.SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 
 
 __ 165 
 
 MONOGRAPH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ' • 
 
 BATS OF NORTH AMERICA 
 
 H. ALLEN, M.D 
 
 ASSIST. SURGEON, U. S. A. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
 
 JUNE, 1864. 
 

$6(o 
 . 1 
 
 
 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 
 
 — 165 
 
 MONOGRAPH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 BY 
 
 H. ALLEN, M.D. 
 
 ASSIST. SURGEON, U. S. A. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: 
 
 JUNE, 1864. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 Tiie following memoir, by Dr. Allen, is designed to exhibit the 
 present state of our knowledge respecting the species of Chei- 
 roptera, or bats, found in America, north of Mexico, and their 
 general geographical distribution. It is based principally on the 
 specimens in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, although 
 the collections of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences 
 and of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Cambridge have 
 also been consulted. 
 
 JOSEPH HENRY, 
 
 Secretary S. I. 
 
 {Smithsonian Institution, 
 
 Washington, April 26, 1864. 
 
 ( H ) 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 COLLINS, PRINTER 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PAG R 
 
 Advertisement ...... 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ii 
 
 Introduction 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■v 
 
 Artificial Key to tlie Genera 
 
 
 
 
 
 xxiii 
 
 Fam. MEGADERMATIDJE . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Macrotus, Gray . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Macrotus californicus, Baird 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Fam. NOCTILIONIDiE .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Nyctinomus, Geoff. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Nyctinomus nasutus, Tomes 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Fam. VESPERTILIONIDAE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Nycticejus, Raf. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Nycticejus crepuscularis, Allen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12. 
 
 Lasiurus, Raf. .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 Lasiurus noveboracensis, Tomes 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 Lasiurus cinereus, Allen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 Lasiurus intermedius, Allen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 Scotophilus, Leach . . , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 Scotophilus carolinensis, Allen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 28 
 
 Scotophilus fuscus, Allen . 
 
 
 
 
 •. 
 
 
 31 
 
 Scotophilus eeorgianus, Allen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 Scotophilus noctivagans, Lee. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 Scotophilus liesperus, Allen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 Vespertilio, Keys. & Bias. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 Vespertilio evotis, Allen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 Vespertilio subulatus, Say . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 Vespertilio affinis, Allen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 Vespertilio lucifugus, Lee. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 Vespertilio yumanensis, Allen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 Vespertilio nitidus, Allen . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 Synotus, Keys. & Bias. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C2 
 
 Synotus macrotis, Allen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 Synotus townsendii, Wagner 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 Antrozous, Allen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 Antrozous pallidus, Allen . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 Appendix . . . . * . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 Alphabetical Index ..... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 ( iii ) 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2017 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 
 
 
 https://archive.org/details/checklistofinver71meek 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Among the numerous agents which Mature employs for re- 
 stricting the excessive increase of the insect world, the bats hold a 
 conspicuous position. Eminently adapted to an animal regimen, 
 the vast majority of these animals are exclusively insectivorous 
 in their habits. Mosquitos, gnats, moths, and even the heavily 
 mailed nocturnal Coleoptera, fall victims in large numbers to their 
 voracious appetites. Certain members of the order, such as 
 Flying Foxes (Pteropodid^e), are strictly frugivorous, it is true ; 
 and others, as the Dog-bat of Surinam ( Noctula leporina), 
 classified as an insect-eating bat, partakes occasionally of fruit 
 in addition to its more animal diet ; none of the species found 
 in this country, however, are known to subsist on any other than 
 insect food. In this respect they hold a decided relationship to 
 certain birds, and it is interesting to observe how, under differ- 
 ent circumstances, these widely separated animals serve us to the 
 same end. The functions which the latter perform during the 
 day, the former assume in the evening. The latter prey upon 
 the diurnal insects, while the former feed exclusively upon the 
 crepuscular and nocturnal kinds. The disappearance of the birds 
 of day is a signal for the advent of the dusky host, which, as it 
 were, temporarily relieve from duty their more brilliant rivals in 
 guarding the interests of Nature. 
 
 But, while thus connected with birds in their position in the 
 world’s economy, bats have none of that grace of form, or beauty 
 of coloring so characteristic of the others. Their bodies are 
 clumsy and repulsive ; their hues are dull and unattractive — nor 
 can the eye dwell with pleasure upon their grotesque and awk- 
 
 ( v ) 
 
VI 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ward motions. This aversion — so universally evinced toward 
 these little animals — is heightened by the associations of the 
 'time and place of their daily appearance. Attendant, as they 
 are, upon the quiet hours of twilight, when the thickening 
 gloom is conducive to the development of superstitious feeling, 
 bats have always been associated with ideas of the horrible and 
 the unknown. In olden times, when the imagination of the people 
 exceeded the accuracy of their observations, it was one of the 
 numerous monsters inhabiting their caverns and forests. It has 
 done service in many a legend ; its bite was fatal ; it was the 
 emblem of haunted houses ; its wings bore up the dragon slain 
 by St. George. 
 
 It is easy to trace from this early impression the permanent 
 position that the bat, as an emblem of the repulsive, held in 
 letters and the arts. It is mentioned in the Book of Leviticus 
 as one of the unclean things. Its image is rudely carved upon 
 the tombs of the ancient Egyptians. The Greeks consecrated 
 it to Proserpine. It is part of the infernal potion of the witches 
 in Macbeth, while Ariel employs it in his erratic flights. In 
 art, its wings have entered largely into the creation of those 
 composite horrors — evil spirits, nor have modern artists escaped 
 from the absurdity of encumbering the Satan of Holy Writ with 
 like appendages . 1 Of this association with the monstrous the in- 
 telligent observer ceases to take note when the finer beauties of 
 structure develop themselves under his gaze. Upon acquaintance 
 he learns, perhaps with surprise, that, in anatomical and physio- 
 logical peculiarities, and zoological position, the bat is a subject 
 for study worthy of the attention of the most contemplative. In- 
 deed, no order of animals is more interesting, and none has received 
 greater attention from the hands of savans. 
 
 The early pioneers of natural history were far astray in their 
 endeavors to correctly define the nature and position of the bat. 
 
 “ Some authors place bats among the birds, because they are 
 able to fly through the air ; while others assign them a position 
 
 1 To this fancy of the ancients of placing the wings of a hat upon 
 demons is happily opposed the sweet conceit of poets in adorning the 
 figures of angels and cherubim with the wings of birds. The wing of a 
 bat is sombre and angular — that of a bird is of delicate hues and replete 
 with curves. It is therefore poetic justice to have the one become an 
 emblem of the infernal as the other is an expression of the heavenly form. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 vii 
 
 among the quadrupeds, because they can walk on the earth. 
 Some again, who admitted the mammalian nature of the crea- 
 tures, scattered them at intervals through the scale of animated 
 beings, heedless of any distinction excepting the single charac- 
 teristic in which they took their stand, and by which they judged 
 every animal. These are but a few of the diverse opinions which 
 prevailed among the naturalists of former times, among which 
 the most ingeniously quaint is that which places the bat and 
 ostrich in the same order, because the bat has wings and the 
 ostrich has not .” 1 
 
 Without reviewing the recorded errors of these observers, we 
 will be content to call the attention of the reader to the following 
 brief account of the structure of flying animals, so that the true 
 position of the bat among them may be definitely fixed. 
 
 There are two distinct types of modification which the verte- 
 brate skeleton has undergone in adapting the animal for flight, 
 both of which depend upon some peculiarity in the structure of 
 the anterior extremities ; and in order to obtain a correct opinion 
 of them we propose to cast a glance at each in turn. 
 
 Plan of bony structure of the wings of flying vertebrate animals. 
 
 a. Bones of carpus' separat- 
 ed; flight maintained by 
 dermal expanse 
 
 r 
 
 I. Wing membrane supported by all 
 fingers — 
 
 Bats (Vespertilio), order of Mam. 
 
 - 
 
 I 
 
 II. Wing membrane supported by the 4th 
 finger only (which is immensely de- 
 veloped), the others remaining free — 
 
 Pterodactyl es, order of Rept. 
 
 ^ III. Bones of metacarpus 2-3 in number — 
 
 b. Bones of carpus united ; 
 flight maintained by der- 
 mal appendages 
 
 Feathers not radiating — 
 
 Living birds (Aves) — class. 
 
 IY. Bones of metacarpus 4 in number — 
 Feathers radiating — 
 
 l 
 
 Archaeopteryx (Aves) — subclass. 
 
 Wood, Nat. Hist. I (Mam,), 114. 
 
Vlil 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 f I. The Bat, in which the humerus is long and slender, with a small 
 pectoral ridge. Ulna rudimentary, attached to the curved radius, 
 which constitutes the bulk of the forearm ; carpus composed of 
 6 bones ; the metacarpal bones 5 in number, separate and dis- 
 tinct ; the phalanges generally 2 in number ; thumb, and in some 
 the index finger surmounted by a claw. 
 
 
 II. The Ptekodactyle, in which the humerus is short and straight, 
 very broad at head, with angular and prominent pectoral ridge ; 
 ulna and radius distinct, of nearly equal size ; carpus composed 
 of 5 bones ; metacarpus of 4 bones, separate and distinct ; 1st 
 finger with 3 joints, 2d with 4, 3d with 5, 4th with 4 joints, 
 all provided with claws, with the exception of the 4th, which is 
 remarkable for the extraordinary development of its several 
 joints. It is from this last mentioned finger to the base of the 
 foot that the skin was stretched by which the animal was en- 
 abled to fly. 
 
 f III. The Bird, in which the humerus is curved, more or less slender ; 
 pectoral ridge prominent, not angular ; ulna large, curved, not 
 united with the slender and more diminutive radius ; carpus of 
 2 bones ; metacarpus of 2, sometimes of 3 bones — the first being 
 small and cylindrical, the other two of larger dimensions and 
 united so as to form a bone resembling the bones of the forearm ; 
 ulnar phalanx of 1 joint, united to the radial which is composed 
 of 2. 
 
 The power of sustaining flight not dependent upon the ex- 
 pansion of skin, but upon the excessive development of dermal 
 appendages (feathers). 
 
 IV. The Archaeopteryx 1 agrees with the typical bird in general particu- 
 lars, but differs in the number of the metacarpal bones, which are 
 here 4 in number : the 1st and 2d are slender, free and separate 
 from one another ; the 3d and 4th bear considerable resemblance 
 to those of extant birds, in being large, stout, and closely approxi- 
 mated ; but are not, however, united. 
 
 Flight is supposed to have been maintained in the same man- 
 ner as in living birds. 
 
 1 Archceopteryx lithographica, H. von Meyer, a fossil of the Lower Jurassic 
 formation of Germany, obtained from the lithographic stone at Solenhofen. 
 It was first made known to science by Prof. Wagner, at a meeting of the 
 Mathematico-Physical Class of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Munich, 
 in 1861, and was more minutely described, by H. Hermann von Meyer, in 
 Jahrbuch far Mineralogie, 1861, 561. 
 
 This remarkable fossil, which is at present exciting such profound 
 attention among anatomists, combines the characters of the bird and the 
 reptile so intimately that it was for a time a matter of doubt to which 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IN 
 
 DIAGRAM OF THE BONES OF ANTERIOR EXTREMITIES OF FLYING 
 VERTEBRATES. 
 
 I. Bat. — a. Scapula, b. Humerus, c. Radius, d. Rudiment of 
 ulna anchylosed to radius, e. Carpus, f. Metacarpus, g. Pha- 
 langes. 
 
 II. Pterodactyle. — References the same as in Fig. I. 
 
 III. Bird. — References as in Fig. I. The dotted outline of the second 
 
 ungual phalanx indicates the occasional occurrence of a claw at 
 this point. The majority of birds are without it. 
 
 IV. Archaeopteryx. — References as in Fig. I. The dotted outlines seen 
 
 at carpus and the terminal phalanges are restored portions. 
 
X 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In addition to the instances already given, certain fishes, as 
 the Exocoetus and Dactylopterus, possess the power of sustaining 
 true flight. The mechanism that lifts the body of the fish from 
 the water, and upholds it for a short time in the air, is obtained 
 in the pectoral fius, which, in these animals, are enormously de- 
 veloped. The structure of these fins is homologous to that of 
 the anterior extremities of other vertebrates — their form alone 
 being modified to adapt the animal to the medium in which it is 
 placed. Thus we have, in each great subdivision of vertebrate 
 animals, a representative capable of sustaining flight. 
 
 Another somewhat similar modification of the animal economy 
 is met with in a few animals of arboreal habits. Here a peculiar 
 arrangement of the skin is observed, which enables the possessor 
 to break the force of downward leaps. In the Flying Lemur 
 ( Galeopithecus ), in the Flying Squirrel ( Pteromys ), and in the 
 Flying Opossum ( Petaurista ), the furred skin extends laterally 
 from the sides of the body, and is attached to anterior and posterior 
 extremities at the metacarpal and metatarsal regions respectively. 
 The only instance of osteological development is obtained in the 
 Dragon ( Draco volans), a small lizard from Sumatra, in which long, 
 transverse processes from either side of the lumbar vertebrae sup- 
 port a thin membranous growth which is capable of being opened 
 and shut by means of muscles attached to the bony frame-work. 
 
 Anatomy. — From the consideration of the mechanism of the 
 wings of bats, it is an easy transition to speak of their anatomy. 
 
 The bones of Cheiroptera , though incapable of receiving air 
 from the surrounding medium, are nevertheless of very light 
 
 class it could be assigned. Its peculiarities consist of a continuation of 
 the bones of the vertebral column posteriorly to the number of twenty 
 segments, thus creating a tail seven inches in length ; of the metacarpal 
 bones, being composed of four bones instead of two or three as in living 
 birds ; and of the reptilian character of the pelvis. 
 
 For descriptions concerning this curious animal the reader is referred to 
 the original paper by M. von Meyer, loc. cit . ; an article in The Intellectual 
 Observer , for Dec. 1862 (with plate), by Wm. H. Woodward ; an article in 
 Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 2d series, XXXY, May, 1863, 129 (Prof. Dana); 
 an article in Phil. Trans. CLIII, part I, 1863, 33, pi. 1 to 4 (Prof. Owen). 
 The last mentioned paper is the most complete on the subject, and is 
 accompanied with a handsome full size plate of the fossil. 
 
 It is from this memoir that the outline engraving on the opposite page 
 has in part been taken. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XI 
 
 structure. The skeleton of a bat is expressive of lightness and 
 tenuity. The bones of the common Brown Bat (V. subulatus), 
 from which this description is taken, weighed but eleven grains. 
 
 The skull is of proportionate large size, rounded at cranium, 
 The parietal crest, generally faintly produced, is frequently 
 entirely absent ; at the superior angle of occipital bone a faintly 
 defined triangular patch is seen in those skulls where the temporal 
 fossae on either side have not extended quite the length of the 
 side of cranium. Orbit incomplete ; temporal fossae very large ; 
 zygomata perfect, generally slightly curvilinear, somewhat de- 
 pressed in centre. Anterior nares large, sub-circular, extending 
 back on the palate to a level with the canine teeth. Intermaxillary 
 bones rudimentary and not meeting in front. The bo.nes of the 
 cranium are without diploe, and the interior of the skull without 
 tentorium. Auditory bullae (viz., the circular appendages to the 
 external meatus) very large. Occipital condyles broad ; fora- 
 men magnum large, sub-oval, somewhat depressed. The maxillary 
 bones are stout, and support all the teeth, excepting the incisors, 
 which are held in position by the inter-maxillary bones. 
 
 The lower jaw is stout, receding at symphysis, where it is very 
 high, and extends backwards to a level with the 2d premolar 
 tooth ; coronoid process high, blunt, strongly marked externally 
 to its base with the concave surface for the insertion of temporal 
 muscle. The anterior border is vertical, the superior and pos- 
 terior are slightly oblique, ending in the condyloid process ; the 
 articulating head of which is arranged transversely to the axis 
 of the bone. The ramus of the jaw is turned slightly outward, 
 and is thin and compressed. A large hamular process is con- 
 spicuous immediately inferior to the articulating surface. 
 
 The teeth are of variable number — being in some species as 
 low as 30, in others as high as 38. This variation, combined with 
 differences in their contour, furnish characters of great importance 
 in the classification of these animals. The principal differences are 
 seen in the number of the incisors and molars, The usual number 
 of incisors is 4 in the upper, and 6 in the lower jaw. The 
 number is never in excess of this, though frequently falling 
 short of it. Thus, in some genera there are but 2 incisors above 
 and 4 below ; or there may be none above and but 2 below. 
 When the number in the upper jaw is confined to 2 teeth the 
 central incisors are wanting. The number in the lower jaw is 
 
Xil 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 always 6 in the family Vesper tilionidae, with the exception of the 
 Californian genus Antrozous, which has here but 4 incisors. In 
 this particular it shows evidence of its affinity with the family 
 Phyllostomidse, in which 4 incisors in the lower jaw is the normal 
 number. 
 
 The molars are of two kinds : the true molars, and the false or 
 premolars. The former are the larger and situated most pos- 
 teriorly, the latter are small, placed between the true molars and 
 the canines, and appear to unite the characters of both these 
 teeth. The premolar adjoining the first molar bears a stronger 
 resemblance to the grinders than to the premolar adjacent to the 
 canine, which shows decided resemblance to the eye tooth. The 
 number of molars (true and false) in any bat never exceeds 6 
 above and 6 below. In any diminution of this number the first 
 premolar is always wanting. 
 
 The minute description of the teeth is reserved for the remarks 
 under each species. It will be well in this place, however, to de- 
 fine the true molars, and since they are not subject to any material 
 variation in shape no mention of them will be made in the text. 
 
 The true molars are 3 in number, both above and below. In 
 the upper jaw they are of a sub-triangular shape, wider than 
 long, their bases being outward, and their apices rounded and 
 blunt. The first and second teeth have two Y-shaped cusps 
 upon the articulating surface of the crown — the anterior border 
 of each cusp being more prominent than the posterior. The 
 union of these two cusps constitutes what is known as the 
 W-shaped crown. This irregularity is occasioned by the sinuate 
 incurving of the enamel of the tooth ; it eminently adapts the 
 organ for the mastication of insect food. The inner portion of 
 the articulating face is lower than the outer, is of a rounded 
 shape, and is furnished with but one cusp, which, however, placed 
 immediately behind the anterior triangular cusp, runs obscurely 
 backwards to behind the posterior cusp, giving these teeth the 
 appearance of being quadri-cuspid. The third molar, much 
 smaller than the preceding, has a straight anterior and a rounded 
 posterior surface ; the external face of crown is irregular and 
 sinuate, posterior unicuspid. 
 
 In the lower jaw the molars are of equal size. They are longer 
 fhan wide. Each tooth is made up of two Y-shaped cusps, their 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Xll 
 
 bases lying inwards, their apices very acute. The anterior cusp 
 is wider and somewhat higher than the posterior. 
 
 The vertebral column is remarkable for the absence of any 
 prominent processes. The cervical vertebrae are little more than 
 slender rings of bones surrounding a spinal marrow of unusual 
 width. The dorsal are also very uniform in appearance, each 
 bone having its sides furnished with a slightly elevated tubercle. 
 The ribs attached to them are relatively broad, very long, and 
 much curved, thus giving the thorax a somewhat compressed 
 appearance. The first rib is remarkable for its extreme breadth, 
 especially at the point where it articulates with the sternum, 
 being here twice the width of the clavicle. The sternum is 
 of great strength. The manubrium is markedly crested, broad 
 and flat at base whence two blunt, obtuse alae spring from either 
 side to articulate with the clavicle and first rib. The gladiolus 
 and xyphus are large and robust ; the latter has upon its inferior 
 extremity an expanded cartilaginous piece, which is continuous 
 with the linea alba. The object of this excessive development 
 of the sternum is evident : the immense power employed in 
 the maintenance of flight necessitating the presence of strong 
 osseous points for attachment of the muscles. The clavicle is 
 long, much arched, and slightly flattened from before backwards. 
 The scapula is of a sub-rhomboid shape. At the upper third 
 of its dorsal surface the dorsal spine runs obliquely forwards 
 and terminates in the large acromion. The coracoid process is 
 also conspicuous, and projects at right angles from the scapula 
 parallel with a similar process from the internal superior angle 
 of the shoulder blade. The humerus is long, cylindrical; head 
 small, scarcely longer than shaft ; two processes before and behind 
 the articulation are observed for the insertion of the scapular 
 muscles. The inferior extremity has but one articular facet. 
 The forearm consists of the radius alone, the ulna being entirely 
 absent or confined to a mere rudiment attached ‘to the upper 
 posterior part of the radius. The radius is slightly arched, 
 much larger than humerus, and like it without any process. The 
 carpus is composed of 6 bones, of which the largest supports 
 the radius. The bones of the metacarpus are greatly developed 
 in length, constituting the bony frame-work upon which the wing 
 membranes are stretched. The thumb has two joints, the terminal 
 one of which is surrounded by a claw, the others having generally 
 
X-V 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 three joints each — long and cylindrical. The pelvis is slender and 
 narrow. The ilii are elongated, not widened, and markedly con- 
 vex on outer surfaces ; ischia relatively large, and converging ; 
 pubis rather slender. The ossa innominata are readily disunited 
 at symphysis, their union to the sacrum being firmer. Obturator 
 foramen large and elliptical. Both femur and tibia are long cylin- 
 drical bones, presenting no features of interest. The fibula is 
 slender, acuminate and imperfect ; it arises from the base of the 
 tibia, and terminates midway up that bone. By the partial ever- 
 sion of the lower extremity it appears to lie to the inner side of 
 the tibia. The toes are five in number and armed with sharply 
 curved claws ; the calcaneum is enormously developed as a spicula 
 of bone, running obliquely downwards and inwards towards the 
 tail, and inclosed within the border of the interfemoral membrane. 
 The termination of this bone is abrupt in some species, in others 
 its extremity blends with the free edge of the membrane. The tail 
 is composed of nine joints in the majority of bats, which diminish 
 in width from above downwards ; the tip of the tail may or may 
 not be included in the interfemoral membrane. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Bell, in reviewing the osteology of the bat, uses 
 the following language : — 
 
 “ The whole of this structure is so perfectly adapted to the 
 peculiar habits of the animals as to require no comment. The 
 great development of the ribs, sternum, and scapula for the attach- 
 ment of strong muscles of flight ; the length and strength of the 
 clavicle ; the extension of all the bones of the anterior extremity, 
 all admirably tend to fulfil their obvious end.” — Cyclopedia of 
 Anal, and Phys., art. Cheiroptera. 
 
 The digestive apparatus is very simple, as might be supposed 
 from the nature of the food upon which these animals subsist. 
 The stomach is simple, with small fundus. The intestine is short, 
 measuring but one and a half times the length of the body, and in 
 . many species without a caecum. 
 
 The nervous system is highly developed, especially the special 
 senses of hearing and of touch. The ears, both internally and 
 externally, are highly perfected. The cochlea are disproportion- 
 ately large as compared with the size of the semicircular canals. 
 The ampullae, as already seen, are very large. To this osseous 
 structure, for the reception of sound, is added the complicated 
 auricle with which all insectivorous bats are provided. These 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XV 
 
 are frequently much larger than the head, and of great variety 
 of shapes : their variations of form being of great importance in 
 classification. 
 
 The internal border is generally much curved, and terminates 
 in an obtuse or acute projection, called the internal basal lobe ( c ) ; 
 the external border of the ear is of an irregular convex contour, 
 and ends anteriorly in a blunt and thickened fold of membrane — 
 the external basal lobe ( d ).* The tragus, or oreillon (e), is an 
 upright growth of membrane extending from the base of the 
 auricle up the centre of the external ear. The function of this 
 appendage is not known ; it probably acts as a valve to prevent 
 foreign substances entering the ear, or to prevent the volume of 
 sound received from such a large auricle in impinging too forcibly 
 upon the delicate tympanum. 
 
 The nose is also frequently the seat of extensive dermal growths. 
 These appendages, situated about the nostrils, may be simple up- 
 right, triangular folds of skin, or they may be exceedingly compli- 
 cated in structure. No North American bat, with but one ex- 
 ception (M. calif ornicus) , has such a development. Though the 
 external ear is evidently intended to augment the sense of hear- 
 ing, there is some doubt whether the nose leaves hold the same 
 relation to the olfactory sense. These growths are composed of 
 reduplications of skin, and are not related to the lining mem- 
 brane of the nose. They are probably the agents for augmenting 
 the sense of touch alone, and in this ivay act conjointly with the 
 wing membranes. 
 
 It is in this latter structure that the sense of touch chiefly re- 
 sides. The bones of the extremities being covered on either side 
 with an enduplication of skin, form a frame-work upon both sides 
 
 1 In the above cut the external basal lobe has been turned backwards 
 to disclose the base of tragus. 
 
xvi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of which the papillae of touch are extensively distributed. This 
 function, in many places, is probably aided by the delicate hairs 
 which are sparsely distributed linearly upon the under surfaces of 
 the membranes. These may perform a function analogous to 
 that observed in the labial whiskers which are so prominent in the 
 Felidse. Spallanzani was the first to notice the high development 
 to which this sense had been brought in these animals. His ex- 
 periment is well known, but will bear repetition here : — 
 
 “In 1193 Spallanzani put out the eyes of a bat, and observed 
 that it appeared to fly with as much ease as before, and without 
 striking against objects in its way, following the course of a ceil- 
 ing, and avoiding, with accuracy, everything against which it 
 was expected to strike. Not only were blinded bats capable of 
 avoiding such objects as parts of a building, but they shunned, 
 with equal address, the most delicate obstacles, even silken 
 threads, stretched in such a manner as to leave just space enough 
 for them to pass with their wings expanded. When these threads 
 were placed closer together, the bats contracted their wings, In 
 order to pass between them without touching. They also passed 
 with the same security between branches of trees placed to inter- 
 cept them, and suspended themselves by the wall, &c. with as 
 much ease as if they could see distinctly .” — Godmards Amer . 
 Nat. Hist. I, 1831, 51. 
 
 Habits . — The habits of these animals are but little known. We 
 possess a general knowledge that they are of nocturnal and cre- 
 puscular habits ; that they feed upon night insects ; that they 
 frequent in their hours of repose secluded retreats in common 
 with other nocturnal animals. To this circumstance, as much 
 as any other, our ignorance of their habits is chiefly due. The 
 darkness and unpleasant surroundings of their haunts are suffi- 
 cient obstacles to cool the ardor of the most enthusiastic naturalist. 
 Opportunities are offered occasionally, however, to observe their 
 flight, and their habits in repose, by their accidental entrance into 
 the open apartments of our dwellings in warm weather. 1 
 
 1 In this connection I take the liberty of quoting from Mr. Audubon’s 
 “Eccentric Naturalist,” a sketch which appeared in the “ Ornithological 
 Biography” of that author. The hero of this sketch is well known to 
 have been M. Rafinesque. The incident narrated was one of a series of 
 adventures equally ludicrous which Mr. Audubon graphically narrates : — 
 
 “ When it was waxed late I showed him to the apartment intended for 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XVU 
 
 Under these circumstances they can be readily caught, and 
 although bearing captivity poorly, can yet with care be sustained 
 for some time. In this condition they will take small pieces 
 of raw meat with avidity, though — strange as it may appear — 
 refuse to partake of insects. They appear to drink largely 
 of water. A small Brown Bat, which I once caught and caged, 
 would lap up water eagerly when all food was refused. 
 
