STATE OF ILLINOIS HENRY HORNER, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION JOHN J. HALLIHAN, Director DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief URBANA REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS — NO. 67 POROSITY, TOTAL LIQUID SATURATION, AND PERMEABILITY OF ILLINOIS OIL SANDS BY R. J. PiERSOL, L. E. Workman and M. C. Watson PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 19 4 LIBRARY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTWi STATE OF ILLINOIS _/ SPRINGFIELD, ILUNOS STATE OF ILLINOIS HON. HENRY HORNER. Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION HON. JOHN J. HALLIHAN, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION HON. JOHN J. HALLIHAN, Chairman EDSON S. BASTIN, Ph.D.. Geology WILLIAM A. NOYES, Ph.D., LL.D., Chem.D., D.Sc, Chemistry LOUIS R. HOWSON, C.E., Engineering WILLIAM TRELEASE, D.Sc., LL.D., Biology D.Sc, Forestry. HENRY C. COWLES, Ph.D. (Deceased) ARTHUR CUTTS WILLARD, D.Engr., LL.D. President of the University of Illinois STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION Urban a M. M. LEIGHTON. Ph.D., Chief ENID TOWNLEY, M.S., Assistant to the Chief JANE TITCOMB, M.A., Geological Assistant GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES Coal G. H. CADY, Ph.D., Senior Geologist and Head L. C. McCABE, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologist JAMES M. SCHOPF, Ph.D.. Asst. Geologist J. NORMAN PAYNE. Ph.D., Asst. Geologist CHARLES C. BOLEY, M.S., Asst. Mining Eng. Industrial Minerals J. E. LAMAR, B.S., Geologist and Head H. B. WILLMAN, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologist DOUGLAS F. STEVENS, M.E., Research Asso- ciate ROBERT M. GROGAN, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist ROBERT R. REYNOLDS, B.S., Research Assist- ant Oil and Gas A. H. BELL, Ph.D., Geologist and Head G. V. COHEE, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist FREDERICK SQUIRES, B.S., Assoc. Petr. Eng. CHARLES W. CARTER, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist F. C. MacKNIGHT, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist ROY B. RALSTON, B.A., Research Assistant WAYNE F. MEENTS, Research Assistant Areal and Engineering Geology GEORGE E. EKBLAW, Ph.D., Geologist and Head HARRY McDERMITH, B.S., Asst. Topographic Engineer RICHARD F. FISHER, B.A., Research Assistant Subsurface Geology L. E. workman, M.S., Geologist and Head ELWOOD ATHERTON, Ph.D., Asst. Geologist MERLYN B. BUHLE, M.S., Asst. Geologist I. T. SCHWADE, M.S., Asst. Geologist FRANK E. TIPPIE, B.S., Research Assistant Stratigraphy and Paleontology J. MARVIN WELLER, Ph.D., Geologist and Head CHALMER L. COOPER, M.S., Assoc. Geologist Petrography RALPH E. GRIM, Ph.D., Petrographer RICHARDS A. ROWLAND, Ph.D., Asst. Geolo- gist Physics R. J. PIERSOL, Ph.D., Physicist DONALD O. HOLLAND, M.S., Asst. Physicist PAUL F. ELARDE, B.S., Research Assistant Consultants: Ceramics, CULLEN WARNER PARMELEE, M.S., D. Sc, and RALPH K. HURSH, B.S., University of Illinois; Pleistocene Invertebrate Paleontology, FRANK COLLINS BAKER, B.S., University of Illinois. Topographic Mapping in Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. This Report is a Contribution of the Divisions of Oil and Gas, Subsurface Geology, and Physics. August 1, 1940 GEOCHEMISTRY FRANK H. REED, Ph.D., Chief Chemist W. F. BRADLEY, Ph.D., Assoc. Chemist G. C. FINGER, Ph.D., Assoc. Chemist HELEN F. AUSTIN, B.S., Research Assistant Fuels G. R. YOHE, Ph.D., Assoc. Chemist in Charge CARL HARMAN, M.S., Research Assistant Industrial Minerals J. S. MACHIN. Ph.D., Chemist and Head JAMES F. VANECEK, M.S., Research Assistant Analytical O. W. REES, Ph.D., Chemist and Head L. D. McVICKER, B.S., Asst. Chemist GEORGE W. LAND. M.S., Research Assistant P. W. HENLINE, M.S., Research Assistant MATHEW KALINOWSKI, M.S., Research ARNOLD J. VERAGUTH, M.S., Research Assist- ant MINERAL ECONOMICS W. H. VOSKUIL, Ph.D., Mineral Economist GRACE N. OLIVER, A.B.. Assistant in Mineral Economics EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION DON L. CARROLL, B.S.. Assoc. Geologist PUBLICATIONS AND RECORDS GEORGE E. EKBLAW. Ph.D., Geologic Editor CHALMER L. COOPER, M.S., Geologic Editor DOROTHY ROSE. B.S., Technical Editor KATHRYN K. DEDMAN, M.A., Asst. Technical Editor ALMA R. SWEENY, A.B., Technical Files Clerk FRANCES HARPER LEHDE, A.M., Asst. Techni- cal Files Clerk MEREDITH M. CALKINS, Geologic Draftsman LESLIE D. VAUGHAN, Asst. Photographer DOLORES C. THOMAS, B.A., Geologic Clerk (A28191— 3M— 8-40) CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 9 Summary 9 Purpose of investigation 11 Scope of investigation 11 Early coring in Illinois 12 Acknowledgments 12 Methods and procedure 13 Methods of testing used in this investiga- tion 13 Porosity tests 13 Water contamination of core during coring " 13 Evaporation of liquids in cores 14 Saturation tests 14 Permeability tests 15 Details of procedure 15 Check with U. S. Bureau of Mines ... 16 Preparation of samples, etc 16 Logs of cores, and experimental results 17 Porosity, saturation, and permeability. ... 17 Upper Partlow sand 18 North Johnson pool 18 Howe well No. 30 18 Robinson sand 19 Crawford-Main pool 19 Clark well No. 19 19 Clark well No. 20 20 Furman well No. 10 21 Henry well No. 14 21 Snyder well No. 6 22 Stifle well No. 23 23 Wattleworth well No. 18. . . 24 Flat Rock Pool 25 Cochran well No. 1 25 Lawrence Countv pool 26 Crump well 'No. 27 26 New Hebron pool 27 Mohler well No. 15 27 Parker pool 28 Weger well No. 14 28 Biehl sand 29 Allendale pool 29 Lithurland well No. 9 29 Madden well No. 9 29 Madden well No. 10 30 Cypress sand 30 Bartelso pool 31 Trame well No. 2 31 Carlyle pool 31 Deters well No. 39 31 Lawrence County pool 32 Kirkwood well No. 13 32 Louden pool 32 Koberlein well No. 1 32 Morrison well No. 1 32 Morrison well No. 2 33 Sefton well No. 1 33 Noble pool 34 Arbuthnot well No. 9 34 Patoka pool 35 Merryman well No. 1 35 Bethel sand 35 Louden pool 35 Sinclair well No. 2 35 CentraHa pool 36 Storer well No. 2 36 Storer well No. 4 36 PAGE Logs of cores, and experimental results, cont. Patoka pool 36 Merryman well No. 1 37 Merryman well No. 17 37 Salem pool 39 Tate well No. 1 39 West Nation school well No. 1 39 Aux Vases sand 40 Salem pool 40 Tate well No. 1 40 McClosky Hme 41 Lawrence County pool 41 Christensen well No. 1 41 Christensen well No. 2 41 Kirkwood well No. 13 42 Rogers well No. 14 42 Noble pool 43 Arbuthnot well No. 9 43 SchiUing well No. 1 43 Olney pool 44 Sager well No. 3 44 Salem pool 44 Tate well No. 1 44 Devonian limestone (Niagaran lime) . 45 Crawford-Main pool 45 Athey well No. 1 45 Hoing sand 45 Colmar-Plymouth pool 45 Binney well No. 24 45 Jarvis well No. 14 46 McFadden well No. 31 46 Kimmswick lime 48 Dupo pool 48 Dyroff well No. 27 48 Vertical and horizontal permeability 49 Robinson sand 49 Crawford-Main pool 49 Henry well No. 14 49 Lawrence County pool 50 Crump well No. 27 50 Biehl sand 50 Allendale pool 50 Madden well No. 10 50 Cypress sand 50 Bartelso pool 50 Trame well No. 2 51 Hoing sand 51 Colmar — Plymouth pool 51 Binney well No. 24 51 Kimmswick lime 51 Dupo pool 51 Dyroff well No. 27 51 Discussion of results 52 Comparison of results 52 Upper Partlow sand 52 North Johnson pool . 52 Robinson sand 53 Crawford — Main pool 53 Flat Rock pool 55 Lawrence County pool 55 New Hebron pool 56 Parker pool 56 Biehl sand 57 Allendale pool 57 [3] PAGE Discussion of results, cont. Cypress sand 57 Bartelso pool 57 Carlyle pool 57 Lawrence County pool 57 Louden pool 59 Noble pool 59 Patoka pool 59 Bethel sand 61 Louden pool 61 Centralia pool 61 Patoka pool 61 Salem pool 61 Aux Vases sand 61 Salem pool 61 McClosky lime 62 Lawrence County pool 62 Noble pool 62 Olney pool 62 Salem pool 62 Niagaran lime 65 Crawford — Main pool 65 Hoing sand 65 Colmar — Plymouth pool 65 PAGE Discussion of results, cont. Kimmswick lime 65 Dupo pool 65 Comparison of vertical with horizontal permeabihty 66 Robinson sand 66 Crawford — Main pool 66 Lawrence County pool 66 Biehl sand 68 Allendale pool 68 Cypress sand 68 Bartelso pool 68 Hoing sand 69 Colmar — ^Plymouth pool 69 Kimmswick lime 69 Dupo pool 69 Checks with other laboratories 70 U. S. Bureau of Mines 70 Tide Water Laboratory 70 Core Testing Laboratories, Inc 70 A "commercial laboratory" 70 Relation of permeability to porosity 72 [4] FIGURES 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. PAGE Map of location of oil wells from which cores have been studied in the Survey Laboratory 10 Photomicrograph of McClosky lime from Arbuthnot well No. 9 11 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of Upper Partlow sand, North Johnson pool; Howe well No. 30 (data from table 2) 52 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of Robinson sand, Crawford —Main pool; Clark well No. 19, Clark well No. 20, Furman well No. 10 and Henry well No. 14 (data from tables 3 to 6 inclusive) 53 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool; Snyder well No. 6, Stifle well No. 23 and Wattleworth well No. 18 (data from tables 7 to 9 inclusive) . . 54 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of Robinson sand, Flat Rock pool; Cochran well No. 1 (data from table 10) 54 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of Robinson sand, Lawrence County pool; Crump well No. 27 (data from table 11) 55 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of Robinson sand, New He- bron pool; Mohler well No. 15 (data from table 12) 55 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of Robinson sand, Parker pool; Weger well No. 14 (data from table 13) 56 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of Biehl sand, Allendale pool; Lithurland well No. 9, Madden well No 9 and Madden well No. 10 (data from tables 14 to 16 inclusive) 56 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of Cypress sand, Bartelso pool; Trame well No. 2 (data from table 17) 57 Graph of porosity and permeability of Cy- press sand, Carlyle pool; Deters well No. 39 (data from table 18) 57 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of Cypress sand, Lawrence County pool; Kirkwood well No. 13 (data from table 19) 58 Graph of porosity and permeability of Cy- press sand, Louden pool; Koberlein well No. 1, Morrison well No. 1, Mor- rison well No. 2 and Sefton well No. 1 (data from tables 20 to 23 inclusive) . 58 Graph of porosity and permeability of Cy- press sand. Noble pool; Arbuthnot well No. 9 (data from table 24) 58 Graph of porosity and permeability of Cy- press sand, Patoka pool; Merryman well No. 1 (data from table 25) 59 [5] 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. PAGE Graph of porosity and permeability of Bethel sand. Louden pool; Sinclair well No. 2 (data from table 26) 60 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of Bethel sand, Centralia pool; Storer well No. 2 and Storer well No. 4 (data from tables 27 and 28) ... . 60 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of Bethel sand, Patoka pool; Merryman well No. 1 and Merryman well No. 17 (data from tables 29 and 30A) 60 Graph of porosity and permeability of Bethel sand, Salem pool; Tate well No. 1 and West Nation School well No. 1 (data from tables 31 and 32) ... . 61 Graph of porosity and permeability of Aux Vases sand, Salem pool; Tate well No. 1 (data from table 33) 62 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of McClosky lime, Lawrence County pool; Christensen well No. 1, Christensen well No. 2, Kirkwood well No. 13 and Rogers well No. 14 (data from tables 34 to 37 inclusive) 63 Graph of porosity and permeability of Mc- closky Hme, Noble pool; Arbuthnot well No. 9 and Schilling well No. 1 (data from tables 38 and 39) 63 Graph of porosity and permeability of Mc- Closky lime, Olney pool; Sager well No. 3 (data from table 40) 63 Graph of porosity and permeability of Mc- Closky lime, Salem pool; Tate well No. 1 (data from table 41) 64 Graph of porosity and permeability of Niagaran lime, Crawford — Main pool; Athey well No. 1 (data from table 42) . . 64 Graph of porosity, saturation and per- meability of Hoing sand, Colmar — Plymouth pool; Binney well No. 24, Jarvis well No. 14, and McFadden well No. 31 (data from tables 43 to 45 A inclusive) 64 Graph of porosity and permeability of Kimmswick lime, Dupo pool; Dyroff well No. 27 (data from table 46) 65 Graph of relative vertical and horizontal permeability of Robinson sand, Craw- ford — Main pool; Henry well No. 14 (data from table 47) 67 Graph of relative vertical and horizontal permeability of Robinson sand, Law- rence County pool; Crump well No. 27 (data from table 48) 67 Graph of relative vertical and horizontal permeability of Biehl sand, Allendale pool; Madden well No. 10 (data from table 49) 68 Graph of relative vertical and horizontal permeability of Cypress sand, Bartelso pool; Trame well No. 2 (data from table 50) 68 33. Graph of relative vertical and horizontal permeability of Hoing sand, Colmar — Plymouth pool; Binney well No. 24 (data from table 51) 69 34. Graph of relative vertical and horizon- tal permeability of Kimmswick lime, Dupo pool; DyrofF well No. 27 (data from table 52) 69 35. Graph of comparative porosity results of U. S. Bureau of Mines and Survey laboratories for McFadden well No. 31 (Survey data from table 45 A.; Bur. of Mines data from table 45B) 71 36. Graph of comparative porosity and per- meability results of Tide Water and Survey laboratories for Henry well No. 14 (Survey data from table 6) 71 37. Graph of comparative porosity and per- meability results of Core Testing Laboratories, Inc., and Survey labor- atories for Snyder well No. 6 (Survey data from table 7A; Core Testing Lab. data from table 7B) 71 38. Graph of comparative porosity and per- meability results of a "commercial laboratory" and Survey laboratories for Merryman well No. 17 (Survey data from table 30A; "commercial lab- atory" data from table 30B) 71 39. Graph of relation of permeability to porosity for Hoing sand, Colmar^ — Plymouth pool; McFadden well No. 31 (data from table 45) 72 [6] TABLES 5. 6A, 6B, 7A, 7B. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. PAGE Effect of method of sealing on percentage evaporation loss of liquid from cores for a 7-day period 14 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Upper Partlow sand. North Johnson pool, Howe well No. 30 (fig. 3) 18 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Robinson sand, Crawford- — Main pool, Clark well No. 19 (fig. 4) 19 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool, Clark well No. 20 (fig. 4) 20 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Robinson sand, Crawford— Main pool, Furman well No. 10 (fig. 4) 21 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool, Henry well No. 14 (fig. 4) 21 Porosity and permeability of Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool, Henry well No. 14, tested by Tide Water Labora- tories, Inc. (fig. 36) 22 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pciol, Snyder well No. 6 (fig. 5) 22 Porosity and permeability of Robinson sand, Crawford^ — Main pool, Snyder well No. 6, tested by the Core Testing Laboratories, Inc. (fig. 37) 23 Porosity, saturation, and permeabihty of Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool. Stifle well No. 23 (fig. 5) 23 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool, Wattleworth well No. 18 (fig. 5) 24 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Robinson sand. Flat Rock pool, Coch- ran well No. 1 (fig. 6) 25 Porosity, saturation, and permeabihty of Robinson sand, Lawrence County pool. Crump well No. 27 (fig. 7) 26 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Robinson sand. New Hebron pool, Mohler well No. 15 (fig. 8) 27 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Robinson sand, Parker pool, Weger well No. 14 (fig. 9) 28 Porosity, saturation, and permeabihty of Biehl sand, Allendale pool, Lithurland well No. 9 (fig. 10) 29 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Biehl sand, Allendale pool, Madden well No. 9 (fig. 10) 29 Porosity, saturation, and permeabihty of Biehl sand, Allendale pool. Madden well No. 10 (fig. 10) 30 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Cypress sand, Bartelso pool, Trame well No. 2 (fig. 11) 31 Porosity, and permeabihty of Cypress sand, Carlyld pool, Deters well No. 39 (fig. 12) 31 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30A. 30B. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. PAGE Porosity, saturation, and permeabihty of Cypress sand, Lawrence County pool, Kirkwood well No. 13 (fig. 13) 32 Porosity, and permeability of Cypress sand, Louden pool, Koberlein well No. 1 (fig. 14) 32 Porosity and permeability of Cypress sand. Louden pool, Morrison well No. 1 (fig. 14) 33 Porosity and permeability of Cypress sand. Louden pool, Morrison well No. 2 (fig. 14) 33 Porosity and permeability of Cypress sand. Louden pool, Sefton well No. 1 (fig. 14) 33 Porosity and permeability of Cypress sand. Noble pool, Arbuthnot well No. 9 (fig. 15) 34 Porosity and permeability of Cypress sand, Patoka pool, Merryman well No. 1 (fig. 16) 35 Porosity and permeability of Bethel sand. Louden pool, Sinclair well No. 2 (fig 17) 35 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Bethel sand, Centralia pool, Storer well No. 2 (fig. 18) 36 Porosity, saturation, and permeabihty of Bethel sand, Centraha pool, Storer well No. 4 (fig. 18) 36 Porosity and permeability of Bethel sand, Patoka pool, Merryman well No. 1 (fig. 19) 37 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Bethel sand, Patoka pool, Merryman well No. 17 (fig. 19) 37 Porosity, oil content, saturation, and per- meability of Bethel sand, Patoka pool, Merryman well No. 17, tested by "a commercial laboratory" (fig. 38) 38 Porosity and permeability of Bethel sand, Salem pool, Tate well No. 1 (fig. 20) . . . 39 Porosity and permeabihty of Bethel sand, Salem pool. West Nation school well No. 1 (fig. 20) 40 Porosity and permeability of Aux Vases sand, Salem pool, Tate well No. 1 (fig. 21) .. 40 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of McClosky lime, Lawrence County pool, Christensen well No. 1 (fig. 22) 41 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of McClosky lime, Lawrence County pool, Christensen well No. 2 (fig. 22) 41 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of McClosky lime, Lawrence County pool, Kirkwood well No. 13 (fig. 22) . . '. 42 Porosity, saturation, and permeability of McClosky lime, Lawrence County pool, Rogers well No. 14 (fig. 22) .... ' 42 Porosity and permeability of McClosky lime. Noble pool, Arbuthnot well No. 9 (fig. 23) , 43 [7] PAGE 39. Porosity and permeability of McClosky lime, Noble pool, Schilling well No. 1 (fig. 23) 43 40. Porosity and permeability of McClosky lime, Olney pool, Sager well No. 3 (fig. 24) 44 41. Porosity and permeability of McClosky lime, Salem pool, Tate well No. 1 (fig. 25) 44 42. Porosity and permeability of Devonian limestone (Niagaran lime), Crawford — Main pool, Athey well No. 1 (fig. 26) . . 45 43. Porosity, saturation, and permeability of Hoing sand, Colmar — Plymouth pool, Binney well No. 24 (fig. 27) 46 44. Porosity and permeability of Hoing sand, Colmar — Plymouth pool, Jarvis well No. 14 (fig. 27) 46 45A. Porosity and permeability of Hoing sand, Colmar^ — Plymouth pool, McFadden well No. 31 (figs. 27 and 39) 47 45B. Porosity of Hoing sand, Colmar- — Ply- mouth pool, McFadden well No. 31. Tested by United States Bureau of Mines 48 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51, 52. 53. PAGE Porosity and permeabiHty of Kimmswick lime, Dupo pool, DyrofF well No. 27 (fig. 28) 49 Vertical and horizontal permeability of Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool, Henry well No. 14 (fig. 29) 49 Vertical and horizontal permeability of Robinson sand, Lawrence County pool. Crump well No. 27 (fig. 30) .... '. 50 Vertical and horizontal permeability of Biehl sand, Allendale pool. Madden well No. 10 (fig. 31) 50 Vertical and horizontal permeability of Cypress sand, Bartelso pool, Trame well No. 2 (fig. 32) 51 Vertical and horizontal permeability of Hoing sand, Colmar- — Plymouth pool, Binney well No. 24 (fig. 33) 51 Vertical and horizontal permeability of Kimmswick lime, Dupo pool, Dyrofi^ well No. 27 (fig. 34) 51 Ratio of horizontal to vertical permeabil- ity. Summary of tables 47 to 52 in- clusive 70 [8] POROSITY, TOTAL LIQUID SATURATION, AND PERMEABILITY OF ILLINOIS OIL SANDS R. J. PiERSoL, L. E. Workman, and M. C. Watson INTRODUCTION Summary IN THIS investigation, covering an elapsed period of eight years, studies were made of the porosity, saturation, and permeability of 45 cores, representing ten Illinois oil sands. In general the Illinois oil sands are quite open sands, averaging about 17 per cent porosity; the total liquid (oil and water) saturation is high, in many instances showing complete saturation of pore space ; and the permeability is exceedingly high, in many cores with values ranging up to 2000 millidarcys or more with an average for all 45 cores of 273 millidarcys. This may be compared with an average of about 5 milli- darcys for the Bradford oil sand. The de- gree of uniformity of permeability with depth in certain of the cores studied indi- cates that the particular sand is suitable either for water flooding or air repressuring. The investigation of the relative vertical and horizontal permeability included six cores representing five "sands". The Hoing sand and Kimmswick lime show the same permeabilities but in the Robinson, Biehl, and Cypress sands the horizontal permea- bility is greater than the vertical by ratios of 2:1 or less. An inspection of the results of permea- bility and porosity studies of a typical core indicates that, for a homogeneous sand, there is a rough linear relationship between the porosity and the logarithm of the per- meability. Results show that there is a large loss of liquid (from 20 to 25 per cent) due to evaporation attendant on the usual methods of wrapping samples intended for saturation tests. This large error may be avoided by weighing saturation samples immediately after their removal from the core barrel. Values of porosity and permeability are reported by four other laboratories (U. S. Bureau of Mines, Tide Water Laboratory, Core Testing Laboratories, Inc., and a "commercial laboratory") each of which tested samples from a different core. Their results for these cores show excellent agree- ment with results obtained by the Survey laboratory for samples from the same cores taken adjacent to those tested by the other laboratories. In no instance is the difference in values obtained by the Survey laboratory and the other laboratory for the same core greater than the difference in values between two neighboring samples. Throughout this work, a sample from Dyroff well No. 27, which had been tested for porosity and permeability by the U. S. Bureau of Mines and returned to the Sur- vey along with the U. S. Bureau of Mines results for it, was used as a standard of comparison for measuring the porosity and permeability results obtained by the Survey laboratory. The results for wells whose cores repre- sent the Cypress sand and McClosky lime in a deep part of the Illinois basin indicate relatively lower average porosity and higher average permeability values than found for these sands in cores from more shallow wells. This investigation will be extended to include the study of cores from the deep Illinois basin as such cores become available for analysis. [9] 10 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS Fig. 1, -Map showing location of oil pools, sands from which have been cored and studied in the Survey laboratory as listed below: A- -North Johnson pool F- -Parker pool L- -Patoka pool Howe well No. 