 
 4.6 
 
 5.72 
 
 8 
 
 21.4 
 
 19.7 
 
 22.9 
 
 65.9 
 
 119.9 
 
 175.5 
 
 49.0 
 
 1118 
 
 122.5 
 
 4.6 
 
 5.64 
 
 9 
 
 64.3 
 
 00.5 
 
 2.4 
 
 40.4 
 
 107.6 
 
 194.2 
 
 50.5 
 
 1142 
 
 131.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 5.92 
 
 10 
 
 2.3 
 
 2.0 
 
 55.1 
 
 44.6 
 
 104.7 
 
 207.0 
 
 49.0 
 
 1155 
 
 128.7 
 
 4.6 
 
 5.92 
 
 11 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.0 
 
 63.9 
 
 22.1 
 
 86.5 
 
 206.0 
 
 51.0 
 
 1155 
 
 121.7 
 
 4.8 
 
 5.84 
 
 12 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 68.0 
 
 30.4 
 
 98.4 
 
 210.0 
 
 44.0 
 
 1155 
 
 119.7 
 
 4.8 
 
 5.75 
 
 13 
 
 73.2 
 
 0.0 
 
 43.5 
 
 15.9 
 
 132.6 
 
 271.5 
 
 57.5 
 
 1159 
 
 133.9 
 
 4.6 
 
 6.16 
 
 14 
 
 52.8 
 
 0.0 
 
 26.5 
 
 6.9 
 
 86.2 
 
 238.5 
 
 50.5 
 
 1157 
 
 117.0 
 
 4.9 
 
 5.73 
 
 i 
 
3 ^ 
 
 
 
 ) 
 
 \ , 
 I 
 
 i! 
 
 li 
 
 
15 
 
 TABLE NO. IV.- 
 
 Consumption of Grain and Roughage, 
 Live Weight, Produotion of Milk, 
 Percentage of Fat & Pounds of Fat. 
 
 Cow No. 649, Lot No. IV. 
 
 Breed, Grade Guernsey 
 
 Age at Beginning of Test, 2 years, 3 months, 17 days. 
 T/Veight at Beginning of Test, 875 pounds. 
 
 Number of Weeks on Test, 14 
 
 Method of Feeding, Mixed Ration in Self Feeder . 
 
 Feeds Used: Mixed Ration, Silage, Hay. 
 
 Nxmiber of Days in Milk at Beginning of Test, 51. 
 Calved on Test, 
 
 Period Covered by Test, Feb. 8, 1922 - May 16, 1922. 
 
 LIVE 
 
 Week GRAIN ROUGHAGE WEIGHT MILK 
 
 No. 
 
 ( Lbs . ) 
 
 Silage 
 
 Hay 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs . 
 
 %Fa.t 
 
 iPat 
 
 1 
 
 56.4 
 
 163.7 
 
 51.5 
 
 879 
 
 213.3 
 
 4.4 
 
 9.39 
 
 2 
 
 88.4 
 
 101.3 
 
 51.5 
 
 883 
 
 223.3 
 
 4.3 
 
 9.60 
 
 3 
 
 110.7 
 
 122.1 
 
 40.7 
 
 875 
 
 230.3 
 
 4.0 
 
 9.21 
 
 4 
 
 131.3 
 
 83.5 
 
 36.1 
 
 892 
 
 236.4 
 
 4.3 
 
 10.17 
 
 5 
 
 134.5 
 
 55.3 
 
 47.8 
 
 880 
 
 243.9 
 
 4.2 
 
 10.24 
 
 6 
 
 131.9 
 
 47.6 
 
 48.4 
 
 923 . 
 
 *244.4 
 
 4.2 
 
 lffi.26 
 
 7 
 
 140.1 
 
 46.3 
 
 51.2 
 
 895 . 
 
 239.4 
 
 4.1 
 
 9.82 
 
 8 
 
 110.8 
 
 63.5 
 
 49.0- 
 
 905 
 
 238.1 
 
 4.2 
 
 10.00 
 
 9 
 
 70.0 
 
 96.5 
 
 48.5 
 
 888 
 
 227.4 
 
 4.2 
 
 9.55 
 
 10 
 
 57.0 
 
 138.0 
 
 54.0 
 
 890 
 
 227.1 
 
 4.4 
 
 9.99 
 
 11 
 
 63.0 
 
 172.0 
 
 49.6 
 
 910 
 
 228.6 
 
 4.1 
 
 9.37 
 
 12 
 
 63.0 
 
 196.0 
 
 50.0 
 
 915 
 
 223.3 
 
 4.1 
 
 9.10 
 
 13 
 
 78.0 
 
 196.0 
 
 56.0 
 
 923 
 
 221.9 
 
 3.9 
 
 8.65 
 
 14 
 
 116.4 
 
 177.0 
 
 45.0 
 
 920 
 
 215.3 
 
 3.9 
 
 8.40 
 

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16 . 
 
 A. The Effect of Self Feeding on Dairy Cows : 
 
 During the experiment in which the, four cows were on trial for 
 26, 20, 14 and 14 weeks respectively, the following points were noticeable. 
 
 Throughout the entire experiment the cows remained in ideal 
 physical condition. At the close of the experiment the cows had made the 
 following gains in weight. 
 
 Ref; Tables I, II, III, IV. 
 Weight at beginning Weight at end 
 
 Cow No. No. wks. on Experiment of Experiment of Experiment Gain 
 
 274 
 
 26 
 
 1107 lbs. 
 