 The first act of the bat, after emerging in the evening frpm 
 its retreat, is to fly to the water. The following account illus- 
 trating this peculiarity, as well as showing the enormous numbers 
 in which these animals will live together, is of great interest. It 
 is from the pen of M. Figaniere, Minister to this country from 
 Portugal, in a letter addressed to Prof. Henry, Secretary of 
 Smithsonian Institution : — 
 
 “ In the winter of 1859, having purchased the property known 
 as Seneca Point, on the margin of the Northeast Biver, near 
 Charlestown, in Cecil County, Maryland, we took possession of 
 it in May of the next year. The dwelling is a brick structure 
 covered with slate in the form of an L, two-storied, with garret, 
 cellars, and a stone laundry and milk house attached. Having 
 been uninhabited for several years it exhibited the appearance, 
 with the exception of one or two rooms, of desolation and neglect, 
 with damp, black walls, all quite unexpected, as it had been but 
 very slightly examined, and was represented in good habitable 
 condition, merely requiring some few repairs and a little painting. 
 
 “ The boxes, bundles and other packages of furniture which had 
 preceded us, lay scattered around and within the dwelling : 
 these, with the exception of some mattresses and bedding for 
 
 him during his stay, and endeavored to render him comfortable, leaving 
 him writing material in abundance. I was indeed heartily glad to have a 
 naturalist under my roof. We had all retired to rest. Every person I 
 imagined was in deep slumber, save myself, when of a sudden I heard a 
 great uproar in the naturalist’s room. I got up, reached the place in a 
 few moments, and opened the door, when, to my astonishment, I saw my 
 guest running about the room naked, holding the handle of my favorite 
 violin, the body of which he had battered to pieces against the walls in 
 attempting to kill the bats, which had entered by the open window, 
 • probably attracted by the insects flying around his candle. I stood 
 amazed, but he continued running round and round, until he was fairly 
 exhausted ; when he begged me to procure one of the animals for him, as 
 he felt convinced they belonged to a ‘new species.’ ” 
 
 B 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 xviii 
 
 immediate use, were hastily arranged for unpacking and placing 
 in order at leisure. The weather, which was beautiful, balmy 
 and warm, invited us towards evening to out-door enjoyment and 
 rest after a fatiguing day of travel and active labor ; but chairs, 
 settees and benches were scarcely occupied by us on the piazza 
 and lawn, when to our amazement, and the horror of the female 
 portion of our party, small black bats made their appearance in 
 immense numbers, flickering around the premises, rushing in and 
 out of doors and through open windows — almost obscuring the 
 early twilight, and causing a general stampede of the ladies, who 
 fled covering their heads with their hands, fearing that the dreaded 
 little vampires might make a lodgment in their hair. 
 
 “ This remarkable exhibition much increased our disappoint- 
 ment in regard to the habitable condition of our acquisition, and 
 was entirely unexpected, inasmuch as the unwelcome neighbors 
 were in their dormant state and ensconced out of sight, when 
 the property was examined previous to purchase. With their 
 appearance and in such immense numbers the prospect of im- 
 mediate indoors arrangement and comfort vanished ; the para- 
 mount, the urgent necessity was to get rid of such. a nuisance as 
 quickly as possible, and the question was by what means could 
 this be accomplished. Our scientific friends and acquaintances, 
 both in New York and Philadelphia, were consulted, various 
 volumes of natural history were examined in order to ascertain 
 the peculiar habits of the vermin, but we derived no effectual con- 
 solation from these sources. One of our friends, indeed, sent us 
 from New York an infallible exterminator in the form of a receipt 
 obtained at no inconsiderable cost : strips of fat pork saturated 
 with a subtle poison were to be hung up in places where the 
 annoying ‘ creatures’ did most congregate ; of this they would 
 surely eat, and thus ‘shuffle off their mortal coil.’ How many 
 revolving bat seasons it might have required by this process to 
 kill off the multitude, the urgency of the case would not allow us 
 to calculate, and the experiment was therefore abandoned. 
 
 “Evening after evening did we patiently, though not com- 
 placently, watch this periodical exodus of dusky wings into light 
 from their lurking places one after another, and in some instances 
 in couples and even triples, according as the size of the holes or 
 apertures, from wdiieh they emerged, in the slate roofing would 
 permit. Their excursions invariably commenced with the cry of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 x:x 
 
 the ‘ whippoorwill ,’ both at coming evening and at early dawn ; 
 and it was observed that they always first directed their flight 
 towards the river, undoubtedly to damp their mouse-like snouts, 
 but not their spirits, for it was likewise observed that they re- 
 turned to play hide and seek, and indulge in all other imaginable 
 gambols : when, after gratifying their love of sport and satisfying 
 their voracious appetites (as the absence of mosquitos and gnats 
 testified), they would re-enter their habitation, again to emerge at 
 the first signal of their feathered trumpeter. I thus ascertained 
 one very important fact, namely, that the bat, or the species which 
 annoyed us, ate and drank twice in twenty-four hours. Such 
 appeared their habit, such therefore was their indispensable need. 
 Upon ascertaining this fact, after having tried suffocation by the 
 fumes of brimstone with only partial success, I concluded to adopt 
 a more efficient plan of warfare ; and for this purpose commenced 
 by causing all the holes, fissures in the wood-work, and apertures 
 in the slating to be hermetically sealed with cement : this put a 
 stop to their egress ; but to avoid their dying by starvation and 
 deprivation of water, which would manifold increase the annoy- 
 ance by adding, their dead to their living stench, I ordered aper- 
 tures of about two feet square to be opened in the lathe and 
 plastered partition on each side of the garret windows, and also 
 in the ceiling of every garret room ; lastly, when the bats’ reveille 
 was sounded by the bugle of the whippoorwill , all the hands of 
 our establishment, men and boys, each armed with a wooden 
 implement (shaped like a cricket bat), marched to the third floor, 
 
 ‘ on murderous deeds with thoughts intent:’ a lighted lantern was 
 placed in the middle of one of the rooms, divested of all furniture, 
 to allure the hidden foe from their strongholds. After closing the 
 window to prevent all escape into the open air, the assailants 
 distributed at regular distances to avoid clubbing each other, 
 awaited the appearance of the bats enticed into the room by 
 the artificial light and impelled by their own natural craving. 
 The slaughter commenced, and progressed with sanguinary vigor 
 for several hours, or until brought to a close by the weariness of 
 dealing the blows that made the enemy bite the dust, and over- 
 powered by the heat and closeness of the apartment. This plan 
 succeeded perfectly. After a few evenings of similar exercise, in 
 which the batteurs became quite expert in the use of their weapon, 
 every wielding of the wooden bat bringing down an expiring name- 
 
XX 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 sake, the war terminated by the extermination of every individual 
 of the enemy in the main building. However, there still was the 
 cock-loft of the laundry, which gave evidence of a large popula- 
 tion. In this case I had recourse to a plan 'which had been re- 
 commended, but was not carried out in regard to the dwelling- 
 house. I employed a slater to remove a portion of the slating 
 which required repairing. This process discovered some fifteen 
 hundred or two thousand bats, of which the larger number were 
 killed, and the remainder sought the barn, trees, and other places 
 of concealment in the neighborhood. 
 
 “ In the main building nine thousand six hundred and forty bats, 
 from actual counting, were destroyed. This was ascertained in 
 the following manner : After the battling of each evening the dead 
 were swept into one corner of the room, and in the morning, be- 
 fore removing them to the manure heap, they were carefully 
 counted and recorded ; many had been killed before and some few 
 after the reckoning was made, and were not included in it, nor 
 were those killed under the adjoining laundry roof. The massacre 
 commenced by killing fewer the first evenings, the number in- 
 creasing, and then diminishing towards the end ; but it was 
 generally from fifty or a hundred, up to six hundred and fifty — the 
 highest mortality of one evening’s work — dwindling down to 
 eight, five, three, and two. 
 
 “ This species of bat is generally small, black, and very lively. 
 Some smaller than the ordinary size were found, probably young 
 ones, and one or two larger, supposed to be grandfathers, of a 
 reddish hue, which was thought to be from age. These vermin 
 were generally more or less covered with a small sized bug, not 
 very dissimilar to the common chinch, but of a different species. 
 As previously stated, the bat has a very disagreeable odor, which 
 also pertains to its ejection. 
 
 “ The manure, as well as the bodies of the slain, was used to 
 fertilize the flower and vegetable garden, and thus, in some degree, 
 they served to compensate us for the annoyance to which we had 
 been subjected. The manure, however, required to be applied 
 with caution, since, if used in too large a quantity, it appeared to 
 burn the organism of the plants. 
 
 “ To remove the very disagreeable odor which remained in the 
 upper part of the house, various kinds of disinfectants were em- 
 ployed with some advantage ; but the most effectual method re- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XXI 
 
 sorted to was that of opening holes of about four inches square, 
 two at each gable end, to permit a current of air to pass 
 through. These holes were covered with iron gauze, to prevent 
 the re-entrance of any of the remainder of the army of the enemy 
 which might hover around the premises. 
 
 “ At the end of five years the odor has now nearly disappeared, 
 being hardly perceptible during a continuance of very damp 
 weather. ” 
 
 The fact mentioned above of the numerous parasites infesting 
 bats is perhaps the most revolting feature in these creatures. The 
 enormous population of Acari found upon their bodies is due 
 to the great generation of animal heat in their close haunts, a 
 condition conducive to a rapid increase of all kinds of vermin. 
 In this country the common bed-bug ( Cimex lectularis) is fre- 
 quently found upon their fur. The entrance of a bat, with its 
 precious burden, into the open window of a farm house is the 
 solution of that frequently propounded question of the despairing 
 housewife : “ Where can the bugs come from ?” 
 
 Of individual anecdotes of bats we have but few examples. 
 The following, illustrating the maternal instinct, is taken from 
 Godman’s Nat. Hist. I, 1831, 56. It is narrated by Mr. Titian 
 Peale : — 
 
 “In June, 1823, the son of Mr. Gillespie, the keeper of the 
 city square, caught a young Red Bat ( L . noveboracensis ), which 
 he took home with him. Three hours afterwards, in the evening, 
 as he was conveying it to the Museum, in his hand, while passing 
 near the place where it was caught, the mother made her appear- 
 ance and followed the boy for two squares, flying around him 
 and finally alighted on his breast, such was her anxiety to save 
 her offspring. Both were brought to the Museum — the young 
 one firmly adhering to its mother’s teat. This faithful creature 
 lived two days in the Museum, and then died of injuries received 
 from her captor. The young one, being but half grown, was 
 still too young to take care of itself, and died shortly after. ’ 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA. 
 
 I. ISTIOPHORA. 
 
 (Bats with upright appendage on nose.) 
 
 Megadermatid^e. 
 
 Nose leaf simple, triangular, acuminate. . . Macrotus. 
 
 II. Gymnorhina. 
 
 (Bats without upright appendage on nose.) 
 
 A. Nostrils circular; wing membranes narrow; 
 
 tail either much longer or much shorter 
 than interfemoral membrane . . . Noctilionid^e. 
 
 Lips grooved ..... Nyctinomus. 
 
 B. Nostrils subelliptical; wing membranes am- 
 
 ple; tail inclosed in interfemoral mem- 
 brane — the final joint in some instances 
 exserted Yespertilionidas. 
 
 a. Two incisors in upper jaw. 
 
 | Six incisors in lower jaw. 
 
 * Interfemoral membrane more 
 
 or less hairy . . . Lasiurus. 
 
 ** Interfemoral membrane not 
 
 hairy .... Nycticejus. 
 t Four incisors in lower jaw . . Antrozous. 
 
 b. Four incisors in upper jaw. 
 
 f Molars | ; internal basal lobe of 
 
 ear acute . . . . Vespertilio. 
 
 $ Molars less than ® ; internal basal 
 lobe of ear rounded. 
 
 * Nose with two symmetrical 
 
 excrescences . . . Synotus. 
 
 ** Nose without excrescences . Scotophilia ; . 
 
 ( xxiii ) 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MONOGRAPH 
 
 OF 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Fam. megadermatid^e. 
 
 MACROTUS, Gray. 
 
 Macrotus, Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1843, 21. 
 
 Ears large, joined ; leafy appendage simple, erect ; interfemoral 
 membranes large ; point of tail free. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Skull thin, light, tapering. The cranium inflated ; parietal 
 crest small. 
 
 Dentition. 
 
 Molars A . Canines A . Incisors — . Canines A . MolarsA == 34 teethl 
 6 14 16 
 
 Upper Jaw . — The incisors disproportionate ; the central large 
 
 and chisel-shaped ; the lateral small, pointed, and converging. 
 
 Canines small, slightly concave on inner, convex on outer surface ; 
 
 1 
 
2 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 no basal cusps. First premolar of peculiar shape, thin and com- 
 pressed. It is unicuspid, with a small posterior basal point 
 visible from without. The second is thicker, and has an internal 
 basal ridge. The third and fourth molars not peculiar. The 
 fifth is small, greatly compressed from within outwards. 
 
 Lower Jaw. — Incisors crowded, indistinctly trilobed ; canines 
 with a marked basal cusp. The first and second premolars of 
 about equal size, thick, with basal ridge. The remaining molars 
 not peculiar. 
 
 In placing this genus under Megadermatidse it should not be 
 considered as having any strong affinity to the genus Megaderma. 
 When a family or subfamily is extensive, the first and last members 
 of it often differ considerably from one another ; and in the pre- 
 sent instance the genus Megaderma may be considered to stand at* 
 one end of the subfamily, while Macroius is at the other, the 
 intervening members being wanting. 
 
 The nose leaf of Megaderma is complex and naked, that of 
 Macrotus is simple and hairy. Megaderma has no tail, while 
 that of Macrotus is produced beyond the interfemoral membrane, 
 Macrotus has some resemblance to that group of Phyllostomatidse , 
 of which Glossophaga is the type. The head has the same long, 
 rostroid appearance, the small acuminated nose leaf, the cleft in the 
 lower lip, and the abrupt interfemoral membrane. The genus, 
 in fact, appears to stand between Megadermatidse and Phyllo- 
 stomatidse. 
 
 The genus Macrotus was established by Gray in the Proc. 
 Zool. Soc. for 1843, p. 21, upon specimens of M. waterhousii 
 brought from Hayti by Dr. Parnell. The description was very 
 brief, and accompanied by no mention of the dentition. 
 
MACROTUS. 
 
 3 
 
 Macrotus californicus, Baird. 
 
 Fig. 2. Fig. 3. 
 
 Macrotus californicus , Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliila. 1858, 117. — Ib. 
 Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv. II, 1859, Mammals, p. 4, pi. i, fig. 2. 
 
 Description . — Head long. Face hairy. Eyes rather large, 
 almond-shaped. Nose leaf acuminate, higher than broad, its nar- 
 row nostrils placed in its base obliquely. Ears very large, united 
 over the head by an incised, transverse membrane ; they are oval 
 and slightly hairy. Tragus not quite half as high as the auricle ; 
 lanceolate straight on outer border, where at base there is an 
 abrupt increase in width with a slight revolution posteriorly ; 
 inner border not thickened, the upper half concave, lower half 
 convex. Lower lip cleft, shield triangular acute. Thumb slen- 
 der, long ; basal joint shortest. Tail produced two lines beyond 
 the interfemoral membrane. The calcaneum large. Wing mem- 
 brane extends to ankle ; in some specimens it seems to arise by a 
 slight attachment from the calcaneum in the same manner as in 
 the genus Natalus. Foot moderate, with short compressed hairs 
 on upper surface, claws rather large. 
 
 The fur is indistinctly tricolored. Above, base white, terminal 
 third fawn, its tip gray. Below, base likewise white, terminal 
 third fawn, its tip white — thus giving the fur a grizzled, wavy 
 appearance. The hair about the face is shorter and more inclined 
 to brown. Immediately behind the junction of the ears the head 
 is almost naked. The basal portions of the ears have growths of 
 hair upon them which may be contiguous in the living animal. 
 
 This species is closely related to M. waterhousii f Gray, of 
 Cuba, Hayti, and other West Indian Islands; but a comparison 
 
4 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 of the type with good specimens of the latter from Cuba, pre- 
 served in alcohol, and presented by Prof. Poey to the Smithsonian 
 Institution, show unmistakable differences’ as do others from 
 Jamaica, recently received from Mr. March. 
 
 The chin plates are less acutely defined ; the internal border of 
 the tragus is much thickened, and the revoluted portion at the 
 base of the external border is slightly swollen. The fur is bi- 
 colored ; central portion dark-brown instead of fawn. The nose 
 leaf is of about the same height as in the above species ; the tail, 
 however, is .25 of an inch shorter. The dentition is similar. 
 
 The 31. mexicana , Saussure, is a species from Mexico described 
 by M. Saussure in Revue et Mag. de. Zook, 2d series, XII, 
 1860, p. 486. The author states that the description is taken 
 from a specimen which was in poor condition. It is difficult to 
 tell from his description whether his species is the same as 31. 
 californicus or not. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 Current 
 
 number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Height of 
 nose-leaf. 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 Length of 
 tibia. 
 
 Length of 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 ear. 
 
 Height of 
 tragus. 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 1 Nature of 
 
 specimen. 
 
 2317 
 
 
 2 3 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.10 
 
 0.9 
 
 3.3 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.1 
 
 0.5 ; 
 
 10.0 
 
 Ale. 
 
 5214 
 
 417 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.8 
 
 0.8 
 
 3.0 
 
 0 5 
 
 1.0 
 
 0-4j 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 5214a 
 
 411 
 
 20 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.10 
 
 0.10 
 
 3.2 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.2 
 
 0 5 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 52145 
 
 410 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.2 
 
 20 
 
 0.10 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 1-0 
 
 0.4| 
 
 10.0 
 
 t i 
 
 5214c 
 
 797 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.8 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 11 0 
 
 it 
 
 5214 d 
 
 
 2 0 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.8 
 
 0 10 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.11 
 
 0 4 
 
 10.6 
 
 a 
 
 521 4e 
 
 412 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.9 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 0 6 
 
 11.0 
 
 it 
 
 6174 
 
 415 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.8 
 
 0.8 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 10.6 
 
 c t 
 
NYCTTNOMUS. 
 
 5 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 Specimens. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 - 
 
 Nature of Spec'n. 
 
 2347 
 
 1 
 
 Fort Yuma, Cal. 
 
 ^ Maj. 0. H. Thomas. 
 
 In alcohol (type). 
 
 5214 
 
 28 
 
 Cape St. Lucas. 
 
 | John Xantus. 
 
 In alcohol. 
 
 6174 
 
 1 
 
 Cape St. Lucas. 
 
 | John Xantus. 
 
 I 
 
 In alcohol. 
 
 Fam. noctilionid^e. 
 
 NYCTINOMUS, Geoff. 
 
 Nyctinomus, Et. Geoffroy, Desc. de l’Egypte (Hist. Nat.), II, 1814. — Is. 
 
 Geoffroy, Ann. des Sc. Nat. 1, 1824, 337. — Castelnau, Exp. d’Amer. 
 
 Sud ; Mammif. pi. xii, f. 2. 
 
 Ears generally joined ; lips thick, pendulous, grooved ; nose 
 sharp, well defined ; tragus obtuse, broad and square ; tail pro- 
 duced beyond the interfemoral membrane nearly half its length ; 
 great toes separated from the others, and fringed on their outer 
 side. 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 N. nasutus. 
 
 Skull . — The cranium is inflated, with no appearance of crest, 
 and very papery. The anterior nares small. Intermaxillary 
 bones rudimentary ; facial angle small. Auditory capsules large. 
 Lower jaw slender and elongated. 
 
6 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Dentition . 
 
 Molars Canines — . Incisors Canines A. Molars — — 30 teeth. 
 
 5 1 4 1 5 — 
 
 Upper Jaw. — Superior incisors converge but do not touch. 
 The first premolar is very small, but not hidden ; the second has 
 a sharp, well defined internal cusp. The internal cusp of the third 
 upper molar has a posterior prolongation ; last molar large. 
 
 Lower Jaw. — The incisors are very small, bilobed and crowded. 
 The canines are slender, with an internal cusp, which does not 
 meet its fellow in the middle line. Two premolars of nearly 
 equal size, unicuspid, the posterior being a little the larger. The 
 remaining three molars are in nowise peculiar. 
 
 A singular confusion has always existed in the efforts of 
 naturalists to accurately determine the forms of the Molossoid 
 group of the Noctilionidse. 
 
 The names of Vespertilio , Molossus, Dysopes, Dinops and Nycti - 
 nomus, have been applied almost indiscriminately to the different 
 species. Geof. St. Hilaire established the genus Molossus, in 
 1805, in Ann. du Mus. VI, 150. In 1814, he founded the genus 
 Nyctinomus in the “ Description de l’Egypte.” As far as my ob- 
 servation has been extended, it is among these two genera that 
 the different species can be properly grouped, excepting per- 
 haps the form Cheiromeles, Horsf. Molossus is an American 
 genus. Nyctinomus has an extensive distribution, being found in 
 Africa, Australia, and America. Peters, in “ Reise nach Mo- 
 zambique,” has described two African species under the names of 
 Dysopes brachypterus and limbatus, but the figured skulls and 
 heads correspond exactly to those of Nyctinomus. Tomes, while 
 adverse to the separation, states that if separated, Molossus 
 australis, Gould, from Australia, belongs to Nyctinomus. Hors- 
 field’s elaborate and sagacious researches in Asia have brought 
 to light N. tenuis ; and finally, Is. St. Hilaire noticed as early 
 as 1824 (Ann. des Sc. Nat., April, 1824), the prevalence of the 
 genus in America. 
 
 Nyctinomus can readily be distinguished from Molossus by the 
 following characters : — 
 
 Molossus. Superior incisors converge and touch. Molars 
 four in upper jaw ; internal cusp of third molar not prolonged 
 
NYCTINOMUS. 
 
 7 
 
 posteriorly ; last molar small. Skull not markedly broad. Lips 
 thick and heavy, but not furrowed. Nose rounded. Tragus a 
 mere point of integument. 
 
 Nyctinomus. Superior incisors-- converge but do not touch. 
 Molars in upper jaw five ; internal cusp of third upper molar 
 having a posterior prolongation ; last molar large. Skull broad. 
 Lips very pendulous and furrowed. Nose sharp, well defined. 
 Tragus obtuse, broad, and square. 
 
 Nyctinomus nasutus, Tomes. 
 Fig. 6. Fig. 7. 
 
 Molossus nasutus , Spix, Sim. et Yesp. Bras., 1823, 60, pi. xxxv, fig. 7 ; fide 
 Isis, August, 1824, 899 (Brazil). — Schinz, Syn. Mamm. I, 1844, 143. 
 Dysopes nasutus , Temm., Mon. Mamm. I, 1827, 234. — Ib. Zool. Jour. Ill, 
 1828, 459. — Wagner, Suppl. Schreber, I, 1844, 474. — Ib. V, 1855, 
 
 711. 
 
 Nyctinomus nasutus , Tomes, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, 68 (Jamaica). 
 Nyctinomus brasiliensis, Isid. Geoff., Ann. des Sc. Nat. I, April, 1824, 
 337, pi. xxii (Brazil). — Ib. Zool. Journ. 1, 1825, 133. — Ferussac, Bull, 
 des Sc. Nat. II, 1824, 74. 
 
 Nyctinomus murinus, Gray, Griffith’s Cuv. Ann. Kingdom, V, 1828, 66. 
 Nycticea cynocephala, Leconte, Cuv. An. Kingdom (McMurtrie) I, 1831, 
 432 (South Carolina). 
 
 Molossus cynocephalus, Cooper, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IV, 1837, 65, pi. iii, fig. 
 
 1. — Wagner, Suppl. Schreber, V, 1855, 714. 
 
 Molossus fuliginosus, Cooper, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IV, 1837, 67, pi. iii, f. 3 
 (S. Carolina.) 
 
 Rhinopoma carolinensis , Gundlach, Archiv f. Natur. 1840, 358, (not of 
 Geoff., in Desm. Mamm. 1820, 130, and Diet. d’Hist. Nat. XLV, 1829). 
 —Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, 1855, 437. 
 
 ? Dysopes naso, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. I. 1840, 475, based on Nycti- 
 nomus brasiliensis, Geoff. 
 
 Nyctinomus mexicanus , Sauss., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. XI, 1860, 283. 
 
8 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Description. — Head rather large ; made to appear more so by 
 the heavy pendulous lips. Ears broad as high, obtusely square, 
 almost joining on top of the head ; on their inner anterior border 
 five minute warts are observed. The outer border is emarginate 
 at its upper, strongly concave at its lower portion, where at its 
 basal third it is doubled upon itself. The mouth has upon it a 
 bristled wart. The tragus is small, very obtuse ; the outer border 
 rather the longer. It is furnished at the tip with three or four 
 bristles. The sides of the face are very little swollen. The in- 
 flated portions are continuous with the inner border of the ear, 
 and both it and the pendulous lips, which are crimped into eight 
 perpendicular lines, are studded with stiff bristles some three lines 
 in length, those near the mouth being shorter. The snout is pro- 
 minent, produced, truncated, and emarginate ; a little ridge runs 
 down the median line. The upper margin is beautifully crenu- 
 lated, the lower is thickly set with a row of projecting setae, 
 between which and the base of the nostrils runs a deep groove. 
 The nostrils themselves are simple, rounded, and open sublaterally. 
 The lower lips are thick but not crimped ; they are quite bristly, 
 and a small median wart is placed three lines from the mouth. 
 
 The fur is thick, short, soft, and almost entirely confined to the 
 body. Above it is dark fawn at tip, with a base of a whitish hue. 
 It extends up upon the back of the ears one-third their height. 
 There is a very delicate patch on the interbrachial membrane. 
 In front the color is light cinereus at base ; tip a delicate fawn. 
 Thumb moderate. Foot large ; toes furnished with long hairs ; the 
 first and fifth fingers with numerous and thicker hairs in addition. 
 
 Nyctinomus nasutus, Tomes, has been selected as the name of 
 this, species after careful search. Eor a long time, N. bra- 
 siliensis , Is’d. Geof., was thought to have the priority, but the 
 reference following Dysopes nasutus, Spix, in the above synonymy, 
 shows clearly that this description has the priority of one year 
 over the former. Mr. Tomes’s name follows the title, since he 
 was the first to give it its proper name. 
 
 Geoff. St. Hilaire, after founding the genus Nyctinomus, is said 
 to have described a bat from North America, which was called 
 Bhinopoma carolinensis. This is considered by Major Leconte 
 to be the same as the species under consideration. But Nycti- 
 nomus has a naked nose, while Bhinopoma has a well developed 
 noseleaf and operculum. There has been no figure given of this 
 
NYCTINOMUS. 
 
 9 
 
 animal, but a glance at a figure of another species of the same 
 genus, R. macrophylla, Geoff., Plates of the “Description de 
 l’Egypte,” pi. i, fig. 1 (erroneously entitled Taphozous filet), 
 will at once show the wide differences existing between Rhino- 
 poma and Nyctinomus. I have discarded Geoffroy’s name, there- 
 fore, thinking it very probable that it has had an erroneous locality 
 thrust upon it. 1 It is somewhat singular that Major Leconte 
 should have adopted this name at the sacrifice of his own — Ny di- 
 ced cynocephala — upon the bare supposition that the specific 
 name, carolinensis , might lead to the conclusion that Rhinopomci 
 had been found in North America. As far as I have been en- 
 abled to observe, there are no leaf-nosed bats whatever inhabiting 
 the Atlantic slope of the United States. 
 
 The species M. cynocephalus and fuliginosus, of Mr. Cooper, 
 evidently refer to the same animal ; the minute differences ob- 
 served in the ears are due to the circumstance that Mr. Cooper’s 
 descriptions were taken from dried specimens. 
 
 There is no longer much doubt about the extensive distribu- 
 tion of fcthis species. Mr. Tomes 3 has examined specimens from 
 different South American localities, and he affirms that they are 
 identical with those obtained from South Carolina. I have also 
 examined a specimen from Hayti, and another from Buenos Ayres, 
 both of which belong to the Mus. Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, and 
 they appear to be precisely similar to the more northern individuals. 
 