30 Weger well No. 14 Merryman well No. 1 B- -Crawford-Main pool G- -Allendale pool Merryman well No. 17 Clark well No. 19 Lithurland well No M- -Centraha pool Clark well No. 20 Madden well No. 9 Storer well No. 2 Furman well No. 10 Madden well No. 10 Storer well No. 4 Henry well No. 14 Snyder well No. 6 H- -Bartelso pool N- -Salem pool Stifle well No. 23 Trame well No. 2 Tate well No. 1 Wattleworth well No. 18 West Nation School well A they well No. 1 I- -Carlyle pool Deters well No. 39 No. 1 C- -Flat Rock pool O^ — Olney pool Cochran well No. 1 J- -Louden pool Sager well No. 3 D- -Lawrence County pool Koberlein well No. 1 Morrison well No. 1 P- -Colmar-Plymouth Crump well No. 27 Kirkwood well No. 13 Morrison well No. 2 Sefton well No 1 Binney well No. 24 Jarvis well No. 14 Christensen well No. 1 Christensen well No. 2 Sinclair well No. 2 McFadden well No. 31 E- Rogers well No. 14 -New Hebron pool Mohler well No. 15 K- -Noble pool Arbuthnot well No. 9 Schilling well No. 1 Q- -Dupo pool Dyroff well No. 27 INTRODUCTION 11 Purpose of Investigation Many of the older oil pools in Illinois are passing through the stage of their nat- ural decline in production when it becomes necessary either to discontinue operation or to introduce artificial methods of recovery. Since at present it is not economically feas- ible to mine oil in Illinois, the two methods of improved recovery to be considered are air-repressuring and water-flooding. In or- der that either of these methods be profit- able, it is essential that the oil sand still retain a sufficiently large quantity of oil per acre that is removable with reasonable ease. The oil reserve per acre depends upon the thickness of oil sand, its porosity, and its oil saturation. The proportion of the re- maining oil which is subject to recovery by repressuring or water-flooding depends largely upon two factors, namely, the per- meability of the oil sand as a whole, and the differences in permeability of horizontal layers of the oil sand. Thus the first purpose of this investigation was to furnish infor- mation to the operators of the "stripper wells" in Illinois which would assist them in utilizing improved methods for the re- covery of the remaining oil from the old fields. Since this project was begun new oil pools have been discovered in the deeper parts of the Illinois basin. In general the oil sands found in the deeper parts of the basin are a continuation of the same sands from which the stripper wells are now pro- ducing. Thus the second purpose is to pro- vide oil operators with information on the porosity and permeability of the producing sands in the deep Illinois basin, based on studies of the same sands at shallow depths and on studies of cores from the increasing number of deep wells. Scope of Investigation The experimental phase of the investiga- tion includes the determination of porosity, saturation (for available saturation sam- ples), and permeability of 45 cores from ten Illinois oil sands (fig. 1). Also the relative vertical and horizontal permeability was determined for six cores from five dif- ferent oil sands. The degree of evaporation of liquid from saturation samples was de- termined for various types of sealing. A geologic description was made for each core. The investigation also included the stand- ardization of porosity and permeabiliy re- sults by means of a sample calibrated by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Checks were made on porosity and permeability values for different samples from the same cores as obtained by the U. S. Bureau of Mines Laboratory, Tide Water Laboratory, Core Testing Laboratories, Inc., and a "com- mercial laboratory" and by the Survey lab- oratory. The values for porosity, saturation, and permeability for cores from the various sands are compared. The relation of per- meability to porosity is studied. This investigation includes studies of sil- ica oil sands and limestone oil sands. The physical texture of the former resembles that of ordinary sandstone. The limestones investigated in this report are the Mc- Closky, Niagaran, and Kimmswick. The McClosky consists of oolitic limestone, the Niagaran is a porous limestone, frequently sandy, and the Kimmswick is a crystalline limestone. Figure 2 is a photomicrograph of a sample of the McClosky from Arbuth- not well No. 9. The left view represents a broken surface ; the right view, a smooth surface, acid rinsed. The actual size is shown by the scale beneath. Fig. 2.- — Photomicrograph of McClo.sk>' lime from Arbuthnot well No. 9. 12 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS Early Coring in Illinois In 1926, Moulton^ described the coring of a well at Allendale, Wabash County, recommending coring of oil sands as a means of choosing the preferable method of im- proved oil recovery. In 1928, Lamar'" re- ported results on the texture, the porosity, and the saturation of a core taken in the Siggins pool, Cumberland County. Also a few wells were cored in the southeastern Illinois oil field, most of them on the re- pressured properties of Tide Water Oil Company north of Robinson. In 1931, the State Geological Survey obtained a cable-tool core-barrel for cooper- ative use with Illinois oil operators. The advantages of information thus obtained were described by Bell and PiersoL^ Acknowledgments The wells were cored through the cooper- ation of Mr. C. C. Carroll, Manager of the Ohio Oil Company; Capt. B. O. Ma- haffy, President of W. C. McBride, Inc. ; Mr. Warren Hastings, Trustee of Warren Hastings et al. ; Mr. Alex. N. Warner, President of Warner-Caldwell Oil Com- pany; Mr. W. S. Corwin, Manager of Tide Water Associated Oil Company; Mr. Alex U. McCandless, President of Ma- hutska Oil Company; Mr. George S. Buchanan, President of Adams Oil and Gas Company; Mr. Frank Barnes, Superinten- dent of Craig and Lowrie Oil Company; Mr. Shubert Fox of the Kesl-Fox Com- pany ; Messrs. C. U. Downey and W. F. Connor ; Messrs. R. R. Rowland and V. Littlejohn; Mr. L. A. Mylius, Consulting Geologist for Canary and Sherman, Phayer et al, and Mabee Drilling Company; Mr. Sam Jarvis of Jarvis Bros. ; Mr. W. C. Kneale, Production Superintendent for the Texas Oil Company; Mr. J. V. Barr; and Mr. Wallace Hagen of the Wicklund De- velopment Company. Mr. M. H. Flood, Engineer of the Ohio Oil Company; Mr. M. J. Kenefake of the Tide Water Oil Company; and Mr. R. E. Hilpert, Engineer of W. C. McBride, Inc., on various occasions assisted in coring wells. iMoulton, Gail F., Notes on a core bit for cable tools: Illinois State Geol. Survey, Illinois Petroleum No. 2, May 29, 1926. 2Lamar, J. E., A study of the core of the Yanaway well No. 23 in the Siggins pool: Illinois State Geol. Survey. Illinois Petroleum No. 15, May 12, 1928. 3Bel], A. H., and Piersol, R. J., The need for sand coring in the southeastern oil field: Illinois State Geol. Survey, Illinois Petroleum No. 21, December 19, 1931. Dr. John W. Finch, Director ; Mr. R. A. Cattell, Chief Engineer of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Division ; and Mr. T. W. Johnson, Natural Gas Engineer of Petro- leum Experimental Station at Bartlesville, Oklahoma; all of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, made standardization of porosity and permeability results possible through the calibration of core samples. Dr. A. H. Bell, Geologist and Head, Oil and Gas Division, State Geological Survey, supervised the selection of samples to be tested. Mr. L. E. Workman, Geologist and Head, Sursurface Division, State Geologi- cal Survey, made the geological examination of the cores and prepared the portion of this report describing the logs of the cores. Assistance in coring was given by the fol- lowing members of the State Geological Survey : Dr. G. V. Cohee, Assistant Geolo- gist, Mr. Perry McClure, Assistant Geolo- gist, Mr. E. T. Benson, Assistant Geologist, Dr. C. W. Carter, Assistant Geologist, and Mr. J. L. Carlton, Research Assistant, all of the Oil and Gas Division ; and Mr. E. M. Baysinger, Assistant in the Subsurface Division. All the experimental data on porosity, saturation, and permeability herein reported were obtained by Dr. M. C. Watson, Assistant Physicist, Physics Division, State Geological Survey. The study of the relation of vertical to horizontal permeability was made by Mr. W. H. Allen, a graduate student in the Department of Geology, University of Illi- nois under the supervision of Professor F. W. DeWolf, Head of the Department of Geology, University of Illinois. The de- tailed results are described in his thesis, "The permeability of certain Illinois oil sands in the direction of the bedding planes and in the transverse direction", which was accepted in partial fulfillment of the re- quirements for the degree of Master ot Science in Geology in the Graduate School of the University of Illinois, 1937. In this study, Mr. Allen was assisted by Mr. M. J. Deuth, also a graduate student in the Geology Department, University of Illinois. Dr. M. M. Leighton, Chief of the State Geological Survey, made this investigation possible through his continued interest in the relation of core study to improved methods of production and more recently to produc- tion in the Illinois Basin. METHODS OF TESTING 13 METHODS AND PROCEDURE Methods of Testing Used in This Investigation The physical tests on an oil sand core include determinations of its porosity, satu- ration, and permeability. By definition, po- rosity of an oil sand is that fraction of the total volume of the sand which is available for saturation with oil or other fluids. In this investigation and in this report, the term saturation is used to denote the total liquid saturation (oil or oil and water) and by definition is that fraction of the pore volume of the oil sand occupied by liquid. Also by definition, the permeability of an oil sand is the quantitative magnitude of its inherent property which permits flow of fluid through the sand. porosity tests In brief, a porosity test is the experi- mental determination of the ratio of the volume of fluid necessary to completely satu- rate the pore space of a sample of oil- extracted sand to the volume of the sample. There are two general types of porosity determinations: (a) effective porosity and (b) total porosity tests. The former type differs from the latter in that it does not measure the volume of the closed pore space. In the very open sands prevalent in the Illi- nois oil field the two types of tests give very nearly the same results. The modified Barnes method* for deter- mination of effective porosity was used throughout this investigation. The method is as follows: Approximately 30-gram samples are used. In order to remove the oil from the sample, it is treated in a Soxhlet extractor for 48 hours using carbon tetrachloride as the sol- vent. The oil-extracted sample is dried in an oven at 105°C. for 2 hours and weighed. It is then placed in a glass vacuum flask which is evacuated by a water aspirator, at a pressure of about 1.7 cm. of mercury, for 1^ hours. Sufficient acetylene tetrachloride is introduced into the flask through a sepa- ratory funnel to completely submerge the 4Fancher, G. H., Lewis, J. A., and Barnes, K. B., Min. Ind. Exp. Sta., Penn. State College, Bull. 12, pp. 117- 118, 1933. sample and the evacuation is continued for an additional 30 minutes. The vacuum is then released and the sample remains sub- merged over night. The next morning the saturated sample is drained for 10 seconds, the hanging drop is removed with a glass rod, and the sample is rapidly transferred to a stoppered bottle and weighed, the bottle being used to prevent evaporation losses while weighing. Knowing the weight of the bottle, the weight of the saturated sam- ple can be calculated. This weight, less that of the oil-extracted sample, is the weight of the acetylene tetrachloride which saturates the pore space. The volume of the liquid saturating the pore space is calculated from the density of the liqiud at the temperature at the time of the latter weighing. Next the volume of the sample is determined by the pycnometer method. The weight of the pycnometer with the same liquid and satu- rated sample is determined. Knowing the weights of the saturated sample and the pyc- nometer filled with liquid, the volume of the sample may be calculated. The volume is numerically equal to the weight of the pyc- nometer filled with liquid plus the weight of the saturated sample less the weight of the pycnometer with sample and liquid, di- vided by the density of liquid at the temper- ature at time of testing. Finally the per cent porosity is calculated as the ratio of the vol- ume of the pore space to that of the sample. Porosity determinations on the first few cores, and on all cores for which saturation samples were not available, were made on the samples which had been prepared for permeability tests. The procedure in each case is exactly the same, the only difference being in the size of the porosity sample. WATER CONTAMINATION OF CORE DURING CORING The core is submerged in water through- out the coring period (usually from 45 minutes to 2 hours). The permeability of the sand permits flushing of the oil by water, and the degree of contamination is propor- tional to the permeability of the sand. The unusually high permeabilities of Illinois oil sands therefore result in excessive contam- ination of samples during coring. 14 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS Since this investigation was begun, vari- ous articles^ have appeared in the literature concerning the occurrence of connate water in oil sands which pump only oil. Based on his experimental results, Schilthuis"' arrived at the conclusion that the percentage of the connate water present in a sand decreases with increased permeability of a sand. Evi- dently the percentage of connate water pres- ent in a core sample can be determined directly only for a sample uncontaminated by drilling water. Thus the determination of the percentage of connate water in highly permeable sand is unusually difficult due both to the probable low connate water con- tent and to contamination by drilling water with resultant oil loss. Campbell'' states that in the majority of cases the oil found in the core will be the residual oil content of the reservoir after complete water drive and gas expansion. Because of such contamination, all satu- ration determinations were based on the total liquid saturation. EVAPORATION OF LIQUIDS IN CORES By weighing the saturation samples im- mediately after their removal from the core barrel, there was no opportunity for liquid loss due to evaporation. However, if the saturation results herein reported are to be compared with saturation results on samples wrapped in the field, then it is necessary to use a correction for the latter results, the magnitude of this factor depending upon HI) Barnes, K. B., Porosity and saturation methods: Proceedings of tlie Chicago, 111., meeting of the Am. Petroleum Inst., Nov. 12, 1936. (2) Campbell, J. H., The application of core analysis to well completion: a paper presented at the Sixth Annual Petroleum Conference of the Illinois-Indiana Petroleum Association, June 4, 1938. (3) Clough, H. K., The evaluation of oil bearing cores: The Oil Weekly, June 15, 1936. (4) Dunlap, E. N., Influence of connate water on permeability of sands to oil: Petroleum Technology, Feb., 1938. (5) Hill, E. S.. Methods of determining the oil satur- ation of oil sand samples: Min. Ind. Exp. Sta., Penn. State College Bull. 19, 1935. (6) Horner, W. L., Determination of oil content of sands for water flooding: Petroleum Engineer, April, 1935. (7) Horner, W. L., Contamination of cores: The Oil Weekly, July 1. 1935. (8) Krause, L., and Powell, G. N., Jr., Core analysis valuable in water flooding work: The Oil Weekly, Feb. 1, 1937. (9) Lewis, J. A., and Horner, W. L., Interstitial water saturation in the pore space of oil reservoirs: Geophysics Magazine, Oct., 1936. (10) Pyle, H. C. and Jones, P. H., Quantitative de- termination of the connate water content of oil sands: Proceedings of the Chicago, 111., meeting of the Am. Petroleum Inst., Nov. 12, 1936. (11) Schilthuis, R. J., Connate water in oil and gas sands: Petroleum Technology, Feb., 1938. (12) Taylor, F. B., Completely equipped laboratory: The Oil Weekly, Dec. 21, 1936. the per cent evaporation loss. In this con- nection Campbell^ has noted the desirability of making saturation tests in the field. Various methods of sealing of samples have been recommended and are used by various core-testing laboratories. The first method of sealing consists of wrapping the saturation sample with a double layer of wax paper and placing it in a wide-mouth pint glass jar with a self- sealing cap. The second method of sealing consists of wrapping the saturation sample in wax paper and submerging in melted paraffin. After cooling, the package is again wrapped in wax paper and dipped in par- affin. Each of the two methods of sealing was tried on four samples from Wattleworth well No. 18. The average loss during seven days from samples sealed in jars was 24.4 per cent and that from samples wrapped in wax paper and dipped in paraffin was 20.2 per cent (table 1 ). Table 1. — Effect of Method of Sealing on Per- centage Evaporation Loss of Liquid from Cores for a 7-day Period. Depth (feet) Percentage Evaporation Loss Sealed in jars Paraffin wrapped and dipped 985 986 987 988 27 26.1 24.2 20.1 20.4 19.0 19.9 21.5 Average 24.4 20.2 SATURATION TESTS In brief, the saturation method used in this investgation consists of measuring the weight of liquid contained in the sample, calculating the weight of oil necessary to completely saturate the pore space in the sample, and then calculating the per cent saturation as the ratio of the former to the latter weight. The sample to be tested, about 100 grams in weight, is weighed to an accuracy of 10 mg. immediately upon removal from the core barrel at the well. Upon return to the laboratory, the oil is extracted from the sample as described in the method for test- ing porosity. The oil-extracted sample is METHODS OF TESTING 15 weighed and the per cent weight of liquid is calculated in terms of the weight of the oil-extracted sample. The total sample is too large for the pycnometer. Therefore about one-third of the sample, so taken as to be representative of the whole sample, is used in the pyc- nometer test for total volume determination and pore volume determination. The latter two tests are made exactly as described for the smaller sample. The weight of total liquid in this sample is calculated by the aliquot method, i. e., the weight of the smaller oil-extracted sample is to the weight of the larger oil-extracted sample as the weight of the liquid in the small sample is to the weight of liquid in the larger sample. The specific gravity of the liquid in the oil sand is assumed to be the same as that of a sample of oil collected from either the cored well or an adjacent well. Then the weight of the oil necessary to completeh' saturate the pore space is calculated as the product of the pore volume and the specific gravity of the oil. The per cent saturation of the sample is calculated as the ratio of the weight loss, due to extraction, to this theoretical weight for complete saturation. Because of the difficulty of determin- ing the oil-water ratio and the amounts ot connate water and coring water present in the samples, the specific gravity of the liquid is arbitrarily taken as that of the oil in the well. Since the specific gravities of oil and water are about 0.85 and 1.00 respectively, the total liquid saturation of pore volume of a sample, calculated upon the assumption that only water is present, would differ from that calculated upon the assumption that only oil is present by one part in seven. If the liquid were assumed to be half oil and half water, the difference would be reduced to one part in fourteen. In addition to the calculation of the per cent total liquid saturation of pore volume of the samples, the saturation of each core is expressed in terms of the total liquid satu- ration of the core in barrels per acre-foot. To obtain this value, the average porosity of the core is multiplied by its average satu- ration which gives the average of the ratio of total liquid volume to total volume for the core. This result is then multiplied by the volume of one acre-foot in barrels, giv- ing total liquid saturation in barrels per acre-foot. One acre-foot is 43,560 cubic feet or 7,756 petroleum barrels. PERMEABILITY TESTS In brief, a permeability test consists of the measurement of the conductivity of a sample to fluid flow per cm. cubed per unit pressure drop. The law governing the rate of flow of fluid through a porous body was discovered by Darcy*' and is known as Darcy's law. This law may be stated algebraically as follows : K=F — Where K is the permeability (darcys) ; F is the rate of flow (cc. per sec.) ; V is the absolute viscosity of the liquid (centipois- es) ; L is the length of sample in direction of flow (cm.) ; A is the cross-sectional area of sample (sq. cm.) ; and P is the differen- tial pressure (atmospheres). The method used to determine permea- bility in this investigation is similar to that described by Barnes.^ Due to the high friability, parting planes, and thin shale laminae in most Illinois oil sands, the core samples are small, so all per- meability samples were cut to rectangular test pieces, 1x1 cm. in a vertical direction and 2 cm. in a horizontal direction (parallel to the bedding plane). In all permeability tests herein reported air was used as the fluid. Due to the com- pressibility of air, the effective pressure P in the above mentioned Darcy formula is the pressure difference through the sample multiplied by the mean pressure (arithmetic average of absolute inlet and outlet pres- sures) and divided by the atmospheric pres- sure (outlet pressure). Above a critical rate, the flow of a fluid through a porous medium changes from viscous flow to turbulent flow. Darcy's law is valid only for viscous flow. Therefore data for use in calculation of permeability were taken only in the range of viscous flow. Details of Procedure Prior to starting the experimental work herein reported, a sample from the Dyroff well No. 27 was sent to the U. S. Bureau "Darcy, H., "Les fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon." 1856. 