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&3 4. 13 
 
 SUB-TRIBE DENDROBIE^E. 
 
 Inflorescence lateral, pseudo-terminal, or a leafless scape distinct from 
 the leaf-bearing stems. Column more or less produced beyond the point 
 of attachment to the ovary into a kind of foot. Polllnia 4 (rarely 2), 
 equal and parallel, in one row, and without caudicle. 
 
 DENDROBIUxM. 
 
 bo 
 
 Swartz in K. Vet. Acad. Stockh. Nya. Hand. XXI. p. 244 (1800). Benth. et Hook. Gen. 
 Plant III. p. 498 (1883). 
 
 The great genus Dendrobium unquestionably occupies the first rank 
 
 ^ among the epiphytal Orchidere of the Old World in the estimation 
 
 ^of the horticulturist and amateur, not only on account of the large 
 
 number of its contained species, but chiefly by reason of the gorgeous 
 
 oo colouring of the flowers of many of them, aud the great delicacy and 
 
 \ beauty of the tiuts of others. As a genus, the Dendrobes of the 
 
 -; Old World are, in many respects, analogous to the Epidendra of 
 
 2 the New ; the one may, in fact, be regarded as the representative 
 
 ■ )of the other in the immense regions over which they are spread. 
 
 Each genus includes several hundreds of species and varieties, amongst 
 
 which there is a surprising diversity of habit, size of plant, colour 
 
 of flower, etc. In both genera are found plants with dwarf-tufted 
 
 X pseudo-bulbs only an inch or two high producing racemes of flowers 
 
 ~ proportionately small, and others with rod-like stems upwards of 10 
 
 feet high that yield racemes of flowers whose number in the aggre- 
 
 ^-gate amounts to hundreds; between these extremes there is almost 
 
 'every possible gradation as to size. In both are found flowers of 
 
 ^ small size and of the most inattractive tints, and others of grand 
 
 •^ proportions adorned with the richest hues known. But amidst all this 
 
 ^diversity, the flowers of all the included species in each genus possess 
 
 a community of structure which proclaims their affinity and which 
 
 mpels the botanist to recognise in them a family connection that 
 
 cannot be severed, in spite of the diversity of form seen in their 
 
 organs of vegetation and in their inflorescence. 
 
2 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 These common characters as seen in the flowers of Dendrobium 
 may be thus summarised : — 
 
 Tho sepals are nearly of equal length, the dorsal one free, the lateral 
 two adnatc to the foot of the column, and forming with it in some 
 species a short gibbous chin ; in others a longer or shorter spur. 
 
 The petals are generally of the same length as the sepals, but some- 
 times longer, often much broader, rarely narrower. 
 
 The lip is more or less contracted at the base into a claw, lying 
 upon, or adnate to the foot of the column. 
 
 The column is produced beloAV the point of attachment to the ovary 
 into a kind of foot, the portion above the ovary being very short. 
 
 The pollinia are 4, of waxy texture, oval or oblong, compressed and 
 lying parallel within the anther case. 
 
 The capsule is ovoid or oval-oblong, rarely elongated.* 
 
 Although the above diagnosis holds true, as far as it goes, for 
 the whole genus, yet in consequence of the great diversity of form, 
 especially in the vegetative organs, into which the genus has 
 developed throughout the vast region over which it is spread, a 
 diversity that can be but very inadequately comprehended from an 
 inspection of the cultivated species even in the largest collections, 
 it is found necessary, for scientific purposes, to divide it into sections, 
 each distinguished by some leading peculiarity or feature observable 
 in the species brought under it. Dr. Lindley, the first who attempted 
 a systematic synopsis of the genus, proposed ten sections, in which 
 he is chiefly followed by Mr. Bentham, but who reduces them to 
 seven, subdividing the two largest of these into sub-sections. Of the 
 seven sections of Bentham, the five undivided ones, which are, com- 
 paratively speaking, but small groups, are almost solely of scientific 
 interest, scarcely a type or included species being known as cultivated 
 plants in other than botanic gardens, and very few have ever been 
 thought worthy of being figured. They are : — 
 
 1. Aporum,! including about twelve species chiefly Malayan; of these, 
 Dendrobium anceps, figured in the Botanical Magazine, t. 3608, is one. 
 
 * Abridged from Bentham and Hooker. There are many deviations from the form of the 
 fruit above described, e.g., in Dendrobium Dcarei it is prismatoid. 
 
 + This and the following sectional and. sub-sectional names, like many other terms used in 
 botany, have been called into existence by the exigencies of science, and are, for the most part, 
 arbitrary coinages from the Greek and Latin languages, whose meaning is sometimes obscure, 
 but which have been framed, to meet the case to which they are applied. Thus Aporum is 
 uTTfHiy, "impenetrable/ 1 "impassable," in reference to the localities, \isually dense jungle, in 
 which the included species are found ; it is the name of a genus founded by the Dutch botanist, 
 Blame, on a Javanese species, but which, with its allies, was afterwards merged by Lindley 
 into Dendrobium. KiiizoniUJi is from pl%a, "a root," and ftioc. "life," in reference to the 
 
DENDROBIUM. 3 
 
 2. Rhizobium, including three Australian species, of which Dendro- 
 bium linguceforme, Bot. Mag. t. 5249, is the best known. 
 
 3. Cadetia, including about twelve species, spread over the great 
 Asiatic Archipelago from Ceylon to Australia, of which the curious 
 Dendrobium cucumerinum, Bot. Mag. t. 4619, is one. 
 
 4. Sarcopodium, a small group, including five or six Indian and 
 Malayan species, of which Dendrobium amplum, figured in Paxton's 
 Magazine of Botany, VII. p. 121, was one of the earliest; D. Coelo- 
 gyne, Gard. Chron. 1871, p. 136, and D. Treacherianum, Bot. Mag. 
 t. 6591, are the most recent in cultivation. 
 
 6. Strongyle, a group of species, chiefly Malayan and Australian, 
 
 distinguished by their branched stems and terete leaves. The typical 
 
 species, Dendrobium teretifolium, Bot. Mag. t. 4711, is occasionally met 
 
 with in cultivation. 
 
 The leading features that distinguish these sections will be better 
 
 comprehended by reference to the illustrations quoted than from any 
 
 verbal description we can give, and which would lead us beyond 
 
 the limits of the task we have assigned to ourselves. 
 
 Of the two remaining sections, Stachyobium,* the fifth in order, is 
 rather an extensive one, and is divided by Bentham into several sub- 
 sections, of which only one contains species of any interest to the 
 amateur cultivator of orchids ; this is Speciosce. The included species 
 of this sub-section are chiefly distinguished by their rather long stems 
 furnished with leaves near their apex at the time of flowering, but a 
 few are leafless. The racemes are pseudo-terminal, elongated, many- 
 flowered, the flowers generally large and showy. Among the best 
 known Dendrobes in this sub-section are Dendrobium speciosum, the 
 typical species, D. bigibbum, D. superbiens, D. Fytchianum, D. muta- 
 bile, D. macroplujllum Veitchii, etc. 
 
 By far the most important of the sectional divisions is the seventh 
 and last in Bentham's classification, and called Eudendrobium or the 
 true Dendrobes, all of which are chiefly distinguished by their un- 
 branched stems,! that are either leafy throughout or the leaves are 
 confined to the top. With the exception of those species included in 
 the section Stachyobium, all the cultivated Dendrobes may be said to 
 
 habit of the included species which are stemless. Cadetia is probably from cadere, ' ' to fall, " in 
 reference to the leaves, that are usually short-lived in the species included in this section. Sar- 
 copodium is compounded of cra.p£, erap/coe, "flesh," and 7tovq, Trodog, "a foot," in reference 
 to the fleshy pseudo-bulbs or stems of the included species. Strongyle is from (rrpoyyvXoQ, 
 the Greek equivalent nearly for the Latin teres, ' ' round, " in reference to the terete leaves of 
 the included species. 
 
 * From <Tra)(yg, " a spike " or raceme, in reference to the form of the inflorescence. 
 
 t Caules indivisa apice vel undique foliati, Gen. Plant. III. p. 500. But this is not strictly 
 true ; many Dendrobes in this section emit lateral shoots from the uppermost joints of the 
 stems, which in time produce at their base a fascicle of aerial roots. When the shoots are 
 mature, they may be detached with their roots from the parent stems as independent plants. 
 
4 DENDROBIUH. 
 
 belong to this very extensive group, and which is also subdivided for 
 scientific purposes into sub-sections, a subdivision which also has its 
 uses in the practical work of the cultivator.* We therefore note the 
 leading characteristics of the four principal sub-sections of Eudendrobium, 
 the fifth and remaining one containing no species of interest to the 
 amateur. 
 
 Pycnostachyce.f Racemes dense, lateral or subterminal ; flowers nume- 
 rous, crowded, small, with the spur usually elongated. Dendrohium 
 secundum is the typical species of this sub-section, which also includes 
 D. cumidatum and a few others. 
 
 Formosce.X Flowers showy and large, usually white, rarely pale yellow, 
 in loose clusters crowded at the top of the stem. This sub-section is 
 popularly known as the nigro-hirsute, on account of the young shoots 
 of many of the included species being clothed with short black hairs, 
 such as Dendrohium formosum, D. Infmidihidum,, D. Draconis, D. Loivii, 
 D. carhiiferum, etc. 
 
 Calostacliyte.% Flowers often showy, produced in loose, more or less 
 elongated lateral racemes. It includes Dendrohium chrysotoxum, D. 
 Farmeri, D. Brymerianum, D. fimbriatum, D. moschatum, D. thyrsiflorum, 
 and other popular kinds. 
 
 Fasciculaia.*^ Flowers often showy, produced in lateral fascicles of 
 
 twos and threes, and not infrequently solitary from the leafless stems, 
 
 but sometimes from the leafy ones as in Dendrohium ochreatum. A 
 
 numerous group, including very many favourite species, as D. nobile, D. 
 
 aureum, D. crassinode, D. Bensonice, D. Devonianum, D. lituiflorum, D- 
 
 Wardianwn, etc., etc. 
 
 The vegetative organs of the Dendrobes have been so frequently 
 
 referred to in the foregoing sketch of the classification of the species, 
 
 that but little remains to be stated respecting them. The following 
 
 diagnosis refers almost exclusively to those met with in the orchid 
 
 collections in this country. 
 
 The cultivated Dendrobes are tufted plants consisting of stems springing 
 from a slowly-creeping woody rhizome, from which are emitted dense 
 fascicles of thread-like roots that spread over and cling tenaciously to 
 the bark of trees, or to the rocks to which the plants are attached. 
 
 The stems are cylindric, club-shaped, rod-like, or even pseudo-bulbous, 
 generally terete, but sometimes angulate, compressed or fun owed, especially 
 
 * The utility of adopting a scientific division of the Dendrobes for cultural purposes was 
 first recognised by the late J. C. Spyers. See The Gardener for February, 1882, but the 
 divisions sketched by him do not quite correspond to those in the text. 
 
 t From 7ru/v.woG, " dense," and <rra\VQ, "a spike "or raceme. 
 
 X Formosus, " beautiful in form. " 
 
 § From Ka\oCj " beautiful," and or«xi»c, "a spike" or raceme; this subsection includes 
 /'< ndrocorync (club-stemmed Dendrobes) of Liudley. 
 
 T Fasciculata, "in bundles," horn fasciculus, "a small bundle." 
 
76 ' !u 
 
 D.fl^eitao«yiTO,/,.J 
 
 D.der*»itfkM~urr>' 
 
 D.pevpniarium 
 
 "-T' D.&ufcaitrnt 
 
 
 
DENDROBIUM. D 
 
 when old. Tliey are either pendulous, nodding, or erect ; in some 
 species but a few inches in height, in others attaining a length of 
 several feet ; they are always jointed, the joints being often more or 
 less swollen and the internodes clothed with the persistent sheathing 
 bases of the fallen leaves, which are greyish white and striated longi- 
 tudinally. 
 
 The leaves are usually of ovate-oblong shape, or of some modification 
 of that form ; they are distichously and alternately arranged along the 
 stems, in which case they are either deciduous or of biennial duration ; 
 or they are confined to the tops of the stems, when they are usually 
 persistent several years. 
 
 The inflorescence is lateral or pseudo-terminal. In the deciduous 
 species, the flowers are produced singly, or more commonly in fascicles 
 of twos and threes from the joints on the side opposite the leaf or 
 where the leaf had been. In the evergreen species the inflorescence 
 is more decidedly racemose, and the racemes are produced from the 
 stems below the leaves three or more years in succession. 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to add that the simple facts stated above 
 respecting the vegetation of the Dendrobes should be noted by the 
 cultivator, as they have an important bearing on the successful 
 treatment of the plants, as will be presently pointed out. 
 
 The genus Dendrobium was founded by Oloff Swartz, a Swedish 
 botanist, one of the immediate successors of Linnaeus, in Sweden, and 
 in whose University, Upsal, he graduated. In the Transactions of the 
 Royal Academy of Science, of Stockholm, for 1800, Swartz published 
 a synopsis of the orchids known to him, establishing several new 
 genera, including Dendrobium, under which he describes nine species ; 
 upwards of 300 species are now included in the genus. The name 
 is derived from SevSpov (dendron), " a tree," and j3toT (bios), " life," 
 hence it is almost synonymous with Epidendrum. 
 
 The Dendrobes are spread over an immense area in south-east Asia, 
 the Malayan Archipelago, Australia and the Islands of the Western 
 Pacific, a region that cannot be very clearly defined, but which may 
 be roughly stated to lie between the 28th parallel of north and the 
 40th of south latitude, and between the 80th and 160th meridians of 
 east longitude. Beyond these limits there are outlying members in 
 Southern India, Japan, the Society Islands, New Zealand, and in 
 some other places. Within this portion of the globe, all the general 
 phenomena of the climate of the tropics occur, but vast as is the 
 region above sketched, it is a curious fact that nearly all the Den- 
 
O DENDROBIUM. 
 
 drobes that find favour with amateurs are confined to a comparatively 
 small portion of it, in which the climatic phenomena and conditions, 
 though by no means uniform, are very similar throughout. This 
 portion of the Dendrobium region may be best delineated as a zigzag 
 belt of variable width, that commences at the western limit of 
 distribution among the lower ranges of the Nepalese Himalayas, at 
 about the 80th meridian, E. (the most westerly species, so far as we 
 have been able to ascertain, being D. amoenum), thence extending 
 eastwards through Assam into Southern China ; from Assam it turns 
 southwards through Indo-China, where the Dendrobes appear to be 
 confined chiefly to that portion of the peninsula which lies west of the 
 mountain chains dividing the watersheds of the Irawaddy and Menam 
 valleys, being most abundant in southern Burmah and the adjacent 
 province of Moulmein, which is the richest Dendrobium district known. 
 Southwards from Moulmein the number of known species diminishes 
 rapidly, owing perhaps more to the fact that a great part of the 
 peninsula south of Tavoy not having yet been sufficiently botanically 
 explored, than to the absence of Dendrobes. From the southern 
 extremity of the island of Sumatra, the belt turns eastwards, extending 
 through and including nearly the whole of the great Malay Archi- 
 pelago as far as New Guinea, over which is scattered a large number 
 of Dendrobes, but most of them with small inconspicuous flowers. 
 "From New Guinea it again turns southward, embracing but a narrow 
 strip along the east coast of Australia as far as Cape Howe. Nearly 
 the whole of the Dendrobes described in the following pages occur 
 within the comparatively narrow limits here sketched, the exceptions 
 being from Southern India, Ceylon, the Philippine Islands and Japan. 
 The maps must be accepted as an attempt only to illustrate fairly 
 the geographical distribution of Dendrobium; hence the following 
 explanation respecting them is rendered necessary. As stated above, 
 the distribution of the genus is somewhat peculiar; thus, in Assam 
 (including the Khasia Hills), Moulmein and Java, a large number of 
 species are crowded together within a comparatively small area, so 
 that it is impossible to insert their names in type sufficiently clear 
 within the limits of the area in which they occur; for this reason, 
 the Moulmein Dendrobes, on account of the horticultural importance 
 of the greater part of them, are given in a marginal list. The 
 Javanese Dendrobes, upwards of sixty in number,* having no such 
 # Fide, Mwuel. Fl. ind. bat. III. 629—635 
 
i/.-i,,.-. .;■■'■ '■ 
 
 ,i" f'"""" , ,.,,.,,,„ ■/ .>..„,., D.r 
 
 ' ■ ';" ■ ... -'ti. 
 
 *,' . ..J'-'"'.x'.y-,.//.'» r ' ,,. V nStr«i 
 
 fej ■' z< 
 
 - ••""""" B.aVrtb'btftensc 
 
 -d>- 
 
 ■n.i.i 
 
 D. dicuphum 
 
 
 
 " " <' 
 
 ■ & ,),,„i,»,„, 
 
 "X .:: 
 
 DS umr £ er ; S SSUm D.Forb 
 
 A MAP 
 
 to illustrate. tJw 
 
 Geographical Distribution Ctfi 
 
 DENDROB1UM 
 
 /« THE 
 
 AUSTRALIAN REGION 
 

 ;.^>>j r < D_rr 
 
 l m*£ . k^^£lESti 
 
 ObfMyc 
 
 o< 
 
 
 fc.a\wb'bVhense 
 
 Jhlaaigbessie 
 
 B .1 X P .1 S /■. 
 
 IJnntinf-l . „ ^ii-'J 
 
 s /•■' -i d. 
 
 Hon, a-]- p, n l,b:u:L 
 
 '' ' /- : f o R * s 
 ^jc-ff-i*- . . ,r.ji"«- -...V 
 
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 ISnthurst I 
 
 
 
 s Iffeafc*, 
 
 
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 % ; \.u„.;,i; 
 
 IS...<ah.-.. \- ''. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 7 
 
 importance, are purposely omitted, with the exception of six of the 
 best known. With respect to the species found in northern India 
 and Assam, their habitats have been so vaguely reported — in nearly 
 every case simply Nepaul, Assam, etc. — that their geographical position 
 as indicated on the map, may by no means be the precise one they 
 should there occupy ; nor do they probably occur in the somewhat 
 formal sequence as regards locality in which their names have been 
 necessarily placed. Moreover, the existing confusion in the ortho- 
 graphy of Indian names has made it impossible to determine, on 
 modern maps, the localities of many species given by the older 
 botanists. Widely distributed species, as aureum, crumenatum, for- 
 mosum, secundum, etc., are inserted more than once, but always in 
 localities in which they are known to occur. The few species reported 
 from New Guinea are assumed to have been found in the best known 
 or Dutch division of the island, except those recently gathered on the 
 Owen Stanley range of mountains in the extreme south-east. The 
 names of many Dendrobes of botanical interest only are inserted 
 because their habitats are well authenticated ; this is especially the 
 case with the Australian species, the majority of which occur in an 
 almost uninterrupted belt along the east coast. The names of a few 
 species prized by amateurs are omitted on account of the total absence 
 of reliable information respecting their habitats, or because their 
 native countries lie without the range of the maps. 
 
 The climate of the Dendrobiuni region is characterised by a high 
 average temperature, accompanied with great moisture throughout the 
 greater part of the year, the Australian portion of it being a partial 
 exception that will be presently noted. In the lower Himalayan zone 
 the temperature ranges from 27° — 33° C. (80° — 90° F.), and even 
 higher in the enclosed valleys, while the sun is at and near the 
 summer solstice ; but at the opposite season it is from 6° — 9° C. 
 (10° — 15° F.) lower. The humidity of the atmosphere during the 
 greater part of the year is near the saturation point, owing to the 
 enormous amount of vapour which ascends from the Bay of Bengal being 
 drifted towards the mountains, and which, being condensed by contact 
 with the higher and colder zone, is precipitated as rain into the lower 
 valleys. This precipitation increases in amount in proceeding east- 
 wards to the Khasia Hills, where it attains a maximum, as much as 
 600 inches having been registered in one year, and of this enormous 
 quantity a fall of 250 inches of rain has been known in one month 
 (August).* This excessive fall is, however, quite local. A.t Sylhet, 
 * Hooker's Himalayan Journals, II. p. 283. 
 
DENDE0B1DM. 
 
 thirty miles further south, with a mean maximum temperature of 27° C. 
 (80° F.), and a mean minimum of 15° C. (60° F.), the annual 
 rainfall is less than half, while in some parts of Assam it scarcely 
 exceeds 100 inches.* In other parts of Assam, however, the annual 
 rainfall is very considerable. In the Cachar district, one of the chief 
 centres of the Tea plantations, over 150 inches have been registered 
 in one year. The wettest months are from June to September, 
 the greatest precipitation occurring in July, during which month 
 from 35 — 40 inches usually fall, the greatest amount observed in 
 one day being from 5h — 6 inches. From the middle of October 
 to near the end of February the season is rainless, and there is thence 
 a decided rest in the vegetation. The clay temperature of the district 
 from March to September ranges from 24° — 33° C. (75° — 90° F.) ; 
 the night temperature is generally about 5|-° C. (10° F.) lower. In the 
 dry season (November — February) the day temperature is from 5^° — 8° 
 C. (10° — 15° F.) lower, while the lowest observed night temperatures 
 ranged from 7° — 10° C. (45° — 50° F.). Dendrobes are abundant in 
 the district, growing chiefly on trees in the forest jungle at various 
 heights from 10 up to 50 feet, but always above the low, dense under- 
 growth where they are exposed to the influence of the atmosphere. 
 
 In the plains of Burmah, about Prome and Thayetmyo, which He 
 beyond the extreme influence of the S.W. monsoon, the temperature, 
 frecpiently rises to 43° C. (110° F.) in the shade, but the average mean 
 is not much above 27° C. (80° F.) ; the annual rainfall is from 100 — 
 150 inches. In Rangoon and Moulmein — both in the plains and on the 
 mountains — the influence of the S.W. monsoon is more decided, although 
 its force is broken by the Arracan Mountains. In the plains, the mean 
 temperature is about 27° C. (80° F.), and the rainfall from 150 — 200 
 inches in one year; but on ascending the mountains, while there is a 
 gradual diminution of temperature, the precipitation remains the same 
 or slightly on the increase. Thus, on the Arracan mountains at 1,500 
 — 2,500 feet elevation, in the localities of Dendrobium crassinode, D. crys- 
 tcdlinum, D. chrysotoxum, D. Farmeri aureum, and some others, Colonel 
 Benson estimated the average temperature to be about 24° C. (75° F.\ 
 although in clear nights by rapid radiation it descends to below 10° C. 
 (50° F.) just before sunrise. At this elevation the annual rainfall is 
 about 90 inches. In addition to the heavy rainfall, the moisture on 
 the mountains of Moulmein and Arracan is always very great, on account 
 of the mists and clouds that frequently envelop them. The dry season 
 of this region is from December to the middle of March, which is the 
 season of rest for the orchids. During this season the trees lose their 
 leaves, the jungle grass is withered up, and up to an elevation of 1,500 
 feet, the whole country has a scorched and desolate appearance.! The 
 temperature then rises to 49° C. (120° F.). 
 
 * Hooker's Himalayan Journals, II, p. 234. t Gard. Chron. 1870, p. 796. 
 
DENDBOBIUM. » 
 
 Approaching the equator the climatal phenomena become more equable. 
 Within the equatorial zone, or that portion of the earth's surface that 
 extends to about 12 degrees on each side of the equator, a space that 
 includes the whole of the Malay region, the most characteristic feature 
 of the climate is the wonderful uniformity of its temperature alike 
 throughout the changes of day and night, and from one part of the year 
 to another. As a general rule the greatest heat of the day does not 
 exceed 32°— 33° C. (90°— 92° F.), while it seldom falls during the night 
 below 23° C. (74° F.). It has been found by hourly observations carried 
 on for three years at the meteorological observatory at Batavia, that the 
 extreme range of temperature in that period was only 15° C. (27° F.), 
 the maximum being 35° C. (95° F.), and the minimum 20° C. (G8° F ). 
 The usual daily range of the thermometer is, on the average, only a little 
 more than 5° C (about 10° F.).* During a large part of the year, the 
 air of the equatorial zone is nearly saturated with vapour, and, owing 
 to the great weight of vapour, its high temperature enables it to hold in 
 suspension, a very slight fall in the thermometer is accompanied by 
 the condensation of a large absolute quantity of atmospheric vapour, so 
 that copious dews and heavy showers of rain are produced at compara- 
 tively high temperatures and low altitudes. The yearly rainfall at 
 Batavia is 78 inches. During the wet months of the year, it is rare to 
 have many days in succession without some hours of sunshine, while 
 even in the driest months there are occasional showers, f 
 
 Although northern Australia is situated within the tropical region, 
 the rainfall is there more restricted, and the amount diminishes in 
 proceeding southwards ; in many places even near the east coast, where 
 the precipitation is greatest, it scarcely exceeds the average annual fall 
 in many parts of England ; but on the eastern slopes of the coast 
 ranges of Queensland, the rainfall is more copious, and there accordingly 
 the Australian epiphytal orchids attain their greatest development. 
 
 The greater part of the Philippine Islands being within the equatorial 
 belt, they are subject to nearly the same climatic phenomena as the 
 islands of the Malay Archipelago. Ceylon, however, although situate 
 within the equatorial zone, possesses two distinct climatic regions : the 
 smaller south-western portion, which is separated from the larger north- 
 eastern portion by the mountain system of which Adam's Seat is one 
 of the highest summits, has a climate that agrees in the main with 
 that of the equatorial belt; whilst the larger north-eastern portion is 
 subject to long droughts, and has a greatly diminished annual rainfall ; 
 in this portion orchids are almost entirely absent. 
 
 Cultural Notes. — The facts stated above relative to the climate of 
 
 the region in which the Dendrobes have their home, supply data for 
 
 the guidance of the cultivator, but not the rule to be followed. They 
 
 simply teach him that as regards temperature there is a lower limit 
 
 * Wallace's Tropical Nature, p. 4. t Idem. pp. 15 — 18. 
 
10 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 below which the plants would languish and even perish if subjected 
 to it beyond a period of limited duration; and a higher range which 
 it would be most injudicious to attempt to reach by artificial means ; 
 that the plants have alternate seasons of active growth and comparative, 
 if not complete repose, and that during the former they are immersed 
 in an atmosphere always highly charged or even saturated with moisture. 
 As is well known, and from causes that will be occasionally specified 
 in this work, it is impossible to produce in a glass structure, what- 
 ever may be its dimensions, even an approximate imitation of climatic 
 conditions, such as are provided by Nature in distant lands, and to 
 which the plants indigenous to those lands are adapted. This is well 
 seen in the case of the four great essentials of epiphytal plant life : 
 thus moisture must be supplied entirely by artificial means ; the requisite 
 heat is maintained chiefly by artificial means too ; light, especially direct 
 sunlight, except for a short time at midsummer, is present in such 
 diminished intensity as scarcely to amount in the aggregate during the 
 year to much more than one-half of what it is at the equator ; lastly, 
 the quantity of fresh air admitted through the ventilators is entirely 
 dependent on the external conditions of the atmosphere. So great is the 
 effect of the altered conditions of the interior of a glass structure upon 
 the tissues of the vegetative organs of the orchids confined in them, that 
 if, after a few years' sojourn there they were taken back to the country 
 of their birth, in however healthy a state they might appear to be, and 
 affixed to the stems and branches of trees or set in any such position 
 as their progenitors grew and flourished, or from which they themselves 
 were originally taken, the probability is very great that they would 
 perish during the first dry season through which they would have to 
 pass. • In the hot plains of Moulmein and Lower Burmah, during the 
 dry season, the stems of the native Dendrobes are literally scorched 
 by the blazing sun, and shrivel to half their ordinary size, while during 
 the wet season they are drenched with torrents of rain.* Hence, 
 while a knowledge of the climate of the native countries of orchids 
 and their environment there, is of the highest value to the cultivator, 
 it is still more necessary that he should supplement it with that of 
 the experience gained by the best cultivators — an experience that has 
 taken a long series of years to acquire. 
 
 We will now summarise the principal points to be attended to in the 
 cultivation of Dendrobes. 
 
 Where a collection is grown, of which the aggregate number of plants 
 is considerable, whether the number of species they represent be few or 
 many, it is best to devote a house or compartment of a house mainly to 
 them, for greater convenience of manipulation. Dendrobes may, how- 
 ever, be grown with other East Indian' orchids if care be taken to 
 remove, them from the hotter and damper part of the house where they 
 
 * Col. Benson, in Gard. Chron. 1870, p. 796. 
 
DENDROBIDM. 11 
 
 have made their season's growth, to the cooler and drier part where they 
 can have a period of rest, which can be promoted by withholding water, 
 or what would he better still, into an early vinery, if snch accommo- 
 dation is at hand. The chief requirements of a Dendrobium house are, 
 that it should be sufficiently lofty to allow room for the development 
 of the stems of those species which have them long, and to admit of 
 an easy circulation of a large body of air within, by means of ample 
 ventilation; that the heating apparatus should be powerful enough to 
 maintain the required temperature in all seasons ; that the middle stage 
 — if the house is span-roofed — should be raised high enough to bring 
 the plants placed upon it as near the light as possible ; that it should 
 be provided with a tank beneath the stage sufficiently capacious to hold 
 as much rain-water as may be required for the service of the house ; 
 and with strong iron rods affixed to the rafters, from which baskets, 
 rafts, blocks, pans, etc., may be suspended. 
 
 Temperatures. — In consequence of the drying and thence exhausting 
 effects in plant houses of the heat given out by radiation from 
 iron pipes filled with hot-water, it should always be the aim of the 
 cultivator to maintain no higher temperature by that means than is 
 absolutely necessary to secure the well-being of the plants. The range 
 of temperature to be maintained by hot-water pipes that is best suited 
 for any particular class of plants can only be ascertained by experiment 
 and observation; hence, for Dendrobiums it has been found that in the 
 climate of London, from November to February the night temperature 
 of the house in which they are cultivated should not descend below 
 13° C. (55° F.), with a rise of about 3 D C. (5° F.) during the day. 
 During March and April, when most Dendrobes start into growth, the 
 night temperature may range from 15° — 18° C. (60°- — 65° F.), with a 
 rise of 3° — 5° C. (5° — 9° F.) by day, by fire-heat alone ; but with 
 sun-heat it may rise from 6° — 9° C. (11° — 16° F.) above the night tem- 
 perature. During the summer months, that is, from May to August, 
 when growth is most active, the night temperature may be raised to 
 18° C. (65° F.), with a rise of 3°— 5° C. (5°— 9° F.) by day, by 
 fire-heat, or even 6° — 9° C. (11° — 16° F.) by sun-heat. During 
 September and October, when the plants will be finishing their season's 
 growth, the temperatures may be reduced to those of March or April. 
 Excessive temperatures can always be reduced by careful ventilation. 
 
 Watering. — The frequency and amount of watering must depend on 
 the season of the year and the condition of the plants, whether they 
 are in active growth or at rest. General directions may be given as 
 a guide, but much must be left to the judgment of the cultivator. 
 Thus, in the winter months, when the plants are at rest, water should 
 be given only often enough to keep the compost and surface moist, 
 and prevent the latest formed stems from shrivelling, the amount 
 being gradually increased as the young shoots appear ; but when the 
 
12 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 new growths begin to emit roots, the plants must be liberally supplied 
 with water daily till they have completed their growth, when a 
 diminution in quantity should be gradually made until the plants 
 are again at rest ; and so with the sprinkling of the floors, stages, 
 side-walls, etc., with water, or "damping down," as it is called. While 
 in the winter and during cold weather, once or twice a Aveek may be 
 found sufficient to maintain the plants in health, in the spring months 
 the sprinkling must be performed daily, or even oftener, according to 
 the state of the weather, till on hot summer days three or even four 
 times a day will not be found too much. A corresponding diminution 
 in frequency must be made during the declining months of the year 
 till winter again comes round. 
 
 Ventilation. — This must be regulated according to the conditions of 
 the external atmosphere. The rule is — give as much top and bottom 
 ventdation as possible, provided no direct draught is caused thereby. 
 During the summer months, and at all other times when the tempera- 
 ture of the external air is above the freezing point, there should be 
 a gentle current passing through the lower ventilators, both day and 
 night when possible. When, as is sometimes the case in spring, bright 
 sunshine and cold winds occur contemporaneously, the ventilators must 
 be so regulated as to prevent a strong draught, as well as too close an 
 atmosphere within. 
 
 Shading. — No shading is required from the middle of October to the 
 middle of March, when, on bright days, a slight shading may be used 
 for an hour or two before and after mid-day. As the sun approaches 
 the northern tropic, the time during which the shading should be used 
 must be gradually extended, till in June and July, on hot bright days, 
 the house should be shaded from six to seven hours, more or less, 
 according to its position (orientation). From August to October the 
 duration of shading may be diminished with the advance of the season. 
 
 Potting, etc. — The species included in the sub-section FascicuJata, 
 which are chiefly those with pendulous stems and deciduous foliage, 
 should be grown in teak baskets or, whde the plants are small, in 
 shallow pans, or even in pots, if convenience demands such an arrange- 
 ment, there being an attachment of wire by which they can be 
 suspended near the roof-glass of the house. In each case, a layer of 
 clean crocks should be placed at the bottom, then more crocks mixed 
 with pieces of charcoal ; the remaining space, which should not exceed 
 two inches in depth, should be filled with a mixture of sphagnum 
 and fibrous peat in equal proportions, and in this the plants should 
 be set, being held firmly in their place by wire or strips of raffia if 
 needed. Plants that are unstable in their rooting material take a long 
 time to get established. » 
 
 The evergreen species, especially those belonging to the sub-section 
 Calostachyai, and with which should be included, for cultural purposes, 
 
DENDROBIUM. 13 
 
 those with sub-evergreen foliage, as Dendrobiuni nobile, D. Linawianum, 
 etc., may be grown in pots. The pots should be filled to two-thirds 
 of their depth with clean broken crocks for drainage, which should be 
 secured by a layer of sphagnum ; the remainder must be filled with 
 compost (sphagnum and peat) mixed with a sprinkling of small broken 
 crocks and charcoal to facilitate drainage. In potting, the base of 
 the plant should stand above the rim of the pot, and no portion of 
 the stems should be buried in the compost, which should be pressed 
 firmly around the base but not rammed down. The plants may be made 
 secure in their place by sticks. 
 
 It is well to note here that the Calostachyce group, Dendrdbium densi- 
 flarum, D. Farmeri, D. thyrsiflorum, D. chrysotoxum, D. suavissimum, etc., 
 etc., take a longer season of rest than many others ; these Dendrobes are 
 late in starting into growth, but when once started their growth is 
 rapid. The watering of these plants must thence be regulated 
 accordingly. 
 
 The Formosce (nigro-hirsute) group has, with the exception of a few 
 of its included species, proved less tractable under cultivation than 
 most other Dendrobes. The typical species, D. formosum, as may be 
 implied from the localities it affects in a wild state, is a heat-loving 
 plant. It may be grown in a pot or basket, or even on a bare 
 block of wood, where it has the advantage of more closely imitating 
 the manner in which it grows in its native country — an advantage, 
 however, that is more than counterbalanced by drawbacks, such 
 as deficiency of moisture, etc. D. Infundibulum and its variety 
 Jamesianum, coming from a higher altitude, will grow and flower in 
 a lower temperature ; the cool end of the Cattleya house, for example, 
 will do for them, or still better, the Odontoglossum house. 
 
 The Australian Dendrobes, included in the sub-section Speciosce, require 
 but a very little lower temperature than the East Indian species, 
 especially those from North Australia, as D. bigibbum, D. Fhalcenopsis, 
 D. superbiens, etc., but as much light as possible. Notwithstanding 
 the drier climate of Australia, they are found to require in the glass 
 houses of Great Britain a copious supply of water whde growing, and 
 even when at rest, the compost in which they are planted should 
 never be otherwise than moist. 
 
 The best time to re-pot or re-basket Dendrobes is when the new 
 growths are starting, which usually occurs within a short time after 
 flowering. Like all other orchids cultivated in glass structures, 
 Dendrobes are subject to the attacks of insect pests, from which they 
 must at all times be kept as free as possible. Plants attacked by red 
 spider should be dipped into tobacco- water or some similar insecticide, 
 or syringed with sulphur water ; mealy bug and scale may be kept 
 under by frequent sponging ; yellow and black thrip can be checked by 
 fumigation, but this remedy should be applied lightly and frequently, that 
 
14 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 is to say, the house should be only moderately filled with smoke in the 
 evening, and again on the following morning, or the operation may be 
 repeated on consecutive evenings till the thrip has disappeared ; too much 
 smoke at one time is injurious to the foliage, and causes the loss of 
 many leaves, and consequently a check to the growth of the plants. 
 
 Synopsis of Species and Varieties. 
 
 Dendrobium aduncum. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speclosce. Stems slender, pendulous, 18 — 24 inches long. 
 
 Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute, 2| — 3 inches long. Mowers about an 
 
 inch in diameter, either solitary or in short racemes, pale rose suffused 
 
 with white ; sepals and petals nearly similar, the former ovate, acute, 
 
 the latter oblong ; lip clawed with an ovate, concave blade, terminating 
 
 in a hooked tip. Column bearded ; anther deep purple. 
 
 Dendrobium aduncum, Wallich, MS. fide Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1842, misc. 62. Id. 
 1846, t. 15. Bot. Mag. t. 6784. 
 
 First sent by Dr. Wallich to Messrs. Loddiges' Nursery at 
 Hackney, in 1842 ; a few years later it was received at the Exeter 
 Nursery from Thomas Lobb, and subsequently (in 1868) it was 
 sent to the late Mr. John Day, from Assam, by his nephew, 
 Captain W. J. Williamson. Quite recently (1883) it was dis- 
 covered by Mr. Charles Ford, Superintendent of the Botanic 
 Garden at Hong Kong, during an excursion which he made to the 
 Lo-fau-shan Mountains in China, near the coast opposite the island, 
 and where he collected plants which he transmitted to the Royal 
 Gardens at Kew. The specific name aduncum, " hooked," probably 
 refers to the hook-like apiculns of the lip. 
 
 D. senmlum. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. Stems terete, 2 — 4 or more inches long, 
 " sometimes tapering into a long thin base with a small pseudo-bulb," 
 and bearing at their summit 2 — 3 very coriaceous ovate-oblong or elliptic- 
 oblong leaves. Racemes terminal, both from leafless and leafing stems, 
 lax, 5 — 7 flowered. Flowers 1£ inches across, fragrant, white, the apical 
 half of the segments sometimes stained with pale yellow, the side 
 lobes of the lip spotted with rose-pink ; sepals narrowly lanceolate ; petals 
 linear ; lip very short, three-lobed, with three greenish raised plates 
 between the side lobes, merging into a single broad one on the middle 
 lobe ; side lobes acute, middle lobe reflexed. 
 
 Dendrobium semulum, R. Br. Prod. Fl. Nov. Holl. p. 333 (1810). Bot. Mag. 
 t. 2906 (1829). Benth. Fl. Austr. VI. p. 282. Fitzgerald's Austr. Orch. I. 
 Part 2, t. 5. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 15 
 
 First sent from New South Wales, in 1823, by Allan Cunningham, 
 to the Royal Gardens at Kew, and occasionally imported since that 
 date with other Australian orchids. It occurs in several localities 
 near the east coast, especially in Macquarie County, south of the 
 Macleay or Hastings river, often on the trunks and among the 
 higher branches of lofty trees, such as the Iron-bark Eucalyptus 
 (E. siderophloiaj , Doryphora Sassafras, etc., flowering in September. 
 Although not to be compared with the gorgeous East Indian 
 Dendrobes usually cultivated, its chaste, fragrant flowers, produced 
 in profusion in the early months of the year in the orchid houses 
 of Europe, should preserve it from neglect. 
 
 D. aggregatum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calostachyce. Pseudo-bulbs clustered, ovate-fusiform, 
 
 angular, about 2 inches long, monophyllous. Leaves oval-oblong, 2J — 3 
 
 inches long and 1 inch broad. Peduncles drooping, slender, loosely 
 
 racemose, 7 — 12 flowered. Flowers primrose-yellow when first expanded, 
 
 changing with age to orange-yellow with a deeper disc on the lip ; 
 
 sepals ovate ; petals sub-orbicular, as broad again as the sepals ; lip 
 
 transversely oblong, with a short claw and pubescent disc. Column 
 
 short, coloured like the perianth. 
 
 Dendrobium aggregatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. p. 477 (1832). Bot. Reg. t. 1695 
 (1834). Paxt. Mag. Bot. VI. p. 145 (1839). Bot. Mag. t. 2643. 
 
 Dendrobium aggregatum belongs to the small group with one-leaved 
 
 pseudo-bulbs, in which the inflorescence proceeds from the axil of 
 
 a scale on the side of the pseudo-bulb.* It was discovered by 
 
 Pierard in the early part of the present century on the northern 
 
 border of Arracan, growing on trunks of Lagerstroemia JRegince ; it 
 
 is now known to be widely distributed throughout Burmah, the best 
 
 forms being found on trees among the low ranges of hills north 
 
 of Akjao. Quite recently it has been found by Mr. Charles Ford 
 
 on the Lo-fau-shan Mountains in southern China, growing on Geltis 
 
 japonica. It was introduced by the Horticultural Society of London, 
 
 and flowered for the first time in this country in the collections of 
 
 Mr. Harrison, at Liverpool, and Mr. Bateman, at Knypersley, in 
 
 1834. Its flowering season is March and April ; its specific name 
 
 refers to its clustered, crowded pseudo-bulbs. 
 
 Cultural Note. — Dendrobium aggregatum is best cultivated on a bare 
 
 block. Plants affixed to blocks cut from the elm, thorn, maple, &c, 
 
 have been known to flower annually for many years. 
 
 * Hemsley in Gard. Chron. XVI. (1881), p. 625. 
 
1 6 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 D. albo-sanguineum. 
 
 Eudbndrobium — Fasciculata. A robust erect plant. Stems sub-cylindric, 
 
 6 — 12 inches high and about half-an-inch thick. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 
 6 inches long. Peduncles from near the apex of the stems, about as 
 
 long as the leaves, 2 — 3 flowered. Flowers nearly 3 inches in diameter, 
 
 pale buff-yellow with two large maroon-purple raised blotches at the 
 
 base of the lip ; sepals oblong-lanceolate ; petals oblong-oval, as broad 
 
 again as the sepals ; lip with a broad claw and broadly obovate blade ; 
 
 spur short, funnel-like. Column very short. 
 
 Dendrobium albo-sanguineum, Lindl. in Paxt. Fl. Gard. II. p. 93, t. 57 (1852). 
 Van Houtte's Fl. des Serres, VII. t. 721. Bot. Mag. t. 5130. 
 
 Introduced by us from Moulmein, in 1851, through Thomas 
 
 Lobb, who found it on the hills near the Atran river ; it occurs 
 
 in several parts of Burmah, almost always on the tops of the highest 
 
 trees. It flowers in April and May from one and two-year old 
 
 stems; its large flowers, produced in twos and threes, are among 
 
 the most striking in the genus. 
 
 D. amboinense. 
 
 Eudbndrobium — Fasciculata. " Stems jointed, tetragonal below, bulbi- 
 
 form at the very base, four to six-angled above. Leaves terminal (1), 
 
 oblong, acute. Flowers in pairs, large ; sepals and petals spreading, 
 
 cream-white, linear-lanceolate (nearly 3 inches long in the drawing) ; 
 
 lip small in proportion to the rest of the flower, concave, scarcely 
 
 spurred at the base, yellowish, edged with a dark purple line, three- 
 
 lobed, the lateral lobes broad, ovate, obtuse, incurved over the column, 
 
 the middle lobe subulate ; the disc ocellated with minute dark orange 
 
 spots, and having a fleshy tuhercle near the base and two lesser pairs 
 
 of tubercles nearer the middle lobe." — Botanical Magazine. 
 
 Dendrobium amboiaense, Hook, in Bot. Mag. t. 4937 (1856). Van Houtte's Fl. 
 des Serres, t. 1211 (copied from Bot. Mag.). 
 
 Discovered by Henshall, in Amboyna, and introduced by Messrs. 
 
 Rollisson, in whose nursery at Tooting it flowered in June, 1856 ; 
 
 it seems to have disappeared from cultivation shortly afterwards. 
 
 "This remarkable plant, and one of the most singular of the genus," 
 
 is preserved from oblivion by the plate and description in the 
 
 Botanical Magazine ; the notice of it here may also help to keep it 
 
 in remembrance and to stimulate a desire for its re-introduction. 
 
 D. amethystoglossum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Colostachyoi. Stems robust, 2 — 3 feet high, and 
 nearly an inch thick, but sometimes much shorter and less robust. 
 Leaves sessile, oval-oblong, sub-acute. Racemes 3 — 5 inches long, many- 
 
DENDEOBIUM. 17 
 
 flowered. Flowers about an inch in diameter, crowded, ivory-white, except 
 
 the anterior lobe of the lip, which is bright amethyst-purple ; sepals and 
 
 petals similar and sub-equal, ovate-oblong, acute ; lip elongate, linear- 
 
 spathulate, apiculate, convex at the middle, and incurved at the margins 
 
 except towards the apex ; spur long obtuse. Column exposed. 
 
 . Dendrobium amethystoglossum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1872, p. 109. Bot. Mag. 
 t. 5968. 
 
 Introduced by us in 1872 from the Philippine Islands, through 
 
 M. Gustav Wallis, who sent a single plant mixed with Dendrobium 
 
 taurinum. It has recently been re-imported in restricted numbers, 
 
 so that it may be presumed to be a rare species. Its beautiful 
 
 racemes of white and purple flowers, which appear in January and 
 
 February, offer a striking contrast to the inelegant habit of the plant. 
 
 D. amoenum. 
 
 Eudbndrobium — Fcisciculatd. Stems slender, 12 — 18 inches long, with 
 internodes 1^ — 2|- inches long. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 3 — 4 inches long, deciduous. Flowers about 2 inches in diameter, 
 usually solitary, sometimes in twos and threes ; sepals and petals ovate- 
 lanceolate, white, tipped with amethyst-purple ; lip with a convolute claw 
 and broadly ovate limb, minutely notched at the margin, and pubescent 
 towards the base, amethyst-purple bordered with white, and with a 
 yellow blotch near the base. 
 
 Dendrobium amoenum, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 78 (1831). Bot. Mag. t. 6199. 
 Gard. Chron. III. (1875) p. 305. 
 
 One of the first Dendrobes known to science, it having been 
 
 discovered in Nepaul by Dr. Wallich, who communicated it to Dr. 
 
 Lindley in 1828; but one of the latest brought under cultivation, 
 
 it having been sent to Mr. Bull, of Chelsea, so recently as 1874, 
 
 by Major- General Berkeley, who found it growing on trees on the 
 
 low ranges of hills between Dhera Dhoon and Mussoone (Himalayas), 
 
 where the climate is temperate the whole year round, with hoar frost 
 
 in winter. Its flowers are of medium size, but they emit a delightful 
 
 violet fragrance, which will secure for the plant a place in many 
 
 collections ; it flowers in the summer months. 
 
 D. Aphrodite. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems 6 — 12 inches long, swollen at 
 the joints. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2 — 3 inches long, deciduous. 
 Flowers 2 inches across, solitary or in pairs from the uppermost joints ; 
 sepals lanceolate, pointed, cream colour ; petals ovate, broader than the 
 sepals but coloured like them ; lip sub-rhomboid, clawed, obscurely 
 three-lobed, the small side lobes incurved, the middle lobe large, saffron- 
 c 
 
18 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 yellow, with the interior edge cream colour, and Avith two maroon-purple 
 
 blotches at the base ; spur short and obtuse ; anther case purple. 
 
 Dendrobium Aphrodite, Ifohb. in Bot. Zeit. 1862.* D. nodaturn, Lindl. in Gard. 
 Cliron. 1862, p. 717. Bot. Mag. t. 5470. Van Houtte's Fi. des Sevres, t. 1582. 
 
 One of the numerous discoveries of the Rev. C. Parish, in the 
 
 Moulmein district of British Burmah, and introduced by Messrs. Low 
 
 and Co., of Clapton, in 1862. It is found on the tops of the 
 
 highest trees in company with Dendrobium albo-sanguineum. Its 
 
 flowering season is July and August in the orchid houses of Europe. 
 
 D. aqueum. 
 
 Eudendrobium— Fasciculata. Stems 12 — 20 inches long, decumbent, 
 
 stoutish, yellowish-green when young. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, 3 — 5 
 
 inches long. Flowers solitary or in pairs, produced along the distal 
 
 half of the current season's growth, but not all appearing at the same 
 
 time, cream-white except a yellowish disc on the lip ; dorsal sepal 
 
 elliptic-oblong, acute, lateral sepals sub-triangular, falcate ; petals broadly 
 
 ovate, spreading ; lip sub-rhomboid, obscurely three-lobed, the lateral 
 
 lobes small, erect, the middle lobe deflexed, with the upper surface 
 
 downy and the margin ciliolate. 
 
 Dendrobium aqueum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1843, t. 54. Bot. Mag. t. 4640. D. album, 
 Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. or. t. 1645 (1852). Paxt. Fl. Gard. II. p. 175. 
 