 1209 lbs. 
 
 102 
 
 290 
 
 20 
 
 1195 
 
 1355 
 
 150 
 
 650 
 
 14 
 
 1090 
 
 1157 
 
 67 
 
 649 
 
 14 
 
 875 
 
 920 
 
 45 
 
 Cow No. 274 which calved during the experiment made a gain of 
 235 pounds prior to calving, or during the first 19 weeks of the trial. After 
 calving she began to decrease in weight until the end of the experiment when 
 she shov/ed a net gain of 102 lbs. All of the other cows under experiment 
 showed relatively uniform gains throughout the feeding trial. 
 
 Aside from the slight tendency to put on excess flesh, the cows 
 were in ideal condition during the entire experiment. No digestive disturbances 
 or apparent sickness on the part of any individual was noticed dioring the 
 entire feeding trial. 
 
 Cow No. 274 was the only one to freshen during the period covered 
 by the experiment. She calved during the 19th week of the feeding trial. It 
 was readily noticeable that she showed a reduced grain consumption for a few 
 weeks prior to calving. This was especially to be observed the day prior to 
 the day of and the day following calving. The birth of the calf, aside from the 
 fact that the gestation period was reduced by twenty days, was apparently 
 normal. The calf was small, weighing but 43 lbs. at birth. Fxirthermore, its 
 
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17. 
 
 respiratory system did not function properly and death occurred in a relatively 
 short time* There seemed no apparent connection between the fact that the cow 
 had been self fed and the condition of the calf* 
 
 B. The Palatability and Variation in Daily Consumption of Feed: (Paces 18.19. 
 
 Tables V, VI, VII, and VIII show the maximum and minimiim daily 
 consumption of feeds by weekly periods of CoviTs Nos. 274, 290, 650 and 649 
 respectively* Fvirthermore, these tables may be used to compare the palatability 
 of the feeds as consumed by the individual cows* 
 
 From Table V it is evident that the most palatable feed to Cow 
 No* 274 was corn* In the second week she consumed 13*6 pounds in one day* This 
 excessive consumption caused her to go off feed* Again in the ninth week she 
 went off feed after consuming 16*0 pounds in one day* In the fourteenth week 
 she began to eat corn again after it had been removed from the feeder for two 
 weeks* Again she ate neavily, but / occasion she did not exceed a maxi- 
 
 mum consumption of 8 pounds in one day* From this time until the close of the 
 trial she maintained a comparatively even consiamption of corn* The variation 
 between the maximum and minimtim consumption of corn in a given week during 
 the later part of the trial was low compared to that of the earlier periods* 
 
 Oats proved to be second in palatability to this cow, and it will 
 be noticed that when she was off feed on corn, she consumed more oats than any 
 other single feed in the diet* Although she went off feed on corn for entire 
 weekly periods, she never remained off feed on oats that length of time. 
 
 Bran and oil meal were the least palatable of the concentrates* 
 
 The consumption of either feed was not excessively high, and a gradual decline 
 occurred vmtil the calving period in the nineteenth week* The constanption was 
 
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18 
 
 TABLE NO. V. 
 
 The Maximum and Minimum Daily Consumption 
 of 
 
 Feed in Weekly Periods 
 
 Cow No. 274 Lot No. I. 
 
 Week G.Corn G.Oats Bran Oil Meal Silage Hay 
 
 No. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min 
 
 1 
 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 28.1 
 
 ♦ 
 
 * 
 
 2 
 
 13.6 
 
 0.0 
 
 8.4 
 
 0.0 
 
 9.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.8 
 
 0.0 
 
 24.5 
 
 14.8 
 
 9.7 
 
 3.9 
 
 3 
 
 00.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 11.5 
 
 0.0 
 
 9.8 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 34.1 
 
 22.7 
 
 9.1 
 
 4.0 
 
 4 
 
 00.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 5.2 
 
 0.0 
 
 4.7 
 
 0.0 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.0 
 
 37.8 
 
 11.2 
 
 9.3 
 
 3.7 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9.5 
 
 5.2 
 
 7.3 
 
 4.2 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.1 
 
 32.0 
 
 14.7 
 
 6.6 
 
 0.8 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 11.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 6.8 
 