'Fancher, G. H., Lewis, J. A., and Barnes, K. B., Min. Ind. Exp. Sta. Penn. State College Bull. 12, pp. 123-139, 1933. ILLINOIS OIL SANDS of Mines for the purpose of control of porosit)^ and permeability values. The U. S. Bureau of Mines cut a sample from it, made porosity and permeability tests, fur- nished the Survey laboratory the experi- mental results, and returned the core sam- ple for checking by the Survey laboratory. CHECK WITH U. S. BUREAU OF MINES The U. S. Bureau of Mines used the fol- lowing procedure in obtaining the porosity of the above sample: "The porosity of the sands was determined by the use of com- pressed air in arriving at the volume of the sand grains in the specimens. The volume of sand grains plus the volume of the pores (bulk volume) was determined with a Russel volumeter using acetylene tetra- chloride as described in Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 2876, entitled 'Use of Acetylene Tetrachloride Method of Po- rosity Determination in Petroleum Engi- neering Studies,' by Chase E. Sutton, pub- lished in 1928. The difference between the bulk volume and the volume of the sand grains gives the volume of voids in the sam- ple, and this volume divided by the bulk volume multiplied by 100 gives the porosity in per cent." The value reported by the U. S. Bureau of Mines for this sample is 16.6 per cent porosity. Using this sample, calibrated by the U. S. Bureau of Mines checks were made using the original Barnes porosity method and the modified Barnes method. The original method differs from the modified method, previously described herein, solely in that by the former method evacuation does not start until after the sample is submerged in acetylene tetrachloride. In this check, the volume of the sample was obtained by the pycnometer method. Using the original Barnes method, the average of three check determinations shows 16.7 per cent porosity. Using the modified Barnes method, the average of three check determinations shows 16.5 per cent porosity. Instead of evacuating with a vacuum pump to a pressure of 4 mm. of mercury, a water aspirator which evacuates to the vapor pres- sure of water (about 1.7 cm. of mercury) was used in a further series of porosity tests by the modified Barnes method. The aver- age result, using the water aspirator, shows 16.4 per cent porosity. This porosity result, with a value differing by 0.2 per cent from that established by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, was considered to be of the necessary degree of accuracy and therefore a water aspirator was used for evacuation through- out this investigation. The U. S. Bureau of Mines also estab- lished the permeability for this same test piece from the DyrofE well No. 27. They used the same method of permeability test- ing as described herein. They reported a value of 24.5 millidarcys. Using this same test piece, the Survey results for three consecutive tests show values of 26.2, 25.9, and 24.4 millidarcys, or an average of 25.5 millidarcys. Thus it is seen that the variation between the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the Survey results for permeability is less than the extreme variation between duplicate Survey tests. PREPARATION OF SAMPLES, ETC. The investigation of all cores herein re- ported includes both porosity and permea- bility tests. In all instances in which the Survey core barrel was used, a Survey repre- sentative was present to make saturation tests. However, this investigation also in- cludes studies of several cores taken by the operator, with no Survey representative present to make saturation tests. The procedure used in coring a well by the Survey w^as as follows: In the coring of an oil sand the core barrel is attached to the drill stem by the use of a "sub" as shown in figure 2, "The Need for Sand Coring in the Southeastern Illinois Oil Field," by A. H. Bell and R. J. Piersol, Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois Petroleum No. 21 (1931). The bit is attached to the outer core barrel, being raised and lowered like an ordinary bit, but the inner tube remains stationary except that it is driven downward as drilling progresses. The average length of the cor- ing run is about three feet, the core drilling rate being from one to two feet per hour. At the end of each run the core barrel is pulled from the well, the core removed from the barrel, the drillings removed from the well by a bailer, about 30 gallons of water poured into the well, and the coring is resumed. As core is removed from the barrel it is fed into a trough. Usually about two-thirds LOGS OF CORES 17 of the sand is recovered in the form of bis- cuits, from a fraction of an inch to about three inches thick. The fine material is dis- carded and the biscuits are flushed with water. Samples are immediately selected for saturation tests. For the first few cores, saturation samples were taken at about one- foot intervals. Later on a composite satu- ration sample was taken for each run, this sample consisting of fragments of biscuits taken at about one-foot intervals. Each saturation sample is weighed im- mediately and placed in a paper sack so marked as to identify the sample. Biscuits for permeability tests are then selected at an average interval of about one foot. Each permeability sample is also placed in a separate paper sack so marked as to identify the sample. The remainder of the core is placed in a wooden core box, with depths marked on the box. A geological study is made of this core in the Survey laboratory. After the saturation samples are taken to the laboratory, the oil is extracted and their porosity and saturation values are deter- mined as described. In a few samples of low permeability, it is found that the volume of pore space occu- pied by the original liquid in the saturation sample is greater than the pore space calcu- lated from the weight of acetylene tetra- chloride absorbed. In these instances, the per cent porosity is determined by the vol- ume of pore space occupied by the original liquid and is so recorded in this report. The samples selected for permeability are cut with a carborundum saw to 1x1x2 cm. rectangular test pieces. These test pieces are oil-extracted in the same manner as the saturation samples. After oil extraction, the samples are test- ed for permeability as described. At least two tests are made at different pressures, to insure that the test is made in the range of viscous flow. In the investigation of the relation of vertical and horizontal permeability, 1 cm. cubes are cut from the remaining portions of samples previously tested for permeabil- ity. Care is taken to mark clearly two opposite vertical faces. Then the oil from these cubes is extracted and they are tested in identically the same manner as the rec- tangular samples. LOGS OF CORES, AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Porosity, Saturation, and Permeability This chapter includes the logs of 45 cores from 40 wells (four of the wells included cores from two or three different sands) representing 17 pools in 10 oil sands, and the tabulated results of tests on porosity, saturation, and permeability. For cores for which saturation samples were available, the total liquid saturation in terms of barrels per acre-foot is shown in a footnote to the tables. Tabulated results on cal and horizontal permeabili from six pools in five diffe also given. The order of presentation cores and experimental resul to sands, pools, and wells. presented according to their zon, from the top downwar pools in each sand are listed order, and the wells in each alphabetically by lease name. relative verti- ty for six cores rent sands are of both logs of ts is according The sands are geologic hori- d ; the various in alphabetical pool are listed 18 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS Upper Partlow Sand north johnson pool The Upper Partlow sand was cored only on Howe well No. 30 in the North Johnson pool. Tide Water Associated Oil Co.—F. Howe well No. 30, S. E. cor. sec. 3, T. 9 N., R. 14 W., Clark County Surface elevation 618 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 500 Pennsylvanian system Sandstone, gray, fine, occa- sional thin streaks and patches of oil 8 500 8 Sandstone, gray, fine, pyritic near base 1 4 502 Shale, dark gray 1 503 Sandstone, gray, fine, contain- ing some streaks of oil, part- ings of shale, dark gray; sample 1 6 503 6 Sandstone, gray, coarse, py- ritic, containing oil; samples 2-5 4 6 508 Shale, sandy, light gray, pyritic 1 508 1 Shale, dark gray, micaceous, . 5 508 6 Sandstone, gray, coarse, py- ritic and carbonaceous; sample 6 1 509 6 Sandstone, light gray, fine, containing streaks of oil; samples 7-9 3 8 513 2 Sandstone, light gray, fine, containing streaks of oil, numerous partings of shale, dark gray; samples 10-19. . 9 11 523 1 Shale, dark gray 2 525 1 Sandstone, light gray with thick bands of dark gray, medium to coarse, contain- ing oil; samples 20-28 10 11 536 Sandstone, dark gray with oc- casional streaks of light gray, medium grained, con- taining oil; samples 29-34. 6 542 Sandstone, light gray, coarse, containing oil, very coarse and slightly pyritic at 548 to 549 feet; samples 35-55. 21 563 Shale, dark gray 14 2 577 2 Table 2 below shows porosity and satu- ration results for composite samples taken from each run, and permeability results for samples taken at about one-foot intervals in the upper Partlow sand from Howe well No. 30 in the North Johnson pool. The data are plotted in figure 3, page 52. Table 2. — Porosity, Saturation and Perme- ability OF Upper Partlow sand. North Johnson pool, Howe well No. 30 (Fig. 3). Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Depth (ft.-in.) 503-6 504-6 505-6 506-6 508.0 509-6 511-0 512-6 513-2 514-2 515-2 516- 517- 518- 519-2 520- 521- 522- 523- 525-1 526-1 527-6 529-3 531-0 532-3 533-6 534-9 536-0 537-0 538-0 539-0 540-0 541-0 542-0 543-0 544-0 545-0 546-0 547-0 548-0 549-0 550-0 551-0 552-0 553-0 554-0 555-0 556-0 557-0 558-0 559-0 560-0 561-0 562-0 Porosity (per cent) 21.2 15.5 19.2 19.5 21.0 18.8 23.4 22,4 20 7 20,1 21,9 23,4 21,8 23,2 20,5 Satur- ation (per cent)^ 92 87.4 89.8 94.6 91 9 94.7 99.8 97.7 100. 97,3 98 6 98.2 98 5 95 98,5 Perme- ability (milli- darcys) 10.9 6.75 3.90 33.8 34.6 22.8 23.6 29.7 112. 175. 28,3 74.3 197. 55.4 234. 20.5 16.1 304. 441. 311. 255. 265. 452. 374. 404, 749. 369. 408. 256. 244. 186. 106. 147. 34.5 84.8 574. 183. 386. 784. 116. 505. 600. 552 1320 924. 870. 1490. 2430. 1390 586. 875. 600 5,84 •Total liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 1473. ROBINSON SAND 19 Robinson sand The Robinson sand was cored in the Crawford — Main, Flat Rock, Lawrence County, New Hebron, and Parker pools. See figures 4-9, pages 53-56. CRAWFORD MAIN POOL Clark well No. 19, Clark well No. 20, Furman well No. 10, Henry well No. 14, Snyder well No. 6, Stifle well No. 23, and Wattleworth well No. 18 were cored in the Crawford — Main pool. Furman well No. 10 and Snyder well No. 6 were cored by the operator, the Warner Caldwell Oil Company, a Survey representative being present at the time of coring to take satu- ration samples. (Figs. 4-5, pp. 53, 54.) Table 3 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples taken at six- inch intervals, and saturation results for samples of the Robinson sand taken at about one-foot intervals from Clark well No. 19. (Fig. 4, p. 53.) Mahutska Oil Co.—R. M. Clark well No. 19, Cen. N. line SE. 1/4 SJV. 1/4 sec. 17, T. 7 N., R. 13 JF., Crawford County Surface elevation 513 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 905 4 Pennsylvanian system Sandstone, light gray, fine to medium, soft, containing oil; samples 1-8 4 6 909 10 Sandstone, light gray, fine to medium, containing oil, in- terlaminations and partings of shale, dark gray; samples 9-23 11 2 921 Shale, dark gray, with zones containing numerous thin laminae of sandstone, light gray, fine. 39 960 Sandstone, Hght gray, fine to medium, containing oi], in- terlaminated shale, dark gray; sample 24 4 964 Sandstone, light gray, medium, containing oil, partings ot shale, dark gray, decreasing downward; samples 25-51 14 978 Shale, dark gray, occasional laminae of sandstone, light gray, fine.. 6 984 Sandstone, light gray, med- ium to coarse, containing oil, numerous partings of shale, dark gray; sample 52. 1 985 Sandstone, light gray, coarse, soft, containing oil, mica- ceous and carbonaceous in bottom 2 feet; samples 53- 70 9 994 Table 3. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool, Clark well No. 19 (Fig. 4). Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 2>2> 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Depth (ft.-in.) 905-4 905-11 906-6 907-1 907-8 908-3 908-10 909-5 910-0 910-8 911-4 912-0 913-0 913-8 914-4 915-0 915-8 916-2 916-8 917-4 918-4 919-10 920-4 964-0 964-6 965-0 965-6 966-0 966-6 967-0 967-6 968-0 968-6 969-0 969-6 970-0 970-6 971-0 971-6 972-0 972-6 973-0 973-6 974-0 974-6 975-0 975-6 976-0 976-6 977-0 977-6 985-0 985-6 986-0 986-6 987-0 987-6 988-0 988-6 989-0 Porosity (per cent) 23 4 21.9 22.4 20 19 18 18. 18. 21.0 17.5 19.9 17.4 19.8 18. 18. 19. 21. 23 19 19 13.0 14 13 13 13 16 16.0 15.9 16.8 17.2 17.0 16.5 16.4 17.0 61.6 7 6 6 19 21 24.0 24.4 26.1 Satur- ation (per cent)^ 100. 97.8 88.5 92.8 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 78.6 91.3 80.3 84.8 92.6 87.5 99.3 96.1 98.6 93.3 98.2 95.4 100. 100 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. Perme- abilitv (millil darcys) 502. 534. 668. 324. 266. 252. 211. 210. 112. 126. 116. 219. 160. 311. 204. 311. 444. 471. 190. 163. 14.3 56.4 49.0 10 2 5 21 22.3 5.94 4.24 10.0 15.2 10.1 6 02 6. 12 15 31 96 .7 .7 .6 6.43 26.7 18.3 31.4 7.88 64.6 41.6 73.8 63. 23. 83. 124. 61. 50. 108. 1. 3. 0.21 308. 00 225. 130. 1190. 1000. 28 39 20 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS Table 3. — (Concluded) Sample Depth Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation Perme- ability No. (ft.-in.) (per cent)i (milli- darcys) 61 989-6 3.3S 0.00 62 990-0 23.6 100. 60.4 63 990-6 21.8 89,4 64 991-0 27.1 93.2 766. 65 991-6 22.0 202. 66 992-0 25.2 100. 630. 67 992-6 13.5 236. 68 993-0 24.9 100. 311. 69 993-6 21.8 722. 70 994-0 19.5 100. 289. iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls per acre-foot is 1376. Thickness Depth Ft In. Ft. In. Shale, dark gray, laminae of sandstone, hght gray, fine . 1 985 Shale, dark gray to black, very soft 1 986 Shale, dark gray 5 6 991 6 Table 4 below shows porosity and satu- ration results for composite samples taken from each run, and permeability results for samples of the Robinson sand taken at one- foot intervals in the upper part of the sand and at greater intervals in the lower part of the sand from Clark well No. 20 in the Crawford — Main pool. The data are plotted in figure 4, page 53. Mahutska Oil Co.—R. M. Clark well No. SO, NJV. 1/4 SE. 1/4 SW. 1/4 sec. 17, T. 7 N., R. 13 W., Crawford County Surface elevation 512.3 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 865 Pennsylvanian system Sandstone, light gray, fine, containing oil, partings of shale, dark gray; sample 1.3 868 Shale, dark gray, lenses and laminae of sandstone, light gray, fine, containing oil. . 6 868 6 Shale, dark gray, laminae of sandstone, light gray, fine. . 18 6 887 Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard, slightly pyritic, con- taining oil, occasional zones with partings of shale, dark gray; samples 2-16 15 6 902 6 Shale, dark gray, interlami- nated with sandstone, light gray, containing oil 6 908 6 Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard, containing oil, 4-inch quartzitic layer at 915', abundant partings of shale, dark gray; samples 17-20. . 20 928 6 Shale, dark gray, interlami- nated with sandstone, light gray 3 10 932 4 Sandstone, light gray, fine, containing oil, abundant partings of shale, dark gray, in upper 22 feet, less abun- dant below; samples 21-30. 35 8 968 Shale, dark gray, containing sandy zones 12 980 Sandstone, argillaceous, light gray, medium to coarse, pyritic, carbonized plant remains 4 984 Table 4. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool, Clark well No. 20 (Fig. 4). Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Depth (ft.-in.) 866-4 877-0 888-0 889-0 890-0 891-0 892-0 893-0 894-0 895-0 896-0 897-0 898-0 899-0 900-0 901-0 908-6 912-6 914-0 918-6 923-0 927-0 932 4 935-4 939-0 943-0 946-4 950-0 953-0 956-0 959-0 962-0 Porosity (per cent) 15.3 20 5 20.0 20.9 20.2 17.3 17.0 18.8 20.9 17.4 18.8 17.9 17.0 17.8 16 Satur- ation (per cent)^ 52.9 84.2 80.3 79.5 91.2 76.4 79.9 73.8 71.3 94.4 95.0 85.2 85.9 86.8 91.0 Perme- abilitv (milli'- darcys) 18.5 17.7 667. 433. 171. 150. 264. 246. 53 8 45 4 297. 603. 232, 438. 353. 103. 72.1 57.4 167. 382. 284. 51.8 43 79. 47. 4. 10. 6 6 4 8 54 7 24 0.39 'Total liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 1211. ROBINSON SAND 21 W arner-Caldwell Oil Co. — J. C. Furman well No. 10, NW. 1/4 SW. 1/4 NW. 1/4 sec. 6, T. 6 N., R. 12 W., Crawford County Surface elevation 521 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 895 Pennsylvanian system Sandstone, fine-grained, com- pact, interlaminated with shale, dark gray 4 899 Sandstone, Hght gray, fine, compact, containing oil, interlaminated with shale, dark gray 10 9 909 9 Well drilled without coring. . 63 3 973 Sandstone, medium-grained, containing some oil; sam- ples 1-5 4 977 Shale, light gray, with thin sandy streaks 6 983 Table 5 below shows duplicate porosity, saturation, and permeability results for sam- ples of the Robinson sand taken at about one-foot intervals from Furman well No. 10 in the Crawford — Main pool. See figure 4, page 53. Tide Water Associated Oil Co. — H. Henry well No. 14, NE. 1/4 SE. 1/4 sec. 10, T. 7 N, R. 13, W., Crawford County Surface elevation 530 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 955 Pennsylvanian system Sandstone, hght gray, med- ium to coarse, containing oil, occasional partings of carbonaceous material and some mica; samples 1-16. . 16 6 971 6 Same, with no oil; samples 17-19..... 3 974 6 Same, with oil; sample 20. .. . 6 975 Shale, sandy, green and gray . 1 976 Sandstone, light gray, fairly hard, containing traces of oil; samples 21-23 3 979 Shale, green and gray, sandy in upper part 6 979 6 Sandstone, Hght gray, fairly hard; samples 24-25 3 982 6 Shale, dark gray 6 983 Sandstone, light gray, fairly hard; sample 26 1 984 Shale, dark gray, sandy in upper 6 inches 3 987 Tables 6A and 6B show porosity, satu- ration, and permeability results for samples of the Robinson sand taken at one-foot intervals from Henry well No. 14 in the Crawford — Main pool. The data are plotted in figure 4, page 53. Table 5. — -Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool, Furman well No. 10 (Fig. 4). Sample No. Depth (ft.-in.) Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation (per cent)^ Perme- ability (milh- darcys) la lb 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 5a 5b 973-0 974-0 975-0 976-0 977-0 15.9 14.9 18.4 17.6 16 9 16 5 18 2 18 1 15 15 9 66.6 73.2 79 4 82.6 67.3 69.2 74.8 73 9 50 3 46.9 37.6 53.2 146. 145. 27.1 23.9 13 3 15.1 49.8 iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 886. Table 6A. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Robinson sand, Craw- ford — Main pool, Henry well No. 14 (Figs. 4 and 36). Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Depth (ft.-in.) 956-0 957-0 958-0 959-0 960-0 961-0 962-0 963-0 964-0 965-0 966-0 967-0 968-0 969-0 970-0 971-0 972-0 973-0 974-0 975-0 977-0 978-0 979-0 981-0 982-0 983-6 Porosity (per cent) 19.3 16.1 17.7 19.0 18.8 17.9 19.7 19.8 19.1 18.3 20 20.0 18.9 17.2 18.5 18.3 19.8 18.9 18.9 16.2 16,1 15.5 15.1 12.9 15.9 13.8 Satur- ation (per cent)^ 84.0 96.9 84 100. 78.0 78.8 91.7 76.5 79.8 89.3 76.4 77.8 100. 100. 74.9 85.0 80.8 92.3 78.8 100. 100. 100. 100 98.8 85.8 100. Perme- ability (milli- darcys). 9 76 4 3 3 22 3 58 12 83 46.8 114. 153. 97.8 84.3 227. 238. 100. 44.1 358. 185. 156. 119. 118. 122. 1.81 0.58 40 2.70 1.11 iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 1237. 22 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS Table 6B. — Permeability and Porosity of Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool, Henry well No. 14 Tested by Tide Water Laboratories, Inc. Perme- Laboratory Depth ability Porosity No. (feet) (milli- darcys) (per cent) 037- 1 956.0 1.3 15 6 2 57.0 4.4 15.8 3 58.0 59.6 16.9 4 59 6.5 15 5 60.0 20 16.8 - 6 61.0 8.1 15.3 7 62.0 59.7 18.5 8 63.0 187.6 19 3 9 64 103.9 13.5 10 65 235.9 19.0 11 66 134.3 18.0 12 6/0 67.6 18.3 13 68.0 197.4 18.2 14 69 281.3 19.9 15 70 185.0 18.3 16 71 350.9 18.0 17 72.0 159.6 18.4 18 73.0 134.0 18.3 19 74.0 214.3 17.7 20 75.0 4.5 15.3 21 77.0 212.5 19.3 22 78.0 14 15.2 23 79.0 3 11.9 24 981.0 11 14.7 Fl In. 976 977 Warner-Caldwell Oil Co. — /. M. Snyder well No. 6 SW. 1/4 SW. 1/4 N.E. 1/4 sec. 6, T. 6 N., R. 12 JV., Crawford County Surface elevation 527 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Beginning of core . Pennsylvanian system Shale, gray 1 6 Sandstone, light gray to white medium to coarse, occasion- al micaceous partings, "con- taining much gas;" samples 1-10 6 6 Sandstone, as above, but con- taining oil which was ap- parently more abundant be- low 991 feet; samples 11- 27 984 11 995 Tables 7A and 7B show porosity, satu- ration, and permeability results for samples of the Robinson sand taken at six-inch inter- vals from Snyder well No. 6 in the Craw- ford — Main pool. See figure 5, page 54. Table 7A. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Robinson sand, Craw- ford — Main pool, Snyder well No. 6 (Fig. 5). Sample Depth Porosity Satur- ation Perme- ability No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (per cent)i (milli- darcys) la... 978-4 17.9 78.9 39.0 lb... 18.4 77.0 38.3 2a... 978-10 22.1 75.7 153. 2b... 21.9 76.5 128. 3a... 979-4 20.3 75.4 79.5 3b... 21.0 72.4 87.9 4a... 979-10 19.4 65.3 37.6 4b... 18.3 70.4 28.5 5a... 980-4 19.2 85.4 32.3 5b... 19.5 84.0 39 9 6.... 981-4 16.4 85.3 10.7 7a... 981-10 16.7 85.4 12.7 7b... 16.0 90.3 13.8 8a... 982-4 17.6 86.3 28.6 8b... 18.3 82.4 28.3 9a... 982-10 15.9 85.0 8.7 9b... 15.2 89.9 8.5 10a... 983-6 16.3 85.4 14.6 10b... 16.3 84.9 14.0 11a... 984-2 15,5 87.9 14.4 lib... 15.7 86.2 13.1 12a... 984-10 15.7 98.3 9.8 12b... 16.5 91.7 13.1 13a... 985-6 19.1 85.2 71.9 13b... 19.1 85.0 71.9 14a... 986-0 19.7 88.3 79.8 14b... 20.0 86.1 78.6 15a... 986-6 19.4 85.3 57.9 15b... 19.8 88.3 56.7 16... 987-0 15.7 88.9 24.1 17.... 988-6 15.6 28.7 18a... 989-0 19.6 85.4 67.8 18b... 19.2 87.3 70.3 19a... 989-6 18.8 120. 19b... 17.0 102. 20a... 991-0 18.6 87.8 90.6 20b... 19.1 85.3 86.5 21a... 991-8 16.3 29.5 21b... 16.9 33.4 22a... 992-6 19.3 100 93.4 22b... 19.1 100 94.5 23a... 993-0 19.6 58.2 23b... 19.4 59.3 24a... 993-6 19.6 92.2 64 9 24b... 19.0 96.0 54.5 25a... 994-0 19.0 55.6 25b... 18.8 60.2 26a.. . 994-6 20.7 94.3 166. 26b... 20.0 99.6 143. 27a... 995-0 20.4 128. 27b... 20.2 121. iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 1226. ROBINSON SAND 23 Table 7B. — Porosity and Permeability of Rob- inson SAND, Crawford — Main pool, Snyder well No. 6. Tested by the Core Testing Laboratories, Inc. Sample No. Depth (feet) Poros- ity (per cent) Sample No. Depth (feet) Poros- ity (per cent) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 978.5 982.8 984.6 985.6 986.6 987.6 988.6 989.6 990 8 991.8 992.9 993.9 994.9 19.10 19.72 16.50 20.53 18.46 15.89 17.60 22.09 15.58 20.70 19.40 22.00 21.10 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. 5.. 6.. 7.. 8.. 9.. 10.. 11.. 11.. 13.. 14.. 15.. 16.. 17.. 978.6 979.9 981.0 982.8 984.0 984.4 985.0 986 987.1 988.2 989.1 989.7 990.5 991.3 992.7 994.2 995.2 65.0 51.4 44.8 41.8 5.6 .55 16.6 44.9 10.8 59 9 96.5 117.7 63.9 92.1 34.2 215 4 128.6 Tide Water Associated Oil Co.—E. Stifle well No. 23 Cen. SE. 1/4 NW. 1/4 sec. 10, T. 7 N., R. 13 IV., Crawford County Surface elevation 525 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 957 Pennsylvanian system Sandstone, somewhat shaly, greenish-gray, fine, mi- caceous 2 6 959 6 Shale, dark gray. . 3 6 963 Shale, interlaminated with sandstone, occasional thick lenses of sandstone contain- ing oil 11 974 Sandstone, medium- to coarse, occasional micaceous and carbonaceous partings and zones, contains oil, pyrite abundant in lower 1 foot; 6- inch shale layer below 975' 6", 2-inch shale below 976' 2", and 1-inch shale below 977'6"; sandstone samples 1-45 27 6 1001 6 Shale, dark gray 1 1002 6 Table 8 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Robin- son sand taken at six-inch intervals and saturation results for samples taken at one- foot intervals from Stifle well No. 23 in the Crawford — Main pool. See figure 5, page 54. Table 8. — Porosity, Saturation, and Permea- bility OF Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool. Stifle well No. 23 (Fig. 5). Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Si 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45, Depth (ft.