 Introduced by Messrs. Loddiges, from Bombay, in 1842. Its 
 habitat is on the Nilghiri Hills, in southern India, where it was 
 gathered a few years afterwards by our collector, Thomas Lobb, and 
 quite recently by Major-General B. S. Berkeley, who found it 
 ' ' growing in great quantities on the extreme tops of Coffee bushes 
 of deserted plantations." In this part of the Western Ghauts the 
 rainfall is excessive, as much as 10 inches a day during many suc- 
 cessive days having been noted. It usually flowers in August or 
 September. The species was named aqueum by Dr. Lindley, on 
 account of " its pale green watery flowers," an expression that 
 scarcely does them justice. 
 
 D. arachnites. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. A dwaif-tufted plant. Stems terete, 
 about as thick as an ordinary writing pencil, 2 — 3 inches long. Leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, acute, \\ — 2£ niches long. Flowers in fascicles of twos 
 and threes, but sometimes solitary, 2£ inches across when spread out, 
 of a uniform bright cinnabar-red, the lip veined with purple ; sepals 
 
 * Reichenbach's name with description of the plant appeared August 1st, 1862 ; Lindley 's 
 was published 24 hours later ; Lindley's nodaturn must therefore sink as a synonym of 
 Kcichenbach's Aphrodite. 
 
DENDKOBIUM. 19 
 
 and petals similar and sub-equal, linear, acute ; lip shorter than the 
 other segments, sub-pandurate, convolute over the column at the base. 
 Column very short. 
 
 Dendrobium arachnites, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. II. (1874), p. 354. 
 A remarkably beautiful and interesting Dendrobe of dwarf, dense 
 habit, and producing brilliant red flowers, discovered in 1873 — 74 
 by Boxall, while collecting orchids in Moulmein for Messrs. Low 
 and Co. But few plants appear to have reached England alive ; 
 the only one that we know of is in the collection of Mr. Lee, at 
 Downside, by whose kindness we are enabled to give the above 
 description. 
 
 D. aureum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems erect, stoutish, sub-cylindric, 
 attenuated below, 9 — 18 inches high, amber-yellow when divested of 
 the sheathing base of the leaves. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, 4 — 5 
 inches long, deciduous. Flowers with a pleasant primrose fragrance, 
 2 — 2£ inches across, on short pedicels, produced in twos and threes from 
 the upper nodes of two and three years old stems ; sepals and petals 
 spreading, cream colour, the former oblong-lanceolate, acute, the latter 
 broader, ovate-oblong, with a raised mid-line ; lip with a broad convolute 
 claw and deltoid blade, much reflexed, buff-yellow streaked with red- 
 dish purple, disc velvety ; spur funnel-shaped, obtuse. Column orange-red 
 on the side opposite lip. 
 
 Dendrobium aureum, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orcb. p. 77 (1831). Wigbt Ic. pi. Ind. 
 or. t. 1646 (1852). Thwaites' PI. zeyl. p. 297. D. beterocarpum, Wallich, fide Lindl. 
 Gen. et Sp. Orcb. p. 78 (1831). Bot. Mag. t. 4708 (1853). Van Houtte's Fl. des 
 Serves, VII, t. 842. 
 
 var. — Henshalli. 
 
 Stems longer and more slender than in the typical form ; lip white, 
 the base only suffused with yellow, where there are two reddish purple 
 spots. 
 
 D. aureum Henshalli, supra. D. heterocarpum Henshalli, Bot. Mag. t. 4970. 
 
 var.— pallidum. 
 
 Stems longer and more slender than in the typical form. Flowers 
 sometimes smaller, with the lip white, except at the base, where there 
 is a yellow stain. 
 
 D. aureum pallidum, Lindl. in Bot. Keg. 1839, t. 20. 
 
 var. — philippinense. 
 
 Stems decumbent, three feet or more long, rarely short and erect. 
 
 Flowers pale yellow, larger than in the typical Dendrobium aureum, with 
 
 the sepals and lip more acute, the latter of which has an orange-yellow 
 
 disc striped with red-purple. 
 
 D. aureum philippinense, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XIII. (1880) p. 72. D. rhombeum, 
 Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1843, t. 17. 
 
20 
 
 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 SU.b.-VarS. distinguished by colour only ; album, flowers very pale, nearly 
 white ;* aurantiacum, flowers orange-yellow, the richest coloured of all 
 the forms yet introduced. 
 
 Dendrobium aureum is one of the most widely distributed of all 
 Dendrobes ; it has been gathered in eastern Assam, on the Khasia 
 Hills, in Nepaul, the Madras presidency, on the elevated parts of 
 the southern province of Ceylon, in Moulmein and other parts of 
 Burmah, and in the Philippine Islands ; it is, therefore, not sur- 
 prising that it should prove to be a polymorphous species. It was 
 first sent to England from the Khasia Hills, by Gibson, in 1837 ; 
 it was collected by Simons, in Assam, in 1 852 ; the variety 
 
 Dendrobium aureum. 
 
 Benshalli was said to have been received by Messrs. Rollisson, from 
 
 Java, in 1857 ; t pallidum was found in Ceylon by Mr. Macrae, 
 
 growing on trees near Nuera Ellia ; philippinense was sent by 
 
 Cuming, in 1842, to Messrs. Loddiges, from the Philippine Islands ; 
 
 it occurs in various parts of the island of Luzon, chiefly on 
 
 trees, and not infrequently on the stems of the Cocoa-nut Palm. 
 
 Both the typical D. aureum and its varieties flower in January 
 
 and February, when few other Dendrobes are in bloom, the pleasant 
 
 fragrance of the blossoms lending an additional charm to their 
 
 * The distinction between the varieties pallidum and Henshalli, and between these and the 
 sub-variety album is by no means clear. 
 
 + The presence of Dendrobium aureum in .lava seems to require confirmation. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 21 
 
 pleasing colours. D. aureum has proved to be one of the most potent 
 of Dendrobes for hybridising, and has participated in the parentage 
 of most of the finest hybrids yet raised. The applicability of the 
 names aureum, "golden/' and heterocarpum, "various-fruited/' to this 
 species is by no means clear.* 
 
 D. barbatulum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Galostacliyce. Stems 9 — 15 inches long, curved, swollen 
 
 at the base, tapering at the apex. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 3 — 4 
 
 inches long, deciduous. Flowers 1^ inches in diameter, crowded in a 
 
 lateral or pseudo-terminal raceme, pure white ; sepals lanceolate ; petals 
 
 ovate-acute, sometimes as broad again as the sepals, but sometimes nearly 
 
 equal to them ; lip with two small ascending acute lateral lobes, and a 
 
 spreading obovate intermediate one, and with a small tuft of greenish 
 
 yellow hairs at the base ; spur conical, greenish. 
 
 Dendrobium barbatulum, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 84 (1831). Bot. Mag. t. 5918. 
 D. Heyneanum, Hort. not Lindl. 
 
 Discovered in the early part of the present century in the forests 
 
 that cover the mountains in western and southern Hindostan, 
 
 usually growing on bushes and small trees exposed to the sun 
 
 during the dry season.f It has occasionally been confounded with 
 
 other white -flowered Dendrobes, especially with Dendrobium Fytch- 
 
 ianum, figured in the Botanical Magazine, t. 5444, as D. barbatulum, 
 
 but which is a Moulmein species with orbicular petals and a totally 
 
 different lip ; also with D. Heyneanum, a still nearer ally but a much 
 
 smaller plant, with slender stems not more than 2 — 4 inches high, 
 
 bearing linear leaves and few-flowered racemes of small flowers. 
 
 D. Bensonise. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems cylindric, erect, 12 — 30 inches 
 
 high, the larger ones as thick as the little finger. Leaves linear, 2 — 3 
 
 inches long, deciduous. Flowers 2^ inches in diameter, in fascicles of 
 
 twos and threes, but sometimes solitary from the uppermost joints, 
 
 milk-white, with an orange-yellow disc on the lip, at the base of which 
 
 are two maroon spots that are sometimes confluent ; sepals oblong ; 
 
 petals much broader, elliptic-oblong ; lip orbicular, concave and downy 
 
 above, with a short convolute claw and minutely toothed margin. 
 
 Dendrobium Bensonite, Rchb. in Bot. Zeit. 1867, p. 230, fide Hemsley. Bot. Mag. 
 t. 5679 (1867). Fl. Mag. t. 355. Jennings' Orch. t. 32. 
 
 * Many plants of Dendrobium aureum have fruited in our houses during the last few years, 
 but we have never observed any variability in the capsules, except in size ; a circum- 
 stance attributable to the condition of the stems that bore them. 
 
 t Major-General E. S. Berkeley, M.S., to whom our best acknowledgments are due for this 
 and other notes on Dendrobiums observed in situ. 
 
22 
 
 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 Sent to us in 1866 from British Burmah by Colonel Benson, after 
 whose wife it is named at his own request. It occurs on the 
 mountains near Tongou, direct west of Prome, at an elevation of about 
 1,500 feet above sea level/ and spreads southwards as far as the 
 
 Dendrobium Bensoniae. 
 
 latitude of Moulinein. Ever since its introduction it has been 
 regarded as one of the finest of the white-flowered Dendrobes in 
 the section to which it belongs. The spots on the lip are variable, 
 being sometimes large and even confluent, sometimes not larger than 
 small peas, and in one sub -variety called xanthinum they are 
 altogether absent. Dendrobium Bensonice usually flowers in May and 
 June, and occasionally later. As regards its vegetation, two forms are 
 known in gardens, the original from the Arracan Hills, and the 
 other, with more robust stems, from the Kareen Hills. t 
 
 D. bigibbum. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. Stems cylindric or sub-fusiform, 12 — 18 inches 
 high, as thick as an ordinary writing-pencil, and furnished at their 
 upper part with 4—8 oblong-lanceolate leaves 3 — 5 inches long, persis- 
 tent about two years. Peduncles pseudo-terminal, slender, a foot or 
 more long, racemose along the distal half, many-flowered. Flowers 
 jl — 2 inches in diameter, magenta-purple, the lip of a deeper shade ; 
 sepals oblong-acute ; petals sub-orbicular, much larger than the sepals ; 
 lip three-lobed, the lateral lobes large, oblong, incurved, the intermediate 
 * Colonel Benson, in Gard. Chron. 1S70, p. 796. 
 t Major-General E. S. Berkeley, in Gard. Chron. III. s. 3 (1S80), p. 203. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 
 
 23 
 
 one oblong, refuse, reflexed, and with a white elevated, papillose crest. 
 
 Column compressed, grooved in front. 
 
 Dendrobium bigibbum, Lindl. in Paxt. Fl. Gard. III. p. 25 (1852). Bot. Mag. 
 t. 4898 (1856). Van Houtte's Fl. des Serres, t. 1143 (copied from the Bot. Mag.). 
 Warner's Sel. Orch. IT. t. 8. Benth. Fl. Austral. VI. p. 277. Williams' Orch. Alb. 
 I. t. 38. 
 
 SUb-vars. — candidum, flowers white with a purple blotch on each side 
 
 of the crest of the lip; superbum (Gard. Chron. X. (1878), p. 748; 
 
 Fl. Mag. n. s t. 229), flowers larger and more brightly coloured than 
 
 the ordinary form. 
 
 One of the most showy of the Australian Dendrobes, and one of 
 the longest known, it having been in cultivation in the Royal Gardens 
 at Kew in 1824,* but it appears to have been lost afterwards. It was 
 re-discovered by Dr. Thomson, in 1855, on Mount Adolphus, near 
 
 Dendrobium bigibbum. 
 
 Torres Straits, and sent by him to Messrs. Loddiges, at Hackney; ten 
 years later it was detected in the same locality by the late Mr. J. 
 Gould Veitch, who sent to England the first large importation ever 
 received. The sub- varieties are from the same region ; superbum 
 was discovered by Mr. J. G. Veitch in 1865, and candidum was 
 introduced by Mr. B. S. Williams, of Holloway. The usual time of 
 flowering of Dendrobium bigibbum is September and October, and 
 occasionally later. Its specific name refers to the double gibbosity at 
 the base of the lip just above the spur. 
 
 D. binoculare 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calostachyce. Stems slender and rod-like, of variable 
 length. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 3 — 4 inches long, Racemes ascending, 
 5 — 9 flowered. Flowers reddish or coppery orange, except at the apex 
 
 * Fide Rchb. in Gard. Chron. X. (1878), p. 748. 
 
 
24 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 of the lip, where it is yellow and with two maroon spots near the base ; 
 
 sepals and petals oblong, sub-acute, the petals a little the broadest ; 
 
 lip sub-rhomboid, with denticulate margin, and clothed above with a 
 
 short close-set pubescence. 
 
 Dendrobium binoculare, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1862, p. 785.* 
 Sent to us from British Burmah, in 1868, by Colonel Benson, who 
 found it growing in shady places on hills eastward of Prome. Its 
 nearest ally is Dendrobium fuscatum, from which it is said to be dis- 
 tinguished by its more slender stems, smaller leaves and flowers, with 
 differently shaped lip. It is now but rarely seen in British col- 
 lections. The name binoculare (non-classical), refers to the two spots 
 or " eyes " on the labellum. 
 
 D. Boxalli. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems slender, pendulous, 30 — 40 inches 
 
 long, swollen at the joints. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, 3 — 4 inches 
 
 long, deciduous. Flowers 2 J inches in diameter, on short purplish 
 
 pedicels, usually in pairs, but sometimes solitary ; sepals and petals 
 
 similar and sub-equal, linear-lanceolate, white, margined and tipped with 
 
 pale mauve-purple ; lip sub-orbicular, rolled' up at the base, tawny yellow 
 
 bordered with white and with a mauve-purple blotch at the anterior 
 
 margin. 
 
 Dendrobium Boxalli, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. I. (1874) p. 315. Id. Xen. Orch. II. 
 p. 212, t. 194. Fl. Mag. 1874, t. 114. Jennings' Orch. t. 19. 
 
 Discovered by Boxall in the rich Dendrobe region of Lower 
 
 Burmah, and sent by him to Messrs. Low and Co., of Clapton, in 1873. 
 
 Its nearest allies are Dendrobium crystallinum and D. crassinode, from 
 
 both of which it may be easily distinguished by its stems as well 
 
 as by some structural differences in the flowers; from D. crystallinum 
 
 by its swollen nodes, and from D. crassinode by its more slender 
 
 and longer stems, with less prominent nodes, and by its paler 
 
 flowers. It usually flowers in February and March. 
 
 D. Brymerianum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calostachyce. Stems stoutish, terete, 12 — 24 inches long, 
 
 slightly swollen in the middle, tapering at both ends. Leaves lanceolate, 
 
 acuminate, 4 — 5 inches long, persistent. Flowers 3 inches in diameter, 
 
 solitary or in few-flowered racemes from the uppermost joints, golden 
 
 yellow ; sepals and petals sub-equal, ovate-oblong ; lip triangular-cordate 
 
 in outline, with a long flexuose, branched fimbriation ; disc papillose. 
 
 Dendrobium Brymerianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. IV. (1875), p. 323. Bot. Maa. 
 t. 6383. Fl. Mag. n s. t. 459. 
 
 * See note under Dendrobium Gibsonii infra. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 
 
 25 
 
 var . — histrionicum. 
 
 Stems shorter and more swollen in the middle ; flowers smaller, of 
 a duller colour, and with the fringe of the lip rarely developed, and 
 if so, shorter than in the original type. 
 
 D. Brymerianum histrionicum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. III. s. 3 (1888), p. 101 
 
 A remarkable species, introduced by Messrs. Low and Co., from 
 Burrnah, in 1874. The extraordinary papillose fringe of the lip, 
 which exceeds in length that of every other allied species, is its 
 
 Dendroliium Brymerianum. 
 
 most striking characteristic. It is dedicated to Mr. W. E. Brymer, 
 in whose collection at Ilsington House, near Dorchester, it flowered 
 for the first time in this country shortly after its introduction. 
 It usually flowers in February and March. The variety is a more 
 recent importation from Upper Burrnah; it is greatly inferior to the 
 original type, and has proved most disappointing to amateurs; its 
 flowers, which appear in the autumn, are self-fertilising before they 
 expand, and are rarely properly developed. 
 
26 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 D. canaliculatum. 
 
 Stachyobium — Elatiores. Stems pseudo-bulbous, pear-shaped, 2 — 3 inches 
 long, bearing at the apex 3 — 5 fleshy linear-acute, almost semi-cylindric 
 leaves, twice as long as the stems. Peduncles rigid, erect, 12 — 15 
 inches high, terminating in a loose raceme of 12 — 20 flowers. Sepals 
 and petals similar and sub-equal, linear-oblong, white at the base, the 
 remainder yellow ; lip oblong, three-lobed, the lateral lobes angular ; 
 anterior lobe sub-orbicular, broader than long, apiculate, white with 
 mauve-purple disc, the basal part traversed longitudinally by three raised 
 undulate lines which terminate in three rhomboidal plates. 
 
 Dendrobium canaliculatum, E. Br. Fl. Nor. Holl. p. 338 (1810). Kchb. Xen. 
 Orch. II. p. 165. Fitzgerald's Austral. Orch. I. part 4. Benth. Fl. Austral. VI. p. 282. 
 D. Tattonianum, Batera. Bot. Mag. t. 5537. 
 
 Discovered by Banks and Solander in the beginning of the present 
 century, but not introduced till 1865, in which year it was redis- 
 covered by the late Mr. J. Gould Veitch, at Endeavour Creek, York 
 Peninsula, in North-east Australia; it has also been reported from 
 Rockingham Bay. Its most noticeable peculiarities are its pseudo- 
 bulbous stems, and its deep-coloured lip, in strong contrast to the 
 pale colours of the other segments ; its flowers are among the most 
 fragrant in the genus. 
 
 D. capillipes 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. A dwarf tufted plant. Stems fusiform, 
 2 — 3 inches long, yellowish and striated when old. Leaves one or 
 ■two on each stem, lanceolate, acute. Flowers solitary or in pairs on 
 thread-like peduncles 3 inches long, golden yellow with a deeper 
 blotch on the lip ; sepals lanceolate, acute, small, the lateral two con- 
 cealed by the broad oval petals ; lip with a convolute claw and reniform 
 blade, which has a shallow sinus in the anterior margin. 
 
 Dendrobium capillipes, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1867, p. 997. Id. Xen. Orch. 
 II. p. 164. 
 
 A dwarf tufted species discovered by the Rev. C. Parish, in the 
 Moulmein district of British Burmah, and introduced by Messrs. Low 
 and Co. in 1866 ; its habitat is on the hills north of Thayetmyo, 
 and again still further north, growing chiefly on deciduous trees. 
 It should be grown on a block of wood suspended near the roof 
 glass, it then flowers freely in March and April. The specific name, 
 from capilla, " hair/' and pes, " a foot," refers to the hair-like foot- 
 stalks of the flowers. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 27 
 
 D. cariniferum. 
 
 Eudendrobium— Formosa. A robust plant. Stems sub-cylindric, 6 — 9 
 inches long. Leaves narrowly oblong, 4 — 5 inches long, sessile, unequally 
 lobed at apex, deciduous. Flowers 1| inches across, solitary or in twos 
 and threes near the apex of the stems; sepals lanceolate, acute, pro- 
 minently keeled behind, pale fawn-yellow, fading to ivory-white ; petals 
 broader, ovate, white ; lip three-lobed, produced at the base into a 
 long obtuse spur, the side lobes triangular, turned inwards, reddish 
 orange; the middle lobe sub-quadrate, spreading, undulate, with tufts 
 of long woolly hairs along the veins on the upper surface, reddish 
 orange at the base, anterior part white, sometimes pale orange. Column 
 triquetral, white above, orange-red below. 
 
 Dendrobium cariniferum, Rcbb. in Gard. Chron. 1869, p. 611. 
 
 var.— Wattii. 
 
 Leaves narrower, with nearly smooth sheaths. Flowers larger, white, 
 with parts of the lip yellow, the middle lobe of which is longer 
 than in the type, and two lobed. 
 
 D. cariniferum Wattii, Bot. Mag. t. 6715. 
 A native of British Burmah, of whose first introduction we 
 find no record. It flowered for the first time in this country 
 in the collection of Mr. Marshall, at Enfield, in 1869. Major- 
 General E. S. Berkeley informs us that it occurs on the hills at a 
 considerable elevation, and under much the same conditions of 
 temperature, etc., as Dendrobium Infundibulum. The variety Wattii 
 is of more recent introduction, and is named after its discoverer, Dr. 
 Watt, who met with it " whilst attached to the mission engaged in 
 the boundary survey of the kingdom of Munipore on the eastern 
 frontier of British India." D, cariniferum usually flowers in April. The 
 specific name, " keel-bearing," refers to the prominently keeled sepals. 
 
 D. chlorops. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. Stems tufted, slender, 12 — 18 inches long. 
 Leaves not seen. Kacemes lateral or pseudo-terminal, nodding, 4 — 6 
 inches long, many-flowered. Flowers fragrant when first expanded, 
 § inch in diameter; sepals and petals cream-white, the former oblong- 
 lanceolate, the latter oval ; lip three-lobed, the side lobes sub-quadrate, 
 erect, greenish ; the middle lobe oblong, cream-white, with a pubescent 
 disc ; spur conic, short. Column greenish, anther white. 
 Dendrobium cblorops, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1844, misc. 54. 
 Introduced by Messrs. Loddiges from Southern India about the 
 year 1843, and occasionally imported since with other Dendrobes 
 from the same region, where it is very abundant. The specific name, 
 
28 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 from yXujpog (chloros), "green," and b\p (ops), "the eye," refers 
 to the greenish centre of the flower. The flowers usually appear 
 in the orchid houses of Europe in January and February. 
 
 D. chrysanthum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems slender, 5 — 7 feet long, slightly 
 
 flexuose, leafy throughout. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 4 — 6 inches 
 
 long, f — 1| inches wide at the broadest part, deciduous. Flowers in 
 
 racemes of 4 — 6, produced from the current year's growth, while the 
 
 leaves are still fresh, of firm wax-like texture, bright orange-yellow 
 
 with two maroon spots on the lip ; sepals oval-oblong ; petals broadly 
 
 obovate ; lip orbicular with fimbriate margin, rolled over the column 
 
 at the base. Column very short. 
 
 Dendrobium chrysanthum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1299 (1829). Kegel's Gartevfl. 
 t. 446 (1864). D. Paxtonii, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1839, misc. No. 56, not Paxt. 
 Mag. Bot. VI. p. 169. 
 
 Native of the hot valleys of the lower Himalayan zone, whence 
 it was introduced into the Botanic Garden at Calcutta by Dr. 
 Wallich, who brought it to England in 1828; it is also widely dis- 
 tributed throughout Upper Burmah, varying somewhat in the size 
 and brilliant colouring of its flowers. It flowered for the first 
 time in this country in the Horticultural Society's Garden at 
 Chiswick, in 1829. The specific name is literally golden-flower, 
 from xpvaeoq, "golden," and avBoq, "a flower." 
 
 Dendrobium chrysanthum is one of the handsomest of the late-flowering 
 Dendrobes. The grand specimen at Burford Lodge, probably the finest 
 in Europe, is grown in a teak basket, suspended close to the glass near 
 the ridge of the East Indian House In September, 1884, the flowering 
 stems, upwards of fifty in number, were loaded with golden blossoms, and 
 presented one of the most gorgeous orchid displays imaginable. The 
 plant begins to grow immediately after it has flowered ; more root room 
 is then given if it needs it, and as it continues to grow through the 
 winter months the temperature of the house is never allowed to fall 
 below 15° C. (60° F.), and the compost in which it is growing is 
 at no time allowed to get dry. 
 
 D. chryseum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calostachya>.. Steins much tufted, terete, somewhat 
 slender, erect, 12 — 24 inches high. Leaves from the uppermost joints 
 only, linear-lanceolate, acuminate or emarginate, 3 — 4 inches long. 
 Flowers from the leafless stems, sometimes solitary, but more com- 
 monly in racemes of twos and threes, of a rich golden yellow, almost 
 orange, with a few faint crimson lines on the side lobes of the lip ; 
 
DENDROBIUM. 29 
 
 sepals oblong; petals broadly elliptical, almost as broad again as the 
 sepals; lip orbicular, pubescent, with minutely fimbriated margin, 
 obscurely three-lobed, the small side lobes rolled over the very short 
 column ; spur short, obtuse. 
 
 Dendrobium chryseum, Rolfe in Gard. Chron. III. s. 3 (1888), p. 233. 
 
 A species with deep yellow flowers, said to be of Assamese 
 origin, recently introduced by Mr. Horsman, nurseryman of Col- 
 chester, from whom we acquired the stock. It is distinct from 
 any Dendrobe hitherto in cultivation, although evidently near 
 Dendrobium fimbriatum, but the horticultural merits of the species 
 cannot be fairly estimated till the plants shall have been longer 
 established in their new homes. 
 
 D. Ohrysocrepis. 
 
 Eu dendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems slender, 6 — 10 inches long, dilated 
 
 above into a flattened leafy pseudo-bulb, bearing three or more elliptic 
 
 lanceolate, pointed leaves 2 — 3 inches long. Flowers golden yellow, 
 
 with deeper lip, 1J inches in diameter, produced singly from the 
 
 old leafless stems on short slender peduncles ; dorsal sepals and petals 
 
 similar, obovate, concave ; lateral sepals ovate, more spreading ; lip 
 
 somewhat pear-shaped, ventricose, velvety, the inner surface densely 
 
 clothed with reddish hairs. 
 
 Dendrobium Chrysocrepis, Parish and Rchb. fide Bot. Mag. t. 6007 (1872). 
 Trans. Linn. Soc. XXX. p. 150. 
 
 "A curious species discovered by the Rev. C. Parish, in Moulmein, 
 
 and communicated by him to the Royal Gardens at Kew, in 1871, 
 
 where it flowered in March of the following year."* The specific name, 
 
 from yjpvozoQ (chryseos), " golden" and /cprj7rtc (crepis), ff a slipper," 
 
 refers to the labellum, the singular structure of which is not less 
 
 deserving the attention of the amateur than of the botanist. 
 
 D. chrysotoxum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calostachyce, Stems variable in form and size, usually 
 clavate, but sometimes spindle-shaped and ribbed, 3 — 4 inches long, with 
 3 — 4 leaves, sometimes sub-cylindric, furrowed, 12 — 15 inches long, and 
 more than an inch thick, with 5 — 8 leaves. Leaves varying from linear- 
 to ovate-oblong, acute, 4 — 5 inches long, leathery, deep green. Racemes 
 lateral from near the top of the stems, 6 — 9 inches long, drooping, 
 many-flowered. Flowers 2 inches in diameter, with spreading segments, 
 of a rich golden-yellow with an orange-yellow disc on the lip, on which 
 are a few reddish streaks near the base ; sepals elliptic-oblong ; petals 
 
 * Bot. Mag. sub. t. 6007. 
 
30 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 obovate-oblong, as broad again as tlie sepals ; lip orbicular, with a 
 
 convolute claw beneath which is a blunt spur, upper surface pubescent, 
 
 margin fimbriate. 
 
 Dendrobium cbrysotoxum, Lindl. in Bot.- Reg. 1847, t. 36. Bot. Mag. t. 5053. 
 Illus. hort. 1858, t. 164. 
 
 var. — suavissimum. 
 
 Stems frequently but not always shorter and stouter, and the leaves 
 
 broader and shorter than in the type ; the lip with a large striated 
 
 maroon blotch. 
 
 D. cbrysotoxum suavissimum, supra. D. suavissimum, Rcbb. in Gard. Cbron. I. 
 (1874), p. 406. Id. Xen. Orch. III. p. 2, t. 202. The Garden, XIII. (1878), t. 116. 
 
 Dendrobium chrysotoxum is widely distributed over the plains and 
 
 mountains of Lower Burmah. On the Arracan Mountains, 150 miles 
 
 west of Prome, and also on the mountains of Moulmein, it ascends 
 
 to 2,500 — 3,000 feet above sea-level ; at its highest elevation the 
 
 stems are compressed, and almost globose;* in the plains, especially 
 
 in partial shade, they are elongated as described above. It was 
 
 imported, in 1847, by Messrs. Henderson; it flowers in March and 
 
 April. The variety was introduced by Messrs. Low and Co. from Upper 
 
 Burmah, in 1874, through their collector Boxall; it usually flowers 
 
 in June. The specific name, literally " The Golden Arch " (from 
 
 y^pvcreoq, " golden," and t6%ov } "& bow"), is somewhat fanciful, and 
 
 was evidently suggested by the arching racemes of yellow flowers. 
 
 D. ciliatum. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. Stems tufted, as thick as an ordinary 
 writing-pencil, 12 — 18 or more inches long. Leaves sessile, oval-oblong, 
 gradually narrowing upwards, 3 inches long, deciduous. Eacemes from 
 the young growths pseudo-terminal and lateral, as long as the stems, 
 many-flowered. Flowers 1 inch across ; sepals and ' petals pale yellow, 
 the former linear-oblong, the lateral two falcate ; the petals linear, 
 dilated at apex, longer than the dorsal sepal, with which they are 
 nearly parallel ; lip obscurely lobed, triangular, incurved at the sides, 
 deep yellow, streaked obliquely with red-brown from either side of the 
 trilamcllate disc ; anterior lobe small, triangular, fringed with yellow, 
 clavate cilia. Column triquetral, bent. 
 
 Dendrobium ciliatuai, Parish, fide Bot. Mag. t. 5430. 
 
 Sent from Moulmein to Messrs. Low and Co., in 1863, by the 
 
 Eev. C. Parish. The flowers are peculiar both in form and colour, 
 
 and appear in October and November. The specific name ciliatum 
 
 (non-classical), from cilium, the eye-lash, refers to the fringed anterior 
 
 * Colonel Benson, in Gard. Chron. 1870, p. 796. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 
 
 31 
 
 lobe of the lip. Two forms are known, both with flowers exactly 
 alike, but extremely different in growth, the typical Dendrobium 
 ciliatum having stems 18 inches long, the other, called breve, having 
 short sharp-pointed stems but a few inches high. 
 
 D. clavatum. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. Stems tufted, cylindric, as thick as the 
 little finger, 20 — 30 inches long. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3| — 4^ inches 
 long. Eacemes lateral from near the apex of the stems, few flowered. 
 Flowers 2 — 2 J inches in diameter, orange-yellow, except the lip, which 
 is bright yellow with a transverse maroon blotch ; sepals oval-oblong ; 
 petals oval, as broad again as the sepals ; lip with a convolute claw 
 and orbicular blade, pubescent on the upper surface, and denticulate at 
 the margin. 
 
 Dendrobium clavatum, Lindl. in Paxt. Fl. Gard. II. p. 108, t. 189. 
 First discovered by Dr. Wallich in Eastern Nepaul about the year 
 1827 — 28; it was introduced from the neighbouring province of 
 Assam, in 1851, by Mr. Thomas Denne, of Hythe, in Kent. As 
 distinguished from its near ally Dendrobium fimbriatum oculatum, the 
 flowers are smaller, more fleshy, glossy on the surface; the lip is 
 dentate, not fringed. It usually flowers in June. The specific name 
 clavatum, " shaped like a club/' refers to the form of the stems. 
 
 D. crassinode. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculota. Stems sub-pendulous, curved, 12 — 24 
 inches long, "formed throughout of swollen internodes in the form of 
 depressed spheres an inch in diameter and less than that apart." Leaves 
 
 \ 
 
 Dendrobium crassinode. 
 
 linear-lanceolate, 4 — 5 inches long, deciduous. Flowers 2 — 1\ inches in 
 diameter, solitary or in twos and threes from the upper nodes ; sepals 
 and petals similar, oblong, acute, white heavily tipped with mauve- 
 
32 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 purple, the petals somewhat broader than the sepals; lip clawed, ovate- 
 oblong, pubescent on the upper surface and minutely ciliated at the 
 margin, with a large yellow disc surrounded with white and with a 
 mauve-purple blotch at the apex. 
 
 Dendrobium crassinode, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1869, p. 164. Bot. Mag. t. 5766. 
 Williams' Orch. Alb. IV. t. 152. 
 
 hybrid— crassinodi-Wardianum. 
 
 Vegetative and floral organs well-nigh intermediate between the two 
 supposed parents ; nodes of stem less developed than in Dendrobium 
 crassinode, with the internodes a little longer and less stout ; the label- 
 lum less acute than in D. Wardianum, and with the maroon blotches 
 much smaller. 
 
 D. crassinodi-Wardianum, supra. D. melanophthalmum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 
 XXV. (1886), p. 426. 
 
 SUb-vars. — albiflorum (Gard. Chron. IV. (1875), p. 683), flowers white, 
 except the orange-yellow disc on the lip ; Barberianum (Gard. Chron. III. 
 (1875), p. 683), flowers of brighter colours than in the typical Dendro- 
 bium crassinode, the mauve-purple spots at the tips of the segments 
 are also larger and of a deeper colour. 
 
 Dendrobium crassinode was gathered by Colonel Benson, in 1868, on 
 the mountains of Arracan, 150 miles east from Moulmein, at 2,500 
 feet elevation, and sent by him to the Royal Gardens at Kew and to 
 our Chelsea Nursery, in both of which establishments it flowered 
 simultaneously in January of the following year. It had, however, 
 been made known to science ten years earlier, by the Rev. C. Parish, 
 who sent a sketch of it to Sir W. J. Hooker, at Kew, from 
 materials procured in the Siamese province of Kiong-koung.* The 
 hybrid flowered in our houses in the spring of 1886, and is 
 interesting as being the first, and probably the only supposed natural 
 hybrid Dendrobe that has yet appeared ; this very interesting plant 
 is now in the collection of Baron Schroeder, at The Dell, near Staines. 
 The sub-varieties albiflorum and Barberianum were introduced from 
 Burmah by Messrs Low and Co., of Clapton, and subsequently by 
 ourselves from localities remote from that in which Colonel Benson's 
 plants were obtained, whence it is certain that D. crassinode has 
 a considerable range in the eastern peninsula of India. The flowering 
 season of D. crassinode is from January to March. The specific 
 name refers to the swollen joints. 
 
 * Bot. Mag. sub. t. 5766. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 33 
 
 D. crepidatum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems almost as thick as the little 
 
 finger, 12 — 18 inches long, jointed at intervals of about an inch, the 
 
 internodes marked with longitudinal white lines on a sea-green ground. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2 — 3 inches long, deciduous. Flowers on pale 
 
 purple pedicels, in fascicles of twos and threes, produced from every 
 
 joint except the lowermost, 1^ inches across, of wax-like texture, Avhite 
 
 tinted with lilac, except the disc of the lip, which is deep yellow ; 
 
 sepals and petals oval ; lip with a short claw, and nearly cordate 
 
 retuse blade, " which is plaited on each side at the base, forming a 
 
 slipperdike cavity." 
 
 Dendrobium crepidatum, Lindl. in Paxt. Fl. Gard. I. p. 63 (1850-51). Bot. 
 Mag. t. 4993 (1857). Id. t. 5011, var. labello glabro. 
 
 A native of Assam, introduced in 1849. It flowered for the 
 
 first time in this country in the spring of the following year, in 
 
 the gardens of R. S. Holford, Esq., at Westonbirt, near Tetbury, 
 
 Gloucestershire. It is a most floriferous species, and when in full 
 
 bloom, usually in February and March, forms a charming object. 
 
 The specific name, crepidatum, " wearing slippers," refers to the 
 
 slipper-like hollow near the base of the lip. 
 
 D. cretaceum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculcda. Stems stoutish, 9 — 12 or more inches 
 long, curved. Leaves oblongdanceolate, 2 — 3 inches long, deciduous. 
 Flowers 1^ inches in diameter, solitary, on short pedicels £ inch 
 long, cream-white with the disc of lip yellowish streaked with crim- 
 son ; sepals and petals nearly equal, lanceolate, spreading ; lip oval- 
 oblong, convolute over the column at the base, blade undulate, 
 minutely fringed at the margin. 
 
 Dendrobium cretaceum, Lindl. in Bot. Beg. 1847, t. 62. Bot. Mag. 4686. Van 
 Houtte's Fl. des Serves, t. 818 (copied from Bot. Mag.). 
 
 Discovered by Griffith, on the Khasia Hills, in the early part of 
 the present century, but not introduced till 1846, in which year 
 it was sent from Moulmein, by Thomas Lobb, to the Exeter 
 Nursery. It is widely distributed over the eastern peninsula of 
 India, from Assam to Tenasserim, and also over the Indian Archi- 
 pelago. The specific name, from creta, " chalk/' refers to the colour 
 of the flowers, which appear in May and June. 
 
 D. cruentum. 
 
 Eudbndrobium — Formosa. Stems erect, terete, about a foot long, 
 swollen at the base. Leaves elliptic-oblong, obliquely emarginate, 
 deciduous. Flowers solitary or in pairs, 1^- — 2 inches in diameter; 
 
 D 
 
34 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 sepals triangular-ovate, acuminate, keeled at the back, pale green 
 
 -with deeper longitudinal veins ; petals linear, acute, coloured like the 
 
 sepals ; lip three-lobed, the lateral lobes oblong, erect, crimson-scarlet ; 
 
 intermediate lobe ovate, apiculate, pale green bordered with red, and 
 
 with a large tumid warty red crest, below which are five raised 
 
 red lines, of which the outside two are the most developed. 
 
 Column tridentate at the apex, green with crimson margins. 
 
 Dendrobium omentum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXI. (1884), p. 604. Williams' 
 Orch. Alb. IV. t. 174. 
 
 Introduced by Sander and Co., in 1884, from the "west coast of 
 the Malayan peninsula."* The specific name, cruentum, "blood- 
 red," refers to the colour of the lip. As a species it is distinct, 
 and the colour of its flowers remarkable. 
 
 D. crystallinum. 
 
 Eudbndrobium — Fasciculata. Stems tufted, sub-pendulous, 12 — 18 or 
 more inches long. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, 4 — 6 inches long, 
 deciduous. Flowers about 2 inches across, solitary or in twos and 
 threes, on slender peduncles sheathed by membraneous bracts to 
 nearly half their length; sepals linear-oblong, undulate, white, some- 
 times with a pale amethyst-purple blotch near the apex, but which 
 is always present on the petals ; petals much broader, obovate-oblong ; 
 lip sub-orbicular with a convolute claw, deep ochreous yellow bordered 
 with white, and generally with an amethyst-purple stain at the 
 anterior margin. 
 
 Dendrobium crystallinum, Rchb. in Gaid. Chron. 1868, p. 572. Id. Xen. Orch. 
 II. p. 210, t. 193. Bot. Mag. t. 6319. 
 
 A native of the Arracan Mountains, near Tongu, in British Burmah, 
 where it was discovered by Colonel Benson, in 1867, "growing upon 
 small trees in exposed places," often in company with Dendrobium 
 Bensonice, and introduced by us through him. It flowered for the 
 first time in Europe in our Chelsea Nursery, in the spring of the 
 following year. As a species, it is chiefly distinguished from all 
 its congeners of the Eudendrobium section by its elongated anther 
 case, covered with numerous crystalline papillce, which suggested 
 the specific name. 
 
 D. cumulatum. 
 
 Eudbndrobium — Pycnostachyce. Stems tufted, slender, pendulous, 18—24 
 inches long. Leaves oblong, acuminate, 3 — 4 inches long. Flowers 1 
 inch in diameter, rosy purple suffused with white, collected into sub- 
 globose corymbs, the rachis of which, as well as the pedicels, are deep 
 
 * The west coast of the Malay peninsula extends for upwards of a thousand miles from 
 Martaban to Singapore; the habitat of this Dendrobe is thence virtually withheld. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 35 
 
 reddish purple ; sepals and petals sub-equal, oblong ; lip obovate-oblong, 
 
 longer and broader than the petals, prolonged at the base into a 
 
 slightly curved obtuse spur. 
 
 Dendrobium cumulatum, Lindl. in Gard. Cliron. 1855, p. 756. Rchb. idem, 1868, 
 p. 6. Bot. Mag. t. 5703. 
 
 This pretty Dendrobe first appeared in the collection of Mr. F. 
 
 Coventry, at Shirley, near Southampton, in 1855, its native country 
 
 being then unknown. Twelve years later it was sent to Kew, by 
 
 Colonel Benson, from Moulmein, and also to our Chelsea Nursery, 
 
 where, as well as at Kew, it flowered in the autumn of 1867. 
 
 The specific name, cumulatum, "crowded," refers to the crowded 
 
 corymbs of flowers. 
 
 D. cymbidioides. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. "Pseudo-bulbs ovate or oblong-ovate, angu- 
 late, bearing at the summit two oblong, obtuse coriaceous leaves longer 
 than the pseudo-bulbs. Peduncles terminal, from between the leaves, 
 erect, loosely racemose, 5 — 7 flowered. Flowers medium size, showy ; 
 sepals and petals uniform, linear-oblong, spreading, ochraceous yellow ; 
 lip much shorter, oblong-cordate, white with dark purple linear blotches 
 near the base, three-lobed, bearing on the disc tubercles arranged hi 
 two or three lines or series ; the side lobes short, incurved ; the ter- 
 minal lobe ovate-obtuse. Column short." — Botanical Magazine. 
 
 Dendrobium cymbidioides, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 77 (1831). Bot. Mag. t. 
 4755 (1853). Desinotrichiutn cymbidioides, Bl. Bijdr. p. 355. 
 
 A rare species, now seldom seen in gardens, discovered by the 
 
 Dutch botanist, Blume, in the early part of the present century, on 
 
 the wooded mountains of Salak, in Java; it was first introduced 
 
 into British orchid collections by Messrs. Eollisson, of Tooting, 
 
 about the year 1852. 
 
 D. Dalhousieanum. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. Stems terete, as thick as the little finger, 
 
 3 — 4 feet long, but sometimes much shorter, spotted with purple when 
 
 young. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 4 — 6 inches long, deciduous. Racemes 
 
 produced from the uppermost joints, pendulous, 7 — 10 or more 
 
 flowered. Flowers 4 — 5 inches across, pale nankeen-yellow veined and 
 
 tinted with rose, and with a large maroon, purple blotch on each side 
 
 of the lip near its base ; sepals lanceolate, the two lateral ones 
 
 falcate ; petals ovate ; lip oval, concave, obscurely three-lobed, fringed 
 
 and hairy on the anterior side. Column whitish. 
 
 Dendrobium Dalhousieanum,* Paxt. Mag. But. XI. p. 145 (1844). Bot. Reg. 1846, 
 t. 10. Van Houtte's Fl. dcs Serres, VII. t. 698 (1851). Itlus. hort. 1864, t. 423. 
 Warner's Set. Orch. I. t. 22. 
 
 * Dr. Wallich was probably the author, or at least the suggester of the name. 
 
36 
 
 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 Introduced to Chatsworth, in 1837, by Gibson, who obtained it 
 from the Calcutta Botanic Garden. It had been presented to the 
 Calcutta Garden by Lady Dalhousie without any intimation of its 
 habitat; it is now known to be widely distributed throughout 
 
 Deiidrobium Dalhousieamun. 
 
 Burmahj whence it has been frequently imported. Ever since its 
 introduction, Dendrobium Dalhousieanum has been generally recognised 
 as one of the noblest of the genus ; its racemes are frequently — not 
 always — produced from the leafless stems several years in succession ; 
 they usually appear in April and May, and last about a week. 
 
 D. Dearei. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosie. Stems robust, 24—36 inches long, the upper 
 third clothed with sessile, oval-oblong, acute, sometimes emarginatc leaves 
 2 inches long, that are persistent about two years. Peduncles from 
 the uppermost joints, racemose, 5 — 7 or more flowered. Flowers white, 
 1\ inches in diameter, on triquetral whitish pedicels ; sepals lanceolate, 
 acuminate with recurved tips ; petals oval, nearly three times as broad 
 as the, sepals and slightly undulate ; lip oblong, obtuse, obscurely three- 
 
DENDROBIUM. 
 
 37 
 
 Lobed, with a pale yellowish green transverse zone nearly mid-way 
 between the base and the anterior margin ; spur elongated, funnel- 
 shaped. Column dilated at the base. 
 
 Dendrobium Dearei, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XVIII. (1882), p. 361. Williams' 
 Orch. Alb. III. t. 120. 
 
 This beautiful Dendrobe, a comparatively recent addition to the 
 genuSj was discovered by Colonel Deare, in 1882, on the island of 
 Dinagat, one of the Philippine group. It is abundant on several of 
 the small islets off the north-east coast of Mindanao, whence it has 
 since been imported in considerable quantities. It flowers in July 
 and August. 
 
 D. densifiorum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calostachyce. Stems clavate, four-angled, 12 — 18 inches 
 high, bearing at and below their apex three, sometimes more, elliptic- 
 oblong, acute, persistent leaves, 4 — 6 inches long. Racemes pendulous, 
 7 — 9 inches long, many-flowered. Flowers 2 inches across, on pedicels 
 spirally and closely arranged round the rachis ; sepals and petals of 
 semi-transparent texture, orange-yellow ; the sepals ovate-oblong, acute ; 
 the petals clawed, suborbicular with denticulate margin ; lip downy, 
 rich orange-yellow, with a convolute claw that gives the sub-orbicular, 
 fimbriate blade the form of a wide-mouthed funnel. 
 
 Dendrobium densifiorum, "Wallich. Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 99 (1831). Bot. 
 Reg. t. 1828 (1835). Bot. Mag. t. 3418. Paxt. Mag. Bot. V. p. 121 (1838). Van 
 Houtte's Fl. des Serves, t. 1397 (1861). 
 
 var. — Schroederi. 
 
 Stems angulate : racemes longer and looser, with larger flowers ; sepals 
 and petals French white, the deep orange of the lip shading off to 
 pale yellow at the anterior margin. 
 
 D. densifiorum Schroederi, Hort, Fl. Mag. t. 502. D. densifiorum album, Hort. 
 
38 
 
 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 Originally discovered by Wallich in the early part of the present 
 century, growing on moss-covered trees in the hot, damp valleys of 
 Nepaul, and introduced by him about the year 1828 — 29 ; it 
 flowered for the first time in this country in Messrs. Loddiges' 
 Nursery in 1830. It was collected on the Khasia Hills, in 1836, 
 by Gibson, while on a mission to India for the Duke of Devon- 
 shire. It is sparingly spread over the lower Himalayan zone from 
 Nepaul to Assam, where its vertical range is 2,500 — 3,500 feet. 
 The variety Schroederi first appeared in the collection of Mr. J. W. 
 Schroeder, at Stratford Green, Essex, and has ever since been 
 recognised as one of the most beautiful of Dendrobes. The flowering 
 season of Dendrobium densiflorum is from March to May. 
 
 D. Devonianum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems terete, pendulous, about a yard 
 
 long. Leaves 3 — 4 inches long, linear-lanceolate, acute, deciduous. 
 
 Flowers 2 inches across, on slender pedicels, produced singly or in 
 
 pairs along the distal half of the stems ; sepals lanceolate, white stained 
 
 with pale amethyst-purple at their apex ; petals ovate, acute, ciliate, 
 
 as broad again as the sepals ; lip broadly cordate, with a convolute 
 
 claw and fringed at the margin, white with two orange-yellow blotches 
 
 on the disc and a purple one at the apex. Column white. 
 
 Dendrobium Devonianum, Paxt. Mag. Bot. VII. p. 169 (1840). Bot. Mag. t. 4429. 
 Van Houtte's Fl. des Serres, t. 647. Belg. hort. III. p. 204. Illus. hort. 1857, 
 t. 145. Warner's Sel. Orch. II. t. 2. 
 
 Dendrobium Devonianum. 
 
 vai\— rhodoneurum. 
 
 Floral segments shorter, the white portions of which are veined with 
 rose-purple. 
 
 D. Devonianum rhodoneurum, Rchb. in Ganl. Chron. 1868, p. 682. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 39 
 
 SUb-varS.— candidulum (Gard. Chron. V. (1876), p. 654), flowers white 
 with the usual two orange-yellow blotches on the lip and purple spot 
 on the spur ; Mr. Elliott's (Id. p. 756), flowers more deeply-coloured 
 than the common form. 
 
 One of the finest of Gibson's discoveries on the Khasia Hills, 
 and communicated by him to the Chatsworth Gardens in 1837 j it 
 was subsequently detected by the Rev. C. Parish in the Moulmein 
 district; it is now known to be widely distributed over Northern 
 India, Assam, Burmah, Siam and Southern China. The variety 
 rhodoneurum was sent from Moulmein, by the Rev. C. Parish, in 1867. 
 The sub-variety candidulum first appeared in Mr. Barber's collection, 
 at Spondon, near Derby ; and Mr. Elliott's, in that gentleman's 
 collection at Downs Park Road, Clapton, and also in Sir Trevor 
 Lawrence's, at Burford Lodge, but both are extremely rare. The 
 flowering season of Dendrobium Devonianum is from the beginning 
 of May to the middle of June. 
 
 D. dixanthum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calostackyce. Stems somewhat clavate, 24 — 36 inches 
 high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, grass-green, deciduous. Flowers wholly 
 yellow with a deeper tint on the disc of the lip, produced in racemes 
 of 2 — 5 from the upper part of the stems ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; 
 petals oblong, broader than the sepals ; lip sub-orbicular, with a short 
 convolute claw, minutely serrate at the margin. 
 
 Dendrobium dixanthum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1865, p. 674. Id. XIX (1883), 
 p. 814. Bot. Mag. t. 5564. 
 