 It may be proper to state that Wagner considers the Molossus 
 nasutus of Spix to be different from Nyctinomus brasiliensis of 
 Geoffrey ( =D . nasutus , Temm.), and gives the name of D. naso 
 to the latter species. Burmeister also applies the latter name to 
 a species found about Buenos Ayres (Reise durch die La Plata 
 Staaten, II, 1861, 392) and in Chile. 
 
 ' “ This ( N . nasutus ) has been supposed by Major Leconte and others to 
 he the R. carolinensis of M. Geoffroy ; but having examined the types of 
 this species in the Paris Museum, I am enabled to state that this is not 
 the case. The R. carolinensis is a small Molossus from West Africa and 
 Bourbon ( M . acetahulosus — M. natalensis ).” — Tomes, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1861, 
 
 p. 68. 
 
 2 “ I have received specimens from many localities in South America 
 and have compared them with others from Central America, and with the 
 types of N. brasiliensis in the Paris Museum ; and again with specimens 
 of N. fuliginosus from Charleston, S. C., whence they had been sent by Dr. 
 Bachman, and I find them to be all one species.’’ — Tomes, loc. cit. 
 
10 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 | Current 
 
 | number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Length of 
 
 forearm. 
 
 Length of 
 
 tibia. 
 
 Length of 
 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 
 ear. 
 
 Height of 
 
 tragus. 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 
 specimen. j 
 
 5253 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.2 
 
 11.0 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5494 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.2 
 
 10.3 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.2 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 10.0 
 
 it 
 
 5227 
 
 
 2.4 
 
 1 3 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.2 
 
 0A\ 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 9.9 
 
 tt 
 
 5219 
 
 
 2.3 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.2 
 
 10.0 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 2.3 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.2 
 
 10.6 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.2 
 
 10.4 
 
 it 
 
 5225 
 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.2 
 
 10.3 
 
 a 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Specimen. 
 
 5475 
 
 1 
 
 Upper Rio Grande. 
 
 Dr. T. C. Henry. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5473 
 
 1 
 
 El Paso. 
 
 J. H. Clark. 
 
 
 5225 
 
 1 
 
 Eastern Texas. 
 
 “ “ 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5219 
 
 3 
 
 Pecos to R. Grande. 
 
 Capt. J. Pope. 
 
 “ 
 
 5496 
 
 2 
 
 Grand Coteau, La. 
 
 St. Chas. Coll. 
 
 “ 
 
 5223 
 
 1 
 
 Matamoras. 
 
 Lt. Couch. 
 
 
 5227 
 
 1 
 
 Fort Yuma, Cal. 
 
 Maj. G. H. Thomas. 
 
 “ 
 
 4742 
 
 1 
 
 “U. S.” 
 
 Maj. Leconte. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
NYCTICEJUS. 
 
 11 
 
 Fam. vespeftilionidje. 
 
 NYCTICEJUS, Raf. 
 
 Nycticejus , Raf., Journal de Physique, LXXXVIII, 1819, 417. 
 
 Head short, broad, flat ; ears small, simple, widely separated ; 
 upper incisors two ; membranes naked. 
 
 N. crepuscularis. 
 
 Skull . — Intermediate between that of Scotophilus and that of 
 Lasiurus, flat, but not to the extent seen in the former ; cranium 
 inflated, but not so much as in the latter. It is not elevated ; the 
 occipital elevation is not abrupt. Compared with that of L. 
 noveboracensis, a bat of nearly the same size, it is longer, and 
 face more pointed. The palate is more level and does not slope 
 so much at its posterior part. The infraorbital foramen is larger, 
 with a slight tendency toward the formation of a groove. The 
 lower jaw is less abrupt ; the incisors are placed more anteriorly 
 to the canines in a larger arc. 
 
 Dentition. 
 
 Molars Canines JL. Incisors A. Canines A. Molars — —30 teeth. 
 
 51615 “ 
 
 Upper Jaw . — Incisors small, contiguous to canines, and slightly 
 converging ; canines large, simple. Molars not peculiar. The 
 first more slender and longer than the others, but not so broad ; 
 destitute of the W-shaped crown. 
 
12 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS 
 
 Lower Jaw . — Incisors not crowded, bifid. Canine simple, 
 turned markedly backward ; basal ridge anteriorly well developed ; 
 first premolar larger than the same tooth in Lasiurus , but in com- 
 parison with the second is of itself small. The second premoiar, 
 if produced, would not touch an extended line from the canine. 
 The basal ridges of both these teeth are large. Molars proper, 
 not peculiar. 
 
 This genus of Rafinesque’s has until recently held an uncertain 
 position. As imperfectly defined by its describer the presence of 
 two incisors only, in the upper jaw, was brought out as the pro- 
 minent generic characteristic. But, as it was afterwards observed, 
 the incisors are variable, the young, it was thought, having four 
 incisors, the adult but two. And even this observation applied 
 more to the genus as then understood than to it as now restricted ; 
 for the above fact in relation to the dentition is also observed in 
 L. noveboracensis. So we conclude that the presence of but two 
 incisors in the upper jaw of Nycticejus is still a permanent 
 character, though not a very important one. 
 
 Nycticejus crepuscularis, Allen. 
 
 Fig. 10. Fig. 11. 
 
 Vespertilio crepuscular is, Lec., Cuv. An. Kingdom (McMurtrie ed.), I, 
 1831, 432. — Ib., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. VII, 1855, 433. 
 
 Vespertilio creeks, Fr. Cuv. Nouv. Ann. du Mus. I, 1832, 18. 
 
 Nycticejus humeralis, (?) Raf., Journal de Physique, LXXXVIII, 1819, 41 7. 
 
 Description . — Ears small, internal basal lobe small and curved; 
 the external basal lobe also rather inconspicuous; between the 
 
NYCTICEJUS. 
 
 13 
 
 latter and the angle of the mouth a small wart is present. Tra- 
 gus straight on internal, irregularly convex on outer border. Face 
 black ; nostrils simple, not produced, very little emarginated ; sides 
 of face much swollen. Lower jaw has a rather large naked space 
 at chin. Eyes small, with a wart above on either side. Thumb 
 moderate. Membranes blackish-brown, extending to base of toes. 
 Feet rather small, slightly haired above. Interfemoral triangular, 
 moderately ample. Calcaneum slight. Tip of tail exserted. 
 
 The general expression is thus observed to be that of Scotophi - 
 lus, but it differs from that genus in the blackish hue of the mem- 
 branes of ear and skin of face, and in* the smallness of the former. 
 
 The fur is rather scanty, with the exception of a small patch at 
 base of the interfemoral membrane ; before and behind there is no 
 hair on the membranes. The lower third of posterior surface of 
 ears is covered with soft hair. The fur is inclined to be woolly ; 
 everywhere it is rather short. That of the back is dark fawn for 
 the upper half, the lower half being a lighter hue bordering on 
 brown. In front the color is more uniform and lighter, being 
 plumbeous at base, light brown at tips. In one specimen, No. 882, 
 Georgia, Phila. Acad., the fur runs on to the membranes before 
 and behind midway to the elbow. In another, No. 283, Carlisle, 
 Pa., the coloration in front resembles V. subulatus, Say, that of 
 the back more brownish. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 Current 
 i number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 O 
 
 5 .5 
 
 £ -rz 
 o +* 
 
 Length of 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 ear. 
 
 Height of 
 tragus. 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 ^ecimen. 
 
 5312 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 04 
 
 0.2* 
 
 9 6 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 
 
 2 0 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 9.9 
 
 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 9.3 
 
 it 
 
 5313 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1-4* 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 9.3 
 
 u 
 
 5322 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.6* 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 it 
 
 5329 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.3* 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.2* 
 
 9.3 
 
 << 
 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.7 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.4* 
 
 0.2* 
 
 9.9 
 
 u 
 
 4735 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.5 
 
 0.4 
 
 0 4 
 
 0 2 
 
 8.6 
 
 Dry. 
 
 4736 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.3* 
 
 0.2 
 
 7.9 
 
 
 111 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 
 
 2.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 
 283 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.2 
 
 0 3 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.2* 
 
 7.6 
 
 
 882 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.6* 
 
 0.3 
 
 8.0 
 
 “ 
 
14 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 ! 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Spec'm. 
 
 5448 
 
 1 
 
 Carlisle, Pa. 
 
 S. F. Baird. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5350 
 
 1 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 ? 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5312 
 
 2 
 
 Liberty Co., Ga. 
 
 Dr. Jos. Jones. 
 
 H 
 
 5313 
 
 1 
 
 New Orleans. 
 
 N. 0. Academy. 
 
 a 
 
 5300 
 
 1 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Dr. G. Engelmann. 
 
 a 
 
 5322 
 
 1 
 
 Nebraska. 
 
 Dr. Cooper. 
 
 it 
 
 5397 
 
 1 
 
 Redmond’s Ranch, Tex. 
 
 J. H. Clark. 
 
 it 
 
 5372 
 
 3 
 
 Matamoras, (Berl. Col.). 
 
 Lt. D. N. Couch. 
 
 n 
 
 5329 
 
 2 
 
 “ “ 
 
 it 
 
 4736 
 
 1 
 
 “U. S.” 
 
 Maj. Leconte. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5539 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 
 LASIURUS, Raf. (?) 
 
 Head depressed, lips slightly fringed ; nostrils wide apart ; 
 skull flat, massive ; occipital crest prominent. 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 Lasiurus noveboracensis. 
 
 Skull broad, high, sub-angular; facial line abruptly elevated; 
 marked depressions in the facial bones in the median line ; 
 zygomas complete. 
 
 Dentition. 
 
 Molars Aor A. Can. A. Inc. A. Can. A. Mol. A or A = 32 or 30 teeth. 
 
 5 5 1 6 1 5 5 
 
 Superior incisors stout, placed close beside the canines. 
 
 In the young animals the number of incisors in the upper 
 
 jaw, four. 
 
 The name, Lasiurus, it has been asserted, was first applied to 
 
LASIURUS. 
 
 15 
 
 a genus of Vespertilionidse by Rafinesquc. Dr. Gray, 1 2 quoting 
 this author, adopts the name but without defining the genus. 
 Mr. Tomes, in his Monograph of Lasiurus , 3 while dwelling at 
 length on the species, says nothing of the characters common to 
 them all, nor have I been able to find in any author the de- 
 sired information as to who gave the original description and 
 where its record is to be found. It appears, nevertheless, that 
 naturalists have readily recognized the propriety of considering 
 Lasiurus as distinct from Vespertilio. 
 
 The following is a synopsis of the species included under 
 Lasiurus : — 
 
 «. Posterior surface of interfemoral membrane concealed by hair. 
 
 Border of ear light brown . . . . L. noveboracensis. 
 
 Border of ear black . . . . . L. cinereus. 
 
 b. Posterior surface of interfemoral membrane exposed. L. intermedius. 
 
 Lasiurus noveboracensis, Tomes. 
 
 The Bed Bat. 
 
 Fig. 13. Fig. 14. 
 
 Vespertilio noveboracensis , Erxl. Syst. Reg. Anim. 1777, 135. — Harlan, 
 Fauna Amer. 1825, 20. — Godman, Amer. Nat. Hist. I, 1826, 50. — 
 Cooper, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1837,57. — DeKay, Nat. Hist. N. Y. 
 (Zool.) 1842, 6, pi. ii. — Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. 1855, 432. 
 Nycticejus noveboracensis , Leconte, Cuv. Regn. Anim. (McMurtrie’s) Ap- 
 
 1 List of the species of Mammalia of the British Museum, 1843, 32. 
 
 2 Proc. Zool. Soc. XXV, 1857, 34. 
 
16 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 pendix, 1831, 432. — Temm. Monog. II, 1835-1841, 158. - — Wagner, 
 Suppl. Schreb. Saug. I, 1840, 546. — Ib. V, 1855, 773. — Schinz, Synop- 
 sis Mam. I, 1844, 199. — Max Prince Wied, Archiv Naturg. 1861, 188. 
 Lasiurus noveboracensis, Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857, 34. 
 
 Vespertilio lasiurus , Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1788. — Schreb. Saug. 1826. — Geoff. 
 Ann. du Mus. VIII, 1806, 200, f. 6. — Desm. Mam. 1820, 142. — Fisch. 
 Synop. Mam. 1829, 109. 
 
 Nycticejus lasiurus, Wagner, Schreb. Saug. Suppl. V, 1855, 772. 
 
 Vespertilio rubellus, Palisot de Beacvois, Cat. Peale’s Mus. 1796. 
 
 Vespertilio villosissimus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. VIII, 1806, 478. — Desm. 
 Mam. 1830, 143. — Fisch. Syn. Mam. 1829, 110. — Rengg. Saugt. von 
 Parag. 1830, 83. — Wagner, Supp. Schreb. Saug. I, 1840, 536. 
 Vespertilio monachus, Raf. Am. Month. Mag. IV, 1817, 445. 
 
 Vespertilio tessalatus, Ib. 
 
 Taphyzous rufus, Harlan, Fauna Americana, 1825, 23. 
 
 Vespertilio rufus, Warden, Descript. United States, V, 602. (?) 
 
 Lasiurus rufus, Gray, List. Mam. Brit. Mus. 1843, 32. — Gosse, Naturalist 
 in Jamaica, 1851, 280. 
 
 Vespertilio blossevillii, Less, et Garn. Bull, des Sci. Nat. VIII, 95. — Fisch. 
 Synop. Mam. 1829, 110. — La Sagra, Hist, de Pile de Cuba, 1840, 6, 
 pi. i, f. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 
 
 Vespertilio bonariensis, Less. Voy. de la Coquille, 1829. 
 
 Nycticejus varius , Poepp. Reise Chili, 1, 1835, 451. — Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. 
 
 Saugt. I, 1840, 547. — Gay, Hist, de Chili, (Zool.) I, 1848, 37. 
 
 New York Bat, Penn. Syn. Quad. 1771, 367. — Penn. Arct. Zool. 1792, 184. 
 
 — Kirtland, Zool. Report, 175. — Emmons, Mass. Report, 1840, 9. 
 
 Red Bat, Wilson Ornith. VI, 50, f. 4. 
 
 Habitat. — Universally distributed throughout the temperate 
 regions of North America ; moderately abundant. 
 
 Description. — Head and face hairy ; nose blunt, rounded, 
 slightly emarginated ; nostrils opening semi-laterally. The sides 
 of the face slightly inflated and set with small stiff hairs. A 
 similar row of longer hair surrounds the eyes. The upper lip, 
 especially at the sides of the face, is more massive than the 
 lower, and is somewhat produced. The ears are sub-rounded ; — 
 the inner border straight until near the tip where it suddenly 
 turns outwards ; — at its base is a well developed lobe which lies 
 close to, but slightly behind the tragus. The outer border is 
 slightly convex, and terminates at the angle of the mouth. On 
 a line with the outer border of the ear a sharply defined lobe is 
 noticed, which at first appears to be the termination of the border, 
 but upon close examination it is found to continue on to the angle 
 of the mouth. Between this lobe and the mouth there is placed 
 
LAS1URUS. 
 
 It 
 
 a small wart which is covered with setae. The tragus is half the 
 height of the ear, is straight on the inner edge, except at the 
 point, where it turns abruptly inwards. The outer border has a 
 very irregular outline. The basal portion is indentated. This 
 indentation, which, in comparison to other species of Vesper- 
 tilionidae is considerable, is of itself not very deep, and ends in 
 the most convex point of the tragus, whence the border runs 
 upward and inward to the tip. The lower jaw is covered with 
 short hairs, and has at its symphysis a small naked space which 
 is gradually lost along the sides of the mouth. The posterior 
 surface of the ear is covered with hair one-half its length, which 
 extends upon the anterior production of the external border 
 down to the angle of the mouth. 
 
 The fur of the body is everywhere long and silky. Anteriorly 
 it is rather denser though not quite so long as that posteriorly. 
 It is of a light russet red, tinged with yellow — being tipped with 
 gray toward the neck, and verging to a fawn color, in some speci- 
 mens, towards the pubis. Fur of the same general hue extends 
 from the body upon the alar membranes up to the base of the 
 third finger of either side and blends with that upon the anterior 
 surface of the interfemoral membrane at about the region of the 
 tibio-femoral articulation. The hair upon the latter membrane 
 runs down fully one-half its length in most specimens. The inter- 
 brachial expansion also possesses a sparse growth of yellowish 
 fur. Posteriorly the fur is very long and presents a richer appear- 
 ance than anteriorly. The russet red color is here predomi- 
 nant in the majority of individuals, though we meet with a great 
 variety of hues of fawn, fawn-red, and yellowish cinereous. At 
 each shoulder a conspicuous white tuft of hair is seen ; this is 
 not elevated above the surrounding fur of the neck with which 
 its whitish color gradually blends. 
 
 The posterior surface of the alar membranes is less extensively 
 furred along the brachial and digital regions than the anterior 
 surface, being here almost altogether confined to longitudinal 
 bands extending from the neck downwards across the interbrachial 
 membrane midway from the shoulder to the elbow, and thence 
 continuing along the sides of the body and external border of the 
 tibia to the ankle and tarsus of either side. The dorsum of the 
 fifth finger, for about one-third of its length, is covered with fine 
 scattering hair, which in some individuals is not confined thereto 
 2 
 
18 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN RATS. 
 
 but extends between the fourth and fifth fingers. The basal joint 
 of the thumb is decorated with a whitish tuft. The posterior 
 surface of the interfemoral is very thickly covered over its whole 
 area with fur of the same color as that of the body. 
 
 The difference in hue of the various individuals is chiefly owing 
 to the coloration of the tips of the hair. Each hair is tinged as 
 follows : — 
 
 The base dark plumbeous in color, verging to black ; the centre, 
 a delicate yellowish-brown, passing onwards toward the tip to a 
 darkish red, in some instances to a brighter red, more rarely to a 
 beautiful chocolate. The point is generally white. The grayish 
 chocolate and dark red varieties are the principal ones seen in 
 the northern specimens, while the bright red prevails among 
 those of warmer sections of the country. 
 
 The hair covering the interfemoral membrane before and behind 
 is indistinctly bi-colored ; the irregular growths scattered else- 
 where upon the alar membranes are unicolored. 
 
 The color of the membranes is a rich brown, bordering on a 
 yellowish-brown, about the head. The ears and lips are marked 
 with yellow in the same manner as in the next species (L. 
 cinereus) they are marked with black. 
 
 Fig. 15. Fig. 16. 
 
 Skull small ; occiput high ; cranium broad. 
 
 Dentition. 
 
 Molars JL . Canines — . Incisors — . Canines — . MolarsA = 32 teeth. 
 5 16 15 
 
 Upper Jaw . — Incisors small, strongly convergent ; canines 
 simple. First premolar very minute, entirely hidden from view 
 externally by the close position of the second premolar to the 
 canine ; molars not peculiar except the last, which is small and 
 thin, compressed from before backwards. 
 
 Lower Jaw . — Incisors crowded ; canines pointing backwards. 
 
LASIURUS. 
 
 19 
 
 First and second premolars distinct ; first smaller than second, 
 which leans toward the canine, and its axis, if produced, would 
 touch it. Other molars as usual. 
 
 I regret that my material will not allow me to decide the in- 
 teresting question whether this species really occurs in South 
 America. My most southern specimens come from the Rio 
 Grande, Texas, and Cape St. Lucas — no difference being observed 
 between them and the more northern individuals. 
 
 Dr. J. E. Gray (Zool. Proc., 1862, 143) gives a notice of a 
 Lasiurian bat from the Sandwich Islands which he asserts to be 
 the L. Grayii, Tomes. This fact is of interest, since it proves 
 that the same species may have a distribution from the Sandwich 
 Islands to Chili, where Mr. Tomes’ specimen was collected. 
 
 According to Dr. Gray, loc. cit., there is a specimen labelled 
 L. Grayii, Tomes, in the British Museum, from Nisqually, Straits 
 of J uan de Fuca. I have, however, never met with any bat in 
 North America answering to Mr. Tomes’ description. 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
20 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 Current 
 | number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Length of 
 
 forearm. 
 
 Length of 
 
 tibia. 
 
 Length of 
 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 
 ear. 
 
 Height of 
 
 tragus. 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 
 specimen. 
 
 5266 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.9 
 
 3.3 
 
 0.4j 
 
 0.4 
 
 0 2 
 
 10.9 
 
 
 5267 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.9 
 
 3.5 
 
 0-4.V 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 67 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.9 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 11.6 . 
 
 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.9 
 
 3.5 
 
 0.4j 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 
 
 2 0 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.9 
 
 2.9 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 11.0 
 
 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.9 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.4| 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 11.0 
 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 Specimens. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Spec’n. 
 
 5242 
 
 1 
 
 Muskeeget Isl., Mass. 
 
 Dr. T. M. Brewer. 
 
 In alcohol. 
 
 5243 
 
 2 
 
 Wethersfield, Conn. 
 
 Charles Wright. 
 
 46 
 
 5245 
 
 2 
 
 Mt. Holly, N. J. 
 
 Dr. Brown. 
 
 it 
 
 61SS-90 
 
 3 
 
 Carlisle, Pa. 
 
 S. F. Baird. 
 
 it 
 
 5244 
 
 17 
 
 Carlisle, Pa. 
 
 S. F. Baird. 
 
 ti 
 
 5540 
 
 2 
 
 Ann Arundel Co., Md. 
 
 J. H. Clark. 
 
 it 
 
 5247-8 
 
 2 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 National Institute. 
 
 it 
 
 5246 
 
 i 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Dr. Nichols. 
 
 it 
 
 5257 
 
 3 
 
 Columbus, Ga. 
 
 Dr. Gesner. 
 
 it 
 
 5256 
 
 5 
 
 Liberty Co., Ga. 
 
 Dr. W. L. Jones. 
 
 it 
 
 5263 
 
 1 
 
 Tallahassee, Fla. 
 
 T. Glover. 
 
 it 
 
 5314 
 
 1 
 
 Micanopy, Fla. 
 
 Dr. J. B. Bean. 
 
 it 
 
 5260 
 
 2 
 
 Eutaw, Ala. 
 
 Prof. Winchell. 
 
 ti 
 
 5259 
 
 1 
 
 Washington, Miss. 
 
 Col. B. L. C. Wailes. 
 
 a 
 
 5252 
 
 1 
 
 Washington, Miss. 
 
 Col. B. L C. Wailes. 
 
 it 
 
 6253 
 
 1 
 
 Monticello, Miss. 
 
 Miss H. Teunison. 
 
 
 5464 
 
 1 
 
 Columbus, Miss. 
 
 Dr. Spillman. 
 
 Dry skin. 
 
 5261 
 
 2 
 
 Tyree Springs, Tenn. 
 
 Prof. R. Owen. 
 
 In alcohol. 
 
 5262 
 
 2 
 
 Knoxville, Tenn. 
 
 Prof. Mitchell. 
 
 it 
 
 5274 
 
 1 
 
 Grand Coteau, La. 
 
 St. Charles College. 
 
 ti 
 
 5270 
 
 1 
 
 Prairie Mer Rouge, La. 
 
 James Fairie. [U.S. A. 
 
 it 
 
 5253 
 
 1 
 
 Ft. Towson, Ark. 
 
 Dr. L. A. Edwards, 
 
 it 
 
 5254 
 
 2 
 
 Ft. Smith, Ark. 
 
 Dr. G. C. Shuruard. 
 
 it 
 
 5256 
 
 3 
 
 Red River, Ark. ? 
 
 ? 
 
 ii 
 
 5251 
 
 1 
 
 Cass Co., Mo. 
 
 Dr. P. R Hoy. 
 
 it 
 
 5463 
 
 1 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Dr. P. R. Hoy. 
 
 Dry skin. 
 
 5250 
 
 14 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Dr. G. Engelmann. 
 
 In alcohol. 
 
 4215 
 
 1 
 
 Neosho Falls, Kansas. 
 
 B. F. Goss. 
 
 Dry skin. 
 
 5249 
 
 6 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 R. Kennicott. 
 
 
 5460 
 
 1 
 
 Cook Co., 111. 
 
 R. Kennicott. 
 
 
 5457 
 
 1 
 
 Racine, Wis. 
 
 Dr. P. R. Hoy. 
 
 
 5459 
 
 1 
 
 Albion, Mich. 
 
 R. R. Child. 
 
 
 5456 
 
 1 
 
 Grosse Isl., Mich. 
 
 Rev. Charles Fox. 
 
 
 5466 
 
 1 
 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 ? 
 
 
 5458 
 
 1 
 
 Yellow Stone River. 
 
 Dr. F. Y. Hayden. 
 
 
 5461 
 
 1 
 
 Yellow Stone River. 
 
 Col. Vaughan. 
 
 In alcohol. 
 
 5265 
 
 1 
 
 Nebraska. 
 
 Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
 
 
 5264 
 
 1 
 
 Laramie Peak, Neb. ' 
 
 Dr. Hayden. 
 
 
 5273 
 
 1 
 
 Cimarron River, Kans. 
 
 J. H. Clark. 
 
 1 1 
 
 5269 
 
 1 
 
 Pecos River, Tex. 
 
 Capt. J. Pope. 
 
 i c 
 
 5272 
 
 3 
 
 Bet. Laredo & Camargo, 
 
 Arthur Schott. 
 
 
 5277 
 
 5 
 
 Matamoras. [Tex. 
 
 Lt. Couch. (Berl.Col.) 
 
 it 
 
 5268 
 
 1 
 
 Fort Bliss, N. Mex. 
 
 Do. 8* W. Crawford. 
 
 
 5266 
 
 1 
 
 Fort Tejon, Cal. 
 
 John Xantus. 
 
 
 5267 
 
 1 
 
 Cape St. Lucas. 
 
 John Xantus. 
 
 
 5273 
 
 1 
 
 Rock Creek? 
 
 W. S. Wood. 
 
 i i 
 
 5279 
 
 1 
 
 Locality unknown. 
 
 ? 
 
 
 5275 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 ti 
 
 6185-7 
 
 3 
 
 “ “ 
 
 ? 
 
 u 
 
 5271 
 
 1 
 
 “ “ 
 
 ? 
 
 it 
 
 5541 
 
 1 
 
 
 W. L. Le Due. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
LASIURUS. 
 
 21 
 
 Lasiurus cinereus, Allen. 
 
 The Hoary Bat. 
 
 Fig. 18. Fig. 19. 
 
 Vespertilio cinereus , Palisot de Beauvois, Cat. Peale’s Mus. Phila. 1796, 
 14. — Leconte, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 433. 
 
 Vespertilio pruinosus, Say, Long’s Exp. to Rky. Mts. 1823, 67. — Harlan, 
 Fauna Amer. 1825, 21. — Ib., Med. and Phys. Researches, 1831, 28. — 
 Godman, Amer. Nat. Hist. 1826, 68, pi. ii, f. 3. — Richardson, Fauna 
 Bor. Amer. 1829, 1. — Cooper, Ann. Lyc. N. York, IY, 1837, 54. — 
 DeKay, Nat. Hist. N. York (Zool.), 1842, 7, pi. ii, f. 2. 
 
 Scotophilus pruinosus, Gray, Mag. Zool. and Bot. II, 1838, 498. 
 
 Nycticejus pruinosus , Temm. Monog. Mam. 1835, 154. — Wagner’s Schreb. 
 Saug. (Suppl.) I, 1840, 544. — Ib. V, 1855, 770. — Schinz, Syn. Mam. 
 I, 1845, 197.— Max Pr. Wied, Archiv Naturg. 1861, 185. 
 
 Lasiurus pruinosus , Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1857, 37. 
 