-in.) 974-6 975-0 976-6 977-0 977-10 978-8 979-2 979-10 980-6 981-2 981-10 982-6 983-0 983-6 984-0 984-6 985-0 985-6 986-0 986-6 987-0 987-6 988-2 988-10 989-6 990-2 990-10 991-6 992-2 992-10 993-4 993-10 994-4 994-10 995-4 995-10 996-4 996-10 997-6 998-2 998-10 999-2 999-10 1000-2 1001-0 Porosity (per cent) 24 19 24 25 24 23.4 21.0 23.2 20.6 24.3 17.5 19 1 16 5 19.8 20.5 24.4 18.8 20. 20. 22 17 18. 19 21 21 22 19.8 22 6 20.5 23.9 22 23.5 20 6 23 4 19 3 24.9 20.8 25.4 17.4 19 17.3 13 3 7.85 Satur- ation (per cent)^ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Perme- ability (milli- darcys) 62.3 151. 1090 1136. 696. 484. 306. 294. 221. 191. 223. 194. 94.3 25.6 21.1 75.9 182. 584. 85.6 69.4 172. 187. 57.7 42.0 119. 206. 455. 354. 195. 242. 253. 206. 396. 337, 214 122. 150. 17,7 190. 87.8 49.3 56.5 21.2 0.59 0.00 iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 1621. 24 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS Tide Water Associated Oil Co.— J. J. Wattleworth well No. 18 cen. SW. 1/4 SW. 1/4 sec. 10, T. 7 N., R. 13 W., Crawford County Surface elevation 531 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Top of "gas sand" carrying some gas in this area . . . 900 Pennsylvanian system Well drilled in "gas sand" without core 11 911 Sandstone, light gray, medi- um-grained, occasional partings of shale, dark gray 6 911 6 Sandstone, light gray, medi- um-grained, interlaminated with shale, dark gray 4 915 6 Shale, dark gray, occasional thin laminae of sandstone, light gray 3 6 918 • Well drilled without coring. . 27 945 Sandstone, light gray, fine to medium, interlaminated with shale, dark gray 17 9 962 9 Sandstone, argillaceous, greenish-gray very fine. , , . 11 3 974 Shale, dark gray, occasional thin laminae of sandstone, Hght gray 4 6 978 6 Sandstone, light gray, medi- um-grained; sample 1 1 979 6 Shale, dark gray, laminated. . 6 980 Sandstone, gray, coarse, con- taining oil and some gas; micaceous and carbonace- ous partings at 992'6"; samples 2-16 14 994 Sandstone, gray, coarse, con- taining less oil than above, bituminous and pyritic near base, micaceous and car- bonaceous partings at 1000'; samples 17-36 20 1014 Sandstone, gray, very coarse, bituminous and pyritic, some oil 1 1015 Shale, dark gray, laminated. . 6 1015 6 Limestone, dark gray to black, pyritic, showing cone-in-cone structure 6 1016 Table 9 below shows porosity, satura- tion, and permeability results for samples of the Robinson sand taken at one-foot in- tervals from Wattleworth well No. 18 in the Crawford — Main pool. The data are shown graphically in figure 5, page 54. Table 9. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool, Wattleworth well No. 18 (Fig. 5). Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Depth (ft.-in.) 979-0 980-0 981-0 982-0 983-0 984-0 985-0 986-0 987-0 988-0 989-0 990-0 991-0 992-0 993-0 994-0 995-0 996-0 997-0 998-0 999-0 1000-0 1001-0 1002-0 1003-0 1004-0 1005-0 1006-0 1007-0 1008-0 1009-0 1010-0 1011-0 1012-0 1013-0 1014-0 Porosity (per cent) 23.7 20.6 18.5 20.3 19.8 17.8 19.4 17.1 20.1 19.4 19.5 20.8 18,8 23.0 20.4 21.1 19.3 20.1 18.8 20.3 19 17 18 19 18 15 9 16 18.3 15.8 17.8 19 9 16 14 12 Satur- ation (per cent)^ 100. 86.3 89.2 81.3 82.7 89.4 83.5 90.2 83.1 77.0 100. 90.1 100. 100. 83.2 93.8 83.4 83.8 86.2 79.9 100. 100. 99 6 93.8 74.8 100. 93.5 93.9 100. 100. 100. 100. 94.7 100. 100. 100. Perme- ability (milH- darcys) 85.1 188. 68.7 278. 163. 42.0 174. 39.8 238. 160. 73.7 276. 26.9 178. 195. 446. 141. 180. 91.2 271. 69.4 67.9 89.6 105. 202. 9.29 92 33.8 26 5 81.0 41.4 4 31 iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 1306. ROBINSON SAND 25 FLAT ROCK POOL Cochran well No. 1 was the only well in the Flat Rock pool which was cored in the Robinson sand. Downey and Connor- — JV. N. Cochran well No. 1, SE. 1/4 SE. 1/4 NW. 1/4, sec. 12, T. 5 N., R. 12 W., Crawford County Surface elevation 523 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 891 Pennsylvanian system Siltstone, brownish-gray, nu- merous paper-thin partings of carbonaceous shale; sam- ples 1 and 2 2 6 893 6 Sandstone, very fine, oil-bear- ing, numerous partings of carbonaceous micaceous shale; samples 3-7 4 6 898 Shale, dark gray, numerous paper-thin partings of gray sandstone . '. 2 900 Sandstone, cherty, brownish- gray, slight oil show 1 901 Sandstone, gray, fine, mica- ceous, compact, containing cherty bands and partings of carbonaceous shale; sam- ple 8 1 902 Coal 1 903 Shale, silty, light gray, con- taining fossil plants 5 908 Shale, dark gray, weak, car- bonaceous 1 909 Shale, silty, no core 18 927 Sandstone, brown to brown- ish-gray, fine, somewhat compact, samples 10 and 11 at 930 and 931 feet 5 932 Coal 1 6 933 6 Shale, silty, dark gray, car- bonaceous 1 6 935 Shale, no core 24 949 Robinson sand Sandstone, white, medium- grained, micaceous, oil bear- ing; samples 12-16. ..... . 4 953 Same, but more oil bearing; samples 17-23 .^ 8 961 Table 10 below shows porosity and sat- uration results for complete samples taken from each run, and permeability results for samples of the Robinson sand taken at one- foot intervals from Cochran well No. 1 in the Flat Rock pool. As shown by discon- tinuities in sample depths listed in this table, there are breaks in the sand. The results are shown graphically in fig- ure 6, page 54. Table 10. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Robinson sand, Flat Rock pool, Cochran well No. 1 (Fig. 6). Sample No. Depth (ft.-in.) Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation (per cent)^ Perme- ability (milli'- darcys) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 892-0 893-0 894-0 895-0 896-0 897-0 898-0 902-0 927-0 930-0 931-0 949-0 950-0 951-0 952-0 953-0 954-0 955-0 956-0 957-0 958-0 960-0 961-0 18,9 15.8 15.3 22.1 22.6 24.3 19.9 21.3 18.8 21.0 84.1 74,9 59,2 57,9 59 61.2 30,4 77,7 63.5 64.5 0.46 0,298 12.9 52.0 56.4 47.6 282. 168. 300. 162. 157. 175. 326. 149, 30 6 150. 57.5 342: iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 980. 26 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS LAWRENCE COUNTY POOL In the Lawrence County pool the Robin- son sand was cored only in Crump well No. 27. fV. C. Mc Bride, Inc.— Crump well No. 27, NE. 1/4 SW. 1/4 SW. 1/4 sec. 19, T. 4 N., R. 12 W., Lawrence County Surface elevation 428.7 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 878 Pennsylvanian system Siltstone, medium to dark gray, compact, grading downward to sandstone. . . 1 8 879 8 Sandstone, brown, very fine, containing oil; sample 1. . . 8 880 4 Sandstone, light gray, very fine 4 880 8 Sandstone, light gray, very fine, irregularly interbedded with shale, siltv, dark gray; samples 2-3...' 1 5 882 1 Sandstone, argillaceous, light gray, very fine, very py- ritic, containing a little oil. 5 882 6 Sandstone, argillaceous, light gray, very fine, irregularly interbedded with shale, dark gray 4 882 10 Sandstone, brown, very fine, pyritic, containing oil; sam- ple 4 10 883 8 Shale, silty, dark gray, mica- ceous, pyritic 1 883 9 Sandstone, brown, very fine to fine, slightly friable, con- taining oil; samples 5-6. . . 1 3 885 Shale, silty, dark gray, con- containing laminae of sand- stone, light gray, very fine. 1 885 1 Sandstone, brown, fine to medium, containing oil. . . . 6 885 7 Shale, sandy, dark gray, in- terlaminated with sand- stone, light gray 1 885 8 Sandstone, brown, fine to medium, containing oil. . . . 1 885 9 Sandstone, calcareous, fine to medium, very pyritic, con- taining some oil 1 885 10 Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Nodule of pyrite surrounded by weak clay .. 1 885 11 Sandstone, gray to light brown, very fine, interbed- ded with shale, silty, dark gray, sample 7 4 886 3 Sandstone, brown, very fine, containing oil 4 886 7 Sandstone, brown, medium- grained, porous, friable, sat- urated with oil; samples 8-14 6 5 893 Table 11 below shows porosity, satu- ration, and permeability results for samples of the Robinson sand taken at one-foot in- tervals from Crump well No. 27 in the Lawrence County pool. The data are plotted in figure 7, page 55. Table U. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Robinson sand, Law- rence County pool. Crump well No. 27 (Fig. 7). Sample No. Depth (ft.-in.) Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation (per cent)^ Perme- ability (milli- darcys) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 11.9 6,3 10.3 13.0 18.6 19.1 12.2 17.5 19.0 20.8 20.7 10.7 21.4 20.0 74.8 90.5 92.2 70.7 57.4 89.9 70 5 43.4 79.3 59.1 82.0 82.4 2 78 00 0.00 27.8 118. 361. 148. 1002. 1270. 2760. 1490. 6.10 4250. 3290. •Total liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 912. ROBINSON SAND 27 NEW HEBRON POOL In the New Hebron pool the Robinson sand was cored only in Mohler well No. 15. Mahutska Oil Co.— Mohler well No. 15, 900 feet from N. line, 1320 feet from W. line of the SW. 1/4 sec. 22, T. 6 N., R. 12 IV., Crawford County Surface elevation 530 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 921 Pennsylvanian system Sandstone, light gray, fine, containing oil, carbonaceous plant fossils; sample 1 6 921 6 Shale, dark gray 4 11 926 5 Shale, dark gray, thin part- ings of sandstone, light gray 1 7 928 Shale, dark gray, interbedded with sandstone, light gray, fine, containing slight amount of oil 1 6 929 6 Shale, dark gray, containing 1/16" to 1/4" partings of sandstone, light gray, fine, making up about 1/10 of core 10 6 940 Same, about 1/6 of core con- sisting of sandstone part- ings containing oil 2 6 942 6 Shale, dark gray, interlami- nated with equal propor- tions of 1/8" to 1/2" layers of sandstone, gray, fine, containing oil 2 6 945 Shale, dark gray, interlami- nated with varied pro- portions of 1/4" to 3/4" layers of sandstone, light gray, fine, containing oil. . 4 949 Sandstone, light gray, with few partings ot shale, dark gray, carbonaceous; sam- ples 2 and 3 1 950 Sandstone, light gray, fine, containing oil, numerous thin partings of shale, dark gray to black, carbonaceous plant fossils; samples 4-25 . 17 6 967 6 Sandstone, light gray, fine, friable, containing oil, few partings of shale, dark gray to black, carbonaceous plant fossils; samples 26-35 9 6 977 Sandstone, fight gray, fine, containing oil, carbonaceous plant fossils; sample 36. . . . 1 978 Sandstone, calcareous, light gray, hard, very fossilifer- ous with plant fragments; samples 37 and 38 2 6 980 6 Shale, calcareous, dark gray . 2 982 Table 12 below shows porosity and sat- uration results for composite samples of the Robinson sand taken from each run, and permeability results for samples taken at one-foot intervals from Mohler well No. 15 in the New Hebron pool. The data are presented graphically in figure 8, page 55. Table 12. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Robinson sand. New Hebron pool, Mohler well No. 15 (Fig. 8). Sample Depth Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation Perme- abihty No. (ft.-in.) (per (milli- darcys) cent)i 1 921-0 15.4 84.4 16.8 2 949-0 14.6 72.3 4.10 3 950-0 5.24 4 950-8 2.28 5 951-4 14.7 80 13.7 6 952-0 10.3 7 952-8 8 953-6 ?,.?>^ 9 954-3 1.73 10 955-0 15.8 87.0 1.66 11 955-9 17 12 956-7 5.21 13 957-5 1.38 14 958-3 15 958-11 6 92 16 959-7 17.2 75.3 27 9 17 960-3 14.5 18 961-0 20.2 19 961-10 2.48 20 962-9 21 963-8 17.9 81.3 14.2 22 964-7 24.1 23 965-6 2,3 Z 24 966-6 16.4 86.3 0.52 25 967-6 2.23 26 968-0 27.2 27 969-0 85.0 28 970-0 20.0 81.8 20.8 29 971-0 124. 30 972-0 98.2 31 973-0 179. 32 974-0 127. i?> 975-0 20.6 90.3 162. 34 976-0 180. 35 977-0 98.7 36 978-0 19.6 98.0 137. 37 979-0 143. 38 980-0 4.26 'Total liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 1117. 28 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS PARKER POOL The Robinson sand was cored only in Weger well No. 14 in the Parker pool. Craig and Lowrie Oil Co. — R. Weger well No. 14, NW. 1/4 NE. 1/4 sec. 15, T. 5 N., R. 12 W. Crawford County Surface elevation 587 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 987 Pennsylvanian system Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard, micaceous, pyritic zones, thin streaks of oil; samples 1-5. 4 6 991 6 Sandstone, argillaceous, dark gray, fine, micaceous 2 6 994 Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard, micaceous pyritic zones, thin streaks o\ oil; sample 6. 1 995 Sandstone, argillaceous, dark gray, fine, micaceous 4 999 Sandstone, light gray, partings of shale, dark gray 10 999 10 Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard, containing some oil; sample 7 1 8 1001 6 Shale, dark gray, laminae ot sandstone, light gray 4 1001 10 Sandstone, dark gray, hard, micaceous 6 1002 4 Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard, containing oil; sam- ple 8 8 1003 Shale, dark gray 4 1003 4 Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard, containing oil, part- ings of shale, dark gray; sample 9 taken at 1005'6''. 2 10 1006 2 Sandstone, argillaceous, dark gray, fine, hard, micaceous 1 6 1007 8 Sandstone, light gray, fine, containing oil, interlami- nated with shale, dark gray 2 4 1010 Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard, containing oil; sample 10 8 1010 8 Sandstone, argillaceous, dark gray, fine, hard, micaceous. 1 4 1012 Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard, containing oil; sample 11 9 1012 9 Sandstone, fight gray, fine, in- terlaminated with shale, dark gray, two 2-inch beds of sandstone containing oil. 1 3 1014 Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard, containing oil; sample 12 8 1014 8 Sandstone, argillaceous, dark gray, fine, micaceous 1 6 1016 2 Sandstone, gray, fine, hard, containing oil; samples 13 and 14 1 10 1018 Sandstone, very argillaceous, dark gray, micaceous 1 1019 Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard, pyritic, containing oil; samples 15 and 16 2 8 1021 Shale, dark gray, interlami- nated with sandstone; sam- ple 17 8 1022 Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard, pyritic, containing oil, some partings shale, dark gray; sample 18 8 1023 Sandstone, light gray, fine, soft, containing oil; samples 19-25 7 1030 Table 13 below shows porosity and satu- ration results for composite samples of the Robinson sand taken from each run, and permeability results for samples taken at one-foot intervals at the top and bottom, and at greater intervals at the center of the sand from the core of Weger well No. 14 in the Parker pool. Results of the tests are shown graphically in figure 9, page 56. Table 13. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Robinson sand, Parker POOL, Weger well No. 14 (Fig. 9). Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Depth (ft.-in.) 987-0 988-0 989-0 990-0 991-0 994-6 1001-2 1002-8 1005-6 1010-4 1012-5 1014-4 1017-0 1018-0 1019-0 1020-0 1022-0 1023-0 1024-0 1025-0 1026-0 1027-0 1028-0 1029-0 1030-0 Porosity (per 10,5 12.8 19.5 18,3 24.2 Satur- ation (per cent)i 80,2 82.4 76.8 35.9 46.0 53.2 52.7 60,8 72,2 75,3 82.4 83 93.6 Perme- ability (milli'- darcys) 0.77 1,43 0.25 0.42 1.61 3.89 42.8 19.4 15.7 30 5 48,2 39.7 341. 199. 231. 183. 39.7 72.7 324. 962. 354. 165. 968. 866. 82,8 iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 807. BIEHL SAND 29 BlEHL SAND ALLENDALE POOL The Biehl sand was investigated only in the Allendale pool where three wells were cored, the Lithurland well No. 9, Madden well No. 9, and Madden well No. 10. J. D. Toomey Estate- — Lithurland well No. 9, 200' from W. line, 850' from N. line of NW. 1/4 SE. 1/4, sec. 5, T. 1 N., R. 12 JV., Wabash County Surface elevation 475 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1551 Pennsylvanian system Sandstone, light gray, medi- um to coarse; occasional py- rite nodules, small quartz pebbles, and thin partings of Hght gray shale; oil in irregular patches through- out; samples 1-5 4 1555 Table 14 below shows porosity and satu- ration results for composite samples of the Biehl sand taken from each run, and the permeability result for the only permeabil- ity sample obtained from Lithurland well No. 9 in the Allendale pool. See figure 10, page 56. Mahutska Oil Co.—M. Madden well No. 9, NW. 1/4 NW. 1/4 NE. 1/4 sec. 7, T. 1 N., R. 11 W., Wabash County Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1408 Pennsylvanian system Shale, dark gray, sandy layer at top.... .'.. 6 1414 Shale, greenish-gray 1 6 1415 6 Sandstone, gray, fine, hard, samples 1 and 2 1 6 1417 Sandstone, containing oil; samples 3-16; best sand- stone at 1417' to 1418'-6" 'represented by samples 3-5 7 6 1424 6 .Sandstone, gray, fine, two 2- inch layers in upper 2 feet containing traces of oil; samples 17-32 8 1432 6 Table 15 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Biehl sand taken at six-inch intervals, and satura- tion results for samples taken at one-foot intervals from Madden well No. 9 in the Allendale pool. See figure 10, page 56. Table 14. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Biehl sand, Allendale pool, Lithurland well No. 9 (Fig. 10). Satur- Perme- Sample Depth Porosity ation ability No. (ft.-in.) (per (per (miUi- cent) cent)^ darcys) 1 1551-0 2 3...... 4 1552-0 1553-0 1554-0 12.5 76.0 2.10 5 1555-0 11.2 68.8 iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 668. Table 15. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Biehl sand, Allendale POOL, Madden well No. 9 (Fig. 10). Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Depth (ft.-in.) 1416-4 1416-10 1417-2 1417-8 1418-2 1418-10 1419-6 1420-2 1420-10 1421-6 1422-0 1422-6 1423-0 1423-6 1424-0 1424-6 1425-0 1425-6 1426-0 1426-6 1427-0 1427-6 1428-0 1428-6 1429-0 1429-6 1430-0 1430-6 1431-0 1431-6 1432-0 1432-6 Porosity (per cent) 6.18 10.4 9.07 10.8 9.63 8.38 7.68 9.81 11.5 8.53 9 .5 80 82 ,57 7 24 88 45 42 4 14.2 15.6 12.1 12.5 11.5 13.0 16.2 20.3 16.8 16.6 16.5 Satur- ation (per cent)i 100. 72.7 76.1 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 76.5 100. 100. 92.7 72.1 100. 100. Perme- ability (milli- darcys) 0.00 29.5 169. 22.8 13.3 0.00 2.28 0.42 0.40 0.50 0.22 0.094 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 61.4 3.19 142. 348. 2.45 11.4 9.66 202. 239. 7.25 3.98 5.57 17.0 15.0 iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 823. 30 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS Table 16. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF BlEHL SAND, AlLENDALE POOL, Madden well No. 10 (Fig, 10). Sample No. Depth (ft.-in.) Porosity (per cent) 1418-0 12.6 1418-6 13.4 1419-0 13.0 1419-6 15.3 1420-0 14,4 1420-6 13.5 1421-0 14.9 1421-6 14.4 1422-0 13.0 1422-6 13.6 1423-0 13.0 1423-6 16.0 1424-0 16.3 1424-6 12.8 1425-0 14.6 1425-6 13.2 1426-0 14.8 1426-6 15.5 1427-0 10.9 1427-6 12.8 1428-0 15.1 1428-6 14.1 1429-0 16.0 1429-6 12.5 1430-0 16.6 1430-6 12,9 1431-0 14.1 1431-6 13.5 1432-0 13.1 1432-6 13.9 1433-0 15.5 1433-6 10 1 1434-0 17.4 1434-6 7.95 1435-0 17.2 1435-6 15.2 1436-0 14.3 1436-6 14.3 1437-0 12.5 1437-6 12,8 1438-0 12,2 1438-6 12.1 1439-0 14.7 1439-6 13.5 1440-0 15.5 1440-6 14.1 1441-0 13.1 1441-6 14.5 1442-0 15.5 1442-6 16.0 1443-0 14.5 1443-6 13,0 1444-0 15.6 1444-6 16.5 1445-0 17.8 1445-6 17.3 1446-0 18.2 1446-6 15.8 1447-0 19.3 Satur- ation (per cent)^ 95.2 92,8 88.2 79.6 78.8 86.3 100. 91.7 100. 90.1 100. 100. 100. 100. 83,0 100. 100. 100, 77.0 97.2 94.5 100. 100 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. Perme- ability (milli- darcys) 49.4 110. 63.0 87.7 80.4 137. 25.2 96.9 44.8 120. 8.01 227. 289. 104. 59.1 65.4 441. 247. 11.6 48.8 102. 106. 111. 40.2 206. 114. 10.4 102. 57.8 60.8 00 0.00 00 4.17 00 0.00 289. 178. 190. 200. 143. 233. 271. 118. 317. 310. 39.6 102. 201. 165. 172. 154. 113. 1.48 0,76 2,06 2,28 1,03 1,70 Mahutska Oil Co— M. Madden well No. 10, NfV. 1/4 NE. 1/4 sec. 7, T. 1 N., R. 11 W., Wabash County Surface elevation 498.4 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1418 Pennsylvanian system Sandstone, light gray, coarse, containing oil; samples 1-31 15 1433 Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard; samples 32-36 2 6 1435 6 Sandstone, light gray, coarse, containing oil; samples 37- 53 8 6 1444 Sandstone, light gray, fine; samples 54-59 3 1447 Table 16 above shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Biehl sand taken at six-inch intervals, and satura- tion results for samples taken at one-foot intervals from Madden w^ell No. 10 in the Allendale pool. See figure 10, page 56. Cypress sand Cores of the Cypress sand were taken from six pools, (1) Bartelso, (2) Carlyle, (3) Lawrence County, (4) Louden, (5) Noble, and (6) Patoka pools. The Cypress sand is known by various names in different pools. In the Bartelso and Carlyle pools it is called the Carlyle sand, in the Lawrence County pool it is the Kirkwood sand, in the Louden and Noble pools and in other pools in the deep- est portions of the basin it is the Weiler sand, and in the Patoka pool it is known as the Stein sand. For graphic presentation of the tabulated data on the Cypress sand see figures 11-16, pages 57-59. iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 1055. CYPRESS SAND 31 BARTELSO POOL The Cypress sand was cored only in Trame well No. 2 in the Bartelso pool. Ohio Oil Co.—C. Trame well No. 2, SE. 1/4 NE. 1/4 NW. 1/4 sec. 8, T. 1 N., R. 3 W., Clinton County Surface elevation 479 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 992 6 Cypress sandstone Sandstone, slightly calcareous, gray, fine 1 6 994 Shale, dark gray 3 997 Sandstone, greenish-gray, fine, containing traces of oil. .. . 8 1005 Sandstone, brownish - gray, fine, porous, friable, satu- rated with oil; samples 1-12 17 6 1022 6 Shale, sHghtly silty, gray, slip- fractured 1 6 1024 Table 17 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples taken at six- inch intervals at the top, and one-foot inter- vals at the bottom, and saturation results for samples taken at one-foot intervals throughout the core from Trame well No. 2 in the Bartelso pool of the Cypress sand. See figure 11, page 57. Table 17. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Cypress sand, Bartelso POOL, Trame well No. 2 (Fig. 11). Sample No. Depth (ft.-in.) Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation (per cent)^ Perme- abihty (milH- darcys) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1009-0 1009-6 1010-0 1010-6 1011-0 1011-6 1012-0 1013-6 1015-0 1016-6 1018-0 1019-0 20.3 21.4 22.4 20.8 22.0 22.5 20.0 20.6 19.1 18.5 20.9 18.2 87.7 94.5 89.7 86.8 83.5 87.5 81.8 78.2 81.9 189. 304. 431. 191. 438. 187. 147. 226. 329. 437. 306 146. CARLYLE POOL Deters well No. 39 is the only well cored in the Cypress sand in the Carlyle pool. Ohio Oil Co.—L. Deters well No. 39, Cen. NW. 1/4 SW. 1/4 sec. 2, T. 2 N, R. 3 IV., Clinton County Surface elevation 462 feet Beginning of core Cypress sandstone Sandstone, dark brown, fine, soft, bleeding core; samples 1-6 Limestone, light gray, hard. . Sandstone, dark brown, fine, laminated, bleeding core. . . Sandstone, light brown, fine, laminated, bleeding core. . . Sandstone, dark brown, fine, soft, laminated, bleeding core; samples 7-22 Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. 1033 6 1038 1038 1039 1039 20 8 1060 Table 18 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Cypress sand taken at one-foot intervals from Deters well No. 39 in the Carlyle pool. This well was cored by the Ohio Oil Company oper- ator. No Survey representative was present at the time of coring to take saturation samples. See figure 12, page 57. Table 18. — Porosity and Permeability or Cy- press SAND, Carlyle pool. Deters WELL No. 39 (Fig. 12). iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bb'.s. per acre-foot is 1369. Sample Depth Porosity (per Perme- ability No. (ft.-in.) (milli- darcys) 1 1033-6 1034-8 1035-6 17 7 16.7 19.1 2 21 4 3 72 4.... 1036-6 17 33.6 5 1037-6 19 9 105. 6 1038-6 17.7 98.7 7 1039-8 21.2 149. 8 1040-7 1041-10 19 6 18.4 9 10 1042-8 21.0 11 1043-8 19.3 106. 12 1045-0 22.4 277. 