 Communicated from Moulmein to Messrs. Low and Co., in 1864, 
 by the Rev. C. Parish; and still occasionally seen in collections. 
 Major- General E. S. Berkeley invariably found this plant growing with 
 Dendrobium albo-sanguineum on the tops of lofty trees. It flowers in 
 June and July. The specific name, from §te, " twice," and ^avOog 
 (xanthos), i( yellow," refers to the two shades of yellow observable in 
 the flower. 
 
 D. Draconis. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Formosa. Stems stoutish, erect, 12 — 18 inches high. 
 Leaves lanceolate, 3—4 inches long, unequally bilobate at the apex, 
 persistent two years. Flowers in fascicles of two or more from the 
 uppermost joints of the stems, li inches in diameter, ivory-white Avith 
 some orange-red stripes at the base of the lip ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; 
 petals broader, oblong-lanceolate, reflexed at the tips ; lip three-lobed, 
 
dO DENDROBIUM. 
 
 lateral lobes small, rotund ; intermediate lobe oval-oblong, with a crisped 
 
 and minutely toothed margin, and traversed by three longitudinal raised 
 
 lines. 
 
 Dendrobium Draconis, Echb. in Bot. Zeit. 1862, p. 214. Id. Xen. Orch. II. p. 130. 
 Id. Gard. Chron. XIX. (1883), p. 598. Williams' Orch. Alb. III. t. 103. D. eburneum, 
 Bot. Mag. t. 5459 (1864). Revue hort. 1883, p. 132. 
 
 Also one of the Rev. C. Parish's discoveries in Moulmein. and sent by 
 him to Messrs. Low and Co., in 1862, under the name of Dendrobium 
 eburneum, the name by which it is still best known in British 
 collections; the first published description of the plant, however, 
 appeared in Von Mold's Botanische Ziehing for the same year, from 
 the pen of Professor Reichenbach, under the name of I). Draconis, 
 ■which, therefore, has precedence, and must be retained. D. Draconis 
 has a "wide range in the eastern peninsula of India, it having been 
 reported from Siam, and also from South Cochin China. It usually 
 flowers in May and June. 
 
 D. Falconeri. 
 
 Eluexdrobium — Fasciculata. Stems slender, of various lengths, tumid 
 at the joints, which are 1 — 2 inches apart, and from the uppermost of 
 which are produced short, spindle-shaped, nodose branches with fascicles 
 of filiform roots, the whole plant presenting the appearance of a con- 
 fused plexus of stems, branches, roots, and leaves. Leaves linear, 
 acute, 3 — 4 inches long. Flowers solitary, 2 — 3 inches in diameter ; 
 sepals oblong-lanceolate, white tinged with pale rose, and with a rich 
 amethyst-purple blotch at the tip ; petals ovate, broader than the sepals, 
 white heavily tipped with amethyst-purple ; lip oval-oblong, obscurely 
 three-lobed, the lateral lobes partially turned over the column at their 
 base ; disc rich maroon-purple with a bright orange blotch on each side, 
 and a broad white band in front, the apex rich amethyst-purple like 
 the tip of the sepals and petals. 
 
 Dendrobium Falconeri, Hook, in Bot. Mag, t. 4944 (1856). Tan Houtte's Fl. des 
 Serres, t. 1197 (copied from Bot. Mag.). Lindl. Gard. Chron. 1856, p. 692. Belg. 
 hort. 1874, t. 14. Fl. Mag. n. s, t. 226. 
 
 var. — gigant eum. 
 
 Stems longer and stouter, and furnished with larger and more leaves. 
 Flowers nearly as large again as those of the original type, and 
 remaining much longer in perfection. 
 
 D. Falconeri giganteum, Hort. Williams' Orch. Alb. VI. t. 257. 
 
 Long known as the finest of the Eudendrobium section. Its first 
 appearance in European gardens occurred in 1856, when a plant 
 said to have been imported along with others from the mountains 
 of Bhotan, and which had been purchased at an auction in London, 
 
DENDROBIUM. 
 
 41 
 
 flowered in the collection of Mr. George Reid, at Burnham, in 
 Somerset. In the following year Dendrobium Falconeri was sent to 
 Europe, with other orchids, by Simons, who had collected it in 
 Assam and the Khasia district, the habitat of the species. It is 
 somewhat variable in the size and colour of its flowers, hence we 
 have an albidulnm* with pallid tips of the floral segments, and a 
 giganteum described above, which first appeared among one of our 
 own importations. The species is named in compliment to Dr. 
 Falconer, for some years Director of the Calcutta Botanic Garden. 
 It flowers in May and June. 
 
 Cultural Note. — Dendrobium Falconeri succeeds best attached to a block 
 of wood or tree-fern suspended near the roof glass of the East India house. 
 Its growing season is from March to October, during which time it 
 should be constantly and liberally supplied with water by syringing. 
 "When the season's growth is completed it may be removed to a cooler 
 house, and kept there during the winter months, during which time it 
 should be dipped or syringed once a week, or so often as is sufficient 
 to prevent an excessive shrivelling of the plant. 
 
 D. Farmeri. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calostachyce. Stems 10 — 18 inches long, clavate, 
 elongated, four-angled, attenuated towards the base into slender foot- 
 stalks. Leaves oval-oblong, acute, 6 inches long, 2 — 4 in number 
 near the summit of the stems, persistent. Racemes pendulous, lax, 
 many-flowered. Flowers 2 inches across, the sepals and petals pale 
 straw-yellow tinted with rose, disc of lip deep ochreous yellow; sepals 
 oblong, acute ; petals broadly oval ; lip sub-orbicular, contracted to a 
 short claw, above which it is sinuate on each side, upper surface downy. 
 
 Dendrobium Farmeri, Paxt. Mag. Bot. XV. p. 241 (1849). Van Houtte's Fl. 
 des Serves VII. t. 741 (copied from Paxt. Mag.). Bot. Mag. t. 4659. Linden's 
 Pesc. t. 4. Belg. hort. I860, p. 321. Jennings' Orch. t. 24. 
 
 sub-vars. — albiflorumj (Belg. hort. 1860, p. 321 ; Regel's Gartenfl. 1868, 
 
 t. 595; Van Houtte's Fl. des Serves, 1882, t. 2461), flowers white, with 
 
 disc of lip orange-yellow ; aureo-fiavum (Bot. Mag. t. 5451 ; "Williams' 
 
 Orch. Alb. III. t. 99), flowers golden yellow, with disc of lip deep 
 
 yellow. 
 
 Native of the eastern part of the lower Himalayan zone, and 
 the Khasia Hills, also in the forests of Moulmein in British Burmah, 
 whence it has been frequently imported. It was first introduced 
 in 1847, in which year it was sent by Dr. McClelland from the 
 
 * Rchb. in Gard. Chron. V. (1876), p. 688. 
 
 t This is probably the same form as that known in some British collections under the 
 name of Woolley's variety. 
 
42 
 
 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 Calcutta Botanic Garden to Mr. W. Gr. Farmer, of Nonsuch Park, 
 in Surrey, to whom it is dedicated. The sub- variety albiflorum is 
 from the plains and low hills near Moulmein, and first appeared 
 in the collection of Messrs. Jacob Makoy and Co., at Liege, in the 
 spring of 1860 ; aureo-flavum is from the Arracan Mountains, and 
 was introduced by Messrs. Low and Co. in 1863, through the Kev. 
 C. Parish ; it closely resembles Dendrobium chrysotoxum, from which 
 
 
 Dendrobium Farmeri. 
 
 it may be distinguished by its quadrangular stems, looser racemes, 
 and differently shaped lip. Ever since its first introduction, D. 
 Farmeri has been regarded with high favour amongst horticulturists 
 as one of the most distinct and beautiful of the genus, and has 
 thence received especial attention at the hand of the cultivator, the 
 grand specimens in the collection of Baron Schroeder, at The Dell, 
 near Staines, being a conspicuous instance of success in that direction. 
 It usually flowers in May and June, but not infrequently much earlier. 
 
 D. fimbriatum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Oalostachyce. Stems 4 — 5 feet long, sometimes less, 
 
 cane-like, furnished along the upper halves with broadly lanceolate, acute 
 
 leaves, 6 inches long. Kacemes loose and pendulous, G inches long, 
 
 bearing 7—12 flowers, 2 — 3 inches in diameter. Sepals elliptic-oblong; 
 
 petals oval-oblong, ciliolate, broader than the sepals, both sepals and 
 
 petals bright orange-yellow ; lip orbicular, with a short convolute claw 
 
 and fimbriate margin, bright yellow with an orange-yellow disc. 
 
 Dendrobium fimbriatum, Hook. Exotic Fl. t. 71 (1831). Lindl. Gen. et. Sp. Orch. 
 p. 83. Paxt. Mag. Bot. II. p. 172 (1836). Id. Fl. Gfard. III. t. 84. 
 
 var. — oculatum. 
 
 Sterna usually shorter, more slender, and bearing somewhat smaller 
 
 flowers, which have a large maroon-red spot on the lip. 
 
 D. fimbriatum oculatum, Bot. Mag. t. 4160 (1845). Paxt. Fl. Gard. III. t. 84 
 (1852). Ill us. hort. I. t. 15 (1854). Warner's Set. Orch. II. t. 19. D. Paxtonii, 
 Paxt. Mag. Bot. VI. p. 169 (1839), not Lindl. Van Houtte's Fl. des Serres, VII. 
 t. 725 (1851). 
 
Dendrobium Farmeri. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 
 
 43 
 
 The original Dendrobium fimbria turn was discovered by Wallich 011 
 the lower ranges of the Nepalese Himalayas in 1820, and was sent 
 by him to the Liverpool Botanic Garden, where it flowered for the 
 first time in Europe in 1822. The variety oculatum was sent by 
 Gibson to Chatsworth from the Khasia Hills in 1837; it had, 
 however, been gathered by Griffith in Burmah in the year pre- 
 ceding, and where, many years afterwards, it was found by Colonel 
 
 
 Dendrobium flmbriatum. 
 
 Benson in the plains and on the mountains east of Prome, so that 
 the geographical range of the species is very considerable. The 
 typical D. fimbriatum, the finest of the orange-yellow Dendrobes, is 
 not now often seen in British collections, but the variety oculatum 
 is generally cultivated ; it is remarkably floriferous, as many as 123 
 racemes bearing 1,216 flowers having been counted on a single 
 plant.* 
 
 D. Findlayanum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Faseiculata. Stems 15 — 20 inches long, with yellowish 
 green, compressed, club-shaped joints, 2 — 3 inches long, very slender at 
 their base. Leaves from the base of the swollen nodes, oblong- 
 lanceolate, acute, 3 inches long, deciduous. Flowers 2 — 3 inches in 
 diameter, generally in pairs, on pale lilac pedicels, produced from the 
 upper end of the swollen nodes, pale lilac suffused with white, 
 except the lip, which is ochreous yellow, fading off to white at the 
 
 * Communicated to us by Mr. Bland, gardener to S. K. Mainwaring, Esq., of Oteley Park, 
 Shrewsbury. 
 
4 I DENDROBIUM. 
 
 margin ; sepals oblong-lanceolate ; petals elliptic-oblong, much broader ; 
 
 lip clawed, with an ovate-cordate blade. 
 
 Dendrobium Findlayanum (lapsu calami, Findleyanum), Parish et Rchb. in 
 Trans. Linn. Soc. XXX. p. 149, 1873. Rchb. in. Gard. Chron. VII. (1877), p. 334. 
 Bot. Mag. t. 6438. 
 
 A remarkable species discovered by Mr. James Findlay, a merchant 
 trading in Burmah, while on a journey to Zimme, in 1867 — 68, 
 and who brought a single plant to the Rev. C. Parish, at Moulmein, 
 by whom it was sent to Kew as a dried specimen. Its habitat 
 is on the rocks on the higher parts of the mountain range separating 
 Burmah from Siam, whence it was imported some years later. It 
 flowered for the first time in this country in the collection of Sir 
 Trevor Lawrence, Bart., at Burford Lodge, in the spring of 1877. 
 
 D. formosum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Formosce. Stems 12 — 18 inches long, cylindric, nearly 
 as thick as the little ringer, leafy, and clothed with blackish hairs 
 when first developed, but furrowed and bare when mature. Leaves 
 ovate-oblong, 5 inches long, amplexicaul, unequally bilobate at apex. 
 Flowers white with an orange-yellow blotch on the lip, 3 — 4 inches hi 
 diameter, produced in fascicles of 3 — 5 from the axils of the uppermost 
 leaves ; sepals elliptic-oblong, apiculate, keeled behind ; petals obovate, 
 apiculate, as broad again as the sepals ; lip obovate-oblong, retuse, 
 turned over the column at the base, with a broad raised longitudinal 
 central band and erose anterior margin. Column triquetral, white. 
 
 Dendrobium formosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. p. 485 (1832). Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
 1839, t. 64. Paxt. Mag. Bot. VI. p. 49. Van Houtte's Fl. dcs Serres t. 226. 
 Id. t. 1633-4 (var. giganteum). Williams' Orch. Alb. VII. t. 308. 
 
 Dewlrobium formosum has been long known as the finest of the 
 white Dendrobes ; individual flowers have been brought under our 
 notice, of which the petals were 2h inches broad, and the 
 funnel-like lip 4 inches long. It was introduced to European 
 gardens from the Khasia Hills by Gibson, who sent it to Chats- 
 worth in 1837, where it flowered in May in the following year. 
 It is widely distributed over north-eastern India and Burmah, from 
 Sylhet and the Garrow Hills southwards as far as Tavoy on the 
 Tenasserim coast. Roxburgh, its first discoverer, gathered it in Sylhet 
 and on the Garrows. In British Burmah it is abundant from 
 Moulmein to Tavoy, especially about Amherst, where the native women 
 use the flowers as an ornament for the head. Some of the finest 
 forms are found in the Mangrove swamps of the Andaman Islands, 
 
 
DENDROBIUM. 
 
 45 
 
 along the sea-coast, where in stormy weather the plants must be 
 covered with sea spray. As in these islands there is rain during 
 eleven months of the year, this Dendrobe has practically no resting 
 season.* Colonel Benson observes f that in British Burmah he 
 had never seen D. forwosum growing at any elevation above the 
 plains worthy of notice, nor at any great distance from the sea. 
 On ascending the mountains more inland we come across its 
 
 Dendrobium formosum. 
 
 co-species D. Infundibulum, D. eburneum (Draconis), and D. Jame- 
 sianum, which in his opinion barely deserve a separate specific name. 
 The favourite habitat bf 1). formosum is on trees growing in a 
 laterite (brick-clay) soil ; it does not seek shady places beyond 
 what is given by the trees when in leaf. During the months of 
 February, March, and April, the plants are exposed to an atmo- 
 sphere of 43° C. (110° F.) in the shade, when the stems are much 
 reduced in size by the heat. 
 
 D. fuscatum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — CalostachycB. " Stems 2—3 feet long, nearly cylindric. 
 Leaves 4 — 6 inches long, sessile, ovate4anceolate, acuminate, deciduous. 
 Racemes drooping, with a zig-zag rachis, 6 — 15 flowered. Flowers 2 
 
 * Major-General E. S. Berkeley, MS. t Gard. Chron. 1870, p. 763. 
 
 / 
 
46 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 inches in diameter, deep orange-yellow with two maroon spots at the 
 base of the lip ; sepals and petals nearly equal and similar, broadly 
 oblong ; lip oblate-orbicular, villous on the surface, fimbriate on the 
 margin."* 
 
 Dendrobium fuscatum, Lindl. Jour, of Linn. Soc. III. p. 8 (1858). Bot. Mag.t. 622(3. 
 
 Discovered by Sir J. D. Hooker in the hot valleys of the Sikkim 
 Himalayas and on the Khasia Hills in 1848 — 50, where it is far from 
 common. Its nearest affinities are Dendrobium ehrysanthum and D. 
 fimbriatum, from both of which it may be distinguished by its smaller 
 flowers of a less bright hue, and from the latter chiefly by the 
 double spot on the lip. 
 
 D. Fytchianum. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. Stems slender, erect, 12 — 18 inches high. 
 Leaves oblong lanceolate, acute, 3 — 4 inches long, deciduous. Kacemes 
 pseudo-terminal or lateral, 10 — 15 flowered. Flowers 1| — 2 inches in 
 diameter, white, except the side laciniae of the lip which are tinted 
 with rosy purple ; sepals lanceolate ; petals obovate, nearly three times 
 as broad as the sepals ; lip three-lobed, the lateral lobes small, incurved ; 
 the intermediate lobe broadly obcordate, apiculate, and having tufts of 
 yellowish hairs at the base. 
 
 Dendrobium Fytchianum, Batem. in Gard. Chron. 1864, p. 100. Bot. Mag. t. 5444 
 (D. barbatulum). 
 
 var.— roseum. 
 
 "Sepals and petals rose colour; the lateral lobes and base of middle 
 lobe of labellum crimson-purple ; the villous process at the base deep 
 purple tipped with orange." 
 
 D. Fytchianum roseum, E. S. Berkeley, in Gard. Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 209. 
 
 A beautiful species, much resembling the better known Dendrobium 
 barbatulum,, with which it has sometimes been confounded, but from 
 which it is clearly distinct in its more slender stems that are 
 not swollen at the base ; in its naiTOwer sepals, broader petals, 
 and totally different lip with coloured side lobes. It was discovered 
 in 1863, by the Rev. C. Parish, growing on trees over-hanging one 
 of the rivers that flow through the Moulmein district of British 
 Burmah, and introduced by Messrs. Low and Co. soon afterwards. 
 It is named in compliment to General Fytcli, who was accom- 
 panying Mr. Parish at the time of the discovery. The variety was 
 gathered by Major-General E. S. Berkeley, in 1886, in Burmah, in 
 
 * Abridged from Bot. Mag. sub. t. 6226. See also note under Dendrobium Oibsonii. 
 
DENDROBIDM. 47 
 
 a locality 200 miles distant from the habitat of the typical D. 
 Fytchianum ; this usually flowers in April and May, the variety 
 much earlier. 
 
 D. Gibsonii. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calodachyte. Stems slender, 24 — 30 inches high, 
 slightly dilated in the middle. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 5 — 6 
 inches long. Racemes from the upper nodes only, 5 — 7 or more 
 flowered. Flowers golden yellow with two maroon-crimson spots on the 
 disc of the lip ; sepals and petals simdar, oval-oblong, spreading ; lip 
 oblate-orbicular with convolute claw and fimbriate margin. 
 
 Dendrobium Gibsonii, Vast. Mag, Bot. V. p. 69 (1838). Paxt. FL Gard. II. p. 133 
 
 (1852).* 
 
 A handsome species, somewhat resembling Dendrobium fimbrhdum 
 oculatum, from which it differs chiefly in its shorter and more slender 
 stems, in its smaller flowers, of which the petals are not ciliate, in 
 its broader lip and disc, with two spots instead of one, and in 
 the fimbriation of the lip being simple and not branched. It was 
 discovered by Gibson on the Khasia Hills, while collecting orchids 
 in India for the Duke of Devonshire, in 1836. 
 
 D. gratiosissiinum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems slender at the base, slightly 
 thickened upwards, swollen at the nodes, 12 — 18 inches long. Leaves 
 lanceolate, acute, 3 — 4 inches long, deciduous. Flowers in fascicles of 
 twos and threes from the leafless stems, 2 — 1\ inches across ; sepals 
 and petals white tipped with pale rose-purple, the former oblong lanceo- 
 late, the latter broader, ovate-lanceolate ; lip broadly ovate, acute, with 
 entire edge, white with a rose-purple blotch at the apex, and with a 
 large yellow circular blotch on the disc streaked with orange. 
 
 Dendrobium gratiosissimum, Rchb. in Bot. Zeit. 1865, p. 99. Id. Xen. Orch. II. 
 p. 211. D. Bullerianum, Bot. Mag. t. 5652 (1867). 
 
 One of the numerous discoveries of the Rev. C. Parish in Moul- 
 in ein, and sent by him to Messrs. Low and Co., in 1865. It is 
 now rarely seen in the orchid collections of Europe ; it is probably 
 rare in its native country. Its nearest affinities are Dendrobium 
 Boxalli, D. crystallinum, and D. Devonianum, resembling the last- 
 named in habit, and the first in the size and colour of its flowers ; 
 it is best known in British collections under the name of D. Buller- 
 ianum. 
 
 * It has still to be determined whether Dendrobium Gibsonii (Paxt.), D. fuscatum (Lindl.), 
 and D. binoculare (Rchb.), are specifically distinct, or are varieties, or even synonyms of one 
 species. In the absence of sufficiently reliable materials for comparison, we are obliged to leave 
 tnem as they are for the present. 
 
48 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 D. Griffithianum. 
 
 Eudexdrobium — Calostachyce. Sterns 12 — 18 inches high, obscurely 
 four-angled, furrowed, attenuated below into a long, slender foot-stalk, 
 and bearing near their summit 3 — 5 oval-oblong, extremely leathery, 
 deep green leaves, the broadest of which are 2 inches wide. Racemes 
 pendulous, 8 — 10 inches long, many-flowered. Flowers nearly 2 inches 
 across, bright yellow, the lip orange-yellow ; sepals oval-oblong ; petals 
 broader, sub-orbicular ; lip orbicular, with a convolute claw, margin 
 fringed, very papillose above. 
 
 Dendrobium Griffithianum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. sub. t. 1756 (1835). Rchb. Gard. 
 
 Chron. VII. (1877), p. 590. 
 
 var.— Guibertii. 
 
 Stems less densely tufted, and more abruptly attenuated below. Leaves 
 
 more coriaceous. Eacemes longer, with larger flowers of brighter colours. 
 
 D. Griffithianum Guibertii, supra, D. Guibertii, Rev. hort. 1876. Illus. hort. 
 n. s. t. 258. De Puydt, Les Orch. t. 16. 
 
 A rare species discovered by Griffith in British Burmah in 1833 — 4 
 
 (locality not given), but not introduced till upwards of forty years 
 
 afterwards. Its nearest affinities are the equally rare Dendrobium 
 
 Paljpebrce and the well-known D. densiflorum ; from the former it 
 
 differs in the colour of its flowers and in the structure of the lip; 
 
 from the latter by its usually shorter stems, with deeper green, 
 
 more leathery leaves, and by its more lax racemes of flowers, that 
 
 are larger, and have broader segments. It flowers in May and 
 
 June. The variety, which is also extremely rare, appeared in the 
 
 collection of M. Guibert, an amateur of Paris, about the year 1876. 
 
 M. Guibert's plaut was probably the only one ever imported. 
 
 D. Harveyanmn. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calostachyce. Stems fusiform, 6 — 9 inches long, but 
 sometimes much shorter. Leaves in twos and threes at the summit 
 of the stems, ovate-oblong. Peduncles from the uppermost joints, 3 — 4 
 or more flowered. Flowers about 2 inches in diameter, bright canary- 
 yellow ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; petals elliptic-oblong, furnished with 
 a flexuose, branched fimbriation, similar to that of the lip of Dendro- 
 bium Brymerianum but less pronounced; lip orbicular, concave, with 
 fringed margin and papillose upper surface ; spur short, refuse. 
 Dendrobium Harveyanum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XIX. (1883), p. 624. 
 Introduced in 1883 from British Burmah, by the Liverpool 
 Horticultural Company. It is dedicated to Mr. E. Harvey, of 
 Aigburth, near Liverpool, in whose collection it flowered for the 
 first time in this country, in May of the same year. Its most 
 striking characteristic is seen in its curiously fimbriated petals. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 49 
 
 D. Hookerianum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calostachyce. Stems rod-like, 6 — 8 feet long, swollen 
 at the base into small pseudo-bulbs. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 4 — 6 inches long. Flowers 3 — 4 inches across, in pendulous racemes 
 of 9—12 or even more on each, borne on the leafing stems and also 
 on the older leafless ones, bright golden yellow, with two maroon spots 
 near the base of the lip ; sepals and petals similar, oblong, acute ; lip 
 with a convolute claw and broadly oval limb, which is velvety on the 
 upper surface and fringed at the margin. Column short, whitish. 
 
 Dendrobium Hookerianum, Lind. in Jour. Liun. Soc. III. p. 8 (1858). Bot. Mag. 
 t. 6013. Rchb. in Gard. Chron. II. s. 3 (1887), p. 616. D. Ohrysotis, Echb. 
 in Gard. Chron. 1870, p. 1311. Fl. et Pornol. 1871, p. 145. Blus. hort 1873, t. 155. 
 Warner, Sel. Orch. III. t. 6. 
 
 A superb species first discovered by Sir Joseph Hooker, ' c in 
 Sikkim, in 1848, growing on trees in hot valleys at an elevation 
 of 1,000 — 5,000 feet above the level of the sea." It was introduced 
 by the late Mr. John Day, who informed us that it is also a 
 native of the Assam Hills, where it was discovered by his nephew, 
 Captain Williamson, who first sent it to England in 1868, and again 
 in several succeeding years; it appears to be plentiful in the place 
 where it grows. It flowered for the first time in this country in 
 the horticultural establishment of Messrs. Brooks and Co., at Man- 
 chester, in September, 1870, the plant being one of those received 
 by Mr. Day, who had, however, himself been unsuccessful in flower- 
 ing any of the plants retained for his own collection at Tottenham ; 
 a difficulty frequently experienced by other cultivators. Its nearest 
 ally is Dendrobium fimbriatum, from which it differs chiefly in its 
 larger flowers, that are borne on leafing stems and appear at different 
 seasons of the year, and in the almost equal sepals and petals 
 with entire margins. 
 
 D. Huttonii. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems slender, erect, 20 — 30 inches 
 long, leafy along the upper half. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, 
 3 inches long. Flowers solitary, or in fascicles of twos and threes 
 from the uppermost joints, white bordered with purple, the border on 
 the lip deeper in colour than on the other segments; sepals and petals 
 oval-oblong ; lip obovate-oblong ; spur cylindric, obtuse. 
 
 Dendrobium Huttonii, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1869, p. 686. 
 A native of Timor, in the Malayan Archipelago, where it was 
 discovered by the late Henry Hutton, while collecting for us in 1868. 
 
50 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 D. Infundibulum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Funnuste. Stems cylindric, 15 — 24 inches long, some- 
 what thicker than an ordinary writing pencil. Leaves varying from 
 ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3 inches long. Peduncles pseudo- 
 terminal, 3 — 5 flowered. Flowers 3 inches in diameter, white with a 
 blotch on the lip that varies in colour from cinnabar-red to pale 
 sulphur-yellow ; sepals elliptic-oblong, acute ; petals sub-rhomboidal, more 
 than twice as broad as the sepals ; lip oblong when spread out, three- 
 lobed ; the lateral lobes convolute over the column, giving the lip the 
 form of a wide-mouthed funnel ; spur extinguisher-shaped, nearly as 
 long as the pedicel. 
 
 Dendrobium Infundibulum, Lindl in Jour, of Linn. Soc. III. p. 16 (1858). Batem. 
 in Gard. Chron. 1862, p. 1194. Bot. Mag. t. 5446. lllus. hort. 1874, t. 172. The 
 Garden, XXII. (1882), t. 368. D. moulmeinense, Hort. Low. 
 
 var. — Jamesianum. 
 
 Stems stouter and more rigid. Lip of flower differently formed, 
 especially the side lobes, which are asperous on their inner surface ; 
 disc cinnabar-red.* 
 
 D. Infundibulum Jamesianum, supra. D. Jamesianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1869, 
 p. 554. Fl. and Pomol. 1869, p. 187. Williams' Orch. Alb. V. t. 221. 
 
 Discovered by Thomas Lobb on the mountains of Moulmein, while 
 collecting' orchids for us in British Burmah, and from whose speci- 
 mens it was partially described by Dr. Lindley in the Journal 
 of the Linneean Society No. 9, 1858. It does not appear to have been 
 introduced to European gardens till 1862, when it was sent to 
 Messrs. Low and Co. by the Rev. C. Parish. It occurs on the moun- 
 tains of Moulmein at 2,500 — 5,000 feet elevation, on deciduous or 
 partially deciduous trees, and also in some places on rocks; under the 
 last-named circumstance its growth is considerably modified, the stems 
 being compressed and thickened into almost globular pseudo-bulbs. 
 At the above-mentioned elevation the thermometer ranges in the 
 shade from about 24° C. (75° F.) in the mid-day to 5° C. (40° F.), or 
 even lower in the morning at sun-rise ;\ the annual rainfall is there 
 exceedingly heavy, being more than 200 inches in the lower part of its 
 range. The variety Jamesianum was sent to us, in 1869, by Colonel 
 Benson, from the mountains west of Prome. It was subsequently 
 found by Major- General E. S. Berkeley, on the hills which separate 
 Burmah from Siam, where it grows on rocks with plumper and 
 shorter stems than on the Arracan Mountains, and where it affixes 
 
 * Fide Rchb. loc. cit. + Colonel Benson in Gard. Chron. 1870. p. 763. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 51 
 
 itself chiefly to trees.* It was dedicated by Beichenbach as a 
 distinct species to the late Mr. James Veitch.f 
 
 Cultural Note. — D'endrobium Infimdibulum and its variety are, botani- 
 cally, nothing more than alpine forms of D. formosum, and they therefore 
 require a cultural treatment consonant with the higher altitude and 
 corresponding lower temperature in which they grow in their native 
 country. The conditions most suitable for them in the orchid houses of 
 Europe are found to be best fulfilled either in the coolest and lightest 
 part of the intermediate or Cattleya house, or still better in the Odonto- 
 glossum house, which many cultivators prefer ; a moist atmosphere is 
 also essential during their growing season. 
 
 D. Japonicum. 
 
 Eudbndrobium — Fasciculata. Stems tufted, 6—12 inches long, slender, 
 
 attenuated downwards. Leaves lineardanceolate, acute, 1 — 2 inches 
 
 long, deciduous. Flowers fragrant, 1J inches in diameter, solitary or 
 
 in pairs, white, speckled with purple at the base of the lip ; sepals 
 
 oblong, acute ; petals similar but broader ; lip ovate-oblong, acuminate, 
 
 reflexed. 
 
 Dendrobiuni japonicum, Lindl. Gen. et. Sp. Orch. p 89 (1831). Bot. Mag. t. 
 5482. Onychium japonicum, Blume, Bijdr. 328. 
 
 A species with small, white, fragrant flowers, .common throughout 
 
 southern Japan, especially in the Oki group of islets, and .the 
 
 islands in the Corean Channel. It has been in cultivation since 
 
 1860. 
 
 D. Jenkinsii. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. A dwarf tufted plant. Stems pseudo-bulbous, 
 
 much crowded, ovoid, compressed, with a rib on the flattened sides, f — 1| 
 
 inches long, monophyllous. Leaves oval-oblong, an inch long, leathery. 
 
 Flowers large for the size of the plant, usually solitary on filiform 
 
 peduncles, \\ inches long, orange-yellow with the disc of the lip 
 
 darker ; sepals oval ; petals rhomboid, much broader ; lip with a broad 
 
 claw and orbicular blade, downy on the upper surface. 
 
 Dendrobiuni Jenkinsii, "Wallich. Lindl. Bot. Beg. 1839, t. 37. Warner's Scl. Orch. 
 II. t. 28. 
 
 Discovered by Captain Jenkins, a military officer in the service 
 
 of the East India Company, growing in large tufts on trees about 
 
 * Gard. Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 736. 
 
 t The colour of the spot on the lip of Dendrobium Infundibulum varies from cinnabar-red 
 to pale flesh ; it not only varies in different plants, but it has also been observed to vary 
 in the same plant in different seasons. Those plants whose flowers have the red spot are 
 often but erroneously called D. Jamesianum, but the typical Jamcsianum, now seldom seen, 
 may be recognised by the characters indicated above. * 
 
 U. OF ILL LIB, 
 
52 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 Gualpara, in Assam, and sent by him to Sir Charles Lemon, in 
 1836 ; it was also communicated by that officer about the same 
 time to Dr. Wallich, who sent plants to Messrs. Loddiges, in whose 
 nursery it flowered in 1838; it has since been detected by Major- 
 General E. S. Berkeley in the interior of Burinah, in districts where 
 the rain-fall is much less than in other parts of the country. It 
 flowers profusely in March and April when affixed to blocks of wood 
 suspended near the roof glass of the Cattleya or intermediate-house. 
 
 D. Kingianum. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. A dwarf tufted plant. Stems pseudo -bulbous, 
 
 2 — 3 inches long, dilated at base, angulate, attenuated upwards and 
 
 bearing at their summit 2 — 5 oblong-lanceolate leaves, 2 — 3 inches long. 
 
 Racemes slender, few flowered. Flowers less than an inch across ; sepals 
 
 and petals whitish edged, and streaked with pale purple, the former 
 
 ovate, acute, the latter similar but much narrower ; lip three-lobed, 
 
 white streaked and spotted with purple ; the side lobes prominent, oblong, 
 
 obtuse ; middle lobe sub-reniform, apiculate ; the disc with three raised 
 
 lines ; spur blunt, yellowish at the tip ; crest tri-lamellate, yellow. 
 
 Dendrobium Kingianum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1844, misc. 18. Id. 1845, t. 61. Paxt. 
 Mag. of Bot. XII. p. 97. Bot. Mag. t. 4527. 
 
 A native of South Queensland, Australia, in which colony it was 
 discovered, in 1844, by Mr. J. T. Bidwill, one of the early botanical 
 explorers of Australia and New Zealand, and for many years a 
 correspondent of the late Mr. James Veitch Senior, of Exeter; it- 
 was communicated by him to the Royal Gardens at Kew, and other 
 places shortly afterwards. A sub-variety called •pallidum has white 
 flowers with a few purple stripes on the labellum. 
 
 D lasioglossum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems slender, 12 — 20 inches long 
 attenuated above and below. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 3 — 5 inches 
 long. Flowers 1£ inches in diameter, in fascicles of twos and threes 
 from the uppermost nodes, white with some reddish streaks on the side 
 lobes of the lip, on the disc of which is a tuft of orange-yellow 
 hairs ; sepals ovate ; petals a little broader ; lip funnel-shaped, three- 
 lobed, the side lobes rotund with notched edges, the intermediate lobe 
 sub-quadrate, reflexed with undulate margin ; spur two-lobed. 
 
 Dendrobium lasioglossum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 18C8, p. 682. Bot. Mag. t. 5825. 
 
 " Discovered by Colonel Benson in the forests of Burmah, and 
 
 communicated by him to us, and to the Royal Gardens at Kew, 
 
 where — and in the collection of Mr. Wentworth Buller — it flowered 
 
DENDROBIUM. 53 
 
 in February, 1868."* The specific name, from Xaaiog (lasios), 
 "hairy," and yAwo-o-a (glossa), "tongue," in orchidology "lip," 
 refers to the hairy appearance of the labellum. 
 
 D. leucolophotum. 
 
 Stachtobium — Speciosce. Stems stoutish, erect, 12 — 18 inches high, 
 pale cinereous -brown. Leaves not seen. Peduncles from one of the 
 uppermost joints, slender, nodding, 18 inches long, bearing a many- 
 flowered, one-sided raceme along its distal half. Flowers about an inch 
 in diameter, snow-white with the side lobes and base of lip pale 
 green ; sepals linear-oblong, apiculate, keeled behind ; petals much 
 broader, obovate, obtuse; lip produced at the base into a short, obtuse 
 spur, threedobed, the side lobes oblong, incurved, meeting at their 
 edges ; middle lobe narrowly oblong. Column greenish. 
 
 Dendrobium leucolophoturu, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XVIII. (1882), p. 552. 
 Discovered by Curtis in the Malay Archipelago, locality not 
 known, and introduced by us in 1881 ; its chief recommendation is 
 its chaste white flowers that appear in November and December, 
 when few other Dendrobes are in bloom. The specific name, from 
 XevKog (leukos), "white," and \6<pog (lophos), "a tuft of long 
 hair," as the mane of a horse, is somewhat fanciful, but is 
 evidently intended to refer to the long one-sided racemes of white 
 flowers. 
 D. Linawianum. 
 
 Eudexdrobium — -Fascicidafa. Stems erect, 12 — 18 inches long, clavate 
 
 slightly compressed and two-angled, with joints 1 — 1| inches apart, the 
 
 internodes pale yellowish green, and swollen below each joint. Leaves 
 
 narrow-oblong, 3 inches long, obliquely emarginate, persistent two years. 
 
 Flowers 2 inches in diameter, in fascicles of twos and threes from 
 
 the uppermost joints, on pale purplish pedicels ; sepals ovate-oblong, the 
 
 lateral two falcate ; petals ovate, as broad again as the sepals ; both 
 
 sepals and petals rosy purple fading otf to white at the base ; bp 
 
 small, ovate, convolute at base, reflexed at apex, obscurely three-lobed ; 
 
 basal portion white with two purple spots on the disc, anterior portion 
 
 wholly purple. 
 
 Dendrobium Linawianum, Rchb. in Walp. Ann. VI. p. 284 (1861). Williams' 
 Orch. Alb. III. t 141. D. moniliforme, Bot. Reg. t. 1314 (1830). Bot. Mag. t. 4153. 
 Paxt. Mag. Bot. III. t. 77. 
 
 A native of China and Japan, whence it was introduced by the 
 
 Horticultural Society of London in 1824, and twenty years later it 
 
 was sent to the Royal Gardens at Keiv, by Dr. Wallich. No 
 
 localities are recorded in which the plant has been gathered, nor 
 
 * Bot. Mag. sub. t. 5825. 
 
54 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 does it appear to Lave been since imported, or if so but very 
 seldom, as the plant has always been a comparatively rare one both 
 in British and continental collections. Dr. Lindley described it in 
 the Botanical Register under the name of Dendrobium wonili forme, 
 quoting Swartz as the author, the name by which it is still best 
 known in gardens ; Professor Reichenbach failing to identify it with 
 the D. moiiilifonne of Swartz, gave it the name under which it is 
 here described.* 
 
 D. lituiflorum. 
 
 Eudendrobitjm — Fasciculata. Stems 18 — 24 inches long, greyish 
 white, pendulous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3 — 4 inches long, deciduous. 
 Flowers 2 — 2| inches across, usually in pairs from the uppermost joints, 
 but sometimes 3—5 fascicled; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, amethyst- 
 purple, much paler at the base ; petals ovate-oblong, much broader and 
 more richly coloured ; lip curved like a trumpet with the bell upwards ; 
 claw broad, convolute over the column ; disc of limb downy maroon- 
 purple surrounded by a white zone, anterior margin purple. 
 
 Dendrobium lituiflorum, Lindl. in Gard. Cliron. 1856, p. 372. Warner's Sel. Orch. II. 
 t. 3. Bot. Mag. t. 6050. D. lituiflorum robustius, Kchb. in Xen. Orch. III. p. 36, 
 t. 214. D. Hanburyanum, Rclib. in Bonpl. IV. p. 329. 
 
 var . — candidum . 
 
 Flowers larger, with sepals and petals pure white and lip pale 
 sulphur-yellow. 
 
 D. lituiflorum candidum, Rehb. in Gard. Cliron. XIII. (1880), p. 585. D. litui- 
 florum albiflorum, Hort. 
 
 var. — Fr eemanii. 
 
 Stems short, stiff and erect ; sepals and petals deep purple ; zone of 
 lip sulphur-yellow. 
 
 D. lituiflorum Freemanii, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. VIII. (1877), p. 744. D. Freemanii, 
 Hort. 
 
 A beautiful species, nearly allied to Dendrobium nobile. It first 
 
 became known in British gardens in 1856, when it flowered in the 
 
 collection of the late Mr. Robert Hanbury, at The Poles, near Ware, 
 
 but its native country was not recorded at the time. It is now known 
 
 to occur in the warm valleys throughout Arracan ; it has also been 
 
 collected in Assam, whence it spreads eastwards as far as Bhamo, in 
 
 Upper Burmah. The variety candidum, which is in cultivation at 
 
 Burford Lodge, is distinct and beautiful; Freemanii is the Assamese 
 
 * The following is Swartz's diagnosis of Dendrobium moniliformc, published in the Trans- 
 actions of the Stockholm Academy of Science, in 1800:— " D. moniliformc— Caule tereti 
 simphci basi tnberoso, foliis lineari-lanceolatis, spicis erectis, floribus remotis alternis solitariis 
 pn.ccssil.us ,,l,uis]s. ' It cannot lie said that this brief description is applicable to the D. moni- 
 i.iforvu ol Lindley, nor is it raw to Bay which known species is referable to it. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 55 
 
 form, and a third variety, called robustius by Professor Reichenbach 
 on account of its more robust stems, was introduced by Messrs. Low 
 and Co. from Burmah. D. lituijiorum and its varieties usually flower 
 in April and May. The specific name, from lituus, "a, sort of 
 trumpet," refers to the form of the lip. 
 
 D. Loddigesii. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculoto. A dwarf, dense, confused plant. Stems 
 about as thick as a goose-quill, 3 — 4 inches long, thickened above, pro- 
 duced from a creeping rhizome. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, 1J — 2 
 inches long. Flowers solitary, about 1^ inches in diameter, on slender 
 pedicels about as long as the leaves; sepals and petals pale rosy lilac, the 
 former oblong, the latter much broader, ovate ; lip with a short convolute 
 claw and orbicular fringed blade, which has a larger orange-yellow 
 disc bordered with pale rosy lilac. Column white above and purple 
 below the stigmatic fovea. 
 
 Dendrobium Loddigesii, Rolfe in Gard. Chron. II. s. 3 (1887), p. 155. D. pul- 
 chellum, Loddiges' Bot. Cab. t. 1935 (1833). Maund. Bot. I. t. 5. Bot. Mag t. 5037. 
 
 A beautiful species, of creeping habit, introduced by Messrs. 
 Loddiges, in 1832 — 33, whose origin and name have been involved 
 in obscurity and confusion almost ever since It has been mixed 
 up and confounded with other species, especially with the Dendrobium 
 pidchellum of Eoxburgh (1830), which has never been introduced into 
 the orchid collections of Europe. So long ago as 1858, Sir William 
 Hooker (Bot. Mag. sub. t. 5037), expressed a doubt as to the identity 
 of the plant in cultivation, under the name of D. pulchellum, with 
 the original D. pulchellum of Eoxburgh, on account of its totally 
 disagreeing in habit and other particulars, and it was not till quite 
 recently that the difficulty has been cleared up; the merit of accom- 
 plishing this is due to Mr. R. A. Rolfe, of the Kew Herbarium, from 
 whose article, published in the Gardeners' Chronicle, loc. cit. supra., 
 we extract the following : — 
 
 "The confusion began with Loddiges, who figured in his Botanical 
 Cabinet, in 1833, as Dendrobium pulchellum, the plant still known in 
 gardens under that name, which is far from being Eoxburgh's plant. 
 Loddiges says it is a native of India, in which, however, he was 
 doubtless simply following Lindley. Maund next figures the same 
 plant from a specimen which flowered in Loddiges' collection at Hack- 
 ney, stating that it is a native of Sylhet, and was introduced about 
 1829 by the Horticultural Society In 1840, D. Devonianum had been 
 described and figured in Paxton's Magazine of Botany, also in the 
 Botanical Magazine, thus furnishing the materials for still further 
 
56 DENDEOBIUM. 
 
 increasing the confusion. In 1858, Lindley, in "Contributions to the 
 
 Orchidology of India" (Juurn. Linn. Soc), again had to deal with 
 
 D. pulchdlum, which he did by including under that name both the 
 
 plant of Loddiges and D. Deoonianum of Paxton. Finally, Professor 
 
 Eeichenbach, in Walper's Annates, rescued D. Devonianum, which he 
 
 established as a variety of D. pulchellum. The two are, however, not 
 
 only quite distinct in their flowers, but totally dissimilar in habit, 
 
 stature, and leaves, and cannot be regarded as forms of one species." 
 
 Finally, the plant is not a native of India at all, but is of Chinese 
 
 origin, specimens gathered in the island of Hainan having been 
 
 recently sent to Kew by Mr. Charles Ford, of the Botanic Garden 
 
 at Honp'-Kono-. 
 
 D. longicornu. 
 
 Eudexdrobium — Formosce. Stems slender, 8 — 12 inches high. Leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, acute, 2 — 2i inches long, deciduous. Flowers solitary 
 or in twos and threes, not fully expanding ; sepals and petals sub- 
 equal, elliptic-oblong, transparent Avhite ; lip funnel-shaped, with the 
 anterior margin fimbriate, white with a raised broad central band, 
 which is orange-red, but sometimes pale yellow, with divergent lateral 
 streaks of the same colour as the band ; spur slender. 
 
 Dendrobhim longicornu, Lindl. Gen. et. Sp. Orch. p. 80 (1831). Bot. Reg. t. 1315. 
 A native of Sylhet and the lower Himalayan zone, from Nepaul 
 to Assam, discovered in the early part of the present century by 
 Dr. Wallich, and introduced by him, in 182S, to the Horticultural 
 Society's Garden at Chiswick, where it flowered in the spring of 
 the following year. It has also been detected by Major- General 
 
 E. S. Berkeley, near Tomyo in Burmah. Although one of the 
 commonest of East Indian Dendrobes, it is not so much in repute 
 among orchid amateurs as the larger- flowered species of its section, 
 Dendrobhim formosum, D. Draconis, etc. 
 
 D. Lowii. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Formosce. Stems slender, a foot or more high, leafy 
 along the upper half. Leaves ovate-oblong, obliquely emarginate. 
 Flowers H inches in diameter, in fascicles of 3 — 5 from the upper- 
 most joints, on pedicels coloured like the perianth; sepals and petals 
 buff-yellow, oval-oblong, the petals undulate and broader than the sepals; 
 lip distinctly three-lobed, the lateral lobes oblong, erect, pale buff-yellow 
 stained with red at the apex; the middle lobe oblong, refiexed, pale 
 bud-yellow traversed longitudinally by six lines of long red hairs 
 springing from a crimson base; spur long, funnel-shaped. 
 
 Detidrobiuni Lowii, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1861, p. 1046. Bot. Mag, t. 5303. 
 Van Houtte's Fl. dcs Serves, t. 2395 (copied from Bot. Mag.). 
 
DENDROBIUM. 
 
 57 
 
 A beautiful species, discovered by Mr. Hugh Low, about the year 
 I860, in north-west Borneo, "on a mountain at an elevation of 
 3,000 feet, growing on trees." It was introduced by Messrs. Low 
 and Co., of Clapton, in the following year; it is still a rare plant 
 in British collections. 
 
 D. luteolum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasctculata. Stems erect, 12 — 18 inches high, some- 
 what thicker than an ordinary writing pencil, greyish white, and 
 furrowed. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, 3 — 4 inches long. Flowers 2 
 inches in diameter, in lateral racemes of 2—4 each, of a uniform prim- 
 rose-yellow except a few reddish streaks on the lip; sepals elliptic- 
 oblong; petals broader, oval; lip three-lobed, the lateral lobes rotund, 
 erect; the middle lobe oblong, emarginate, with a tomentose disc, below 
 which is an oblong tuft of short yellow hairs ; spur beak-like. 
 
 Dendrobium luteolum, Batem. in Gard. Chron. 1864, p. 269. Bot. Mag. t. 5441. 
 
 Dendrobium luteolum. 
 
 One of the numerous discoveries of the Rev. C. Parish, on the 
 banks of the Attacan river, in Moulmein, and sent by him to Messrs. 
 Low and Co., in 1863, in whose nursery it flowered in the spring of 
 the following year. The specific name, luteolum, "pale yellow/' refers 
 to the colour of the flowers, which usually appear in March or 
 April. A sub-variety called chlorocentrum* has greenish hairs on 
 the lip. 
 
 D. MacCarthise. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasctculata. Stems 18 — 24 inches long, sub-pendulous, 
 greyish white, with slightly swollen blackish joints. Leaves few, con- 
 fined to the upper part of the stems, linear-lanceolate, 3 — 4 inches 
 long, acute. Flowers somewhat flattened, but when spread out 4 inches 
 
 * Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XIX. (1883), p. 340. Williams' Orch. Alb. VII. t. 322. 
 
58 
 
 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 across, in pendulous racemes of twos and threes from the uppermost 
 
 joints ; sepals and petals pale rosy mauve sun used with white, the 
 
 former lanceolate-acute, the latter broader, ovate-oblong, sometimes striped 
 
 along the middle with amethyst-purple; lip sub-rhomboid, convolute at 
 
 the base, delicate mauve-purple, striped with deep purple, and with a 
 
 maroon-purple disc surrounded by a white zone ; spur nearly as long 
 
 as the pedicel, obtuse, whitish. Column short, white above, purplish 
 
 beneath. 
 
 Dendrohiuru MacCarthise, Thwaites. Bot. Mag. t. 4886 (1855). Gard. Chroii. 
 1856, p. 692. Thwaites, Plant, zeyl. p. 297. 
 
 Dendrobium MacCarthi*. 
 
 Communicated to the Royal Gardens at Kew, in 1855, by Dr. 
 Thwaites, Director of the Botanic Garden at Peradeniya, in Ceylon, 
 who had discovered it growing on the trunks of trees in the forests 
 about Ratuapoora, and towards Point de Galle, in the southern parts 
 of the island. Dr. Trimen, the present Director of the Botanic 
 Garden at Peradeniya, informs us that this orchid is getting very 
 scarce, and will soon become extinct; it never seems to become 
 established, and he believes its life to be naturally shorter than 
 
DENDROBIUM. 
 