 Description. — Head large, flat and hairy. Sides of the face 
 somewhat inflated, the tips slightly whiskered. Nostrils wide 
 apart, snout rather high, emarginated. Lower lip with smooth, 
 naked space anteriorly. Ears broad as high, of a roundish 
 form with large internal lobe, which lies close to the head and 
 nearly covering the eyes and approaching closely the external 
 inferior lobe. The internal border is markedly convex : in some 
 specimens slightly emarginate at its tip — the external border being 
 thinner than the internal, less convex and somewhat irregular 
 in outline. The basal external lobe is very conspicuous and 
 abrupt, with obtuse summit, and terminates on a line with the 
 posterior angle of the eye. The tragus is broad, inner border 
 straight ; tip blunt, curved inwards ; external border longer than 
 internal, convex, upper two thirds convex the lower. The ears are 
 black on the borders, rather extensively haired without, to a less 
 extent within — the extreme border being naked. The tragus is 
 slightly haired in front. 
 
22 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 The fur is everywhere soft and thick ; anteriorly less thick 
 than posteriorly, and tinged as follows : neck, beneath the ears 
 and lower jaw, of a faded yellow color ; the breast of a dark 
 fawn, tipped conspicuously with white — a mixture of these 
 two colors, producing a dirty cinereous tinge towards the 
 axillae. The abdomen is of a more uniform color, the fawn hue 
 predominating over the cinereous. Posteriorly the fur is longer, 
 more luxuriant and variegated. The head and posterior surface 
 of the ears are of the same yellowish hue as the anterior portion 
 of neck. Below these points the hair is everywhere of a rich 
 brownish chocolate, or umber smoky fawn color, tipped with 
 white. This contrast of color gives the animal a very brilliant 
 appearance, and has suggested for it the name of “hoary bat,” 
 by which it is generally known. 
 
 The fur upon the membranes has a distribution similar to that 
 in L. noveboracensis. Anteriorly it extends in a wide band to the 
 third finger upon the interbrachial membrane, and covers in one- 
 third of the surface of the interfemoral membrane. Posteriorly 
 this membrane, together with the dorsum of the foot, is entirely 
 haired. The fur has not generally an extensive distribution upon 
 the wing membranes, though in not a few individuals I have found 
 this tendency marked. A small patch of fur is seen at the base 
 of the thumb and fifth finger. 
 
 Each hair upon the body has four colors, with the exception 
 of the regions about the head and belly where it has but two. 
 The coloration is as follows : Base plumbeous black; next to this 
 a dingy yellowish-brown ; sub-tip is of the same hue as base ; the 
 tip being pure white. 
 
 The proportion of the basal color and the white tip is con- 
 stant, but the other shades are variable. Thus upon the back 
 of the neck is the light yellowish shade above mentioned, while 
 the proportion of the plumbeous is scarcely noticeable. But the 
 latter color gradually increases while the former decreases as the 
 fur extends downwards until upon the loins the preponderance 
 of the darker shade with an intermingling of umber brown is 
 very marked. Upon the interfemoral membrane, posteriorly, the 
 fur partakes of the same hue, tipped with grayish-white ; that 
 anteriorly has a fawn colored base with lighter tips. 
 
LASIURUS. 
 
 23 
 
 The shoulder tuft is inconspicuous ; on the membrane above the 
 elbow there is a small whitish spot of hair. 
 
 Membranes very ample. Thumb large. Foot moderate. 
 
 Fig. 20. 
 
 L. ciuereus. 
 
 Slcull . — Broad and high. Palate sloped considerably back- 
 wards. 
 
 Dentition. 
 
 5 12 15 
 
 Molars — . Canines — Incisors — Canines — . Molars 32 teeth. 
 
 5 1 6 1 5 
 
 Upper Jaw . — Incisors stout, short, wide apart. Canines large 
 and simple. First premolar very minute, wedged in between 
 the canine and second premolar, which is large and pointed. 
 Last molar compressed antero-posteriorly. 
 
 Lower Jaw . — Incisors bifid, but not much crowded. Canines 
 with a small anterior cusp. Molars as usual, first smaller than 
 second, which is not inclined so much anteriorly as in the pre- 
 ceeding species. 
 
 This species, since the date of Mr. Say’s description, has 
 generally been known as V. pruinosus, until Major Leconte 
 claimed for M. Palisot de Beauvois the priority of the name 
 V. cinereus, as described by him in the Catalogue of Peale’s 
 Mus., Phila., as early as 1196. This very rare pamphlet had 
 evidently been overlooked by Mr. Say, and having been so fortu- 
 nate as to find a copy in the library of the Phila. Academy I have 
 no doubt that the description of Palisot de Beauvois is intended 
 to apply to the species now under consideration. 1 
 
 1 See Appendix. 
 
24 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Dr. J. E. Gray, in Cat. of Mammalia, 1862, 49, has given 
 Bolivia, S. A., as a locality for L. cinereus, but with perhaps 
 insufficient authority. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 Current 
 
 number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 o 
 
 br.£ 
 fl Tl 
 <x> -*-* 
 
 Length of 
 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 
 thumb. 
 
 1 
 
 Height of 
 
 ear. 
 
 Height of 
 
 tragus. 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 5280 
 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.4 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 4.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 15.3 
 
 14 (?) 
 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.0 
 
 4.1 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.6± 
 
 0.4 
 
 14.9 
 
 147 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.8 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.11 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 13.4 
 
 3255 
 
 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 4.1 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 12.6 
 
 40 
 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.10 
 
 4.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.4 
 
 13.6 
 
 4213 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.10 
 
 4.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 
 
 13.6 
 
 4728 
 
 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.8 
 
 3.9 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.3£ 
 
 0.3 
 
 11.6 
 
 269 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.11 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.2§ 
 
 12.6 
 
 3098 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.10 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.2^ 
 
 
 1743 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.10 
 
 3.8 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 10.0 
 
 73 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.12 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 12.0 
 
 93 
 
 
 3.0 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.11 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.6 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 11.6 
 
 873 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.11 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 12 6 
 
 883 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.12 
 
 4.1 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 14.0 
 
 415 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.10 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 14.0 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Specimen. 
 
 5280 
 
 1 
 
 Halifax, N. S. 
 
 Dr. Gilpin. 
 
 Alcoholic, 
 
 6184 
 
 1 
 
 British America. 
 
 R. Kennicott. 
 
 
 5286 
 
 1 
 
 Red River settlem. 
 
 D. Gunn. 
 
 << 
 
 5417 
 
 1 
 
 Cleveland, O. 
 
 Dr. Kirtland. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5421 
 
 1 
 
 Little Blue, Kansas. 
 
 W. S. Wood. 
 
 
 52S1 
 
 2 
 
 St. Louis. Mo, 
 
 Dr. G. Engeimann. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5283 
 
 1 
 
 Grand Coteau, La. 
 
 St. Charles College. 
 
 
 5328 
 
 2 
 
 Ft. Pierre, Neb. 
 
 D. J. Evans. 
 
 
 5284 
 
 2 
 
 Near Ft. Union, Neb. 
 
 Dr. Hayden. 
 
 
 5422 
 
 1 
 
 Ft. Pierre, Neb. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 4213 
 
 1 
 
 Neosho Falls, Kans. 
 
 B. F. Goss. 
 
 
 5415 
 
 1 
 
 South Fork Platte. 
 
 F. V. Hayden, M. D. 
 
 
 3768 
 
 1 
 
 La Boule River, Utah. 
 
 ? [U. S. A. (?) 
 
 
 5414 
 
 1 
 
 Donana, N. M. 
 
 Dr. T. C. Henry, 
 
 
 5282 
 
 5 
 
 Matamoras. 
 
 Lt. Couch, Berl. Coll. 
 
 Alcoholic, 
 
 4728 
 
 1 
 
 “U. S.” 
 
 
 Dry. 
 
 52S6 
 
 2 
 
 Monterey, Cal. 
 
 A.*S. Taylor. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5287 
 
 1 
 
 Petaluma, Cal. 
 
 E. Samuels. 
 
 “ 
 
LASIURUS. 
 
 25 
 
 Lasiurus intermedins, Allen. 
 Fig. 21. Fig. 22. 
 
 L. intermedius, Allen, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1862, 146. 
 
 Description . — Head large, flat, hairy. Snout high, emargi • 
 nate, and of a brown color. Nostrils opening sublaterally. Sides 
 of face moderately inflated. Month and lower jaw fringed 
 slightly with short hair. Small naked space at mentum. Ears 
 high, elliptical, pointed, and nearly naked — strongly convex on 
 their inner border, nearly straight on their outer — the lobe at the 
 base of the outer border well developed. The tragus similar in 
 shape to that of L. cinereus, but has a blunter incurved tip ; it 
 is slightly haired on facial surface. Eyes diminutive, placed near 
 the ear. Thumb rather small. Feet moderate. 
 
 Fur not so extensive as in other species of the genus, posteriorly 
 extending upon the wing membrane from body, as in L. cinereus 
 — running down the interfemoral membrane but two-thirds 
 the distance and on to the foot ; a very small brownish tuft is 
 seen at base of thumb, and on the membrane at and above the 
 elbow, while the fourth and fifth fingers are naked. Anteriorly 
 the hair spreads up under the arm to wrist as in other species, 
 but less thickly. It also runs down a little way upon the inter- 
 femoral, and is observable upon the interbrachial membrane. The 
 wing membrane extends to base of toes. The calcaneum is 
 moderately developed. 
 
 General hue olive brown. Hairs blackish at base, dirty brown 
 at centre, with a clearer tip. The color is somewhat darker 
 behind than in front. 
 
26 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Dentition. 
 
 Molars—. Canines Incisors—. Canines Molars — —30 teeth. 
 
 5 1 6 1 5~ 
 
 The small premolar placed behind the canine of the upper jaw 
 of L. cinereus and L. noveboracensis is here absent. 
 
 This species in size, physiognomy, number of incisors, and 
 character of the distribution of the fur resembles the type of 
 Lasiurus, while in shape of the ears and disposition of molars it 
 is akin to Scotophilus. The interfemoral membrane is scarcely 
 more hairy than in S. noctivagans, yet the entire contour of the 
 animal is strongly Lasiurian. It is intermediate between L. 
 grayi , Tomes, and L. cinereus, Pal. de Beauvois. It is larger 
 than L. grayi , and smaller than the majority of specimens of L. 
 cinereus; the thumb is small as in the former, but the wing mem- 
 brane extends to the base of toes as in the latter ; it is distinct 
 from both in the brown fur, in the high ear and the scantiness 
 of the hair on the interfemoral membrane. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 c 3 
 r 3 
 
 3 23 
 o 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 Length of 
 tibia. 
 
 Length of 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 ear. 
 
 O oi 
 
 £ ! 
 be =e 
 '5 -*-* 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 c 3 
 
 9 '3 
 
 Z CD 
 
 05 “ 
 
 o:32S 
 
 
 3.0 
 
 2*6 
 
 2 2 
 
 0.11 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 0. 7* 
 
 0.3 
 
 13.0 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 613o 
 
 
 2.3 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.11 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.4* 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.2* 
 
 13.6 
 
 
 613S 
 
 
 2 9 
 
 2.7 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.11 
 
 4.1 
 
 0.4* 
 
 0.6? 
 
 0.3 
 
 15.9 
 
 
 6137 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 2 2 
 
 2.1 
 
 0 11 
 
 4.1 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.6* 
 
 0.3 
 
 13.3 
 
 
 6139 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.9 
 
 0 8 
 
 3.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 *12.0 
 
 
 6140 
 
 
 2 5 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 0 11 
 
 4 0 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.7* 
 
 0.3 
 
 12.6 
 
 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.9 
 
 2.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 13.0 
 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Spec’n. 
 
 3328 
 
 1 
 
 Matamoras, Mex. 
 
 Lt. Couch, U.S. A. 
 
 (Berl. Coll.) 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 6135 
 
 1 
 
 4 < 
 
 << «4 
 
 
 
 6136 
 
 1 
 
 tl 
 
 H U 
 
 
 
 6137 
 
 1 
 
 it 
 
 << It 
 
 u 
 
 
 6138 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 U it 
 
 
 
 6139 
 
 1 
 
 It 
 
 it it 
 
 
 u 
 
 6140 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 it it 
 
 
 
SCOTOPHTLUS. 
 
 SCOTOPHILUS, Leach. 
 
 Scotophilus , Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. XIII, 1822, 71. (Type S. kuhlii.) 
 Vesperus , Keyserling & Blasius, Wirbel-Thiere Europas, 1840, 49. 
 Vesperugo, Keyserling & Blasius, Wirbel-Tliiere Europas, 1840, 45. 
 
 Molars less than § ; head flat, broad ; lips swollen ; tragus 
 bluntish ; internal basal lobe of ear rounded, obtuse. 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 The genus Scotophilus is closely allied to Vespertilio and 
 differs chiefly from it in the heaviness of its wing membranes, and 
 in the thick leathery ear and* tragus, which possess a tendency 
 to develop in width rather than in height. The distinction 
 between these genera is really difficult to describe, though readily 
 recognizable upon observation. The difference between their 
 facial expression might be compared to that between a mastiff 
 and terrier dog : the former is massive with broad head, pendulous 
 lips and wide ears ; the latter is more slender, with a narrower 
 face and delicate and upright ears. 
 
 The type of the genus Scotophilus of Leach is his S. kuhlii , 
 described without reference to any previous author, and without 
 indication of habitat. It is impossible to say, therefore, whether 
 he refers to the Vespertilio kuhlii of Natterer (1819), a European 
 species, or whether he applied the name to a second and different 
 species. As however the diagnosis appears not incongruous with 
 the European kuhlii , and as this was probably known to him at 
 the time, we may adopt the former supposition. This species 
 falls in the genus Vesperugo of Keyserling & Blasius. 
 
 It is not a little remarkable that the paper of Leach, in which 
 
I 
 
 28 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 the genus Scotophilus is described, should have apparently escaped 
 the attention of Continental authors ; to such a degree, indeed, 
 that they credit the genus to Gray as of 1842, 1 and consequently 
 subsequent to Vesperugo of Keyserling & Blasius, instead of 
 being long prior to it. I have found no reference in any of the 
 standard European authors to the species Scotophilus kuhlii of 
 Leach, except by Tomes, as in Pr. Zool. Soc., 1861, 35, etc. 
 
 The following is the arrangement of the species : — 
 
 a. (Vesperus, Keys. & Blasius.) Central incisors larger than lateral; 
 
 upper molars 4 ; base of foot with rounded swelling — 
 
 Ears sub-erect . . . . . . S. carolinensis. 
 
 Ears turned outwards ..... S.fuscus. 
 
 b, (Vesperugo, Keys. & Blasius.) Central incisors equal to the lateral ; 
 
 upper molars 5 ; base of foot without rounded swelling — 
 
 n ( Tragus slender, erect S. qeorqianus. 
 
 Central incisor bicuspid < ° ^ 
 
 ( Tragus thick, obtuse S. noctivagans. 
 
 Central incisor unicuspid . . . . S. hesperus. 
 
 Scotophilus carolinensis, Geoff. 
 
 The Carolina Bat. 
 
 Fig. 24. Fig. 25. 
 
 Vespertilio carolinensis , Geoff. St. Hilaire, Ann. du Mus. VIII, 1806, 193, 
 pi. xlvii, f. 7. — Harlan, Fauna Amer. 1825, 9. — Godman, Amer. Nat. 
 Hist. 1826, 67. — Leconte, Cuv. An. King. (McMurtrie) I, 1831, 431. 
 — Harlan, Month. Amer. Jour. Geol. and Nat. Sc. I, 1831, 218. — Ib., 
 Med. and Phy. Research. 1831, 28.— Cooper, Ann. Lyceum N. H., N. Y. 
 
 1 Ann. and Mag. N. H., X, 1842, 257. 
 
SCOTOPHILUS. 
 
 29 
 
 IV, 1837, 60.— DeKay, Nat. Hist. N. Y. (Zool.), 1842, 10, pi. ii, f. 1.— 
 Desm. Mam. 1820, 136. — Temminck, Monog. II, 1835, 237. — Leconte, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1855,434. — Wagner, Schreb. Saug. V, 1855, 753. 
 
 Description . — Head flat ; nostrils emarginated ; ear not quite 
 as long as the head, broad at base, obtusely rounded at tip ; 
 tragus straight on the inner side, slightly convex on the outer, 
 nearly half the height of the auricle and notched at the outer 
 lower part. The inferior anterior part does not reach the angle 
 of the mouth. Nostrils rather large, separated by an emarginate 
 space. Tip of tail exserted. 
 
 Hair uniformly bicolored, except on the ears and margins of 
 the body ; on the back it is dark plumbeous at base, the upper 
 half varying from dusky cinereous to dark brown. On the head 
 the hair is more lanuginous and thickly set ; it covers half the 
 posterior part of the ears, and runs on almost to the nose ; in the 
 latter portion it is longer, and bicolored, as in the back. 
 
 Fur on the under surface lighter than on the upper. A light 
 brown tinge tips each hair — the lower two-thirds being dark cine- 
 reous, verging to black. As the hair in front approaches the 
 head it also becomes woolly like that on the back, and has a 
 tendency to assume one color. This appearance terminates at 
 the anterior inferior border oMhe ear. 
 
 Interfemoral membrane ample ; basal fifth furred posteriorly, 
 faintly dotted with minute tufts of hair elsewhere. Terminal 
 joint of tail exserted. Wing membrane attached to base of toes. 
 In many specimens the calcaneum is well developed. 
 
 Fig. 26. 
 
 Scotophilus carolinensis. (Magnified.) 
 
 Skull . — The skull is large, and slightly crested behind. 
 
30 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Dentition. 
 
 4 14 14 
 
 Molars — . Canines — . Incisors — Canines — . Molars = 32 teeth. 
 
 5 16 15 
 
 Upper Jaw. — The central incisors are large, converging, 
 irregularly bifid — the internal cusp being the longer ; the laterals 
 not more than one-third the length of the centrals. Canines 
 unicuspid, with minute basal cusps. First molar narrower than 
 the other three, answering to the third premolar of Vespertilio. 
 
 Lower Jaw. — Incisors 6, trifid, crowded. Canines large, 
 simple. Molars 5, the first two smaller and simple, increasing in 
 size from the canines. Molars proper not peculiar. 
 
 I feel some hesitation in separating S. carolinensis from S. 
 fuscus. They may yet prove to be the same, in which case S. 
 carolinensis must be considered a synonym of S. fuscus. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 Current 
 
 number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 | tail. 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 Length of 
 tibia. 
 
 Length of 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 ear. 
 
 Height of 
 tragus. 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 j specimen. 
 
 1 
 
 
 2.2 
 
 1 8 
 
 1.8 
 
 0.7 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 12.0 
 
 Dry. 
 
 4214 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 1 9 
 
 0.7 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 4732 
 
 
 2.3 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.9 
 
 0 7 
 
 3 0 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 2 5 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.7 
 
 3 0 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 ? 
 
 
 5135 
 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.8 
 
 0 7 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 ? 
 
 “ 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Specimen. 
 
 5521 
 
 1 
 
 Carlisle, Pa. 
 
 S. F. Baird. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5135 
 
 1 
 
 Washington, I). C. 
 
 “ “ 
 
 “ 
 
 4211 
 
 1 
 
 Neosho Falls. 
 
 B. F. Goss. 
 
 “ 
 
 55 13 
 
 5 
 
 Nebraska. 
 
 Dr. Cooper. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 4732 
 
 1 
 
 “U. S.” 
 
 Maj. Leconte. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5542 
 
 1 
 
 
 C. Girard. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
SCOTOPHILUS. 
 
 31 
 
 Scotopiiilus fuscus, Palisot be Beauyois. 
 The Brown Bat. 
 
 Fig. 27. Figc 28. 
 
 Vespertilio fuscus, Palisot de Beauv. Cat. Peale’s Mus. 1796, 14. — Leconte, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 437. 
 
 Vespertilio arcuatus, Say, Long’s Exp. R’ky Mts. 1823, 167. 
 
 Vespertilio phaiops, Raf. Amer. Month. Mag. 1818, 445 (not Temm. Monog, 
 Mam. II, 1835, 234). — Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 
 437. — Wagner, Schreb. Saug. Y, 1855, 756. 
 
 Vespertilio ursinus, Temm. Monog. Mam. II, 1835, 234. — Wagner, Schreb. 
 
 Saug. Y, 1855, 756. — Max Pr. Wied, Archiv Naturg. 1861, 190. 
 Vespertilio gryphus , Fr. Cuv., Ann. du Mus. 1, 1837, 15. — Wagner, Schreb. 
 Saug. V. 1855, 749. 
 
 Vespertilio caroli, Leconte (not Temm.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 
 437. 
 
 Scotophilus greeiii (?) Gray, Cat. Mam. British Museum, 1842. 
 
 Description. — Ears moderate, leathery, semi-erect, turned 
 slightly outwards, convex on the inner border, nearly straight 
 on the outer, in some slightly emarginate ; the lower third of this 
 portion is slightly revolute outwards ; basal lobe well developed, 
 Tragus nearly half as high as auricle, straight on inner border, 
 moderately convex and diverging on outer ; sometimes the tip is 
 more acute than in other species, but is never pointed ; in some 
 specimens it has a very slight incurvation. 
 
 The coloring is very similar to S. carolinensis , being dark 
 plumbeous at base, with chestnut-brown tips above, and light 
 cinereous, fawn russet brownish tips below. This coloration 
 exhibits some slight differences in different specimens : thus the 
 back may be more of a light russet, and that in front more of a 
 whitish hue. The extent of the plumbeous is also subject to 
 variation, in some specimens occupying but the lower third of the 
 hair ; while in others — and this is more apt to occur on the front — 
 
32 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 the tips only will be of a different color. The fur is soft and 
 long, running up the back of the ears one-half their height in 
 many specimens, in others not more than a third that distance. 
 The basal part of the triangular interfemoral membrane behind 
 is hairy, the rest naked. Calcaneum weak. No extension of the 
 fur upon the wing membrane. Thumb and foot moderate. Back 
 of foot very slightly haired. 
 
 These variations in the coloration of this species enable the 
 observer to arrange the specimens into three groups according to 
 the style of coloring of the fur. Thus the 1st group has chestnut- 
 brown tips on the back, with grayish- white tips on the belly ; 2d, 
 olive-brown tips on back, with fawn russet tips on the belly, inter- 
 mingled with whitish ; and 3d, deep chestnut-brown both above 
 and below, that of the front being but a shade lighter than that of 
 the back. In the specimen, No. 5966, Williamstown, Mass., the 
 tips of the fur is everywhere white at the tip. 
 
 Both S. carolinensis and fuscus resemble S . serotinus of 
 Europe. The shape of the ear and tragus are very similar, and 
 the character of the face and tumidity of lips the same in all. 
 The latter species, however, is of a larger size than the others, 
 and the fur is almost entirely unicolored — that is, there being 
 little or no difference between the coloration of the base and the 
 tip of each hair. 
 
 Dentition , similar to that of preceding species. 
 
 Major Leconte, in his “ Observations on the Bats of North 
 America,” claims the specific name fuscus , for what was formerly 
 known as the V. arcuatus, Say. In my attempt to include several 
 supposed distinct forms under one head, I have chosen the same 
 name. 
 
 Palisot de Beauvois, as early as 1196, describes a species — 
 V. fuscus — in an old pamphlet catalogue, which, being but little 
 known, had received no attention prior to Major Leconte’s 
 quotation. The description in this forgotten brochure does not 
 correspond very well with that of Scotophilus : for the number 
 of incisors in the upper jaw is less than the number actually 
 present. But this objection has not the importance that at first 
 sight it might appear to possess, inasmuch as the little incisor, 
 situated close to the canine, very frequently escapes observation — 
 it being almost completely hidden in the growth of the adjacent 
 
SCOTOPHILUS. 
 
 33 
 
 gum. This slight omission I think in nowise affects the diagnosis, 
 any more than the fact that the neglect of naturalists for a long 
 time to notice the minute premolar behind the canine of the upper 
 jaw of L. cinereus and noveboracensis would affect the identity 
 of those species. 
 
 Temminck’s species, V. ursinus and the V. phaiops of Rafi- 
 nesque, I consider to be the same as the one under consideration. 
 It would appear strange that these two forms should be united, 
 when the bicolored hair of the first, as described by Temminck, 
 would at once separate it from the unicolored fur of the second. 1 
 Major Leconte has indeed separated them ; but in the individuals 
 labelled by him, now before me, I have not been successful in 
 observing any such difference as those mentioned above. I have, 
 therefore, taken V. ursinus to be a true synonym of S. fuscus, 
 and the form mentioned by Temminck as the V. pliaiops , Raf., to 
 be a species that has not been observed in North America, and is 
 probably a member of another fauna. 
 
 In the memoir above noticed, Major Leconte has made a laud- 
 able effort to identify the species, the result of the labors of Euro* 
 ropean authors, and thus relieve this subject of its intricate 
 synonomy. With this object in view, he has dwelt upon and de- 
 veloped points not mentioned by the original describers. Thus, in 
 speaking of the shape of the outer border of the ear, he says : — 
 
 “ The fuscus has the ear somewhat triangular, very concave 
 on the outer edge, and emarginate near the tip. 
 
 “ The ursinus ear oval, entire ; that is to say not at all emargi- 
 nate, the orillon acinaciform and obtuse. 
 
 “ The phaiops ear somewhat triangular, sinuous or bi-emargi- 
 nate on the outer edge, orillon oblong, blunt. 
 
 “ The caroli has the ears ovate, emarginate behind almost from 
 the tip to the base, and the orillon lanceolate, blunt, rounded at 
 the point, a little curved on the posterior edge.” 
 
 While acknowledging that these differences may exist, I do not 
 consider them to be constant. In a species so extensively dis- 
 tributed — and in a family so well known for its Protean tenden- 
 cies — as that to which S. fuscus belongs, slight and variable 
 changes, confined entirely to the parts of the ear, are hardly 
 sufficient data for 4hese separations. 
 
 3 
 
 1 Vide Appendix. 
 
34 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Had Major Leconte been an original laborer in this field, and 
 the material now before me been at his disposal, I can scarcely 
 believe that he would have described from it four new species of 
 bats. He would rather have looked upon the minute differences 
 above mentioned as of no specific value. 
 
 I may mention here that V. caroli, Temm., is not a species of 
 Scotophilus — Major Leconte being in error respecting the denti- 
 tion. The dentition, according to its describer, is 
 
 Molars-^-. Canines _L. Incisors A. Canines—. Molars A = 38 teeth. 
 6 16 16 
 
 It is very probably a true Vespertilio. 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 .a! 
 
 © 2 
 
 a ^ 
 
 o 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 o S 
 
 T 9 
 s .o 
 o 
 
 Length of 
 tibia. 
 
 bh 
 
 a 
 
 c t 3 
 
 rC V 
 
 u l c 
 SS 
 
 hi 
 
 ° JD 
 
 if. z 
 
 O ^ | 
 
 Height of 
 ear. 
 
 o w 
 ? 
 
 tf g 
 ‘5 
 
 W 
 
 | Expanse. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ! Nature of 
 specimen. 
 
 4731 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.9 
 
 29 
 
 03 
 
 0 5 
 
 0.2i' 
 
 10 0 
 
 Dry. 
 
 4734 
 
 
 2.9 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.9 
 
 3 0 
 
 0.5 
 
 ! 0 6 
 
 0.3 
 
 11.0 
 
 it 
 
 4737 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 l.S 
 
 O.S 
 
 3.0 
 
 0 4 
 
 0.5 
 
 02i 
 
 10.0 
 
 a 
 
 .4739 
 
 
 2.9 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.8 
 
 09 
 
 3 0 
 
 0 4 
 
 0 7 
 
 0.3 
 
 10. i 
 
 a 
 
 473 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 1 4 
 
 1.6 
 
 0 7 
 
 3.0 
 
 •0.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0 3 
 
 2 
 
 it 
 
 2 
 
 
 2.7 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.8 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.4 I 
 
 0.5 
 
 , 0 3 
 
 11.0 
 
 it 
 
 3137 
 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.7 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.4 j 
 
 0 5 
 
 0 3 
 
 9.6 
 
 (t 
 
 537 
 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 0 7 
 
 2.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.5 
 
 0 2 h 
 
 2 
 
 it 
 
 424 
 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.4 
 
 2.9 
 
 O.S 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.4 | 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
SCOTOPHILUS. 
 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 |No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Specimen. 
 