 3.1 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 29.4 
 
 17.8 
 
 6.7 
 
 2.5 
 
 7 
 
 5.0 
 
 — 
 
 12.4 
 
 7.0 
 
 6.2 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.1 
 
 0.4 
 
 31.6 
 
 16.5 
 
 6.1 
 
 4.6 
 
 8 
 
 12.0 
 
 6.0 
 
 8.1 
 
 2.6 
 
 6.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 29.6 
 
 14.2 
 
 4.8 
 
 1.7 
 
 9 
 
 16.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 7.2 
 
 0.4 
 
 3.3 
 
 0.0 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 31.5 
 
 23.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 5.6 
 
 10 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 10.8 
 
 4.0 
 
 5.5 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.8 
 
 0.4 
 
 32.0 
 
 25.8 
 
 7.9 
 
 5.6 
 
 11 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 6.6 
 
 4.0 
 
 7.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.7 
 
 29.5 
 
 23.2 
 
 7.3 
 
 6.3 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9.1 
 
 1.7 
 
 12.8 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 31.4 
 
 19.1 
 
 7.5 
 
 4.2 
 
 13 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9.8 
 
 2.5 
 
 9.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.0 
 
 31.6 
 
 16.3 
 
 7.1 
 
 4.4 
 
 14 
 
 2.4 
 
 8.7 
 
 5.6 
 
 0.0 
 
 5.3 
 
 0.2 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.0 
 
 24.6 
 
 8.6 
 
 7.5 
 
 2.6 
 
 15 
 
 13.7 
 
 8.5 
 
 4.6 
 
 0.7 
 
 2.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 25.6 
 
 13.6 
 
 7.7 
 
 4.9 
 
 16 
 
 12.8 
 
 4.6 
 
 5.5 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.9 
 
 1.8 
 
 0.4 
 
 17.9 
 
 11.4 
 
 7.5 
 
 5.5 
 
 17 
 
 8.8 
 
 3.5 
 
 2.7 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.8 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.4 
 
 22.7 
 
 11.6 
 
 7.0 
 
 2.7 
 
 18 
 
 6.7 
 
 2.9 
 
 2.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.9 
 
 0.4 
 
 25.4 
 
 8.6 
 
 6 .6 
 
 4.1 
 
 19 
 
 4.9 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.8 
 
 1.0 
 
 2.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.0 
 
 23.6 
 
 6.9 
 
 7.5 
 
 2.7 
 
 20 
 
 9.8 
 
 3.6 
 
 6.9 
 
 3.8 
 
 4.0 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.0 
 
 21.8 
 
 11.0 
 
 7.3 
 
 4.1 
 
 21 
 
 7.1 
 
 3.6 
 
 7.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 6.3 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 17.6 
 
 11.5 
 
 7.5 
 
 4.3 
 
 22 
 
 ,7.9 
 
 4.5 
 
 7.6 
 
 3.7 
 
 5.6 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 17.8 
 
 1.7 
 
 8.0 
 
 4.0 
 
 23 
 
 7.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 9.4 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 17.7 
 
 8.2 
 
 8.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 24 
 
 4.9 
 
 1.0 
 
 7.6 
 
 1.3 
 
 5.4 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 20.7 
 
 6.2 
 
 8.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 25 
 
 9.5 
 
 0.9 
 
 8.0 
 
 2.1 
 
 8.0 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 20.2 
 
 15.5 
 
 7.8 
 
 4.6 
 
 26 
 
 8.7 
 
 4.8 
 
 6.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.2 
 
 20.9 
 
 9.9 
 
 8.8 
 
 7.3 
 
 ♦ Feed not weighed 
 — No feed given 
 

 j 
 
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 ft 
 
TABLE NO. VI. 
 
 The Maximum and Minimum Daily Consumption 
 
 of 
 
 Feed in Weekly Periods 
 
 
 
 Cow 
 
 No. 290 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lot 
 
 No. II 
 
 • 
 
 Week 
 
 No. 
 
 G. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Corn 
 
 Min. 
 
 G.Oats 
 Max. Min. 
 
 Bran 
 
 Max . Min . 
 
 Oil Meal 
 Max. Min. 
 
 Silage 
 Max . Min . 
 
 Alfalfa 
 Max. Min< 
 
 1 
 
 5.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 5.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 5.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 32.0 
 