 59 
 
 that of most species of Dendrobium. In the forests of Ceylon it 
 is known to the natives by a name meaning "May flower/' although 
 in British collections it usually flowers from one to two months 
 later. It was dedicated by its discoverer to Mrs. MacCarthy, the 
 wife of the Hon. C. J. MacCarthy, who was Colonial Secretary of 
 the island at the time of the discovery. 
 
 Cultural Note. — Although Dendrobium MacCarthice is a heat-loving plant, 
 it grows but slowly under cultivation. It is sometimes so late as 
 December before its latest formed stems are mature ; it should then 
 have a few weeks' rest by removal to a cooler and drier position, 
 and no more water supplied than is sufficient to prevent its roots 
 from shrivelling. (For climate of Ceylon, see page 9). 
 
 D. Macfarlanei. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. Stems erect, sub-cylindric, 5 — 8 inches high, 
 usually di- rarely triphyllous. Leaves oblong, sub-acute, leathery, 3 — 4 
 or more inches long. Eacemes ascending, 9 — 12 or more flowered. 
 
 Dendrobium Macfarlanei. 
 (From the Gardening World.) 
 
 Flowers among the largest in the genus, 4 — 5 inches across ; sepals 
 and petals white, the former lanceolate, the latter longer and broader, 
 sub-rhomboidal, acuminate ; lip nearly as long as the petals, three- 
 
tfO DENDEOBIUM. 
 
 lobed, the side lobes basilar, oblong, white with a large purple spot 
 
 at the anterior margin; intermediate lobe ctmeate-oblong, acute, white, 
 
 purple at the base, as is the ligulate furrowed callus. Column white, 
 
 bordered with purple on each side of the stigmatic cavity. 
 
 Dendrobium Macfarlanei, Rcbb. in Gard. Ckron. XVIII. (1882), p. 520. Id. 
 XXVI. (1886), p. 811. 
 
 A beautiful species sent to us, in 1882, from the Papuan 
 Institute, in Torres Straits, by the Rev. S. M. Macfarlane, to whom 
 it is dedicated by Professor Reichenbach. Its discoverer was the 
 late Mr. Hartman, of Toowoomba, Queensland, to whom botany and 
 horticulture are indebted for many plants gathered by him for the 
 first time in North Australia, and in the south-east peninsula of 
 New Guinea, the supposed habitat of this Dendrobe. Owing to the 
 exhausted condition in which the few plants that survived the long 
 journey reached us, none have yet flowered, but one derived from 
 another source flowered in the autumn of 1886, in the collection 
 of Mr. J. N. Hibbert, at Chalfont Park, near Slough, from which 
 the accompanying woodcut was taken. 
 
 D. macrophyllum var. Veitchianum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Galostachyce. A robust plant. Stems clavate, com- 
 pressed, furrowed, attenuated below, 12 — 20 inches high. Leaves sub- 
 terminal, 2 — 3 on each stem, oblong, 6 — 10 inches long, persistent 2 — 3 
 years. Racemes erect, many-flowered. Flowers 2 inches in diameter ; 
 sepals ovate-oblong, pale greenish yellow, hairy at the back, as is also 
 the ovary ; petals spathulate, smaller, whitish ; lip three-lobed, lateral 
 lobes rotund, ascending, greenish yellow streaked with purple ; middle 
 lobe transversely oblong, greenish yellow with radiating dotted purple 
 lines. 
 
 Dendrobium macrophyllum Veitchianum, Bot. Mag. t. 5649 (1867). D. Veitch- 
 ianum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1847, sub. t. 25. 
 
 The plant described above was first sent to the Exeter Nursery, 
 in 1846, by Thomas Lobb, who discovered it in the hottest jungles 
 in the island of Java. The typical Dendrobium macrophyllum, of 
 Achille Richard, which had been detected some years previously in 
 Western New Guinea, and which appears to have never been intro- 
 duced into Europe in a living state, is described as being " one 
 of the finest orchids, having leaves upwards of a foot long, and a 
 spike twice as long." * The flowers are deep yellow and very 
 hairy. 
 
 * Bot. Mag. sub. t. 5649. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 61 
 
 D. mesochlorum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fcisciculata. Stems tufted, slender, 15 — 20 inches 
 
 long. Leaves linear, acute, 4 — 5 inches long. Flowers 1J inches across, 
 
 in fascicles of twos and threes on pale purplish pedicels ; sepals and 
 
 petals white more or loss tinted with pale rose-purple towards the 
 
 tip, the former linear-oblong, the latter oval-oblong ; lip clawed, broadly 
 
 oblong, rolled over the column into the form of a funnel, white with 
 
 a few purple streaks near the base, and with a large yellow-green 
 
 disc. 
 
 Dendrobium mesochlorum, Lindl, in Bot. Reg. 1847, sub. t. 36. Paxt. Fl. Gard. 
 I. p. 63, icon. xyl. only. 
 
 First introduced by us from India, in 1847, through Thomas Lobb, 
 
 and recently re-introduced to the Royal Gardens at Kew and other 
 
 places.* The pleasant violet fragrance of its medium-sized flowers, 
 
 which are produced in profusion in May, renders it a very desirable 
 
 plant. The specific name, from /neaog (mesos), " middle," and ^Xwpog 
 
 (chloros), " green," refers to the greenish disc of the lip. 
 
 D. Moorei. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. A dwarf tufted plant. Stems terete, 4 — 6 
 
 inches long, with 3 — 5 oval-oblong, leathery leaves at their apex. Scapes 
 
 hliform, bearing at their extremity a raceme of 6 — 10 pure white 
 
 flowers. Sepals and petals linear-lanceolate ; lip similar but shorter, 
 
 and with a small triangular lobe on each side below the middle. 
 
 Dendrobium Moorei, F. Muell. Frag. Phytol. Austral. VII. p. 29 (1869—71). 
 Benth. Fl. Austral, VI. p. 281. Rchb. in Gard. Chron. X. (1878), p. 139. 
 
 A small white-flowered species sent to us, in 1878, by Mr. Charles 
 
 Moore, Director of the Botanic Garden at Sydney, New South 
 
 Wales, to whom it is dedicated. It is a native of Lord Howe's 
 
 Island, where it was discovered, in 1869, by Mr. Fitzgerald, author 
 
 of a fine illustrated work on Australian orchids, growing " on 
 
 precipices, among the mountains, and on the mossy branches of 
 
 trees which hang over the cliffs." 
 
 D. moschatum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calostachyce. Stems cylindiic, erect, 4—6 feet high, 
 leafy throughout. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, leathery, 4 inches long, per- 
 sistent two years. Eacemes from the uppermost joints of the previous 
 year's shoots, 7 — 15 flowered. Flowers 3 — 4 inches in diameter, with 
 a faint musk fragrance ; sepals oval-oblong, pale nankeen-yellow, veined 
 
 * We regret that the above meagre information respecting the habitat of Dendrobium 
 mesochlorum is all we can give, the records of Lobb's orchid collections having, unfortun- 
 ately, been lost many years ago. 
 
62 DENDR0B1UM. 
 
 and reticulated, the distal half tinted with pale rose ; petals oval, much 
 broader than the sepals but similarly coloured ; lip calceolate, the 
 anterior part very hairy both within and Avithout, and having five 
 fringed lines in front of the disc, on which are two large purple- 
 maroon blotches surrounded with orange, the remainder pale nankeen- 
 yellow ; spur short, obtuse. 
 
 Dendrobium moschatum, Wallich. Fl. Nep. p. 34. Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 82 
 (1831). Paxt. Mag. Bot. II. p. 241 (1836). Bot. Mag. t. 3837 (1841). Hook. Cent. 
 Orch. t. 13. D. cupreum, Bot. Beg. t. 1779 (1835). 
 
 var.— Calceolaria. 
 
 Flowers somewhat smaller, bright orange-yellow, the sepals and petals 
 
 with deeper coloured veins and reticulation, the lip also deeper with 
 
 two maroon spots near the base. 
 
 D. moschatum Calceolaria, supra. D. Calceolaria Carey, Hook. Exot. Fl. III. t. 
 184. De Puydt, Les Orch. t. 15. D. moschatum cupreum, Williams' Orch. Alb. 
 IV. t. 165. D. Calceolus, Hort. 
 
 Native of the plains of Lower Burmah and Moulruein, where it 
 is very common. It first became known in British gardens about 
 the year 1825, through its discoverer, Dr. Wallich, who sent it to 
 Dean Herbert. The variety, which is found further north, was intro- 
 duced many years afterwards, and was at first considered specifically 
 distinct. The flowers of Dendrobium moschatum are among the 
 largest in the genus, but they are of short duration, lasting in 
 perfection scarcely a week. 
 
 D. mutabile. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. Stems slender, attenuated at the base and 
 apex, 8 — 12 or more inches long, leafy throughout. Leaves sessile, elliptic- 
 oblong, obtuse, gradually smaller upwards. Eacemes ten or more 
 flowered. Flowers crowded, 1 inch in diameter, white tinted with 
 rose; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse; petals broader, sub-rotund, wavy; 
 lip broadly obcordate, threedobed, "with a deep notch at the apex, 
 and a raised yellow crest of three ridges on the disc near the base " ; 
 spur short, obtuse. 
 
 Dendrobium mutabile, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 86 (1831). D. triadenium, 
 Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1846, sub. t. 64. Id. 1847, t. 1. Bot. Mag. t. 5-285. Onychium 
 mutabile, Blume, Bijdr. p. 324. 
 
 Discovered by the Dutch botanist Blume on the mountains of 
 Java, in the early part of the present century. The earliest notice 
 of it as a horticultural plant occurs in 1816, when it was in 
 cultivation in Mr. Rucker's collection at West Hill, Wandsworth, 
 and in the nursery of Messrs. Kollisson at Tooting, who had intro- 
 duced it. It is best known in British gardens under the nana' of 
 Dendrobium triadenium. 
 
DENDR0B1UM. 
 
 63 
 
 D. nobile. 
 
 Stems tufted, sub-terete, compressed, jointed, 12 — 20 or more inches 
 long. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3—4 inches long, obliquely emarginate, 
 persistent two years. Flowers somewhat variable in colour, Avith a 
 lustrous Avax-like surface, 1\ — 3 inches across, in fascicles of twos 
 and threes ; sepals ligulate ; petals oval-oblong, wavy, the basal area 
 of both sepals and petals usually white, the apical area deeper or 
 paler amethyst-purple, the colour sometimes confined to the tips, some- 
 times extending more than half-way down ; lip with a convolute 
 claw and obovate-oblong blade, downy both above and below, and 
 having a rich maroon-purple disc, surrounded by ■ a yellowish white 
 zone, and an amethyst-purple blotch at the apex. 
 
 Dendrobium nobile, Lindl. Gen. et. Sp. Orch. p. 79 (1831). Id. Sert. torch, t. 3 
 (1838). Paxt. Mag. Bat. VIII. p. 7 (1840). 
 
 Dendrobium nobile. 
 
 var. — ceerulescens . 
 
 Stems shorter and more slender. Flowers smaller and more deeply 
 coloured, the lip with a more oval blade. 
 
 D. nobile cajrulescens, Rcbb. in Walp. Ann. VI. p. 283. D. caerulescens, Lindl 
 Sert. Orch. t. 18. 
 
 var. — C ooksonianum . 
 
 A curious sport in which the petals have a tendency to become 
 metamorphosed into lips, being concave, erect, and parallel with the 
 column like the true labellum, and with a large maroon blotch on the 
 basal half. 
 
 D. nobile Cooksonianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXIII (1885), p. 692. 
 
64 
 
 DENDR0B1UM. 
 
 var.— elegans. 
 
 Flowers larger and more symmetrically shaped than in the ordinary 
 forms ; petals broader and white at the base ; the zone surrounding the 
 maroon disc of the lip pale sulphur-yellow, apical margin rose-purple. 
 D. nobile elegans, Hort. 
 
 var. — nobilius. 
 
 Flowers larger and more richly coloured than in any of the varieties of 
 
 Dendroblum nobile, deep amethyst-purple ; sepals and petals paler at the 
 
 base ; the maroon disc on the lip surrounded by a milk-white zone. 
 
 D. nobile nobilius, Rehb. in Gard. Chron. XVII. (1882), p. 366. Williams' Crch. 
 Alb. V. t. 214. 
 
 *^y 
 
 Dendrobium nobile Cooksonianum. 
 
 var.— Schroederianum. 
 
 Flowers larger with broader segments ; sepals and petals white, some- 
 times with a pale amethyst-purple apical blotch ; disc of lip rich 
 maroon-purple, almost black, bordered with pale yellow that passes to 
 white at the margin. 
 
 D. nobile Schroederianum, supra. 
 
 var . — Tollianum . 
 
 A monstrous form in which the pedicels of the flowers are twisted, 
 the flowers then appearing inverted, and at the same time never fully 
 expanding, the outer whorl of segments being appressed to the inner 
 whorl, the segments of the inner whorl reflexed at the apex. 
 D. nobile Tollianum, Kchb. in Gard. Chron. XXI. (1884), p. 445. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 
 
 65 
 
 Other forms have received the names of albijlorum, Collianum, inter- 
 medium, formosanum, pidcherrhnum, Measuresianum, Schneiderianum, Tautz- 
 ianum, etc., either in reference to the colour or form of the floAvers, or in 
 compliment to the gentlemen in whose collections they have appeared. 
 Familiar as is this grand old Dendrobe, its geographical distribu- 
 tion is but very vaguely known, and its botanical history, too, is 
 often obscure ; all that can be affirmed with certainty is, that it 
 is spread over north and north-east India * and southern China, 
 but, except within the British territory, its limits have not yet 
 been ascertained. It first became known to horticulture — and pro- 
 bably to science — in the early part of the present century, from a 
 Chinese drawing- in the library of the Horticultural Society of 
 London. - ]" The first living plant seen in England was brought from 
 China by the late Mr. John Eussell Reeves, to whom British 
 horticulture is indebted for many useful introductions, and who had 
 purchased it in the market at Macao ; this plant was presented to 
 Messrs. Loddiges, in whose nursery it flowered in 1837. + The variety 
 ccerulescens was gathered by Gibson on the northern slopes of the 
 Khasia Hills, at about 4,000 feet elevation, and was sent by him 
 to Chats worth, in 1837.§ Coohsonianum is a remarkable case of 
 trilabella, that was first observed in the collection of Mr. Theodore 
 Lange, at Heathfield House, Gateshead; the plants raised from this 
 sport subsequently passed into the hands of Mr. Norman C. Cookson, of 
 Wylam-on-Tyne, by whom they were first publicly exhibited ; curiously 
 enough, a sport identical with this occurred a little later in one of 
 the glass houses belonging to the Misses Arkwright, at Mark Hall, 
 Harlow, and a third case has since been reported from the gardens of 
 Mr. J. B. Mirrlees, at Redlands, Glasgow.^! The other varieties have 
 appeared among recent importations ; elegans is in the collection 
 of Sir T. Lawrence, at Burford Lodge, and in a few other places; 
 nobilius was originally purchased by Mr. James, of the Castle Nursery, 
 Lower Norwood, at one of the sales at Stevens' Rooms, the plant 
 being afterwards acquired by Messrs. Rollisson, who exhibited it in 
 flower at the Ghent Quinquennial Exhibition in 1878, but it suffered 
 
 * It was detected by Sir J. D. Hooker covering oak trees at Ckakooug. — Him. Journ. II. 
 p. 19. 
 
 + Lindl. Sert. Orch. sub. t. 3. £ Idem. § Idem. sub. t. 13. 
 
 If The finest specimen of this remarkable variety we have yet seen, was exhibited by Mr. 
 Perkins, gardener to the Right Hon. W. H. Smith, Greenlands, Henley-on-Thames, at the 
 Meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society, at South Kensington, on March 13th, 18S8. This 
 plant bore 121 flowers. 
 
66 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 so severely during transmission that it was with difficulty preserved 
 alive; it shortly afterwards again passed into the hands of Mr. 
 James, who succeeded in raising six plants from the old pseudo-bulbs.* 
 Schroederianum, in compliment to Baron Schroeder, of The Dell, near 
 Staines, in whose collection it is now in cultivation, is one of the 
 loveliest forms of Dendrobium nobile ; the maroon blotch on the lip is 
 the deepest yet seen among its varieties, and affords a striking con- 
 trast to the pure white of the other segments. Tollianum was also 
 a waif " picked up " at one of Stevens' sales by the late Mr. Toll, 
 of Stretford Road, Manchester. The many excellent qualities of D. 
 nobile as a garden plant are too well known to need enumeration 
 by us, but among them we may mention its great potency as a 
 hybridising agent, probably destined to produce even more striking 
 results than those already obtained. The profusion in which its flowers 
 are produced render it one of the finest of decorative plants when in 
 full bloom, as the accompanying woodcut amply testifies. The grand 
 specimen in the collection of the late Mr. Rucker, at West Hill, 
 Wandsworth, which bore over one thousand expanded flowers at one 
 time, is still fresh in the recollection of many horticulturists. The 
 varieties elegans, nobilius, and Schroederianum are now recognised 
 as amongst the most superb of Dendrobes; Cooksonianum and Toll- 
 ianum are among the most remarkable of sports. The normal 
 flowering season of D. nobile and its varieties is from January to 
 March, but it is often prolonged by regulating the cultural treat- 
 ment, as to temperature, supply of water, etc. 
 
 D. ochreatum. 
 
 Eudexdrobium — Fasciculata. Stems stoutish, cylindric, with swollen 
 
 joints, curved, decumbent, 6 — 9 inches long. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
 
 acute, 2 — 3 inches long, deciduous. Flowers produced from the young 
 
 leafy stems, generally in pairs, large and showy, 2 — 3 inches across, 
 
 of a rich golden yellow, with a deep maroon-purple blotch on the 
 
 lip ; sepals [and petals uniform, elliptic-oblong ; lip with a convolute 
 
 claw and orbicular concave blade, apiculate, downy above. 
 
 Dendrobium ochreatum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub. t. 1756 (1835). Rchb. Walp. Ann. VI. 
 p. 287. D. Cambridgeanum, Paxt. Mag. Bot. VI. t. 265 (1839). Bot. Mag. t. 4450. 
 
 Discovered by Wallich in the early part of the present century, 
 
 in the Chittagong district, India, but not introduced till 1837, when 
 
 Gibson brought plants to Chatsworth, which flowered in the spring 
 
 * Gard. Chron. XVII. (1882), p. 433. 
 
La 
 
 d 
 
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 30 
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 its 
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 Pi 
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 Fl. 
 
 )b. 
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 ier 
 
 .fie 
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 3ut 
 
 est 
 
Dendrobium nobile. 
 
 (From the Journal oj Horticulture.) 
 
DENDROBIUM. 67 
 
 of the following year; these plants were collected on the Khasia 
 Hills, at an elevation of near 4,000 feet, where they were found 
 attached to trees and to rocks. 
 
 Dendrobium ochreatum, better known in gardens under the name 
 of D. Cambridgeanum, is one of the few Dendrobes of the Fasciculata 
 group that produces its flowers from the young growths before they 
 are fully matured, and while the leaves are still fresh; they usually 
 appear in March and April. 
 
 Cultured Note. — As one of the most showy and beautiful of the 
 yellow-flowered Dendrobes, and being of manageable size, D. ochreatum 
 has received assiduous attention from cultivators. A remarkable instance 
 of successful cultivation was brought under our notice not lono- ao-o 
 at Ashton Court, near Bristol, where a plant bore upwards of 180 
 flowers in one season. This plant is taken into a cool vinery after 
 it has completed its growths, and kept there during the summer months 
 till the new shoots begin to push, when it is taken back to the East- 
 India house. The plant had not been removed from the basket in 
 which it was growing for several years, but had received an annual 
 top-dressing of sphagnum, peat and charcoal. It has been observed 
 of D. ochreatum, that if the young shoots are very vigorous they fail 
 to produce flowers, a circumstance that may be due to more causes 
 than one, as hypertrophy, immaturity of stem at the season of 
 flowering, etc. 
 
 D. Palpebrse. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calostarhyce. Stems clavate, four-angled, attenuated 
 
 below, 7 — 9 inches long, with 3 — 5 oblong-lanceolate, acute leaves at 
 
 their summit. Eacemes loose, 6 — 10 flowered, produced from the joints 
 
 immediately below the leaves. Flowers with a faint hawthorn fragrance, 
 
 Trench white with an orange-yellow disc near the base of the lip ; 
 
 sepals oblong ; petals oval, broader than the sepals ; lip oblong, with 
 
 a short convolute claw, downy above and with a fringe of long hairs 
 
 near the base ; column yellowish. 
 
 Dendrobium Palpebrse, Lindl, in Jour, of Linn. Soc. V. p. 33 (1849). Paxt. Fl. 
 Gard. I. p. 48 (1850—51). 
 
 Introduced by us, in 1849, from Moulmein, through Thomas Lobb. 
 
 Its nearest affinity is Dendrobium densiflorum, from which, however, 
 
 it is thoroughly distinct, especially in its more lax racemes of smaller 
 
 white flowers, which usually appear late in the summer. The specific 
 
 name, Palpebroe, {C eyelids," refers to the fringe of long hairs like 
 
 eyelashes near the base of the lip. It is found sparingly throughout 
 
 Burmah, varying in colour from white to dark rose. The finest 
 
 and most floriferous varieties come from the Kareen , Hills.* 
 
 * Major-General E. S. Berkeley, MS. 
 
68 
 
 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 D. Parishii. 
 
 Eudenbrobium — Fasciculata. Stems thickish, a foot or more long, 
 curved, decumbent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, 3 — 5 inches long, 
 deciduous. Flowers solitary or in fascicles of twos and threes, pro- 
 duced on the leafless stems along more than the distal half of their 
 length ; sepals oblong-lanceolate, rosy amethyst-purple ; petals oval-oblong, 
 similarly coloured ; lip orbicular, downy above, amethyst-purple, with 
 a maroon blotch on each side, below which are some purple markings. 
 Column white, except the anther case, which is purple. 
 
 Dendrobium Parishii, Rchb. in Bot. Zeit. 1863, p. 237. Bot. Mag. t. 5488. Xen. 
 Orch. II. p. 140, t. 152. Jennings' Orch. t. 39. 
 
 Sent from Moulmein in 1863, by the Rev. C. Parish, after whom it 
 is named, to Messrs. Low and Co. Its flowers are almost as hand- 
 some as those of Dendrobium nobile, but its ugly crooked stems 
 are not likely to be mistaken for the more elegant upright ones 
 of its congener. It usually flowers in June and July. 
 
 D. Phalaenopsis. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. Stems 15 — 21 inches long, nearly as 
 thick as the little finger. Leaves lanceolate- acuminate, 5 — 7 inches 
 long, confined to the upper part of the stems. Peduncles terminal or 
 
 Dendrobium Phalrcnopsis. 
 (From the Gardeners' Chronicle. 
 
 pseudo-terminal, slender, nearly as long as the stems, racemose along 
 the apical half, 10 — 15 flowered. Flowers 2£ — 3£ inches across, on 
 slender pedicels, at the base of which is a minute scaly bract; sepals 
 
DENDROBIUM. 69 
 
 lanceolate -acute, white flushed with pale rosy mauve; petals much 
 
 broader, rhomboid-orbicular, purplish mauve, with deeper veins and 
 
 paler centre ; lip three-lobed, the side lobes rotund, curved upwards 
 
 over the column, maroon-purple, sometimes paler towards the margin ; 
 
 middle lobe oblong, apiculate, maroon-purple at the base, the free 
 
 portion pale purple with deeper veins ; spur broad, compressed laterally, 
 
 gibbous below. Column triquetral, white stained with purple. 
 
 Dendrobium Pkalamopsis, Fitzgerald in Gard. Cliron. XIV. (1880), p. 38. Id. 
 Austral. Orch. I. part 6. Williams' Orch. Alb. IV. t. 187. Bot. Mag. t. 6817. 
 
 This is a recent addition to the genus, but by whom it was 
 
 discovered we do not find recorded. Mr. Fitzgerald, in his notice 
 
 of this Dendrobe published in the Gardeners' Chronicle, loc cit, states 
 
 that it was introduced into cultivation by Captain Broomfield, of 
 
 Balmain, who procured it from North Australia and New Guinea; 
 
 it has also been detected in Timor-Laut, a small island nearly 
 
 equidistant from the north coast of Australia and the south-west 
 
 coast of New Guinea. Dendrobium Phalcenojisis is unquestionably the 
 
 finest of the Speciosce sub-section yet known, its nearest allies being 
 
 D. swperbiens, D. bigibbum, and D. Macfarlanei, the last-named being 
 
 scarcely inferior to it in the size and beauty of its flowers. It 
 
 received its specific name from a fancied resemblance of its flowers 
 
 to those of the Moth Orchids (Phalasnopsis) . 
 
 D. Pierardi. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems slender, pendulous, 2—3 feet 
 long. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, the lowermost 4 — 5 inches long, gradually 
 smaller upwards, deciduous. Flowers 1 — 2 inches across, usually in pairs, 
 produced along the upper two-thirds of the leafless stems ; sepals and petals 
 semi-transparent, pale rosy mauve, the former linear-lanceolate, the latter 
 elliptic-oblong, acute ; lip broadly deltoid, obscurely three-lobed, pale 
 primrose-yellow, streaked with purple at the base, downy above ; spur 
 short, obtuse. Column white. 
 
 Dendrobium Pierardi, Roxb. MS. (prior to 1814), Lindl. Gen. et. Sp. Orch. p. 79 
 
 (1831). Bot. Mag. t. 2584 (1825). Bot. Beg. t. 1756. Van Houtte's Fl. des Serves, 
 
 VIII. t. 955, var. latifolium. D. cucullatum, R. Br. in Bot. Reg. t. 548 (1821). 
 
 Bot. Mag. t. 2242. Rchb. Walp. Ann. VI. p. 284. 
 
 This is one of the commonest of the Dendrobes inhabiting the 
 countries bordering the north and north-east of the Bay of Bengal, 
 where it has an extensive range from north-east India, south- 
 wards to the plains and hills of British Burmah. It is par- 
 ticularly abundant in the Mangrove swamps of the Sunderbunds, 
 and scarcely less so at its southern limit in Moulmein ;* it also 
 * Colonel Benson, in Gard. Chron. 1870, p. 796. 
 
70 
 
 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 clothes the trunks of the fallen trees in the hot valleys of the 
 lower Sikkim Himalayas.* Over so extensive a range the flowers 
 are found to vary considerably in size and somewhat in form, the 
 sepals and petals being more pointed, and the lip broader in some 
 forms than in others. Dendrobium Pierardi is horticulturally in- 
 teresting as being one of the first, if not the first Indian Dendrobe 
 introduced into the glass structures of Europe ; it was sent to the 
 Royal Gardens at Kew, by Dr. Roxburgh, in the early part of 
 the present century ; it is also known to have flowered in the 
 Botanic Garden, at Liverpool, in 1821 ; also in Lady Banks' 
 collection, at Spring Grove, in the same year. It is named after 
 Pierard, by whom it was introduced to the Botanic Garden at 
 Calcutta, in the first decade of the present century. 
 
 D. primulinum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fascieulcda. Stems terete, erect or sub-erect, but 
 sometimes decumbent, 12 — 18 inches long, nearly as thick as the little 
 finger. Leaves lanceolate, 4 inches long, gradually smaller upwards, 
 obliquely emarginate, deciduous. Flowers solitary or in pairs, 2 — 3 
 
 Dendrobium primulinum. 
 
 inches across; sepals and petals similar and sub-equal, oblong-obtuse, pale 
 mauve-lilac ; lip sub-orbicular, with a convolute claw, which gives the 
 blade the form of a broad-mouthed funnel, pale primrose-yellow with 
 
 si Hue purple streaks at the base. 
 
 Dendrobium primulinum, Lindl. in Card. Chron. 1858, p. 400. Kegel's Oartenjl. 
 1861, t. 326. Williams' Orch. Alb. VI. t. 286. D. noliile pallidillorum, Bot. Mag. 
 t. 5003. 
 
 * Sir J. D. Hooker, Him. Jour. I. p. 103. 
 
DENDEOBIUM. 71 
 
 var— giganteum. 
 
 Stems longer and more slender, pendulous. Flowers nearly as large 
 
 again as those of the normal form, the lip alone being 2 inches across, 
 
 that organ sometimes veined with pale rose. 
 
 D. primulinutn giganteum, Hort. 
 
 Very nearly allied to Dendrobium Pierardi, from which it is chiefly 
 
 distinguished by its shorter and stouter stems, its nearly equal 
 
 sepals and petals, and its differently shaped lip. It is a native of 
 
 the lower Himalayan zone in Nepaul and Sikkim. The variety 
 
 giganteum is a very distinct form, remarkable for the enormous 
 
 development of the labellum as well as for the other characters 
 
 noted above ; other large-flowered forms of D. primulinum have 
 
 been improperly called giganteum that do not conform to the type 
 
 described above. The specific name refers to the cowslip fragrance 
 
 of the flowers, which expand in February and March. It appears 
 
 to have been introduced about the year 1857. 
 
 D. rhodopterygium. 
 
 Eudbndrobium — Fasciculata. Stems cylindric, erect, 12 — 20 inches 
 
 high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2 — 3 inches long. Flowers 2^ inches 
 
 across ; sepals oblong-lanceolate ; petals ovate-oblong, both sepals and 
 
 petals rosy purple mottled with white ; lip sub-orbicular when spread 
 
 out, margin denticulate, deep purple-crimson striated, bordered with 
 
 white, and with a pale central band reaching to the base. 
 
 Dendrobium rhodopterygium, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. III. (1875), p. 684. D. 
 polyphlebium, Rchb. Id. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 702. Williams' Orch. Alb. VII. t. 299. 
 
 An attractive species discovered by Boxall, in 1874, in the Moul- 
 
 mein district of British Burmah, and sent by him to Messrs. Low 
 
 and Co. It was subsequently found by Major-General E. S. Berkeley, 
 
 "on four different occasions," in Burmah, and again described by 
 
 Reichenbach, from one of the plants 'sent home by him, hesitatingly, 
 
 as a supposed natural hybrid between Dendrobium Pierardi and D. 
 
 rhodopterygium, under the name of D. polyphlebium. The plants 
 
 that have come into our possession under this name show, however, 
 
 no tangible difference from those of D. rhodopterygium, and we 
 
 are, therefore, compelled to regard D. polyphlebium as a synonym 
 
 only of D. rhodopterygium. 
 
 D. Ruckeri. 
 
 Eudbndrobium — Fasciculata. Stems slender, 12 — 18 inches long, 
 attenuated below. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, 2^ inches long. 
 
72 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 Flowers 11 inches in diameter, solitary or in pairs from the upper- 
 most joints; dorsal sepal oblong, obtuse; lateral sepals triangular, sub- 
 acute ; petals like the dorsal sepal but narrower ; both sepals and petals 
 pale fawn-yellow ; lip sub-orbicular, three-lobed, the lateral lobes turned 
 upward towards the column, white streaked with rose ; the middle lobe 
 refiexed with undulate margin, and with a pubescent ridge down the 
 middle, fawn-yellow, paler towards the base. 
 
 Dendrobium Ruckeri, Lindl. in Bot. Beg. 1843, t. 60. 
 This is a native of the Philippine Islands, said to have been 
 discovered by Cuming, and sent by him to Messrs. Loddiges in 
 1842. It is named after the late Mr. Sigismund Rucker, io whose 
 collection at West Hill, Wandsworth, it flowered for the first time 
 in this country soon after its introduction. 
 
 D. sanguinolentum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems pendulous, cylindric, as thick 
 
 as an ordinary writing-pencil, 2 — 3 feet long, leafy throughout. Leaves 
 
 elliptic-oblong, 3 inches long, persistent two or more years. Flowers 
 
 1 inch in diameter in racemes of 3 — 5 from the uppermost joints ; 
 
 sepals oval-oblong, pale amber-yellow with a small purple blotch at the 
 
 apex ; petals obovate, obtuse, the basilar portion pale amber-yellow, the 
 
 apical portion purple ; lip with a convolute claw, three-lobed, pale 
 
 amber-yellow striated with red on the disc, and with a purple blotch 
 
 at the apex, the side lobes rotund, the middle one emarginate ; spur 
 
 broad, obtuse. 
 
 Dendrobium sanguinolentum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1842, misc. 72. Id. 1843, t. 6. 
 Gard. Chron. 1843, p. 118. 
 
 Sent from Ceylon, by Mr. Nightingale, to the Duke of Northum- 
 berland, in whose gardens at Syon House it flowered in 1842. It 
 is now seldom seen in the orchid collections of Great Britain. 
 
 D. scabrilingue. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Formosa. Stems erect, stoutish, slightly attenuated 
 
 below, 9 — 12 inches high. Leaves oblong, obliquely two-lobed at the apex. 
 
 Flowers about 1£ inches in diameter, in fascicles of twos and threes 
 
 from the uppermost joints; sepals and petals similar and sub-equal, 
 
 ovate-lanpeolate, ivory-white; lip three-lobed, the side lobes oblong, 
 
 erect, yellow-given; the middle lobe oval-oblong, refiexed, yellow with 
 
 5 — 7 orange-yellow sunk lines on the disc; spur small, conical. 
 
 Dendrobium Bcabrilingue, Lindl. in Jour. Linn. Soc. III. p. 15(1858). D. hedyos- 
 i'">>", Batem. in Bot. Mag. t. 5515 (lS(i5). 1). albo-viride, Parish, MS. 
 
 Discovered in 1849 in Moulmein, by Thomas Lobb, from whose 
 
 dried specimens it was described by Dr. Lindley, in the Journal 
 
DBNDROBIUM. 7o 
 
 of the Linnean Society, in the volume above quoted. It was not 
 introduced till 1862, in which year it was sent to Messrs. Low 
 and Co., by the Eev. C. Parish, under the name of Vendrobium 
 albo-viride, in reference to the greenish white tint of the flowers when 
 first expanded; but as the flowers lose the green tint in the course 
 of a few days, the name was changed by Mr. Bateman in the 
 Botanical Magazine to hedyosmum, "sweet-scented/' in reference to 
 their pleasant Wallflower fragrance, overlooking the fact that the 
 species had been previously named seabrilingue, " rough-lipped," by 
 Dr. Lindley. It usually flowers in March and April. 
 
 D. secundum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Pycnostacliyce. Stems terete, 15 — 21 inches long, 
 somewhat thicker than an ordinary writing pencil. Leaves ovate-oblong, 
 3 — 4 inches long and 2 inches broad, deciduous. Racemes lateral, 
 3 — 4 inches long, produced from the uppermost joints of the leafless 
 stems. Flowers crowded, all turned towards the same side, rosy purple ; 
 sepals ovate, narrow; petals similar, but smaller; lip obovate-spathulate, 
 paler in colour than the other segments, and with an orange blotch 
 at the apex ; spur long, obtuse. 
 
 Dendrobium secundum, "Wallich. Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1291 (1829). Bot. Mag. 
 
 t. 4352. Pedilonum secundum, Blume, Bijdr. p. 322. 
 
 var.— niveum. 
 
 Stems shorter than in the common form. Flowers white except the 
 orange tip of the lip. 
 
 D. secundum niveum, Rchb. in Gard. Cnron. XVII. (1882), p. 733. 
 The only claims this Dendrobe has to a notice in this place 
 are its very distinct racemes of rose-coloured flowers, and its being 
 the typical species of an important sub-section of the genus 
 fPycnostachyceJ . It was introduced from Sumatra by Mr. W. Mac- 
 Killigin, and flowered in Mr. Tate's nursery at Sloane Square, 
 London, in 1829, it having been previously discovered by Blume in 
 Java, and by Dr. Wallich in one of the islands in the Straits of 
 Malacca. It has also been reported from North Borneo (abundant), 
 and other islands of the Sundaic group, from Lower Burmah, the 
 Malay peninsula, Cochin China, and other places ; it is thence one of 
 the most widely distributed of Dendrobes. The white-flowered variety 
 was introduced by Messrs. Maule and Sons, of Bristol. Vendrobium 
 secundum flowers in the autumn and winter months. The specific 
 name refers to the one-sided arrangement of the flowers on the rachis, 
 which, in the language of botany, are said to be secund. 
 
74 DENDR0B1UM. 
 
 D. senile. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems fusiform, 2 — 3 inches long, clothed 
 
 with long woolly hairs, and bearing at their extremity 2 — 3 obovate- 
 
 lanceolate leaves, 1| — 2| inches long, similarly clothed. Flowers solitary 
 
 or in pairs, produced from the side of the stem near the apex, pale 
 
 buttercup-yellow, the lip deeper and brighter in colour ; sepals ligulate, 
 
 acute ; petals oval-oblong ; lip ovate-oblong, obscurely three-lobed. 
 
 Dendrobium senile, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1865, p. 434. Id. Xen. Orch. II. p. 143, 
 t. 155. Bot. Mag. t. 5520. 
 
 Discovered by the Kev. C. Parish in Moulmein, and sent by him 
 
 to Messrs. Low and Co., in 1864. The plant is singular among Den- 
 
 drobes from its being clothed with long woolly hairs like some of 
 
 the Cereus, and which suggested its specific name (senilis, literally, 
 
 "resembling old age 5 '). The flowers are nearly as large as those of 
 
 Dendrobium chrysanthum, and are produced in the spring months. 
 
 It is best cultivated on blocks suspended near the roof glass. 
 
 D. speciosum. 
 
 Stachyobium — Specwsce. A robust plant. Stems clavate, 9 — 12 inches 
 
 long and l£ inches thick, bearing at their apex 3 — 4 coriaceous 
 
 elliptic-oblong leaves 8 — 10 inches long, and 2^ — 3£ baches broad. 
 
 Peduncles two or more from each stem, pseudo-terminal, 20—30 inches 
 
 long, marked with longitudinal ridges and furrows, and bearing a 
 
 somewhat dense raceme of pale buff-yellow fragrant flowers. Flowers 
 
 small, never fully expanding ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, the lateral 
 
 two falcate ; petals linear-lanceolate ; lip shorter than the other 
 
 segments and almost enclosed by them, oblong with the sides 
 
 turned upwards, truncate at apex, and with a notch at each lateral 
 
 margin, making it obscurely three-lobed, pale yellow spotted with purple. 
 
 Column short, white, spotted with purple on side facmg the lip. 
 
 Dendrobium speciosum, Smith Exot. Bot. I. p. 17. Bot. Mag. t. 3074 (1831). 
 Bot. Beg. t. 1610 (1833). Benth. Fl. Austral. VI. p. 279. 
 
 var.— Bancroftianum.* 
 
 As distinguished from the type, the stems are more slender, the 
 
 petals longer and narrower, the lip paler with a few purple spots at 
 the base. 
 
 D. speciosum Bancroftianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XV. (1881), p. 782. 
 
 var.— Hillii. 
 
 Stems and leaves longer than in the type ; racemes longer and more 
 
 dense ; sepals longer and narrower, petals linear ; flowers cream-white 
 
 with some purple spots on the lip. 
 
 D. speciosum Hillii, Gard. Chron. VII. (1877), p. 112, with ic. xyl. D. Hillii, 
 J lot. Mag. t. 5261. Williams' Orch. Alb. V. t. 198. 
 
 * Not seen by us. 
 
DENDROBIUM. iO 
 
 A native of Australia, confined chiefly to the neighbourhood of the 
 east coast, where it is frequent on the banks of streams from Port 
 Bowen southwards to Cape Howe. It was one of the first Austra- 
 lian Dendrobes introduced into British gardens, it having been sent 
 to Kew in the spring of 1823, by Allan Cunningham. The variety 
 Bancroftianum was sent from Brisbane, by Dr. Bancroft, in 1881, to 
 Mr. Christy, of Fenchurch Street. The variety Hillii is also a 
 Queensland form, found in the neighbourhood of Moreton Bay ; 
 it is dedicated to the late Mr. Walter Hill, superintendent of the 
 Botanic Garden, Brisbane; it is an excellent horticultural subject, 
 and when successfully cultivated forms a striking object while in 
 flower ; its racemes are the largest and most massive yet seen 
 in the genus. Dendrobium speciosum and its varieties usually flower 
 in February and March. 
 
 D. Stratiotes. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. Stems fusiform or sub-cylindric, much atten- 
 uated upwards, 15 — 20 inches high, jointed, the nodes slightly depressed. 
 Leaves very leathery, oblong-lanceolate, 4 — 5 inches long. Eacemes 5 — 7 
 or more flowered. Flowers 2| — 3 inches across from the tip of the 
 dorsal sepal to the apex of the lip, on greenish white pedicels ; sepals 
 cream-white, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, the dorsal one twisted, 
 the lateral two falcate, undulate ; petals linear, longer than the sepals, 
 twisted, pale yellow-green ; lip three-lobed, white streaked with purple ; 
 the side lobes rotund, erect ; the middle lobe cordate, acuminate, 
 depressed ; spur funnel-shaped, slightly recurved. 
 
 Dendrobium Stratiotes, Kchb. in Gard. Chron. XXV. (1886), p. 266. Id. icon, 
 xyl. XXVI. p. 177. 
 
 A distinct and beautiful species, discovered by the Lindenian 
 collectors in the Sundaic Archipelago (presumably western New 
 Guinea), and introduced by the Compagnie Continentale d' Horticul- 
 ture in 1885. Its flowers, which appear in the autumn months, 
 are very persistent, continuing in perfection for several weeks. The 
 specific name is literally " soldier," and refers to the tufts of formal 
 erect stems, a character by which the plant may be easily recognised. 
 
 D. Strebloceras. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce. Stems produced from a stout rhizome as thick 
 as a man's finger, terete, attenuated upwards, 24 — 36 inches high, leafy 
 along the upper third of their length Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6 inches 
 long, leathery, curved. Racemes produced from the uppermost joints, 
 
76 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 18 or more inches long, 8 — 12 or more flowered. Sepals narrowly ligulate, 
 acute, twisted, pale green with five brown nerves ; petals linear, 1 1 inches 
 long, 3 — 4 times twisted, brown with pale green margins ; lip pale yellow 
 streaked with purple, three-lobed, with five raised lines extending from 
 the base to the disc of the intermediate lobe, where they are confluent ; 
 side lobes rotund ; middle lobe subcordate with undulate margin ; spur 
 conic, acute. Column winged, white. 
 
 Dendrobium Strebloceras, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXV. (1886), p. 266. Id. I. 
 
 s. 3 (18S7), p. 140. 
 
 A most curious Dendrobe, discovered by the Lindenian collectors 
 about the same time, and probably in or near the same locality as 
 the preceding species, to which it is nearly allied, and like it, 
 flowering in the autumn, the flowers persisting several weeks. A 
 sub-variety with whitish flowers, called Eossianum (Grard. Chron. III. 
 s. 3 (1888), p. 72), has appeared among the introduced plants. Both 
 the species and the sub-variety are in cultivation in the rich 
 collection of Dendrobes at Burford Lodge. The specific name is 
 literally "the crumpled horn," (arp£/3Xoc, fk twisted," and Ktpag } "a 
 horn "), and was suggested by the long twisted petals. 
 
 D. sulcatum. 
 
 Eudendrobidm — Calostachyce. Stems clavate, 7 — 10 inches long, 
 compressed and deeply furrowed, attenuated below, and bearing at their 
 summit 2—3 ovate-oblong, acute leaves, 3 — 1 inches long. Racemes 
 short, 10 — 15 flowered. Flowers orange-yellow, crowded; sepals oval- 
 oblong ; petals broader, ovate ; lip more richly coloured than the other 
 segments, broadly ovate, rolled over the column at the base, where 
 there are some reddish streaks. 
 
 Dendrobium sulcatum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1838, t. 65. R. A. Rolfe, in Gard. 
 Chron. I. n. s. (1887), p. 607 (polyantha). Bot. Mag. t. 6962. 
 
 One of the discoveries of Gibson, who sent it from the Khasia 
 
 Hills to Chatsworth, in 1837, where it flowered for the first time 
 
 in the spring of the following year. It is a less attractive species 
 
 than the nearly allied Dendrobium densiflorum, from which it may 
 
 be easily distinguished by its flattened furrowed stems, and shorter 
 
 racemes of smaller flowers, which soon fade. 
 
 D. superbiens. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosm. Stems cylindric, slightly attenuated above 
 and below, 20 — 30 inches high,* leafy along the upper portion only. 
 Leaves broadly lanceolate, 3 — 4 inches long. Peduncles pseudo-terminal, 
 slender, nodding, dull green tinged with purple, racemose along the 
 
 * In a wild state the stems are said to be often 3 — 4 feet long and as thick as a man's thumb. 
 
DENDEOBIUM. 77 
 
 distal half. Flowers about 2 inches in diameter, rich crimson-purple, 
 
 the sepals and petals generally paler at the base and bordered with 
 
 white ; sepals oblong-obtuse, reflexed, undulate ; petals broader, obovate • 
 
 lip shorter than the other segments, three-lobed ; the lateral lobes 
 
 rotund, erect, or incurved ; the middle lobe oblong, reflexed, wavy ; 
 
 disc with three denticulate lamellae tbat are white at the edge ; spur 
 
 short, funnel-shaped. Column purple, anther white. 
 
 Dendrobium superbiens, Rchb. in Gard. ChroD. VI. (1876), p. 516. Id. IX. (1878), 
 p. 40. Flor. Mag. n. s. t. 294. Fitzgerald's Orch. Austral. II. part I. Sander's 
 Reichenbachia, I. p. 87, t. 39. D. Goldiei, Echb. in Gard. Chron. IX. (1878), 
 t. 145. The Garden, XIV. (1878), t. 145. 
 
 One of the most striking of the Australian Dendrobes. It is a 
 
 native of York Peninsula and some of the islands in Torres Straits, 
 
 whence it was introduced by us, in 1876, through the late Sir 
 
 William Macarthur, of Camden Park, near Sydney, New South 
 
 .Wales. The flowers, which are developed in the autumn months, 
 
 vary considerably in size and colour. 
 
 D. superbum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculcita. Stems terete, stoutish, pendent, 2\ — 4 
 feet long. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5 — 6 inches long, deciduous. 
 Flowers with a powerful odour of rhubarb, usually in pairs along 
 the distal half of the stems, 3—4 niches in diameter, rich magenta- 
 purple with the basal half of the lip deep sanguineous purple; sepals 
 oblong-lanceolate, acute ; petals ovate-oblong, nearly as broad again as 
 the sepals ; lip with a short, broad, convolute claw, aud cordate, 
 acuminate blade, of which the upper surface is pubescent and the 
 margin denticulate. 
 
 Dendrobium superbum, Rcbb. in Walp. Ann. VI. p. 282 (1861). Williams' Orch. 
 Alb. I. t. 42. D. macrophyllum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1839, misc. 46. Id. Sert. Orch. 
 t. 35. Hook. Cent. Orch. t. 12. Va.xt.Mag. Bot. VIII. p. 97. Linden's Pesc. t. 40. 
 Warner's Set. Orch. I. t. 26 (giganteum). De Puydt, Les Orch. t. 17. D. macranthum' 
 Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3970. Van Houtte's Fl. des Serres, VIII. t. 757. 
 
 . var. — anosmum. 
 
 Stems much shorter than in the typical Dendrobium superbum; 
 
 flowers more commonly solitary than in pairs, almost scentless, and 
 
 with all the segments shorter, broader, and not undulate. 
 
 D. superbum anosmum, Rchb. in Walp. Ann. loc. cit. supra. D. macropbyllum 
 anosmum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1845, misc. 41. D. anosmum, Paxt. Mag. Bot. XV. p. 97 
 (1849). D. macrophyllum Dayanum, Hort. 
 
 SUb-vars.— Burke's (Gard. Chron. XXI. (1884), p. 306), sepals and petals 
 white, as is also the anterior lobe of the lip, the convolute basal part 
 of which is pale purple ; Colonel Deare's, flowers of the purest white, 
 sepals and petals somewhat more acute than the type ; Hutton's (Gard. 
 Chron. 1869, p. 1206), stems somewhat slender; flowers white, except 
 the basilar portion of lip which is deep purple. 
 
78 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 This superb Deudrobe was one of the discoveries of Cuming, in 
 the neighbourhood of Manila, during his travels in the Philippine 
 Islands, 1836 — 40, when many splendid orchids became known for 
 the first time to European amateurs. It was sent by him to 
 Messrs. Loddiges, in whose nursery at Hackney it flowered in 1839, 
 and was described in the Botanical Register of the same year 
 under the name of Dendrobium macrophyllum, by Dr. Lindley, who 
 overlooked the fact that the French botanist, Achille Eichard, 
 had described six years previously another species with large leaves 
 under the same name. Eichard's plant, which is said to have been 
 brought from New Guinea, is unknown to horticulture; but a variety 
 from Java, called by Sir J. D. Hooker Vedchianum, and described 
 in these pages, is still in cultivation. The variety anosmum was also 
 introduced by Cuming; one of its chief peculiarities is the almost 
 entire absence of the rhubarb odour from the flowers, which suggested 
 the name. Burke's variety, a very beautiful one, was introduced by 
 us in 1883, through the collector whose name it bears ; Colonel 
 Deare's was brought to England by the gallant officer whose name 
 it bears, and is one of the purest white Dendrobes in cultivation ; 
 Hidton's was sent to us, in 1869, from one of the islands of the 
 Malay Archipelago ; it has now become extremely rare. 
 