13 1046-2 20.2 14 1047-8 19.6 15 1049-2 17.9 16 1050-4 15.9 34.6 17 1051-8 17.1 32.7 18 1052-6 19.9 145. 19 1054-6 19.9 20 1056-0 20.8 21 1058-6 20.0 22 1060-0 19.5 162. 32 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS LAWRENCE COUNTY POOL Kirkwood well No. 13 is the only well in the Lawrence County pool which was cored in the Cypress sand. Warren Hastings^ et. al. — R. M. Kirkwood well No. 13, SE. 1/4 NE. 1/4 SW. 1/4 sec. 11, T. 3 N., R. 12 W., Lawrence County Surface elevation 430 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Cypress sandstone Top of Cypress (Kirkwood) sandstone 1555 Sandstone, drilled without coring 7 1562 Sandstone, coarse, porous, containing much oil; sample 1 2 1562 2 Shale, dark gray 1 6 1563 8 Sandstone, gray, fine, con- taining numerous laminae of shale, dark gray, which increase in abundance downward to a basal shale, dark gray, containing a few thin laminae of sandstone, gray, fine, dense 2 10 1566 6 Table 19 below shows duplicate poros- ity and permeability results, and the satu- ration result for the only sample of the Cypress sand taken from Kirkwood well No. 13 in the Lawrence County pool. Data for table 19 are shown in figure 13, page 57. LOUDEN POOL The Cypress sand was cored in Koberlein well No. 1, Morrison well No. 1, and Sef- ton well No. 1 in the Louden pool. Mabee Drilling Co. — A. F. Koberlein well No. 1, NE. 1/4, NE. 1/4 SE. 1/4 sec. 30, T.7 N.,R.3 E., Fayette County Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1546 Cypress sandstone Sandstone, oil-bearing, brown, very fine, loosely cemented; samples 1-5 4 1550 Table 20 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Cypress sand taken at one-foot intervals from Kober- lein well No. 1 in the Louden pool. This well was cored by the Mabee Drilling Com- pany. No survey representative was present at the time of coring to take saturation samples. Table 19. — ^Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Cypress sand, Lawrence County pool, Kirkwood well No. 13 (Fig. 13). Sample No. Depth (ft.-in.) Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation (per cent)^ Perme- ability (milli- darcys) la lb 1562-0 1562-0 20.8 20.8 78.4 3580. 3960. iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 1265. Table 20.— Po R.OSITY and Permeability of Cy- PRESS SAND, Louden pool, Kober- lein WELL No. 1 (Fig. 14) Perme- Sample Depth Porosity abihty No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (milli- darcys) 1 1546-0 23.8 323 2 1547-0 20.5 3 1548-0 20.7 219 4 . 1549-0 19.7 168 5 1550-0 18.7 Phayer, et. al. — A. Morrison well No. 1, cen. E. 1/2 NW. 1/4 NE. 1/4 sec. 19, T. 7 N, R. 3 E., Fayette County Thickness Depth Ft. Beginning of core In. Ft. 1490 In. Cypress sandstone Sandstone, silty, oil-bearing, brown, very fine, loosely cemented; samples 1 and 2 . 1 1491 Sandstone, oil-bearing, brown, very fine, friable, some thin partings of dark brown micaceous shale; samples 3-11 10 1501 Table 21 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Cypress sand taken at one-foot intervals from Mor- rison well No. 1 in the Louden pool. This well, and Morrison well No. 2 were both cored by the operator, Phayer et al. No Survey representative was present at the time of coring to take saturation samples.. CYPRESS SAND 33 Table 21.^ — Porosity and Permeability of Cy- press SAND, Louden pool, Morrison WELL No. 1 (Fig. 14). Perme- Sample Depth Porosity ability No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (milli- darcys) 1 1490-0 21.5 221. 2 1491-0 19.7 78.4 3 1493-0 22.2 4 1494-0 21.4 5 1495-0 21.2 6 1496-0 20.1 45.3 7 1497-0 19.6 8 1498-0 1499-0 18.5 19.4 64.5 9 10 1500-0 17.3 121. 11 1501-0 19.6 134. P /layer et al.—A. Morrison well No. 2, NW. 1/4 NW. 1/4 NE. 1/4 sec. 19, T. 7 N., R. 3 E., Fayette County Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1519 Cypress sandstone Sandstone, oil-bearing, brown, very fine, friable, occasional calcite grains; samples 1t3 . 2 1521 Canary and Sherman — Sefton well No. 1, NE. cor. sec. 12, T. 7 N., R. 2 E., Fayette County Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft.- In. Beginning of core 1564 6 Cypress sandstone Sandstone, calcareous, argilla- ceous, gray, very fine, thin partings dark gray mica- ceous shale; sample 1 1564 6 Sandstone, silty, slightly oil- bearing, grayish-brown, very fine, scattered calcite grains, some irregular open- ings lined with dark gray clay along bedding planes; sample 2 1 1565 6 Sandstone, silty, brownish- gray, very fine, scattered calcite grains, thin partings dark gray micaceous shale; sample 3 1 1566 6 Sandstone, argillaceous, silty, "' gray, very fine, faintly cross-laminated, thin part- ' ' ings of dark gray micaceous shale; sample 4 .■••••■ 1 1567 6 Sandstone, silty, brownish- gray, very fine, faintly cross-laminated, thin part- ings of dark gray micaceous shale; sample 5 1 1568 6 Sandstone, silty, oil-bearing, brown, very fine, friable, occasional thin partings of dark gray micaceous shale; samples 6-9... 4 1572 6 Table 22 below shows porosity and per meability results for samples of the Cypress sand taken at one-foot intervals from Mor- rison well No. 2 in the Louden pool. As mentioned above, no saturation samples from this well were available. Data for tables 20, 21, 22, and 23 are shown in figure 14, page 58. Table 22. — Porosity and Permeability of Cy- press SAND, Louden pool, Morrison well No. 2 (Fig. 14). Sample No. Depth (ft.-in.) Porosity (per cent) Perme- abihty (milH- darcys) 1 2 3 1519-0 1520-0 1521-0 21.1 16.6 19.4 293 116 168 Table 23 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Cypress sand taken at one-foot intervals from Sefton well No. 1 in the Louden pool. This well was cored by Canary and Sherman. No Survey representative was present at the time of coring to take saturation samples. Table 23. — Porosity and Permeability of Cy- press SAND, Louden pool, Sefton well No. 1 (Fig. 14). Perme- Sample Depth Porosity abilitv No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (milH- darcys) 1 1564-6 17.9 74.4 2 1565-6 19.4 202. 3 1566-6 19.1 61.4 4 1567-6 17.3 22,6 5 1568-6 19,6 95,3 6 1569-6 20.5 200. 7 1570-6 20.7 182. 8 1571-6 20.2 138. 9 1572-6 21,6 152. 34 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS NOBLE POOL The Cypress sand in the Noble pool is represented only by the core from Arbuth- not well No. 9. Ohio Oil Co.—Arbuthnot well No. 9, cen. W. 1/2 SfV. 1/4 NE. 1/4 sec. 8, T. 3 N., R. 9 E., Richland County Surface elevation 480 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 2588 3 Cypress sandstone Shale, sandy, gray, inter- laminated siltstone, gray .. . 2 7 2590 10 Sandstone, argillaceous, gray, very fine, interlaminated shale, silty to sandy; sample 1 1 2 2592 Sandstone, brown, fine, po- rous, somewhat compact in upper foot, saturated with oil; samples 2-20 18 2610 Sandstone, light gray, fine, compact 3 2610 3 Sandstone, brown, fine, po- rous, pyritic, saturated with oil; samples 21-30 10 8 2620 11 Sandstone, light gray, fine, porous, pvritic; samples 31- ?,?, ; 3 1 2624 Table 24 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Cypress sand taken at one-foot intervals from Ar- buthnot well No. 9 in the Noble pool. This well was cored by the Ohio Oil Company. No Survey representative was present at the time of coring to take saturation samples. Data for table 24 are shown in figure 15, page 58. Table 24. — Porosity and Permeability of Cy- press SAND, Noble pool, Arbuthnot WELL No. 9 (Fig. 15). Sample No. Depth (ft.-in.) Porosity (per cent) Perme- abihty (milU- darcys) 1 2 3 4 5 2591-0 2592-0 2593-0 2594-0 2595-0 2596-0 2597-0 2598-0 2599-0 2600-0 2601-0 2602-2 2603-0 2604-0 2605-0 2606-0 2607-0 2608-0 2609-0 2610-0 2612-0 2613-0 2614-0 2615-0 2616-0 2617-0 2618-0 2619-0 2620-0 2621-0 2622-0 2623-0 2624-0 7.06 12.5 9.85 13.7 17.5 15.7 17.8 17.6 15.2 17.8 19.1 18.1 15.5 10.9 17.5 15.1 16.8 13.1 16.7 16 15.6 18.3 17.8 12.3 14.8 16.7 16.1 17.4 5.68 17.8 14.3 15.7 11.2 1.52 37.3 18.8 165. 239 6 7 60.6 268 8 525 9 543 10 330 11 12 595. 421 13 395 14 25 8 15 474 16 232 17 774 18 149 19 . . 810 20 21 22 .... 416. 385. 714 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 577. 182. 348. 552. 642. 1010. 2.33 30 1120. 31 320. 32 615. ?>2> 81.4 BETHEL SAND 35 PATOKA POOL Only Merryman well No. 1 was cored in the Cypress sand in the Patoka pool. Adams Oil and Gas Co. — G. Merryman well No. 1, cen. SE. 1/4 SE. 1/4 sec. 21, T. 4 N., R. 1 E., Marion County Surface elevation 499 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1290 Cypress sandstone Sandstone, calcareous, oil- bearing, light to brownish- gray, fine, friable; samples 1-29 25 8 1315 8 Bethel sand Cores of the Bethel sand were taken from four pools, the Louden, Centralia, Patoka, and Salem. In all these pools the Bethel sand is known locally as the Benoist sand. Tabulated data for the Bethel sand are shown graphically in figures 17, 18, 19, and 20, pages 60 and 61. LOUDEN POOL The Bethel sand was cored in Sinclair well No. 2 in the Louden pool. Table 25 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Cypress sand taken at one-foot intervals from Mer- ryman well No. 1 in the Patoka pool. This well was cored by the Adams Oil and Gas Company. No Survey representative was present at the time of coring to take satu- ration samples. See figure 16, page 59. Table 25. — Porosity and Permeability of Cy- press SAND, Patoka pool, Merry- man WELL No. 1 (Fig. 16). Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Depth (ft.-in.) 1291-0 1292-0 1293-0 1294-0 1295-0 1296-0 1297-0 1298-0 1298-10 1299-8 1300-6 1301-4 1302-2 1303-0 1303-10 1304-8 1305-6 1306-4 1307-2 1308-0 1308-10 1309-8 1310-6 1311-4 1312-2 1313-0 1313-10 1314-8 1315-8 Porosity (per cent) 17.5 21.3 21.0 20.8 19.6 20.7 20.4 15.5 19.1 20.3 19.5 19.3 20.4 19.5 19.3 20.0 19.3 19.4 20.6 19.9 21.8 20.6 21.0 21.9 20.3 19.5 21.7 17.8 17.2 Perme- ability (milli- darcys) 62.1 138. 60.2 65.6 34.9 63 9 90.1 4.48 30.4 41.8 26.5 15.6 34.8 13.3 25.3 11.1 17.8 15.1 35.0 64.3 69.5 59.6 65.0 77.2 49.7 34.8 2.49 8.87 J arms Bros,. — Sinclair well No. 2, SJV. 1/4 NW. 1/4 NE. 1/4 sec. 29, T. 8 N, R. 3 E., Fayette County Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1463 Bethel sandstone Sandstone, calcareous, argil- laceous, greenish-gray to gray, very fine, compact, dark gray uneven shale partings; samples 1-3 5 1468 Sandstone, calcareous, oil- bearing, brown, very fine, friable, gray shaly zone which is non-petroliferous at 1472; samples 4-9 6 1474 Table 26 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Bethel sand taken at one-foot intervals from Sin- clair well No. 2 in the Louden pool. This well was cored by Jarvis Bros. No Survey representative was present at the time of coring to take saturation samples. See figure 17, p. 60. Table 26.^ — Porosity and Permeability of Bethel sand. Louden pool, Sinclair WELL No. 2 (Fig. 17). Perme- Sample Depth Porosity ability No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (milli- darcys) 1 1463-0 14.2 2 1465-0 15.2 3 1468-0 17.5 5.87 4 1469-0 18.3 70.8 5 1470-0 17.8 220. 6 1471-0 21.0 170. 7 1472-0 19.2 8 1473-0 1474-0 20.7 20.1 157. 9 36 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS CENTRALIA POOL Storer well No. 2 and Storer well No. 4 were cored through the Bethel sand in the Centralia pool. KesI and Fox— Storer well No. 2, NE. 1/4 NE. 1/4 NE. 1/4 sec. 13, T. 1 N., R. 1 JV., Clinton County Surface elevation 494 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1362 6 Bethel sandstone Sandstone, light gray, con- taining oil, occasional green, shale partings; samples 1- 17 16 4 1378 10 Shale, green 4 1379 2 Sandstone, as above; samples 18-21 3 6 1382 8 Shale, green 1 1383 8 Sandstone, as above; sample 22 1 6 1385 2 Shale, green 1 2 1386 4 Table 27 below shows porosity and sat- uration results for composite samples of the Bethel sand taken from each run, and per- meability results for samples taken at one- foot intervals from Storer well No. 2 in the Centralia pool. Table 27.- — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Bethel sand, Centralia POOL, Storer well No. 2 (Fig. 18). Sample Depth Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation Perme- abihty No. (ft.-in.) (per (milli- cent)i darcys) 1 1362-6 715. 2 1363-6 572. 3 1364-6 641. 4 1365-6 22.2 73.5 75.0 5 1366-6 204. 6 1367-6 388. 7. . . . . 1368-2 120. 8 1369-2 9 13/0-2 22 79 3 111. 10 1371-2 566. 11 1372-2 12 1373-2 254. 13 1374-2 21.7 79.3 84.9 14 1375-2 244. 15 1376-2 16 1377-2 17 1378-2 21.8 75.0 329. 18 1379-2 260. 19 1380-2 129. 20 1381-0 66.7 21 1382-0 21.4 81.4 0.37 22 1384-8 28.9 Kesl and Fox— Storer well No. 4, NJV. 1/4 NE. 1/4 NE. 1/4, sec. 13, T. 1 N, R. 1 IV., Clinton County Surface elevation 488 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Beginning of core Bethel sandstone Sandstone, light gray to greenish-gray, fine to med- ium grained, numerous green shale partings; sam- ples 1-4 22 Ft. 1358 In. 6 1380 Table 28 below shows porosity and sat- uration results for composite samples of the Bethel sand taken from each run, and per- meability results for samples taken at one- foot intervals from Storer well No. 4 in the Centralia pool. Data from tables 27 and 28 are shown in figure 18, page 60. Table 28. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF Bethel sand, Centralia POOL, Storer well No. 4 (Fig. 18). Sample Depth Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation Perme- abihty No. (ft.-in.) (per cent)i (milli- darcys) 1 1358-0 145. 2 1359-0 144. 3 1360-0 21.6 68.3 504. 4 1361-0 591. 5 1362-0 498. 6 1363-0 7 1364-0 388. 8 1365-0 19.5 71.9 9 1366-0 290. 10 1367-0 11 1368-0 107. 12 1369-0 87.1 13 1370-0 110. 14 1371-0 22.0 70.9 72.5 15 1372-0 105. 16 1373-0 17 1374-0 50.3 18 1375-0 24.3 19 1376-6 21.4 75.6 iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 1314. 'Total liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 1162. PATOKA POOL Merryman well No. 1 and Merryman well No. 17 were cored through the Bethel sand in the Patoka pool. BETHEL SAND 37 Adams Oil and Gas Co.- — G. Merry man well No. 1, Cen. SE. 1/4 SE. 1/4 sec. 21, T. 4 N., R. 1 E., Marion County Surface elevation 499 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1393 Bethel sandstone Sandstone, calcareous, med- ium to brownish-gray, fine, coherent to friable; samples 30-32 4 1397 Table 29 below shows porosity and per- meability results for four samples of the Bethel sand taken from Merryman well No. 1 in the Patoka pool. No saturation samples were available from this well. Table 29. — Porosity and Permeability of Bethel sand, Patoka pool, Merry- man WELL No. 1 (Fig. 19). Sample No. Depth (ft.-in.) Porosity (per cent) Perme- ability (milli- darcys) 30 31 32 1393-0 1395-0 1397-0 16.0 15.1 11.5 120 63.5 13 6 Adams Oil and Gas Co. — G. Merryman well No. 17, SW. 1/4 SE. 1/4 SE. 1/4 sec. 21,T.4N., R. 1 E., Marion County Surface elevation 501 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1392 Bethel sandstone Sandstone, light gray, fine, hard, somewhat shalv; sam- ples 1-3 .' 3 1 1395 1 Shale, sandy, greenish-gray, occasional thin layers sand- stone, greenish-gray 4 5 1399 6 Sandstone, shaly, occasional streaks showing oil; sam- ples 4-8 6 1405 6 Sandstone, light gray, fine, soft, containing oil, oc- casional hard lenses in up- per 4 feet; samples 9-26. . . 15 1420 6 Sandstone, light to dark gray, fine, containing oil, shaly streaks at base; samples 27-30 3 3 1423 9 Renault formation Limestone, slightly sandy, light gray, finely crystalline, hard, streaks of shale, light to dark gray 2 1425 9 Limestone, light gray, finely crystalline, thin stringers of shale, gray 4 1429 9 Shale, bluish-gray, few cal- careous streaks 3 1432 9 Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Limestone, gray, some shalv 7ones '. 1 1433 9 Sandstone, gray, fine, soft, saturated with oil 2 1435 9 Limestone, gray, containing shaly layers, interbedded with sandstone containing oil; sample 31 1 1436 9 Sandstone, gray, fine, fairly soft, contains oil, interbed- ded with fossiliferous lime- stone and dark gray shale; samples 32-35 '. 3 9 1440 6 Limestone, light gray, fine to medium, crystalline, very hard 1 1441 6 Shale, calcareous, gray, firm. 1 1442 6 Shale, red, soft, containing thin lenses of oil-bearing sandstone 2 6 1445 Table 30A. Porosity, Saturation, and Per- meability OF Bethel sand, Patoka POOL, Merryman well No. 17 (Figs. 19 and 38). Sample Depth Porosity Satur- ation Perme- ability No. (ft.-in.) (per (milli- cent) cent)i darcys) 1 1392-0 165. 2 1393-0 17.4 85.5 240. 3 1394-0 286. 4 1400-0 94.7 5 1401-6 0.68 6 1403-0 12.0 89 189. 7 1404-6 71.3 8 1405-6 98.7 9 1406-2 158. 10 1406-10 74.5 11 1407-6 20.5 80 127. 12 1408-2 13 1408-10 54.7 14 1409-6 147. 15 1410-3 245. 16 1411-0 21 9 88.0 163. 17 1411-9 167. 18 1412-6 205 19 1413-6 148. 20 1414-6 22.1 75.3 14 1 21 1415-6 251. 22 1416-6 118. 23 1417-6 89.5 24 1418-6 19.4 73.9 228. 25 1419-6 268. 26 1420-6 267. 27 1421-4 148. 28 1422-2 14.4 78.3 29 1423-0 118. 30 1423-9 29.2 31 1436-9 20 3 98.7 32 1437-8 i^ 1438-7 19.3 62.4 83.3 34 1439-6 6.03 35 1440-6 34.2 'Total liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 1149. 38 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS Tables 30A and SOB show porosity and saturation results for composite samples of the Bethel sand taken from each run, and permeability results for samples taken at about one-foot intervals from Merryman well No. 17 in the Patoka pool. Data from tables 29 and 30A are shown in figure 19, page 60. Table 30B.^ — Porosity, Oil Content, Saturation, and Permeability of Bethel sand, Patoka pool, Merryman well No. 17. Tested by "a commeicial laboratory" (Fig. 38) Oil Saturation Sample Depth Porosity Content (per cent) Permeability No. (ft.) (per cent) (Barrels per acre foot) Oil Water (millidarcys) 1 1392.5 1393.5 1395.0 1396.0 1400.0 1401 1402 1406.0 1407.0 1408.0 1409 1410 1411.0 1412.0 1413.0 1414.0 19.5 21.0 19.6 21.4 18.6 21.2 19.3 20.6 20.4 20.6 23.2 24.9 21.1 22.8 585 497 454 331 373 469 446 561 611 641 544 446 488 555 37.5 30 5 30.5 20.0 25.9 28.5 29.0 35.0 38.5 40.4 30.1 23.0 29.9 31.3 47.7 37.1 47.6 45.7 34.9 33.7 34.4 30.9 37.9 45.6 45.7 45.0 43.0 283 2 249 3 187 4 129 5 121 6 176 7 86 8 144 9 152 10 83 11 116 12 301 13 108 14 483 15 350 16 248 17 1414.5 1415.0 1415 5 1416.0 1417.0 1418.0 1419 1420.0 20.7 22.5 23.2 18.7 20.7 14.4 17 1 16.4 475 500 480 363 440 249 379 348 29.5 28.6 26.8 25.0 27.4 22.3 28.5 27.3 35.2 36.7 37.0 33.2 34.3 35.4 38.0 34.8 240 18 329 19 210 20 59 21 103 22 119 23 124 24 102 25 1421.0 16.6 352 27.4 32.9 229 26 1422.0 17.2 439 32.9 37.8 50 27 1423.0 175 28 1434.0 17.3 517 38 6 40 374 29 1435.0 18.8 461 31.5 38.3 123 30 1436 18.9 589 39.8 40.6 311 31 1438.0 20 4 417 26.3 29.4 271 32 1439.5 18.0 475 34 46.0 109 33 1441 163 BETHEL SAND 39 SALEM POOL The Bethel sand was cored in Tate well No. 1 and West Nation School well No. 1 in the Salem pool. The Texas Co.—E. Tate well No. I.E. 1/2 NW. 1/4 NJV. 1/4 sec. 5, T. 1 N., R. 2 E , Marion County Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1692 8 Bethel sandstone Sandstone, calcareous, brown- ish-gray, very fine, com- pact, micaceous; faint streaks, flakes and grains of green clay; sample 1 1692 8 Sandstone, oil-bearing, cal- careous, brown, fine, fairly compact; numerous scat- tered masses of calcite up to 3 mm. diameter, brown- gray, translucent, obscurely fine-grained; sample 2.... 1 1693 8 Sandstone, oil-bearing, cal- careous, brown, very fine, friable; samples 3 and 4. . , 2 1695 8 Sandstone, brownish-gray, very fine, scattered calcite grains, cross-laminations revealed by flakes and thin surfaces of" clay, greenish- clay, micaceous; samples 5- 11 7 1702 8 Same, somewhat porous and oil-bearing; samples 12-15. 4 1706 8 Sandstone, oil-bearing, brown, fine, cross-laminated, loose- ly cemented; samples 16-24 9 1715 8 Same, with scattered grains brown limestone, crinoid fragments, and fossil casts containing green clay, especially abundant toward top; samples 25-32 8 1723 8 Table 31 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Bethel sand taken at one-foot intervals from Tate well No. 1 in the Salem pool. This well was cored by the Texas Company. No Sur- vey representative was present at the time of coring to take saturation samples. Table 31.^ — Porosity and Permeability of Bethel sand, Salem pool, Tate WELL No. 1 (Fig. 20). Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Depth (ft.-in.) 1692-8 1693-8 1694-8 1695-8 1696-8 1697-8 1698-8 1699-8 1700-8 1701-8 1702-8 1703-8 1704-8 1705-8 1706-8 1707-8 1708-8 1709-8 1710-8 1711-8 1712-8 1713-8 1714-8 1715-8 1716-8 1717-8 1718-8 1719-8 1720-8 1721-8 1722-8 1723-8 Porosity (per cent) 10.0 13.5 17.3 17.4 16 17.0 18.9 15.2 15.8 20.2 Perme- ability (milH- carcys) 2.03 235. 150. 210. 42.1 33.0 89.4 19.2 22.2 31.6 7.51 152. 147. 23.7 18.7 284. 776. 234. 660. 178. 226. 307. 236. 696. 273. 420. 464. 591. 994. 987. 493. 245. Baldwin, et. al.- — West Nation School well No. 1, SW. 1/4 SE. 1/4 SE. 1/4 sec. 33, T. 2 N, R. 2 E., Marion County Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1841 Bethel sandstone Sandstone, oil-bearing, brown, very fine, scattered calcite grains, friable, some thin partings and faint cross- laminations of green mica- ceous clay; samples 1-10. . 11 1852 Same, but slightly oil-bearing; sample 11 1 1853 Table 32 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Bethel sand taken at one-foot intervals from West 40 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS Nation School well No. 1 in the Salem pool. This well was cored by Baldwin et al. No Survey representative was present at the time of coring to take saturation samples. Data for tables 31 and 32 are shown in figure 20, page 61. Table 32. — Porosity and Permeability of Bethel sand, Salem pool, West Nation School well No. 1 (Fig. 20). Perme- Sample Depth Porosity ability No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (milli- darcys) 1 1841-0 15.7 274 2 1842-0 16.5 3 1843-0 16.2 4.... 1844-0 18.0 5 1845-0 17.5 136 6 1846-0 20.2 7 1849-0 15.9 110 8 1850-0 1851-0 17.3 19.3 89 9 259 10 1852-0 17.7 141 11 1853-0 14.3 Table 33. — Porosity and Permeability of Aux Vases sand, Salem pool, Tate WELL No. 1 (Fig. 21). Perme- Sample Depth Porosity ability No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (milli- darcys) 33 1760-0 18.9 59 34 1761-0 17.1 58.6 35 1762-0 18.5 75.2 36 1770-0 16.7 92.7 37 1771-0 16.1 125. 38 1772-0 14.3 20.1 39 1773-0 13.0 8.70 40 1774-0 14.0 26.4 41 1775-0 13.3 119. 42 1776-0 8.52 30.1 43 1777-0 13.2 20.8 44 1778-0 13.4 24.9 45 1779-0 16.3 122. 46 1780-0 11.3 16.2 47 1781-0 16.7 140. 48 1782-0 12.3 11.3 49 1783-0 14.1 53 . 3 50 1784-0 10.1 2.98 51 1785-0 17.7 132. 52 1786-0 15.5 173. 53 1787-0 18.8 401. 54 1788-0 16.6 222 55 1789-0 7.85 2.74 56 1790-0 18.1 164. 57 1791-0 19.2 226. 58 1792-0 14.4 33.4 59 1793-0 14.3 22.3 60 1794-0 11.6 2.36 Aux Vases sand SALEM POOL The Aux Vases sand was investigated only in Tate well No. 1 in the Salem pool. The Texas Co.—E. Tate well No. l,E.l/2 NW. 1/4 NW. 1/4 sec. 5, T. 1 N., R. 2 E., Marion County Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1759 Aux Vases sandstone Sandstone, calcareous, brown- ish-gray, very fine, com- pact, slightly micaceous, numerous green clay and other dark colored grains (gap 1763-1769); samples ^ 33-39 14 1773 Sandstone, calcareous, light brownish-gray, very fine to fine, compact, dark colored grains, scattered sand grains with green clay coatings; sample 40 1 1774 Same, but mostly stained dark brown; sample 41 1 1775 Sandstone, calcareous, some- what argillaceous, brownish and greenish-gray, very fine to fine, cross-laminated, compact, sample 42 1 1776 Sandstone, calcareous, brown- ish-gray, very fine, com- pact, faint greenish argilla- ceous streaks and cross- laminations; samples 43-52 10 1786 Sandstone, calcareous, brown, fine, friable, occasional part- ings of green waxy mica- ceous clay; sample 53 1 1787 Sandstone, calcareous, dark brownish-gray, with some light mottling, fine, com- pact, black carbonaceous flakes secondarily deposited on sand grains in dark areas; sample 54 1 1788 Sandstone, calcareous, brown- ish-gray, very fine, grains of various colors, especially of green clay and some red clay, partings of clay, green, micaceous; sample 55 1 1789 Same, with faint streaks of green, argillaceous material but no partings of green clay; samples 56-60. ...... 