 6192 
 
 1 
 
 Lake Winnipeg. 
 
 R. Kennicott. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5396 
 
 2 
 
 Williamstown, Mass. 
 
 S. H. Scudder. 
 
 44 
 
 5302 
 
 1 
 
 Westport, N. Y. 
 
 S. F. Baird. 
 
 
 5301 
 
 1 
 
 Carlisle, Pa. 
 
 S. F. Baird. 
 
 
 5307 
 
 1 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Col. Weaver. 
 
 u 
 
 53S1 
 
 1 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 T. R. Peale. 
 
 a 
 
 5306 
 
 1 
 
 Cleveland, O. 
 
 Dr. Kirtland. 
 
 44 
 
 5399 
 
 1 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Col. Wailes. 
 
 a 
 
 5310 
 
 1 
 
 Roane Co., Tenn. 
 
 Prof. Mitchell. 
 
 a 
 
 5332 
 
 3 
 
 Grand Coteau, La. 
 
 St. Charles College. 
 
 44 
 
 5311 
 
 1 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Dr. Geo. Engelmann. 
 
 a 
 
 5324 
 
 1 
 
 Ft. Riley, Kansas. 
 
 Henry Brandt. 
 
 
 5328 
 
 7 
 
 Nebraska. 
 
 Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
 
 
 5315 
 
 1 
 
 Milk River, Neb. 
 
 Dr. Hayden. 
 
 
 5317 
 
 2 
 
 Ft. Pierre, Neb. 
 
 Dr. J. Evans. 
 
 a 
 
 5309 
 
 1 
 
 Fort Towson, Ark. 
 
 Dr. Edwards. 
 
 « 
 
 5308 
 
 1 
 
 Fort Smith, Ark. 
 
 Dr. Shumard. 
 
 iC 
 
 3271 
 
 1 
 
 Mo. of Poteau River. 
 
 “ 
 
 « 
 
 6191 var 
 
 1 
 
 Brazos River, Tex. 
 
 It 
 
 a 
 
 5320 
 
 1 
 
 Puget Sound, W. T. 
 
 ? 
 
 K 
 
 5325 
 
 1 
 
 Carson Valley, Nev. 
 
 Capt. J. H. Simpson. 
 
 u 
 
 5326 
 
 1 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 H. B. Mollhauson. 
 
 it 
 
 5.314 
 
 1 
 
 Posa Creek, Cal. 
 
 Dr. Heermann. 
 
 
 4337 
 
 1 
 
 United States. 
 
 Major Leconte. 
 
 
 4731 
 
 1 
 
 “ “ 
 
 “ 
 
 It 
 
 4739 
 
 1 
 
 “ “ 
 
 
 
 4731 
 
 1 • 
 
 it u 
 
 “ 
 
 
 5330 
 
 1 
 
 “ “ 
 
 ? 
 
 
 5.344-5 
 
 2 
 
 “ [Cruz, Mex. 
 
 ? 
 
 
 5411 
 
 1 
 
 El Mirador, nearVera 
 
 Dr. C. Sartorius. 
 
 
 Scotopliilus georgianus, Allen. 
 
 The Georgian Bat. 
 
 Fig. 30. Fig. 31. 
 
 Vespertilio georgianus , Fr. Cuv. Ann. dd Mus. 1832, 16. — Leconte, Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 436. — Wagner, Schreb. Saug. V, 1855, 
 750. 
 
 Vespertilio monticola, Bachman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1841, 92. 
 
 Vespertilio crassus (?), Fr. Cdv. Ann. du Mus. 1832, 17. 
 
 Vespertilio salarii (?), Fr. Cuv. Ann. du Mus. 1832, 17. 
 
36 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Description . — Head flat, but not so heavy and thick as in 
 other species of Scotophilus , moderately hairy ; sides of face 
 swollen, and studded with hair. Nose flat, broad, naked ; nostrils 
 small, oblique, opening sublaterally. Sides of mouth very slightly 
 whiskered. Ears nearly naked, subelliptical, slightly convex on 
 the inner, nearly straight on the outer border, which terminates 
 near the mouth in a wart. Parts about the head light brown. 
 Tragus straight, blunt, moderately divergent on its outer side. 
 Thumb and feet large. 
 
 Fur thick, long and soft. Color dark rufous brown on back, 
 brighter rufous in front ; base of fur before and behind dark 
 plumbeous. The fur extends to upper third of posterior surface 
 of interfemoral membrane : the anterior surface of which is deco- 
 rated with numerous small tufts arranged transversely. The fur 
 of. body also extends a slight distance upon the anterior surface 
 of the wing membrane. Wings reach to base of toes ; point of 
 tail slightly exserted. Calcaneum moderate — its termination 
 forms no lobe with the interfemoral membrane. 
 
 No. 7002 (included in 5297), a young specimen, Carlisle, Pa., 
 is a variety with dark, faintly bicolored fur, of a grizzled olive- 
 brown color. 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 S. georgianus. 
 
 Skull small, papery ; flat, but less so than in other species of 
 Scotophilus. There is a slight tendency to the shape of face 
 peculiar to Vespertilio. 
 
 Dentition. 
 
 Molars A. Canines—. Incisors A. Canines A. Molars _lL_ 34 teeth. 
 5 16 15 
 
 Upper Jaw . — The incisors placed as usual, and of the same size. 
 The centrals of equal size and so obscurely bifid that the lateral 
 point seems more like a basal cusp. The lateral teeth cuspid 
 and converging (there are some examples of the bicuspid lateral). 
 Canines rather small, simple. First molar minute, unicuspid, 
 
SCOTOPHILUS. 
 
 but readily visible from the outside. The second premolar re- 
 sembles the corresponding tooth in the other species ; the remain- 
 ing molars are not peculiar. 
 
 Lower Jaw. — Incisors trifid, not crowded. Canines small, 
 with a basal cusp on either side. The premolars are rather small, 
 and have minute points at their base, making them appear as 
 though indistinctly tricuspid. Other molars as usual. 
 
 This species has been but imperfectly described by the authors 
 above cited. Fr. Cuvier’s diagnosis is quite incomplete, and 
 would be undistinguishable from that of the smaller form of V. 
 subulatus, had it not been that, from having sent the author 
 the specimens from which the description was taken, Major 
 Leconte was familiar with the type and afterwards gave a more 
 exact description of the animal in the work above cited. He 
 however was himself in error in some particulars, especially in 
 making the dentition similar to that of V. subulatus, and in assert- 
 ing that the last false molar of the upper jaw was bi-emarginated. 
 I have before me a large series of specimens, some of which have 
 Major Leconte’s name attached, but in none of them have I found 
 any internal basal bi-emarginate cusp as described by him. 
 
 Dr. Bachman’s description of V. monticola applies well to S. 
 georgianus, excepting in the measurements, which, in the case of 
 the ear and tragus, are entirely too small in proportion to the 
 size of the body. I have an alcoholic specimen, marked V. monti- 
 cola, in the same handwriting as some other specimens purported 
 to have been labelled by Dr. Bachman, which is beyond doubt 
 S. georgianus — the ear and tragus being of the usual size. 
 
 •Measurements. 
 
 Current 
 number. ^ 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. f 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 Length of 
 tibia. 
 
 Length of 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 ear. 
 
 Height of 
 tragus. 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 specimen. 
 
 529S 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.4 
 
 0 4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 9.0 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5 297 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.4 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 8.9 
 
 << 
 
 59S1 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 2 3 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.7 
 
 0 3* 
 
 8.6 
 
 u 
 
 5982 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.5 
 
 ! 1.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 8.6 
 
 it 
 
 5983 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 j 15 
 
 1 !-4 
 
 0 7 
 
 2:2 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0 3 
 
 8.6 
 
 a 
 
 5318 
 
 
 16 
 
 I 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.7 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 9.0 
 
 it 
 
 5339 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.3 
 
 0 6 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.4* 
 
 0.3 
 
 9.3 
 
 ii 
 
 5340 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 | 1.5 
 
 1.4 
 
 0 6 
 
 2.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 9 3 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 j 1.6 
 
 1 1.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.2 
 
 0.3* 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 8 11 
 
 it 
 
 5341 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1 " 6 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 
 0.4j 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 8.10 
 
 
33 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Spec’n. 
 
 5297 
 
 36 
 
 Carlisle, Pa. 
 
 S. F. Baird. 
 
 In alcohol. 
 
 5433 
 
 1 
 
 “ 
 
 u <« 
 
 Dry skin. 
 
 5375 
 
 1 
 
 Washington. 
 
 ? 
 
 In alcohol. 
 
 5298 
 
 1 
 
 “ 
 
 C. Girard. 
 
 “ 
 
 5440 
 
 1 
 
 Hampshire Co., Va. 
 
 M. M'Donald. 
 
 Dry skin. 
 
 5340 
 
 2 
 
 Clark Co., Va. 
 
 Dr. Kennerly. 
 
 In alcohol. , 
 
 5339 
 
 1 
 
 Mount Vernon. 
 
 ? 
 
 “ 
 
 5341 
 
 1 
 
 Whitfield Co., Ga. 
 
 A. Gerhardt. 
 
 “ 
 
 5442 
 
 1 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 W. Cooper. 
 
 Dry skin. / 
 
 5343 
 
 1 
 
 New Orleans. 
 
 N. 0. Acad. 
 
 In alcohol. 
 
 5401 
 
 1 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Dr. G. Engelmann. 
 
 “ 
 
 531 S 
 
 1 
 
 Cairo, 111. 
 
 R. Kennicott. 
 
 “ 
 
 5360 
 
 1 
 
 Poteau Creek, Ai-k. 
 
 Dr. G. C. Shumard. 
 
 “ 
 
 5371 
 
 3 
 
 Matamoras, Mex. 
 
 Lt. Couch. (Berl.Col.) 
 
 “ 
 
 5439 
 
 1 
 
 United States. 
 
 Major Leconte. 
 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 
 S. georgianus. 
 
SCOTOPHILUS. 
 
 39 
 
 Scotopliilus noctivagans, Leconte. 
 
 The Silvery -haired Bat. 
 
 Fig. 34. Fig. 35. 
 
 Vespertilio noctivagans, Leconte, Cuv. An. Kingdom (McMurtrie ed.), I, 
 June, 1831, 31. — Cooper, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. IV, 1837, 59. — DeKay, Nat. 
 Hist. N. Y. (Zool.), 1842, 9, pi. i, f. 1. — Wagner, Sclireb. Saug. V, 
 1855, 754. 
 
 Vespertilio auduboni, Harlan, Month. Amer. Jour. Geol. Nat. Hist. I, Nov. 
 
 1831, 220, pi. ii. — Ib. Med. and Physical Researches, 1835, 30, pi. iv. 
 Vespertilio pulverulentus, Temm. Monog. Mam. II, 1835, 235. — Leconte, Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 436.— Pr. Wied, Archiv Naturg. 1861, 192. 
 
 Description. — Head flat, broad, and moderately haired. Snout 
 naked ; nostrils wide apart, and opening sublaterally ; space be- 
 tween emarginate. The sides of the face slightly swollen. The 
 auricle is an irregular oval. The inner border ascends upwards 
 and inwards to a level with the top of the head, and then turns 
 upwards and outwards, ending in an obtuse point. The outer 
 border is smooth, and terminates interiorly and internally in a thin 
 ridge near the angle of the mouth. The lower half of this border 
 folds irregularly upon itself, and bends so markedly inwards as 
 to touch the tragus. The tragus is straight internally, strongly 
 and abruptly convex externally — at its base narrow. It is but 
 one-third the height of auricle, and nearly as broad as high. Skin 
 of face and ears blackish, with the exception of the internal basal 
 
 lobe of the latter, which is whitish. 
 
 % 
 
 Fur long and silky, with a marked tendency to become black, 
 and in many specimens the extreme tip of each hair is the only 
 part possessing a different hue — it being a pale gray or white. 
 The fur is thicker on the back than in front, but the coloration is 
 very similar on both sides: if there is any difference, it is where 
 the shaft of the hair in front assumes in some individuals a plum- 
 beous brown hue instead of the blackish. The characteristic 
 pulverulent dash to the fur presents a striking appearance, and 
 
40 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 has given to this animal the popular appellation of the Silvery- 
 haired Bat. The posterior part of the interfemoral membrane 
 is thinly covered with short dark colored hairs: the anterior 
 surface has upon it numerous minute tufts arranged linearly. 
 Thumb small, slightly furred ; foot moderate and furred on pos- 
 terior surface. 
 
 Fig. 36. 
 
 Shull flat, not crested ; two shallow depressions anteriorly. 
 
 Dentition. 
 
 Molars A. Canines JL. Incisors A. Canines A. Molars Jt _ 36 teeth. 
 
 6 16 16 ’ 
 
 Upper Jaw . — Incisors two on either side of the median space, 
 closely approximate to but not touching canines ; nearly of the 
 same length ; centrals bifid, the teeth somewhat twisted on their 
 axis so that the two cusps have something of an antero- 
 posterior arrangement; the internal cusp is slightly longer 
 than the external. The laterals are unicuspid, and have a basal 
 cusp. The canines are simple and moderate. Of the five molars 
 the first is very small, unicuspid, and crowded in between the 
 canine and second premolar — it is visible from the outside. The 
 second premolar has an external and internal cusp — the external 
 longer than any external point of the molars proper, while the 
 internal is shorter than any internal prominence. The other teeth 
 as usual. 
 
 Lower Jaw . — Incisors not crowded, trifid. Canines moderate, 
 with an anterior basal point. Of the three premolars the first is 
 not so small as the second, which is about the size of the first 
 premolar of the upper jaw ; the third is about the height of the 
 molars proper, and is simple. The other teeth as usual. 
 
SCOTOPHILUS. 
 
 41 
 
 This species was described by Major Leconte and Dr. Harlan 
 in the same year ; but the description by the latter gentleman 
 appeared five months subsequent to the former. Vide Cooper, 
 loe. cit. Temminck’s account followed the original description 
 five years ; he obtained his specimens from the Prince Max. Wied. 
 I cannot learn upon what ground Major Leconte, in his “ Obser- 
 vations,” employed Temminck’s specific name and discarded his 
 own. It no doubt had, so far as I can judge from given data, 
 the undisputed priority. 
 
 S. noctivagans bears some resemblance to S. discolor , Kuhl, a 
 European species. The shapes of ear and tragus, the color of 
 membranes, the powdered fur, and the haired interfemoral mem- 
 brane are common to both ; but in S. noctivagans the color of the 
 hair is blackish instead of brown, and the dentition is different in 
 many particulars. 
 
 No. 5359 is smaller than the other specimens, and has a more 
 subulate tragus. The specimen was imperfect. 
 
 Habitat — From the Atlantic coast to Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Yaries very little in color and size. I have never seen any 
 specimens “entirely black,” a peculiarity of coloring stated by 
 Major Leconte to sometimes occur. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 Current 
 
 number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 Length of 
 tibia. 
 
 Length of 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 ear. 
 
 Height of 
 tragus. 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 specimen. 
 
 3328 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.9 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 0 2 
 
 12.0 
 
 Dry. 
 
 4729 
 
 
 2.9 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.9 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.2! 
 
 12.0 
 
 it 
 
 746 
 
 
 2.o 
 
 
 1.7 
 
 0 6 
 
 29 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.2! 
 
 
 << 
 
 74 
 
 
 2.3 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.9 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.6| 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 it 
 
 2231 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 
 0.6 
 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 it 
 
 1783 
 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.7 
 
 2.7 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5! 
 
 0.2! 
 
 
 il 
 
42 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 i 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Specimen. 
 
 5331 
 
 1 
 
 James Bay, H. B. 
 
 C. Drexler. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5295 
 
 2 
 
 Moose Factory, “ 
 
 “ “ 
 
 1 i 
 
 5301 
 
 1 
 
 Middleboro’, Mass. 
 
 J. W. P. Jenks. 
 
 < t 
 
 5427 
 
 1 
 
 Carlisle, Pa. 
 
 S. F. Baird. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5305 
 
 1 
 
 “ “ 
 
 David Miller. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5357 
 
 1 
 
 West Philadelphia. 
 
 W. S. Wood. 
 
 
 5290 
 
 1 
 
 Mt. Holly, N. J. 
 
 Dr. Geo. C. Brown. 
 
 
 5296 
 
 1 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 W. Wilson. 
 
 < ( 
 
 3328 
 
 1 
 
 Illinois River. 
 
 R. Kennicott. 
 
 it 
 
 5291 
 
 1 
 
 St. Louis. Mo. 
 
 Dr. Engeimann. 
 
 it 
 
 5293 
 
 2 
 
 Nebraska. 
 
 Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
 
 it 
 
 5294 
 
 1 
 
 Platte River. 
 
 W. S. Wood. 
 
 it 
 
 5431 
 
 2 
 
 Fort Union, Neb. 
 
 Dr. F. Y. Hayden. 
 
 it 
 
 5359 
 
 1 
 
 «< “ 
 
 “ “ 
 
 it 
 
 5316 
 
 2 
 
 it it 
 
 “ “ 
 
 a 
 
 5429 
 
 1 
 
 Yellowstone River. 
 
 Col. Vaughan. 
 
 it 
 
 5289 
 
 1 
 
 Puget Souud. 
 
 Dr. Kennedy. 
 
 it 
 
 5321 
 
 1 
 
 Fort Reading, Cal. 
 
 Dr. T. F. Hammond. 
 
 a 
 
 5292 
 
 1 
 
 United States. 
 
 2 
 
 tt 
 
 4729 
 
 1 
 
 
 Major Leconte. 
 
 a 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 S. noctivagans. 
 
SCOTOPHILUS. ' 
 
 43 
 
 Scotopliilus laesperus, Allen. 
 
 The Western Bat. 
 
 Fig. 38. Fig. 39. 
 
 Description. — Diminutive. Head small, flat ; face blunt and 
 stout, not hairy. Tragus short, blunt, slightly concave on inner, 
 convex on outer border, causing it to incurve. Thumb small ; 
 nail dull and minute ; foot very small ; wing membranes attached 
 to base of toes. Interfemoral membrane ample. A small excal- 
 caneal lobe of membrane — the termination of caicaneum blending 
 with the membrane. The tip of the tail is not exserted. Body 
 rather slender. 
 
 The fur is somewhat scanty ; it is thickest on the back where 
 it is of an obscure dirty gray, blending in some individuals to a 
 brownish color — that in front being thinner and of a lighter hue. 
 The main bulk of the fur is of a dark plumbeous, the above- 
 mentioned colors, constituting the tips only. 
 
 Dentition. 
 
 5 14 15 
 
 Molars — Canines — Incisors — . Canines — . Molars = 34 teeth. 
 
 5 1 6 15 
 
 Upper Jaw. — The incisors — both central and lateral — uni- 
 cuspid, and of equal length ; the canines moderately developed ; 
 the first premolar is very small, wedged in between the canine 
 and the second premolar, which is large, as in other species of 
 Scotophilus ; the molars as usual. 
 
 Lower Jaw. — The incisors and canines not peculiar ; the pre- 
 molars two in number: the first is small, and is unicuspid, the 
 second larger with an obscure basal cusp. The skull is eminently 
 ticotophiloid, being flat and broad. 
 
 This bat resembles the S. pipistrellus, of Europe, in the con- 
 tour of the head, the shape of the ear and tragus, the smallness 
 and shape of the thumb and nail, the character of the interfemoral 
 membrane, and in the style of coloring. # The greater part of the 
 
44 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 fur in both is of dark plumbeous, the tip alone being a hue at 
 variance with it. These tips in $. hesperus are brownish-gray 
 and fawn, in S. pipistrellus being a rich olive-brown. In size 
 it corresponds to that small European group with incurved tragus 
 and rounded ear, of which S. alcythoe and S. arislippe are mem- 
 bers. It differs from it, however, in the additional molar on the 
 upper jaw. S. hesperus , therefore, is a form uniting, so far as 
 can now be determined, the peculiarities of S. pipistrellus and 
 S. alcythoe and aristippe. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 «| 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 Length of 
 tibia. 
 
 CP 
 
 bb 
 
 o ^ 
 
 _ w 
 
 < v ; 
 
 5,2 
 
 Length of 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 ear. 
 
 Height of 
 
 tragus. 
 
 \ Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 
 specimen. 
 
 5406 
 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.1 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.8 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.3 
 
 o.H 
 
 7.0 
 
 
 6015 
 
 
 1.4 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.H 
 
 0.5i 
 
 0.1* 
 
 ? 
 
 
 5510 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.11 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.4 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.1* 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.1 
 
 7.0 
 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Spec’n. 
 
 5406 
 
 1 
 
 Ft. Yuma, Cal. 
 
 Maj. G. H. Thomas. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5510 
 
 1 
 
 Posa Creek, Cal. 
 
 Dr. A. L. Heermann. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5509 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 S. hesperus. 
 
SCOTOPHILUS. 
 
 45 
 
 A bat, labelled 5345, Cass Co., Mo., presented by Dr. P. R. 
 Hoy, presents peculiarities so marked that it cannot be assigned 
 to any of the foregoing species. It belongs, however, to the 
 group characterized by the small and equal superior incisors, of 
 which S. georgianus and 5. hesperus are the representatives. 
 Indeed, the dentition throughout is similar to that seen in S. 
 georgianus ; and the tout ensemble of the animal indicates that it 
 has a closer affinity to the former than to the latter of these species. 
 
 The head is flat and broad ; lips slightly tumid ; nostrils open- 
 ing sublaterally, placed near the lip ; the snout rather thick, and 
 scarcely if at all emarginated ; auricles of a light brown color, 
 not quite as long as head, subulate, tip turned slightly outwards ; 
 internal basal border not bluntish and rounded as in other species 
 of Scotophilus, but markedly and sharply produced , as in Ves- 
 per tilio. Tragus similar to that, of S. georgianus , short, stout ; 
 outer border strongly convex. Wing membrane of a blackish- 
 brown color, attached to base of toes ; foot rather large. Inter- 
 femoral membrane ample. Termination of calcaneum not abrupt. 
 Tip of tail exserted, half the length of terminal caudal segment. 
 Color very similar to that of V. subulatus — the fur of the back 
 being more olive. 
 
 The above brief description agrees with that of S. georgianus , 
 on the one hand, in the dentition, shape of tragus and style of 
 wing membrane ; with that of V. subulatus, on the other, in the 
 shape of auricle, and in the coloring of the fur. 
 
 I have deemed it sufficient to thus indicate the peculiarities of 
 this individual, without venturing upon a specific name, preferring 
 to await the receipt of additional specimens. 
 
46 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 VESPERTILIO, Keyserling & Blasius. 
 
 Vespertilio , Keyserling & Blasius, Wirbel thiere Europas, 1840, 17. 
 Molars £ ; skull inflated, raised above the line of the nasal 
 bones ; internal basal lobe of ear sharply defined, more or less 
 acute. 
 
 Fig. 41 
 
 V. subulatus. 
 
 The term Vespertilio has been variously applied by authors. 
 As employed by Linnaeus, it represented a group now considered 
 to be an entire order — Cheiroptera. When Geof. St. Hilaire 
 revised the bats, he restricted the name to the naked-nosed forms 
 with the tail inclosed within the interfemoral membrane. It 
 has again been divided by numerous authors, among whom may 
 be mentioned Isidore Geoffroy, Temminck, Gray, Keyserling & 
 Blasius, until at present as properly restricted by the latter 
 accomplished naturalists, it is used to designate a small but well 
 defined group, the members of which embrace the most delicate 
 forms of Vespertilionidse. Owing to the fact that species of the 
 genus have a widely spread distribution, minute differences in 
 form and color in specimens brought from distant localities have 
 been made of more importance than they deserve. Species have 
 thus sprung up, many of which have never been identified, and 
 serve only to retard progression by a useless synonymy. 
 
 Some of the many so-called species of this country I have been 
 enabled to determine ; with others, however, I have not been so 
 successful. The names of the former are mentioned as synonyms 
 to those having the priority. With the remainder I am obliged 
 to content myself with merely naming, viz. : V. subjlavus, V. 
 
VESPERT1LI0. 
 
 47 
 
 crassus, Fr. Cuv. ; V ferrugineus , V. erythrodacfylus , Temm. ; l 
 V. megalotis, V. phaiops, V. melanotis, V. cyanopterus , V. mystax, 
 II a f. V. virginianus, V. leibii, Bachman. 1 
 
 We cannot do better here than introduce the remarks of Major 
 Leconte, inserted at the close of his Observations quoted above, 
 relative to these species : — 
 
 “ Of bats described by others, the following with but one ex- 
 ception, I have never seen. Dr. Bachman, in the eighth vol. 
 Jour., mentions four species. V. monticola, he says, resembles 
 Say’s bat ; what species he calls by that name I cannot discover. 
 V. virginianus seems to be the V. humeralis of Rafinesque. I 
 have not seen this last for several years, and therefore cannot 
 pronounce definitely concerning it. The V. leibii and V. cali- 
 fornicus are equally unknown. Of M. Rafinesque’s species, it 
 is impossible to determine the following ; there is good reason to 
 doubt, however, whether they are distinct from others which are 
 well known : V. cyanopterus , V. melanotis, V. calcaratus, V. 
 pjhaiops (afterwards described in his Annals of Nature, No. 1, as 
 his Eptisecus melanops) ; V. megalotis, V. mystax (afterwards 
 called, in the Journal de Physique, Yol. LXXXVIII, p. 417, 
 Hyper odon mystax and Eptisecus melas). M. Cuvier’s V. salarii 
 may be the fuscus, and his subflavus the carolinensis ; his crassus 
 likewise I cannot determine. M. Temminck’s V. erythrodactylus, 
 Temm. Yol. II, p. 235, remains amongst those unknown to me.” 
 
 Such are the conclusions of an accomplished naturalist ! After 
 careful study he can only conjecture what might have been the 
 meaning of his authors. Rafinesque, with whom rests the greater 
 part of the blame of this faulty and careless observation, seems to 
 have been utterly regardless of the existence of specific characters. 
 Many of his descriptions are mere words, seldom conveying any 
 definite impression to the mind ; and if they are so far successful, 
 it is rarely a correct one. But the work of this eccentric natural- 
 ist was excusable when compared with that of F. Cuvier. This 
 gentleman had received from Major Leconte a collection of North 
 American Bats, the new species of which he described. 3 But so 
 carelessly was this work performed that out of his descriptions, 
 six in number, the donor could recognize but two — V. georgianus 
 and Vs gryphus, the latter being a synonym of S. fuscus. The 
 
 Vide Appendix (for all these descriptions). 
 
 i 
 
 2 Vide Appendix. 
 
48 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 descriptions of Dr. Bachman are also very imperfect. The most 
 valuable points — such as the attachment of wing membrane to the 
 feet, and the number of molars — being omitted. 
 
 In the new species which I have deemed it necessary to intro- 
 duce, I much regret that from the above list I could not retain 
 any names. As objectionable as it is to increase the number of 
 species of Vespertilionidse when there are so many yet unde- 
 termined, it would be still more so to apply to forms thought to 
 be distinct names to which no specific characters have been 
 attached, or which, if applying to good species, are descriptive of 
 peculiarities not found in those about to be given. 
 
 The species may be arranged as follows : — 
 
 1. Internal basal lobe of ear acute. 
 
 a. Point of tail very ) Ears longer than head 
 
 slightly exserted 5 Ears as long as head 
 
 b. Point of tail decidedly exserted. 
 