 D. taurinum. 
 
 Stachyobium — Speciosce* Stems cylindric, erect, 3 — 4 feet high, as 
 thick as a man's fore finger. Leaves ovate-oblong, sheathing at the 
 base, emarginate. Racemes pseudo-terminal, 10 — 20 inches long, many- 
 flowered. Flowers large ; sepals ovate, obtuse, reflexed, cream-white 
 tinged with green ; petals linear, twisted, as long again as the sepals, 
 reddish brown toned with purple ; lip oblong, crisped at the apex, pale 
 rose- purple, traversed by reddish brown raised lines along the centre ; 
 spur conical, large. 
 
 Dendrobium taurinum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1843, t. 28. Paxt. Mag. Bot. X. p. 217. 
 Van Houtte's Fl. des Sevres, t. 1904. 
 
 This is also one of Cuming's discoveries in the Philippine Islands, 
 
 and communicated by him to Messrs. Loddiges, in whose nursery it 
 
 flowered for the first time in October, 1842. It was named taurinum 
 
 from the fancied resemblance of the flowers to the face and horns 
 
 * The elongated narrow petals (often twisted) of Dendrobium taurinum and its immediate 
 allies, including D. Stratiotes ami D. Strcbloceras, described supra, afford, a very distinct sub- 
 sectional character which might conveniently separate them from SiKtiosoi, under the name 
 of Anlennata, or Ceratobium, as suggested by Lindley, in Jour. Linn. Soc. III. p. 2. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 79 
 
 of a bull. Although one of the most remarkable of Dendrobes it 
 is uow seldom seen in collections, owing chiefly to the difficulty in 
 establishing newly imported plants, a circumstance probably due to 
 the situation selected by this species in its native country; this is 
 almost invariably on the Mangrove trees in the swamps skh-ting 
 the sea-shore, and where, during severe storms, the plants are 
 sometimes washed by the spray. In such places the stems of 
 Dendrobium taurinum often attain a height of ten feet, and pro- 
 duce racemes two feet long. 
 
 D. teretifolium. 
 
 Strongyle. Stems slender, branched, clustered on a creeping rhizome 
 that sends forth a dense plexus of thread-like roots, by which the 
 plant is held firmly on the substance to which it is attached. Leaves 
 terminal, terete, curved, but sometimes straight, 4 — 10 inches long. 
 Flowers white, numerous, in loose dichotomous panicles ; sepals linear- 
 subulate ; petals linear, narrower than the sepals ; lip shorter than the 
 other segments, lanceolate, acuminate, reflexed with crisped margin, and 
 with three undulate raised lines on the disc. 
 
 Dendrobium teretifolium, R. Br. Prod. Fl. Nov. Holl. p. 333 (1810). Lindl. Gen. 
 et Sp. Orch. p. 91. Bot. Mag. t. 4711. Benth. Fl. Austral. VI. p. 285. 
 
 A singular species, native of New South Wales and Queensland, 
 that has been known to science since the beginning of the present 
 century. Its first introduction to British gardens cannot be stated 
 with certainty, but the presumption is very strong that it was received 
 about the same time as Dendrobium' speciosum, that is, in 1823. It 
 was in cultivation in Messrs. Loddiges' Nursery in 1839,* and. at 
 Kew in 1852, whither it had been sent by Mr. Charles Moore, 
 Director of the Botanic Garden at Sydney.t The individual 
 flowers of D. teretifolium offer no especial attraction, but as they 
 are produced in great profusion the entire inflorescence gives a 
 pleasing impression. 
 
 D. tetragonum. 
 
 Stachtobium — Speciosce. Stems pendulous, acutely four-angled, 8 — 15 
 or more inches long, attenuated downwards into a slender terete foot- 
 stalk that is pseudo-bulbous at the base. Leaves in pairs at the 
 summit of the stems, spreading, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, from 
 between which the few-flowered raceme is produced. Flowers of peculiar 
 
 * Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1839. t Bot. Mag. sub. t. 4711. 
 
80 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 aspect, 3 — 4 inches across ; dorsal sepal narrow-subulate, the lateral two 
 
 lanceolate, much broader at the base than the dorsal one, yeUow 
 
 spotted with red ; petals linear, shorter and narrower than the sepals, 
 
 white streaked with red ; lip broadly ovate, apiculate, obscurely three- 
 
 lobed, with two white lameihe between the side lobes that are reduced 
 
 to slender keels on the front lobe, white with transverse red bars. 
 
 Column yellowish. 
 
 Dendrobiuru tetragonum, A. Cunn. Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1839, misc. 33. Benth. Fl« 
 Austral. VI. p. 279. Bot. Mag. t. 5956.* 
 
 Discovered by Allan Cunningham, about the year 1820, in the 
 
 dry shady woods around Moreton Bay, and subsequently detected 
 
 by other explorers in the neighbourhood of Rockingham Bay, on 
 
 the banks of the Hastings or Macleay River, and in other localities 
 
 near the east coast of Australia. It is one of the most singular 
 
 of Dendrobes, that merits notice on account of its remarkable 
 
 flowers and curious habit. The specific name, literally " four-angled," 
 
 refers to the stems. 
 
 D. thyrsifloruni. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Calostaclujce. Stems terete, erect, 15 — 24 inches 
 
 high, bearing near their apex 5 — 8 oval-oblong, persistent leaves, 4 — 6 
 
 inches long and 2 inches broad. Racemes lateral, pendulous, 9 — 12 
 
 inches long, many-flowered. Flowers 1| — 2 inches across, spirally 
 
 arranged round the rachis ; sepals and petals of semi-transparent texture, 
 
 white, the former ovate-oblong, acute, the latter sub-orbicular with 
 
 denticulate margin ; lip downy with a convolute claw which causes 
 
 the sub-orbicular, fimbriate blade to take the form of a wide-mouthed 
 
 funnel, rich orange-yellow. 
 
 Dendrobiurn thyrsifloruni, Illm. hort. t. 207 (1875). Kegel's Gartenfl. t. 1021. 
 Fl. Mag. n. s. t. 449. D. densiflorura, var. albo-luteum, Bot. Mag. t. 5780. The 
 Garden, XXX. (1886), t. 574. 
 
 var. — Walkerianum. 
 
 Stems longer; racemes longer and bearing larger flowers. 
 D. thyrsifloruni Walkerianum, Warner's Sel. Orch. III. t. 21. 
 It is more on horticultural than on scientific grounds that we 
 give specific rank to this beautiful Dendrobe, as the characters which 
 distinguish it from Dendrobiurn densiflorum, to which it has been 
 referred by Sir J. D. Hooker, are not usually considered by good 
 authorities to be of sufficient value to constitute a species even in 
 the vague sense the term has acquired in Orchidology. Almost 
 the only differences between the two forms are, that in D. thyrsi- 
 fiorum the stems are terete and not angulate ; they are also longer 
 
 * This plate does not do justice to the flowers. 
 
Dendrobium thyrsiflorum. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 81 
 
 and more slender, hence the two plants can be easily distinguished 
 from each other when not in flower; also the sepals and petals 
 of D. thyrsiflorum are white, but as there is a white variety of D. 
 densiflorum,* quite distinct from D. thyrsiflorum, it is the more 
 desirable that the latter should have a designation by which it may 
 not be easily confounded with the former. 
 
 Dendrobium thyrsiflorum is a native of the forests of Moulmein 
 and of the Kargen district of Lower Burmah, and was introduced, 
 in 1864, by Messrs. Low and Co., through the Rev. C. Parish, its 
 discoverer. It flowers in April and May, and has, since its first 
 introduction, been regarded by horticulturists as one of the most 
 beautiful of the genus. 
 
 D. tortile. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Steins club-shaped, attenuated below, 
 9 — 12 inches long, compressed, furrowed, yellow-green when old. Leaves 
 lanceolate-oblong, obliquely eniarginate, 3— 4 inches long. Flowers 3 
 inches across, in fascicles of twos and threes, but sometimes solitary, 
 produced from the uppermost joints ; sepals and petals narrowly oblong, 
 twisted, pale rosy lilac ; lip sub-orbicular when spread out, convolute 
 at base, pale primrose-yellow with a purple blotch at base, from which 
 some purple streaks radiate laterally. Column green, anther case 
 purple. 
 
 Dendrobium tortile, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1847, p. 797. Bot. Mag. t. 4477. 
 Introduced by us, in 1847, from the Mergui district in Tenas- 
 serim, through Thomas Lobb. An inferior variety is also found on 
 the Arracan Hills. It is closely allied to Dendrobium primulinum 
 and D. Pierardi, but easily distinguished from both by its club- 
 shaped stems and twisted sepals and petals, the last-named peculiarity 
 suggesting the specific name. It flowers in June and July. 
 
 D. transparens. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fasciculata. Stems slender, 12 — 18 inches lomr. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3—4 mches long, deciduous. Flowers 1 \ inches 
 
 in diameter, on purplish pedicels, in fascicles of twos and threes from 
 
 the leafless shoots ; sepals lanceolate, white tinted with pale rosy 
 
 mauve towards their tip ; petals elliptic-oblong, acute, similarly coloured ; 
 
 lip ovate-oblong, with a short claw, which with the obscure side 
 
 lobes is rolled over the column, white with two deeper purple stains 
 
 on the disc, pale mauve-purple at the apex. 
 
 Dendrobium transparens, Wallicb. Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orcb. p. 79 (1331) Paxt 
 Fl. Gard. 1. 1. 27. Bot. Mag. t. 4663. 
 
 * D. densiflorum Schroederi, supra. 
 
82 DENDR0B1UM. 
 
 A beautiful species, abundant in many of the valleys of the 
 lower Himalayan zone. It was discovered by Dr. Wallich in the 
 early part of the present century, but not introduced to European 
 gardens till 1852, in which year Thomas Lobb collected it on 
 the Garrow Hills, at a place called Myrone, 5,000 feet above 
 sea-level, and sent it to the Exeter firm. It was shortly after- 
 wards sent to Kew from Assam, by Simons. It usually flowers 
 in March. 
 
 D. Treacherianum. 
 
 Sarcopodium. Rhizome stoutish, creeping. Pseudo-bulbs crowded 
 ovoid, angulate, slightly curved, 2 — 3 inches long, diphyllous. Leaves 
 linear-oblong, 3 — 4 inches long, generally emarginate, leathery in 
 texture. Peduncles erect, sheathed at the base and at each joint by 
 reddish brown bracts, 2 — 5 flowered. Flowers Is — 2 inches across; 
 sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, pale pinkish mauve, passing to 
 white at the margins ; lip deep red-crimson, three-lobed ; the side 
 lobes narrow with the anterior angle prominent ; the middle lobe 
 linear-oblong, acuminate, tri-lamellate. 
 
 Dendrobium Treacherianum, Rchb. MSS. fide Bot. Mag. t. 6591. Williams' Orch. 
 Alb. VI. t. 288. 
 
 A curious Dendrobe, one of the very few cultivated species 
 
 included in the section Sarcopodium, a group that imitates the 
 
 Bulbophyls in having creeping rhizomes, two-leaved pseudo-bulbs, 
 
 and flowers usually with narrow segments. It is a native of Borneo, 
 
 whence it was introduced by Messrs. Low and Co., in 1881, and 
 
 named in compliment to Mr. W. H. Treacher, the Colonial Secretary 
 
 at Labuan. 
 
 D. Wardianum. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Fascirulata. Stems terete, knotted, pendent, 21 — 36 
 
 or more inches long, the larger ones as thick as the little finger. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, 4 — 5 inches long, deciduous. Flowers 
 
 usually in twos and threes, 3—4 inches across, of smooth wax-like 
 
 texture; sepals oblong, sometimes entirely white, but generally with an 
 
 amethyst-purple blotch at the tip; petals oval, nearly as broad again as 
 
 the sepals, white, heavily tipped with amethyst-purple ; lip sub-orbicular, 
 
 convolute over the column at the base, bright ochreous-yellow with 
 
 two maroon blotches at the base, the anterior part white with an 
 
 amethyst-purple blotch at the apex. 
 
 Dendrobium Wardianum, Warner, Sel. Orch. I. t 19 (1862-5). llha. hart, s. 3, 
 t. 277. Fl. Mag. n. s. t. 212 (var. Lowii). Williams' Orch. Alb. III. t, 113 (gigan- 
 teum). Sander's Reichenbachia, I. t. 9. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 
 
 83 
 
 var. — assamicum. 
 
 Stems shorter and more slender, leaves narrower, and the flowers 
 
 smaller in all their parts, but more brilliantly coloured than in the 
 
 form described above. 
 
 D. Wardianum assamicum, supra. Jennings' Orch. t. 2. D. Falconeri sepalis peta- 
 lisque obtusioribus, Bot. Mug. t. 5058. 
 
 SUb-var. — candidum, flowers white, except the orange-yellow disc of lip, 
 
 on which are two light red-brown blotches near the base. 
 
 D. Wardianum candidum, Kchb. in Gard. Chron. V. (1876), p. 460. 
 
 Two distinct forms of this superb Dendrobe, received from two 
 
 different localities, are known in gardens ; one from Burmah, with 
 
 long stems that produce large flowers, and the other from Assam 
 
 Dendrobium Wardianum. 
 
 and the Khasia Hills, with shorter and more slender stems, that 
 produce smaller flowers with brighter colours than the Burmese 
 form. The Assam form was introduced first ; it was collected by 
 Simons, about the year 1856, and one of the plants sent home 
 by him flowered in Messrs. Jackson's Nursery, in the spring of 1858, 
 and was figured and described in the Botanical Magazine as a variety 
 of Dendrobium Falconeri. About the same time, or in the following 
 season, a plant (whether one of Simons' or not it is not stated) 
 flowered in the stove of Dr. Ward, at Southampton, which showed 
 a more marked deviation from D. Falconeri than that figured in 
 
84 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 the Botanical Magazine. This was named D. Wardianum, in com- 
 pliment to the owner, by Mr. Warner, who figured and described 
 the species for the first time, as such, in his Select Orchidaceous 
 Plants, not from Dr. Ward's plant, but from another in the collec- 
 tion of the late Mr. Day, at Tottenham, who had cultivated it under 
 the name of D. Falconeri obtusum* The long-stemmed form was 
 first introduced from Burmah, in 1875, by Messrs. Low and Co., 
 and on account of its robust growth and magnificent flowers, became 
 at once the popular I). Wardianum, which the thousands of plants 
 of the same form since imported have tended to confirm. By 
 the strict law of botanical nomenclature, the Assam form, as 
 figured by Warner, should be the typical D. Wardianum, and the 
 robust Burmese form should rank only as a variety, but the 
 exigencies of horticulture have reversed this order, especially as 
 the Assam form is more difficult to cultivate successfully. The 
 sub- variety, candidum, was introduced by Messrs. Low and Co. 
 amongst their first Burmese importations. 
 
 D. xanthophlebium. 
 
 Eudendrobium — Formosce, Stems tufted, 12 or more inches long, as 
 
 thick as an ordinary writing pencil. Leaves near the summit only, 
 
 linear-lanceolate, 2 — 3 inches long, obliquely emarginate. FloAvers in 
 
 pairs or solitary, 1J — 2 inches in diameter; sepals and petals white, 
 
 the former lanceolate, the latter broader, ovate ; lip three-lobed ; the 
 
 side lobes nearly triangular, white spotted with orange ; the intermediate 
 
 lobe sub-rotund, wavy, with an orange disc and white margin. 
 
 Dendrobium xanthophlebium, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1857, p. 268. D. marginatum, 
 Batem. in Bot. Mag. t. 5454 (1864). 
 
 Introduced by us, through Thomas Lobb (date uncertain), from 
 
 Moulmein, whence it was subsequently sent to Messrs. Low and Co., 
 
 by the Rev. C. Parish. It is now rarely seen in orchid collections. 
 
 HYBRID DLNDROBIUMS. 
 
 Hybrid Orchids, whether brought into existence by the agency of 
 Nature or by the hand of Man, have become so familiar an 
 element in almost every collection of note, that when we contem- 
 plate the great genus Dendrobium in all its aspects, it becomes 
 a matter of some surprise that so few natural hybrids, or forms 
 that would be recognised as such, have as yet made their appear- 
 * Warner's Sel. Orch. I. sub. t. 19. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 85 
 
 ance among the numerous importations of species of Dendrobium 
 that have of late years filled the orchid houses of Europe to 
 overflowing. But so it is — with the solitary exception of D. crassi- 
 nodi-Wardianum, an undoubted natural hybrid, we know of no 
 other well-attested instance, although from time to time, hypotheses 
 have been hazarded respecting the hybrid origin of some of the 
 Dendrobes in cultivation, but which, since their first appearance, 
 have been generally accepted as good species. So long ago as 
 1874, Professor Reichenbach (Xen. Orch. II. p. 209 — 10), when point- 
 ing out the difficulty attending the identification of certain Den- 
 drobes from their flowers only — a difficulty greatly heightened when 
 the flowers come to hand in a dried state, instancing D. Boxalli, 
 D. crystallinum, D. Findlayanum, and D. gratiosissimum — suggested 
 the possibility of at least two of these being natural hybrids, 
 viz., D. Boxalli between D. gratiosissimum and D. crassinode, and 
 D. Findlayanum between D. Aphrodite and I), gratiosissimum.* But 
 this theory has thus far failed to find acceptance, the chief fact 
 that militates against it being the quantity in which both have been 
 imported, a fact that affords sufficient ground for giving them specific 
 rank, apart from some structural peculiarities that cannot be recon- 
 ciled with their supposed hybrid origin. D. rhodopterygium has been 
 adduced as another instance of a natural hybrid, the supposed 
 parents being D. Pierardi and D. Parishii, but here again, although 
 the probability is much stronger than in the preceding cases, fur- 
 ther evidence appears to be undoubtedly wanting to establish the 
 hypothesis. 
 
 Into the causes of this paucity of natural hybrids in this genus 
 it is not our present purpose to inquire; we simply note the 
 fact as one among the many unsolved mysteries of orchid life. 
 
 Even muling among Dendrobes by hand is, comparatively speak- 
 ing, still in its infancy, large as is the field offered by the genus 
 for the operations of the hybridist. Dominy raised the hybrid that 
 bears his name many years ago at the Exeter Nursery; he was 
 followed at intervals by various operators, the most successful of 
 whom is Seden, who, by widening the area of his operations, has 
 
 * In his own words, " Es ist sehr wahrscheinlick dass Bastardinmgen vorkommen, zu denen 
 vielleicht sogar Dendrobium Aphrodite, D. Bensonioz, und D. Parishii ihre contingente liefern. 
 Wer konnte sich dem Verdachte entziehen dass aus D. gratiosissimum und crassinode, das 
 Boxalli werde ? Und ist vielleicht D. Findlayanum ein Product des D. Aphrodite und 
 
 gratiosissimum. 
 
86 
 
 DENDEOBIUM. 
 
 obtained as many new forms as all the other operators put together. 
 Of the fourteen hybrid Dendrobes described below, Dendrobium nohile 
 is one parent of six of them, and has participated in the parentage 
 of one more, and D. aureum is one parent of three of the same six 
 and of two others, so that only five hybrids have yet flowered 
 that have a pai-entage in which neither of these species has 
 participated, and for the production of these five hybrids six 
 species only have been used that have not shared in the paren- 
 tage of the nobile and aureum hybrids. In every case both the 
 vegetative and floral organs of the progeny have taken a form 
 intermediate between those of the parents, the form of these organs 
 is, with very few exceptions, purposely omitted in the following 
 descriptions. 
 
 Dendrobium Ainsworthi 
 
 (From the Gardeners' chronicle.) 
 
 Dendrobium Ainsworthii. 
 
 I), aureum X !>. nobile. 
 Flowers 2—3 inches across ; the French-white sepals and 
 sometimes tinted with rose-purple towards the tips; and the lip 
 with a deep amethysl red disc, with numerous radiating streaks 
 same colour. 
 
 petals 
 always 
 of the 
 
DENDROBIUAI. 87 
 
 Dendrobium Ainsworthii, Moore in Gard. Chron. I. (1874), p. 443. Fl. Mag. n. s. 
 t. 126. D. Ainsworthii roseutn, Williams' Orc/t,. Alb. I. t. 20. 
 
 Raised in the collection of Dr. Ainswortli, at Lower Broughton, 
 
 near Manchester,* where it flowered for the first time in the spring 
 
 of 1874. A variety with larger flowers having rose-purple sepals 
 
 and petals is known in cultivation under the name of Dendrobium 
 
 Ainsworthii roseum. 
 
 D. Chlorostele.t 
 
 D. Linawianum X D. Wardianum. 
 Stems like those of Dendrobium Linawianum. Flowers somewhat 
 resembling a broad-petalled D. uobile ; sepals white margined with 
 purple ; basal half of petals white, distal half purple ; central area 
 of lip amaranth-purple with radiating lines, bordered in front with 
 pale yellow, apical margin pale purple. Column green, anther purple. 
 Dendrobium Chlorostele, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 477. 
 Raised in Sir Trevor Lawrence's collection at Burford Lodge, near 
 Dorking. 
 
 D. Chrysodiscus. 
 
 D. Airisworfhii X D. Findlayanum. 
 
 Stems intermediate between those of the two parents, amber-yellow 
 
 with the nodes slightly swollen laterally. Sepals and petals white with 
 
 purple apicular blotches ; lip yellow-white with orange-yellow disc, at 
 
 the base of which is a purple stain, and with a purple apical blotch. 
 
 Dendrobium Chrysodiscus, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 414. 
 
 var — oculatum. 
 
 The apicular blotch on the sepals and petals larger and of a deeper 
 colour ; the lip with a deep maroon disc surrounded by a bright yellow 
 zone. 
 
 D. Chrysodiscus oculatum, supra. 
 
 A very distinct hybrid raised in Sir Trevor Lawrence's collection, at 
 Burford Lodge. Plants were also raised from the vice versa cross that 
 produce flowers not differing much from the original Dendrobium 
 Ainsworfhii. The vice versa cross has been named D. Melanodiscus, by 
 Professor Reichenbach, loc. cit. supra. The variety oculatum is the most 
 beautiful of all the forms of this cross that we have yet seen. 
 
 D. Oybele. 
 
 D. Findlayanum X D. nobile. 
 
 Stems like those of Dendrobium nobile, but more compressed, with 
 
 the internodes swollen laterally. Flowers more nearly like those of the 
 
 * Plants of the same cross raised by West appeared about the same time in the Fairfield 
 Nursery, near Manchester. 
 
 t Not seen hy us. From yXtopog, "green," like grass, and o"r>jAn, "pillar," probably 
 
 in reference to the green column of the flower. 
 
8b DENDROBIUM. 
 
 pollen than of the seed parent (U. Fludlayanuin) ; sepals and petals 
 white slightly tipped with pale rose ; lip white faintly suffused with 
 pale yellow, and with a crimson-purple blotch at the base. 
 Dendrobium Cybele, Eolfe in Gard. Chron. II. s. 3 (1887), p. 778. 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. In this hybrid ths preponderance 
 of the pollen parent is more than usually marked ; the conspicuous 
 yellow of the lip of Dendrobium Findlayanum is here totally lost. 
 
 D. Dominianum. 
 
 D. nobile X D. Linawianum. 
 Sepals mauve-purple ; petals bright rose-purple at the apex, paler 
 towards the base where they are nearly white ; lip white with a 
 maroon-purple disc, and a rose-purple apex. 
 
 Dendrobium Dominianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. IX. (1878), p. 202. 
 Raised by Dominy at the Exeter Nursery, and in cultivation many 
 years prior to the date of the published description. 
 
 Dendrobium Endocharis, 
 
 D Endocharis. 
 
 J), japonicum x D. aureum. 
 
 Flowers fragrant, nearly as large as those of the pollen parent (Dendro- 
 bium aureum), milk-white with a crimson-purple striated blotch at the 
 base of the lip. 
 
DENDROBIUM. 89 
 
 Dendrobium Endocharis,* Rchb. in Gard. Chron. V. (1876), p. 298. 
 This hybrid has more of the robust habit of Dendrobium aureum than 
 of the slender, dwarf, tufted D. japonicum. Its chaste flowers, together 
 with their delightful violet fragrance, render it one of the most 
 admired of hybrid Dendrobes. It was raised by Seden. 
 
 D. euosmum. 
 
 D. Endocharis X D. nobile. 
 Flowers fragrant, as large as those of Dendrobium nobile ; sepals 
 and petals white tipped with pale rosy purple, as is also the lip, the 
 disc of which is maroon-purple surrounded by white. Column pale 
 green with some purple streaks below the stigmatic hollow. 
 Dendrobium euosmum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXIII. (1885), p. 174. 
 Sub-vars.— leucopterum (Gard. Chron. XXV. (1886), p. 488), sepals, petals 
 and lip pure white, except the disc of the latter which is Indian-purple, 
 paler than in the type ; roseum, sepals and petals toned with rose-purple, 
 which is of a much deeper shade at the apex, the apical blotch on the 
 lip deeper than in the type. 
 
 Raised by Seden. The influence of the pollen parent is here con- 
 spicuously manifested in the form and colour of the flower, while that 
 of the seed parent — itself a hybrid — is chiefly noticeable in its fragrance, 
 and which suggested the name.f It is one of trie most beautiful 
 hybrid Dendrobes yet raised, especially the sub-variety leucopterum. 
 
 D. Leechianum. 
 
 D. nobile X D. aureum. 
 
 Flowers 3 inches across, white with the tip of the sepals and petals 
 rosy purple, the lip with a large purple blotch with deeper radiating 
 streaks, and surrounded by a pale yellow zone. 
 
 Dendrobium Leechianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XVII (1882), p. 256. 
 
 Raised by Swan in the collection of Mr. W. Leech, at Fallowfield, 
 near Manchester. It comes very near our own Dendrobium splendidis- 
 simum, from which, says Professor Reichenbach, it differs chiefly "in 
 the narrower, more acute,- and wavv petals, and in its lip being lobed 
 as in D. aureum." 
 
 D. micans. 
 
 D. Wardianum X D. lituiflorum. 
 Flowers with the glossy wax-like texture of Dendrobium Wardianum, 
 3 inches or more across ; sepals and petals mauve-purple, paler towards 
 the base ; lip nearly, as in D. lituiflorum, white with a large maroon- 
 purple disc, and a rose-purple blotch at the apex. 
 
 Dendrobium micans, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XI. (1879), p. 332. 
 
 * From kvcov, "within," "inward," and yapiQ, "joy," "satisfaction." 
 tFromtu, "well," and 007177, "fragrance." 
 
90 DENDROBIUM. 
 
 Raised by Seden in our nursery. Flowers of the Assam or short 
 and slender-stemmed variety of Dendrobium Wardianum, as well as of 
 the Burmese or long and robust stemmed form, were fertilised with 
 the pollen of D. litaijiorum. The flowers of the progeny derived 
 from both crosses are identical except in colour, those derived from 
 the Assam form having the sepals and petals more deeply coloured, 
 and disc of the lip larger ; also the stems of the plants of which 
 this form was one parent are shorter and more slender than those 
 in which the Burmese form share the parentage. 
 
 D. porphyrogastrum 
 
 D. Huttonii X D. Dalhousieanum. 
 Flowers 2 — 3 inches across ; sepals and petals similar and sub-equal, 
 pale rosy mauve, the petals a little more deeply coloured than the 
 sepa 1 s ; lip pale rose-purple and white, with a deep purple spotted 
 disc ; the margin is ciliolate, and the spur short and funnel-shaped. 
 Dendrobium porphyrogastrum,* Rchb. in lit. 
 Raised by Seden in our nursery ; it is the most remarkable cross 
 amongst Dendrobes yet known to us. 
 
 D. Rhodostoma. 
 
 D. Huttonii X D. sanguinolentum. 
 Flowers about 2 inches in diameter, much like those of the. pollen 
 parent Dendrobium sanguinolentum ; sepals white tipped with purplish 
 crimson ; petals broader with a larger blotch at the tip ; lip purplish 
 crimson with a yellowish maroon disc. 
 
 Dendi-obium Rhodostoma, f Rchb. in Gard. Chron. V. (1876), p. 795. 
 Raised by Seden in our nursery. 
 
 D. Schneiderianuni. 
 
 D, Findlayanum X D. aureum. 
 
 Stems nodose as in Dendrobium Findlayaimm. Flowers as large as the 
 best D. aureum forms ; sepals and petals white tipped with lilac-purple ; 
 lip orange-yellow with a large sub-orbicular pubescent disc, from which 
 radiate deep purple lines, and which is surrounded by a broad whitish 
 zone, apical area lilac-purple. Column with some purple lines in front 
 and a purple blotch above. 
 
 Dendrobinm Sehneiderianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 209. 
 
 The cross was effected in the collection of Mr. Oscar Schneider, at 
 Kallowiield, near Manchester; the plants were raised by Mr. Holmes, 
 gardener to Mr. C. Moseley, at Grange Thorpe, Rusholme, Manchester, 
 their present possessor. The large orange-yellow disc of the lip 
 streaked with purple is the most marked characteristic of the hybrid. 
 
 From Tr()f)(j)vpn, "purple," and ynaTpoq, "ventral." 
 t Prom pooov, "the rose/' "rose-coloured," and o-ro/t«, "the mouth," "the face." 
 
DENDROEIUM. 
 
 91 
 
 D. splendidissimum. 
 
 1). aureum x D, nobile. 
 
 Flowers 3 — 4 inches across with a glossy varnished surface ; sepals 
 and petals white tipped with rosy mauve ; lip with an Indian-purple 
 disc shaded with maroon, and surrounded hy a pale yellow zone. 
 Dendrobium splendidissimum, Ecbb. in Gard. Chron. XI. (1879), p. 298. 
 
 var. — grandiflorum. 
 
 Flowers larger with all the segments broader ; sepals and petals 
 rose-purple at the tips, becoming paler towards the base where they 
 are white, the petals gently renexed ; the disc of lip unusually large, 
 of the richest Indian-purple surrounded by a pale yellow zone ; apex 
 rose-purple. 
 
 D. splendidissimum grandiflorum, supra. 
 
 Dendrobium splendidissimum grandifloinm. 
 
 Raised by Seden in our nursery. This is the third type of pro- 
 genies obtained by different operators from the same or a vice versa 
 cross. The seedlings raised from all the crosses are found to be 
 variable, members of one progeny approaching so closely varieties 
 among the others that the original distinctions set up between them 
 cease to be appreciable ; we are of opinion, therefore, that the three 
 
92 BULBOPHYLLUM. 
 
 names should for the present be bracketed in their chronological 
 order thus, Dendrobium Ainsworthii, D. splendidissimum, D. LeecManum, 
 
 leaving it to future experience to decide whether the separate names 
 shall be retained, or whether the second, or third, or both, must sink 
 as synonyms of the first. The variety grandiflorum is not only the 
 largest of the forms obtained from the aureo-nobile crosses, but it is 
 also the most distinct ; this result is due to one of the finest forms 
 of each species having been selected for parents. 
 
 D. Vannerianum. 
 
 D. japonicum X D. Falcomri. 
 Flowers much resembling those of Dendrobium transparens ; all the 
 segments narrowed and pointed ; sepals white with narrow purple 
 margins ; petals and lip also white, the former with a purple apical 
 blotch, the latter with an oval blotch on the disc, and the apical area 
 also purple. 
 
 Dendrobium Vannerianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 72. 
 Raised by Mr. Vanner, of Camden Wood, Chislehurst. 
 
 BULBOPHYLLUM. 
 
 Thouars, Orch. lies. Afr. 1822. Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Oreh. p. 50 (1831). Benth. et Hook. 
 Gen. Plant. III. p. 501 (1883). 
 
 In the scientific arrangement of the Orchidese, Bulbophyllum follows 
 
 close upon Ddndrobium, with which genus it is to some extent 
 
 geographically associated.* Its geographical range, however, greatly 
 
 exceeds that of Dendrobium, for the genus is not only represented 
 
 by several species in Africa, especially at Sierra Leone, but also 
 
 by a few species in Central and South America,t an instance 
 
 somewhat rare among tropical orchids of the same genus being 
 
 represented in both the Old and New World. By far the greatest 
 
 number of the Bulbophyls are East Indian and Malayan, whence 
 
 they spread into Australia and even New Zealand, where the minute 
 
 Bulbophyllum pygmceum has its home. With so vast a geographical 
 
 range, it is not surprising that the genus, as a whole, should be 
 
 somewhat polymorphous, although as regards the greater number 
 
 * Bulbophyllum differs chiefly from Dendrobium in the inflorescence, "the leafless scapes 
 arising from the rhizome either at the base of, or at a distance from the leaf-bearing stems or 
 pseudo-bulbs." — Bcnthmn, iu Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. p. 297. The curious Dendrobium 
 amplum, of the Khasia Hills, and the Bornean D. Treacher iatium are connecting links 
 between the two genera. 
 
 + Dr. Lindley (Fol. Orch.) separated seven Brazilian species from Bulbophyllum, and con- 
 stituted them a new genus which he called Didactyle, but ia this he is not followed by later 
 botanists. 
 
BULBOPHYLLUM. 93 
 
 of the included species it is, according to Mr. Bentham, a fairly 
 natural one. 
 
 In consequence of the diversity in form, size and structure observable 
 in the flowers of the included species, a full diagnosis of the genus 
 would greatly exceed our limits. In the vegetative organs, too, there 
 is considerable variability among the species, some being amongst the 
 smallest orchids known, while others attain (for orchids) gigantic dimen- 
 sions. Generally the pseudo-bulbs are of small size, sometimes clustered, 
 but more frequently produced at greater or less intervals from a 
 creeping rhizome, which in one species at least, Bulbopliyllum Beccari, 
 is of extraordinary thickness. 
 Of the eighty or more species known to science, a considerable 
 number have at one time or other been received into European 
 gardens, bat in many instances soon to disappear from them. The 
 Bulbophyls have more attraction for the botanist than for the 
 amateur cultivator of orchids ; nevertheless, the singular form and 
 structure of the flowers of some, and the peculiar coloration of others 
 should render such plants objects of interest even where the more 
 showy species of other genera hold privileged sway. The species 
 presently to be described are among the most remarkable known 
 to us; they are, with one exception, figured in the Botanical 
 Magazine, from which source our descriptions have for the most 
 part been derived. 
 
 Cultural Note. — The following species are all natives of the equatorial 
 zone, of which the climatic conditions are stated at length in the 
 introductory notes on Dendrobium. They should be grown in the 
 East-India house, where they should receive the same general treatment 
 as the Dendrobes and other occupants of that house, provision being 
 made for the rambling habit of those species that have long creeping 
 rhizomes. The smaller species thrive best suspended near the roof glass, 
 where they can receive the maximum of light and air. 
 
 Bulbophyllum barbigerum. 
 
 Pseudo-bulbs lenticular, less than an inch in diameter, monophyllous. 
 Leaf oblong, fleshy. Peduncles racemose along the distal half, 7 — 12 
 flowered, each flower with a broad amplexicaul bract at the base of 
 its pedicel ; sepals linear-lanceolate, tapering to a point, dull chocolate- 
 brown ; petals reduced to minute scales ; lip long, narrow, flexuose and 
 pointed, covered with a yellow felt, bearded just within the point and 
 terminating in a brush consisting of long, purple threads. Column 
 short, with two curved horns at the apex. 
 
 Bulbophyllum barbigerum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1837. t. 1912. Bot. Mag. t. 5238. 
 Native of Sierra Leone, whence it was imported by Messrs. 
 
94 
 
 BULBOPHYLLUM. 
 
 Loddiges, in 1836. It is a most carious orchid, which we have 
 seen in flower in Sir Trevor Lawrence's collection at Burford 
 Lodge on more than one occasion, and we cannot better convey an 
 
 ... |p!^a§ 
 
 Bulbophylluin barbigeruw. 
 
 (Copied from the Botanical Magazine.) 
 
 idea of some of its peculiarities than by transcribing the following- 
 particulars from Dr. Lindley's description in the Botanical Register : — 
 " The lip is one of the most extraordinary organs known, even 
 among orchidaceous plants ; the very long purple threads forming the 
 brush at the point of the lip are so excessively delicate that the 
 slightest disturbance of the air sets them in motion, when they wave 
 gently to and fro like a tuft of threads cut from a spider's web. 
 Nor is this all ; the lip itself, with its yellow felt, its two beards 
 and its long purple brush, is articulated with the column by such a 
 very slight joint, that to breathe upon it is sufficient to produce a 
 rocking movement, so conspicuous and protracted that one is tempted 
 to believe that there must he something of an animal nature infused 
 into this most unplant-like production." 
 
BULBOPHYLLUM. 95 
 
 B. Beccarii. 
 
 "Rhizome as thick as the thumb, winding round the trunks of trees 
 to which it adheres by numerous root fibres from its under surface, 
 smooth, cylindric, green. Pseudo-bulbs rather distant, 2 inches in 
 diameter and upwards, nearly globose, monophyllous. Leaves 12 — 24 
 inches long by 9—18 inches broad, sub-acute, abruptly narrowed at 
 the concave base, thickly coriaceous. Peduncles short, decurved, thickly 
 clothed with imbricating, ovate, acute sheaths of a didl purple colour 
 streaked with red. Racemes pendulous, dense-flowered and foetid ; 
 bracts almost equalling the flowers, lanceolate, acuminate, pale lilac 
 streaked with red. Flowers ^ of an inch in diameter ; sepals ovate- 
 oblong, yellowish with red reticulations ; petals lanceolate, acuminate, 
 dull yellow with central red band ; lip ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, recurved, 
 yellow with red ribs on the disc. Column with two short teeth in 
 front at the tip." — Botanical Magazine. 
 
 Bulbophyllum Beccarii, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XI. (1879), p. 41. Id. XIV. (1880), 
 pp. 326, 52*5. Bot. Mag. t. 6567. 
 
 A most remarkable orchid in more senses than one ; in size it 
 is one of the most gigantic, its enormous rhizome encircling the 
 trees to which it is attached, like the coils of a serpent ; its 
 racemes of flowers are among the largest and densest in the Order, 
 but the flowers emit an odour so loath- ome as to permanently 
 exclude the plant from general cultivation, its fcetor rivalling that 
 of the most offensive Aroid known. 
 
 Bulbophyllum Beccarii was first discovered in Borneo, in 1853, by 
 Thomas Lobb, who sent home a leaf only, which is still in the 
 Lindley herbarium, now preserved at Kew. It was rediscovered, in 
 1867, by Professor Beccari, an Italian botanist, who has rendered 
 lasting service to science by exploring parts of the great Oriental 
 Archipelago not previously known. 
 
 B. Dearei. 
 
 Pseudo-bulbs clustered, varying in size from that of a small filbert 
 to that of a large walnut, monophyllous. Leaves oval-oblong, acute, 
 4 — 6 inches long. Peduncles erect, as long as the leaves, one-flowered. 
 Flowers large and showy ; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, tawny yellow 
 spotted with red ; lateral sepals lanceolate, falcate, dilated, and saccate 
 at the base with some purple markings on both sides ; petals linear- 
 lanceolate, tawny yellow with deeper veins and some reddish purple 
 spots ; lip articulated with the foot of the column by a flexible claw, 
 triangular with the lateral angles turned upwards, and the anterior 
 one reflexed ; calli U-shaped, whitish mottled with purple. Column very 
 short, deep tawny yellow margined with red. 
 
96 BULBOPHYLLUM. 
 
 Bulbophylluni Dearei, supra* 
 A beautiful species, in cultivation at Burford Lodge, of which 
 we have failed to find any published description, or any authority 
 for the name which is unquestionably that of the gallant officer 
 who introduced Dendrobium Dearei, and thence the plant may be 
 assumed to be of Philippine origin. The structure of the flower 
 is as curious as the flower itself is beautiful; this is especially seen 
 in the labellum, with its curious U-shaped crest. This remarkable 
 organ is so delicately poised upon its flexible claw, that it vibrates 
 rapidly upon the slightest movement imparted to the plant. 
 
 B. lemniscatum. 
 
 "Pseudo-bulbs J — f inch in diameter. Leaves 1| — 2 inches long, in 
 a tuft of three or four from base of pseudo-bulb, ellipticdanceolate, 
 deciduous. Scapes slender, 4 — 6 inches high, with two or three short 
 sheaths below the middle, and one long, slightly inflated one, above it. 
 Flowers small, crowded on a pendulous spike at the extremity of the 
 scape ; sepals orbicular-ovate, dark purple, setose, with long spreading 
 hairs and with an appendage at the base ; petals linear-lanceolate, white 
 with a purple streak ; lip broadly ovate, recurved, convex, dark blue- 
 purple." — Botanical 3Iagazine. 
 
 Bulbophyllum lemniscatum, Parish, M.S. fide Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 1872, t. 5961. 
 Van Houtte's Fl. des Sevres, t. 2476 (copied from Bot. Mag.). 
 
 Sir J. D. Hooker remarks of this : — 
 
 "That a more singular little gem of an orchid cannot well be 
 imagined. Its curious, glossy, tubercled pseudo-bulbs, its capillary 
 scape, its pendulous spike of glistening minute flowers, and, above all, 
 its slender appendages that hang one from the back of each sepal, 
 and which are as curious in structure as beautiful in colouring, together 
 seem to mark it as the type of a new genus. . . . The elaborate 
 structure of the appendages of the sepals deserves special notice. Each 
 consists of a narrow club-shaped, very flaccid body, three to four times 
 as long as the flower, and is gradually narrowed into a filiform pedicel. 
 On superficial examination it appears to be ten-sided, but on a trans- 
 verse section is proved to consist of a capillary axis from which radiate 
 ten longitudinal, crenate, undulate plates of extreme delicacy. The 
 whole organ is not more than one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch long, 
 of a brilliant red-purple colour, transversely banded with white. Of its 
 possible use I can form no conception ; it falls off as the flower 
 expands." 
 
 This curious orchid was discovered by the Rev. C. Parish, in 
 1868, growing on an old shingle roof at Zwakabin, in Moulmein. 
 
 * It was exhibited by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., under this Dame, at the Orchid Conference 
 held at South Kensington in May, 1885. 
 
BULBOPHYLLUM. 97 
 
 B. Lobbii. 
 
 Pseudo-bulbs produced from a scaly rhizome at intervals of about an 
 inch, ovoid, 1^ inches long, monophyllous. Leaves petiolate, oblong, 6 inches 
 long. Scapes shorte rthan the leaves, one-flowered. Flowers spreading, 
 3 — 4 inches across ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, buff-yellow, the dorsal 
 one marked with lines of purple spots at the back, the lateral two 
 falcate, and stained with rosy purple in the centre ; petals like the 
 dorsal sepal but smaller ; lip shorter than the other segments, cordate, 
 acute, reflexed, yellow spotted with purple, as is the short and broad 
 column. 
 
 Bulbophyllum Lobbii, Lind. in Bot. Reg. 1847, sub. t. 29. Bot. Mag. t. 4532. 
 
 var. — siamense. 
 
 Leaves longer and more leathery than in the type. Flowers lemon- 
 yellow, veined and dotted with reddish crimson. 
 
 B. Lobbii siamense, Rchb. in Saunder's Ref. Bot. II. t. 116. B. Siamense, Rchb. in 
 Gard. Chron. 1867, p. 592. 
 
 This and Bulbophyllum Dearei are almost the only Bulbophyls that 
 
 have flowers sufficiently large and showy to gain admission into the 
 
 orchid collections of many amateurs. B. Lobbii was sent to the Exeter 
 
 Nursery, in 1846, from Java, by Thomas Lobb. The variety was 
 
 introduced 20 years later, by the late Mr. Day; it was also sent 
 
 about the same time to Messrs. Low and Co., from Moulmein, by 
 
 the Rev. 0. Parish, and shortly afterwards to the Royal Gardens 
 
 at Kew, by Colonel Benson. 
 
 B. reticulatum. 
 
 " Pseudo-bulbs ovoid, about an inch long, monophyllous. Leaves large, 
 ovate-cordate, acuminate, much nerved, the longitudinal and transverse 
 deep green nerves producing a beautiful reticulation on the paler green 
 of the blade. Peduncles short, covered with sheathing bracts, two- 
 floAvered. Flowers whitish striped with red-purple, the stripes sometimes 
 broken up into spots ; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; lateral 
 sepals much broader at the base, falcate and decurved ; petals like the 
 dorsal sepal, but smaller and more pointed ; lip trowel-shaped, recurved." 
 Botanical Magazine. 
 
 Bulbophyllum reticulatum, Batem. M.S. Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5605. 
 This is also one of Thomas Lobb's discoveries, which he sent to 
 the Exeter Nursery, from North Borneo, about the year 1852. 
 Its handsome leaves and singular flowers render it a very interesting 
 species. 
 
 B. umbellatum. 
 
 Pseudo-bulbs not crowded, oblong-ovate, compressed, 1£ — 2 inches long. 
 Leaves oblong, petiolate, 5 — 8 inches long. Scapes from the base of the 
 
98 CIRRHOPETALIW. 
 
 latest-formed pseudo-bulbs, slender, erect, longer than the leaves, bearing 
 
 at their summit an umbel of 5 — 7 flowers somewhat less than an inch 
 
 across ; sepals and petals pale yellow spotted with red, all of oval form, 
 
 the lateral sepals the largest, the petals the smallest, the dorsal sepal 
 
 being intermediate in size ; lip very small, cordate-oblong, emarginate, 
 
 reflexed, white with purple blotch and spots. Column very short, 
 
 winged and with a small horn on each side of the anther case. 
 
 Balbophyllum umbellatum, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 56 (1831). Id. Bot. Reg. 
 1845, t. 44. Bot. Mag. t. 4267. 
 
 First discovered by Dr. WallicIYs collectors, in Nepaul, in 1821, 
 but not known as a garden plant till Gibson sent it from the Khasia 
 Hills to Chatsworth, where it flowered for the first time in 1838. 
 It has occasionally been re-introduced since along with other orchids 
 from the lower Himalayan zone. 
 
 Although the flowers are produced in umbels like the Cirrhopetala, 
 to which this species closely approaches, it may easily be distin- 
 guished from them by its broad lateral sepals that are not parallel. 
 
 CIRRHOPETALUM. 
 
 Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub. t. 832 (1824). Id. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 58 (1831). Benth. et Hook. 
 Gen. Plant. III. p. 504 (1883). 
 
 The genus Oirrhopetalum was founded by Lindley upon 0. 
 Thouarsii, which he separated from Bulbophyllum on account of its 
 differing from all the species of that genus then known, in various 
 characteristics, some of which are described below. Many years 
 afterwards, Lindley's Oirrhopetalum was again merged into Bulbo- 
 phyllum, by Reichenbach, but subsequently retained by him in 
 articles published in the Gardeners' Chronicle* It is also retained 
 by Bentham and Hooker in the Genera Plantarum, who include in 
 it the Btilbojjhyllojosis maculata, of Reichenbach. The genus con- 
 sists of about thirty species, the greater part of which are East- 
 Indian, or are natives of the Malay Archipelago. One is reported 
 from Mauritius, another from China, and a third from Australia; 
 the Australian species is, however, anomalous, and is referred by 
 some botanists to Oirrhopetalum and by others to Bulbophyllum.t 
 
 * Walper's Annales Botanices, VI. (1861), p. 261. Gard. Chron. XVI. (1881), p. 70, and 
 XVIII. (1882), p. 424. 
 
 t Cirrhopetalum Makoyanum (Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XI. (1879), p. 234), is said to have 
 been introduced from the province of Minas Geraes, in Brazil. 
 
CIRRHOPETALUM. 99 
 
 Mr. Hemsley enumerates seventeen species of Cirrhopetalum that 
 have been at one time or other introduced into European gardens 
 up to 1882,* and two or three others have been added since; 
 but of all these it is doubtful whether half-a-dozen are to be 
 found in any one orchid collection at the present time. Neverthe- 
 less, a complete collection of Cirrhopetala in a living state would 
 meet one of the desiderata of science at the present time. 
 
 Among the most obvious characteristics by which the Cirrhopetala 
 may be recognised, are their small monophyllous pseudo-bulbs produced 
 from a scaly creeping rhizome ; in this respect, however, they agree with 
 many Bulbophyls ; also their umbellate inflorescence, or rather racemes, 
 reduced to an umbel which is frequently one-sidecl ; and their elongated 
 parallel lateral sepals, which in one species, Cirrhopetalum Medusae, are 
 enormously prolonged. These parallel sepals, owing to a peculiar twist 
 at their base, are brought into the same plane with their inner edges, 
 meeting together like the wings of some insects. 
 
 Cirrhopetalum is from icippog (kirrhos), "yellowish/' and TreTaXov 
 (petalon), " a leaf/' The name was selected by Dr. Lindley on 
 account of the prevailing yellow colour in the sepals of all the 
 species known to him. The cultural requirements are the same as 
 for Bulbophyllum. 
 
 Cirrhopetalum chinense. 
 