 28.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 6.0 
 
 2 
 
 8.0 
 
 5.8 
 
 7.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 7.8 
 
 5.8 
 
 3.3 
 
 1.7 
 
 28.0 
 
 18.6 
 
 7.4 
 
 3.8 
 
 3 
 
 9.3 
 
 1.0 
 
 8.9 
 
 0.8 
 
 9.0 
 
 4.6 
 
 3.8 
 
 0.5 
 
 32.9 
 
 23.2 
 
 6.9 
 
 4.7 
 
 4 
 
 6.2 
 
 1.0 
 
 12.8 
 
 1.7 
 
 10.3 
 
 1.7 
 
 4.7 
 
 1.1 
 
 32.6 
 
 21.7 
 
 7.3 
 
 4.8 
 
 5 
 
 6.0 
 
 0.3 
 
 13.6 
 
 3.3 
 
 6.1 
 
 0.5 
 
 4.2 
 
 0.5 
 
 34.8 
 
 16.9 
 
 7.9 
 
 4.3 
 
 6 
 
 2.4 
 
 0.0 
 
 17.7 
 
 0.0 
 
 10.3 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 33.2 
 
 5.8* 
 
 8.2 
 
 4.9 
 
 7 
 
 15.7 
 
 2.2 
 
 9.7 
 
 0.0 
 
 8.4 
 
 3.2 
 
 3.2 
 
 0.9 
 
 32.2 
 
 22.7 
 
 7.1 
 
 2.0 
 
 8 
 
 11.7 
 
 3.1 
 
 6.8 
 
 0.0 
 
 9.4 
 
 4.6 
 
 4.5 
 
 0.9 
 
 32.3 
 
 19.7 
 
 7.7 
 
 2.6 
 
 9 
 
 13.6 
 
 6.7 
 
 6.2 
 
 2.3 
 
 5.6 
 
 3.5 
 
 2.9 
 
 1.0 
 
 30.3 
 
 14.3 
 
 7.3 
 
 2.2 
 
 10 
 
 14.4 
 
 6.7 
 
 4.2 
 
 1.1 
 
 9.1 
 
 4.9 
 
 5.7 
 
 1.5 
 
 30.0 
 
 20.0 
 
 6.3 
 
 3.3 
 
 11 
 
 10.1 
 
 7.0 
 
 7.5 
 
 1.3 
 
 10.7 
 
 4.4 
 
 3.9 
 
 2.3 
 
 30.4 
 
 19.5 
 
 7.7 
 
 3.2 
 
 12 
 
 5.9 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.9 
 
 2.5 
 
 5.9 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.9 
 
 1.0 
 
 30.7 
 
 16.4 
 
 7.0 
 
 3.9 
 
 13 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 35.0 
 
 19.3 
 
 8.5 
 
 6.5 
 
 14 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 35.0 
 
 35.0 
 
 10.0 
 
 7.2 
 
 15 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 35.0 
 
 29.4 
 
 10.0 
 
 9.3 
 
 16 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 33.8 
 
 28.9 
 
 9.1 
 
 7.9 
 
 17 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 3.4 
 
 1.0 
 
 35.0 
 
 30.4 
 
 8.7 
 
 4.9 
 
 18 
 
 7.5 
 
 1.3 
 
 7.0 
 
 2.9 
 
 6.5 
 
 1.6 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.8 
 
 35.0 
 
 28.3 
 
 8.0 
 
 4.0 
 
 19 
 
 5.9 
 
 0.4 
 
 15.8 
 
 3.0 
 
 6.8 
 
 2.5 
 
 7.2 
 
 3.5 
 
 42.9 
 
 34.2 
 
 7.3 
 
 2.8 
 
 20 
 
 9.4 
 
 0.4 
 
 14.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 11.5 
 
 0.7 
 
 11.4 
 
 2.6 
 
 42.0 
 
 36.5 
 
 6.0 
 
 3.6 
 
 ♦ Silage frozen. 
 

 ^ x: J.' L , ■> 
 
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 : , ' i ‘.P 
 
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 • * 
 
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 X. 
 
 Dt* 
 
 tf 
 
 t. 
 
20 
 
 TABLE NO. VII. 
 
 The Maximvun and Minimum Daily Consumption 
 
 of 
 
 Feed in Weekly Periods 
 
 Cow No. 650 
 
 Lot No. Ill 
 
 Week G.Corn G.Oats Bran 
 
 No. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min 
 
 1 
 
 5.2 
 
 2.8 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 5.2 
 
 0.0 
 
 2 
 
 5.6 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 5.6 
 
 3 
 
 3.1 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 12.6 
 
 9.0 
 
 4 
 
 12.5 
 
 0.0 
 
 3.4 
 
 0.0 
 
 13.7 
 
 9.0 
 
 5 
 
 9.4 
 
 3.1 
 
 5.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 14.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 6 
 
 7.9 
 
 0.2 
 
 9.7 
 
 0.0 
 
 8.7 
 
 0.0 
 
 7 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.0 
 
 19.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 0.0 
 
 8 
 
 4.8 
 
 0.3 
 
 6.5 
 
 0.0 
 
 7.5 
 
 1.3 
 
 9 
 
 12.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.0 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.0 
 
 10 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 11.5 
 
 3.8 
 
 11 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 14.0 
 
 4.6 
 
 12 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 12.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 13 
 
 14.0 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 14 
 
 13.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 Oil Meal 
 
 Silage 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Mgix. 
 
 Min 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.1 
 
 36.0 
 
 30.0 
 
 12.0 
 
 7.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 2.6 
 
 42.0 
 
 36.0 
 
 11.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 6.1 
 
 0.6 
 
 46.0 
 
 25.0 
 
 7.4 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.8 
 
 0.0 
 
 38.0 
 
 26.0 
 
 7.5 
 
 4.1 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 31.0 
 
 17.0 
 
 7.7 
 
 6.4 
 
 6.0 
 
 3.6 
 
 29.0 
 
 24.6 
 
 7.7 
 
 4.7 
 
 6.3 
 
 2.1 
 
 28.0 
 
 14.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 8.6 
 
 7.3 
 
 27.0 
 
 22.0 
 
 7.5 
 
 6.5 
 
 8.5 
 
 3.2 
 
 30.0 
 
 25.5 
 
 7.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 8.7 
 
 4.5 
 
 30.0 
 
 28.0 
 
 7.5 
 
 5.8 
 
 5.8 
 
 0.0 
 
 30.0 
 
 26.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 6.0 
 
 2.7 
 
 30.0 
 
 30.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 3.5 
 
 5.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 50.0 
 
 30.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 0.0 
 
 50.0 
 
 16.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 5.5 
 
TABLE NO. VIII 
 
 The Maximum and Minimum Daily Consumption 
 
 of 
 
 Feed in Weekly Periods 
 
 Cow No. 649 
 
 Lot No. IV. 
 
 Week 
 
 No. 
 
 Mixed 
 
 Max. 
 
 Ration 
 
 Min. 
 
 1 
 
 10.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 2 
 
 15.5 
 
 10.7 
 
 3 
 
 20.0 
 
 12.5 
 
 4 
 
 22.0 
 
 16.0 
 
 5 
 
 23.0 
 
 11.7 
 
 6 
 
 21.0 
 
 15.2 
 
 7 
 
 23.0 
 
 17.3 
 
 8 
 
 16.8 
 
 14.0 
 
 9 
 
 13.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 10 
 
 9.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 11 
 
 9.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 12 
 
 9.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 13 
 
 14.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 14 
 
 19.5 
 
 13.4 
 
 Silage Alfalfa 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min. 
 