 Tragus linear, turned outward 
 Tragus linear, erect. 
 
 Color beneath chestnut-brown . 
 
 Color beneath whitish 
 
 2. Internal basal lobe of ear obtuse, rounded . 
 
 V. evotis. 
 
 V. nitidus. 
 
 V. subulatus . 
 
 V. yumanensis • 
 V. affinis. 
 
 V. lucifugus. 
 
 Vespertilio evotis, Allen, n. s. 
 
 Fig. 42. Fig. 43. 
 
 Description . — Head rather small; face pointed, moderately 
 whiskered ; snout produced ; ears large, high, erect, oval, not 
 
VESPERTILIO. 
 
 40 
 
 turning outwardly ; long, sub-acuminate slightly diverging 
 tragus ; thumb slender ; foot of moderate size ; ample interfemoral 
 membrane ; last joint of tail exserted. The membranes are of a 
 light brown color, tending in some to a darker hue. Hair long 
 and soft, plumbeous at base behind, with light brown tips in- 
 clined to yellowish toward the head. 
 
 The fur in front is dark maroon, or black at base with 
 whitish tips. The basal third of the ear is covered with hair at 
 base : at the base of the interfemoral membrane behind a tuft of 
 hair is seen. 
 
 In two specimens the fur had a darker tinge, the tips behind 
 being dark olive-brown, the base being black. 
 
 This species has the largest ear of any of the American species 
 of Vespertilio . 
 
 The cranium is greatly inflated ; the face slender and pointed. 
 
 Dentition. 
 
 6 1 4 16 
 
 Molars . Canines — . Incisors — . Canines — . Molars = 38 teeth. 
 
 6 16 16 
 
 Upper Jaw . — The incisors are grouped in pairs near the 
 canines, separated by an open space. The centrals are markedly 
 bifid, the laterals obscurely so. Of the premolars the first two are 
 very small, the second being the smaller ; the third is larger, com- 
 pressed and bicuspid, the outer cusp much the larger, and longer 
 than any point of the molars proper. The remaining molars not 
 peculiar. 
 
 Lower Jaw . — Incisors trifid, the one adjacent to the canine on 
 either side obscurely quadrilobed. Canines with a small basal 
 cusp behind. The premolars small, the two anterior most so, the 
 third is slender ; basal ridge thick. 
 
 No specimens have been received from localities east of the 
 Rocky Mountains. It appears to be comparatively common 
 along the Pacific coast from Puget Sound to Lower California. 
 
 4 
 
50 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 i Current 
 
 number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Length of 
 
 forearm. 
 
 O 
 
 *3 
 
 c -ri 
 
 0> 
 
 45 
 
 0> 
 
 tc 
 
 a 
 
 qa 
 
 o 
 
 r- ^ 
 
 5 be 
 be 5 
 a ° 
 a> ^ 
 
 >4 
 
 Length of 
 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 
 ear. 
 
 O a! 
 
 £ it 
 be £ 
 
 '£ -2 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 
 specimen. 
 
 5390*7. 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.5$ 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.8 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 0 8 
 
 0.5 
 
 9.0 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 53905 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.5 
 
 O.S 
 
 2 3 
 
 0.3* 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 9.0 
 
 it 
 
 5390c 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.8 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.3* 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.4* 
 
 9.0 
 
 it 
 
 53S9 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.7 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 0 11 
 
 0.5* 
 
 9.6 
 
 ti 
 
 5392 a 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.7* 
 
 2.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.8* 
 
 0.6 
 
 10.0 
 
 tc 
 
 5392 b 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 0 7 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 0 9 
 
 0.6 
 
 10.0 
 
 it 
 
 5392 e 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.6 
 
 2 3 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.6 
 
 10.0 
 
 it 
 
 5391a 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.9 
 
 06 
 
 8.7 
 
 it 
 
 53915 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.2* 
 
 0.9 
 
 0.6 
 
 8.6 
 
 it 
 
 5413 
 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.5 
 
 0 7 
 
 2 1 
 
 0.2* 
 
 0.9 
 
 0.5 
 
 2 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.7 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.11 
 
 0.5 
 
 8.9 
 
 it 
 
 5395 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.8 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.11 
 
 0.5 
 
 9.0 
 
 it 
 
 5413 
 
 
 ? 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 ? 
 
 2.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.7* 
 
 0 4 
 
 8 6 
 
 Dry. 
 
 1789 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.8 
 
 2 0 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 ? 
 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Spec’m. 
 
 5392 
 
 3 
 
 Upper Missouri. 
 
 Dr. .Hayden. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5390 
 
 3 
 
 Puget Sound. [B. Snrv.) 
 
 
 it 
 
 5391 
 
 2 
 
 East of Colville. (N. W. 
 
 Dr. C. B. Kennerly. 
 
 tt 
 
 5389 
 
 1 
 
 Monterey, Cal. 
 
 A. S. Taylor, 
 
 it 
 
 5387 
 
 2 
 
 Cape St. Lucas. 
 
 John Xantus. 
 
 it 
 
 5395 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 it 
 
 5413 
 
 1 
 
 Mts. of N. Mexico. 
 
 Capt. Pope. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 Y. evotis. 
 
VESPERTILIO. 
 
 51 
 
 Vespertilio subulatus, Say. 
 
 The Little Brown Bat 
 Fig. 45. Fig. 46. 
 
 Vespertilio subulatus, Say, Long’s Exp. to Rk’y Mts. II, 1823, 65 (note). — 
 Harlan, Fauna Americana, 1825, 22. — Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 
 I, 1829, 3. — Godman, Amer. Nat. Hist. 1, 1831, 71. — Cooper, Ann. Lyc. 
 N. Y. IV, 1837, 61. — DeKay, Nat. Hist. N. Y. (Zool.) 1842, 8.— 
 Wagner, Schreb. V, 1855, 750. — Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 
 1855, 436. 
 
 Vespertilio californicus, Bachman, Journ. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1842, 280. 
 
 — Peale, U. S. Explor. Exp. (Mam.) 1858, 3. 
 
 Vespertilio caroli, Temm. Monog. II, 1835, 237. — Wagner, Schreb. Saiig. V, 
 1855, 749. 
 
 Vespertilio domesticus, Green, Cab. Nat. Hist. II, 290. 
 
 Description. — Head light, moderate size ; face whiskered ; 
 ear smaller than in V. evotis, turned slightly outwards ; tragus 
 erect, half the height of the ear ; the interfemoral membrane 
 smallest, the point of tail exserted. 
 
 The fur is not so thick as in V. evotis. The base of the hair 
 behind is of a dark plumbeous color, tips olive-brown ; the base 
 in front is of the same hue, blending into a whitish-yellow tip. 
 The color is subject to little variation ; the olive-brown of the 
 back is, in some specimens, of a lighter hue. The distribution 
 as in other species! 
 
 Dentition as in V. evotis. 
 
 The specimens of V. subulatus arrange themselves into two 
 groups, one of which may be considered typical, the other tending 
 in the shape of ear to the preceding species. Indeed the change 
 from one species to the other is so gradual that it is difficult to 
 assign the boundary to each. I have included under V. subulatus 
 a number of specimens which have the ear higher than those from 
 
52 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 which the description has been taken, but agreeing with V. suhu - 
 latus in other particulars. 
 
 JELab . — Yery common, especially in the country east of the 
 Rocky Mountains, where it is the most abundant of the species 
 of Vespertilio. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 Current 
 
 number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Length of 
 foreai’m. 
 
 Length of 
 tibia. 
 
 Length of 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 
 ear. 
 
 Height of 
 
 tragus. 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 
 specimen. 
 
 5382 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.7* 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.6 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 53S4 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.7* 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 5346 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.7* 
 
 2.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 9 0 
 
 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.4* 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.7 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.6* 
 
 0.3 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 5385 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.3 
 
 0 4* 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.2* 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 8.0 
 
 
 5370 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.2* 
 
 0.4* 
 
 2.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 0 7* 
 
 0.3 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 5393 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.4* 
 
 05 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.3 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 5352 
 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.5* 
 
 2.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.4 
 
 9.2 
 
 
 Fig. 47. 
 
 V, subalatu®. 
 
VESPERTILIO. 
 
 53 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Specimen. 
 
 5384 
 
 1 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 Dr. Gilpin. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5370 
 
 1 
 
 Brunswick, Me. 
 
 A. S. Packard. 
 
 “ 
 
 5385 
 
 1 
 
 Elizabethtown, N. Y. 
 
 S. F. Baird. 
 
 “ 
 
 6322 
 
 1 
 
 Nebraska. 
 
 Dr. Cooper. 
 
 U 
 
 53S5 
 
 1 
 
 Phillipsburef, Pa. 
 
 A. Brakeley. 
 
 
 5382 
 
 1 
 
 B ad ford. Pa. 
 
 C. C. Martin. 
 
 44 
 
 5381 
 
 1 
 
 Mead vi He, Pa. 
 
 J. F. Thickstun. 
 
 
 7196 
 
 1 
 
 Beaufort, S. C. 
 
 Dr. Hayden? 
 
 Dry. 
 
 7197 
 
 1 
 
 “ * l 
 
 “ i. 
 
 
 3721 
 
 1 
 
 Michipico, L. Sup. 
 
 C. A. Hubbard. 
 
 
 5355 
 
 1 
 
 Portage, Lake Sup. 
 
 B. A. Hoopes. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5351 
 
 1 
 
 Upper Mis. River, 111. 
 
 R. Kennicott. 
 
 44 
 
 5312 
 
 1 
 
 Racine, Wis. 
 
 Dr. P. R. Hoy. 
 
 44 
 
 5500 
 
 1 
 
 Gross Isl., Mich. 
 
 C. Fox. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5318 
 
 1 
 
 “ “ 
 
 « it. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5338 
 
 1 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Capt. Gunnison. 
 
 44 
 
 5391 
 
 l 
 
 Brookville, Ind. 
 
 Dr. R. Hayraond. 
 
 44 
 
 5348 
 
 1 
 
 Southern Illinois. 
 
 R. Kennicott. 
 
 44 
 
 5346 
 
 2 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Dr. Engelmann. 
 
 44 
 
 5531 
 
 1 
 
 Upper Missouri. 
 
 Dr. Hayden. 
 
 44 
 
 5362 
 
 1 
 
 Sonora. 
 
 Arthur Schott. 
 
 
 5435 
 
 1 
 
 “ 
 
 J. H. Clark. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5432 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 ? 
 
 44 
 
 5503 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 44 
 
 5441 
 
 1 
 
 Sonora. 
 
 J. H. Clark. 
 
 
 Vespertilio alii n as, Allen, n. s. 
 
 Fig. 48. Fig. 49. 
 
 Description. — H*ead moderate, slightly depressed ; face hairy ; 
 ears rather small, inner border convex, outer border concave. 
 Tragus is subulate, about half as high as the ear, straight on 
 internal side, diverging on the external. Lip whiskered. Body 
 robust. Feet long and slender — a few curved hairs at the base 
 of the nails ; wing membranes attached midway to base of toes. 
 Interfemoral membrane rather small ; a little lobe at the termina- 
 tion of the calcaneum ; point of tail exserted. Thumb rather 
 large. Wing membranes dark brown, but thin. 
 
54 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Fur thicker behind than before, and extending a slight distance 
 on the interfemoral membrane. Color lustrous light chestnut- 
 brown above ; same color of a lighter shade, inclining to yellowish, 
 below. The base of the fur above and below is of a delicate fawn 
 brown. 
 
 The dentition is the same as in V. evotis — the incisors being of 
 the same length, the laterals bicuspid. 
 
 V. affinis resembles S. georgianus in being about the same 
 size, and in the fur and membranes presenting the same general 
 appearance. It differs from that species in having the ear more 
 emarginated on the outer border ; the tragus not blunt, nor so 
 wide proportionately ; the face more hairy, and not so depressed ; 
 the reddish hue of the hair more decided ; the fur thicker and 
 less wavy. The dentition differs in there being | molars, instead 
 of f . V. affinis has also a narrower interfemoral membrane, and 
 a marked calcaneal lobe. 
 
 To V. yumanensis it bears some resemblance in the shape and 
 extent of the interfemoral membrane, and shape of tragus ; but 
 the differences in the pelage, and the color and texture of the 
 wing membranes separate them. 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 V. affinis. 
 
YESPERTILIO. 
 
 55 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 Current 
 
 number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 Length of 
 
 tibia. 
 
 Length of 
 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 
 ear. 
 
 O W 
 
 3 
 
 rS tD 
 be Ct 
 *0 -+-> 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 
 specimen. 
 
 5342 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.4 
 
 O .65 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 9.0 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Spec’m. 
 
 5342 
 
 1 
 
 Ft. Smith, Ark. 
 
 Dr. Sliumard. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 No specimens have reached us from any other locality. 
 
 Tespertilio lucifugus, Leconte. 
 
 The Blunt-nosed Bat. 
 
 Fig. 51. Fig. 52. 
 
 Vespertilio lucifugus , Leconte, Cuv. An. Kingdom (McMurtrie ed.) I, App. 
 
 1831, 431. — Ib. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 436. 
 
 Vespertilio brevirostris , Max Prince Wied, Verzeich. beobach. Saug. N. A. 
 
 1860, 19. 
 
 Description. — Head rather large, somewhat flattish ; lips 
 moderately whiskered ; snout more obtuse than in other species 
 of Vespertilio ; nostrils sub-lateral, some distance from free border 
 of upper lip ; ears narrow, blunt at tip, slightly emarginated on 
 outer side : the internal basal lobe produced, rounded and some- 
 what obtuse, not thicker than other portions of ear. Tragus 
 half as high as auricle, mostly blunt, unfrequently abruptly acu- 
 minate. Mental space well defined. Feet large; interfemoral 
 membrane of moderate size ; termination of calcaneum with inter- 
 femoral somewhat abrupt ; the point of tail exserted. 
 
56 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Coloration subject to little variation, that of the back dark 
 plumbeous at base, with dark or lightish olive-brown tips ; that 
 of the belly lighter at tip — exhibiting a whitish gray, or yellow- 
 ish gray appearance. The color is thus similar to that of V. 
 subulatus. 
 
 Dentition as in V. evotis. 
 
 The narrow blunt ear, short face, and the elevation of the 
 nostril above the free margin of upper lip are the characters 
 which serve to distinguish this species. 
 
 V. daubentonii, of Europe, bears some resemblance to this 
 species in the shape of the ear and tragus ; but it is dissimilar in 
 the whitish color of fur beneath, and in the attachment of the 
 wing membrane to foot, which is here joined to the ankle instead 
 of the base of the toes as in V. lucifugus. 
 
 The specimen, numbered 5538, from the east of Colville, *N. W. 
 Territory, has a pointed tragus, and the middle part of the free 
 border of the interfemoral membrane fringed with stiff hairs. The 
 fur of the body is silvery beneath, blackish above, back of feet not 
 hairy. Another form from St. Louis, Mo. (Cat. No. 5344), has 
 the wing membrane attached to the ankles — the foot being entirely 
 free. In other respects both agree with V. lucifugus. 
 
 I have thought it necessary to thus briefly indicate these two 
 aberrant individuals, without giving any separate account of 
 them. Should future collections bring forward any others having 
 the same peculiarities as the above, they may possibly then be 
 thought worthy to receive specific names. 
 
 Hab . — Quite common, and univefsally distributed throughout 
 the United States, and south to the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 | Current 
 | number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 sc 3 
 
 o> *■* 
 
 Length of 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 thumb. 
 
 o 
 
 Si. ^ 
 
 *<E © 
 
 a 
 
 O GC 
 
 % be 
 be ^ 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 a 
 
 <4- © 
 
 c 3 
 
 © *3 
 
 S © 
 
 ft 
 ce « 
 
 5336 
 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 0 7 
 
 2 6 
 
 0 2| 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 9.0 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 0 6.j 
 
 2.4 
 
 0. 2‘j 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 8.6 
 
 
 53.53 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1 6 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.4 
 
 2 5 
 
 0.3 
 
 0 7 
 
 0.3 
 
 ! 8.0 
 
 u 
 
 5347 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 0 4,i 
 
 2.5 
 
 0 3 
 
 0 6 .t 
 
 0 3 
 
 j 8 9 
 
 
 5376 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 0 4 
 
 2 5 
 
 0 3 
 
 0.7 
 
 0 3 
 
 1 S 9 
 
 
 5101 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1 6 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.8 
 
 2 6. 
 
 0.3 
 
 0 7 
 
 04 
 
 I 100 
 
 
 5364 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1 3 
 
 1.3 
 
 0 6 
 
 2 3 
 
 0 3 
 
 0 6 
 
 0 I 
 
 j 80 
 
 
 5377 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 2 2 
 
 0.2? 
 
 0.6 
 
 03 
 
 9.0 
 
 
VESPERTILIO. 
 
 57 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 [Nature of Spec’m. 
 
 5376 
 
 1 
 
 James Bay, Hudson's 13. 
 
 C. Drexler. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5335 
 
 1 
 
 Westport, N. Y. 
 
 S. F. Baird. 
 
 44 
 
 5334 
 
 2 
 
 it 4 i £ 
 
 “ •< 9 
 
 44 
 
 5336 
 
 3 
 
 Foxburg, Pa. 
 
 “ “ 
 
 44 
 
 533S 
 
 1 
 
 Washingtou, D. C. 
 
 “ “ 
 
 44 
 
 5337 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 C. Gerard. 
 
 44 
 
 7197 
 
 1 
 
 Beaufort, S. C. 
 
 Dr. Hayden. 
 
 44 
 
 7198 
 
 1 
 
 44 
 
 “ “ 
 
 44 
 
 5319 
 
 1 
 
 Isle Roynle, Lake Sup. 
 
 B. A. Hoopes. 
 
 44 
 
 5354 
 
 1 
 
 Deti’oit River. 
 
 S F. Baird. 
 
 44 
 
 5501 
 
 1 
 
 Grosse Isle, Mich. 
 
 Rev. C. Fox. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5500 
 
 1 
 
 “ “ 
 
 “ “ 
 
 44 
 
 5505 
 
 1 
 
 “ “ 
 
 “ “ 
 
 44 
 
 5373 
 
 1 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 A. C. Barry. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 549 S 
 
 1 
 
 Racine, Wis. 
 
 Dr. P. R. Hoy. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5349 
 
 5 
 
 Cook Co., 111. 
 
 R. Kennicott. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5197 
 
 1 
 
 “ “ 
 
 “ “ 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5347 
 
 2 
 
 Cairo, 111. 
 
 “ “ 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5363 
 
 1 
 
 Fort Pierre, Neb. 
 
 Dr. Hayden. 
 
 44 
 
 5379 
 
 1 
 
 Santa Fe, N. M. [N. N. 
 
 W. J. Howard. 
 
 44 
 
 5374 
 
 2 
 
 Cantonment Burgwyn, 
 
 Dr. Anderson. 
 
 44 
 
 5361 
 
 5 
 
 Puget Sound, W. T. 
 
 A. Campbell. 
 
 44 
 
 5366 
 
 3 
 
 “ ? 
 
 Dr. Suckley. 
 
 44 
 
 5378 
 
 2 
 
 Fort Steilacoom, W. T. 
 
 44 
 
 5299 
 
 1 
 
 Columbia River. 
 
 U. S. Exp. Exped. 
 
 44 
 
 5403 
 
 2 
 
 Fort Reading, Cal. 
 
 Dr. J. F. Hammond. 
 
 44 
 
 5364 
 
 2 
 
 “ “ “ 
 
 “ “ 
 
 44 
 
 5383 
 
 2 
 
 Cape Flattery, W. T. 
 
 Lt. Trowbridge. 
 
 4 ‘ 
 
 5380 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 lt 
 
 5377 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 44 
 
 5373 
 
 1 
 
 Aspinwall, N. G. 
 
 Dr. S. Hayes. 
 
 
 Fig. 53. 
 
 V. lucifugus. 
 
58 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Vespertilio yiimanensis, Allen. 
 
 The Gila Bat. 
 
 Fig. 54. Fig. 55. 
 
 Description. — Head moderate, not depressed ; hairy. Ears 
 ellipsoid, very slightly emarginated on the outer border. Tragus 
 subulate, half the height of the ear, straight on internal, convex 
 on external border. Nostrils elliptical, opening sublaterally ; space 
 between them naked, and slightly emarginated. Lips moderately 
 well covered with whitish whiskers. Body slender. The feet are 
 large, the wing membrane attached midway , to the base of the 
 toes. Interfemoral membrane triangular, the termination of the 
 calcaneum forming a lobe with the membrane ; the point of tail 
 exserted. The thumb moderate. Wing membranes thin, light 
 color, and almost diaphanous. 
 
 The hair behind is plumbeous at base, and light brown at the 
 tip. That in front dark umber at base, and grayish-white at tip — 
 the white hue being predominant. The distribution of fur is the 
 same as in other species. 
 
 Dentition same as in V. evotis. 
 
 In general appearance this bat resembles both V. subulatus 
 and Scotophilus georgianus. It is, however, smaller than the 
 former, the membranes more delicate, the foot proportionately 
 larger, the interfemoral membrane smaller ; but it agrees with it 
 in the subulate tragus, and in the dentition. Its relation to S. 
 georgianus is seen in the light brownish snout and ear ; its vari- 
 ance therefrom in the longer and more acuminate tragus, the 
 smaller size of the thumb, and the difference in the number of 
 molars. 
 
 Hab. This species has not been received from any other locality 
 than the one above given. It was sent to the Institution, from 
 Fort Yuma, with the original type of Macrotus calif ornicus, by 
 Major (now Major-General) George II. Thomas, U. S. A. 
 
VESPERTIL10, 
 
 59 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 Current 
 
 number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 C £ 
 
 bi . O 
 
 S.o 
 
 i-3 
 
 Length of 
 
 tibia. 
 
 Length of 
 
 longest finger. 
 
 Leugth of 
 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 
 ear. 
 
 Height of 
 
 tragus. 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 
 specimen. 
 
 5367 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 9 0 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 6019 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.3 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.2 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5£ 
 
 3 0 
 
 8.10 
 
 
 6020 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.2 
 
 6.0 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.4 
 
 0 5j 
 
 3.0 
 
 8.6 
 
 44 
 
 6021 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.0 
 
 6.0 
 
 2.2 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 8.6 
 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Specimen. 
 
 5367 
 
 36 
 
 Ft. Yuma, Cal. 
 
 Maj. G. H. Thomas. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 6019 
 
 1 
 
 44 44 
 
 u a << 
 
 44 
 
 6020 
 
 1 
 
 44 44 
 
 U <4 44 
 
 4 * 
 
 6021 
 
 1 
 
 
 44 44 44 
 
 
 Fig. 56. 
 
 V. yumanensis. 
 
60 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 Vespertilio nitidus, Allen. 
 
 The Californian Bat. 
 
 Fig. 57. Fig. 58. 
 
 Vespertilio nitidus , Allen, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862, 247. 
 
 Description. — Body small ; head and face very hairy, the 
 nostrils separated by a narrow, slightly emarginate space ; ears 
 longer than head, slightly emarginate on outer edge, curving 
 somewhat outwards, hairy at basal third behind, extending up a 
 greater distance on thie inner side ; tragus tapering, leaning a 
 little outwards, and about half the height of auricle ; lips ex- 
 tensively whiskered ; thumb and foot small ; interfemoral mem- 
 brane ample, sparingly haired at upper half behind ; calcaneum 
 rather long, with an excalcaneal membrane ; color of membranes 
 darkish brown ; tip of tail rarely exserted. The termination of 
 the calcaneum forms no angle with the interfemoral membrane. 
 
 Fur long and silky. Color plumbeous at base with russet 
 brown and olive tips behind, and lighter russet or ashy cinereous 
 in front. Interfemoral membrane naked, except the usual tuft at 
 the base behind, and a few lightish hairs arranged transversely in 
 front. 
 
 Dentition as in V evotis 
 
 This species bears a strong resemblance to Vespertilio mysta - 
 cinus, Leisler, of Europe. The emarginate ear, elongate tragus, 
 and whiskered lips are seen in both ; but our species is the larger, 
 while the thumb is smaller ; the tail is shorter, and calcaneum 
 more produced. It differs also in color — V. mystacinus being 
 of a grayish brown, V. nitidus a reddish brown. 
 
 Nos. 5405, 5537 and 5402 — four specimens in all — present the 
 following peculiarities : The fur is longer than in others of the col- 
 lection. On the back the base of the hair is blackish ; upper third 
 pale yellow, turning to a delicate light-yellowish russet brown ; on 
 the belly the hair is dark at the base, with light tips ; the hairs on 
 
VESPERTILIO. 
 
 61 
 
 the interfemoral membrane are also of a light color. In other re- 
 spects the characters are the same as the other specimens. The 
 dried specimen, No. 5512, labelled by Dr. Leconte V. oregonensis , 
 though never described by him, probably belongs to this variety. 
 If the individuals having the above coloration should be found to 
 constitute a new species, this name will be reserved for it. 
 
 Hab. The species appears, as far as known, to be confined to 
 the regions west of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Fig. 59. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 1 
 
 | Current 
 
 | number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 Length of 
 tibia. 
 
 Length of 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 ear. 
 
 Height of 
 tragus. 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 specimen. 
 
 5433 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.6. 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.2? 
 
 8.0 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5432 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 0 3 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 8 0 
 
 
 5446 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 0 6 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.4 
 
 0 2 
 
 7.0 
 
 
 523 
 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.2k 
 
 7.9 
 
 
 5444 
 
 
 1.3 
 
 1 1 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.9 
 
 0 2.j 
 
 0.4j 
 
 0.2k 
 
 7.0 
 
 
 525 
 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.2 
 
 13 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.4i 
 
 0.2^ 
 
 7.7 
 
 
 1207 
 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.9 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.4J 
 
 0.3 
 
 ? 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5498 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 03 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.3 
 
 7.9 
 
 
 5500 
 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.2 
 
 0 7 
 
 2.3 
 
 0 3 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 8.5 
 
 u 
 
 5499 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 7.9 
 
 
 5368 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.2 
 
 0 6 
 
 2.1 
 
 o.H 
 
 0.6 
 
 3 0 
 
 8 0 
 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.4 
 
 l.H 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.1 
 
 0 2 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 8.6 
 
 
 5533 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 7.6 
 
 
 5536 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.6k 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.2£ 
 
 0.6 
 
 30 
 
 8.0 
 
 
 5565 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 8 0 
 
 
 5534 
 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.2 
 
 l.H 
 
 0.5| 
 
 2.0 
 
 o.H 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 
 5537 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.3 
 
 1 2 
 
 0.6 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 
 5105 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 0. 6g- 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 
62 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Specimen. 
 
 5432 
 
 1 
 
 Guadalupe Canon, N.M. 
 
 Capt. J. Pope. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5436 
 
 1 
 
 Pecos River, Tex. 
 
 “ 
 
 5394 
 
 1 
 
 Santa Fe, N. M. 
 
 W. J. Howard. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5536 
 
 1 
 
 East of Fort Colville. 
 
 A. Campbell. 
 
 “ 
 
 5583 
 
 6 
 
 Puget Sound. 
 
 it 
 
 7004 
 
 1 
 
 a it 
 
 
 536S 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 
 Fort Steilacoom, W. T. 
 
 Dr. Geo. Suckley, 
 
 
 5444 
 
 1 
 
 a tt a 
 
 « 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5446 , 
 
 1 
 
 tt tt tt 
 
 “ “ “ 
 
 5434 
 
 6 
 
 tt a u y 
 
 “ “ “ 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 7005 
 
 1 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 R. D. Cutts. 
 
 
 5437 
 
 1 
 
 Monterey, Cal. 
 
 W. Huttou. 
 
 
 1207 
 
 1 
 
 A. S. Taylor. 
 
 16 
 
 6368 
 
 17 
 
 Fort Tejon, Cal. 
 