 Pseudo-bulbs somewhat distantly placed on the scaly creeping rhizoine, 
 small, oval-oblong, an inch long, invested with scarious sheaths. Leaves 
 narrowly lanceolate, 4 — 5 inches long, emargmate or obliquely two-lobed 
 at apex. Scapes as long as the leaves, bearing at their summit a 
 many-flowered umbel. Dorsal sepal helniet-shaped, pale yellow at the 
 base, stained with purple at the apex ; lateral sepals lanceolate, pale 
 fawn-yellow ; petals oblong, obtuse, apiculate, coloured like the dorsal 
 sepal; lip small, fleshy, tongue-shaped, deep purple. 
 
 Cirrhopetalum chinense, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1842, misc. 29. Id. 1843, t. 49. 
 A curious species, introduced from China by Messrs. Loddiges 
 about the year 1842. Dr. Lindley appended the following note to 
 his description of it : — 
 
 " There is no longer any occasion for speculative minds to occupy 
 themselves with the investigation of the cause that may have led the 
 Chinese to invent strange figures of men and women with their chins 
 perpetually in motion, for here is the explanation of it. We have 
 here a plant from China, one of whose lobes is exactly like a tongue 
 and chin which are so unstable as to be in a state of continual 
 
 * Gard. Chron. XVIII. (1882), pp. 172, 365. 
 
100 C1RRHOPETALUM. 
 
 oscillation. The flowers are arranged in a circle, and all look outwards ; 
 so that on whatever side the umbel is regarded, it still presents to 
 the eye the same toav of grinning faces and wagging chins." 
 
 C. cornutum. 
 
 " Pseudo-bulbs ovate-oblong, more or less sheathed with large mem- 
 braneous scales. Leaves oblong, obtuse, leathery, 8 — 10 inches long, 
 imperfectly petiolate. Scapes slender, erect, bearing at the top a 
 radiating umbel of dark purple and white flowers. Dorsal sepal 
 small, ovate, concave, with ciliate margin ; lateral two connate, broadly 
 linear, more than 2 inches long ; petals similar to the dorsal sepal 
 but smaller and more ciliated ; lip ovate, recurved, and bent upwards 
 against the column." — Botanical Magazine. 
 
 Cirrhopetalunt cornutum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1838, misc. 138. Bot. Mag. t. 4753. 
 
 A pretty species, native of the Khasia Hills, whence it was 
 
 introduced to the Royal Gardens at Kew, through Simons, in 
 
 1852 — 3. The structure of the flowers, which are arranged in a 
 
 radiating umbel of about eight, is very curious. 
 
 0. Cumingii. 
 
 Pseudo-bulbs oval, angulate. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 3 — 4 inches long. 
 Scapes slender, twice as long as the leaves. Umbel regular, consisting 
 of 9 — 12 purple flowers. Dorsal sepal small, ovate, concave, fringed 
 with long glandular hairs ; lateral sepals linear-oblong, 1 inch long ; 
 petals like the dorsal sepal but smaller ; lip fleshy, tongue-shaped, 
 with two erect plates on the disc. 
 
 Cirrhopetalum Cumingii, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1843, sub. t. 49. Bot. Mag. t. 4996. 
 Discovered by Cuming, in 1840, in the Philippine Islands, and 
 sent by him to Messrs. Loddiges, in whose nursery it flowered in 
 the following year. It is one of the prettiest of the genus. 
 
 C. Macraei. 
 
 " Pseudo-bulbs ovate, scarcely as large as nutmegs. Leaves oblong, 
 acute, tapering into a rather long foot-stalk. Scapes slender, longer 
 than the leaves, bearing at their extremity a raceme — scarcely at all 
 umbellate — of about six flowers. Dorsal sepal small, broadly lanceo- 
 late, with a setaceous point ; lateral sepals long, linear-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, yellow streaked with red ; petals ovate, acuminate, brown- 
 purple ; lip fleshy, ovate, acuminate, recurved. Column short with 
 two wings, and terminating upwards in two long teeth." — Botanical 
 Magazine. 
 
 Cirrhopetalum Macraei, Lindl. Gen. et. Sp. Orch. p. 59 (1831). Bot. Mag. t. 4422. 
 
 Discovered in Ceylon by Mr. Macrae, after whom it was named, 
 
 and first sent to the Royal Gardens at Kew, by Dr. Gardner, 
 
CIRRHOPETALUM. 101 
 
 Director of the Botanic Garden at Peradeniya. Although not so 
 striking as the preceding species, it is noticed here on account of 
 it being occasionally imported along with other Ceylon orchids. 
 
 0. Medusae. 
 
 Pseudo-bulbs ovoid, ribbed. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 6—8 inches long. 
 
 Scapes as long as the leaves, clothed with large sheathing bracts. Umbel 
 
 many-flowered. Flowers small, cream colour spotted with yellow ; dorsal 
 
 sepal lanceolate at base ; lateral sepals tapering into long pendent tails, 
 
 4 — 5 inches long ; petals and lip minute, subulate, with a broad base. 
 
 Cirrhopetalum Medusae, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1842, t. 12. Bot. Mag. t. 4977. 
 
 Native of Singapore, whence it was introduced by Messrs. Lod- 
 
 diges, in 1841. The aspect presented by the dense cluster of 
 
 flowers at the apex of the scape is one of the strangest even 
 
 amongst orchids. " The flowers are small, but so numerous, and 
 
 the lateral sepals are so very much lengthened as to give the 
 
 spike the appearance of a head with very long dishevelled hair, 
 
 which induced Dr. Lindley to call the plant the Medusa's Head 
 
 orchid."* 
 
 0. ornatissimum. 
 
 Pseudo-bulbs ovoid, 1 — \\ inches long. Leaves oblong-obtuse, 4 — 5 
 inches long. Scapes short, terminating in a semi-umbel of 4 — 5 
 flowers, pale yellow streaked and stained with purple. Dorsal sepal 
 oval-oblong, fringed at the apex ; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, pro- 
 longed into slender tails ; petals like the dorsal sepal but more 
 pointed ; lip with a curved claw, oblong, reflexed, deep purple. 
 Cirrhopetalum ornatissimum, Rchb, in Gard. Chron. XVIII. (1882), p. 424. 
 A species with bright-coloured flowers about the size of those 
 of Cirrhopetalum Thouarsii, that has been in cultivation since 1879, 
 and is now in several orchid collections. Native country not 
 recorded. 
 
 0. picturatum. 
 
 " Pseudo-bulbs tufted, ovoid, 2 — 2| inches long, angulate. Leaves 
 linear-oblong, 3 — 6 inches, petiolate, emarginate. Scapes longer than the 
 leaves, pale green speckled with purple, Avith a pale yellow-green sheath 
 speckled with red at each joint. Umbel 10 or more flowered. Flowers 
 2 inches long and upwards ; upper sepal erect, obtuse, with a terminal 
 purple-knobbed thread as long as itself, dull green spotted with red; 
 lateral sepals linear, straight, pale dull green ; petals very small, rounded, 
 
 * The Medusa of mythology was one of three frightful maidens called Gorgones. The hair 
 of her head was changed by Minerva into snakes, by which she became so dreadful an object, 
 that every one who looked on her was turned into stone. 
 
102 
 
 CIRRHOPETALUM. 
 
 ovate, awned at the top, coloured like the dorsal sepal ; lip tongue- 
 shaped, obtuse, recurved, blood-red. Column short, without auricles." 
 — Botanical Magazine. 
 
 Cirrhopetalum picturatum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1840, misc. 100. Bot. Mag. t. 6802. 
 
 Originally introduced by Messrs. Loddiges about the year 1840, 
 and since collected by the Rev. C. Parish and others in Moulmein 
 and Lower Burmah. It is one of the most distinct of the genus. 
 
 O. Thouarsii. 
 
 Pseudo-bulbs ovoid, angulate, about the size of a small walnut. 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong, 4—5 inches long, usually recurved at the apex. 
 Scapes slender, erect, 7—9 inches long, sheathed with brownish scales 
 
 Cirrhopetalum Thouarsii. 
 (Copied from the Botanical Magazine.) 
 
 at the joints, and terminating in a one-sided umbel of 10-15 Glowers. 
 Dorsal sepal ovate, cuspidate, tawny yellow spotted with purple warts; 
 lateral sepals lanceolate acute, pale tawny yellow stained with claret- 
 
CIRRHOPETALUM. 
 
 103 
 
 red ; petals minute, ovate-lanceolate, contracted at the apex to a thread- 
 like tail, pale yellow spotted with purple ; lip fleshy, oblong, reflexed. 
 
 Cirrhopetalum Thouarsii, Liudl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 58 (1831). Bot. Reg. 1838, 
 t. 11. Bot. Mag. t. 4237. Bulbophyllum longiflorum, Thou. Orch. Afr. t. 98. 
 
 A very curious species that appears to be exclusively an insular 
 
 one, and to be indigenous to islands widely remote from each other, 
 
 for it has been reported from Madagascar, Java, Luzon (Philippines), 
 
 and Otaheite (Society Islands). It is said to have been introduced 
 
 from the last-named in 1836. It is the typical species upon which 
 
 the genus is founded, and is dedicated to its discoverer, Aubert Du 
 
 Petit Thouars (1756 — 1831), a French botanist, and one of the first 
 
 who studied the vegetation of the islands off the east coast of Africa, 
 
 which a ten years' residence in the He de France (Mauritius) enabled 
 
 him to pursue with considerable success. 
 
 
 INDEX 
 
 
 
 
 The names in italics are 
 
 varieties or synonyms 
 su2iposed hyh 
 
 ; those followed by x 
 •ids. 
 
 are hybrids or 
 
 
 B ULBOPHYLLUM — 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Dendrobium — 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 barbigerum ... 
 
 93 
 
 
 Aphrodite ... 
 
 . ,,, 1BI 
 
 17 
 
 Beccarii 
 
 95 
 
 
 aqueum 
 
 ... 
 
 18 
 
 Dearei 
 
 95 
 
 
 arachnites ... 
 
 
 18 
 
 lemniscatum 
 
 96 
 
 
 aureurn 
 
 
 19 
 
 Lobbii ... 
 
 97 
 
 
 barbatulum ... 
 
 
 21 
 
 reticulatum... 
 
 97 
 
 
 Bensonise ... 
 
 . ■ . 
 
 21 
 
 urnbellatum 
 
 97 
 
 
 bigibbum ... 
 
 ... 
 
 22 
 
 Cirrhopetalum — 
 
 
 
 binoculare ... 
 
 ... 
 
 23 
 
 chinense 
 
 99 
 
 
 Boxalli 
 
 
 24 
 
 cornutuni ... 
 
 100 
 
 
 Brymerianum 
 
 
 24 
 
 Cuniingii ... 
 Macraei 
 
 100 
 
 
 Bullerianum 
 
 
 47 
 
 100 
 
 
 cwrulescens ... 
 
 
 63 
 
 Medusa? ... 
 
 101 
 
 
 Calceolaria ... 
 
 
 62 
 
 ornatissimum 
 
 101 
 
 
 canaliculatum 
 
 
 26 
 
 picturatum ... 
 Thouarsii ... 
 
 ... 101 
 ... 102 
 
 
 Cambridgeanum ., 
 capillipes ... 
 cariniferum .. 
 
 
 66 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 Dendrobium — 
 
 
 
 chlorops 
 
 ... ... 
 
 27 
 
 aduncum ... 
 
 14 
 
 
 Chlorostele x 
 
 
 87 
 
 aemulum 
 
 . ... 14 
 
 
 chrysanthum 
 
 
 28 
 
 aggregatum... 
 
 15 
 
 
 chryseum ... 
 
 
 28 
 
 Ainsworthii x 
 
 86 
 
 
 Chrysocrepis 
 
 
 29 
 
 albo-sanguineum ... 
 
 16 
 
 
 Chrysodiscus x 
 
 
 87 
 
 albo-viride ... 
 
 72 
 
 
 Chrysotis ... 
 
 
 49 
 
 album 
 
 18 
 
 
 chrysotoxum 
 
 ... 
 
 29 
 
 amboinense .. 
 
 16 
 
 
 ciliatum 
 
 
 30 
 
 amethystoglossum 
 
 16 
 
 
 clavatuin ... 
 
 
 31 
 
 amoenum 
 
 17 
 
 
 crassinode ... 
 
 
 31 
 
 anosmum ... 
 
 77 
 
 
 crepidatum ... 
 
 ... t , t 
 
 33 
 
104 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Dendrobium — 
 cretaceum . . . 
 cruentum . . . 
 crystallinum 
 cucullatum ... 
 cumulatum . . . 
 cupreum 
 Cybele x 
 cymbidioides 
 Dalhousieanuni 
 Dearei 
 
 densiflorum .. 
 Devcmianum 
 dixanthuru ... 
 Dominianum x 
 Draconis 
 eburneum ... 
 Endocharis x 
 euosmum x... 
 Falconeri . . . 
 Farmeri 
 fimbriatum . . . 
 Findlayanum 
 formosum . . . 
 Frecmanii ... 
 fuscatum . . . 
 Fytcbianum 
 Gibsonii 
 Goldiei 
 
 gratiosissimum 
 Griffitbianum 
 Guibertii 
 Harveyanum 
 Ju.dyosmwm . 
 heterocarpum 
 Hoyneanum 
 Hillii 
 
 Hookeriaimm 
 Huttonii 
 Infundibulum 
 Jamesianum 
 japonicum ... 
 Jenkinsii ... 
 Kingianum .. 
 lasioglossum 
 Leechianum x 
 leucolopbotum 
 Linawianum 
 lituiflorum ... 
 Loddigesii ... 
 longicornu ... 
 Lowii 
 luteolum 
 Mac-CarthifE 
 Macfarlanei... 
 
 GE 
 
 Dendrobium — 
 
 PAGE 
 
 33 
 
 maeranthum 
 
 77 
 
 33 
 
 macrophyllum 
 
 77 
 
 34 
 
 macrophyllum Veitcbianum 
 
 60 
 
 69 
 
 melanophthalmum ... 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 mesocblorum 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 micans x 
 
 89 
 
 87 
 
 moniliforme 
 
 53 
 
 35 
 
 Moorei 
 
 61 
 
 35 
 
 moscbatum... 
 
 61 
 
 36 
 
 moulmeinense 
 
 50 
 
 37 
 
 mutabile 
 
 62 
 
 38 
 
 nodatum 
 
 18 
 
 39 
 
 nobile 
 
 63 
 
 88 
 
 ocbreatum ... 
 
 66 
 
 39 
 
 Palpebral ... 
 
 67 
 
 39 
 
 Parisbii 
 
 68 
 
 88 
 
 Paxf.onii 
 
 42 
 
 89 
 
 Pbalsenopsis 
 
 68 
 
 40 
 
 Pierardi 
 
 69 
 
 41 
 
 porpbyrogastrum x 
 
 90 
 
 42 
 
 polyphlebium 
 
 71 
 
 43 
 
 primulinum 
 
 70 
 
 44 
 
 pulchellum ... 
 
 55 
 
 54 
 
 rbodopterygiuni ... 
 
 71 
 
 45 
 
 Pibodostoma x 
 
 90 
 
 46 
 
 rhombeum ... 
 
 19 
 
 47 
 
 Euckeri 
 
 71 
 
 77 
 
 sanguinolentum 
 
 72 
 
 47 
 
 scabrilingue 
 
 72 
 
 48 
 
 Scbneiderianum x... 
 
 90 
 
 48 
 
 Schroederi ... 
 
 37 
 
 48 
 
 secundum ... 
 
 73 
 
 72 
 
 senile ... 
 
 74 
 
 19 
 
 speciosum ... 
 
 74 
 
 21 
 
 splendidi ssimum x 
 
 91 
 
 74 
 
 Stratiotes ... 
 
 75 
 
 49 
 
 Strebloceras 
 
 75 
 
 49 
 
 suavissimum 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 
 sulcatum 
 
 76 
 
 50 
 
 superbiens 
 
 76 
 
 51 
 
 superbum ... 
 
 77 
 
 51 
 
 Tattonianum, 
 
 26 
 
 52 
 
 taurimim ... 
 
 78 
 
 52 
 
 teretifolium 
 
 79 
 
 89 
 
 tetragonum 
 
 79 
 
 53 
 
 thjTsiflorum 
 
 80 
 
 53 
 
 tortile 
 
 81 
 
 54 
 
 ti"iadeniitm 
 
 62 
 
 55 
 
 transparens... 
 
 81 
 
 56 
 
 Treacberianum 
 
 82 
 
 56 
 
 Vannerianum x 
 
 92 
 
 57 
 
 Wardianum 
 
 82 
 
 57 
 
 xanthopblebium 
 
 84 
 
 59 
 
 
 
TMBB-OTPRIPBDIB-ffl. 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 Linn. Gen. p. 272, No. 687 (1737). Id. Gen. ed. VI. p. 464, No. 1015 (1764). Lindl. 
 Gen. et. Sp. Orch. p. 525 (1840). Benth. et. Hook. Gen. Plant. III. p. 634 (1883). 
 
 The genera, with their contained species and varieties, hitherto 
 described in this work, follow each other, in the great majority of 
 cases, by gradations so small, or are so closely connected by other 
 genera, necessarily omitted on account of their included species 
 possessing no qualities recommending them to the attention of the 
 cultivator, that the systematic botanist not infrequently experiences 
 considerable difficulty in pointing out the characters by which they 
 may be best distinguished from each other ; and even the tribes 
 and sub - tribes are not always separated by an easily discernible 
 frontier line. Not so, however, with the Ctpeipedie^, for here the 
 transition is so abrupt and so striking that the singular divergence 
 in structure exhibited by the flowers of this tribe from those of all 
 the others, is as perplexing to account for as it is difficult to find 
 limiting characters in many of the genera of the other tribes. 
 
 A comparison of the flower of Cypripedium with that of any 
 genus belonging to another tribe, shows that it differs from it 
 structurally far more than any two flowers of other tribes — even if 
 selected from genera included in different tribes — differ from each 
 other, so that "an enormous amount of extinction must have swept 
 away a multitude of intermediate forms, and left this single genus 
 as a record of a former and more simple state of the great 
 Orchidean Order."* 
 
 Nor does the structure of the flowers furnish the only evidence of 
 the Cypripedes being a more primitive race of orchids than any other 
 existing forms. The geographical distribution of the genus, especially 
 of the two sections of it that form the subject of these pages, reveals 
 some remarkable facts respecting the present history of the included 
 
 * Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids, p. 271. Aspasia and Neuwiedia, the former with two and 
 the latter with three perfect anthers, and the labelTum in both genera similar to the sepals and 
 petals, were probably either unknown to Darwin or were overlooked by him when writing the 
 passage quoted. The statement in the text is not, however, in the least affected thereby. 
 
CrPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 species, all of which tend to the conclusion that the individual plants 
 comprising them must, at one time, have existed in greater numbers, and 
 have been spread over a much larger area than they at present occupy 
 in a wild state, and that a gradual process of extinction has been as 
 surely in operation here as it has been with more primitive types 
 in other Natural Orders that are now become only subjects for the study 
 of the geological botanist, although, of course, the epoch of final extinc- 
 tion may yet be far remote, and the race may be preserved indefinitely 
 by the hand of Man. Paradoxical as this may appear to the horticul- 
 turist habituated to regard the Cypripedes as being among the easiest 
 of orchids to propagate, the following considerations will go far to show 
 that the statement here offered rests upon a good foundation. Although 
 the Cypripedes are still spread over large portions of the earth's surface 
 both in the eastern and in the western hemisphere, the included 
 species have, almost without exception, retreated to stations that are 
 extremely restricted in area, and frequently isolated and remote from 
 each other ; that while some species are still found to be abundant 
 in their known habitats, and have been and are still being imported 
 into Europe in quantity, it is very different with other species ; for 
 example — the habitat of the beautiful Cypripedium Fairieanum is 
 practically unknown, and all the existing plants in cultivation have 
 been derived from the three or four that were first casually imported. 
 Two plants only of C. superbiens that appeared accidentally among 
 importations of C. barbatum are believed to be the progenitors of 
 all at present known, and it is quite uncertain whether the species 
 still exists in a wild state. C. Mastersianum has been but once imported, 
 and its habitat is unknown to science. C. tonsum was sent to us in 
 company with C. Curtisii unknown to its discoverer, who informs us 
 that the last-named is quite rare, while its near ally C. ciliolare, although 
 somewhat more plentiful, has retreated to a remote corner of the Philip- 
 pine Islands. G. purpuratum has become almost extinct as a wild 
 plant in Hongkong, and it is fast disappearing before the pressure of 
 population on the Chinese mainland. The Cypripedes of South 
 America present a similar phase in their history. C. Boissierianum, 
 one of the first species discovered on that continent, has been found 
 only in a sequestered valley high up on the Andes of Peru, while 
 thousands of miles distant from that lonely spot, on the Roraima 
 Mountain in British Guiana, C. Lindleyanum and C. Klotzschianum 
 have their home ; and still further remote from either, on the Organ 
 Mountains of southern Brazil, C. vittatum occurs and nowhere else. 
 Nor are there instances wanting among the hardy Cypripedes to prove 
 that the same process of extinction is also in operation. Our native 
 C. Calceolus has become virtually extinct in this country as a wild 
 plant, although, owing to its extensive distribution over central Europe, 
 it is still comparatively abundant in some spots, while in others it is 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 3 
 
 visibly yielding ground to the pressure of cultivation and the presence 
 of a dense population ; and this is also true of all the Japanese and 
 of several of the North American species. 
 
 The true cause of the gradual extinction of the race is probably to be 
 sought for in the reproductive organs of the flowers. A very cursory 
 examination of these must satisfy most observers that self-fertilisation 
 is impossible,* and the sexual apparatus is so constructed that 
 few among existing races of insects are found capable of effecting the 
 necessary act of fertilisation that secures the perpetuation of the plant 
 by seeds, f Dr. Hermann Miiller, one of the most patient and accurate 
 observers of the fertilisation of flowers by insect agency, has enumerated 
 but five species of Andrena (Bees) that he detected fertilising the flowers of 
 Cypripedium Calceolus, and which, " attracted by the perfume of the flowers, 
 fly into the slipper-shaped lip, and lick and bite the hairs lining its floor, 
 which are sometimes covered with small drops of honey. "J Now the flowers 
 of tropical Cypripedes are absolutely devoid of perfume, and although the 
 inner surface of their labellum is studded with short bristly hairs, as in 
 G. Galceolus, we have never, after repeated trials, been able to detect any 
 secretion from them or from any other part of the pouch that possesses 
 any trace of sweetness to the taste, like the honey exuded from the 
 base of the column and ovary of other tropical orchids, as Cattleya, 
 Dendrobium, Odontoglossum, etc. ; hence we are tempted to believe that 
 the tropical Cypripedes, like some of our native orchids, must be reckoned 
 among C. C. Sprengel's category of Schemsaftblumen (Sham-nectar- 
 producers). The labellum, in fact, acts rather like a trap than a bait, 
 for when insects of any size, as bees, that have entered by the aperture 
 in front of the staminode endeavour to make their exit through the 
 lateral openings, they are liable to be held fast by the sticky pollen till 
 they perish miserably; indeed, Miiller observed that even "smaller bees 
 and flies that are too large to pass freely through the lateral orifices and 
 too Weak to force their sides apart, must, as a rule, perish of hunger 
 within the labellum." That the tropical Cypripedes are similarly circum- 
 stanced in their relation to insect visits is in the highest degree probable, for 
 direct observations are, unfortunately, altogether wanting ; and the probability 
 is strengthened by the fact that among the thousands of plants imported 
 by us during the past thirty years, we have rarely noticed a single seed 
 
 * Cypripedium Schlimii is an exception. The flowers of this species are self-fertilising, 
 which often results in the maturing of seed capsules, with the effect, however, of producing 
 a progeny so enfeebled in constitution, that it is one of the most difficult of Cypripedes to import 
 alive and to get established in the glass houses of Ejpope. Its excessive fertility is its own 
 destruction. 
 
 + See illustration, page 7. 
 
 + Fertilisation of Floivers, translated by D. W. Thompson, p. 539. For the manner in which 
 the fertilisation of Cypripedium would be effected through the intervention of bees or other 
 insects, the reader is referred to the place here quoted, and to Darwin's Fertilisation of Orchids. 
 p. 270, 
 
4 CYPRTPED1UM. 
 
 capsule.* The inference is thence by no means an unreasonable one that 
 the fertilisation of the flower by insect agency is a rare, or comparatively 
 rare occurrence, and the perpetuation of the species must depend chiefly 
 on new growths from the rhizome by which the plants spread laterally, 
 so far as food materials are at hand to support them. But the stations 
 in which, for the most part, they are found, and where they must have 
 originally sprung from the stray seeds that lodged there, are in the 
 crevices of rocks, and in a few cases on the branches of trees, where 
 there is necessarily an extremely restricted accumulation of vegetable 
 matter ; their spread by this means is thence reduced to the narrowest 
 limits. 
 The chief distinctions between Cypripedium and the genera of 
 other tribes consist — in the presence of three stigmas, but which 
 are confluent and have the aspect of being but one; f i n the 
 rostelluin being so modified in form, that by some eminent 
 naturalists it has been thought to be altogether absent ; in the 
 presence of two anthers, which, however, belong to the inner whorl 
 of three, instead of the single anther of the outer whorl in other 
 orchids, which is here represented by a barren staminodium, a 
 shield-like projecting body generally notched or hollowed out on 
 its front margin, but sometimes with a small angular projection 
 there. + Far more apparent to the observer even than these 
 important characters, is the prominent pouched labellum, which 
 although not peculiar to the genus, is here more decidedly slipper- 
 shaped than in any other. The conspicuous dorsal or upper sepal and 
 the spreading narrow petals, sometimes greatly elongated, are note- 
 worthy features of the flower of a Cypripedium, as is also the 
 remarkable combination of many and diverse tints with which the 
 flowers of most of the species are adorned. The flowers too retain 
 their freshness for a longer period than those of any other orchids, 
 except, perhaps, some of the Yandas. 
 
 The circumscription of the genus, as it is understood by horticulturists, 
 has been somewhat modified within the last few years ; in the first 
 instance by Reichenbach, who separated the South American species 
 from Cypripedium on account of their having a three-celled ovary (the 
 
 * Cypripedium barbatum, ft Stonci, and ft villosum are the only Indian species that we can 
 remember receiving with capsules, and these but very few in number, especially with the 
 two last named. 
 
 t If the stigmatic plate of almost any Cypripedium be examined, its tripartite character will 
 be seen to be indicated by the presence of three sunk lines diverging from the centre at an 
 angle of 120°. 
 
 X The Homology of orchid flowers is discussed in another place. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. O 
 
 ovary of the true Cypripedes is unilocular), constituting them a new 
 genus, which he called Selenipediurn.* In this he is followed by 
 Bentham and Hooker in their Genera Plantarum,\ the first-named 
 botanist citing as a reason that "the important character of the three- 
 celled ovary and axile placentation, | together with a slight difference 
 in habit and inflorescence, justify the South American species being 
 maintained as a distinct genus, connecting Cypripedium with Apostasia 
 and Neuwiedia,"§ these last-named two genera including some seven 
 or eight species, forming a very curious group of orchids that inhabit 
 the Malayan Archipelago, but which are of scientific interest only. We 
 
 Transverse sections of one-celled ovaries of (A) Cypripedium Curtisii, (B) C. Haynaklianum, 
 showing parietal placentation (p), and of three-celled ovary of (C) C. Seclenii, showing axile 
 placentation (a). All proportionately enlarged. 
 
 have, however, strong grounds for believing that this dismemberment of 
 the Cypripedia is not final ; for notwithstanding the very important 
 difference in the structure of the ovary of the South American species, 
 these cross with the Cypripedia of India and the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, and progenies derived from this hybridisation have been for 
 some time in existence, and are receiving yearly additions to their 
 number from various operators. The facts of the case, as it now stands, 
 must, hoAvever, be fairly stated; the East Indian species cross freely 
 with each other, and a numerous progeny of hybrids has resulted there- 
 from ; the South American species also cross freely with each other, and 
 many new forms have been obtained ; the hybrids in both sections 
 flower within a few years from the germination of the seed. But in the 
 case of the crossing of the Indian with the South American species, the 
 process has been much slower in producing results; an infinitely smaller 
 proportion of the seed germinates, and those seedlings that survive are 
 so slow in arriving at the flowering stage, that up to the present time, 
 
 * Xen. Orch. I. p. 3, but afterwards abandoned by the author in his subsequent articles 
 in the Gardeners' Chronicle. See Gard. Chron. XVIII. (1882), p. 520 ; XXII. (1884), p. 489 ; 
 XXIII. (1885), p. 270 ; XXV. (1886), p. 680 and passim. 
 
 + Vol. III. p. 634. 
 
 J The part of the ovary to which the ovules, the bodies which ultimately develop into 
 seeds, are attached, is called the placenta ; if the ovules are attached to the common axis 
 of a many-celled ovary, the placentation is said to be axile ; but if to the inner walls, or 
 certain portions of them, the placentation is then called parietal. 
 
 § Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. p. 359. 
 
6 CYPKIPBDIUM. 
 
 so far as we are aware, not a single plant has flowered, although the 
 plants in our houses continue strong and healthy in appearance, and 
 yearly increase in size. Till these plants flower — and there is no apparent 
 ground for belief that they will not — and the structure of the ovary of 
 their flowers shall have been examined, we prefer to adhere to the 
 original circumscription of the genus, certainly a very natural one, and 
 to regard the ovarium character as of sectional value only. This view 
 is strengthened by the discovery and introduction of the remarkable 
 Cypripedium Sander ianum, a Malayan species that brings the relation- 
 ship between the East Indian and South American Cypripedes morpho- 
 logically still nearer than its previously known allies, G. Parishii, 0. 
 Stonei, G. philippinense, etc., had done. 
 The species, varieties and hybrids described in the following 
 pages will therefore come under the following heads : — 
 
 I. Etjcypripedia, including only the East Indian and Malayan 
 species that constitute Bentham/s (sub-section) Goriacece. 
 
 II. Selenipedia, coinciding with Reichenbach's Selenipedium, 
 and including the anomalous Uropedium Lindenii of 
 Lindley. 
 
 III. Garden Hybrids in two divisions, (a) Eucypripedium 
 hybrids ; (b) Selenipedium hybrids. 
 
 The genus Cypripedium was founded by Linnaeus on our native 
 species Cypripedium Calceolus, now unfortunately become exceedingly 
 rare, if not altogether lost as a wild plant in England, although 
 still plentiful in some localities in Central Europe. The name is 
 derived from K.(nrpiQ (Kupris), one of the Greek names of VenuSj 
 and -rro^iov (podion), " a slipper," in reference to the slipper-like form 
 of the labellum ; whence also the popular names " Lady's Slipper " 
 and " Slipperworts." 
 
 EUCYPRIPEDIA. 
 
 The true Cypripedia are recognised by the following characters, 
 omitting those possessed only by the species inhabiting the north 
 temperate regions of both hemispheres, of which we take no 
 cognisance.* 
 
 * These hardy Cypripedes are divided hy Bentham, following Lindley, into two sections : — 
 
 I. Folioscc : species with leafy stems, of which Cypripedium Calceolus may be taken as the type. 
 
 II. Diphyllai : species with two leaves only, as C. japonicum, C. acaule, and two or three others. 
 All the included species of both sections are deciduous, and have an underground rhizome that 
 remains dormant during the winter. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 7 
 
 The sepals are spreading; the upper or dorsal one is free, the lateral 
 two are connate to their apices,* and are together smaller than the 
 upper one, and lie under the labellum. 
 
 The petals are also spreading, free, much narrower than the sepals, and 
 usually bearded at the base. 
 
 The lip is inflated, calceiform, the lateral lobes at the base small and 
 turned inwards, their edges nearly meeting ; the inner surface opposite 
 the aperture is pubescent or setose, f 
 
 The column is short and terete, pubescent, or studded with stiffish 
 erect hairs. 
 
 The fertile anthers are two, one placed on each side of the column, 
 behind the stigmatic plate, and usually sessile ; the pollen is granulose, 
 but "coated by a viscid fluid, so glutinous that it can be drawn into 
 threads." 
 
 Side and front view of sexual apparatus of Cypripedium barbatum : 
 a. anther ; st. staminode ; s. stigmatic plate. 
 
 The third anther is reduced to a variously shaped barren 
 staminodium, forming a large apical plate, which, owing to the oblique 
 position of the column with respect to the ovary, conceals in most of the 
 species the fertile stamens and the stigma. 
 
 The ovary is unilocular with parietal placentation, the rudimentary 
 ovules being placed along the parallel edges of each of three broad ribs. 
 The cajjsule is elongated, spindle-shaped, frequently angular. 
 In their vegetation, the tropical Cypripedes are perennial stemless 
 herbs with persistent foliage, increasing in size by lateral growths, 
 usually forming in their native haunts small tufts in the crevices 
 of the rocks, or in the forks of the branches of trees in the case 
 of those species that are more distinctly epiphytal ; but where the 
 food material is more abundant, forming larger patches that cover a 
 considerable space. 
 
 * Sometimes (by dialysis) disjoined down to about one-third or even less of their length from 
 the base, a condition that is normal in Cypripedium arietinum, a foliose North American 
 species. This dialysis occurs chiefly in the first flowers produced by newly imported plants. 
 
 + The lip is distinctly three-lobed, the intermediate lobe greatly exceeding in size the lateral 
 two. The slipper or pouch is formed chiefly by the large middle lobe, whose sides are folded 
 over and joined together at the edges, the suture or line of junction being distinctly perceptible 
 in nearly all the species. It is evident that, owing to this peculiarity, it is really the under 
 (dorsal) surface of the labellum that is exposed to view, and which in most orchids is usually 
 of a very dull colour compared with the brilliant hues of the upper (ventral) surface. If the 
 pouch be cut down the suture so as to expose to view what is really the upper surface of the 
 labellum, it will be found that in many species this is also the brightest coloured, especially 
 the central and basal area, to which the light has access. 
 
8 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 The roots are developed from a short stout rhizome, which in this 
 section is rarely creeping ; they are fleshy, cord-like, attaining a consider- 
 ahle length, and are clothed -with fibrous rootlets, not unlike those 
 produced from the climbing stems of the Ivy, and cling with extraordinary 
 tenacity to the surfaces over which they creep. 
 
 The leaves are also produced from the rhizome, five to eight to each 
 growth, distichous (pointing two ways only) and alternate, the lowermost 
 sometimes reduced to leaf-like sheaths ; they are generally narrow in 
 proportion to their length, in some species strap-like, in others linear- 
 lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or some modification of those forms ; they are 
 channelled along the middle on the upper side and keeled beneath, more or 
 less complicate and sheathing at the base, and acute or bifid at the apex, 
 green in colour, often mottled or tesselated : in some species the 
 under surface is spotted or stained with dull purple.* 
 
 The scape issues from between the imbricating bases of the leaves, 
 the uppermost of which frequently takes the form of a small upright 
 compressed sheath that embraces the peduncle. It is usually erect, but 
 sometimes nodding or slightly flexuose, of a deep dull purple (rarely 
 green), very hairy, and furnished with a spathaceous bract at the base 
 of the club-shaped ovary, t In most of the species the flowers are 
 solitary, rarely in twos; in Cypripedium Lowii, C. Stonei, G. Parisliii, 
 C. philippinense and three or four other species, the scapes are 3 — 5 
 or more flowered. 
 
 Geographical distribution. — Up to the present time about thirty 
 species in this section are well authenticated, all natives of a region 
 lying between the 27th parallel of north and the 10th parallel of 
 south latitude, and between the 75th and 150th meridians of east 
 longitude; they are altogether absent from Australia, and so far as 
 at present known, from Africa and Madagascar ; they are thence 
 confined to a comparatively limited space within the Indian Monsoon 
 region. They either follow certain mountain chains on which the 
 species occur in groups of twos and threes, or are isolated and far 
 remote from each other, or they are confined to particular islands 
 or group of islands. In the former case they usually occur at a 
 considerable elevation, where the rainfall is copious and frequent, 
 and the dry season of short duration; in these elevated situations 
 they are found growing chiefly on the ledges and in the crevices 
 of the limestone rocks, which constitute the chief geological features 
 
 * The foliage of some of the species and hybrids is extremely ornamental, e.g., Cypripedium 
 Hookcrce, C. Lawrenceanum, C. javanicum, C. marmorophyllum, etc. 
 
 + In Cypripedium callosum and C. niveum, there are two small opposite bracts at the base 
 of the ovary. 
 
\ wis? JiiCitll-5^ 
 
CYPEIPEDIUM. 9 
 
 of these mountain ranges, in places where there is a small 
 accumulation of decaying vegetable matter. These localities are often 
 steep and precipitous, extremely difficult of access, sometimes fully 
 exposed to the sun's rays, but more frequently in partial shade 
 afforded by projections and overhanging trees. The insular species 
 usually occur at a much lower elevation, not infrequently close to 
 the sea shore, and where the mean average temperature is naturally 
 higher than that in which the mountain species grow. At least 
 three species have been observed to have their homes on the stems 
 and in the forks of the branches of trees,* sometimes growing on 
 the decaying fibrous roots of ferns. 
 
 By far the greater part of the Indian and Malayan Cypripedium region 
 lies within the equatorial zone, and is thence subject to all the climatic 
 phenomena peculiar to that zone ; these are fully stated in the intro- 
 ductory notes to Dendrobiuni. The species found outside this zone are 
 chiefly North Indian, and occur on the Sylhet, Khasia, and Garrow Hills, 
 also in parts of the lower Himalayan range, extending from Sikkim to 
 Eastern Assam, succeeded still further eastwards in Hongkong and on 
 the mountains in southern China by Cypripedium purpuratum ; the 
 climate of this part of the region is also described in our notes on the 
 geographical distribution of Dendrobium, to which the reader is referred.! 
 
 Cultural Note. — No genus or race of orchids that has yet been brought 
 under cultivation has yielded so readily, and we may add, so strikingly, 
 to its influence as the Cypripedia. This is not only apparent in the 
 results of hybridisation, -which will be noticed more particularly after 
 the description of the species, but also in the species themselves, 
 especially in those that have been longest under the cultivator's care. 
 The most obvious effects of cultural influence have been the develop- 
 ment of more robust foliage of a brighter colour, especially in those 
 species with tesselated leaves ; the normally one-flowered scape occasionally 
 becomes two-flowered ; the scapes themselves are more robust, often 
 more elongated, and produce larger flowers, generally attended with some 
 modification in colour. J Doubtless the chief cause of these changes is 
 the more abundant and more regular supply of food material, by which 
 the plants acquire a vigour rarely seen in those imported from their 
 native countries. 
 
 * Cypripedium Lowii, 0. Parishii, and C. villosum. 
 
 t Part III. pp. 7—9. 
 
 + The variability in the size and colour of the flowers brought about by cultivation has been 
 the most fruitful source of the existing sub- varieties, whose number is becoming practically 
 unlimited. The consequence of this has been the creation of an overwhelming Cypripedium 
 nomenclature, often so confused and perplexing, that it is found impossible to deal with it 
 in its entirety within the limits of the present work. 
 
10 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 The geographical distribution of the Cypripedia included in this section 
 sufficiently indicates the temperature in which they should he cultivated 
 in the glass houses of Europe, which is that of the East Indian house 
 for most of the species and hybrids, that is to say, a house in which 
 the night temperature in winter is never allowed to sink below 15° — 
 12° C. (60° — 55° F.), with a gradual rise as the season advances, to 18° — 
 21° C (65 — 70° F.), at which it should be maintained from May to 
 August. The day temperatures by fire-heat alone shoidd be about 3° C. 
 (5° — 6° F.) above those of the night. A few species, chiefly insular, 
 including Cypripedium concolor, C. niveum, C. Godefroyce, 0. philippi- 
 nense, etc., thrive best in the higher temperature of the Phalsenopsis 
 house ; on the other hand, C. insigne, C. venustum, C. Fairieanum, and 
 the hybrids obtained from them may be cultivated in the intermediate 
 house. 
 
 It is evident, too, that as the great majority of the tropical species 
 occur within the equatorial belt, or sufficiently near it to come under the 
 like climatic conditions, of which the most noteworthy are the remark- 
 able uniformity of temperature and the high degree of atmospheric 
 humidity throughout the year, there is practically little or no interruption 
 in their vegetation in their native homes. But when transferred to the 
 glass houses of this country, it is equally clear that such an uniformity of 
 climatic conditions cannot be so strictly maintained by artificial means 
 owing to the succession of seasons ; hence there is, at least, a partial 
 cessation of growth if not of absolute rest during the coldest months of 
 the year. Advantage should be taken of the recommencement of their 
 growing seasons to re-pot the plants not then in flower ; they should be 
 potted in a compost of sphagnum moss and fibrous peat in about equal 
 proportions ; the drainage should be quite free ; it should consist of clean 
 broken crocks with which the pots should be filled to one-half or even 
 to two-thirds of their depth, according to the size of the plants. As 
 the roots of Cypripedium grow vigorously, ample provision should be made 
 for their development. 
 
 The plants must at no time be suffered to get dry at their roots 
 during their growing season ; a high degree of moisture must be 
 maintained in the atmosphere of the house, the amount and frequency 
 of the watering and the sprinkling of the floors, etc., of the house 
 being, of course, regulated by the season of the year and the external 
 circumstances of weather, etc. The ventilation must also be regulated 
 according to external influences, but it should at all times be as free 
 as is consistent with the well-being of the plants, avoiding cold draughts 
 and sudden changes of temperature. In the summer months the plants 
 should be protected by shading from the direct rays of the sun ; a 
 very slight exposure to direct sunlight at that season causes the foliage 
 to change colour ; this is particularly the case with those species that 
 have tesselated leaves. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 11 
 
 Synopsis op Species and Vaeieties. 
 
 Oypripedium Argus. 
 
 Leaves elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5 — 8 inches long, 1 — 1^ 
 
 inches broad, pale green, tesselated with oblong dark green spots. Scapes 
 
 12 — 15 or more inches long, one- (rarely two-) flowered. Bract about 
 
 half the length of the ovary. Flowers 2| — 3 inches across vertically ; 
 
 upper sepal broadly ovate-cordate, pointed, minutely ciliolate at the 
 
 margin, white with alternately longer and shorter longitudinal veins 
 
 that are sometimes all green, sometimes the longer ones purple and the 
 
 shorter ones green, the basal area occasionally spotted with blackish 
 
 purple ; lower sepal similar but smaller, notched at the tip, the veins 
 
 paler and uniform ; petals deflexed and undulate, ligulate, acute, margins 
 
 ciliate, white with pale green veins to two-thirds of their length, the 
 
 apical third pale purple, the whole inner surface more or less densely 
 
 spotted with blackish warts, some of which are ocellated ; lip broadly 
 
 calceif orm, dull brownish purple above, pale greenish brown beneath ; 
 
 infolded lobes narrow, pale purple spotted with deep purple. Staminode 
 
 nearly horseshoe-shaped, with two incurved cusps. 
 
 Cypripedium Argus, Kchb. in Gard. Chron. 1873, p. 608. Id. I. (1874), p. 690. 
 Bot. Mag. t. 6175. Fl. Mag. n. s. t. 220. Belg. hort. XXXII (1882), p. 241. C. 
 barbatum Argus, Belg. bort. XXV. p. 57 (1875). C. Pitcberianum, "W. A. Manda in 
 Amer. Flor. III. (1887), p. 178. 
 
 var. — Moensii. 
 
 Dorsal sepal and petals broader than in the common forms ; the 
 spots on the petals larger and more numerous. 
 C. Argus Moensii, Hort. et supra. 
 
 Sllb-var, distinguished by colour only. — nigricans (syns. nigrum, nigro- 
 
 maculatum), the black warts on the petals much crowded and often 
 
 confluent, covering the greater portion of the whole area. 
 
 Cypripedium Argus was discovered by Gustav Wallis, in 1872, in 
 
 Luzon, the principal island of the Philippine group, and was 
 
 introduced by us through him immediately afterwards ; it flowered 
 
 for the first time in Europe in our Chelsea nursery in April of 
 
 the following year. Its tesselated foliage, broad upper sepal, warty 
 
 petals and horseshoe- shaped staminode, clearly indicate its close 
 
 affinity to a group of Oypripedes of which G. venustum is the 
 
 type. Like most of its congeners it is a variable species, but the 
 
 deviations from the type are not of a very marked character, the two 
 
 forms described above being the most distinct that have yet come 
 
 under our cognisance, the first of which appeared in the collection 
 
 of M. Moens, at Lede, in Belgium. The warty eye-like spots on the 
 
12 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 petals of G. Argus form one of its most striking characteristics, and 
 suggested its specific name ; * these spots vary considerably in 
 number and size, and occasionally spread into the other segments, 
 especially the basal part of the upper sepah 
 
 C. barbatum. 
 
 Leaves narrowly oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 4 — 6 or more inches 
 long, pale dull green above, tesselated with oblong deep green spots. Scapes 
 9 — 12 inches high, one- (rarely two-) flowered. Bract small, about 
 one fourth as long as the ovary. Flowers 2 J — 3 inches across vertically; 
 upper sepal sub-orbicular, folded at the mid-vein, pointed, green at the 
 base, the remainder white, more or less stained with vinous purple ; veins 
 prominent, deep purple, the central ones green at the base ; lower 
 sepal much smaller, ovate, acute, pale green with deep green and 
 purple veins ; petals linear-oblong, spreading, slightly deflexed, with 
 ciliate margins, the superior one fringed with small blackish warts, 
 brownish green towards the base, purplish towards and at the apex ; lip 
 projecting forwards, helmet shaped, deep brownish purple, paler beneath; 
 infolded lobes purple spotted with deeper purple. Staminode horseshoe- 
 shaped, with a deep cleft in the back convex edge, and a tooth in 
 the front concave side. 
 
 Cypripedium barbatum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1841, misc. 110. Id. 1842, t. 17. Bot. 
 Mag. t. 4234. Van Houtte's Fl. des Serves, III. t. 190. Id. XVIII, t. 1879 (grandi- 
 florum). Belg. hort. XXXIII. p. 96, t. 7. 
 
 var.— Orossii. 
 
 Plant dwarfer and denser. Leaves paler with the deep green blotches 
 
 more scattered. Flowers usually brighter in colour than the typical 
 
 Cypripedium barbatum, and well distinguished by the broad often A-shaped 
 
 band of vinous purple on the upper sepal ; by the more deflexed petals 
 
 with fewer warts on the superior margin ; and by the differently coloured 
 
 lip. 
 
 C. barbatum Crossii, Hort., prior to 1865. C. Crossii, Belg. hort. XV. p. 227 
 (1865). C. barbatum Wamerianum, Warner's Set. Orch. III. t. 11 (1870). C. 
 barbatum biflorum, Hort. C. orbum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. II. s. 3 (1887), p. 778. 
 
 var.— Obrienii. 
 
 As compared with the preceding, the leaves are of a paler green, with 
 fewer deep green spots that are usually very small ; the upper sepal is 
 somewhat more orbicular, the purple stain more diffused ; the petals are 
 less deflexed and of a deeper colour, as is also the lip. 
 C. barbatum Obrienii, supra. 
 
 * The Argus of Greek mythology was a monster surnamed Panoptis, "the All-seeing," 
 because he had a hundred eyes. He was appointed by Hera (Juno) guardian of the cow, into 
 which Io had been metamorphosed, but Mercury, at the command of Jupiter, sent him to sleep 
 by the sweet notes of his flute and then cut off his head. Juno transplanted his eyes to the tail 
 of the peacock, her favourite bird. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 13 
 
 sub-vars. — grandifionim (Van Houtte's Fl. cles Serres, loe. tit. supra), 
 
 majus, maximum, nigrum, pallidum, pictum, purpureum, pulcherrimum, etc., 
 names that sufficiently indicate the character of the forms to which they 
 have been applied. 
 
 Cypripedium barbatum is a native of Mount Ophir, near Malacca, 
 in the Malay Peninsula, where it was discovered in 1840 by Cuming, 
 and sent by him to Messrs. Loddiges, in whose nursery at Hackney 
 it flowered for the first time in this country in the summer of the 
 following year. Three years later it was collected in the same locality 
 by Thomas Lobb, who sent plants to the Exeter Nursery, whence it 
 became generally distributed among the orchid collections of Europe. 
 Ever since its introduction it has proved a most useful garden plant, 
 
 Cypripedium barbatum. 
 
 flowering freely in June and July, and continuing several weeks in 
 bloom. As one of the longest of the coriaceous Cypripedes in culti- 
 vation (it is the fourth in chronological order of introduction), it has 
 also proved one of the most yielding to cultural influence, and has 
 sported into numerous sub -varieties, many of which show a marked 
 
14 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 improvement, from a floral point of view, on the originally introduced 
 type ; it is also a very potent agent in hybridisation, crossing freely 
 with members of its own group,* and also with other species, the 
 resulting progenies being among the most varied in form and colour 
 that have yet been obtained within the range of orchid hybridisation. 
 The variety Grossii is very distinct; its foliage is of a lighter hue 
 than that of the species, and it flowers much earlier in the year, 
 coming into bloom in March and April, and even earlier. It origi- 
 nated, without doubt, among the importations from Mount Ophir, 
 but from whom and when it received its first designation, does not 
 appear to have been recorded.f Like the species, it has become 
 very variable under cultivation, and many sub-varieties are recognised 
 by horticulturists. The variety Obrienii is intermediate between the 
 typical G. barbatum and the variety Grossii with which it is best 
 compared, and with which its flowering season is contemporaneous. 
 