5 1794 Table 33 (left) shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Aux Vases sand taken at one-foot intervals from Tate well No. 1 in the Salem pool. As shown by the sample depths, there is an eight-foot break in the oil bearing sand in this well. No saturation samples were avail- able from this well. See figure 21, page 62. McCLOSKY LIME 41 McClosky lime The Fredonia limestone ("McClosky lime") was cored in four pools, Lawrence County, Noble, Olney, and Salem. Data for the McClosky lime are shown in figures 22, 23, 24, and 25, pages 63 and 64. LAWRENCE COUNTY POOL Christensen well No. 1, Christensen well No. 2, Kirkwood well No. 13, and Rogers well No. 14 were cored in the Lawrence County pool. Warren Hastings^ et. al. — V. Christensen well No. 1, SE. cor. SW. 1/4 SW. 1/4 sec. 11,T.3N.,R. 12 W.^ Lawrence County Surface elevation 430 feet Thickness Depth Et. In. Et. In. Beginning of core 1753 Fredonia limestone Limestone, oolitic, gray, fos- siliferous, very porous, "containing green oil and es- timated 150,000 to 200,000 cubic feet of gas, containing much hydrogen sulphide; first pay"; samples 1-7. .. . 6 8 1759 8 Limestone, light gray, litho- graphic, containing dark gray, argillaceous layers. .0 4 1760 Drilled without coring 25 6 1785 6 Limestone, gray, fine, com- pact, very slight oil show; "second pay"; samples 8-11 3 6 1789 Limestone, gray, fine, com- pact, shghtly argillaceous. . 7 1796 Table 34 above shows porosity, satura- tion, and permeability results for samples of the McClosky lime taken at one-foot inter- vals from Christensen well No. 1 in the Lawrence County pool. As shown by the sample depths, there is a 27-foot break in the oil-bearing lime in this well. See figure 22, page 63. Warren Hastings, et. al.- — Christiansen well No. 2, NE. 1/4 SW. 1/4 SW. 1/4, sec. 11, T. 3 N, R. 12 W., Lawrence Co. Surface elevation 432 feet Thickness Depth Et. In. Et. In. Beginning of core 1755 Fredonia limestone Limestone, oolitic, brownish- gray, medium grained, well sorted, porous, oil-bearing; samples 1-9 8 6 1763 6 Limestone, silty, finely sandy, gray, fine grained, compact, pyritic, partings of shale, silty, greenish-gray, brittle; sample 10 1 1764 6 Table 35 below shows porosity and sat- uration results for composite samples of the McClosky lime taken from each run, and permeability results for samples taken at one-foot intervals from Christensen well No. 2 in the Lawrence County pool. See figure 22, page 63. Table 34. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF McClusky lime, Law- rence County pool, Christensen WELL No. 1 (Fig. 22). Sample No. Depth (ft.-in.) Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation (per cent)^ Perme- ability (milli- darcys) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1753-0 1754-0 1755-0 1756-0 1757-0 1758-0 1759-0 1786-0 1787-0 1788-0 1789-0 20.5 21.5 20.5 19.9 15.6 12.2 10.3 26.1 23.3 23.1 16.6 74.9 73.2 75.0 100. 76.5 100. 99.7 93.7 96.2 92.6 100. 3150. 3630. 2030. 900. 152. 19.7 16.1 3.72 2.18 2.55 1.90 Table 35. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF McClosky lime, Law- rence County pool, Christensen well No. 2 (Fig. 22). Sample No. Depth (ft.-in.) Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation (per cent)i Perme- ability (milli- darcys) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1755-0 1756-0 1757-0 1758-0 1759-0 1760-0 1761-0 1762-0 1763-0 1764-0 18.5 14.3 75.7 67.6 319. 162. 1300. 450. 8.12 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per ^Total liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 1323. acre-foot is 912. 42 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS JVarren Hastings, et. ah- — R. M. Kirkwood well No. 13, SE. 1/4 NE. 1/4 SW. 1/4 sec. 11, T. 3 N., R. 12 W., Lawrence County Surface elevation 430 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1754 Fredonia limestone Limestone, oolitic, brownish- gray, fine 2 1754 2 Limestone, oolitic, sandy, brownish-gray, fine 7 10 1762 Sandstone, very calcareous, oolitic, brownish-gray, very fine 2 1764 Limestone, oolitic, brownish- gray, medium grained; sam- ple 2 .■•.••■•. 1 1765 Same, containing oil; samples 3 and 4..... 1 2 1766 2 Limestone, silty, greenish- gray, grading to siltstone at base; sample 5 1 2 1767 4 Siltstone, calcareous, green- ish-gray; sample 6 1 2 1768 6 Drilled without coring; oil struck at 1788 feet 27 6 1796 Sandstone, calcareous, light gray, fine, containing no oil; samples 7 and 8 1 1797 Table 36 below shows porosity, satu- ration, and permeability results for samples of the McClosky lime taken at one-foot in- tervals from Kirkwood well No. 13 in the Lawrence County pool. As shown, samples were not taken for a distance of about 30 feet near the bottom of the sand, as most of the sand was not oil-bearing. See figure 22, page 63. JV. C. McBride, Inc.—N. H. Rogers well No. 14, NE. 1/4 NW. 1/4 NW. 1/4 sec. 14, T. 3 N, R. 12 JV., Lawrence County Surface elevation 427.5 feet Thickness Depth . Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1738 Fredonia limestone Limestone, oolitic, gray, medium-grained, fossilifer- ous, slightly porous, con- taining a few streaks of oil; "first pay"; samples 1-3. . . 2 6 1740 6 Drilled without coring 9 6 1750 Limestone, very oolitic, gray, fine, fossiliferous, very po- rous, containing gas and slight oil show; "second pay"; samples 4-6 2 1752 Limestone, very oolitic, gray, fine to medium, fossilifer- ous, containing oil shows. . 2 1752 2 Limestone, medium to dark gray, fine to lithographic, compact 15 4 1767 6 Drilled without coring 10 6 1778 Dolomite, light gray, soft, very slightly porous, con- taining slight show of oil; samples 7-10 4 1782 Same with no oil show 4 1786 Limestone, light gray, soft, very slightly porous 2 6 1788 6 Table 37 below shows porosity and sat- uration results for composite samples taken from each run, and permeability results for samples of the McClosky lime taken at one- foot intervals from Rogers well No. 14 in the Lawrence County pool. In this well not all of the McClosky lime was oil-bearing. See figure 22, page 63. Table 36. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF McClosky lime, Law- rence County pool, Kirkwood well No. 13 (Fig. 22). Sampl e Depth Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation Perme- ability No. (ft.-in.) (per (milli- cent)^ darcys) 2.... . 1764-0 2.45 100 19.1 3.... . 1765-0 4.71 100 0.00 4.... . 1766-0 2.32 100 0.00 5.... . 1767-0 2.87 100 0.00 6a... . 1768-0 7.45 100 00 6b... 7.99 0.00 7a.. . 1796-0 23.3 100 2.26 7b... 23.4 2.21 8.... . 1796-6 20.6 100 1,30 Table 37. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF McClosky lime, Law- rence County pool, Rogers well No. 14 (Fig. 22). Sample No. Depth (ft.-in.) Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation (per cent)^ Perme- ability (milli- darcys) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1738-0 1739-0 1740-0 1750-0 1751-0 1752-0 1778-6 1779-6 1780-6 1781-6 9.07 15.1 25.9 100. 43.2 87.6 14.9 13.9 4.44 259. 470. 1 09 2.56 2.92 6 67 4 14 'Total liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 822. iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 996. McCLOSKY LIME 43 NOBLE POOL Arbuthnot well No. 9 and Schilling well No. 1 were cored in the Noble pool. Ohio Oil Co.— Arbuthnot well No. P, Cen. JV.l/2 SW. 1/4 NE. 1/4 sec. 8, T. 3 N., R. 9 E., Richland County Surface elevation 480 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 2940 Rosiclare sandstone Shale, calcareous, greenish- black 8 2940 8 Limestone, sandy, oolitic, brownish-gray 3 2 2943 10 Shale, dark green 9 2944 7 Limestone, very sandy, slight- ly oolitic, brownish-gray; sample 34 2 5 2947 Fredonia hmestone Limestone, oolitic, brown to gray, crystalline calcite in interstices, porous, satur- ated with oil except in a few compact streaks; samples 35-49 15 2962 Limestone, oolitic, brown to gray, compact to porous, some oil saturation 2 2 2964 2 Sandstone, very calcareous, light brownish-gray, very fine, compact 3 1 2967 3 Limestone, very sandy, oolitic, brownish-gray streaks of sandstone 4 4 2971 7 Limestone, oolitic, brownish- gray, crystalline calcite in- terstices, compact 1 5 2973 See table 38 below. Table 38. — Porosity and Permeability of Mc- Closky lime, Noble pool, Arbuth- not WELL No. 9 (Fig. 23). Perme- Sample Depth Porosity ability No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (milli- darcys) 34 2946-9 8.24 26.3 35 2947-9 9.38 49.2 36 2948-9 14.2 902. 37 2949-9 5.29 38 2950-9 10.8 301. 39 2951-9 16.0 2390. 40 2952-0 21.0 4950. 41 2953-0 17.4 42 2954-0 11.5 53.2 43 2955-0 13.8 44 2956-0 5.00 0.00 45 2957-0 14.4 135. 46 2958-0 17.8 615. 47 2959-0 16.8 1550. 48 2960-0 11.1 81.0 49 2961-0 6.57 2.56 Ohio Oil Co.— Schilling well No. 1, SE. 1/4 SE. 1/4 SE. 1/4 sec. 32, T. 4 N, R. 9 E., Richland County Surface elevation 499 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 2951 Fredonia limestone Limestone, very oolitic, oil- bearing, light brownish- gray, coarse, porous, satur- ated; samples 1 and 2 1 4 2952 4 Same, but fairly compact, bleeding; sample 3. .. ..... 10 2953 2 Limestone, very oolitic, oil- bearing, light brownish- gray, coarse, compact; sam- ple 4 2 5 2955 7 Limestone, very oolitic, oil- bearing, light brownish- gray, very fine to coarse, bleeding; sample 5........ 5 2956 Limestone, very oolitic, oil- bearing, light gray, fine, porous, saturated; samples 6-19 14 2970 Table 39 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples taken at one- foot intervals from Schilling well No. 1 in the Noble pool of the McClosky lime. This well was cored by the Ohio Oil Company. No Survey representative was present at the time of coring to take saturation samples. Data from tables 38 and 39 are shown in figure 23, page 63. Table 39. — Porosity and Permeability of Mc- Closky LIME, Noble pool. Schilling well No. 1 (Fig. 23). Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Depth (ft.-in.) 2951-0 2952-0 2953-0 2955-0 2956-0 2957-0 2958-0 2959-0 2960-0 2961-0 2962-0 2963-0 2964-0 2965-0 2966-0 2967-0 2968-0 2969-0 2969-6 Porosity (per cent) 16,0 15.6 18.1 19.0 18.9 15.4 12.9 14.0 15.4 14.2 13.9 12.7 Perme- abilitv (milli- darcys) 80 1 31.4 31.4 8.41 1580. 803. 793. 1340. 1150. 1990. 880. 2300. 266. 416. 357. 530. 263. 106. 149. 44 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS OLNEY POOL Sager well No. 3 was the only well in the Olney pool cored through the McClosky lime. J. F. JVicklund Development Co.— Sager Well No. 3, SW. 1/4, NE. 1/4, SE. 1/4, sec. 22, T. 4 N., R. 10 E., Richland County Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 2990 Rosiclare sandstone Sandstone, argillaceous, cal- careous, dark gray 2 11 2992 11 Limestone, sandy, oolitic, brownish-gray, glauconitic, containing shale pebbles. . . 3 2 2996 1 Shale, oolitic, sandy, green, containing thin laminae of sandstone, calcareous, oolit- ic, brown 6 2996 7 Fredonia limestone Limestone, oolitic, grayish- brown, medium grained, compact, saturated 6 2997 1 Same, but very porous; sam- ples 1-6 4 11 3002 Same, but mostly compact with porous streaks; sam- ples 7-8 2 3004 Table 40 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Mc- Closky lime taken at one-foot intervals from Sager well No. 3 in the Olney pool. This well was cored by the Wicklund Develop- ment Company. No Survey representative was present at the time of coring to take saturation samples. See figure 24, page 63. Table 40. — Porosity and Permeability of Mc- Closky LIME, Olney pool, Sager well No. 3 (Fig. 24). Perme- Sample Depth Porosity ability No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (milli- darcys) 1 2997-0 9 47 97 2 2 2998-0 12,8 1205. 3 2999-0 13.1 700. 4 3000-0 12.4 465. 5 3001-0 10.0 190. 6 3002-0 9.41 52.0 7 3003-0 8.89 21.3 8 . 3004-0 9.48 63 4 SALEM POOL Tate well No. 1 provided the only core of the McClosky lime in the Salem pool. The Texas Co.~E. Tate well No. 1,E. 1/2 NIV. 1/4 NW. 1/4 sec. 5, T. 1 N., R. 2' E., Marion County Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 1899 Fredonia limestone Limestone, oolitic, light gray, medium - grained, porous (especially at base); vary- ing amounts interstitial ^ clear crystalline calcite; samples 61-63 3 1902 Gap 1 1903 Limestone, as above, but compact, much crystalline calcite; sample 64 1 1904 Gap 2 1906 Limestone, oolitic, light gray, porous, coarse, more or less interstitial crystalline calcite; samples 65 and 66. 2 1908 Limestone, oolitic, light gray, very fine to coarse, fossili- ferous, somewhat porous, interstitial crystalline cal cite; sample 67... 1 1909 Limestone, oolitic, light gray, medium, porous, some in- terstitial crystalline calcite; sample 68. 1 1910 Limestone, oolitic, light gray, very fine to very coarse, fossiliferous, porous, inter- stitial calcite; samples 69 and 70 2 1912 Table 41 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Mc- Closky lime taken at one-foot intervals. No saturation samples were available. See figure 25, page 64. Table 41. — Porosity and Permeability of Mc- Closky LIME, Salem pool, Tate well No. 1 (Fig. 25). Perme- Sample Depth Porosity abihtv No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (milh- darcys) 61 1900-0 10.4 87.0 62 1901-0 9.70 19.7 63 1902-0 14.1 653. 64 1904-0 5.13 0.00 65 1907-0 13.6 679. 66 1908-0 11.9 188. 67 1909-0 9.78 30.4 68 1910-0 11.5 42.3 69 1911-0 10.9 21.0 70 1912-0 11.2 37.6 NI AG ARAN LIME AND HOING SAND 45 NiAGARAN LIME CRAWFORD MAIN POOL The "Niagaran" lime was investigated in the Crawford — Main pool only, where Athey well No. 1 was cored. Warren Hastings— Athey well No. l,N.l/2 NE. 1/4 NE. 1/4, sec. 18, T. '8 N., R. 12 W., Crawford County Surface elevation 577 feet Thickness Depth Et. In. Ft. In. Devonian limestone Top of limestone 2780 Limestone Ill 2891 Limestone, light to dark brownish-gray, finely crys- talline, fossiliferous, few tiny solution cavities giv- ing oil shows; chertv at 2918 to 2919 feet .' 30 2921 Limestone, similar to above, but slightly sandy 13 2934 Limestone, sandy, brown, finely crystalHne, compact, slight saturation; samples 1-4 4 2938 Limestone, sandy, gray, med- ium to coarsely crystalline, compact, no oil show; sam- ple 5 1 2939 Limestone, sandy, with 40% sand, brown, finely crystal- line, fossiliferous, satur- ated spots; samples 6-11 . . 6 2945 Limestone, sandy, with 40% sand, brown to gray, very finely crystalline, porous to compact, irregularly sat- urated throughout; samples 12-14 3 2948 Sandstone, calcareous, fine, white, friable to medium cemented, porous, few well saturated cemented streaks; hole filled several hundred feet with salt water con- taining hydrogen sulphide. 2 2950 Table 42 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Niag- aran lime taken at one-foot intervals from Athey well No. 1 in the Crawford — Main pool. No saturation results were obtained from this well which was a test hole and did not become a producer. Data from table 42 are shown in figure 26, page 64. Table 42.^ — Porosity and Permeability of Dev- onian LIMESTONE (NiAGARAN LIMe), Crawford^ — Main pool, Athey well No. 1 (Fig. 26). Perme- Sample Depth Porosity abilitv No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (milli- darcys) 1 2935-0 5,52 0.445 9 2936-0 7.78 580 3 2937-0 9.10 1.37 4 2938-0 10.2 8.42 5 2939-0 7.47 6 2940-0 9.51 1.84 7 2941-0 8.74 3.21 8 2942-0 2943-0 10.8 11.8 11 7 9 22 5 10 2944-0 10.8 5.38 11 2945-0 6 89 12 2946-0 6.76 2.40 13 2947-0 4.33 597 14 2948-0 3.77 338 HoiNG SAND COLMAR PLYMOUTH POOL The Hoing sand was investigated in only the Colmar — Plymouth pool where Binney well No. 24, Jarvis well No. 14, and Mc- Fadden well No. 31 were cored. Data for cores from all three wells are plotted in figure 27, page 64. Ohio Oil Co.— J. Binney well No. 24, SW. 1/4 SE. 1/4 NJV. 1/4 sec. 16, T. 4 N, R. 4 IV., McDonough County Surface elevation 510 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 414 10 Devonian system Sandstone, dolomitic, light brownish-gray, very fine to fine, compact; sample 1 10 415 8 Sandstone, dolomitic, light brownish - gray, partly quartzitic 1 415 9 Sandstone, dolomitic, brown, fine, downward increasingly porous and saturated with oil; samples 2 and 3 1 9 417 6 Sandstone, dolomitic, brown- ish-gray to brown, varying porosity and oil saturation; samples 4-9 6 6 424 Quartzite, white, fine-grained 3 424 3 Sandstone, dolomitic, brown, fine, porous, saturated with oil; samples 10-11 1 3 425 6 Quartzite, white, fine-grained 2 425 8 46 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS Table 43 below shows duplicate poros- ity and permeability results and saturation results for samples of the Hoing sand taken at one-foot intervals from Binney well No. 24 in the Colmar — Plymouth pool. Table 43. — Porosity, Saturation, and Perme- ability OF HoiNG SAND, CoLMAR Plymouth pool, Binney well No. 24 (Fig. 27). Table 44. — Porosity and Permeability of Hoing sand, Colmar — Plymouth pool, Jar- vis well No. 14 (Fig. 27). Sample Depth Porosity (per cent) Satur- ation Perme- ability No. (ft.-in.) (per cent)i (milli- darcys) 1 415-2 7.8 48.6 1.84 2a.... 416-2 19.6 61.1 1800. 2b.... 19.4 2020. 3a.... 417-2 17.9 100. 1210. 3b.... 768 4a.... 418-4 11.3 85.0 2.63 4b.... 11.4 5 02 5a.... 419-4 20.9 100. 1220. 5b.... 346. 6a.... 420-4 20.9 100. 57.5 6b.... 50.3 7a.... 421-2 19.4 98.5 1060. 7b.... 19.4 901. 8a.... 422-2 20.3 100. 250. 8b.... 90.0 9a.... 423-2 19.0 100. 906. 9b.... 468. 10a.... 424-2 18.6 100. 674. 10b.... 787. 11 425-6 5.7 100. 00 iTotal liquid saturation of the core in terms of bbls. per acre-foot is 700. Ohio Oil Co.—Jarvis well No. 14, SW. 1/4 NW. 1/4 SE. 1/4 sec. 16, T. 4 N., R. 4 JV., McDonough County Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 456 6 Devonian system Sandy limestone and sand- stone in thin interlamina- tions; samples 1-2 1 457 6 Sandstone, fine, soft, brown, saturated, thin laminations of shale; samples 3-10 7 464 6 Table 44 below shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Hoing sand taken at one-foot intervals from Jarvis well No. 14 in the Colmar — Plymouth pool. This well was cored by the Ohio Oil Com- pany. No Survey representative was present at the time of coring to take saturation samples. Data from tables 43, 44, and 45A are given in figure 27, page 64. Perme- Sample Depth Porosity ability No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (milli- darcys) 1 456-6 14 9 65.6 2 457-6 16.7 597. 3 458-6 18.8 2270. 4 459-6 17.7 2250. 5 460-6 16.2 1100. 6 461-4 18.2 2080. 7 462-0 17.2 734. 8 463-0 16 7 1050 9 464-0 19.7 2690. 10 464-6 16.1 2730. Ohio Oil Co.— T. F. McFadden well No. 31, NJV. 1/4 NK. 1/4 sec. 15, T. 4 N., R. 4 W., McDonough County Surface elevation 576 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 485 6 Devonian system Limestone, very sandy, dolo- mitic, light brownish-grav, coarse; samples 1-9 .' . 3 2 488 8 Sandstone, dolomitic, light gray, grading down to brown, porous to compact, containing oil; samples 10- 40 5 4 494 Sandstone, shghtly dolomitic, brown, buff, and white, porous, irregular areas con- taining oil; samples 41-64. 3 6 497 6 Sandstone, slightly dolomitic, white to light gray, fine, porous, some mottling ot argillaceous material toward base; samples 65- 105 6 2 503 8 Ordovician system Maquoketa shale Shale, gray with scattered brown specks 4 4 508 Tables 45A and 45B show porosity and permeability results for samples of the Ho- ing sand taken at about two-inch intervals from McFadden well No. 31 in the Col- mar — Plymouth pool. This well was cored before the Survey started the practice of weighing the saturation samples in the field and therefore the saturation results are con- sidered unreliable (due to evaporation) and are not included in this report. HOING SAND 47 Table 45A.- — Porosity and Permeability of Hoing sand, Colmar — Plymouth pool, McFadden well No. 31 (Figs. 27, 35, and 39). Perme- Perme- Sample Depth Porosity ability Sample Depth Porosity abihty No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (milli- darcys) No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (milh- darcys) 1 485-6 8.7 0.40 54 495-11 21.8 2180. 2 486-6 10.6 0.58 55 496-0 19.1 346. 3 487-4 13.3 8.3 56 496-4 19.1 946. 4 487-6 14.4 59.6 57 496-6 20 1004. 5 487-9 14.2 58.2 58 496-7 17.2 631. 6 488-0 16.4 278. 59 496-8 18.5 780. 7 488-4 14.5 41.5 60 496-9 17.5 666. 8 488-6 15 3 82 8 61 496-10 21 1 1190 9 488-8 10.6 4.8 62 497-0 19.5 945. 10 488-10 16.7 71.3 63 497-2 15.1 43.3 11 488-11 13.2 24.7 64 497-5 19.8 892. 12 489-0 17.1 254. 65 497-7 20.4 920. 13 489-3 15.3 26.2 66 497-9 18.3 940. 14 489-5 14.7 46.4 67 497-10 19.0 506. 15 490-0 23.5 1230. 68 497-11 19,8 806. 16 490-2 22.4 681. 69 498-0 18.1 67,1 17 490-3 23,1 1140. 70 498-1 19,0 273 18 490-6 20.5 842. 71 498-2 18.6 495. 19 490-8 22.1 1120. 72 498-5 18.3 420. 20 490-10 20.3 296. 73 498-7 18,5 1270. 21 490-11 22.0 1690. 74 499-2 18.7 734. 22 491-2 20.8 1350. 75 499-3 20.1 1320. 23 491-6 22.0 925. 76 499-8 19.5 888. 24 491-8 23.8 1750. 77 499-9 18.5 787. 25 491-10 21.1 436. 78 500-2 20 1 866, 26 491-11 20.6 115. 79 500-4 18.5 735. 27 492-0 492-1 21.3 20.8 753. 578. 80 500-5 500-7 19.1 20,8 553 28 81 686. 29 492-3 19.7 535. 82 500-9 18 7 247. 30 492-5 23.9 2530. 83 500-11 19 5 410. 31 492-6 19.4 336. 84 501-3 18,8 66.6 32 492-9 21.2 886. 85 501-5 19 318. 33 492-11 19.7 332. 86 501-8 18.1 346. 34 493-0 20.9 980. 87 501-9 17 9 358. 35 493-3 493-6 22.3 20.4 1800. 456. 88 501-10 501-11 18,8 19 6 447. 36 89 302. 37 493-7 21.4 1780. 90 502-1 18 3 149. 38 493-8 20.6 1390. 91 502-2 19,1 241. 39 493-11 18.7 520. 92 502-3 17,9 261. 40 494-0 17.7 635. 93 502-4 19 359. 41 494-1 18.3 475. 94 502-5 17 5 328. 42 43 44 45 494-2 494-4 494-6 494-7 17.7 19.0 21.6 22.6 191. 219. 1648. 303. 95 96 97 502-6 502-8 502-9 17 2 16 8 18 1 282. 64.6 56 9 46 494-8 19 5 592 98 502-11 17.1 89,7 47 494-10 22.2 586. 99 503-0 20 1070. 48 495-0 18.8 693. 100 ... 503-1 17,9 522 49 495-2 18.3 377. 101 503-2 18.5 487. 50 495-3 20.4 812. 102 503-3 20 6 289. 51 495-4 19.4 281. 103 503-4 19.5 574. 52 495-8 20.4 1330. 104 503-5 14,4 89 53 495-10 21.7 1290. 105 503-6 8,7 1.8 48 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS Table 45B.^ — Porosity of Hoing sand, Colmar- — Plymouth pool, McFadden well No. 31. Tested by the United States Bureau of Mines Sample Number Porosity (percent) 23a 23.0 23b 20.4 48a 22.8 48b 22.3 75 a 18.8 75b 20.8 77a 21.4 , 77b 20.3 KiMMSWICK LIME DUPO POOL Dyroff well No. 27 in the Dupo pool was the only well cored in the Kimmswick lime. Ohio Oil Co.—M. Dyroff well No. 27, SW. 1/4 NW. 1/4 SE. 1/4 sec' 28, T. 1 N., R. 10 /F., Sl Clair County Surface elevation 405.5 feet Thickness Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. Beginning of core 401 Kimmswick limestone Limestone, light brownish- gray, very fine, some coarse areas, containing oil along stylolites and in more coarse - grained areas; sam- ple 1 9 401 9 Limestone, light brownish- gray to gray, very fine to very coarse, crinoidal, oil in tubular areas in lowest 9 inches; samples 2-4 2 3 404 Limestone, brownish- gray, coarsely crystalline, porous with fossil impressions, con- taining oil 9 404 9 Limestone, grayish - brown, very fine to coarse, crystal- line, compact; samples 5 and 6 2 406 9 Limestone, grayish - brown, coarse, crystalline, some- what porous; samples 7 and 8 1 9 408 6 Limestone, brown, very coarse, crvstalline, porous; samples 9 and 10 1 6 410 Limestone, grayish - brown, coarse, crystalline, com- pact; samples 11-13 3 6 413 6 Thickness Depth Ft. In Ft. In. Limestone, brown to grayish- brown, very coarse, more or less porous; samples 14-18. 