 "John Xantus. 
 
 
 5405 
 
 1 
 
 Fort Yuma, Ariz. 
 
 Maj.Geo. H. Thomas, 
 
 
 5537 
 
 2 
 
 “ “ 
 
 “ il [U.S.A. 
 
 
 5533 
 
 1 
 
 Cape St. Lucas. 
 
 John Xantus. 
 
 
 5402 
 
 1 
 
 “ “ 
 
 cc 
 
 5398 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 SYNOTUS, Keyserling & Blasius. 
 
 Synotus, Keyserling & Blasius, Wiegm. Archiv fiir Naturg. 1839. 
 
 Ears very large ; outer border extended anteriorly as far as 
 the tragus ; large excrescences on either side of the nose con- 
 tinuous with the inner border of the ear ; semicircular fold on 
 the base of the outer border of the ear ; no tongue-shaped 
 appendage at the base of the inner border, as in Plecotus. 
 
 The genus Synotus, as represented by Keyserling & Blasius, 
 includes both the species found in the United States. It is 
 closely allied to Plecotus (a European genus), as both are to 
 Vespertilio. 
 
 Fig. 60. 
 
 S. macrotis. 
 
SYNOTUS. 
 
 63 
 
 Skull . — Rather large. Cranium inflated ; a small median de- 
 pression on the face. No occipital crest. 
 
 Dentition. 
 
 5 14 15 
 
 Molars — Canines — Incisors — . Canines — . Molars —36 teeth. 
 
 6 16 16 
 
 Upper Jaw . — Incisors separated by a median space. The 
 centrals larger than laterals, converging, not bifid. The late- 
 rals very small and simple. Canines moderate, with a minute 
 basal cusp anteriorly. First premolar very small ; second with 
 a large external and small internal cusp. The molars not 
 peculiar. 
 
 Lower Jaw . — Incisors minutely trifid. Canines with a minute 
 basal cusp anteriorly. Of the premolars the first and second are 
 small, and about equal ; the third much larger though simple. 
 
 Synotus macrotis, Allen. 
 
 The Big-eared Bat. 
 
 Fig. 61. Fig. 62. 
 
 Plecotus macrotis , Leconte, Cuv. Animal Kingdom (McMurtrie ed.), Appen- 
 dix 1, 1831, 431. 
 
 Plecotus lecontii, Cooper, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. IV, 1837, 72. 
 
 Synotus lecontii , Wagner, Schreb. Saug. V, 1855, 720. 
 
64 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS 
 
 Description. — Head flat, not very broad ; face moderately 
 hairy. Lips thin, compressed. Facial crest elevated on a line 
 with the nostrils, which are small apertures with membranous 
 edges, wider externally than internally. They open almost 
 laterally, and have between them a shallow concavity. Ears 
 very large, slightly haired at internal border. The tragus is one- 
 half the height of the ear, straight on the inner edge, diverging 
 on the outer, with a circular lobe at the base almost at right 
 angles to the tragus proper. Hair long, fine and soft. Above 
 it is dark at base — almost blackish ; tips dusky, approaching to 
 brown. The base of ear covered with hair — a delicate line ex- 
 tending up the internal border. 
 
 The fur of the belly is like # that of the back, blackish at base 
 with grayish tips running to white toward the pubis. Inter- 
 femoral membrane naked ; base of thumb naked. Thumb and foot 
 slender ; a few long hairs are seen on the back of the latter. 
 
 Originally described by Major Leconte, this species was re- 
 named by Mr. Cooper, as above cited. This naturalist argued 
 that the inappropriate title was sufficient excuse for rendering it 
 obsolete. In reproducing the appellation of Leconte, I con- 
 sider that, however unfortunate an author’s selection of a specific 
 name may be, this alone is no reason why he should be deprived 
 of the right to the priority of the description. 
 
 Hab. Confined to the South Atlantic States. 
 
 I am informed by Prof. Baird, that specimens of a Synotus, 
 probably of this species, were received some years ago by the 
 Smithsonian Institution, from Meadville, Pa., but that they have 
 become in some way misplaced and are not now to be found. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 Current 
 
 number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 o 
 
 "br^ 
 
 a * 
 
 <D 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 Length of 
 tibia. 
 
 bo 
 
 a 
 
 <4-, 
 
 O 
 
 * $ 
 
 g* 
 
 Length of 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 ear. 
 
 O 
 
 -Q bo 
 
 *53 
 
 K 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 specimen. 
 
 5232 
 
 
 l.S 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.7 
 
 0 8 
 
 2.8 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.1 
 
 0.6 
 
 9.6 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.7 
 
 ? 
 
 0 8 
 
 2.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.1 
 
 0.6 
 
 9.4 
 
 
 1377 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 L6 
 
 0.9 
 
 2.8 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.6 
 
 9.0 
 
 Dry. 
 
 4727 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.9 
 
 2.8 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.7 
 
 11.0 
 
 44 
 
 890 
 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.7 
 
 0.8 
 
 2.S 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.1 
 
 0.6 
 
 10.9 
 
 
SYNOTUS. 
 
 05 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Spec'n. 
 
 5451 
 
 1 
 
 S. Carolina. 
 
 W. Cooper. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5526 
 
 1 
 
 S. Carolina. 
 
 5453 
 
 1 
 
 Society Hills, S. C. 
 
 M. A. Curtis. 
 
 “ 
 
 5450 
 
 1 
 
 << <( 
 
 “ 
 
 5452 
 
 1 
 
 Kemper Co., Miss. 
 
 D. C. Lloyd. 
 
 “ 
 
 5407 
 
 1 
 
 Eutaw, Ala. 
 
 Prof. Winchell. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 ? 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5234 
 
 1 
 
 Micanopy, Fla. 
 
 “U. S.” 
 
 Dr. Bean. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 4727 
 
 1. 
 
 Major Leconte. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5232 
 
 1 
 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 W. J. Howard. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 Synotus townsendi, Wagner. 
 
 Fig. 63. Fig. 64. 
 
 Plecotus townsendi, Cooper, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. IV, 1837, 73. 
 Synotus townsendi , Wagner, Sclireb. Saug. V, 1855, 720. 
 
 This species resembles the above, but is considerably stouter, 
 the membranes somewhat lighter ; face broader and more elongate. 
 The crests are high and well defined, with the wart between the 
 internal border of ear and mouth larger than in S. macrotis. The 
 tragus is of the same general shape, with the marked lobe at base. 
 At the lower part of the outer border near the angle of the mouth 
 the small internal lobe is seen as in the preceding species. Limbs 
 slender ; thumb and foot rather small. 
 
 5 
 
66 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN EATS. 
 
 Hair everywhere thick, fine, and long. Brown above, not so 
 markedly bicolored as in S. macrotis, but only of a slightly darker 
 hue at base. It is lighter in front, where it assumes a slightly 
 ferruginous brown color at base. The back of the foot but 
 slightly furred. But slight variation in color in the different 
 individuals. Dentition as in the preceding species, excepting that 
 the central incisors of the upper jaw are more distinctly bifid at 
 cutting edge. 
 
 Hab. Central region of the United States. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 Current 
 
 number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. ’ 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 Length of 
 tibia. 
 
 Length of 
 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 ear. 
 
 I Height of 
 
 1 tragus. 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 specimen. 
 
 5231 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.9 
 
 1 8 
 
 O.S 
 
 2.10 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.7 
 
 11.0 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5230a 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.9 
 
 0 8 
 
 2.9 
 
 0 4 
 
 | 1.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 11.0 
 
 “ 
 
 52306 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.9 
 
 2.10 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 11 0 
 
 <c 
 
 5230c 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.8 
 
 I 0 8 
 
 2.9 
 
 0 4 
 
 i 1 2 
 
 0.6 
 
 10.6 
 
 
 5230 d 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.9 
 
 i 0.8 
 
 2.10 
 
 0.4 
 
 1-2 
 
 0.7 
 
 10 6 
 
 
 5230 e 
 
 
 1.8* 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.8 
 
 0.8 
 
 2 11 
 
 0 4 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 10.0 
 
 “ 
 
 5230/ 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.9 
 
 2 11 
 
 0.4 
 
 | 1.3 
 
 0 7 
 
 11.0 
 
 
 5230 g 
 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.8 
 
 0.8 
 
 2.10 
 
 0.4 
 
 1 1.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 10.6 
 
 
 List of Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. ofSp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of Spec’m.- 
 
 5231 
 
 1 
 
 Upper Missouri. 
 
 Dr. F. V. Hayden. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5230 
 
 7 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Capt. J. H. Simpson. 1 
 
 
 * Collected by C. S. McCarthy. 
 
 ANTROZOTJS, Allen. 
 
 Antrozous, Allen, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862, 247. 
 
 Head rather large ; nose high, tapering, narrow ; snout angu- 
 lar, blunt ; nostrils apical, outer borders joining above in a trans- 
 verse line ; eyes large ; ears longer than head, not joined. 
 
ANTROZOTJS. 
 
 67 
 
 Fig. 65. 
 
 A. pallidus. 
 
 Shull long, not depressed, slightly crested at posterior part, 
 tapering anteriorly. 
 
 Dentition . 
 
 Molars — . Canines Incisors Canines — . Molars — == 28 teeth. 
 
 5 14 15 
 
 Upper Jaw. — The superior incisors large, pointed, separated 
 by a narrow space. Canines well developed, with a small basal 
 internal cusp. No small premolar posterior to canine, as in 
 Lasiurus ; molars as in that genus. 
 
 Lower Jaw. — Incisors trilobed, the two centrals placed ante- 
 riorly to laterals. Canines with an acute basal cusp which nearly 
 touches the second premolar. The first premolar simple and 
 smaller than the second. Molars not peculiar. 
 
 This genus differs from Vespertilio in the high and slender 
 snout ; the crested and narrow skull ; the elevated broad ears, 
 and in having one incisor less on either side in the upper and 
 lower jaw. Indeed, the latter fact is alone sufficient to separate 
 it, for although the incisors in the upper jaw as a general rule 
 are subject to considerable variation, a departure from the usual 
 number in the lower jaw is a matter of more significance. 
 Antrozous is the only instance in this extensive family of such 
 variation. 
 
 Major Leconte (Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. VII, 1855, 437) 
 described a bat from California under the name Vespertilio 
 pallidus. The changes which have taken place in the classifica- 
 tion of Cheiroptera of late years, and especially the greatly 
 
68 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN BATS. 
 
 restricted sense in which the genus Vespertilio is now received, 
 is sufficient apology for the insertion of this hat under the genus 
 above proposed. 
 
 Autrozous pallidas^ Allen. 
 
 The Pale Bat 
 
 Fig. 66. Fig. 67. 
 
 Vespertilio pallidus , Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. VII, 1855, 43 . — Baikd, 
 U. S. and Mex. Bound. Survey, Report II, 1858, pi. i, fig. 1. 
 
 Description . — Head slightly hairy, and of a light brown color, 
 A small wart over each eye ; a larger one between outer border 
 of ear and angle of mouth, and another under the lower jaw. 
 Ears high, elliptical, furred at base posteriorly ; a slip of fur 
 running up along the inner border ; a similar, but narrower slip, 
 running up along the anterior part of the ear. Tragus half as 
 high as auricle, lanceolate, in many instances terminating in a 
 fine point, sometimes in a blunt one ; straight on inner border, 
 diverging on outer, where it is finely crenulate. The outer border 
 of the ear does not reach the angle of the mouth by a distance of 
 three lines. Feet rather large ; calcaneum moderate. 
 
 Two varieties of color are observed in this species — the fawn 
 and the yellowish-brown. The first was the one described by 
 Major Leconte. This author says :• “ Hair light fawn colored, 
 tip with darker, beneath paler.” The yellowish-brown may thus 
 be described : Hair above light brown at base, darker at tips ; 
 below lighter brown not tipped. In some instances the brown 
 
ANTROZOUS. 
 
 69 
 
 tip above assumes a reddish tinge, and the fur beneath becomes 
 almost white. The interfemoral membrane is entirely naked. 
 At the base of the thumb a few brown hairs are found. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 Current 
 
 number. 
 
 Original 
 
 number. 
 
 From tip of 
 nose to tail. 
 
 Length of 
 tail. 
 
 Length of 
 forearm. 
 
 Length of 
 tibia. 
 
 Length of 
 
 longest finger. 
 
 Length of 
 
 thumb. 
 
 Height of 
 
 ear. 
 
 O to 
 
 « 3 
 $0 
 U g 
 
 '5 -« 
 
 Expanse. 
 
 Nature of 
 
 ^ specimen. 
 
 152 
 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 0 9 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.6 
 
 12.0 
 
 Dry. 
 
 538 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 ? 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.8 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.9 
 
 0.5 
 
 10.6 
 
 
 521 
 
 
 2.4 
 
 ? 
 
 1.10 
 
 0.8 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.5 
 
 11.0 
 
 
 8S9 
 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.9 
 
 3.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 11.0 
 
 
 887 
 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.9 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.10 
 
 ? 
 
 •? 
 
 
 431 
 
 
 2.6 
 
 7 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.9 
 
 3.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.6 
 
 ii 6 
 
 <4 
 
 85- 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.11 
 
 1.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.10 
 
 0 6 
 
 11.0 
 
 
 173 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.12 
 
 0.7 
 
 11.2 
 
 
 
 
 2.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.10 
 
 3.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.1 
 
 0.7 
 
 11.6 
 
 (4 
 
 45, 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 1.9 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.9 
 
 3.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.7 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 List op Specimens. 
 
 Cat. No. 
 
 No. of Sp. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Presented by 
 
 Nature of-Spec’n.. 
 
 152 
 
 1 
 
 El Paso. (Boundary Sur- 
 
 J. H. Clark. (Type.) 
 
 Dry. 
 
 5241 
 
 1 
 
 San Elizario, Tex.[vey.) 
 
 Dr. C. B. Kennerly. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5240 
 
 1 
 
 Ft. Bliss, N. M. 
 
 Dr. S. W. Crawford. 
 
 “ 
 
 5455 
 
 1 
 
 Ft. Dalles, Oregon. 
 
 Dr. Geo. Suckley. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 538 
 
 1 
 
 Posa Creek, Cal. 
 
 Dr. A. L. Heermann. 
 
 “ 
 
 521 
 
 1 
 
 Tejon Valley. 
 
 “ “ 
 
 “ 
 
 5238 
 
 1 
 
 Ft. Tejon, Cal. 
 
 John Xantus. 
 
 Alcoholic. 
 
 5237 
 
 5 
 
 “ “ 
 
 “ 
 
 5239 
 
 4 
 
 Ft. Yuma, Cal. 
 
 Maj. G. H. Thomas. 
 
 “ 
 
 5236 
 
 19 
 
 Cape St. Lucas. 
 
 John Xantus. 
 
 
 Fig. 68. 
 
 A. pallidus. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Ix order to enable the student to decide for liimself in regard to the 
 many doubtful or unidentified species of authors cited in the foregoing 
 pages, the descriptions themselves are reproduced in the present appendix. 
 
 A. 
 
 Rafinesque. — A merican Monthly Magazine, III, 1811, 445. 
 
 1. V. mystax. (Whisker Bat). — Tail two-fifths of total length ; upper 
 incisors none, lower 6 ; two warts at the lower jaw ; body entirely fallow, 
 top of the head brownish ; ears brown, auriculated, longer than the head. 
 Length, 5 inches ; breadth, 14 inches. 
 
 2. V. kumeralis. (Black-shoulder Bat.) — Tail three-sevenths ; upper 
 incisors 2, remote ; lower 6 ; body dark brown above, shoulders black ; 
 gray beneath ; wings, tail, ears, and snout blackish ; eyes under the hair ; 
 ears longer than the head, elliptical, auriculated. Length, 3J inches ; 
 breadth, 11 inches. 
 
 3. V. tesselatus. (Netted Bat.) — Tail half of total length, hairy above; 
 upper incisors 2, remote ; lower 6 ; body fallow above, pale dirty fulvous 
 beneath, with a faint fallow collar ; shoulders white ; wings hairy at the 
 base, with two hairy white spots above near the thumb ; membrane black- 
 ish, netted of fulvous internally and clotted of same externally ; shafts 
 fulvous ; nose bilobate ; ears nearly concealed by the hair. Length, 4 
 inches ; breadth, 12 inches. 
 
 4. V. cyanopterus. (Blue-wing Bat.) — Tail one-third ; 2 incisors above, 
 6 below ; body dark gray beneath ; wings of a dark bluish gray ; shafts 
 black ; ears auriculated, longer than the head. Length, 3 inches ; breadth, 
 10 inches. 
 
 5. V. melanotis. (Black-back Bat.) — Tail one-third above, gray beneath ; 
 body blackish above, whitish beneath ; wings dark gray ; shafts black ; 
 ears auriculated, rounded. Length, 4£ inches ; breadth, 12£ inches. 
 
 ( u ) 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 72 
 
 6. V. calcciratus. (Spurred Bat.) — Tail one-third ; body dark brown 
 above, dark fallow beneath ; wings black ; shafts rose-colored, a spur at 
 the inner side of the elbow ; hind feet black. Length, 4 inches ; breadth, 
 12 inches. 
 
 7. V. monachus. (Monk Bat.) — Tail one-fourth, hairy above, fringed 
 laterally ; body pale, fallow above and below ; head and neck covered with 
 a longer fur of a dark red fallow ; wings dark gray ; shafts red ; hind feet 
 black ; nose red ; ears concealed in fur. Length, 4 inches ; breadth, 12 
 inches. 
 
 8. V. pkaiops. (Black-faced Bat.) — Tail one-third of total length, naked, 
 inucronate ; body dusky bay above, pale beneath; face, ears, and wings 
 blackish ; 4 incisors in the upper jaw — 2 on each side, divided by a large 
 flat wart, unequal, the outside ones larger and bilobed ; 6 small incisors 
 in the lower jaw. Length, 4| inches ; breadth, 13 inches. 
 
 9. V. megalotis. (Big-eared Bat.) — Tail three-eighths of total length; 
 body dark gray above, pale gray beneath ; ears very large, duplicated, 
 auricles nearly as long. Length, 4 inches ; breadth, 12 inches. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bafinesque. — A nnals of Nature, 1820, 2. 
 
 1. N. sp. Atalapha fuscata. — Ears longer than the head, auriculated 
 and blackish ; tail three-sevenths of total length, jutting only by an ob- 
 tuse point ; body brownish above, grayish beneath ; shoulders and cheeks 
 dark brown ; hind feet blackish hairy above ; wings blackish brown. — 
 Found in the northern parts of New York, and in Vermont. Total length, 
 3^ inches. My genus Atalapha (Preces des decouvertes Somoliogiques) 
 contain all the bats without, fore teeth ; there are three or four species of 
 them in the United States all blended u.nder the name of Vespertilio (or 
 Nociilio ) noveboracensis by the writers. 
 
 1. N. g. iZptesicus. — Four acute fore teeth to the upper jaw, in two 
 equal pairs, separated by a great interval and a large flat wart ; each pair 
 has two unequal teeth, the outside tooth is much larger and unequally 
 bifid, inside tooth small and entire ; six fore teeth to the lower jaw, equal, 
 very small, close and truncate ; canine teeth very sharp, curved and long ; 
 grinders unequally trifid ; snout plain, nose without appendages ; ears 
 separated, auriculated ; tail mucronate. — This genus appears to differ from 
 all those of Geoffroy and Cuvier, among the extensive tribe of bats. The 
 name means house-flyer. 
 
 2. Eptisecus melanops. — Fallowish brown above, pale beneath ; face, 
 ears, wings, feet and tail blackish ; ears oval, shorter than the head, 
 and wrinkled ; tail naked, one-third of total length, mucron one-sixth of 
 the tail ; posterior toes ciliate. — Not uncommon in Kentucky, Indiana, &c. 
 
APPENDIX. 73' 
 
 Total length, inches. I had noticed it under the head of V. phaiops, in 
 the American Magazine, vol. III. It comes often in the house at night. 
 
 3. Eptisecus my das. — Fulvous above, gray beneath ; wings, ears, and tail 
 pale brown ; shafts whitish ; ears double the length of head; tail naked, 
 slightly mucronate, nearly as long as the body. — I have observed it in the 
 barrens of Kentucky, flying in the houses. Total length three inches, of 
 the tail includes five-twelfths. Ears three-quarters of an inch long. I 
 mentioned it under the name of V. midas , in my account of the Bats of the 
 Western States (Ann. Mag. vol. III). I have since substituted two other 
 genera of them, Hypexodon and Nycticejus (Prod. 70, N. G. An.) ; the 
 others are probably Atalaphes. I know already fifteen species of bats in 
 the United States— almost all new ones. 
 
 c. 
 
 Major Leconte. — Cuv. An. Kingdom (McMurtrie’s ed.), 431. 
 
 I. 
 
 Vespertilio carolinensis, Geof. — Anterior upper fore teeth sub-simple, 
 larger than the posterior. Remarkable for a strong odor resembling that 
 of a fox. 
 
 V. lucifugus, L.C. — Anterior upper fore teeth bilobate ; body above 
 dark brown, beneath cinereous ; nose sub-bilobate ; face with a nakedish 
 prominence on each side ; ears oblong, naked ; tragus sublinear, half as 
 long as the ears ; tail projecting a little beyond the membrane. Length, 
 to the insertion of the tail, 2£ inches ; tail If inches. 
 
 V. noctivagans , L.C. — Anterior upper fore teeth bilobate, the posterior 
 sub-simple ; color black or dusty cinereous ; hair on the back and belly 
 tipped with gray ; ears short, naked, roundish ; tragus short and roundish ; 
 siose sub-bilobate ; tail projecting a little beyond the interfemoral«mem- 
 brane, which is hairy. Length, 2f inches ; tail, If inches. 
 
 II. 
 
 Add Plecotus macrotis, L.C. — Upper fore teeth four, trilobate, distant 
 by pairs, the posterior -smaller ; ears very long, pointing forwards ; tragus 
 subulate, half the length of ears. 
 
 III. 
 
 Nycticejus noveboracensis. — Easily known by its short and round ears, 
 and by the interfemoral membrane being hairy and including the whole 
 of the tail. There is a white spot at the insertion of the wing, and another 
 at the base of the thumb ; these marks are constant. This species varies 
 much in color, and has been called V. lasiurus, Sclireb., V. monachus by 
 some, and is figured in Wils. Orn. YI, pi. 4, whence it has been quoted by 
 M. Cuvier as the Taphozous . 
 
74 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Nyc. crepuscularis , L.C. — Above brown, beneath paler; a small black 
 wart above each eye ; nose somewhat bilobate ; chin with a small double 
 wart; ears moderate; tragus small, subulate; tail projecting a little * 
 beyond the membrane. 
 
 Nyc. cynocephala , L.C. — The posterior fore tooth on each side smaller 
 than the rest, which are emarginate ; nose furnished on the top and sides 
 with stiff short bristles ; lips very large, somewhat pendulous ; ears 
 broad, round, naked ; tragus not apparent ; tail long, extending far beyond 
 the membrane ; outer and inner toes of the hind feet woolly on the outside, 
 the rest with each two long hairs on the top. 
 
 D. 
 
 Palisot de Beauvois. — Descriptions of L. cinereus and S. 
 fuscus, from Pamphlet. 
 
 “ Grey Bat. — Two upper teeth very small, hardly visible. Head whitish ; 
 ears round and flat, of a white color surrounded with black, and an appen- 
 dage at their base ; hair grey at the roots, black in the middle, and white 
 at the ends ; so that the animal has the appearance of being spotted with 
 white. This hair extends to the membrane which surrounds the tail'. 
 
 “The anterior parts of the membranous wings from the body of the 
 projecting claw, and covered with hair on both sides. This membrane is 
 about twice the size of that in the preceding species” — (L. novebora- 
 cetisis , Auct.) — “The wings, extended, measure fourteen inches. The 
 nostrils are emarginated. 
 
 “Grey Bat. V. cinereus. 
 
 “ This is found in Pennsylvania, and is not described by any author.” 
 
 “ Brown Bat..-^- The two fore teeth in the upper jaw distant from one 
 auotliy, near the canine teeth, and about half their length ; ears naked, 
 blackish, and of an oval figure, with an appendage at their base. Tail 
 almost as long as body ; flying membrane black ; hair brown on the sur- 
 face, grey below. 
 
 “ Brown Bat. V. fuscus. 
 
 “ This is the most common species in the neighborhood of Philadelphia. 
 
 It very much resembles the Common Bat of France, except in the number 
 of teeth in the upper jaw.” 
 
 E. 
 
 Temminck. — Monographie de Mammalogie, II, 1835, 235. . 
 
 V. nr sinus. (A new species kindly furnished me by Prince Max ; it is 
 based upon the examination of seven individuals.) — Head large ; muzzle 
 rather long, large, and but little depressed ; nostrils large, opening upon 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 15 
 
 the side and crescentic — separated by a groove. Ears ovoid, much higher 
 than the summit of the head, the posterior border vertical, and slightly 
 emarginated at the tip ; tragus long, lanceolate, hut a little rounded 
 near the tip ; the auricle is hairy at the base of the external part ; the 
 thumb stout, armed by a very curved nail ; tail long, point free ; inter- 
 femoral membrane marked beneath with parallel lines ; claws of feet very 
 long, stout, and curved. Incisor teeth above in two close pairs ; below 6, 
 trilobed. Molars above 4, without false ; inferior with 5, one being a small 
 false molar. 
 
 Fur long, soft and shining ; above of a brown umber hue, the inferior 
 parts more clear. All the fur is gray at the base. Membranes and ear 
 black. 
 
 Length, 3 in. 11 lines — the tail taking 1 j inches; length of ear, 4| 
 lines ; expanse of wing membrane, 10 in. 9 lines. 
 
 Hab. Found by Prince Max upon the banks of Missouri River. 
 
 V. carolinensis . — Not so large as V. serotinus of Europe. Ears as long 
 as the head, oblong, and hairy one-half the length of the external part of 
 ears. Nose a little blunt, but nostrils approached ; tragus leaf-shaped, 
 erect, and half as long as the auricle ; point of the tail free. Incisors 4, iu 
 pairs above, and 6 below. Molars 5 throughout. 
 
 Fur bicolored throughout ; superior part of a brown “ marron,” but the 
 base of the hair is ashy black ; beneath of a yellow ash, the base of the 
 hair being brown. 
 
 Total length, 2, 3 or 5 inches, of which the tail constitutes 1 inch ; ex- 
 panse, 10 inches. 
 
 Hab. Charleston, S. C. 
 
 V. phaiops. — The general contour like that of V. murinus. Point of tail 
 free ; tail not so long, strongly “ sloped” out on external border, with a lobe 
 cut out behind. Tragus an erect leaf. Superior incisors 4 ; the external 
 are bilobed, and are larger than the internal. Inferior 6. Molars 4 above 
 and 5 below. 
 
 Hair short and unicolored throughout, glosSy, above brown, with a tinge 
 of red, below it is of clearer hue ; face and membranes blackish. 
 
 Length, 4 in. 4 lines, or 5 inches — the tail being 2 inches ; expanse of 
 wing membrane, 12 to 13 inches ; antibrachium, 1 in. $ lines. 
 
 This is the Black-faced Bat of Rafinesque, of which there is mention 
 made in Desm. Mam. in a note. 
 
 Hab. N. A. ; our animal comes from Tennessee. 
 
 - V. pulverulentus. — Resembles, in the color of the superior fur, V. discolor ; 
 but differs from it in its lesser size, in the interfemoral being hairy on both 
 sides, and in the difference of color of the belly. Muzzle large and obtuse ; 
 ears larger than high, rounded, one T half haired ; tragus hatchet-shaped ; 
 tail short ; interfemoral very hairy above, but less at the point than at 
 the base, that beneath of a clear “ voie,” and in concentric lines ; the toes 
 furred above. 
 