 The specific name, barbatum, "bearded," refers to the "hairy shining 
 warts which border the upper edge of the petals " ; but as many other 
 species have the same peculiarity, the name is far from being exclu- 
 sively appropriate to Cypripedium barbatum. 
 
 0. bellatulum. 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong, '7 — 10 inches long, 3 — 3 J inches broad, equitant, 
 obtuse or unequally bilobed at apex, deep green somewhat sparingly 
 mottled with pale green above, deep dull purple beneath. Scapes 
 shorter than the leaves, deep purple and pubescent, one-flowered. Bract 
 more than half as long as the ovary. Flowers 2 — 3 inches in diameter, 
 white or pale yellow, conspicuously spotted with brown-purple, the spots 
 on the sepals more or less aggregated towards the base ; upper sepal 
 oblate-orbicular, keeled behind, minutely ciliolate as are the lower sepal 
 and petals ; lower sepal smaller than the upper one, broadly ovate ; 
 petals depressed, broadly oval ; lip saccate, compressed as hi Cypripedium 
 concolor, with fewer and smaller spots externally than the other segments, 
 but densely spotted on the infolded lobes. Staminode sub-rhomboidal, 
 nearly sub-orbicular. 
 
 Cypripedium bellatulum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. III., s. 3 (1888), p. 648. 
 
 * The sub-section with tesselated foliage, etc., of which Cypripedium venustum is the 
 type. See C. Argus, supra. 
 
 t In the letterpress accompanying the coloured plate in the Belgique horticolc, it is said 
 to have been discovered in Peru by Cross. Its Peruvian origin is manifestly an error ; its 
 association with Cross, the traveller, is also doubtful, it being more probable that another 
 Cross, gardener to Louisa Lady Ashburton at Melchet Court, and raiser of the hybrid that 
 bears his name, may have been the first to detect it in the orchid collection under his charge. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 15 
 
 This Cypripede was introduced in the spring of the present year 
 (1888) by Messrs. Low and Co., of Clapton, who have given no 
 indication of its origin. The flowers conform, with the exception of 
 their larger size and bolder spotting, generally to those of Cypri- 
 pedium Godefroyce,* but the leaves differ very considerably in form, 
 colour and size from those of G. Godefroyce, some of them being 
 fully three times as large, thus affording undoubted evidence of a 
 geographical station with an environment very different from that 
 
 Cypripedium bellatulum. 
 
 in which the typical G. Godefroyce occurs. In the absence of 
 information respecting its origin, and till further experience of its 
 behaviour under cultivation shall have been obtained, we have pro- 
 visionally described it as a distinct form, although from a botanical 
 point of view we are at present unable to recognise its claim to 
 specific rank. 
 
 0. callosum. 
 
 Leaves oval-oblong, acute, 6 — 9 inches long, variable in colour, usually 
 bright green, with blackish green hieroglyphic markings and tesselations 
 
 * The flowers are remarkably variable as regards colour, the ground colour varying from pale 
 yellow to ivory-white, sometimes tinged with pale purple, while the back of the segments are 
 more or less blotched and stained with vinous purple ; the spotting is also very variable, the 
 spots being sometimes large and scattered, sometimes small and dense, with many intermediate 
 states. 
 
If) CYP1UPEDIUM. 
 
 above, but often much paler; grey -green and keeled beneath. Scape 
 12 — 15 inches high, one- (sometimes two-) flowered, bibracteate, the dorsal 
 bract one-third the length of the ovary, the ventral one much shorter. 
 Flowers among the largest in the genus ; upper sepal broadly cordate, 
 2-| — 3 inches broad, folded at the mid-vein and undulate in the apical 
 half, white with numerous alternately longer and shorter veins that are 
 green at the base and deep vinous purple upwards ; lower sepal much 
 smaller, lanceolate, acute, white with pale green veins ; petals ligulate, 
 spreading, slightly deflexed, pale green tinted with pale rose-purple 
 towards the apex, margins ciliate with 4— -5 blackish warts on the 
 superior one ; lip helmet-shaped, brown-purple, greenish beneath, the in- 
 folded lobes spotted with deep purple. Staminode horseshoe-shaped, 
 with a deep cleft in the back margin, the two lobes terminating in 
 cusps in front, between which is a projecting tooth. 
 
 Cypripedium callosum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXVI. (1886), p. 326. Id. I. s. 3 
 (1887), p. 314—15, icon. xyl. Godefroy's Orchidophile VIII. (1887), p. 145. 
 
 A recent addition to the genus that was discovered by M. 
 Alexandre Kegnier, of Paris, in Siam or Cochin China, and 
 introduced by him in 1885, but nothing has yet been divulged 
 respecting the locality in which this species grows or its environment 
 there. Its enormous upper sepal renders it remarkable among 
 Cypripedes, even when it is compared with that of Cypripedium 
 Lawrenceanum ; as a species it is intermediate between the last named 
 and 0. barbatum, from which its larger flowers, and especially its 
 broader upper sepal and petals, chiefly distinguish it. 0. callosum 
 usually flowers in February and March. 
 
 0. ciliolare. 
 
 Leaves narrowly oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 6 or more inches 
 long, tesselated with deep and pale green. Scapes 12 — 15 inches high, 
 one-flowered. Bract small, about one-third the length of the ovary. 
 Flowers 4 inches across vertically; upper sepal broadly ovate, acuminate, 
 ciliolate at the margin, purple at the base, the remainder white ; 
 veins close set, alternately longer and shorter, the shorter ones the 
 narrowest, green, but sometimes purple towards the lateral margins ; 
 lower sepal much smaller, ovate, acuminate, whitish with green veins; 
 petals ligulate, deflexed and recurved, margined with long black hairs, 
 the basal portion green, densely spotted with blackish warts to two- 
 thirds of the length, the apical portion pale purple ; lip prominent, 
 helmet-shaped, dull purplish brown, the infolded lobes pale yellow- 
 green spotted with purple warts. Staminode reniform, greenish stained 
 with pale rose, with a notch in the basal edge, obscurely five-toothed on 
 the distal margin. 
 
 Cypripediuni ciliolaro, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XVIII (1882), p. 488. Illus. hort, 
 
 1884, t. 530. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 17 
 
 Introduced from the Philippine Islands in 1882 by Messrs. Low 
 and Co., of Clapton ; it was also gathered by our own collector 
 early in the following year on the small islets off the north-east 
 coast of Mindanao. It is one of the handsomest of the group to 
 which it belongs, being very near Cypripedium superbiens, from 
 which it is easily distinguished by its shorter differently coloured 
 upper sepal ; by the denser and more numerous marginal hairs of 
 the petals, which suggested the specific name; by the spotting and 
 deeper colour of the petals, which are also broader and more 
 reflexed at the apex ; and by the somewhat smaller lip of a 
 deeper and duller colour, and with a shorter claw. It flowers in 
 April and May. 
 
 Cypripedium concolor. 
 
 C. concolor. 
 
 Leaves oval-oblong, 3 — 5 inches long, mottled above with greyish green 
 on a deep green ground, more or less spotted beneath with deep purplish 
 crimson. Scapes short, one- but not infrequently two-flowered, with a 
 small boat-shaped closely-appressed bract at the base of the ovary. 
 Flowers 2 — 3 inches across, pale yellow sprinkled with minute purple 
 clots that are often aggregated towards the base of the sepals and petals, 
 and on the infolded lobes of the lip; upper sepal sub-orbicular, keeled 
 
18 CYPBIPEDIUM. 
 
 behind ; lower sepal ovate, generally smaller tiian the upper one, but 
 sometimes nearly equal to it ; petals broadly elliptic - oblong, obtuse, 
 depressed ; both sepals and petals fringed with minute hairs ; lip small, 
 conical in outline, compressed. Staminnde sub-rhomboidal, with a deep 
 yellow blotch dotted with purple in the centre. 
 
 Cypripedium concolor, Parish, in MS. Bot. Mag. t. 5513 (1865). Rchb. in Gard. 
 Chron. 1865, p. 626. Id. XIX. (1883), p. 19, icon. xyl. Illus. Tiort. 1865, t. 444. 
 Regel's Gartenfl. 1874, t. 803. Van Hontte's Fl. dcs Serves, 1877—79, t. 2321. 
 "Williams' Orch. Alb. VII. t. 302. 
 
 var. —chlorophyllum. 
 
 Leaves much paler in colour, the purple spotting on the under side 
 almost entirely absent. The flowers are distinguished by an uninterrupted 
 line of purple spots along the mid-veins of the sepals and petals. 
 C. concolor chlorophyllum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXVI. (1886), p. 294. 
 
 var. — Regnieri. 
 
 Leaves somewhat longer, with a lighter tesselation above and fewer 
 spots beneath. Scapes branched, 3 — 5 flowered ; the flowers generally of a 
 deeper yellow with the petals broader and more rotund. 
 
 C. concolor Regnieri, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXV. (18S6), p. 362. Godefroy's 
 OrchidopMIc, 1886, p. 226. 
 
 var. — tonquinense. 
 
 Leaves elliptic oblong, broader than in the Moulmein form. Upper 
 sepal and petals broader, the latter more rotund, with the purple spots 
 more aggregated towards their base. 
 
 C. concolor tonquinense, Godefroy's Orchidophile, 1886, p. 228 (tongkinense). 
 Rev. hort. 1885, p. 436. 
 
 Cypripedium concolor was discovered by the Rev. C. Parish, in 
 1859, at a place called Pya-Thonzco (The Three Pagodas) in the 
 neighbourhood of Moulmein, growing in hollows in the rock that 
 are filled with decaying vegetable matter, and subsequently in 
 other similar places ; it was not, however, introduced into 
 European gardens till 1864, when living plants were imported by 
 Messrs. Low and Co. About the same time, or shortly afterwards, 
 it was sent to the Royal Gardens at Kew by Colonel Benson, 
 from the locality in which it had been first discovered by the 
 Rev. C. Parish ; and quite recently it has been received at the 
 Royal Gardens from the Birds' Nests' Tslands near Champon, where 
 it grows on the limestone cliffs facing the sea.* The variety 
 chlorophyllum appeared among a recent importation by Messrs. 
 
 * The Garden, XVIII. (1885), p. 342. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 19 
 
 Sander and Co. ; Regnieri was the last discovery of the late Auguste 
 Regnier, in Cambodia, and was introduced by M. Godefroy, of 
 Argenteuil, near Paris, in 1885; tonquinense was first sent to an 
 amateur cultivator of orchids in France by a French missionary in 
 Tongkin; the geographical distribution of G. concolor is thence more 
 extensive than that of any of the coriaceous Cypripedes yet known. 
 Nor is this its chief peculiarity; it is the type of a small group 
 that includes G. niveum, G. Godefroyce, and C. bellatulum, a group 
 so beautiful and so distinct from all other Cypripedes in cultivation 
 that the forms comprising it are justly reckoned among the gems 
 of the Orchid World. 
 
 It is necessary, however, that the botanical relationship between 
 these forms should be plainly set forth ; this can be best done by 
 comparing Gypripedium concolor with 0. niveum, the two extremes 
 of the series; thus, the yellow flowers with narrower upper sepal and 
 petals, compressed labellum, and sub-rhomboidal staminode of the 
 former clearly distinguish it from the latter, which has whits flowers 
 with broader and more rounded petals, much smaller lower sepal, 
 a more inflated labellum with a contracted aperture, and a sub- 
 reniform staminode ; moreover, the shorter scape, the shorter ovary 
 with larger bract, and the differently coloured leaves of G. concolor 
 afford further distinguishing characters between the two. Neverthe- 
 less all these differences are effectually bridged over by the variable 
 G. Godefroy ce and the recently introduced and scarcely less variable 
 G. bellatulum, in which all the organs we have enumerated above 
 are sometimes so modified, that some of their forms approach very 
 closely G. concolor, while others come so near G. niveum as to be 
 scarcely distinguishable from it. In the broader view taken by 
 science of the relationship subsisting between the members of a 
 genus, these Cypripedes are but varieties of one type, but in 
 horticulture they will continue to be regarded as distinct, and as 
 such they are treated in this work. 
 
 Cultural Note. — The preference shown by Cypripediutn concolor for 
 limestone is manifested even under cultivation, for it unquestionably 
 thrives better on a substratum or drainage composed of nodules of lime- 
 stone than of broken crocks. In potting small plants, or plants that 
 require pots not larger than 4 — 5 inches in diameter, the pots should 
 be filled to about two-thirds of their depth with small pieces of lime- 
 
20 CYPKIPEDIUM. 
 
 stone, among which the longest of the fleshy roots should be kid, and 
 to which they will soon firmly cling ; the plants may then be put into 
 a compost of fibrous peat and sphagnum in equal proportions, care being 
 taken not to raise them above the level of the rim of the pot. As 
 may be inferred from the situation and climate of Moulmein and the 
 other stations of the species, C. concolor requires a high temperature with 
 a moist atmosphere, such as is maintained in the Phalsenopsis or East 
 Indian house, where the mean average temperature by fire-heat ranges 
 from 18° to 24° C. (65° — 75° F.) during the year. Water must be freely 
 supplied at all times. 
 
 0. Curtisii. 
 
 Leaves oblong, or oval-oblong, 6 — 8 inches long, tesselated above 
 with deep and pale green. Scapes 9 — 12 or more inches high, one- 
 flowered. Bract about one-third the length of the ovary. Flowers large, 
 with all the segments ciliolate; upper sepal somewhat small in proportion 
 to the size of the flower, broadly cordate, acuminate, grass-green, with 
 a broad white margin, and sometimes with a purple stain on each 
 side next the white margin, veins numerous and close set, green, 
 changing to brownish purple towards the base ; lower sepal smaller, 
 ovate, acuminate ; petals ligulate, deflexed, recurved at the tip, margined 
 with blackish hairs and warts, veined with green, and almost uniformly 
 spotted with purple on a pale purple ground that is almost white along 
 the mid-vein; lip large, helmet-shaped, dull brownish purple, the infolded 
 lobes narrow, pale purple spotted with purplish warts. Staminode 
 broadly horseshoe-shaped, Avith deep notch on the basal side, and three 
 small teeth between the pointed incurved arms. 
 
 Cypripedium Curtisii, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XX. (1883), p. 8. Williams' Orch. 
 Alb. III. t. 122. 
 
 Introduced by us from Sumatra in 1882 through our collector 
 Curtis, who discovered it at some distance from Padang, at an 
 elevation of 3,000 — 4,000 feet, on the great mountain range that 
 stretches almost through the entire length of the island. Its nearest 
 affinities are Cypripedium superbiens and 0. ciliolare, between which 
 it is intermediate, but nearer to the last than to the first-named ; 
 from the former it is distinguished by its shorter upper sepal, of 
 which the central area is entirely green ; by its shorter differently- 
 coloured petals that are more reflexed at the tip j by its longer 
 and more acuminate bract ; and by its deeper green foliage. From 
 the latter it is distinguished by its broader and more acuminate 
 upper sepal; by the shorter cilia of the petals that are also spotted 
 differently; by its longer and more pointed lip, the infolded lobes 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 21 
 
 of which are narrower; and by its longer and more acuminate 
 bract.* G. Curtisii usually flowers in May and June. 
 
 C. Dayanum. 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute, 5—7 inches long, variable in colour, 
 
 sometimes pale green with some oblong spots of deep green scattered 
 
 over the upper surface, sometimes tesselated with deep and light green. 
 
 Scapes 8—12 or more inches high, one-flowered. Bract somewhat less 
 
 than half the length of the ovary. Flowers 4 — 5 inches across vertically; 
 
 upper sepal broadly ovate, acuminate, ciliolate, white symmetrically 
 
 veined with green ; lower sepal similar, but smaller and more acuminate ; 
 
 petals ligulate, slightly deflexed, fringed with long black hairs, the basal 
 
 half brownish green, the distal half dull rose-purple ; lip sub-conical and 
 
 compressed at the apex, brownish purple veined with green, the infolded 
 
 lobes densely spotted with small purplish warts. Staminode oblong, 
 
 rounded at the ends, with a cleft in the back, and a projecting tooth 
 
 on the front margin. 
 
 Cypripedium Dayanum, Rchb. in Bot. Zeit. 1862, p. 214. t Id. Xen. Orch. III. 
 p. 1, t. 201. Van Houtte's Fl. des Serves, XV. t. 1527. C. spectabile {lapsu calami 
 supcrbienti) Dayanum, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1860, p. 693. C. Petri, Rchb in Gard 
 Chron. XIII (1880), p. 680. C. Burbidgei, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XVI. (1881), p. 38. 
 
 We are indebted to the late Mr. Day, to whom this species is 
 dedicated, for the following particulars respecting its introduction. 
 It was discovered on Mount Kina Balu, in north-east Borneo, by 
 Mr. (now Sir Hugh) Low, who sent it, together with Nepenthes Rajah, 
 one of the magnificent pitcher plants that has its home on that 
 remarkable mountain,^ to the nursery of Messrs. Low and Co., at 
 Clapton, from whom Mr. Day acquired the box containing the entire 
 stock of both. All the Nepenthes arrived dead, but a few of the 
 Cypripedium plants survived, and one of these flowered in Mr. Dav's 
 collection at Tottenham in the summer of 1860. Cypripedium 
 Dayanum remained a rare plant in British gardens till it was re- 
 discovered at the foot of the Marie- Parie Spur of Mount Kina Balu, 
 by Mr. Peter Veitch and Mr. F. W. Burbidge, during their mission 
 to that region for us in 1879. The first introduced type is distin- 
 guished by its pale green sparingly spotted foliage and somewhat 
 
 * It is evident from the above comparison that should intermediate forms, other than those 
 obtained by the hybridist, hereafter appear that break through the scarcely specific distinctions 
 pointed out in the text, Cypripedium ciliolare, C. Curtisii and C. superbiens can then be only 
 regarded as existing geographical expressions of one once widely distributed species. 
 
 + It had been previously named Cypripediv/m Dayanum by Stone, Mr. Day's then gardener. 
 See Gard. Chron. I860, p. 674. 
 
 t Since introduced by us from Kina Balu. 
 
22 
 
 CYPKIPEDIUM. 
 
 brighter coloured flowers j* while the leaves of the later introd action 
 are variable in colour, but always darker than in the original form. 
 
 0. Drurii. 
 
 Rhizome stoutish, sloAvly creeping and ascending. Leaves ligulate, 
 acute, 7 — 10 inches long, of a uniform bright green. Scapes 9 — 
 12 inches high, one-flowered. Bract small and sheathing, with very 
 oblique opening. Flowers about 3 inches across vertically ; upper 
 
 % 
 
 Cypripedinm Drurii. 
 
 sepal broadly oval, inflcxcd above, ciliolate at the margin, greenish 
 yellow with a broad blackish median band, keeled behind and studded 
 with numerous blackish hairs ; lower sepal similar, but smaller and paler 
 in colour, and frequently with two blackish median lines ; petals ligulate, 
 indexed and undulate, ochreous, almost golden yellow, with a broad, 
 
 * It is the Cypripedinm Dayanum supcrhum of some collections. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 23 
 
 blackish median line and some blackish warts towards the base, and 
 
 also studded with numerous blackish hairs on the inferior side of the 
 
 median line ; lip helmet- shaped, bright yellow spotted with red-purple 
 
 on the inside, the infolded lobes not meeting at their edges. Staminode 
 
 sub-quadrate with a shallow sinus in the front margin, in the centre of 
 
 which is a minute protuberance. 
 
 Oypripedium Drurii, Beddome, Icon. pi. ind. or. p. 23 t. 112 (1874). Echb. 
 Xen. Orch. II. p. 223. Id. in Gard. Chron. VI. (1876). p. 68. Illus. hort. 
 1877, t. 265. Fl. Mag. n. s. t. 425. 
 
 This very distinct species was discovered in 1865 on the Travan- 
 
 core Hills, in the extreme south of India, at an elevation of 5,000 — 
 
 6,000 feet, by Colonel Drury, after whom it is named. Colonel 
 
 Beddome subsequently found it " very abundant on the top of the 
 
 Calcad Hills (Travancore) in flower in January " ; it is, therefore, in 
 
 a geographical sense one of the most isolated of all the coriaceous 
 
 Cypripedes, no other species being known to occur within many 
 
 hundred miles of this station. It was introduced to European 
 
 gardens by the last-named officer, who sent plants to the Koyal 
 
 Gardens at Kew about the year 1875 ; it usually flowers in the 
 
 orchid-houses of this country in March and April, but occasionally 
 
 earlier. The black median bands on the sepals and petals form a 
 
 striking characteristic of this interesting species. 
 
 O. Elliottianum. 
 
 ''Leaves bright green, 12 — 15 inches long and 1| — 2 inches broad. 
 Scapes stout, purple dotted, over 1 foot in height, 2 — 5 flowered. 
 Bracts spathaceous, 1 — 1| inches long, whitish with narrow chocolate 
 lines. Upper sepal 1|- inch wide and 2| inches long, pointed, ivory- 
 white, with fifteen dark crimson lines of various lengths ; lower sepal 
 similar but smaller; lip nearly like that of Oypripedium Stonei in 
 colour and shape, ivory-white, delicately veined and tinted with rose ; 
 petals white, spotted on the basilar portion with crimson blotches, 
 which run into three or four narrow lines to the points ; undulate 
 and ciliate as in C. Sanderianum. Staminode narrow and beak-like, as 
 in C. Rothschilclianum." — James O'Brien, in Gard. Chron. IV. s. 3 
 (1888), p. 501, 
 
 Cypripedium Elliottianum, James O'Brien, loc. cit. Echb. in Gard. Chron. IV. 
 s. 3 (1888), p. 532. 
 
 This is a new Cypripede brought under notice by Messrs. 
 Sander and Co., of St. Albans, while these pages are passing 
 through the press. It is said to be a native of the Philippine 
 Islands, and is "dedicated to Mr. Elliott, of the firm of Messrs. 
 Young and Elliott, of New York." 
 
24 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 0. Fairieanum. 
 
 Plant dwarf and compact. Leaves oblong-ligulate, acute, 4 — 6 inches 
 long, of a uniform bright green. Scapes somewhat slender, pale green, 
 4 — 6 inches high, one-flowered. Bract less than half the length of the 
 brown-purple ovary. Flowers 2h — 3 inches across vertically ; upper sepal 
 cordate-oblong, ciliate, undulate at the margin, reflexed at the apex, with 
 a hairy keel behind, white with a pale yellow-green stain at the base, 
 and with purple longitudinal and anastomosing veins ; lower sepal smaller, 
 ovate, ciliate, pale green streaked with purple ; petals oblong-ligulate, 
 "deflexed and recurved like a buffalo's horn," fringed at the undidate 
 margin with minute blackish hairs, yellow-white with longitudinal streaks 
 and marginal bands of purple ; lip calceiform, brownish green with 
 purplish reticulation, the infolded lobes narrow, cream-white spotted with 
 purple. Staminode orbicular-lunate, with a proboscis between the horns 
 of the crescent, ivory-white mottled with green, and with a purple band 
 along the front. 
 
 Cypripeclium Fairieanum, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1857, p. 740. Bot. Mag. t. 5024. 
 
 Van Houtte's Fl. des Serrcs, XII. t. 1244. Rchb. Xcn. Orch. II. p. 108, t. 133. 
 
 Williams' Orch. Alb. II. t. 70 (Fairrieanum). 
 
 Cypripedium Fairieanum was first brought under notice in 185 7-, 
 when flowers were sent to Sir William J. Hooker at Kew from the 
 garden of Mr. Reid, of Bumham, Somerset, and from the nursery 
 of Mr. Parker, at Upper Holloway. In October of the same year 
 a plant in flower was exhibited at a meeting of the Horticultural 
 Society of London, held at Willis's Rooms, by Mr. Fairie, of 
 Aigburth, near Liverpool, to whom Dr. Lindley dedicated the species 
 in a description published shortly afterwards in the Gardeners* 
 Chronicle. All these plants are believed to have been obtained at 
 a sale at Stevens' Rooms of a collection of East Indian orchids 
 sent from Assam ; * beyond this, nothing whatever is known of its 
 origin ; it does not appear to have been met with in its native 
 country since that time, a circumstance that would seem to imply 
 not only a very restricted habitat, but also a very remote or 
 inaccessible station. 
 
 This Cypripede has therefore always been a rare plant, and one 
 of the highest interest to orchid amateurs ; it is, moreover, one of 
 the most beautiful of its race, and we can imagine no one who has 
 once seen it who would not endorse the opinion of Sir William J. 
 Hooker that " the blossoms are certainly amongst the most exquisitely 
 coloured and pencilled of any in this fine genus."t 
 
 * The late M. Van Iloutte, in his Flore des Serves, sub. 1. 1244, stated that " Le Cypripcdium 
 Fairieanum nous est venu sans noin du Bhotan et e'est sous le No. 783 que nous l'avons liviv 
 a quelques-nns de nos oorrespondants." + Bot Mag. sub. t. 5024. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 25 
 
 Cultural Note. — Many cultivators of orchids have complained that 
 Oypripedium Fairieanum is a difficult subject to induce to grow satis- 
 factorily. We are inclined to believe that at least one cause of failure 
 is to be found in the stress to which plants have been subjected for 
 
 Cypripedium Fairieanum. 
 
 the sake of propagation, combined, perhaps, with the too high tempera- 
 ture in which weakly plants have been placed, with the view of 
 inducing rapid growth. It is certain that this Cypripede does not 
 thrive in a high temperature and close atmosphere, but if suspended near 
 the roof glass of the Cattleya or intermediate house, where it can receive 
 the greatest amount of fresh air and light the circumstances of the 
 house admit of, satisfactory results may with confidence be expected. 
 In evidence of this, we can adduce no better instance than the splendid 
 specimen in the collection of Baron Schroeder, at The Dell, near 
 Staines. 
 
 0. glanduliferum. 
 
 Leaves equitant, ligulate, obtuse, 18 — 24 inches long, prominently keeled 
 beneath, leathery, and of a uniform deep green. Scapes 15 — 20 or more 
 
26 CTPRTPEDIUM. 
 
 inches long, blackish purple, partially mottled with green and clothed 
 with greyish brown hairs. Bract 1 — lh inches long, acutely keeled, 
 brownish with deeper veins. Flowers 5 inches across vertically ; upper 
 sepal broadly ovate, acute, keeled behind, cream-white, yellowish in the 
 centre, the longitudinal veins red-brown ; lower sepal similar and sub- 
 equal ; petals linear, ribbon-like, depressed, twisted, 4 — 5 inches long, 
 yellow-green with red-brown longitudinal veins, and with 8 — 10 promi- 
 nent, bearded warts on each margin towards the base ; lip calceiform, 
 pale yellow with red-brown anastomosing veins. Staminode sub-quadrate, 
 with a small sinus in the front margin, buff-yellow, the broadly inflexed 
 lateral margins studded with short red-brown bristles. 
 
 Cypripedium glanduliferum, Blume, Humph. IV. p. 56, t. 195, fig. 2 and t. 19S 
 (1848). Rchb. in Walp. Ann. III. p. 602 (1852-53). C. prsestans, Rchb. in 
 Gard. Chron. XXVI. (1886), p. 776. Id. II. s. 3 (1887), p. 814, icon. xyl. 
 Illus. hort. 1887, p. 35. 
 
 This remarkable species was first described and figured by the 
 
 Dutch botauist Blume more than forty years ago from materials 
 
 supplied to him by Zippel, one of the earlier explorers of western 
 
 New Guinea and adjacent region, in Ilumphia, an elaborate and 
 
 beautifully illustrated work on Indian and Malayan plants not 
 
 previously known. Nothing more was seen or heard of it till it 
 
 was re-discovered in 1886 by the Lindenian collectors in Dutch 
 
 Malaya, who sent living plants to Europe towards the end of that 
 
 year ; the consignment, however, was subjected to much delay en 
 
 route, and reached its destination during a severe frost, and in 
 
 consequence, few plants were saved j another consignment arrived 
 
 in better condition in May following. One of the plants of the first 
 
 consignment flowered in June in the horticultural establishment 
 
 (Societe anonyme), at the Pare Leopold, Brussels, and subsequently 
 
 others flowered in British collections,* when the distinct character 
 
 of the species and its great merit as a horticultural plant were 
 
 recognised. The specific name glanduliferum, " gland-bearing/' refers 
 
 to the glandular warts along the margin of the basal portion of 
 
 the petals. 
 
 C Godefroyse. 
 
 Leaves linear-oblong, 3 — 5 inches long, deep green, more or less 
 marbled and spotted with pale green above, densely spotted with 
 
 * After carefully comparing the flowers that expanded in one of these collections with 
 Blame's elaborate and unquestionably accurate description of Oypripediv/m glamdulifervm in 
 Rumphia, we are satisfied that the Cypripedium in cultivation, under the name of C. 
 
 ■/mnsft/.iis (lu'hh.), must he referred to the first-named. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 27 
 
 brown-purple beneath. Scapes 1 — 3 inches high, pale green spotted 
 ■with purple, tonientose, 1 — 2 flowered. Bract one-third as long as the 
 ovary. Flowers 2 — 1\ inches across vertically, French-white, sometimes 
 pale yellow, spotted with magenta-purple and obscurely pubescent ; upper 
 sepal broadly ovate or sub-orbicular, keeled behind ; lower sepal elliptic- 
 oblong, much smaller; petals elliptic-oblong, broad and deflexed as in 
 Cypripedium concolor ; lip sub-cylindric, minutely spotted. Staminode 
 roundish-oblong, minutely spotted like the lip, and with a yellowish 
 stain hi the centre. 
 
 Cypripedium Godefroyce, Orchidophile 1883, p. 830, icou. xyl. Fl. and Pomol. 
 1884, p. 37. The Garden, XXVII. (1885), t. 492. Williams' Orch. Alb. IV. t. 177. 
 Gard. Chron. XXIII. (1885), p. 49, icon. xyl. Bot. Mag. t. 6876. 
 
 Cypripedium Godefroy.T. 
 
 The merit of introducing this beautiful Cypripede is due to M. 
 Godefroy, of Argenteuil, near Paris, to whom it became known in 
 1876 while at Singapore, on his return home from Cochin China. 
 It had been discovered a short time previously by an Englishman 
 named Murton, formerly an employe in the Eoyal Gardens at Kew. 
 of whom M. Godefroy purchased the plants he had collected. Murton, 
 
28 CYPRIPEDITLM. 
 
 however, died before the plants were despatched to Europe, leaving 
 them to the care of another Englishman named Alabaster, at that 
 time in charge of the public gardens at Bangkok, but he falling ill, 
 they all perished. Alabaster subsequently procured more plants, 
 which he forwarded to M. Godefroy, and at the same time, or 
 shortly afterwards, he sent some plants to Kew. All these were collected 
 " on the cliff of a limestone island near the Bird's-Nest Islands of 
 Champon ; they grow facing the mainland west, and none on the 
 east side of the island ; some were gathered 16 feet above sea-level, 
 others were seen at 80 feet above sea-level, and at intermediate 
 heights/' * In this situation the plants are in the shade till about 
 10 a.m., from which hour till sunset they are fully exposed to the 
 glare of a tropical sun, the difference between the extreme day and night 
 temperature being very considerable. f As stated under Gypripedium 
 concolor, G. Godefroyce is intermediate between G. concolor and G. niveum, 
 and specifically unites them. As a horticultural plant it is a 
 beautiful acquisition; it has proved to be a very variable plant, 
 especially in the foliage, in the size of the flowers, and in the 
 spotting of their segments. 
 
 O. Haynaldianum. 
 
 Leaves ligulate, leathery, 10- — 15 inches long, 1^ — 2 inches broad, 
 
 bidentate at the tip. Scapes 20— 30 inches long, 5 — 6 flowered. Bract 
 
 half as long as the ovary. Flowers large, with spreading segments ; upper 
 
 sepal oval, obtuse, folded at the mid-vein, the lower half with re volute 
 
 margins, upper half whitish faintly tinted with rose, basal half pale 
 
 yellowish green with large brown spots along the veins ; lower sepal 
 
 broadly ovate, whitish with pale green veins ; petals linear-spathulate, 3 — 4. 
 
 inches long, ciliate, twisted beyond the middle and recurved at the 
 
 apex, the basal half yellowish green with S — 12 large brown spots that 
 
 are chiefly marginal, the distal half pale dull purple ; lip helmet-shaped, 
 
 pale green tinged with dull purple, the infolded lobes yellowish. Staminode 
 
 oblong, with a tooth at the base, bilobed on the front side. 
 
 Gypripedium Haynaldianum, Echb. Xen. Orch. II. p. 222 (1874). Id. III. p. 33, 
 t. 212. Gard. Chron. VII. (1877), p. 272. Bot. Mag. t. 6296. 
 
 Introduced by us, in 1873, from the Philippine Islands, through 
 
 M. Gustav Wallis, who had discovered it at San Isidro, near Manila. 
 
 It is dedicated to Cardinal Haynald, Archbishop of Kaloesa, in 
 
 Hungary, " a zealous botanist and an active promoter of science and 
 
 * The Garden. XXVII. (1885), p. 342. t Godefroy 's Orchidophile, 1883, p. 830. 
 
CYPR1PED1UM. 29 
 
 art, and whose name will ever be honourably connected with the 
 development of Hungary." 
 
 As a species Gi/pripedium Haynaldianum is comparable with 
 G. Lowii, for which it might be mistaken on superficial glance, but 
 from which it is distinguished chiefly by its longer (nearly 
 oblong) differently coloured staminode, the tooth at the base of 
 which is less prominent and destitute of the hairy appendage it 
 has in G. Lowii; by its broader and differently coloured sepals, 
 especially the upper one, which is conspicuously spotted; by the 
 larger spots on the basal half of the petals; by the more prominent 
 infolded lobes of the lip, and by its larger and more leathery 
 leaves. As a horticultural plant it forms noble specimens which, 
 as seen in the collections of Sir Trevor Lawrence and Baron 
 Schroeder, furnished with numerous scapes, each bearing 5 — 6 
 flowers, are among the most striking objects in the orchid house 
 during its flowering season, winch is usually from January to 
 March. 
 
 O. hirsutissimum. 
 
 Leaves linear-oblong, acute, 9 — 12 or more inches long, of a uniform 
 green colour. Scapes about a foot high, usually green, and clothed with 
 dark purple hairs as are the small bract, ovary, and back of the flower, 
 Flowers about 4 inches across vertically, with all the segments ciliated ; 
 upper sepal broadly cordate, keeled behind, the central and basal 
 area densely spotted with blackish purple, the spots being often 
 confluent, the broad marginal area deeper or paler green ; lower sepal 
 smaller, ovate, pale green with some purplish markings along the 
 veins ; petals spreading horizontally, broadly spathulate, slightly twisted, 
 with the margins crisped and undulated along the basal half, the. 
 narrower basal part green blotched and spotted with deep purple and 
 studded with numerous blackish hairs, the dilated apical part bright 
 violet-purple ; lip prominent, helmet-shaped, dull green stained with 
 brownish purple and dotted with minute blackish warts. Staminode 
 nearly square, green with two white spots near the basal edge. 
 
 Cypripedium hirsutissimum, Lindl. MS. fide Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4990 (1857) 
 Warner's Sd. Orch. I. t. 15 (1862—65). Belg. hort. VII. p. 353 (1857). Illus. hort". 
 IV. misc. 67. Rchb. Xen. Orch. II. p. 107, t. 132. Van Houtte's Fl. des Serves 
 XIV. t. 1430 (1861). 
 
 Gypripedium hirsutissimum and G. Fairieanum, two of the most 
 remarkable Indian Cypripedes, were introduced to British gardens 
 about the year 1857, but nothing whatever was then known of 
 
30 
 
 CYPR1PEDIUM. 
 
 tlieir origin further than they had been sent to England by a 
 collector named Simons. The precise station of G. Fairieanum is 
 still a mystery, while that of 0. hirsutissimum remained unknown 
 till 1868 — 69, about which time the late Mr. John Day received a 
 few plants from his nephew Captain Williamson, who had gathered 
 them on the Assam side of the Khasia Hills, whence it has since 
 
 Cypripcdium hirsutissimum. 
 
 been received by horticultural firms ; it flowered for the first time 
 in this country in Mr. Parker's nursery at Upper Holloway, shortly 
 after its introduction. The usual flowering season of G. hirsutissimum 
 is from March to May ; the specific name, meaning " very hairy," 
 refers to the shaggy character of the inflorescence. 
 
CYPRII'EDIUM. 
 
 31 
 
 0. Hookerse. 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong, 4 — 6 inches long and 1^ — 2 inches broad, deep 
 green, mottled with light greyish green. Scapes somewhat slender and 
 elongated, one- (rarely two-) flowered, clothed with greyish hairs as is the 
 
 l^s 
 
 Cypripedium Hookerse. 
 
 ovary. Bract about one-half the length of the ovary. Flowers medium 
 
 size, 2| inches across vertically, with all the segments ciliolate ; upper 
 
 sepal cordate, acute, yellowish white with green centre, keeled and hairy 
 
 behind ; lower sepal smaller, ovate, pale yellow-green ; petals spathulate, 
 
 depressed, the narrower basal part undulate, green with blackish spots 
 
 and purple margin, the dilated distal part purple ; lip helmet- shaped, 
 
 brownish purple toned with green, the infolded lobes yellowish brown 
 
 spotted with red-purple. Staminode large for the size of the flower, 
 
 broadly oval with a rounded notch on the apical side, brown-purple with 
 
 a pale yellow-green centre and margin. 
 
 Cypripedium Hookera, Rchb. fide Bot. Mag. t. 5362 (1863). Van Houtte's Fl. des 
 Serres XV. t. 1565 (copied from the Bot. Mag.). Rchb. Xen. Orch. II. p. 125, t. 141. 
 C. barbatum Hookerse, Gartenfi. XXVI. p. 245 (1876). 
 
o2 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 var. — Bullenianum. 
 
 Leaves duller in colour and less distinctly mottled. Flowers somewhat 
 
 smaller and appearing earlier in the year ; upper sepal with some 
 
 blackish streaks at the base ; petals with 3 — 4 small blackish warts 
 
 on each margin, and with the dilated apical portion edged with pale 
 
 yellow-green. 
 
 C. Hookerte Bullenianum, supra. C. Bullenianum, Rchb. in Bot. Zeit. 1865, p. 99. 
 Id. Gard. Chron. XV. (1881), p. 563 (oculatum) XXI. (1884), p. 174 (anophthalmum). 
 
 Discovered by Sir Hugh Low in North Borneo, in 1862, and 
 introduced shortly afterwards by Messrs. Low and Co., of the 
 Clapton Nurseries; it was subsequently gathered by one of our own 
 collectors, in Sarawak, on limestone hills, at 1,000 — 1,500 feet 
 elevation, growing with Cypripedium Stonei. It is dedicated to Lady 
 Hooker, wife of the late Sir William Jackson Hooker, for many years 
 the distinguished Director of the Royal Gardens at Kew. The variety 
 Bullenianum appeared amongst an importation of G. HoolcercB by 
 Messrs. Low and Co. in 18G1-5, and is named after Mr. Bullen, 
 at that time one of their foremen, but now of the Lewisham 
 Nurseries. The usual flowering season of the species is May and 
 June, that of the variety March and April. 
 
 O. insigne. 
 
 Leaves linear-ligulate, acute, 8 — 12 inches long, of a uniform pahid 
 green. Scapes about a foot high, one- (rarely two-) flowered. Bract 
 compressed, as long as the ovary. Flowers with a glossy varnished 
 surface 4 — 5 inches across vertically ; upper sepal broadly oval, with 
 the lateral margins slightly revolute, and the apical one bent forwards, 
 the central and basal area apple-green with numerous brownish purple 
 spots arranged with greater or less regularity along the longitudinal 
 green veins, the apical area white ; lower sepal smaller, ovate, acute, 
 pale green ; petals spreading, linear-oblong, with undulate margins, pale 
 yellowish green with brownish purple longitudinal veins ; lip helmet- 
 shaped, yellowish green shaded with brown, the infolded lobes deep tawny 
 yellow with paler margin. Staminode subquadrate, pubescent, with an 
 orange-yellow tubercle in the centre. 
 
 Cypripedium insigne, Wallioh. MS. Lindl. Colled. Bot. t. 32 (1821—24). Id. Gen. 
 et. Sp. Orch. p. 530. Bot. Mag. t. 3412. "Williams' Orch. Alb. IV. t. 155. 
 
 var.— Chantinii. 
 
 Flowers equal in size to those of the type, but with the segments 
 less undulate and differently coloured ; upper sepal bent forwards and 
 folded at the apex, the broad white margin extending nearly half-way 
 
CYPEIPEDIUM. 33 
 
 down and prolonged laterally to near the base, the spots on the white 
 
 area being of a beautiful mauve purple ; the lower sepal longer, more 
 
 acute, and often with a whitish tip : the petals and lip with a more 
 
 glossy surface, the former with deep amber veins, and the latter bright 
 
 chestnut-brown, the pouch of the lip broader at the aperture. 
 
 C. insigne Chantinii, Rafarin in Rev. hort. 1866, p. 249. Id. 1878, p. 136, icon, 
 xyl. Godefroy's Orchidophile, 1885, p. 36. C. insigne punctatum violacenm, 
 Hort. Henderson, 1869, fide The Gardener, 1882, p. 58. The Garden, XXI. (1882), 
 p. 444, t. 342. Gard. Chron. XV11I. (1882), p. 717, icon xyl. Williams' Orch. 
 Alb. VI. t. 278. C. insigne Veitchianum, Van Hontte's Fl. des Serres, XXI. 
 p. 72 (1875). 
 
 var. — Maulei. 
 
 Compared with the preceding variety the flowers are somewhat larger ; 
 
 the dorsal sepal more arching, with the lateral margins revolute towards 
 
 the base, and with the broad white margin confined to the apical half ; 
 
 the petals somewhat more undulated, and paler in colour ; the sac of the 
 
 lip narrower and longer, and of a lighter colour. 
 
 C. insigne Maulei, Moore in Fl. Mag. 1861, t. 57. Van Houtte's Fl. des Serres, 
 XV. t. 1564. The Garden, XXI. (1882), p. 444, t. 342. Gard. Chron. XVIII. 
 (1882), p. 716, icon. xyl. 
 
 var. — Sanderse. 
 
 Flowers of a delicate primrose-yellow with the exception of the 
 broad white apical margin which is here very pure, and the buff- 
 yellow staminode which is paler than in the type. There are a few 
 brown dots on the central veins of the upper sepal ; in the petals 
 and lip the venation is almost obliterated. 
 C. insigne Sanderse, Hort. Sander. 
 
 SUb-vars. — albo-marginatum (Williams' Orch. Alb. V. t. 232); aspersum;* 
 aureum (Fl. and Pomol. 1882, p. 75); Cambridge Lodge; fuscatum; 
 Mr. Kimball's;* Mr. Tautz's ; nob He ; Mr. Moure's; maculatum ; maxi- 
 mum ; pulcherrimum ; rubro-macidatum ;* Studley House, etc. etc. 
 
 Cypripedium insigne was discovered by Dr. Wallich in the Sylhefc 
 district of north-east India, some time during the second decade of 
 the present century, and was sent by him to England about the 
 year 1819 — 20; it flowered for the first time in this country in the 
 Liverpool Botanic Garden in the autumn of 1820 ; it was subsequently 
 discovered by Griffith and other botanical explorers on the Khasia 
 Hills. G. insigne was the second species of coriaceous Cypripedium 
 introduced into European gardens, it having been preceded, by a 
 few months only, tfy G. venustum, and it is a curious fact in the 
 horticultural history of the genus that these two remained the only 
 
 * Those marked * are known to us only from drawings kindly sent for our inspection by 
 Mr. W. S. Kimball, of Rochester, U.S. A, who possesses one of the most complete collections 
 of Cypripedium insigne variations known. A full page woodcut of these in full bloom is given 
 in the Gardeners' Chronicle for May 5th, 1888. 
 
34 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 species of their section known to cultivation for twenty years 
 following their introduction. The variety Chantinii originated from 
 two sources ; its first recorded appearance was amongst a number 
 of imported plants acquired from us by M. Chantin, a nurseryman 
 of Paris, who sold it to M. Bertrand, an amateur at Queue-en-Brie. 
 M. Bertrand afterwards parted with it to the Etablissement de La 
 Muette (Le Fleuriste de Paris) in exchange for other plants, and 
 in 1806 it was described by , M. Rafarin, the Director of that 
 establishment, in the Revue horticole, loc. eit. supra. Its second 
 appearance, probably the first time in chronological order of 
 introduction, was amongst a small importation of the species by 
 Messrs. Henderson and Son in 1855, but it was not till 1869 that 
 the propagation was sufficiently advanced to admit of a limited 
 number of plants being distributed, the plants so distributed being 
 sold under the name of G. insigne var. punctatum violaceum* The 
 variety Maulei was imported by Messrs. Maule and Sons, of Bristol, 
 three or four years prior to 1860, in which year it flowered for 
 the first time in their Stapleton Road Nurseries. The two varieties, 
 as we nave above described and compared them, are seminal; 
 they are quite distinct and not likely to be confounded with each 
 other, but there are also in cultivation forms so well - nigh 
 intermediate between them that it is indeed hard to say to which 
 of the two varieties they should be referred. The variety Sanderce is 
 one of the most distinct and beautiful of the insigne forms yet seen j 
 so far as at present known it is represented by a single plant which 
 has been acquired by Baron Schroeder, of The Dell, Staines. The 
 sub -varieties, which differ in colour only from the type, are in some 
 cases evidently due to the influence of cultivation, and may continue 
 to appear indefinitely in a species so generally cultivated as C. 
 insigne; others are probably seminal or introduced forms. Of those 
 that have received names for garden use, aureum, albo-marginatum, 
 Cambridge Lodge, and Mr. Tautz's are the most distinct and attractive 
 we have yet seen. 
 
 Cultural Note. — Oypripedium insigne is one of the most useful horti- 
 cultural plants ever introduced, and at the same time one of the easiest 
 to cultivate. " In a window, or in a well-lighted sitting-room it is 
 perfectly at home, and with proper attention as to watering and sprinkling 
 
 * F. W. Burbidge, in Tbe Garden, XXI. (1882), p. 444. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 35 
 
 occasionally to rid the leaves of dust, increases in size, and flowers 
 regularly every winter. A light and airy greenhouse from which frost 
 is excluded, suits it admirably ; it may be kept even in a cold frame 
 during the summer months. It is not particular as to compost ; it will 
 grow in loam, peat, common garden soil, peat-fibre and bone dust, peat- 
 loam and sand, loam and dried cow-manure, peat-fibre and horse-droppings, 
 sphagnum moss and charcoal, and finally cocoa-nut fibre, surfaced with 
 growing Selaginella Krausiana. It is most vigorous in constitution, and 
 so defies all bad and indifferent culture, growing even under no special 
 culture of any kind." * As a plant in universal request it is often 
 grown in a vinery when such accommodation is at hand. The best 
 time to divide and repot C. insigne is immediately after flowering; in 
 making the division the roots should be carefully unravelled, and in 
 re-potting plenty of drainage should be given. 
 
 O. javanicum. 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong, 6 — 8 inches long, greyish green above, somewhat 
 
 sparingly mottled with deep green, but sometimes deeper and with more 
 
 spots. Scapes mottled pale green and crimson, one- (rarely two-) flowered. 
 
 Bract about one-third as long as the ovary. Flowers 3 inches across 
 
 vertically, with all the segments ciliolate except the labellum ; upper 
 
 sepal cordate, acuminate, pale green with deep green veins, whitish 
 
 towards the apex ; lower sepal ovate-oblong, smaller ; petals broadly 
 
 ligulate, slightly deflexed, pale green clotted with minute blackish warts 
 
 to two-thirds of their length, the distal third pale dull purple and 
 
 destitute of warts ; lip sub-cylindric, brownish green, pale green beneath, 
 
 the infolded lobes almost meeting at their edges, pale green spotted 
 
 with purple. Staminode broadly reniform, with a notch in the basal, 
 
 and a shallow sinus in the apical side. 
 
 Cypripedium javanicum, Rwdt. Bl. Hort. Buitenz. 98 (1823), name only. Lindl. 
 in Paxt. Fl. Gard. I. p. 38 (1850—51). Van Houtte's Fl. des Serres, VII. t. 703 
 (1851). Bl. Orch. de I'Archipel. Ind. et Jap. p. 167, t. 58 (1858). 
 
 var. — virens. 
 
 Flowers somewhat smaller, in which the prevailing green colour is 
 
 deeper and brighter ; the petals spreading, reflexed beyond the middle ; 
 
 the surface of the lip more glossy and of a deeper brown. 
 
 C. javanicum virens, supra. C. virens, Rchb. in Bot. Zeit. 1863, p. 128. Id. Xen. 
 Orch. II. p. 154, t. 162 (1870). 
 
 The species was discovered by the Dutch botanist Reinwardt, in 
 1 826j on the mountains of eastern Java, at 3,000 — 4,000 feet eleva- 
 tion. According to Blume,t the flowers are somewhat variable in 
 
 * F. W. Burbidge, in The Garden, XXI. (1882), p. 445. 
 + Orch. de I'Archipel. Ind. et Jap. p. 167. 
 