4 6 418 Limestone, brown with dark brown bituminous specks, coarse, crystalline, compact 2 418 2 Limestone, speckled brownish- gray and gray, medium to coarse, crystalline, thin layer of phosphatic nodules at base; sample 19 10 419 Limestone, speckled light brownish gray and gray, verv fine to coarse, crystal- line 4 419 4 Limestone, brown, coarse, crystalline, somewhat po- rous, containing oil; samples 20-22 2 8 422 Limestone, light gray and brown speckled, coarse, crystalline, compact ex- cept near base; samples 23- 25 3 425 Limestone, light gray and brown speckled, very coarse, porous; samples 26- 28 3 9 428 9 Limestone, brown, coarse, crystalline, more or less porous, containing oil; sam- ples 29-40 ^ 12 3 441 Limestone, brownish - gray, coarse, crystalline, some- what porous; samples 41-42 2 443 Limestone, grayish - brown, medium to coarse, fairly compact; sample 43 1 1 444 1 Limestone, buff with brown specks, very fine, conodonts 1 444 2 Limestone, speckled light brownish - gray and brown, coarse, porous 5 444 7 Limestone, light brownish- gray, brown specks, very fine, compact, conodonts. . 1 444 8 Limestone, light to medium brown, coarse, crystalline, porous; sample 44 8 445 4 Limestone, brown, fine to coarse, crystalline, compact, areas of clear crystalline calcite filling former cavi- ties, show of oil 8 446 Table 46 (p. 49) shows porosity and per- meability results for samples of the Kimms- wick lime taken at one-foot intervals from Dyroff well No. 27 in the Dupo pool. Sat- uration results are omitted for the same reason as noted for McFadden well No. 31. Data for table 46 are shown in figure 28, page 66. PERMEABILITY 49 Table 46.- — Porosity and Permeability of KiMMSWICK LIME, DuPO POOL, DyROFF WELL No. 27 (Fig. 28). Perme- Sample Depth Porosity abihty No. (ft.-in.) (per cent) (miUi- darcys) 1 401-0 5.0 0.30 2 402-0 1.9 00 3 403-0 10 0.00 4 404-0 13.0 60.9 5 405-0 6.7 4 4 6 406-0 2.6 0.00 7 407-0 13.0 12.9 8 408-0 409-0 14.6 13.5 16.8 9 9.5 10 410-0 10.4 3.4 11 411-0 7.8 0.80 12 412-0 9.6 1.8 13 413-0 9.8 7.7 14 414-0 14.2 12.3 15 415-0 14.7 11.1 16 416-0 11.9 6.2 17 417-0 17.0 11.5 18 418-0 7.6 0.90 19 419-0 4.3 0.00 20 420-0 8.3 0.40 21 421-0 10.1 ^.i 22 422-0 6.1 0,00 23 423-0 9.5 4.9 24 424-0 4.4 00 25 425-0 9.8 4.9 26 426-0 7.3 1.0 27 427-0 6.3 0.0 28 428-0 14.0 1.8 29 430-0 15.3 10.9 30 431-0 16.6 9.0 31 432-0 15.9 12.1 32 433-0 16.0 17.9 Z?> 434-0 16.3 19.4 34 435-0 10.5 1.4 35 436-0 16.5 13.9 36 437-0 15.0 13.9 37 348-0 15.9 21.5 38 439-0 16.6 24.5 39 440-0 11.1 ?>.^ 40 441-0 11.4 1.1 41 442-0 5,8 0.40 42 443-0 12.5 9 9 43 444-0 8.5 1.6 44 445-0 8.1 1.7 Vertical and Horizontal Permeability A one-cm. cube was cut from each sample to test the relative vertical and horizontal permeabilities (tables 47-52). In addition to these permeabilities, the horizontal per- meability was tested for 1 by 1 by 2 cm. pieces from the same samples (tables 2-46). The order of presentation by sands and pools is the same as that used for porosity, saturation, and permeability results. Data from tables 47-52 are plotted in figures 29-34, pages 67-69. Robinson sand Cores of the Robinson sand for relative vertical and horizontal permeability tests were taken from two wells, one in the Crawford — Main pool and the other in the Lawrence County pool. CRAWFORD MAIN POOL Henry well No. 14. — Table 47 below shows the relative vertical and horizontal permeability results for samples of the Rob- inson sand taken at one-foot intervals from Henry well No. 14 in the Crawford — Main pool. The horizontal permeability results for the 1 by 1 by 2 cm. pieces are the same as those given for this well in table 6. Table 47. — Vertical and Horizontal Perme- ability OF Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool, Henry well No. 14 (Fig. 29). Permeability (millidarcys) Depth (ft.-in.) Vertical Horizontal 1x1x1 cm. 1x1x1 cm. 1x1x2 cm. 956-0 0.905 3.57 22.9 957-0 5,05 7.22 3.76 958-0 41.5 80.2 58.4 959-0 7.26 21.5 12.3 960-0 51.5 69.1 83.3 961-0 6.16 50 46 8 962-0 60.5 112.0 114. 963-0 88.9 157.0 153. 964-0 11.5 98,7 97.8 965-0 18.0 93 2 84.3 966-0 158.0 198.0 227. 967-0 148.0 272.0 238. 968-0 34.4 99.9 100. 969-0 18.2 42.4 44.1 970-0 140.0 314.0 358. 971-0 78.5 174.0 185. 972-0 91.5 158,0 156. 973-0 150.0 199.0 119. 974-0 52.5 112.0 118, 975-0 112.0 126.0 122. 977-0 1.13 2.10 1.81 978-0 0.46 1.36 0.58 979-0 0.39 0.27 40 981-0 0.34 1.14 982-0 1.66 2.6 2.70 983-6 1.67 1.92 1.11 50 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS LAWRENCE COUNTY POOL Crump well No. 27. — Table 48 below shows the relative vertical and horizontal permeability results for samples taken at one-foot intervals from Crump well No. 27. The horizontal permeability results for the 1 by 1 by 2 cm. pieces are the same as those given for this well in table 11. Table 48. — Vertical and Horizontal Perme- ability OF Robinson sand, Lawrence County pool, Crump well No. 27 (Fig. 30). Table 49. — Vertical and Horizontal Perme- ability OF BlEHL SAND, AlLENDALE POOL, Madden well No. 10 (Fig. 31). Permeability (millidarcys) Depth (ft.-in.) Vertical Horizontal 1x1x1 cm. 1x1x1 cm. 1x1x2 cm. 880-0 2.833 2 . 855 2.76 881-0 0.0 0.090 0.00 882-0 0.00 883-0 13.42 15.7 27.8 884-0 77.4 100.2 118. 885-0 346.0 451.0 361. 886-0 70.9 99.6 148. 887-0 60.6 98.8 1002. 888-0 772 1055.0 1270. 889-0 1790,0 2696.0 2760. 890.0 679.0 980.0 1490. 891.0 0.18 0.33 6.10 892-0 2698.0 3875.0 4250. 893-0 1635.0 2250.0 3290. BlEHL SAND ALLENDALE POOL The Biehl sand was investigated for rela- tive vertical and horizontal premeability in only Madden well No. 10 in the Allendale pool. Madden well No. i^'.— Table 49 below shows the relative vertical and horizontal permeability results for samples taken at six-inch intervals from Madden well No. 10. The horizontal permeability results for the 1 by 1 by 2 cm. pieces are the same as those given for this well in table 16. Cypress sand bartelso pool Trame well No. 2 is the only well from the Bartelso pool in the Cypress sand whose core was tested for relative vertical and horizontal permeability. Permeabihty (millidarcys) Depth (ft.-in.) Vertical Horizontal 1x1x1 cm. 1x1x1 cm. 1x1x2 cm. 1418-0 26.5 48.3 49.4 1418-6 110. 1419-0 20.05 47.1 63 1419-6 51.0 86,3 87.7 1420-0 10 9 85.8 80.4 1420-6 32.3 137. 1421-0 20.4 39.2 25.2 1421-6 27.4 99.2 96.9 1422-0 22.4 38.0 44.8 1422-6 120. 1423-0 3.02 8.06 8.01 1423-6 220.0 312.2 227. 1424-0 300.0 332.0 289. 1424-6 42.1 125.5 104. 1425-0 25.2 59.1 59.1 1425-6 8.21 53.1 65.4 1426-0 388.0 441.0 441. 1426-6 159.2 196 247. 1427-0 8,34 9.54 11 6 1427- 6 39.0 56.2 48.8 1428-0 35.1 82.5 102 1428.6 76.9 131.2 106. 1429-0 85.0 142.3 111. 1429-6 8 95 22.4 40.2 1430-0 231.5 140.7 206. 1430-6 71.8 164.0 114, 1431-0 6.11 8.77 10,4 1431-6 25,8 80.1 102, 1432-0 46.0 91.0 57,8 1432-6 30.1 44.2 60,8 1433-0 0.334 00 1433-6 0.0 0.0 00 1434-0 0.0 00 1434-6 0.165 2.234 4.17 1435-0 00 1435-6 0.161 CO 1436-0 177.0 235.8 289. 1436-6 114.7 206 178. 1437-0 109.3 151.7 190. 1437-6 116.7 132.3 200. 1438-0 54.8 65.6 143. 1438-6 184 232.0 233 1439-0 172.0 259.4 271. 1439-6 71.4 122.7 118. 1440-0 336 316.4 317. 1440-6 328.0 482.0 310, 1441-0 28.8 40.4 39,6 1441-6 83.6 102.0 102, 1442- 163,0 223.0 201. 1442-6 123.5 150.2 165. 1443-0 115,0 161.2 172. 1443-6 99,3 151.2 154 1444 76,3 111.0 113. 1444 6 0,246 1.423 1.48 1445-0 0,408 0.769 76 1445-6 1,865 2.64 2 06 1446-0 1,530 2.055 2.28 1446-6 0,590 0.591 1.03 1447-0 1,243 0.748 1.70 PERMEABILITY 51 Trame well No. 2. — Table 50 below shows the relative vertical and horizontal permeability results for samples taken at six-inch intervals at the top and about one- foot intervals at the bottom of the Cypress sand from Trame well No. 2. The hori- zontal permeability results for the 1 by 1 by 2 cm. test pieces are the same as those given for this well in table 17. Table 50. — Vertical and Horizontal Perme- ability OF Cypress sand, Bartelso POOL, Trame well No. 2 (Fig. 32). Permeability (millidarcys) Depth (ft.-in.) Vertical Horizontal 1x1x1 cm. 1x1x1 cm. 1x1x2 cm. 1009-0 128.0 179 189. 1009-6 235.3 349.5 304 1010-0 363.0 448.0 431. 1010-6 29.5 157.2 191 1011-0 187.3 363.7 438. 1011-6 104.3 151.3 187 1012-0 97.7 148.0 147. 1013-6 154.5 215.0 226 1015-0 200 8 260 329 1016-6 278.5 398 . 5 437. 1018-0 172.0 230.5 306 1019-0 104 186 146 HOING SAND COLMAR PLYMOUTH POOL Binney well No. 24 is the only well from the Colmar — Plymouth pool whose core was tested for relative vertical and horizontal permeability in the Hoing sand. Binney well No. 24. — Table 51 below shows the relative vertical and horizontal permeability results for samples of the Ho- ing sand taken at one-foot intervals from Binney well No. 24. The horizontal per- meability results for the 1 by 1 by 2 cm. test pieces were taken from table 43 as those values of the duplicate samples most nearly correspond with the values found for the 1 by 1 by 1 cm. test pieces. KiMMSWICK LIME DUPO POOL Dyrofif well No. 27 is the only well from the Dupo pool in the Kimmswick lime whose core was tested for relative vertical and horizontal permeability. Dyrojf well No. 27. — Table 52 below shows the relative vertical and horizontal permeability results for samples taken at two-foot intervals from Dyroff well No. 27. The horizontal permeability results for the 1 by 1 by 2 cm. test pieces are the same as those given for this well in table 46. Table 51. — Vertical and Horizontal Perme- ability OF Hoing sand, Colmar — Plymouth pool, Binney well No. 24 fFiG. 33). Permea bility (millidarcys) Depth (ft.-in.) Vertical Horizontal 1x1x1 cm. 1x1x1 cm. 1x1x2 cm. 415-2 4.79 0.21 1.84 416-2 1386 1261.0 1800. 417-2 702.0 1138.0 1210. 418-4 2.68 1.74 2.63 419-4 885.0 917.0 1220. 420-4 3.29 21.3 50.3 421-2 1720 1748.0 1060. 422-2 160.3 90 423-2 745.0 714.0 906. 424-2 1013 938.0 787. 425-6 0.42 0.12 0.00 Table 52. — Vertical and Horizontal Perme- ability OF Kimmswick lime, Dupo POOL, Dyroff well No. 27 (Fig. 34). Permeability (milHdarcys) Depth (ft.-in.) Vertical Horizontal 1x1x1 cm. 1x1x1 cm. 1x1x2 cm. 401-0 0.30 403-0 161 00 405-0 0.464 0.220 4.4 407-0 18.1 16.8 12.9 409-0 11.4 11.92 9.5 411-0 0.678 1 083 0.80 413-0 7.7 415-0 12.93 17.2 11.1 416-0 2.88 3 675 6.2 418-0 0.720 0.833 90 420-0 0.648 1.648 40 422-0 0.354 0.456 00 424-0 0.136 289 00 426-0 258 568 1.0 428-0 0.887 1.003 1.8 431-0 2.02 5.20 9.0 433-0 8.17 9.43 17 9 435-0 1.315 1.013 1.4 437-0 12.43 13.45 13.9 438-0 9.07 8.42 21.5 440-0 0.770 1.004 3.3 442-0 0.503 11.0 0.40 444 1.198 0.829 1.6 445-0 2.89 4.27 1.7 52 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS DISCUSSION OF RESULTS This section includes (a) comparison of porosity, saturation, and permeability results by pools for each of the ten Illinois oil sands investigated, (b) comparison of vertical with horizontal permeability results for cores from six pools in five oil sands, (c) comparison of porosity and permeability results for four cores, each of which was tested by one other laboratory and the Sur- vey laboratory, and (d) relation of per- meability to porosity. Comparison of Results In order to permit ready comparison of results for various cores in the same pool of an oil sand, a separate graph is made for each pool. Their order of presentation is the same as that used for the presentation of pools. The porosity and saturation values are plotted in units of per cent ; the permeabil- ity values, in units of millidarcys. Upper Partlow sand north johnson pool Figure 3 (data from table 2) is a graph of porosity, saturation, and permeability re- sults for Howe well No. 30 in the North Johnson pool of the Upper Partlow sand. The first part of the core recovered has been omitted from the graph in order to preserve the same scale for all the graphs, as it con- tained very little oil. The average of the permeability values for this pool and sand is 392 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 82 per cent. PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 5 10 15 20 25 POROSITY (PERCENT) 30 35 40 20 30 40 50 60 70 SATURATION (PER CENT) 80 90 100 Fig. 3.— Upper Partlow sand, North Johnson pool; Howe well No. 30 (table 2, p. 18). As the first run con- tained very little oil it is omitted from this graph. ROBINSON SAND 53 Robinson sand CRAWFORD main POOL Two graphs are used to present results of tests on the seven cores from the Craw- ford — Main pool of the Robinson sand. Figure 4 (data from tables 3 to 6 inclusive) shows results for Clark well No. 19, Clark well No. 20, Furman well No. 10 and Henry well No. 14. The first sample of Clark well No. 20 is omitted from the graph as it is an isolated sample containing little oil. Figure 5 (data from tables 7 to 9 in- clusive) is a similar graph for Snyder well No. 6, Stifle well No. 23, and Wattleworth well No. 18. An inspection of these two graphs indi- PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 5 10 15 20 25 POROSITY (PER CENT) 30 35 40 20 30 40 50 60 70 SATURATION (PERCENT) 80 90 100 Fig. 4. — Robinson sand, Crawford- — Main pool; Clark wells No. 19 and No. 20, Furman well No. 10, and Henry well No. 14 (tables 3, 4, 5, and 6A, pp. 19-21). 54 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS cates that the corresponding results for these seven wells in the Crawford — Main pool of the Robinson sand are of about equal magnitudes. The average of the permeabil- ity values for this pool of the Robinson sand is 146 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 74 per cent. PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 5 10 IS 20 25 POROSITY (PER CENT) 30 35 40 20 30 40 50 60 70 SATURATION (PERCENT) 80 90 100 P'iG. 5 — Robinson sand, Crawford — Main pool; Snvder well No. 6, Stifle well No. 23, and Wartleworth well No. 18 (tables 7A, 8, and 9, pp. 22-24.) PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 920 UJ liJ ^^930 z I 1- Q. 1 6 KEY PERMEABILITY •---• POROSITY a A SATURATION 9 50 0^ c ^ 960 •9 ^^ '^--— S5 -• >& 5 10 15 20 25 POROSITY PER CENT 30 35 40 20 30 40 50 60 70 SATURATION PER CENT 80 90 100 Fig. 6.^ — Robinson sand, Flat Rock pool; Cochran well No. 1 (table 10, p. 25). ROBINSON SAND 55 FLAT ROCK POOL LAWRENCE COUNTY POOL Figure 6 (data from table 10) is a graph of results for Cochran well No. 1 which was cored in the Flat Rock pool of the Robinson sand. The average of the per- meability values for this pool of the Robin- son sand is 138 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 67 per cent. Figure 7 (data from table 11) is a graph of results for Crump well No. 27 which was cored in the Lawrence County pool of the Robinson sand. The average of the per- meability values for this pool of the Robin- son sand is 1052 millidarcys, and the aver- age deviation from the mean permeability is 106 per cent. PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 K^.. •*---> r-ji^^ -1 ^ ■ ■■"--'-^ —^ "T^ -\ ■ KEY o o PERMEABILITY • • POROSITY a A SATURATION 5 10 15 20 25 POROSITY (per cent) 30 35 40 20. 30 40 50 60 70 SATURATION (PER CENT) 60 90 100 Fig. 7.- — Robinson sand, Lawrence County pool; Crump well No. 27 (table 11, p. 26). PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1000 1500 2000 2500 KEY o PERMEABILITY •---• POROSITY A A SATURATION 15 20 25 POROSITY ( PER CENT ) 50 60 70 SATURATION (PER CENT) 40 100 Fig. 8.— Robinson sand, New Hebron pool; Mohler well No. 15 (table 12, p. 27). 56 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS NEW HEBRON POOL Figure 8 (data from table 12) is a graph of results for Mohler well No. 15 which was cored in the New Hebron pool of the Robinson sand. The average of the permea- bility values for this pool of the Robinson sand is 46 millidarcys, and the average devi- ation from the mean permeability is 108 per cent. PARKER POOL Figure 9 (data from table 13) is a graph of results for Weger well No. 14 which was cored in the Parker pool of the Robinson sand. The average of the permeability values for this pool of the Robinson sand is 200 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 106 per cent. Inspection of the graphs showing the re- sults for the various pools in the Robinson sand indicates good agreement of results for all the pools with the exception of three very high permeability values for Crump well No. 27 in the Lawrence County pool. PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2 500 \b 20 2 5 POROSITY [per cent) 50 60 70 SATURATION (per CENT) Fig. 9. — Robinson sand, Parker pool; Weger well No. 14 (table 13, p. 28). PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 1450 1550 KEY LITHURLAND WELL NO 9 MADDEN WELL NO. 9 MADDEN WELL NO. 10 PERMEABILITY POROSITY SATURATION 5 10 15 20 25 POROSITY (per cent) 30 35 40 20 30 40 50 60 70 SATURATION (PER CENT) 80 90 100 Fig. 10. -Biehl sand, Allendale pool; Lithurland well No. 9, Madden wells No. 9 and No. 10 (tables 14, 15, and 16, pp. 29-30). BIEHL AND CYPRESS SANDS 57 BlEHL SAND ALLENDALE POOL Figure 10 (data from tables 14 to 16 inclusive) is a graph of results for Lithur- land well No. 9, Madden well No. 9, and Madden well No. 10 which were cored in the Allendale pool of the Biehl sand. Lith- urland well No. 9 and Madden well No. 9 passed through tight portions of the Biehl sand and did not become producing wells. The average of the permeability values for this pool and sand is 109 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean per- meability is 69 per cent. The results for Lithurland well No. 9 and Madden well No. 9 have not been included in the above averages since they were not representative of the sand. PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2 500 • — •_ A— ^ KEY o PERMEABILITY • • POROSITY c 6 SATURATION •—^ ?. -!< 5 10 15 20 25 POROSITY (pep cent) 30 35 40 20 30 40 50 60 70 SATURATION (per cent) 80 90 100 Fig. 11. — Cypress sand, Bartelso pool; Trame well No. 2 (table 17, p. 31). permeability in MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 3000 KEY O— — o PERMEABILITY • • POROSITY 5 20 25 POROSITY (per cent) Fig. 12.— Cypress sand, Carlyle pool; Deters well No. 39 (table 18, p. 31). Cypress sand bartelso pool Figure 11 (data from table 17) is a graph of results for Trame well No. 2 which was cored in the Bartelso pool of the Cypress sand. The average of the permeability values for this pool of the Cypress sand is 278 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 35 per cent. CARLYLE POOL Figure 12 (data from table 18) is a graph of results for Deters well No. 39 which was cored in the Carlyle pool of the Cypress sand. The average of the permea- bility values for this pool of the Cypress sand is 103 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 53 per cent. LAWRENCE COUNTY POOL Figure 13 (data from table 19) is a graph of results for the only sample taken in the Cypress sand from Kirkwood well No. 13, Lawrence County pool. 58 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS 500 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 40 560 KEY PERMEABILITY • POROSITY ^ SATURATION • A ° ° S70 15 20 2 5 POROSITY (PER CENT ) 50 60 70 SATURATION (per CENT) 40 100 Fig. 13. — Cypress sand, Lawrence County pool; Kirkwood well No. 13 (table 19, p. 32). 500 1000 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 40( r' ■^ i < V ^ i I i 1 1 1 1 K 1520 --^ t — ■--• ! z i ^ ^± 1580 1 1 0-. •.. KEY AT KOBERLEIN WELL NO. 1 MORRISON WELL NO. 1 MORRISON WELL N0.2 SEFTON WELL NO 1 o PERMEABILITY • POROSITY 1570 o — , .;• * -•. % •'..._ 15 20 25 POROSITY (per CENT) Fig. 14. — Cvpress sand. Louden jiool; Kohcrlein well No. 1, Morrison wells No. 1 and No. 2, and Sefton well No. 1 (tables 20, 21, 22, and 23, pp. 32-33). PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 15 20 2 5 POROSITY ( PER CENT ) Fig. 15. — Cypress sand, Noble pool; Arbuthnot well No. 9 (table 24, p. 34). CYPRESS SAND 59 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIOARCYS 1500 2000 2500 ^ • — - y I p ^' KEY •— — • POROSITY \ -■-.-^ V j:>. 15 20 25 POROSITY (percent) Fig. 16. — Cypress sand, Patoka pool; Merryman well No. 1 (table 25, p. 35). LOUDEN POOL Figure 14 (data from tables 20 to 23 inclusive) is a graph of results for Kober- lein well No. 1, Morrison well No. 1, Mor- rison well No. 2, and Sefton well No. 1 which were cored in the Louden pool of the Cypress sand. The average of the permea- bility values for this pool of the Cypress sand is 148 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 36 per cent. NOBLE POOL Figure 15 (data from table 24) is a graph of results for Arbuthnot well No. 9 which was cored in the Noble pool of the Cypress sand. This well is located in a deep part of the Illinois basin. The average of the per- meability values for this pool of the Cypress sand is 395 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 59 per cent. PATOKA POOL Figure 16 (data from table 25) is a graph of results for Merryman well No. 1 which was cored in the Patoka pool of the Cypress sand. The average of the permea- bility values for this pool of the Cypress sand is 44 millidarcys and the average devi- ation from the mean permeability is 46 per cent. Comparison of results may now be made between the various pools in the Cypress sand. Results for the five shallow pools which are the Bartelso, Carlyle, Lawrence County, Louden, and Patoka pools show good agree- ment with the exception of the very high permeability value for the sample from Kirkwood well No. 13 in the Lawrence County pool. The average porosity of the eight shallow wells is 19.8 per cent, and their average permeability (omitting the sample from Kirkwood well No. 13 as not representative) is 122 millidarcys. The core from Arbuthnot well No. 9 in the Noble pool, which came from a much deeper part of the basin, shows an average porosity of 15.1 per cent and an average permeability of 395 millidarcys. It is seen that the average porosity of the core from the Cypress sand in a deep part of the basin is considerably lower than the average po- rosity of the cores of this sand taken from the shallow wells, and that the average per- meability of the core from the deep well is greater than that of the cores from the shallow wells. 60 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 3000 •s ^^-^ "-^ KEY <^^— o PERMEABILITY • • POROSITY / •c . 15 20 25 POROSITY ( PER CENT ) Fig. 17. — Bethel sand, Louden pool; Sinclair well No. 2 (table 26, p. 35). PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 -7^ < KEY STORER WELL NO 2 STORER WELL NO. 4 o PERMEABILITY • POROSITY A SATURATION 5 10 15 20 25 POROSITY ( PER CENT ) 30 35 40 20 30 40 50 60 70 SATURATION (PER CENT) 80 90 100 Fig. 18.— Bethel sand, Centraha pool; Storer wells No. 2 and No. 4 (tables 27 and 28, p. 36). PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 5 10 15 20, 25 POROSITY ("PER CENT ) 30 35 40 20 30 40 50 60 70 SATURATION (PERCENT) 80 90 100 Fig. 19.