 28.6 
 
 17.5 
 
 9.9 
 
 5.8 
 
 21.4 
 
 6.5 
 
 8.2 
 
 6.0 
 
 23.0 
 
 14.2 
 
 7.3 
 
 4.7 
 
 18.0 
 
 6.0 
 
 6.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 14.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 7.7 
 
 6.0 
 
 10.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 7.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 9.3 
 
 5.0 
 
 7.7 
 
 6.5 
 
 14.0 
 
 4.0 
 
 7.5 
 
 6.0 
 
 15.0 
 
 11.5 
 
 8.0 
 
 6.0 
 
 20.0 
 
 18.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 7.5 
 
 28.0 
 
 19.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 5.8 
 
 28.0 
 
 28.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 28.0 
 
 28.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 28.0 
 
 17.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 4.5 
 
22 . 
 
 very low at this period but afterwards she increased to a maximum consvunption 
 slightly lower than that maintained during the first part of the experiment* 
 
 The variation in oonsxjmption is also markedly noticed with these feeds, but con- 
 sumption is more uniform than in the case of corn or oats* 
 
 The roughage consvimed by Cow No* 274 was fairly uniform in amount with 
 gradual decline in the consiimption of silage towards the end of the experiment* 
 The variation between the maximum and minimum consumption was marked toward the 
 last of the experiment in the case of silage, while with alfalfa the variation at 
 this period was the lowest of any time during the trial * 
 
 In the case of Cow No* 290 as shown by Table VI, no very decided likes 
 and dislikes were shown* After the tenth week the feed was reduced to that 
 necessary to maintain live weight and production, and from the thirteenth week 
 on she was fed this ration vintil the seventeenth to the nineteenth week when she 
 was gradually put on the self feeder again* Until the eleventh week she showed 
 comparatively equal preference for corn and oats. It is noticed that during 
 the period of heavy consumption of oats she was lowest in consumption of corn* 
 With bran and oil meal she maintained a fairly even maximum con- 
 sumption* She ate relatively large amounts of oil meal during the first part 
 of the experiment. Attention is called to the maximum consxmiption of 11*4 lbs* 
 oil meal in the twentieth week after being placed on the self feeder the second 
 time* The variation between the maximvuu and minimum consumption of the particulai 
 feed is wide, but not as marked as it is in the case of Cow No* 274. The fact 
 that she did not consume enough of any one feed to make her go off feed for more 
 than a day or so in any particular period stands out strikingly in contrast to 
 the way No* 274 went off feed on corn. 
 
 Silage and alfalfa show more uniformity in variation between the 
 maximum daily consumption by weekly periods and also the variation in the 
 

 
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23 
 
 consumption of each feed during a weekly period is not as great in proportion 
 as in the case of concentrates. 
 
 In presenting Table VII on the results of Cow No. 650, attention is 
 called to her unusual consumption of feed. In this instance oil meal and bran 
 were the most palatable of feeds, with corn thifd and oats last of the concen- 
 trates. At all times during the trial, except in the third, fourth, and four- 
 teenth weeks the relatively high consxmiption of oil meal stands out as the 
 most important featixre. The consumption on the eighth week was from 7.8^ to 8.6^ 
 daily, for the entire week. T/ith bran she consumed excessive amounts during two 
 periods of three weeks each, one towards the beginning of ths trial and one near 
 the end of the trial. The variation between days is again great, the least 
 being shoivn in the first period of excessive consumption of bran. The Cow 
 shows fovir weeks at intervals in v/hich the maximum consumption was extremely 
 high. The variation was great in all cases and attention is called to the 
 number of days when the minimxmi consumption was 0.0 pounds. 
 
 Oats offers a peculiar study in the number of weeks she did not con- 
 sxane any, and the one day in the seventh week in which the maximum consumption 
 was 19.0 pounds. 
 
 Silage and alfalfa show a striking comparison by the regularity with 
 which they were consumed. The variation is not great in either maximum con- 
 svunption by weeks or between the maximum and minimum of daily consxmiption 
 within the weekly periods. 
 
 Cow No. 649 as appears in Table VIII xvas fed a mixed ration. She was 
 on the self feeder until the beginning of the ninth week at which time her 
 ration reduced to an sunoxmt sufficient to supply body and production require- 
 ments only. She was fed this ration until the beginning of the thirteenth week 
 when she was gradually built up, and reached full feed in the fourteenth week. 
 

 
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24 . 
 
 Here attention is called to the evenness of maximum and minimum con- 
 sumption during each week. The silage shows a gradual decline from the begin- 
 ning until the time she was placed on a fixed ration. The consumption of hay 
 shows remarkable regularity during the entire period. 
 
 In conclusion the most striking feature was the difference shown by 
 the individual cows in regard to palatability of feeds . The following table 
 rates the feeds according to the amount of consumption for each cow given free 
 choice. 
 
 Cow No. 274 
 '' '• 290 
 
 ” " 650 
 
 Corn Oats Bran Oil Meal 
 5” 3 3* 
 
 1 1* 2 Z* 
 
 3 4 12 
 
 * not a real preference shown 
 between the two feeds. 
 
 The second outstanding feature was the wide variation in the maximum 
 
 and minimtim daily consumption within weekly periods. Third, the uniform con- 
 
 smption of silage and hay during the entire feeding trial of each cow. 
 