76 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Fur long, soft, bicolored throughout, the superior and inferior parts are 
 of the same color. It is of a deep marron, the point only being touched 
 with white, the hairs “ clair sermes,” arranged in horizontal lines upon the 
 inferior part of the interfemoral membrane, are white. 
 
 Length, 3 in. 6 lines, of which the tail is 1 in. 3 lines ; expanse, 10 
 inches ; antibraclx., 1 in. 6 lines. 
 
 This species was furnished us by Prince Max Wied, who obtained it in 
 the mountain recesses of North America. Ours come from the borders of 
 Missouri. 
 
 V. caroli. — Tail the form of our V. pipistrellus, but the ears are longer. 
 Face obtuse ; nostrils very much separated ; ears are of medium size, ovoid, 
 slightly emarginate on their external border without having a lobe or pro- 
 longation. Upper incisors 4, in pairs above, and 6 below. Molars 6 in 
 all ; the two first false molars of the upper jaw very small, short and 
 pointed. Fur bicolored throughout. Face, sides of neck, and all of the 
 superior part of a reddish brown, with black at the base ; beneath of a 
 yellowish-white at the point, with a deep brown at base, which in some 
 parts is of a faint yellowish-asli. The young have a more sombre hue. 
 The extreme tip only of the superior parts is brown ; that of the inferior 
 is of a deep brown. 
 
 Total length, 3 in. 3 lines, the tail of which is 1 in. and 4 lines ; expanse 
 of wing membrane, 8 in. 6 lines ; antibracliium, 1 in. 4 lines ; height of 
 ear from skull to the tip, 5 lines. The young have an expanse of 7 in. 10 
 lines to 8 inches. 
 
 The Museum has obtained from Prince de.Musignano— Chas. Bonaparte — 
 many individuals of this species. 
 
 Iiab. N. America, around the environs of New York and Philadelphia. 
 
 V. erytb.ro da ctylus. — Less than the V. pipistrellus. The forearm, base of 
 fingers, and the interdigital membrane of the first finger is reddish, the 
 other membranes are black. Ears haired from their base the greater 
 portion of their height, small, ovoidal. Tragus subulate ; tail very long, 
 point free ; interfemoral membrane haired above ; beneath the hairs are 
 arranged along the veins ; it is of a silky texture, very short, and sparingly 
 distributed. Incisors 4, in pairs above, and 6 below. Five molars in all, 
 only one false molar in the upper jaw. 
 
 Fur long, fine and silky ; above tricolored, beneath bicolored. All the 
 superior parts of a faint brownish red ; but a little yellow about the head 
 and neck ; the hairs are black at their base, afterwards yellow and the tip 
 brownish red ; superior part of interfemoral membrane very furry ; be- 
 neath brown at base and brownish red at tip ; the sides of the interfemoral 
 covered with sparse hairs. 
 
 Leneth of tail, 2 in. 10 lines, or 3 in. maximum, that of tail 1 in. 4 lines ; 
 forearm, 1 in. 2 lines ; expanse of wing membrane, 7 in. 6 lines, or 8 in. 
 maximum. 
 
 The Museum duPays Bas possesses many individuals of this supposed 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 n 
 
 new species, for which we are indebted to Prince de Musignano ; these 
 specimens are preserved in alcohol, and are part of the same invoice as the 
 preceding species. Vesp. calcaratus, indicated by M. Rafinesque, has the 
 wing membranes about the fingers red above ; but it is much larger, and 
 the coloration of the fur is considerably different. 
 
 Hab. North America, about the environs of Philadelphia. 
 
 V. ferrugineus. — Style of V. daubentonii , of Europe. Nose short, obtuse ; 
 ears narrow, a little scooped out on the posterior border and towards the 
 tip ; tragus short, subulate. Tail very long, point free, the basal portion 
 covered with hair ; the claws of the hind feet are of a whitish yellow. 
 Upper incisors 4, in pairs, internal long “ biseam” at point ; the external 
 short, bifurcated ; inferior incisors 6. Upper molars 4 ; lower 5, with one 
 false molar. 
 
 Hair short, smooth, bicolored ; above the color of a dead leaf, or more or 
 less reddish ; the base of the hair is of a brownish black beneath ; all the 
 hair at its base is of a faint blackish red, and the point pure white. These 
 two hues of the hair form a sort of black and white mixture which is very 
 conspicuous. The membranes of the ears, having been immersed in alco- 
 hol, are of a brownish red. 
 
 Total length, 4 in., or 2 lines longer, that of the tail 1 in. 9 lines ; 
 humerus, 1 in. ; forearm, 1 in. 8 lines ; anal expanse, 10 in. or 6 lines longer. 
 
 This species, based upon the examination of many alcoholic specimens, 
 is new. 
 
 Hab. Holland Guiana. (Museum Pays Bas : from the environs of 
 Surinam.) 
 
 E. 
 
 Say. — Long’s Expedition to the Rocky Mts. II, 65, note. 
 
 Vespertilio subulatus. — A small bat was shot this evening, during the 
 twilight, as it flew rapidly in various directions over the surface of the 
 creek. It appears to be an immature specimen, as the molars are re- 
 markably long and acute ; the canines are very much incirrved, and the 
 right inferior one is singularly bifid at tip — the divisions resembling short 
 bristles. This species is, beyond a doubt, distinct from the Carolina Bat 
 ( V. carolinensis, Geof.), with which the ears are proportionately equally 
 elongated, and, as in that bat, a little ventricose on the anterior edge, so 
 as almost to extend over the eye ; but the tragus is much longer, narrower, 
 and more acute, resembling that of V. emarginatus, Geof., as well in form 
 as in proportion to the length of the ear. We call it V. subulatus, and it 
 may be thus describee?: Ears longer than broad, nearly as long as the 
 head, hairy on the basal half, a little ventricose on the anterior edge and 
 extending near to the eye ; tragus elongated, subulate ; the hair above 
 blackish at base, tip dull cinereous ; the interfemoral membrane hairy at 
 base, the hairs unicolored, and a few also scattered over its surface, and 
 
78 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 along its edge, as well as that of the brachial membrane ; hair beneath 
 black, the tip yellowish-white ; hind feet rather long, a few setae extending 
 over the nails ; only a minute portion of the tail protrudes beyond the 
 membrane. 
 
 Total length, 2 9-10 inches ; tail, 1 1-5 inches. 
 
 G. 
 
 M. F. Cuvier . 1 — Nouv. Annales du Museum d’Hist. Nat. 1832, 15. 
 
 1. Vespertilio gryphus. — The head is like that of the Murinoid group of 
 bats. To the molars proper of which is united two additional false molars 
 on both sides of either jaw. The ear is emarginated, and the tragus is 
 knife-shaped. All the superior parts of the body are of a whitish yellow, 
 the inferior parts are gray, but the base of the fur on both sides is of a 
 blackish color. Whiskers are present on each side of the upper lip and 
 on the extremity of the lower jaw. 
 
 Length of body, from the tip of nose to base of tail, 1 in. 9 lines ; length 
 of tail, 1 in. 2 lines ; expanse of wing membranes, 7 in. 10 lines. 
 
 IIab. Environs of New York. (M. Milbert.) 
 
 2. V. salarii . — The head is like that of the Murinoid group of bats. To 
 the molars proper of which is united the presence of two false molars on 
 both sides of either jaw. The ear is emarginate, and the tragus lanceo- 
 late. The superior parts of the body are of a brown cliestnut-gray, and 
 the inferior parts a grayish white. There is more of the brown color at 
 the basal portion of the fur than at the upper. Whiskers are present on 
 the sides of the upper lip and at the extremity of the lower jaw. 
 
 Length of body, from tip of nose to the base of tail, 1 in. 6 lines ; length 
 of tail, 1 in. 7 lines ; expanse of wing membranes, 7 in. 7 lines. 
 
 IIab. Environs of New York. (M. Milbert.) 
 
 3. V. creeks . — The head of the Serotinoid group of bats. No false molars 
 on upper jaw, and one only infeiiorly; the ear is emarginate, the tragus 
 lanceolate ; the upper parts are of a brown yellow, the inferior parts of a 
 dirty gray ; the hairs of all the parts are black at their base. Whiskers 
 are present on the sides of the muzzle and beneath upon the lower jaw. 
 
 Length of body, from tip of nose to the base of the tail, 2 inches ; 
 length of tail, 1 inch ; expanse of wing membranes, 9 inches. 
 
 IIab. Georgia. (Major Leconte.) 
 
 1 M. Cuvier designated by the term “ Muri'noid*group” those species of 
 Cheiroptera since placed under the genus Vespertilio. In the il Serotinoid 
 group ” he placed those species now included in Scotophilus. The names 
 are taken respectively from two well known European species — V. murinus 
 and V. serotinus. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 T9 
 
 4. V. crassus . — The head is like that of the Murinoid group of hats. 
 Two false molars on each side of the two jaws ; the ears are obtuse, the 
 tragus is lanceolate. All the superior parts of the body of a brown 
 cliestnut-gray, and the inferior parts whitish ; the fur at its base is darker 
 tinted than its tips. Moustaches are present on the upper lip and upon 
 the lower jaw. 
 
 Length of body, from tip'of nose to base of tail, 2 inches ; length of tail, 
 1 in. 8 lines ; expanse of wing membranes, 8 in. 8 lines. 
 
 This species was collected by M. Leseuer, who sent it from New York, 
 under the name which I have retained. 
 
 5. V. georgianus . — The head is like that of the Murinoid group of bats. 
 The ear is emarginate, and the tragus is subulate. All the superior parts 
 of the body are colored by a mixture of black and whitish yellow ; the 
 black mostly, inasmuch as the points of the hair are whitish, the re- 
 mainder being black. The inferior parts are gray, but mixed with black 
 from the same cause which colors the superior portions. Moustaches are 
 present on the sides of the upper lips and upon the lower jaw. 
 
 Length of body, from tip of nose to base of tail, 1 in. 6 lines ; length 
 of tail, 1 in. 2 lines ; expanse of wing membranes, 7 in. 2 lines. 
 
 Hub. Georgia. (Major Leconte.) 
 
 6. V. subjiavus . — The head is like that of the Murinoid group of bats. 
 The ear is emarginated, the tragus is half heart-shaped. The inferior 
 parts of the body are of a clear whitish-gray, slightly waved with brown ; 
 the superior parts are of a white yellow ; the hairs of the superior parts are 
 black at their base, whitish through the greater part of their length, and 
 brownish at their tips ; that of the inferior parts are black at their basal 
 portions, and of a whitish yellow at their outer. Moustaches are present 
 on the sides of the upper lip and beneath upon the lower jaw. 
 
 Length of body, from tip of nose to the base of the tail, 1 in. 6 lines ; 
 length of the tail, 1 in. 3 lines ; expanse of wing membranes, 7 in. 2 lines. 
 
 Hah. Georgia. (Major Leconte.) 
 
 H. 
 
 J. J. Audubon and the Pvev. John Bachman, D. D. — Journal 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1842, 280. 
 
 Vespertilio monticola. (Mountain Bat.) — V. vespertilione subulata 
 brevior ; auriculus brevioribus ; tragus non excedentibus, dimidian longi- 
 tudinem auriculae ; colore fulvo. 
 
 Mountain Bat. — Smaller than Say’s Bat — (“ V. subulatus ”) — ears shorter ; 
 tragus less than half the length of the ear ; color yellowish-brown. Upper 
 fore teeth bilobate ; ears moderate, naked, erect, rather broad at base ; 
 tragus linear, subulate ; body small ; wings long ; tail projecting a line 
 
80 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 beyond tlie interfemoral membrane, which is slightly sprinkled with hair 
 above and beneath. 
 
 Color . — The nose and chin are black ; ears light brown ; wing membranes * 
 dark brown. The whole of the fur of the body above and beneath is, from 
 the roots, a uniform delicate brown color. 
 
 This species differs from Say’s Bat, not only in color but in the much 
 shorter ears and tragus. The size and shape of the tragus we have found 
 an invaluable guide in our American bats ; the ears of the present species, 
 when alive, are always erect ; whilst those of Say’s Bat are folded back- 
 wards like those of the long-eared bats— Plecotus. 
 
 Dentition . — Incisors 
 
 2—2 
 
 6 
 
 Canines 
 
 1—1 
 i— i* 
 
 Dimensions . — Length of head and body, 1 in. 8 lines ; length of tail, 1 
 in. 6 lines ; height of ear, 3 lines ; height of tragus, 1£ lines. 
 
 N. B. — The tragus in Say’s Bat is four and a half lines in height. Several 
 specimens of this bat were obtained during the summer, on the mountains 
 of Virginia at the Gray Sulphur Springs. They were uniform in size and 
 color. 
 
 V. virginianus. (Virginian Bat.) — V. vespertilione monticola paulu- 
 lum longior, auriculus paululum longioribus magisque acutis ; dentibus 
 primoribus maxillae superioris simplicibus ; interfemorali membrana nuda; 
 corpore supra fuligineo-fusco ; subtus cinereo-fuscato. 
 
 Virginian Bat. — A little larger than the Mountain Bat ; ears a little 
 longer and more pointed ; upper fore teeth simple ; interfemoral membrane 
 naked ; sooty brown above, ash brown beneath. 
 
 2 2 1 1 
 
 Dentition. — Incisors . Canines . 
 
 6 1—1 
 
 In size this species is intermediate between V. carolinensis and V. subu- 
 latus. The ear is naked, less rounded, and more pointed than either of the 
 other closely allied species. The tragus is very narrow, linear, and less 
 than half the length of the ear. The tail is inclosed in the interfemoral 
 membrane, except the penultimate joint, which is free. The anterior 
 upper fore teeth, instead of being sub-simple, as in the V. carolinensis, or 
 bilobate, as in V. subulatus and V. montanus, are simple. 
 
 Color. — The nose, upper lip, and upper jaw are black ; wings dark 
 brown. The back is sooty brown ; on each shoulder, at the insertion of 
 the wing, there is a circular black spot about four lines in diameter ; on 
 the under surface cinereous brown. 
 
 Dimensions. — Length of head and body, 2 in. 5 lines ; length of tail, 1 
 inch ; height of ear, 4 lines ; height of tragus, 1| lines. 
 
 Hob. Mountains of Virginia. 
 
 V. leibii. (Leib’s Bat.) — V. supra fusco-ferrugineus, subtus cinereus, 
 alis auribusque nigris. 
 
 Leib's Bat. — Ears and wings black ; dark yellowish-brown above ; cine- 
 reous beneath. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 81 
 
 Description. — Anterior upper fore teeth bilobate ; head short ; nose 
 blunt ; ears moderate, broad at base, erect ; tragus nearly linear, nearly 
 half the length of the ear ; wings and tail long, the latter extending two 
 lines beyond the interfemoral membrane, which is naked ; feet very small ; 
 toes short and slender ; nails sharp and much curved ; hair soft and downy. 
 
 Color. — The ears, .wings, and interfemoral membrane are black. The 
 fur on the back is black from the roots to near the extremities, where it 
 is so slightly tipt with light brown as to give it a dark yellowish-brown 
 appearance. On the under surface the hairs are plumbeous at the roots, 
 tipt with yellowish-white. 
 
 Dentition. — Incisors - — -. Canines - — 1. 
 
 • 6 1—1 
 
 Dimensions. — Length of head and body, 1 in. 7 lines ; length of tail, 1 
 in. 4 lines ; length of spread, 7 inches ; height of ear, 2| lines ; height of 
 tragus, 1 line. 
 
 Hab. Michigan. 
 
 V. californicus. (Californian Bat.) — Y. fusco lutescens, vellere longo 
 et molli; trago longitudine dimidium auris excedente. 
 
 Californian Bat. — With long silky hairs ; tragus more than half the 
 length of the ear ; color light yellowish-brown. 
 
 Description. — Anterior upper fore teeth bilobate. Head small ; nose 
 sharp; ears of moderate size, erect, rather narrow, and pointed. Tragus 
 linear, attenuated. Wings of moderate length, which, together with the 
 ears, are naked. Interfemoral membrane with a few scattered hairs ; feet 
 small ; nails slightly hooked. Tail projecting a little beyond the inter- 
 femoral membrane. 
 
 Color. — Pelage, which is unusually long for the size of the body, and 
 very soft and glossy, is, on the upper surface, dark plumbeous from 
 the base, and broadly tipped with light yellowish-brown ; on the under 
 surface the color is a little darker, owing to the outer extremities of the 
 hairs being more narrowly edged with the prevailing color on the back, 
 exhibiting the darker shades beneath. The ears and tragus are blackish ; 
 the nose, chin, wings, and interfemoral membrane dark brown. 
 
 Hab. — We have obtained but a single specimen, which was captured at 
 California. 
 
 2 2 1 1 
 
 Dentition. — Incisors . Canines . 
 
 6 1—1 
 
 Dimensions. — Length of head and body, 1 in. 7 lines ; length of tail, 1 
 in. 5 lines ; length of spread, 7 in. 6 lines ; height of ear, 3 lines ; height 
 of tragus, 2 lines. 
 
 6 
 
82 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 I. 
 
 Prince Maximil. von Wied. — Verzeieh. beobach. Saugethiere 
 in Nord Amerika, 1862, 19. 
 
 Vespertilio brevirostris. — Description : Head very short ; snout broad, 
 and but little produced ; ear tolerably high, rather elliptical, the anterior 
 border somewhat rounded, the outer nearly straight, under the tip slightly 
 emarginated ; tragus rather small, nearly lancet-shaped ; the fur about 
 the head very plentiful, so that the ey#»s are entirely hidden. 
 
 Dentition. — The specimen of this bat is lost, so I cannot therefore furnish 
 the dentition. 
 
 The expansion of the wings rather small. Thumbs long and small, with 
 greatly curved nails. Tail somewhat long, eight or nine joints lying on 
 the outer half of the fur of the interfemoral membrane, the tip, however, 
 is one and a half to two lines long, with the free points exserted ; the five 
 hind toes are long, the nails weak, and sharply curved ; calcaneum rather 
 long ; fur thick about the belly, mouse-like, that of the back longer ; 
 wing membranes near the body are somewhat furred. 
 
 Coloration. — Expansion of wing membranes and ears are dark brown ; 
 upper portion of the body dark yellowish-brown, the hair on the outer 
 half fallow yellowish-brown, dark gray at the roots ; under portion whitish 
 yellow-gray. 
 
 Measurements. — Entire length, 3 inches ; expanse of wing membrane, 9 
 in. 4 lines ; height of ears on the upper side 5^ lines ; length of the ex- 
 posed portion of the tragus, lines ; the tail is free from the fur about 1 
 in. 5 lines ; length of calcaneum, 5 lines. 
 
 I obtained this bat at Freiburg, Pennsylvania, about the latter part of 
 July. It flies about rather early in the morning. We have observed that 
 this bat resembles the other species closely, but it is readily distinguished 
 by the shortness of the head, as the name given to it implies. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 acetabulosus, Molossus, 9 
 affinis, Vespertilio, 53 
 alcythoe, Scotophilus, 44 
 Antrozous pallidus, 68 
 arcuatus, Vespertilio, 31 
 aristippe, Scotophilus, 44 
 Atalapha fusca, 72 
 auduboni, Vespertilio, 39, 75 
 australis, Molossus, 6 
 
 blossevillii, Vespertilio, 16 
 bonariensis, Vespertilio, 16 
 bracliypterus, Dysopes, 6 
 brasiliensis, Nyctinomus, 7 
 brevirostris, Vespertilio, 55, 82 
 
 calcaratus, Vespertilio, 47. 72 
 californicus, Macrotus, 3 
 
 Vespertilio, 47, 81 
 caroli, Vespertilio, 31, 51, 76 
 carolinensis, Rhinopoma, 7 
 Scotophilus, 28 
 Vespertilio, 28, 75, 77 
 Cheiromeles, 6 
 cinereus, Lasiurus, 21, 33 
 
 Vespertilio, 21, 74 
 crassus, Vespertilio, 35, 79 
 creeks, Vespertilio, 12, 78 
 crepuscularis, Nycticejus, 12, 74 
 Vespertilio, 12 
 
 cyanopterus, Vespertilio, 47, 71 
 cynocephalus, Molossus, 79 
 
 Nycticejus, 74, 78 
 
 daubentonii, Vespertilio, 56, 71 
 Dinops, 6 
 
 discolor, Scotophilus, 41, 75 
 domesticus, Vespertilio, 51 
 Dysopes, 6 
 
 Dysopes brachypterus, 6 
 limbatus, 6 
 naso, 7 
 nasutus, 7 
 
 Eptisecus, 72 
 
 Eptisecus melanops, 47, 72 
 
 Eptisecus melas, 47 
 mydas, 73 
 
 erythrodactylus, Vespertilio, 47, 76 
 evotis, Vespertilio, 48 
 
 ferrugineus, Vespertilio, 47, 77 
 filet, Tapliyzous, 8 
 fuliginosus, Molossus, 7, 9 
 fusca, Atalapha, 72 
 fuscus, Scotophilus, 31 
 
 Vespertilio, 31, 74 
 
 georgianus, Scotophilus, 35 
 Vespertilio, 79 
 Glossophaga, 2 
 grayii, Lasiurus, 19 
 greenii, Scotophilus, 31 
 gryphus, Vespertilio, 31 
 
 hesperus, Scotophilus, 43 
 liumeralis, Nycticejus, 12 
 
 Vespertilio, 47, 71 
 Hypexodon mystax, 47 
 
 intermedius, Lasiurus, 25 
 
 Lasiurus, 11, 14 
 Lasiurus cinereus, 21, 33 
 grayii, 19 
 intermedius, 25 
 noveboracensis, 12, 16, 33 
 pruinosus, 21 
 rufus, 16 
 
 lasiurus, Nycticejus, 16 
 Vespertilio, 16 
 lecontii, Plecotus, 63 
 Synotus, 63 
 
 leibii, Vespertilio, 47, 80 
 limbatus, Dysopes, 6 
 lucifugus, Vespertilio, 55 
 
 macrotis, Plecotus, 63 
 Synotus, 63 
 Macrotus, 1 
 
 Macrotus californicus, 3 
 mexicana, 4 
 
 ( 83 ) 
 
84 INDEX. 
 
 Macrotus waterhousii, 2, 3 
 Megadermatidre, 1 
 Megaderma, 2 
 
 inegalotis, Vespertilio, 47, 72 
 melanops, Eptisecus, 47, 72 
 inelanotis, Vespertilio, 47, 71 
 melas, Eptisecus, 47 
 mexicana, Macrotus, 4 
 mexicanus, Nyctinomus, 7 
 mierophylla, Rhinopoma, 8 
 Molossus, 6 
 
 Molossus acetabulosus, 9 
 australis, 6 
 cynocephalus, 7, 9 
 fuliginosus, 7, 9 
 natalensis, 9 
 
 monachus, Vespertilio, 16, 72, 73 
 montanus, Vespertilio, 80 
 monticola, Vespertilio, 35, 47, 79 
 murinus, Nyctinomus, 7 
 mydas, Eptisecus, 73 
 mystacinus, Vespertilio, 60 
 mystax, Hypexodon, 47 
 
 Vespertilio, 47, 71 
 
 naso, Dysopes, 7 
 nasutus, Nyctinomus, 7, 8 
 Dysopes, 7 
 
 natalensis, Molossus, 9 
 New York bat, 16 
 nitidus, Vespertilio, 60 
 noveboracensis, Lasiurus, 15, 33 
 Nycticejus, 15, 73 
 Vespertilio, 15 
 nocti vagans, Scotophilus, 39 
 
 Vespertilio, 39, 73 
 Nycticea cynocephala, 7, 8, 74 
 Nycticejus, 11 
 
 Nycticejus crepuscularis, 12, 74 
 humeralis, 12 
 lasiurus, 16 
 noveboracensis, 15, 73 
 pruinosns, 21 
 varius, 16 
 Nyctinomus, 5, 6 
 Nyctinomus brasiliensis, 7, 8 
 mexicanus, 7 
 murinus, 7 
 nasutus, 7 
 tenuis, 6 
 
 pallidus, Antrozous, 68 
 pliaiops, Vespertilio, 31, 47, 72. 75 
 Phyllostomatidse, 2 
 pipistrellus, Scotophilus, 43 
 Plecotus lecontii, 63 
 
 macrotis, 63, 73 
 townsendii, 65 
 
 pruinosus, Lasiurus, 21 
 Nycticejus, 21 
 Scotophilus, 21 
 Vespertilio, 21 
 
 pulverulentus, Vespertilio, 39 
 Red bat, 16 
 
 Rhinopoma carolinensis, 7, 8 
 mierophylla, 8 
 rubellus, Vespertilio, 16 
 rufus, Lasiurus, 16 
 Taphyzous, 16 
 Vespertilio, 16 
 
 salarii, Vespertilio, 35, 37, 47, 78 
 Scotophilus, 11, 27 
 Scotophilus alcytlioe, 44 
 aristippe, 44 
 carolinensis, 28 
 discolor, 41, 75 
 fuscus, 31 
 georgianus, 35 
 greenii, 31 
 hesperus, 43 
 noctivagans, 39 
 pipistrellus, 43, 76 
 pruinosus, 21 
 serotinus, 32 
 
 serotinus, Scotophilus, 32 - 
 subflavus, Vespertilio, 46, 79 
 subulatus, Vespertilio, 13, 51, 77, 80 
 Synotus, 62 
 Synotus lecontii, 63 
 macrotis, 63 
 townsendii, 65 
 
 Taphyzous, 73 
 Taphyzous filet, 8 
 
 rufus, 16 
 
 tenuis, Nyctinomus, 6 
 tessalatus, Vespertilio, 16, 71 
 townsendii, Plecotus, 65 
 Synotus, 65 
 
 ursinus, Vespertilio, 31, 74 
 
 varius, Nycticejus, 16 
 Vespertilio, 6, 46 
 Vespertilio affinis, 53 
 
 arcuatus, 31 
 auduboni, 39 
 blossevillii, 16 
 bonariensis, 16 
 brevirostris, 55, 82 
 calcaratus, 47, 72 
 californicus, 47, 51, 81 
 caroli, 31, 56, 76 
 carolinensis, 28, 75 
 cinereus, 21, 74 
 
INDEX. 
 
 85 
 
 Vespertilio crassus, 35, 79 
 creeks, 12, 78 
 crepuscularis, 12 
 cyanopterus, 47, 71 
 daubentonii, 56, 77 
 domesticus, 51 
 emarginatus, 77 
 erythrodactylus, 47, 76 
 evotis, 48 
 ferrugineus, 77 
 fuscus, 31, 74 
 georgianus, 79 
 gryphus, 31, 72, 78 
 humeralis, 47, 71 
 lasiurus, 16 
 leibii, 47, 80 
 lucifugus, 55, 73 
 megalotis, 47, 72 
 melanotis, 47, 71 
 inonachus, 16, 72 
 montanus, 80 
 monticola, 35, 47, 79 
 mystacinus, 60 
 mystax, 47, 71 
 
 Vespertilio nitidus, 60 
 
 noctivagans, 39, 73 
 noveboracensis, 15 
 phaiops, 31, 47, 72, 75 
 pulverulentus, 39, 75 
 pruinosus, 21 
 rubellus, 16 
 rufus, 16 
 salarii, 35, 47, 78 
 subflavus, 46, 79 
 subulatus, 13, 51, 77, 80 
 tessalatus, 16, 71 
 ursinus, 31, 74 
 virginianus, 47, 80 
 villosissimus, 16 
 yumanensis, 58 
 Vespertilionidse, 11 
 Vesperugo, 27, 28 
 Vesperus, 27, 28 
 virginianus, Vespertilio, 47 
 
 waterhousii, Macrotus, 2 
 
 yumanensis, Vespertilio, 58 
 

 
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