— Bethel sand, Patoka pool; Merryman wells No. 1 and No. 17 (tables 29 and 30A, p. 37). BETHEL SAND 61 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 ^ 1710 840 / / 1 I • KEY TATE WELL NO. 1 V •— 'S^-^ o PERMEABILITY • POROSITY 15 20 25 POROSITY (PER CENT) Fig. 20. — Bethel sand, Salem pool; Tate well No. 1 and West Nation School well No. 1 (tables 31 and 32, pp. 39-40). Bethel sand louden pool Figure 17 (data from table 26) is a graph of results for Sinclair well No. 2 which was cored in the Louden pool of the Bethel sand. The average of the permea- bility values for this pool of the Bethel sand is 125 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 135 per cent. CENTRALIA POOL Figure 18 (data from tables 27 and 28) is a graph of results for Storer well No. 2 and Storer well No. 4 which were cored in the Centralia pool of the Bethel sand. The average of the permeability values for this pool of the Bethel sand is 247 milli- darcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 71 per cent. PATOKA POOL Figure 19 (data from tables 29 and 30) is a graph of results for Merryman well No. 1 and Merryman well No. 17 which were cored in the Patoka pool of the Bethel sand. The results of these two wells show excellent agreement. The average of the permeability values for this pool of the Bethel sand is 131 millidarcys, and the aver- age deviation from the mean permeability is 50 per cent. SALEM POOL Figure 20 (data from tables 31 and 32) is a graph of results for Tate well No. 1 and West Nation School well No. 1 which were cored in the Salem pool of the Bethel sand. The average of the permeability values for this pool of the Bethel sand is 270 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 58 per cent. Good correspondence of results for the four pools in the Bethel sand is shown. Aux Vases sand SALEM POOL Figure 21 (data from table 33) is a graph of results for Tate well No. 1 which was cored in the Salem pool of the Aux Vases sand. The average of the permea- bility values for this pool of the Aux Vases sand is 85 millidarcys, and the average devi- ation frcTn the mean permeability is 82 per cent. 62 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 40( 1760 { '^-'T tLl770 UJ < ^^ I ^1780 a P" •-=.- "^^ :.»-. ^ __j^- ■:.»-• KEY PERMEABILITY — — . POROSITY 1790 ,_!:>^ 1 •-sr-d r^ ^--^^ !._ — — • 15 20 25 POROSITY ( PER cent) Fig. 21. — Aux Vases sand, Salem pool; Tate well No. 1 (table 33, p. 40). McClosky lime lawrence county pool Figure 22 (data from tables 34 to 37 inclusive) is a graph of results for Christen- sen well No. 1, Christensen well No. 2, Kirkwood well No. 13 and Rogers well No. 14 which were cored in the Lawrence County pool of the McClosky lime. Inspec- tion of this figure reveals that the Christen- sen well No. 1 has three very high permea- bility values, and that Kirkwood well No. 13 cut through a tight portion of the Mc- Closky lime. The average of the permea- bility values for this pool of the McClosky lime is 332 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 129 per cent, NOBLE POOL Figure 23 (data from tables 38 and 39) is a graph of results for Arbuthnot well No. 9 and Schilling well No. 1 which were cored in the Noble pool of the McClosky lime. These wells cut through the Mc- Closky lime in a deep part of the Illinois basin. The average of the permeability values for this pool of the McClosky lime is 754 millidarcys, and the average devia- tion from the mean permeability is 99 per cent. OLNEY POOL Figure 24 (data from table 40) is a graph of results for Sager well No. 3 which was cored in the Olney pool of the Mc- Closky lime. This well also represents the McClosky lime in a deep part of the Illinois basin. The average of the permeability values for this pool of the McClosky lime is 349 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 95 per cent. SALEM POOL Figure 25 (data from table 41) is a graph of results for Tate well No. 1 which was cored in the Salem pool of the Mc- Closky lime. The average of the permea- bility values for this pool of the McClosky lime is 176 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 1 13 per cent. Comparison of results for the four pools in the McClosky lime shows that the aver- age of the porosity values for the five wells located in the two shallow pools, the Law- rence County, and Salem pools, which is 14.2 per cent, is greater than the average of the porosity values for the three wells located in the two deep pools, the Noble and Olney pools, which is 12.8 per cent. The average of the permeability values for the five shallow wells is 227 millidarcys as compared with the average permeability of 673 millidarcys for the three deep wells. These results indicate that the average po- rosity of the shallow wells is greater than that of the deep wells, and that the average permeability of the shallow wells is less than that of the deep wells in the McClosky lime. The behavior of these results for shallow and deep wells in the McClosky lime is similar to that of the results for shallow and deep wells in the Cypress sand. McCLOSKY LIME 63 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 ) . — ^^^ A ' *-• .^<1- o a— o .— - _T:rit^ ?^--- ^--.— ^^c^^^^n ■-■^^-=^^z. i • " a' j ^^:■•■- •-• KEY CHRISTENSON WELL NO. 1 :; ■(lb I tNbON WLLL NO. 2 KWOOD WELL NO. 13 SERS WELL NO. 14 A X PERMEABILITY • POROSITY A SATURATION ._/-' — • — i ^ 15 20 25 POROSITY ( PER CENT) 50 60 70 SATURATION (PER CENT) 40 100 Fig. 22. — McClosky lime, Lawrence County pool; Christensen wells No. 1 and No. 2, Kirkwood well No. 13, and Rogers well No. 14 (tables 34, 35, 36 and 37, pp. 41-42). PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 15 20 25 POROSITY (percent) Fig. 23.— McClosky lime, Noble pool; Arbuthnot well No. 9 and Schilling well No. 1 (tables 38 and 39, p. 43). permeability in MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 „ s=^ KEY " permeability . . porosity c^ < 15 20 25 POROSITY (PER CENT) Fig. 24.— McClosky lime, Olney pool; Sager well No. 3 (table 40, p. 44). 64 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 ~ ^'1. KEY — PERMEABILITY •— • POROSITY 15 20 25 POROSITY (PER CENT) Fig. 25. — McClosky lime, Salem pool; Tate well No. 1 (table 41, p. 44). 2930 ) 500 1000 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 40( 2940 1 ^.^^ • — ^ KEY PERMEABILITY POROSITY f "^ z>» 2950 .^ ^-i 15 20 25 POROSITY (per cent) Fig. 26. — Niagaran lime, Crawford — Main pool; Athey well No. 1 (table 42, p. 45). PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS ,0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 "^^^■=^=^ .^.r-^^^ I ^^ — 1 ^— ^ ef^^f^r: ""^^^'-v '_oV-o ° — o • 1 4 80 490 Ur " " ** ^.. ^^^d — ■ — t I' ^1 '" , "S ^L-' ^ 500 NEY WELL NO 24 1— JAF WIS WELL NO. 14 FADDEN WELL NO. 31 PE PO A SA <^in =!MEABILITY ROSITY TURATION 15 20 25 POROSITY (PERCENT) 50 60 70 SATURATION (PER CENT) 35 90 40 100 Fig. 27.— Hoin^ sand, Colmar— Plymouth pool; Binney well No. 24, Jarvis well No. 14, McFadden well No. 31 (tables 43, 44, 45A, pp. 46-47). KIMMSWICK LIME 65 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCY:> 1500 2000 2500 ,^__- — * > ~ rzi:=— ~s^^ "^-^ - __ ^^:r}~— ■-— ., jrfT^^ ' 1 ^^ — KEY o PERMEABILITY . . POROSITY I [ I ^-~ ~~^ 15 20 25 POROSITY fPER CENT) Fig. 28.— Kimmswick lime, Dupo pool; Dyroff well No. 27 (table 46, p. 49). NiAGARAN LIME CRAWFORD MAIN POOL Figure 26 (data from table 42) is a graph of results for Athey well No. 1 which was cored in the Crawford — Main pool of the Niagaran lime. As previously stated, this well was a test hole and did not become a producer. The average of the permeabil- ity values for this pool of the Niagaran lime is 4.9 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 49 per cent. HOING SAND COLMAR PLYMOUTH POOL Figure 27 (data from tables 43 to 45 inclusive) is a graph of results for Binney well No. 24, Jarvis well No. 14 and Mc- Fadden well No. 31 which were cored in the Colmar — Plymouth pool of the Hoing sknd. There is good agreement of results. The average of the permeability values for this pool of the Hoing sand is 683 milli- darcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 67 per cent. KiMMSWICK LIME DUPO POOL Figure 28 (data from table 46) is a graph of results for Dyroff well No. 27 which was cored in the Dupo pool of the Kimmswick lime. The average of the per- meability values for this pool of the Kimms- wick lime is 7.7 millidarcys, and the average deviation from the mean permeability is 93 per cent. A comparison of results for the various sands shows that the average porosity of the wells cored in the Niagaran lime, the Biehl sand, and the Kimmswick lime, is lower than the average porosity for the other sands. The total liquid saturation is shown to be high for all the sands. The Hoing sand and the Niagaran lime have relatively high and relatively low permea- bility, respectively. The greatest variation in permeability occurs in the McClosky lime, which is characteristic of limestone oil sands. The only cores available to the Survey, at the time this report was written, from the deeper part of the Illinois basin are from Arbuthnot well No. 9, Schilling well No. 1, and Sager well No. 3. These three cores showed relatively low porosity and very high permeability for the sands from deep wells as compared with results for the same sands from shallow wells. Comparison of permeability results for Illinois oil sands with the permeability results for Bradford sand^ shows that the average of the permeability values of Illi- nois oil sands investigated in this report, spancher, G. H., Lewis, J. A., and Barnes, K. B., Min. Ind. Exp. Sta., Penn. State College Bull. 12, pp. 142-146. 1933. 66 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS which is 273 millidarcys, is considerably higher than the average permeability of Bradford sand which ranges from two to five millidarcys for representative samples. The actual average permeability of any core is higher than the average of the per- meability results herein reported. This is due to the fact that the core which was tested represented about 60 to 90 per cent complete recovery, and the portions of the sand which were broken up during the cor- ing operation were undoubtedly more per- meable than the samples which were recov- ered. One of the features of a sand which makes it suitable for air repressuring or water flooding is fairly uniform permea- bility for various layers of the sand. The sands studied in this investigation, listed in order of the uniformity of per- meability of their cores are: Cypress, Ni- agaran, Hoing, Biehl, Bethel, Upper Part- low, Aux Vases, Robinson, Kimmswick, and McClosky. In this listing, the results for Madden well No. 9 in the Biehl sand have not been considered since it passed through a tight portion of the sand and did not become a producer. Also the one sample each from Lithurland well No. 9 in the Biehl sand and Kirkwood well No. 13 in the Cypress sand were not considered since they were not representative of the sands. The degree of uniformity of permeability of a sand is obtained by taking the average of the per cent average deviation from the mean permeability for the various pools in that sand. Small deviations indicate a high degree of uniformity and higher deviations indicate a lesser degree of uniformity of permeability. Considerable variation is found among the different pools in the same sand. The average uniformity of permeability of the Robinson sand cores from the Crawford — Main pool places the Robinson sand from the Crawford — Main pool between the Biehl and Bethel sands in the above list, but the average uniformity of permeability of the Robinson sand cores from the Law- rence County, New Hebron, and Parker pools places the Robinson sand from these pools between the Kimmswick and Mc- Closky limes. Air and gas repressuring have proved suc- cessful in the Upper Partlow sand in the North Johnson pool, the Robinson sand in the Crawford — Main and the New Hebron pools, the Biehl sand in the Allendale pool, and the Hoing sand in the Colmar — Plym- outh pool. Natural water floods in the Cypress and Bethel sands and McClosky lime have re- sulted in increased production from these sands. Because of their uniformity of per- meability with depth, the Cypress and Bethel sands should prove very amenable to the application of air and gas repressur- ing or controlled water flooding. Comparison of Vertical with Horizontal Permeability In order to show the comparison of verti- cal with horizontal permeability results for the different sands and pools, these results are plotted for each pool. The order of presentation is the same as that previously used, by sands and pools. The vertical permeability results and one set of hori- zontal permeability results were obtained from a 1-cm. cube test piece. The other sets of horizontal permeability results are those previously reported for the 1 by 1 by 2 cm. test pieces. Robinson sand Cores from the Crawford — Main pool and the Lawrence County pool in the Rob- inson sand were investigated for vertical and horizontal permeability. CRAWFORD MAIN POOL The only core from the Crawford — Main pool of the Robinson sand which was tested for vertical and horizontal permea- bility was from the Henry well No. 14. Figure 29 (data from table 47) is a graph of relative vertical and horizontal permeability results for Henry well No. 14. An inspection of this graph indicates that the ratio of horizontal to vertical permea- bility for this well is about 2:1. LAWRENCE COUNTY POOL The only core from the Lawrence Coun- ty pool of the Robinson sand which was tested for vertical and horizontal permea- bility was from Crump well No. 27. Figure 30 (data from table 48) is a graph of relative vertical and horizontal permea- PERMEABILITY 67 bility results for Crump well No. 27. In- spection of this graph reveals that the ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability for this well is about 3:2. Comparison of figure 29 with figure 30 shows that the horizontal permeability is from one and one-half to two times the vertical permeability for the Robinson sand. 960 ^_.-A ^^^ «==zz^ ^^W-A 1 ^^rr-=3. »-• (- rt'^ LU ^^ . :-^^^^ ~- -<. ?970 X I^^^-^^-^- —-r^^^^^ _^.^j=-tj*— " UJ a 980 KEY = VERTICAL PERMEABILITY OF 1 XI X 1 CM PIECE • • HORIZONTALPERMEABILITY OF 1 X 1 X 1 CM PIECE 4 A HORIZONTAL PERMEABILITY OF 1X1X2 CM. PIECE 150 200 250 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS Fig. 29.— Robii md, Crawford— Main pool; Henry well No. 14 (table 47, p. 49), 0-888 O KEY c = VERTICAL PERMEABILITY OF 1 X 1 X 1 CM PIECE • — « HORIZONTAL PERMEABILITY OF 1 X 1 X 1 CM. PIECE A A HORIZONTAL PERMEABILITY OF 1 X 1 X 2 CM. PIECE >>• y^ -^^ ^^^^^==<::::^ ^C-:._ ■"^^^^^s. =-=-*-^ . -:r:^i -rrrr-' — rr^^^"^^ ^^^-i^^ ^-^-' =-«^^ ==^= ^:^:-;-^-^ ■ — ^..^^^ m^^^ TO 42S0-^ -— ^^^" _____ ---"' "^T^-- 1500 2000 2500 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS Fig. 30. — Robinson sand, Lawrence County pool; Crump well No. 27 (table 48, p. 50). 68 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS KEY VERTICAL PERMEABILITY OF I X I X I CM. PIECE HORIZONTAL PERMEABILITY OF I X I X I CM. PIECE HORIZONTAL PERMEABILITY OF 1X1X2 CM. PIECE 300 400 500 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS Fig. 31.— Biehl sand, Allendale pool; Madden well No. 10 (table 49, p. 50). 1010 ^^^^^^:ZZir: ^-"^r>-^ 1.^.**. — 1012 ,^-c:^. -"-^--^-^^-^ ;.;^^---- rj--.-.6 \Nv 1014 \ \ ^ --. \ 1016 \^^ ^^^^^^^ . > > ',> KEY • = VERTICAL PERMEABILITY OF 1 X 1 X 1 CM. PIECE • • HORIZONTAL PERMEABILITY OF 1 X 1 X 1 CM PIECE 1018 ^ ^ ^^- ^^, ''" /-"-"'" A -A HORIZONTAL PERMEABILITY OF 1 X 1 X 2 CM. PIECE 300 400 500 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS Fig. Zl. — Cypress sand, Bartelso pool; Trame well No. I (table 50, p. 51). BlEHL SAND ALLENDALE POOL The only core from the Biehl sand which was tested for relative vertical and hori- zontal permeability was from Madden well No. 10. Figure 31 (data from table 49) is a graph of relative vertical and horizontal permeability results for Madden well No. 10. This graph shows that the ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability for this core from the Biehl sand is about 5 :3. Cypress sand BARTELSO POOL The only core from the Cypress sand which was tested for relative vertical and horizontal permeability was from Trame well No. 2. Figure 32 (data from table 50) is a graph of relative vertical and horizontal permeability results for Trame well No. 2. This graph shows that the ratio of hori- zontal to vertical permeability for the core from the Cypress sand is about 3 :2. PERMEABILITY 69 KEY VERTICAL PERMEABILITY OF I X I X I CM. PIECE HORIZONTAL PERMEABILITY OF I X I X I CM. PIECE HORIZONTAL PERMEABILITY OF 1X1X2 CM. PIECE 750 1000 1250 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 1750 Fig. 2>Z. — Hoing sand, Colmar — Plymouth pool; Binney well No. 24 (table 51, p. 51). ^ -«.«^ f<^^^ r.-r^ yf'^'^ w-^.^ ^Vr -^-- .- = -- TO 2/5—^ .4 '- ^ra — -J^-. ^■^■^■^ F^rE KEY rrrrj".-.---r=r: ^^'^f^ — OF 1 X 1 XI CM. PIECE • • HORIZONTAL PERMEABILITY OF 1 XI X 1 CM. PIECE L h HO RIZONTAL PE OF 1 X 1 X 2 C^ RMEABILITY 1 PIECE 75 10 12.5 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS Fig. ?>A. — Kimmswick lime, Dupe pool; DyrofF well No. 27 (table 52, p. 51). HoiNG SAND COLMAR PLYMOUTH POOL The only core from the Hoing sand which was tested for relative vertical and hori- zontal permeability was from Binney well No. 24. Figure 33 (data from table 51) is a graph of relative vertical and horizontal permeability results for Binney well No. 24. This graph shows that on the average, the horizontal permeability is equal to the vertical permeability for this core from the Hoing sand. Kimmswick lime dupo pool The only core from the Kimmswick lime which was tested for relative vertical and horizontal permeability was from Dyrofi" well No. 27 in the Dupo pool. Figure 34 (data from table 52) is a graph of relative vertical and horizontal permeability results for Dyroiif well No. 27. This graph shows that, on the average, the horizontal permeability is equal to the verti- 70 ILLINOIS OIL SJNDS Table 53. — Ratio of Horizontal to Vertical Permeability. Summary of tables 47 to 52, inclusive County Pool Name of ^ "sand" Well name and no. Text figure no. Text table no. Ratio of horizontal to vertical perme- ability Crawford Lawrence Wabash Clinton McDonough. . . St. Clair Crawford^ — Main. . . . Lawrence County. . . . Allendale Bartelso Colmar — Plymouth. Dupo Robinson. . . Robinson. . . Biehl Cypress .... Hoing Kimmswick. Harry No. 14 . . . Crump No. 27.. . Madden No. 10. Trame No. 2 . . . . Binney No. 24. . DyrofFNo. 27... 29 30 31 32 33 34 47 48 49 50 51 52 2:1 3:2 5:3 3:2 1:1 1:1 cal permeability for the core from the Kimmswick lime. Table 53 shows a summary of ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability for the six cores investigated. Checks with Other Laboratories In the course of this investigation, in addition to the test pieces calibrated for porosity and permeability by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, results were obtained for four cores, each of which was tested by one other laboratory and the Survey laboratory. These laboratories are: (1) U. S. Bureau of Mines laboratory, (2) Tide Water Lab- oratory, (3) Core Testing Laboratories, Inc., and (4) a "commercial laboratory". In all instances, the Survey and the other laboratory used different samples. Thus it would be expected that at any depth there would be about the same variation in results between the two laboratories as that be- tween adjacent samples tested by either lab- oratory. U. S. BUREAU OF MINES Figure 35 is a graph of comparative po- rosity results for McFadden well No. 31 as found by the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the Survey laboratory. The U. S. Bureau of Mines results are from four sets of two samples each; in all instances the two samples were taken from adjoining core biscuits. The U. S. Bureau of Mines made no permeability tests on samples from this core. TIDE WATER LABORATORY Figure 36 is a graph of comparative po- rosity and permeability results for Henry well No. 14 as found by the Tide Water Laboratory and the Survey laboratory. CORE TESTING LABORATORIES, INC. Figure 37 is a graph of comparative po- rosity and permeability results for Snyder well No. 6 as found by the Core Testing Laboratories, Inc., and the Survey labora- tory. The Survey laboratory made porosity and permeability determinations on two adjacent samples from each sample tested. The values of permeability of these dupli- cate samples are so close that they cannot be distinguished from each other on this graph. A "COMMERICAL LABORATORY*' Figure 38 is a graph of comparative po- rosity and permeability results for Merry- man well No. 17 as found by a "commercial laboratory" and the Survey laboratory. On this graph, results for the lowest part of the sand are not included, since samples taken by the two laboratories from this portion of the core were not at approximately the same depths. An inspection of the four graphs on check results shows that the agreement between the five laboratories is within experimental deviation found for results from two ad- jacent samples. OTHER LABORATORIES 71 •" ^n^ "~^ "° ^ e^ z I Q- 500 UJ O -8 S^ — - ' KEY • • U.S.BUREAU or MINES « • SURVEY LABORATORY ° 1 "° 1 5 ID 15 20 25 30 35 40 POROSITY (PER cent) Fig. 35. — Comparative porosity results of U. S. Bureau of Mines and Survey laboratories for McFadden well No. 31. (Survey data from table 45A; Bur. of Mines data from table 45B, pp. 47-48). PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 KEY TIDEWATER LABORATORY SURVEY LABORATORY PERMEABILITY POROSITY 15 20 25 POROSITY (PER CENT) 30 35 Fig. 36.- — Comparative porosity and permeability results of tests by Tide Water Laboratory and Survey Laboratory for Henry well No. 14 (tables 6A and 6B, pp. 21-22). 500 1000 PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 40 980 >- ^.... '^-id"" [ •^.■.^"\ 990 C^ m*^* KEY - CORE TESTING LABS INC 1000 PERM PORO :lY LABOHATL EABILITY SITY KY 15 20 25 POROSITY (PER CENT) Fig. 37. — Comparative porosity and permeability results of tests by Core Testing Laboratories Jnc. Survey laboratory for Snyder well No. 6 (tables 7 A and 7B, pp. 22-23). md 72 ILLINOIS OIL SANDS PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS 1500 2000 2500 15 20 25 POROSITY (PER cent) Fig. 38. — Comparative porosity and permeability results of tests by a "commercial laboratory" and Survey laboratories for Merryman well No. 17 (tables 30A and 30B, pp. 37-38). o° ° On ° °^ o o ^ ^o° o ° <* O ° OQO CP . . 1 ° '<. °1i "^ • — Oo ° ° ° ° ° o o o PERMEABILITY IN MILLIDARCYS Fig. 39. — Relation of permeability to porosity for Hoing sand, Colmar- — Plymouth pool; McFadden wcl No. 31 (table 45A, p. 47). Relation of Permeability to Porosity It has been reported previously that an approximate straight-line relationship exists between the porosity and the logarithm of the permeability of any one particular type of Illinois oil sand.'^ Figure 39 (data from table 45) is a graph which shows this re- lationship for samples from the McFadden well No. 31. An inspection of this graph shows some deviation from the linear rela- tionship for the McFadden core. Even greater deviation is to be found among the results from sands of widely different grain sizes and various degrees of cementation. sPiersol, R. J., Flow of fluids through oil sands: a paper presented at the Fourth Mineral Industries Conference of Illinois, April 24, 1936. Illinois Geol. Survey unpublished Mss. The ratio of the average permeability to the average porosity for all the samples from the wells herein reported which were locat- ed in shallow parts of the Illinois basin is 14.7, whereas the ratio for all the samples from the three wells located in deeper parts of the basin is 51.6. The ratio of permea- bility to porosity for samples from wells located in the deeper parts of the basin is more than three times that for samples from wells located in the shallower parts of the basin. When more cores from the deeper parts of the Illinois basin become available for testing, this discrepancy between the permeability to porosity ratios for shallow and for deep wells can be further investi- gated to determine whether or not it is a general rule.