 C. A domparison between the Net Energy in the Feeds Consimied and that 
 Required for Maintenance and Milk Production ; (pages 25, 26, 27, 28) 
 
 Tables IX, X, XI, and XII shov; a comparison between the energy in the 
 feed consumed and that required for milk production and body maintenance for 
 the cows Nos. 274, 290, 250 and 249 respectively. As will be noted this com- 
 parison is made on the basis of therms of net energy. 
 
 The results of the test carried on with Cow No. 274 and presented in 
 
 Table No. IX, offer an interesting study. It will be remembered that this cow 
 
 was placed on the self feeder five months before freshening and was kept xmder 
 
 observation for seven weeks thereafter. For comparison, the trial will be 
 
 divided into three periods for discussion. These are as follows; 
 
 1st Period - 3 to 14 weeks, inclusive 
 2nd " - 15 to 20 " ” 
 
 3rd '• - 21 " 26 " " 
 
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TABLE NO. IX 
 
 Net Energy Requirement 
 For 
 
 Production of Milk and Body Maintenance 
 Compared to 
 
 The Net Energy of Peed Consumed 
 
 Cow 
 
 No. 274 
 
 
 (Ref. 
 
 (Expressed 
 
 Bibli.l4) 
 
 in Therms) 
 
 
 Week 
 
 No. 
 
 Requirement 
 
 Body 
 Milk Main. 
 
 Total 
 
 Feed 
 
 Consxjmed 
 
 Deficient 
 
 Exceds 
 
 1 
 
 17.847 
 
 44.87 
 
 62.717 
 
 102.12 
 
 
 39.40 
 
 2 
 
 16.930 
 
 44.87 
 
 61.800 
 
 99.61 
 
 
 37.81 
 
 3 
 
 16.416 
 
 47.25 
 
 63.666 
 
 107.40 
 
 
 43.73 
 
 4 
 
 14.711 
 
 47.25 
 
 61.961 
 
 72.22 
 
 
 10.26 
 
 5 
 
 15.225 
 
 47.25 
 
 62.475 
 
 95.21 
 
 
 32.73 
 
 6 
 
 15.358 
 
 47.25 
 
 62.608 
 
 105.07 
 
 
 43.46 
 
 7 
 
 15.272 
 
 48.44 
 
 63.712 
 
 121,06 
 
 
 57.35 
 
 8 
 
 15.214 
 
 48.44 
 
 63.654 
 
 134.53 
 
 
 70.88 
 
 9 
 
 13.688 
 
 48.44 
 
 62.128 
 
 141.47 
 
 
 79.34 
 
 10 
 
 13.213 
 
 48.44 
 
 61.653 
 
 101.00 
 
 
 39.35 
 
 11 
 
 13.219 
 
 49.14 
 
 62.359 
 
 95.13 
 
 
 32.77 
 
 12 
 
 13.080 
 
 49.14 
 
 62.220 
 
 95.96 
 
 
 33.74 
 
 13 
 
 10.757 
 
 49.14 
 
 59.897 
 
 87.23 
 
 
 77.33 
 
 14 
 
 9.453 
 
 49.14 
 
 58.593 
 
 96.23 
 
 
 37.64 
 
 15 
 
 Dry 
 
 50.61 
 
 50.61 
 
 124.50 
 
 
 73.89 
 
 16 
 
 It 
 
 50,61 
 
 50.61 
 
 103.04 
 
 
 52.43 
 
 17 
 
 II 
 
 50.61 
 
 50.61 
 
 92.35 
 
 
 41.74 
 
 18 
 
 II 
 
 50.61 
 
 50.61 
 
 80.30 
 
 
 29.69 
 
 19 
 
 It 
 
 49.00 
 
 49.00 
 
 64.11 
 
 
 15.11 
 
 20 
 
 46.5264 49.00 
 
 95.5264 
 
 114.47 
 
 
 18.94 
 
 21 
 
 71.584 
 
 49.00 
 
 120.584 
 
 102.15 
 
 18.43 
 
 
 22 
 
 73.472 
 
 49.00 
 
 122.472 
 
 109.06 
 
 13.41 
 
 
 23 
 
 74.849 
 
 46.09 
 
 120.939 
 
 110.34 
 
 10.6 
 
 
 24 
 
 70.784 
 
 46.09 
 
 116.874 
 
 91.75 
 
 25.12 
 
 
 25 
 
 63.492 
 
 46.09 
 
 109.582 
 
 107.91 
 
 1.67 
 
 
 26 
 
 66.541 
 
 46.09 
 
 112.631 
 
 109.29 
 
 3.34 
 
 
TABLE NO. X 
 
 Net Energy Requirement 
 For 
 
 Production of Milk and Body Maintenance 
 Compared to 
 
 The Net Energy of Feed Consumed 
 (Expressed in Therms) 
 
 Cow No. 290 Lot No. II. 
 
 (Ref.Bibli.14) 
 
 ek No. 
 
 Req 
 
 miT"TJo3 
 
 uirement 
 y Main. 
 
 TotaT Feed 
 
 Consvuned 
 
 Deficient 
 
 Excess 
 
 1 
 
 41.128 
 
 48.44 
 
 88.568 
 
 120.27 
 
 
 31.70 
 
 2 
 
 35.153 
 
 48.44 
 
 83.593 
 
 142 
 
 
 58.52 
 
 3 
 
 34.224 
 
 48.44 
 
 82.664 
 
 141.86 
 
 
 59.20 
 
 4 
 
 36.0126 
 
 48.44 
 
 84.4526 
 
 139.74 
 
 
 55.29 
 
 5 
 
 35.4768 
 
 48.86 
 
 84.3368 
 
 132.05 
 
 
 47.70 
 
 6 
 
 36.816 
 
 48.86 
 
 85.676 
 
 120.04 
 
 
 34.36 
 
 7 
 
 36.180 
 
 48.86 
 
 85.040 
 
 156.60 
 
 
 71.46 
 
 8 
 
 38.493 
 
 48.86 
 
 87.353 
 
 151.96 
 
 
 64.61 
 
 9 
 
 37.3684 
 
 50.19 
 
 87.5584 
 
 154.38 
 
 
 66.82 
 
 10 
 
 38.157 
 
 50.19 
 
 88.347 
 
 163.5 
 
 
 75.15 
 
 11 
 
 44.717 
 
 50.19 
 
 94.907 
 
 153.22 
 
 
 58.31 
 
 12 
 
 42.3624 
 
 50.19 
 
 92.5524 
 
 101.07 
 
 
 8.52 
 
 13 
 
 41.8692 
 
 50.40 
 
 92.2692 
 
 99.48 
 
 
 7.21 
 
 14 
 
 42.3798 
 
 50.40 
 
 92.7798 
 
 96.53 
 
 
 3.75 
 
 15 
 
 41.7804 
 
 50.40 
 
 92.1804 
 
 96.36 
 
 
 4.18 
 
 16 
 
 42.4764 
 
 50.40 
 
 92.8764 
 
 92.54 
 
 0.34 
 
 
 17 
 
 45.9108 
 
 51.52 
 
 97.4308 
 
 119.00 
 
 
 21.57 
 
 18 
 
 42.8544 
 
 51.52 
 
 94.3744 
 
 156.27 
 
 
 61.90 
 
 19 
 
 44.7996 
 
 51.52 
 
 96.3196 
 
 157.20 
 
 
 60.88 
 
 20 
 
 46.7628 
 
 51.52 
 
 98.2828 
 
 168.97 
 
 
 70.69 
 
' -.I . 
 
29. 
 
 The first two weeks are not considered since they were used, as heretofore 
 stated, for getting the cow accustomed to the self feeder. 
 
 It will be noticed that during this first period she consigned an 
 excess of feed above the requirement. This variation is noted by the fact 
 that the lowest consumption was 10.26 therms and the highest was 79.34 therms 
 over that required. In other words she consumed from 1.17 to 2.26 times as 
 much feed as was necessary. The milk production declined uniformly during 
 this period and there was apparently no correlation between the consxmiption of 
 feed and milk production. There was a continued increase in body weight as 
 evidenced by the average weight as determined by fotir week intervals. 
 
 During the second period there was a steady decline in excess con- 
 sumption until calving. The excess in consumption during the 19th week, or 
 the week in which she calved, was 15.11 therms which is only in slight excess 
 of the requirement. 
 
 The third period, or the period after calving, offers an interesting 
 contrast to tb proceeding periods. It will be noted that the feed consumption 
 was high during this portion of the experiment as compared to the second period 
 and about even with the average consiimption for the first period. Regardless 
 of the consumption, she was not eating enough to fullfil the requirement for 
 body maintenance and milk production. It is evident that she was using the 
 body tissues to meet this deficit. During the last two weeks of this period 
 she was only slightly deficient in the amount of food consumed. 
 
 In the trial of Cow No. 290, results presented in Table X, the test 
 will be divided into three periods. 
 
 1st Period - 2 to 10 weeks, inclusive, ©n self feeder. 
 
 2nd " - 12 " 16 " " Feed according to requirement. 
 
 3rd " - 18 " 20 " " On self feeder. 
 
 The weeks not mentioned are not considered as they were used in 
 
* M 
 
 
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30. 
 
 changing from one method to the other. 
 
 In the first period, the excess in consumption was relatively viniform 
 with the exception of the 5th and 6th week. During this period the variation 
 was 34.36 to 75.15 therms, but the general trend was nearer to high consump- 
 tion or above 55.2 therms which was tne lowest consvimption excepting the 
 5th and 6th weeks as mentioned above. The production of milk was uniform 
 except when the cow was placed on foiu* times a day milk which tended to produce 
 a higher average production. 
 
 During the 2nd period it will be noticed that the ration received was 
 only slightly in excess of the requirement. Regardless of this decrease in 
 the amoiant of grain oonsiimed, the milk production was not reduced. 
 
 In the 3rd period wnen the cow was again on the self feeder, she 
 repeated the results obtained during the first period by consviming a large 
 excess of grain. In this case the milk production made a slight increase, 
 but this was by no means enough to compensate for the increase in feed con- 
 svuaption. During this period she consimied from 60.88 therms to 70.69 therms 
 more than required, or 1.65 to 1.72 times as much feed as was necessary. 
 
 Gov/ No. 650 was maintained on the self feeder through the entire 
 trial. She consumed feed in excess of the requirement during the entire 
 period. The excess ranged from 20.43 to 79.42 therms. Except in a few 
 instances for short periods, te cons\miption in excess of requirements is re- 
 latively uniform. During the two weeks of themaocimxim and minimvun excess 
 consumption she ate from 1.24 to 1.92 times as much feed as she required. 
 
 There was no apparent increase in production when this cow was placed on the 
 self feeder over tbs production prior to entering the experiment, although at 
 that time she was fed according to requirements. 
 
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31. 
 
 The feeding trial in the case of Cow No. 649 is divided into three 
 periods as follows: 
 
 1st period - 2 to 8 weeks, inclusive. On self Feeder. 
 
 End " 9 " 12 " " On ration to meet requirement. 
 
 3r " 13 " 14 " " On self feeder. 
 
 This cow received a mixed ration (ref. Part IV) which did not enable 
 her to choose particular feeds. The first period showed a very imiform excess 
 consumption except in the case of the 8th week. During this week she con- 
 sumed the minimum excess. It was only 1.20 times the amount she required. 
 
 During the End period tne cow was not receiving enough feed for the 
 requirement. This was due to the fact that she woxald not consvime as large 
 an amovint of nay and silage as was anticipated. However, it is interesting 
 to note thathar body weight did not decrease during this period. It will 
 be noted that during the second period when she did not receive enough feed 
 to meet the requirement, that the milk production dropped slightly, and the 
 fat per cent remained relatively the same. 
 
 In the third period which was very short she again consumed an 
 excess of grain. The fat percentage decreased slightly and the poxinds of 
 milk increased to the amo\mt produced in the first period. 
 
 In conclusion, it is evident that after a cow in advanced lactation 
 has received a ration sxifficient to meet her requirements, an excess con- 
 sumption of feed does not increase milk production. 
 
 In general, the results obtained indicate that self feeding with 
 free choice of concentrates, at least with low levels of production, is 
 uneconomical. Self feeding a single mixed concentrate seemed to be somewhat 
 more economical though the data are too limited to draw definite conclusions 
 on this point. 
 
IV 
 
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 VI . CONCLUSION 
 
 1. Dairy cows may be fed by means of a self feeder with continued 
 access to both concentrates and roughage without apparent harmful effects 
 upon the animal. 
 
 2. The amount of feed a cow will consume when self fed is greatly in 
 excess of that necessary to supply energy for maintenance and production, 
 at least for lower levels of production. 
 
 3. Cows when given free access to concentrates vary greatly from day 
 to day in total consiomption. This is also even more noticeable in the case 
 of individual feeds. 
 
 4. The appetites of individual cows differ widely as was evidenced by 
 the daily consumption of the different concentrates. This variation was 
 dspecially noticeable during the first few weeks the cows were under 
 observation. 
 
 5. Excessive amounts of feed consumed above requirements in the case 
 of the cows under experiment did not serve to induce increased milk 
 production. 
 
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 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 1. 
 
 Drury, F.E., 1917. 
 
 The Evolution of the Self Feeder for Svine 
 Breeders Gazette, March 1, Vol. LXXI. 
 
 2. 
 
 Eward, J.M. 
 
 Is the Appetite of Swine a Reliable Indication of Physiological Need 
 Proo. of Iowa Acad. of Soi., Vol .22 
 
 3. 
 
 Mumford and Allison, 1909. 
 
 Short Fed Steers, A comparison of Methods of Feeding. 
 Univ. of 111., Agr. Exp.Sta., Bulletin No. 142. 
 
 4. 
 
 Mumford, H.W., 1908. 
 
 Beef Production, 5th Edition, P.155. 
 Pub .by the Author, Urbana, 111. 
 
 5. 
 
 Winchester, H.B., 1918. 
 
 Self Feeders for Cattle, 
 
 Breeder's Gazette, Oct. s, Vol. LXXIV 
 
 6. 
 
 Inboden, J., '1920 
 A Winter's Feeding Experience, 
 Breeder's Gazette, Vol. -LXXVfl 
 
 7. 
 
 Mvunford, F.B., 1894-1895 
 Fattening Lambs. 
 
 Mich. State Agr. Col. Exp.Sta., Bulletins 113 and 128. 
 
 8. 
 
 Shaw, Thomas, 1895 
 Fattening Lambs in Winter, 
 
 Univ. of Minn. Ag. Exp.Sta., Bulletin 44. 
 
 9. 
 
 Mumford, Trowbridge, & Hakeder, 1913 
 Ratlins for Fattening Western Yearling Sheep. 
 Univ. of Mo., Ag. Exp. Sta., Bulletin 115. 
 
 10. 
 
 McCandlish, 1919 
 
 Appetite as a Guide in Feeding Dairy Calves, 
 Iowa Research Bulletin No. 51 
 
 11. 
 
 Nevens, W.B., 1919. Self Feeder for Dairy Calves, 
 Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 2, p.435-443 
 
 12. 
 
 Hulce, R., 1917-1918 
 
 Preservation and Cost of Raising Dairy Heifer Calves 
 Nebraska State Dairymen's Report, P. 49 
 
 13. 
 
 Hunt, R.C., 1917-1918, 
 
 Self Feeders for Dairy Cows. 
 
 Virginia Poly. Inst. Agr. Exp. Report, P.50. 
 

 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (con'd) 
 
 14. Armsby, 1917 
 
 Feeding Standards 
 
 Dairy Cattle Feeding & Management, by Larson & Putney 
 I Edition, Pub. J. Wiley & Sons, Pages 44, 45, 46, and 434. 
 
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