36 (JYPRTPEDIUM. 
 
 colour, especially the infolded lobes of the labellum, which are some- 
 times purplish. It was not introduced into European gardens till 
 1840, when Thomas Lobb sent plants to the Exeter Nursery. 
 
 The variety occurred as a single plant among an importation of 
 Cypripedes from North Borneo, in 1858, by Messrs. Low and Co., 
 from whom it was acquired shortly afterwards by the late 
 Mr. John Day. There is no record of its having been imported 
 since. 
 
 O. Lawrenceanum. 
 
 Leaves oval-oblong, 6 — 9 inches long and 2 — 2| inches broad, tesselated 
 
 with yellowish green and deep grass-green. Scapes 15 — 18 inches high, 
 
 one- (sometimes two-) flowered. Bract small, embracing not more than 
 
 one-fourth of the ovary. Flowers 4 — 5 inches across vertically ; upper 
 
 sepal large, nearly orbicular, folded at the middle, white, with broad 
 
 alternately longer and shorter veins, the central ones usually green at 
 
 the base, the others deep vinous purple ; lower sepal ovate-oblong, much 
 
 smaller ; petals straight, ligulate, ciliolate, with 5 — 10 blackish warts on 
 
 each margin, green with purplish tips ; lip pouch-like, much inflated, 
 
 dull purple, tinged with brown above, green beneath. Staminode "lunate 
 
 with acute incurved cusps and five teeth in the sinus, and with a deep 
 
 cleft at the back." 
 
 Cypripcdium Lawrenceanum, Rchb. in Gard. Chi'on. X. (1878), p. 748. Bot. Mag. 
 t. 6432. Van Houtte's Fl. des Serres XXIII. t. 2372. Williams' Orch. Alb. I. t. 22. 
 Illus. Tiort. XXX. t. 478 (1883). Belg. hort. XXX. p. 128 (1880). 
 
 var. — Hyeanum. 
 
 Upper sepal of the purest white, with bright grass-green veins ; petals 
 yellowish green with deep green veins ; lip also of the brightest green, 
 with deep green veins and reticulations. 
 
 C. Lawrenceanum Hyeanum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXV. (1886), p. 680. 
 
 Cypripcdium Lawrenceanum was discovered by Mr. F. W. Burbidge, 
 in 1878, during his mission for us to North Borneo. It occurs on 
 the left bank of the Lawas River, near Meringit, at an altitude 
 of 1,000 — 1,500 feet, growing in company with the beautiful little 
 dwarf palm named P inanga Veitchii. In this locality the Cypripede 
 is found chiefly in the shady forest, growing in the layer of dead 
 leaves and other forest ddbris that overlie a substratum of yellow 
 clay ; less frequently it occurs among moss and leaves on limestone 
 rocks. Amongst recent importations several sub-varieties of great 
 merit have appeared, especially the remarkable albino form described 
 above, in which all traces of the purple so conspicuous in the 
 
CYPRIPEDIDM. 
 
 37 
 
 veins of the upper sepal and in other parts of the flower have 
 entirely disappeared ; this form is regarded by amateurs as one of 
 the handsomest of all Cypripedes ; it is named in compliment to 
 M. Hye-Leysen, of Ghent. Other sub-varieties are distinguished by 
 
 Cypripedium Lawreneeanum. 
 
 the prominence and rich colour of the veins of the upper sepah 
 which is sometimes diffused over the greater part of the surface; 
 a form in Mr. R. I. Measures' collection at Cambridge Lodge, 
 Camberwell, has the sepals and petals incurved instead of spreading; 
 another in Mr. P. G. Tautz's collection at Studley House, Ham- 
 
38 CYPRIPBDIUM. 
 
 mersmith, has warts along- the veins of the upper sepal.* The 
 influence of cultivation has been chiefly manifested in the develop- 
 ment of the enormous upper sepal, and in the heightening of the 
 colour of the beautifully tesselated foliage. 
 
 This fine species is worthily dedicated to Sir Trevor Lawrence, 
 Bart., President of the Royal Horticultural Society ; its normal 
 flowering season is from the beginning of April to the end of 
 May. 
 
 0. Lowii. 
 
 Leaves ligulate, 9 — 15 inches long, equitant at base, mucronate or 
 obscurely two-lobed at apex, leathery, grass-green. Scapes 25 — 40 inches 
 long, nodding, 3 — 5 (rarely more) flowered. Bract not more than 
 one-third the length of the ovary. Flowers with all the segments 
 ciliolate, 3 — 4 inches across vertically ; upper sepal broadly oval, acute, 
 bent forward at the apex, the sides revolute at the base, pubescent and 
 keeled behind, yellowish green changing with age to pale yellow, the 
 basal area veined with brownish purple ; lower sepal similar but smaller, 
 yellowish with green veins ; petals 3 inches long, spathulate, twisted, 
 deflexed, the narrower basal part yellow with black circular, scattered 
 spots, some of which are ocellated, the dilated distal part light violet- 
 purple ; lip cylindric-galeate, brown, paler beneath, the narrow infolded 
 lobes yellowish, the sinus between the sac and infolded lobes three- 
 toothed. Staminode obcordate, bordered with purple hairs, and having a 
 small erect horn at the base that is hairy behind, and a blunt tooth 
 in the sinus of the apical edge. 
 
 Cypripedium Lowii {lapsu calami Lowei), Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1847, p. 765. 
 Van Houtte's Fl. cles Serres, IV. t. 375 (1848). De Puydt Les Orch. t. 11. FL and 
 Pomol. 1870, p. 108, icon. xyl. C. cruciforme, Zoll. et Mir. in De Vriese et Pahud. 
 Illus. d'Orch. 1854. 
 
 Discovered in Sarawak, in North-west Borneo, " growing on high 
 
 trees in thick jungle, and flowering in April and May," by Sir 
 
 Hugh Low, to whom the species is dedicated and by whom it 
 
 was sent to the Clapton Nurseries in 1846. It has since been 
 
 gathered by our own collectors in the same settlement, where it 
 
 occurs almost invariably in the forks of the branches of trees, often 
 
 at a great height from the ground. It flowered for the first time 
 
 in this country in the collection of Mr. A. Kenrick, of West 
 
 Bromwich, shortly after its introduction. 
 
 * The variability of Cypripedium Latvrenceanum is, however, chiefly noticeable in the veins 
 of the upper sepal ; these are sometimes narrow and close set; sometimes distant, and then 
 broad and prominent ; sometimes alternately green and purple ; sometimes all purple, etc., etc. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 39 
 
 0. Mastersianum. 
 
 Leaves oblong or oval-oblong, acute, 8 — 10 inches long, deep green 
 with pale green tesselations. Scapes 12 — 15 inches high, deep purple, 
 very hairy, one-flowered ; bract short. Flowers 3 inches across vertically ; 
 upper sepal sub-orbicular with ciliolate margin, bright green with a broad 
 yellow-white border, and deep green veins ; lower sepal ovate, acute, much 
 smaller, pale green ; petals spreading horizontally, spathulate with ciliolate 
 margins, brownish red, paler towards the base where there are numerous 
 small black-purple warts along the superior margin and along the mid- 
 vein ; lip sub-cylindric much inflated, pale reddish brown, the infolded 
 lobes greenish brown spotted with dull purple. Staminode horseshoe- 
 shaped, with acute incurved cusps on the apical side. 
 
 Cypripedium Mastersianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XII. (1879), p. 102. 
 We find nothing recorded of the habitat of this very distinct 
 Cypripede beyond the statement that it is of " Sundaic origin/' 
 and although Professor Reichenbach adds that he was indebted 
 to us for the materials for description, the plant was not imported 
 by us, but was received from the Royal Gardens at Kew. It is 
 named in compliment to Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.R.S., the genial 
 and accomplished editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle. 
 
 0. niveum. 
 
 Leaves oblong, 4 — 6 inches long, dark dull green above, with greyish 
 
 green spots, deep lurid purple beneath. Scapes erect, 6 — 8 inches high, 
 
 1 — 2 flowered, with two small downy bracts sheathing the base of the 
 
 ovary, of which the posterior one is the largest. Flowers 3 inches 
 
 across, white, more or less dotted with purple towards the base of the 
 
 upper sepal and petals ; * sepals and petals ciliolate, the dorsal sepal 
 
 orbicular, pointed, concave in front, keeled and stained with reddish 
 
 purple behind, the lower sepal ovate-oblong, much smaller ; petals 
 
 spreading, slightly deflexed, broadly oblong, obtuse, but sometimes 
 
 nearly sub-orbicular ; lip ovoid, with a contracted mouth. Staminode 
 
 sub-reniform tending to oblong, yellow bordered with white. 
 
 Cypripedium niveum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1869, p. 1038. Id. Xen. Orch. II. 
 p. 155 (1870). Bot. Mag. t. 5922 (1871). lllus. hort. XVIII. t. 83 (1871). 
 Fl. Mag. 1871, t. 543. Jennings' Orch. t. 28. Gard. Chron. XIX. (1883), p. 16, 
 19 icon. xyl. Sander's Eeichenbachia I. t. 34. The Garden IX. (1876), t. 23. 
 C. concolor niveum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. loc. cit. 
 
 The first appearance of Cypripedium niveum in this country was an 
 agreeable surprise. In 1868 we received from Moulmein a consign- 
 ment of plants of a Cypripedium supposed to be C. concolor, but 
 
 * The spotting is very variable ; although generally confiued to the basal halt* of the 
 segments, it is sometimes more diffuse, rare instances have occurred in which the spots 
 are arranged in lines along the veins of the dorsal sepal and petals. 
 
40 
 
 CYPEIFEDIUM. 
 
 which, on flowering in the spring of the following year, proved to 
 be the beautiful species described above. Its first discoverer is said 
 to have been a Mr. d'Almeida.* As there is no evidence of G. 
 niveum being a native of Moulmein or its immediate neighbourhood, 
 the plants sent to us by our correspondent were presumably collected 
 in the Langkawi (Lancavi) Islands, situate some miles north of the 
 British settlement of Penang, its nearest known station to Moulmein, 
 and where it has been recently collected by Forstermann for Messrs. 
 Sander and Co., of St. Albans.f In these islands it is found 
 
 Cyprippiliuin niveum. 
 
 "growing on limestone mountains, generally on the western sides 
 where it is not much exposed to the sun; often in the crevices of 
 the sloping rocks, but seldom on the perpendicular escarpments like 
 many other Cypripedes." As regards climatic conditions, the hottest 
 months of the year are April and May, and the coolest months are 
 December and January, when the temperature is often as low as 
 13° C (55° P.) ; the plants are then at rest ; in other respects, 
 
 * Sander's Reichenbachia I. p 76. 
 
 t Idem. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 41 
 
 the climate of these islands is similar to that of the other small 
 islands of the same region that are situate within the equatorial zone. 
 
 Not long after the first introduction of Gypripediitm nweum by us, 
 it was received by Mr. William Bull, from the Tambilan Islands,* 
 a small group about midway between Singapore and Sarawak, whence 
 it has since been again occasionally imported. 
 
 The specific name nweum, " snowy," refers to the pure white of 
 the flowers ; these are found to vary considerably in size and form, 
 especially the petals, which in the Tambilan form are longer and 
 narrower than in the Langkawi form. 
 
 Cultural Note, — The cultural requirements of Oypripedium niveum are 
 precisely the same as those of C. concolor. 
 
 0. Parishii. 
 
 Leaves oblong-ligulate, 9 — 15 inches long and 1J — 2^ inches broad, 
 equitant at base, two-lobed or bifid at the apex, leathery, very smooth, 
 bright glossy green. Scapes stoutish, sub-erect, pale grpen, downy, 4 — 7 
 flowered. Bracts ovate, acute, inflated, sheathing the ovaries to more than 
 one-half their length Flowers 3 inches across vertically ; upper sepal 
 elliptic-oblong, acute, keeled at the back, the upper half bent forwards, the 
 lateral margins revolute at the base, pale yellow with green veins ; lower 
 sepal similar but smaller, and with two keels ; petals linear, twisted, 4 — 5 
 inches long, first spreading then quite pendulous, the basal half with 
 undulate margins, green, with a few scattered blackish spots, the distal 
 half blackish purple with a pale margin ; lip calceiform, the infolded 
 lobes narrow and smooth, deep green, often stained with brown-purple. 
 Staminode obovate-oblong, with a sinus in the broader front edge and a 
 prominent tooth at the base, pale yellow mottled with green on the disc. 
 Cypripedium Parishii, Rchb. in Flora, June, 1869. Gard. Chron. 1869, p. 814, with 
 
 icon. xyl. and p. 1158. Bot. Mag. t. 5791. Williams' Orch. Alb. II. t. 86. Illus. hort. 
 
 XXII. t. 214 (1875). Selenipediurn Parishii, Rev. hort. 1885, p. 132. 
 
 The merit of the first discovery of this remarkable species is due 
 to the Rev. C. Parish, who informs us that he detected it in the 
 Moulmein district, in 1859, on trees growing in the decayed fibrous 
 roots of Drynaria quercifolia, a very common fern in that region ; 
 behind the sessile fronds of this fern there is generally a thick 
 mass of roots in various stages of decay which furnish the " nest " 
 the plant seems to love ; it has never been observed by its dis- 
 coverer growing in any other places than on trees. It was 
 rediscovered by him in 1866, when he brought some plants to his 
 garden, one of which flowered in the following year; he made a 
 
 * Bot. Mag. sub. t. 5922. 
 
42 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 drawing of this, which he sent with the dried inflorescence con- 
 sisting of five open flowers to the Royal Gardens at Kew, where 
 the species received the name it appropriately bears. Living plants 
 were introduced for the first time by Messrs. Low and Co., in 
 1868. 
 
 Gypripedium Parishii belongs to the sub-section of the genus that 
 includes several noble species, all distinguished by their uniform 
 green leaves, their 4 — 7-flowered scapes, their peculiarly-shaped stami- 
 node, by the placentas of the ovary nearly meeting, and by their 
 long ribbon-like twisted petals that attain their greatest development 
 in G. Sanderianum. The members of this sub-section, especially the 
 last named, approach nearer to the South American Cypripedes than 
 any other Asiatic species. 
 
 C philippinense. 
 
 Leaves ligulate-oblong, 7- — 12 inches long, complicate at base, obtuse 
 or unequally bilobed at apex, coriaceous with a polished glossy surface. 
 Scapes 15—20 inches long, 3 — 5 or more flowered, the ovary of each 
 flower sheathed to half its length by a boat-shaped reddish brown 
 hairy bract. Flowers 3 inches across from tip to tip of upper and 
 lower sepal ; upper sepal broadly ovate, pointed, whitish, symmetrically 
 striped with brown-purple ; lower sepal similar, white with green veins ; 
 petals ribbon-like fringed Avith short hairs, pendulous, 5—6 inches long, 
 twisted, yellowish at the base where there are some small hairy 
 warts on both margins, and passing into dull reddish purple along the 
 greater part of their length, pale green at the apex ; lip helmet-shaped, 
 buff-yellow faintly striated with brown, the infolded lobes narrow. 
 Staminode sub-cordiform, emarginate, fringed with blackish hairs on 
 each side. 
 
 Cypripedium philippinense, Rchb. in Bonpl. 1862, p. 335. C. lsevigatuni, Batem. in 
 Bot. Mag. t. 5508 (1865). Id. in Gard. Chron. 1865, p. 914. Fl. Mag. 1866, t. 298. 
 Belg. hort. 1867, p. 102, t. 6. Van Houtte's Fl. dcs Serves, XVII. t. 1760—61. 
 C. Roebelenii (Robbelenii), Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XX. (1883), p. 684. 
 
 This singular species was introduced from the Philippine Islands, 
 
 in 1864, by the late Mr. John Gould Veitch, who had made a 
 
 voyage to that distant part of the world with the object of obtaining, 
 
 amongst other orchids, Vanda Batemanri. He had long searched in 
 
 vain for this plant, "and had almost began to despair of ever 
 
 meeting with it, when running his boat one day ashore on the 
 
 south-west side of the small island of Guimares he found the rocks 
 
 by the coast covered with huge masses of the plant of which he 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 43 
 
 was in search, and at the same time he found this Cypripedium 
 growing on its roots." It had, however, been made known to 
 science three years before, when a description from a dried specimen 
 
 Cypripedium philippineuse. 
 
 was published in Bonplandia by Dr. Reichenbach, of which Mr. 
 Bateman could not have been aware at the time of publishing the 
 
44 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 species under the name of loevigatum, the name by which it is still 
 best known in gardens ; it has recently been introduced from 
 another locality by Messrs. Sander and Co., through their collector 
 Eobelen. It belongs to the sub-section of the genus which includes 
 the species last described (Cypripedium ParishiiJ. It flowered for 
 the first time in this country in our Chelsea Nursery in March, 
 1865, but its normal flowering season is from two to three months 
 later. 
 
 Cultural Xote. — Cypripedium philippinense has its home in one of 
 the hottest regions of the world, growing in the blaze of a tropical 
 sun and exposed to the force of the monsoon storms, climatic conditions 
 that are simply impossible in the glass structures of Europe. Never- 
 theless, the plant when once established will thrive and flower 
 regularly in the lightest part of the Phalamopsis house, or in some 
 such-like situation, where the highest temperature admitted in orchid 
 culture is maintained. 
 
 C. purpuratum. 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong, 3—5 inches long, tesselated above with deep 
 and pale green, the latter shade usually predominating. Scapes 5 — 7 
 inches high, one-flowered, the bract about two-thirds the length of the 
 ovary. Flowers 3 — 3^ inches across vertically with the sepals and petals 
 ciliolate ; upper sepal sub-orbicular, cuspidate acute, folded at the mid- 
 vein, the sides revolute at the base, white with a greenish stain in the 
 centre and with 8 — 10 symmetrically curved brown-purple stripes ; lower 
 sepal ovate, acuminate, about one-third as large as the upper one, greenish ; 
 petals sub-spathulate, spreading, wavy, purplish crimson with sometimes 
 deep purple, sometimes green veins, and with numerous small blackish 
 warts towards the base; lip sub-cylindric, brownish purple with deeper 
 veins and reticulations, the infolded lobes purple with numerous small 
 warts. Staminode semi-lunate, with a notch behind and a small central 
 tooth in front, dull green stained with purple. 
 
 ' Cypripedium purpuratum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. XXIII. t. 1991 (1837). Id. Gen. et 
 Sp Orch. p. 530 (1840). Bot. Mag. t. 4901. Van Houtte's Fl. dcs Serres, XI. (1856), 
 t. 1158. Miq. Fl. ind. bat. III. p. 737. Benth. Fl. Hongkong, p. 364. C. sinicuni, 
 Hance PL nov. austro-cliin, fasc. 2, p. 1. 
 
 First introduced about the year 1836 by Mr. Knight, our pre- 
 decessor at the Royal Exotic Nursery, who left no record of its 
 orio-in. The drawing in the Botanical Register was made from a 
 plant that flowered in the autumn of that year in the nursery of 
 Messrs. Loddiges, of Hackney, by whom it was communicated to 
 Dr. Lindley with the erroneous information that it came from the 
 Malayan Archipelago. Its only known habitat is in the island of 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 45 
 
 Hongkong, and on the mountains near the opposite Chinese coast, 
 but where it is now become quite rare. As a species Cypri- 
 pedium purpuratum is pretty and distinct, and interesting as being 
 the third in chronological order of introduction of the coriaceous 
 Cypripedes cultivated in European gardens. 
 
 0. Rothschildianum. 
 
 "Leaves more than 2 feet long and 2| — 3 inches wide, green, glossy, 
 strong. Peduncles reddish, with a few short hairs, three- (or more) flowered. 
 Bract less than half the length of the glabrous ovary, oblong-ligulate, 
 tridentate at the apex, pale yellowish green with blackish lines and a 
 ciliate margin. Flowers equal in size to those of Cypripedium prcestans 
 (glanduliferum) ; upper sepal cuneate-oblong, acute, yellowish with 
 numerous longitudinal dark, almost blackish stripes, white at the borders ; 
 loAver sepal nearly equal to the upper one, but shorter ; petals linear, 
 undulate at the base, yellowish green with dark longitudinal lines and 
 dark blotches at the base ; lip like that of C. Stonei and C. prcestans 
 (glanduliferum), cinnamon-coloured with ochre border at the aperture. 
 Staminode beak-like, broad at the base and narrowed at the apex where 
 it is hairy."— H. G. Rchb. f. in Gard. Chron. III. s. 3 (1887), p. 457. 
 
 Cypripedium Kothschildianum, Kchb. in Gard. Chron. loc. cit. and p. 554. C. 
 neo-guineense, Linden, fide L'Hort. internat. (Societe anonyme) in Gard. Chron. III. 
 s. 3 (1888), p. 505 (Advt.). 
 
 Up to the time of going to press we have had no opportunity 
 of seeing this remarkable species, only one plant, so far . as we are 
 aware, having flowered in England since its first introduction ; the 
 above description by Professor Reichenbach has therefore been copied 
 from the Gardeners' Chronicle at the places quoted above, and where 
 this Cypripede is said to be "one of the most astonishing introduc- 
 tions ever seen." The merit of introducing it is assigned, by the 
 same authority, to Messrs. Sander and Co., of St. Albans, but 
 disputed by the Director of L' Horticulture internationale (Societe 
 anonyme), Pare Leopold, Brussels, who affirms that it was 
 " Mr. J. Linden who introduced it first, from New Guinea, in 
 May, 1887, and flowered it in January, 1888,"* when it received 
 the name of Cypripedium neo-guineense, but which, not having 
 been published at the time, must sink as a synonym of that 
 under which it is described above. It is dedicated to Baron 
 Ferdinand de Rothschild, M.P., of Waddesdon Manor, near Aylesbury, 
 
 * See Gard. Chron. III. s. 3 (1888), p. 505 (Advt.). 
 
46 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 well known as one of the most munificent patrons of horticulture of 
 our time. 
 
 0. Sanderianum. 
 
 Leaves broadly ligulate, obtuse, a foot or more long, equitant at base, 
 with a sunk mid-nerve above, keeled beneath. Scapes longer than the 
 leaves, deep purple, pubescent, 3 — 5 (or more) flowered. Bracts sub- 
 triangular, acute, hairy, brown-purple, as long as or longer than the pale 
 yellow, sub-triquetral ovary, which is also studded with purple 'hairs. 
 FloAvers 4 inches across from the apex of the upper sepal to the toe of 
 the slipper ; upper sepal broadly lanceolate, acute, concave, ciliolate, 
 pale yellow -green with broad longitudinal brown stripes, hairy and 
 keeled behind ; lower sepal similar but somewhat smaller ; petals narrow, 
 ribbon-like, pendulous, 18 — 25 or more inches long, ciliate and broader 
 at the base, pale yellow bordered with brown-purple to 2 — 3 inches of 
 their length, then spotted with brown-purple to another 2 — 3 inches, 
 the remainder dull purple with here and there a pale yellow bar or 
 spot ; lip calceiform, brownish purple above, pale yellow beneath, the 
 infolded lobes narrow, pale buff-yellow. Staminode nearly oblong, pale 
 yellow and purple, very hairy at the sides. 
 
 Cypripedium Sanderianum, Rchb. in Gard. Ckron. XXV. (1886), p. 554. Sander's 
 Reichcnbachia I. t. 3. 
 
 A remarkable species of especial interest both to science and to 
 horticulture ; to the former because it brings the sub-section of the 
 genus to which it belongs* morphologically nearer to the South 
 American Selenipedia than any other Asiatic species known; to the 
 latter on account of its being one of the handsomest of Cypripedes, 
 and supplying the hybridist with a most distinct agency for the 
 production of new and interesting forms. It was discovered by 
 Forstermann in 1885 or 1886, while collecting orchids in the Malayan 
 Archipelago for Messrs. Sander and Co. (the introducers, to whom 
 only and its discoverer the precise habitat of the species is probably 
 at present known). 
 
 O. Spicerianum. 
 
 Leaves linear-oblong, 6 — 9 or more inches long, more or less undulated 
 at the margins,- dark green above, spotted with purple on the under 
 side towards the base. Scapes somewhat slender, erect, 9 — 12 inches 
 high, one- (rarely two-) flowered. Bract linear-oblong, acute, whitish spotted 
 with cinnamon-purple, sheathing the ovary to about half of its length. 
 Flowers 3 inches across vertically j upper sepal broadly obcordate, folded 
 at the middle, with the lateral margins much reflexed at the base, and 
 
 * See Cypripedium Parishii, supra. 
 
Cypripedium Sanderianum. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 47 
 
 the apical margin bent forwards, white except at the fold where there is 
 
 a crimson -purple band, and at the base where there is a large green 
 
 blotch speckled with dull red ; lower sepal broadly ovate, acute, greenish 
 
 white ; petals ligulate, cleflexed and curved forwards, undulate at the 
 
 margins, yellowish green spotted with dull red and with a reddish 
 
 crimson mid-line ; lip somewhat bell-shaped, with rounded auricles 
 
 brown tinged with crimson. Staminode sub-orbicular, purplish-crimson 
 
 margined with white. 
 
 Cypripedium Spicerianum. Rchb. in lit. ad. Veitch, 1879. Gard. Chron.XII. (1880) 
 p. 40, icon. xyl. Id, Rchb. p. 363. Bot. Mag. t. 6490. Illus. hort.XXX. t 473 
 The Garden, XXIII. (1883), t. 378. Williams' Orch. Alb. III. t. 119. Be'lq ' hort 
 XXXIII. (1883), p. 289. 
 
 Cypripedium Spicerianum. 
 
 This beautiful species first became known to us in the autumn of 
 1878, when we received a flower from Mr. Herbert Spicer, of the 
 Woodlands, near Godalming. The sender could give no information 
 respecting the origin of the plant from which the flower had been 
 gathered further than that he had received it and some others from 
 India, amongst a mixed collection of orchids. Arrangements were 
 made by which a portion of the Cypripedium plants passed into our 
 
48 CYPRIPEDIDM. 
 
 hands for propagation, and subsequently we acquired the remainder; 
 the species in the meantime had been named by Professor Reichenbach 
 in compliment to the introducer. Not long afterwards its habitat 
 was discovered in Assam it is said, by the collectors of Messrs. Low 
 and Co. and of Messrs. Sander and Co., and a considerable number 
 of plants was received by both firms from India ; the habitat is 
 thence known, but the precise locality has not yet been divulged.* 
 The flowering season of Cypripedium Spicerianum lasts from the 
 beginning of November till Christmas. It is somewhat variable 
 in colour, chiefly in the upper sepal, and several sub-varieties 
 have been designated by name, but none such have yet come under 
 our notice sufficiently distinct to merit separate description. 
 
 C. Stonei. 
 
 Leaves strap-shaped, 12 — 15 inches long, very leathery, almost fleshy, 
 
 grass-green. Scapes 18 — 24 inches long, dull greenish purple, pubescent 
 
 below the inflorescence, but with only a few scattered hairs along the 
 
 3 — 5 flowered rachis. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate, sheathing the almost 
 
 glabrous ovaries to ^ — \ their length. Flowers about 4 inches across 
 
 vertically ; upper sepal cordate, acuminate, white, usually with 2 — 3 
 
 or more blackish crimson longitudinal streaks, keeled behind ; lower 
 
 sepal similar and nearly ecmal to it ; petals linear, 5 — 6 inches long, 
 
 pendent, twisted, with a few black ciliate hairs on each margin 
 
 towards the base, pale tawny yellow to two-thirds of their length, 
 
 spotted with brownish crimson, the apical third wholly brownish 
 
 crimson ; lip projecting, calceiform, dull rose colour, veined and 
 
 reticulated with crimson, whitish beneath, the infolded lobes narrow, 
 
 whitish. Staminode oval-oblong, yellowish white, fringed, except on the 
 
 front side, with close-set bristly hairs. 
 
 Cypripedium Stonei, Hort. Low fide Hook, in Bot. Mag. t. 5349 (1862). Tlhis. 
 hori. X. (1863), t. 355. Van Houtte's Fl. des Scrres, XVII. t. 1792—93. Jennings' 
 Orch. t. 12. Williams' Orch. Alb. I. t. 8. 
 
 var. — platy taenium. 
 
 Flowers much larger in all their parts and more richly coloured ; 
 
 sepals broader, with broader streaks ; petals nearly an inch broad at 
 
 the widest, yellowish white at the base, densely spotted with reddish 
 
 crimson from about an inch from the base, the spots becoming 
 
 confluent towards and at the tips. 
 
 C. Stonei platytajnium, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1867, p. 1118, icon. xyl. Id. 
 Xen. Orch. II. p. 153, t. 161. Warner's Sel. Orch. III. t. 14. Fl. Mag. n. s. t. 414. 
 
 * " The interests of science are unfortunately sacrificed to the desire of. the sole possessor of 
 any useful information regarding the origin and native country (of a new orchid) that these 
 should be withheld from the public." — Botanical Magazine, sub. t. 6037. 
 
CYPRIPEDIDM. 
 
 49 
 
 Native of Sarawak, in Borneo, where it occurs on limestone hills 
 at 1,000 — 1,500 feet elevation, growing generally on rocks where 
 there is but a slight accumulation of vegetable soil, and in the 
 
 Cypripedium Stonei. 
 
 shade of the forest that covers the hills. It was first discovered by- 
 Sir Hugh Low, who sent plants to Messrs. Low and Oo/s Clapton 
 Nursery in 1860. It flowered for the first time in this country in 
 
 B 
 
50 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 the following year in the collection of the late Mr. John Day, at 
 
 Tottenham, after whose then gardener, Stone, it is named. 
 
 The variety platytoBnmm was imported along with a lot of Gypri- 
 pedium Stonei, from Sarawak, in 1863, by Messrs. Low and Co. 
 Some of the plants of this importation were acquired by Mr. Day, 
 and amongst them, unknown to himself at the time, this superb variety, 
 which for several years afterwards existed as a single specimen, the 
 only one ever known to have been imported. It flowered for the 
 first time in Mr. Day's collection in 1867, whence subsequently it 
 became very sparingly distributed by division of the original plant. 
 On the dispersion of Mr. Day's plants at Stevens' Rooms in the 
 spring of 1880, the strongest pieces that had been retained by the 
 owner were acquired by Sir Trevor Lawrence and Baron Schroeder; 
 the last-named gentleman has since added others to his collection, so 
 that by far the greater portion of the growths from the original 
 plant of this remarkable orchid now forms part of the magnificent 
 collection at The Dell. 
 
 No known orchid is more highly prized than Cyprvpedium Stonei 
 platytcenium, and no orchid has realised a higher price at a sale. From 
 its first appearance it has been, and will probably long continue to be, 
 the admiration of all orchid amateurs, and the envy of many who have 
 not the satisfaction of seeing it in their own collections. And yet it 
 is but a variation from the type in Avhich the enlarged petals are the 
 most striking characteristic ; that it is no more than this was conclu- 
 clusively proved in the summer of 1887, when one of the petals of a 
 flower produced by one of Baron Schroeder's plants reverted to the 
 normal form.* 
 The flowering season of Gypripedinm Stonei and its variety platy- 
 tcenium is from May to July. 
 
 0. superbiens. 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong, 5 — 7 inches long, 1£ — 2 J inches broad, variable 
 in colour, usually pale yellowish green tesselated with dull deep green, but 
 occasionally the tints are bright and showy, as in Cyprijpedium Lawren. 
 ceanum.j Scapes 9 — 12 inches high, one-flowered. Bract short, scarcely 
 one-third of the length of the ovary. Flowers with all the segments 
 ciliolate, 4 inches across vertically ; upper sepal broadly ovate, acute, white, 
 
 * See note in Gardeners' Chronicle, II. s. 3 (1S87), p. 156, by Mr. N. E. Brown. As this is 
 the only instance known of its having partially reverted to the origiual type, its constancy is 
 virtually assured. 
 
 t This variability in the colour of the foliage is unquestionably due to cultural influence. 
 
Cypripedhim Stonei platytsenium. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 51 
 
 symmetrically striped with green ; lower sepal ovate-lanceolate, much 
 smaller; petals ligulate, deflexed, fringed at both margins with black 
 hairs, white veined with green and much spotted with blackish warts, the 
 spots at the margins being larger than the others ; lip large, somewhat 
 helmet- shaped, brownish purple in front, pale green beneath, the infolded 
 
 Cypripedium superbiens. 
 
 lobes crimsonish and warty. Staminode sub-reniform, with a deep cleft 
 
 on the basal side, and with two incurved cusps on the front side, with a 
 
 small tooth midway between them. 
 
 Cypripedium superbiens, Kchb. in Bonpl. 1855, p. 227. Id. in Allgem. Gartenzeit, 
 1856, p. 323. Id. Xen. Orch. II. p. 9, t. 103. Regel's Gartenfl. XII. (1863), p. 49. 
 Warner's Sel. Orch. II. t. 12. Van Houtte's Fl. des Serves, XIX. t. 1996. C. 
 barbatum Veitcbii, Van Houtte's Fl. des Sevres, XIV. (1861), p. 161, t. 1453. 
 C. Veitchianum, lllus. hovt. XII. (1865), t. 429. De Puydt, Les Orch. frontisp. and 
 p. 267. Rev. hort. 1870—71, p. 595, t. 78—79, icon. xyl. C. barbatum superbum, 
 Belg. hort. 1883, p. 97. 
 
52 CYPEIPEDIUM. 
 
 A special interest is attached to this Cypripede from the fact that 
 all the numerous specimens now growing in orchid collections have 
 been derived from two plants ; the botanical history of the species 
 is, however, obscured by the uncertainty attending the origin of 
 one of the two — the first introduced, which was received by 
 Messrs. Rollisson, it is said, either from Java or from Assam j 
 this plant was sold to Consul Schiller, of Hamburg, in 1855, 
 whence it afterwards became distributed, by division, among 
 European collections. The second plant appeared among an im- 
 portation of Cypripedvum barbatum, collected for us in 1857 by 
 Thomas Lobb, on Mount Ophir, near the southern extremity of 
 the Malay peninsula. The probability is very great that Messrs. 
 Rollisson's plant did not come from either of the localities 
 assigned to it, but from Mount Ophir, au hypothesis supported 
 by the circumstance that no difference has been observed between 
 the progenies derived from the two plants. Although originally 
 found mixed with G. barbatum, its nearest affinities are G. Gurtisii 
 and G. ciliolare* The flowering season of G. superbiens is from 
 May to July, and occasionally later. 
 
 C. tonsum. 
 
 Leaves oval-oblong, 5 — 7 inches long, tesselated with deep and pale 
 green above, frequently spotted with purple towards the base beneath. 
 Scapes erect, 12 — 15 inches high, dull greenish purple, one-flowered. 
 Bract short and hairy, not more than one-third the length of the ovary. 
 Flowers with a polished surface, about 4 inches across vertically ; upper 
 sepal broadly cordate, acute, folded at the mid-vein, minutely ciliolate at 
 the margin, white symmetrically veined with green, the alternate shorter 
 streaks sometimes purplish ; lower sepal elliptic-oblong, acute, much 
 smaller ; petals spreading, sub-spathulate, broader than in most of the 
 allied species, pale green with deeper green veins but sometimes stained 
 with dull purple, with 3 — 5 blackish warts along the mid-vein, and a 
 few smaller ones along the superior margin, which as well as the inferior 
 one is destitute of cilia except near the apex, where there are some- 
 times a few black hairs ; lip prominent, helmet-shaped, dull green 
 tinged with brown and crimson, the infolded lobes broad and warty, 
 almost meeting at their edges. Staminode pale green, reniform with a 
 deep cleft in the basal edge, and with two incurved cusps on the front 
 side, midway between which is a small rounded tooth. 
 
 Cypripedium tonsum, Kchb. in Gard. Chron. XX. (1883), p. 262. 
 
 * See suj)ra, pp. 16 and 20. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 53 
 
 Discovered on the mountains of Sumatra, by Curtis, who collected 
 it, unknown to himself at the time, mixed with Oypripedium Gurtisii; 
 botanically it is, however, nearer G. javanicum than the species with 
 which it is locally associated. The specific name tonsum, " shorn/' 
 refers to the absence of the black marginal hairs that fringe the 
 petals of the species included in the subsection of the genus (0. 
 venustum, etc.) to which this belongs. 
 
 0. venustum. 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong, 4 — 6 inches long, deep green, marbled and 
 
 blotched with pale greyish green above, heavily mottled with dull purple 
 
 beneath. Scapes erect, 6 — 9 inches high, one- (rarely two-) flowered. 
 
 Bract about one-half the length of the ovary. Flowers 2\ inches across 
 
 vertically ; upper sepal broadly cordate, acute, white with dark green 
 
 veins ; lower sepal ovate-lanceolate, acute, much smaller, pale green with 
 
 dark green veins ; petals spreading, sub-spathulate, margins ciliate, basal 
 
 portion green with some blackish warts that are seated chiefly near 
 
 the margins and on the mid-vein, apical portion dull purple toned with 
 
 brown ; lip sub-cylindric, pale yellow-green tinged with rose-colour and 
 
 veined and reticulated with green, the infolded lobes tawny yellow, 
 
 almost meeting at their edges. Staininode semi-lunate, with a narrow 
 
 notch on the basal side, and a small tooth in front. 
 
 Cypripedium venustum, Wallieli fide Sims in Bot. Mag. t. 2129 (1820). Loddiges' 
 Bot. Cab. VI. t. 583 (1821). Bot. Eeg. t. 788 (1824). Lindl, Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 530. 
 Warner's Sel. Orch. II. t. 24 (spectabile). 
 
 var. — par dinum. 
 
 Flowers larger ; the sepals of a purer white, with the veins broader 
 
 and of a deeper green; the warts on the petals larger and more scattered; 
 
 the lip of a brighter colour, with the reticulations more prominent. 
 
 C. venustum pardinum, Gard. Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 382, icon. xyl. C. 
 pardinum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1869, p. 554. Fl. Mag. n. s. t. 51. 
 
 Discovered by Dr. Wallich in Sylhet, in north-east India, early in 
 the present century, and introduced, according to Dr. Sims [Botanical 
 Magazine, loc. cit.), from the Botanic Garden at Calcutta by Messrs. 
 Whitley, Brames and Milne, with whom it flowered in the November 
 preceding the publication of Sims' description and plate; its actual 
 date of introduction must therefore have been in the year 1819, 
 and it was thence the first of the coriaceous species that became 
 known to science, and the first that was brought under cultivation. 
 It is the typical species of a sub-section of the genus, now a 
 rather extensive group, of which the most obvious characteristics 
 
54 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 are the tesselated foliage, the homely colours of the flowers, the 
 broad white upper sepal symmetrically striped with greeu (and 
 sometimes deep purple), the warty petals fringed with black hairs, 
 and the semi-lunate, almost horseshoe-shaped staminode. The variety 
 pardinum, which is, in a horticultural sense, an improvement on the 
 type, was introduced to the Royal Gardens at Kew. The flowering 
 season of Gypripedium venuskim is usually from January to March. 
 
 O. villosum. 
 
 Leaves linear-ligulate, 10 — 18 inches long, equitant at base, acute or 
 
 obscurely two-lobed at the apex, of a uniform grass-green above, paler 
 
 beneath and spotted with purple towards the base. Bract nearly as 
 
 long as the ovary. Scapes very hairy, nearly as long as the leaves, 
 
 one-flowered. Flowers among the largest in the genus, 5 — 6 inches 
 
 across vertically, with a glossy varnished surface ; upper sepal ciliolate, 
 
 broadly oval, slightly hooded at the apex, the margins revolute 
 
 towards the base, and with a hirsute keel at the back, brown-purple 
 
 at the base and centre, the remaining area green with a narrow 
 
 "white marginal band ; lower sepal similar but smaller, pale yellow 
 
 green ; petals ciliolate, spathulate, with some purple hairs at the base, 
 
 undulate, bent forward, with a broad brown-purple mid - vein, the 
 
 superior half yellow-brown, the inferior half paler ; lip prominent, 
 
 calceiform, brownish yellow with a tawny yellow margin at the aperture, 
 
 infolded lobes broad, tawny yellow. Staminode oblong-cordiform, 
 
 niucronate, with a small glancmlar boss in the centre, tawny yellow. 
 
 Cypripedium villosum, Lindl, in Gard. Chron. 1854, p. 125. Tllus. hort. IV. t. 
 126 (1857). Linden's Pesc. t. 48. Van Houtte's Fl. des Serres, XIV. t. 1475. 
 
 var.— Boxalli. 
 
 As distinguished from the species — the upper sepal is somewhat 
 
 narrower at the base and the margins more reflexed, the central area 
 
 is covered with numerous blackish spots that are more or less confluent 
 
 in the middle and towards the base, and the white marginal band 
 
 broader and purer ; the lower sepal is more acuminate and usually 
 
 bidentate at the apex; the petals are slightly narrower at the base, 
 
 and their colouring has a more tesselated appearance. 
 
 C. villosum Boxalli, supra. C. Boxalli, Bchb. in. Gard. Chron. VII (1S77), p. 367. 
 Id. VIII, p. 776. Bins. hort. XXVI. p. 74, t. 345. 
 
 sub-vars. (of viMomm).—aurewm (Gard. Chron. XIX. (1883), p. 37-1), 
 upper sepal bright yellow-green margined with white, the basal and central 
 area shaded with brown, the petals and lip tinted with bright golden 
 yellow ; (oi villosum Boxalli) atratum (Gard. Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), 
 p. 210, with icon, xyl.), the blackish spots on the upper sepal enlarged 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 55 
 
 and more confluent, the petals and lip deeper in colour ; pallidum, 
 the blackish spots on the upper sepal much reduced, the petals and 
 lip paler. 
 
 First discovered by Thomas Lobb, on the mountains near Moulmein, 
 at 4,000 — 5,000 feet elevation, and introduced by us in 1853 ; and 
 subsequently, in the same region, by the Rev. C. Parish, who informs 
 us that, as far as his experience goes, it is never found below 
 
 Cypripedium villosum. 
 
 4,000 feet elevation; it occurs but sparingly on the Moulmein 
 Mountains, but farther north, near Tongu, it is more abundant, 
 growing in large masses in moss and decaying vegetable matter high 
 up on the branches of trees. The variety Boxalli was introduced 
 by Messrs. Low and Co., in 1877, through the collector whose name 
 it bears, probably from the Tongu district. Although constant as 
 regards the narrower bases of its floral segments and the more 
 
'56 CTPRIFEDIUM. 
 
 reflexed margins of the upper sepal, it is very variable in colour, 
 some of the forms approaching in this respect so near the species 
 as to be distinguishable from it only by the characters we have 
 mentioned. 
 
 Gypripedium villosum has proved to be one of the most potent of 
 hybridising agents, and is one parent of many of the finest forms yet 
 raised. Its specific name villosum, "shaggy," refers to the very 
 hairy peduncle, ovary, and bract; its flowering season, usually a 
 prolonged one, lasts from December to March. 
 
 SELENIPEDIA. 
 
 The chief character that distinguishes the South American from the 
 Asiatic Cypripedes, that is to say, the three-celled ovary with axile 
 placentation, has been already pointed out. Besides this, there are 
 some minor differences observable in the vegetative organs, in the 
 inflorescence, and in the form of certain parts of the flower. The 
 most obvious of these may be thus summarised : — 
 
 The rhizome is sometimes creeping (Gypripedium caricinum, 0. 
 Klotzschianum). The leaves are of a uniform bright green, narrowly 
 ligulate, linear, sedge-like in the two species named, and much 
 longer than in Euctpripedium ; they are complicate at the base, 
 more or less acute at the apex, have a sunk mid-line above and a 
 prominent keel beneath. 
 
 The scapes are also usually much longer than in Euctpripedium ; they 
 are jointed below, few- or many-flowered above ; the spathaceOus bracts, 
 both cauline and floral, are large and conspicuous, and are of lanceolate 
 acuminate form. 
 
 The flowers expand successively along the rachis and are rarely all 
 open at one time. The upper sepal is much longer than broad ; the 
 connate lower sepals are together larger than the upper one ; the petals 
 are bearded at the base, frequently pendulous and excessively elongated. 
 The staminode is fringed along the back edge with blackish purple 
 hairs.* 
 
 About ten species are known to be genuine, of which six inhabit the 
 Cordilleras of western South America, from Bolivia to Chiriqui in 
 Central America, at elevations of 3,000 — 5,000 feet; three occur 
 on the mountains of British Guiana and one on the Organ Mountains, 
 near Rio de Janeiro. The localities indicated on the accompanying 
 
 Cypripcdium Chica and C. palmifolium do not conform to all the above characters, and 
 constitute the sub-section Folioscc of Benthaui and Hooker. 
 
CYPEIPEDIUM. 57 
 
 map must, in several cases, be accepted only as approximately- 
 true; the names given by plant collectors are ofteu not to be found 
 on any map within reach and are, moreover, frequently misleading. 
 
 Cultural Note. — The cultural treatment of all the members of this 
 section, both species and hybrids, is the same as that of the East 
 Indian Cypripedes, with the exception of the temperature, which, on 
 account of the altitude at which the species occur in a wild state, 
 should be 3° — 5° C. (5° — 9° F.) lower. All the species in cultivation, 
 with the exception of Gypripedium Schlimii and, perhaps, 0. Klotzscliianum, 
 whose scapes are few-flowered, continue in flower for several months ; 
 for this reason the flowering season of each is not given in the following- 
 pages. 
 
 Cypripedium Boissierianum. 
 
 Leaves lineardigulate, 20 — 25 or more inches long. Scapes stoutish, 
 
 erect, as long as the leaves; bracts, both- cauline and floral, lanceolate, 
 
 acuminate, 3 — 4 inches long, somewhat inflated. Flowers 6 inches across 
 
 vertically, pale yellow-green, veined and reticulated with dark green, the 
 
 sepals and petals margined with white ; upper sepal lanceolate, acuminate, 
 
 crisped at the margin ; lower sepal oval-oblong, concave, as broad again 
 
 as the upper sepal and less conspicuously crisped at the margin ; petals 
 
 linear-ligulate, broader at the base, gradually attenuated toAvards the 
 
 tip, 4 — 5 inches long, spreading horizontally, twisted, with crisped 
 
 margins : lip prominent, the sac sub-cylindric, brownish in front, the 
 
 infolded lobes broad, much spotted with greenish brown, the sinus 
 
 between the sac and the infolded lobes with a triangular process. 
 
 Staminode sub-rhomboidal with a notch in the back margin. 
 
 Cypripedium Boissierianum, Rchb. in lit, Xen. Orch. I. p. 3 (1854). Gard. Chron. 
 1. s. 3 (1887), p. 143, icon. xyl. C. reticulatum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XVIII. (1882), 
 p. 520. Selenipedium Boissierianum, Rchb. Xen. Orch. I. p. 3. Id. p. 176, t. 62. 
 S. reticulatum, Rchb. Xen. Orch. II. p. 223.* 
 
 The early botanical history of this species is closely connected 
 
 with that next described (Gypripedium caudatum). That they were 
 
 both discoveied by the Spanish botanists, Ruiz and Pavon, during 
 
 their exploration of Peru and Chili (1778 — 89), is proved by the 
 
 existence of herbarium specimens gathered by them, the genuineness 
 
 of which has never been called into question, and which were 
 
 doubtless from the Huanuco district which they explored soon after 
 
 their arrival in Peru, and to which they again subsequently returned 
 
 (Florce Peruviance et Ghilensis Prodromus Prcef, p. xi.) Nothing 
 
 more was known of either species till William Lobb's mission to 
 
 * Selenipedium Czerwiakowianum mentioned here is unknown to us. 
 
58 CTPKIPEDIUM. 
 
 the Andean region for us, which extended over the five years 1842 
 — 47. Lobb, who mentions Ruiz and Pavon in his letters, and of 
 whose labours he evidently possessed some knowledge, travelled over 
 pretty much the same ground in the Huanuco district as they did, 
 first in 1842 — 43, and again in 1847, when he brought home C. 
 caudatum. In the meantime Dr. Lindley had partially described 
 C. caudatum in his Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants 
 (p. 531) from an imperfect specimen obtained from an herbarium of 
 Ruiz and Pavon preserved at Lima, and sent by Matthews to Sir 
 W. J. Hooker at Kew, adding the following remarkable passage : 
 "There is also in Sir W. Hooker's herbarium a second species taken 
 by Matthews out of the same collection but it is too imperfect to 
 be introduced here." 
 
 We now come to Reichenbach's description of Selenipedium 
 Boissierianum in the Xenia Orchidacea, in which he says : — 
 
 "Wir kennen ein einziges Exemplar Pavon's rait der Etikette 
 ' Cypripedinm grandiflorum, Pillao 1787.' Der Name c grandiflorum ' 
 ist nicht eben passend, nachdeni wir andere Selenipedia niit grosserer 
 ocler gleich grosser Bliithe haben. Wir glaubten denmach den Manu- 
 scriptnamen ohnedies (weil die Pflanze kein achtes Cypripedium) nicht 
 beibehalten werden konnte, ganz fallen lassen zu miissen und es gewarhte 
 una grosse Freude die herrliche Pflanze, vielleicht ein Unicum in Europas 
 Sammlungen, ihrem Besitzer Herrn Edmoncl Boissier zu widnien." 
 
 The only authentic Ruiz and Pavon specimens in England known 
 to us, besides those examined by Dr. Lindley, are two in excellent 
 condition preserved in the Natural History Museum at South 
 Kensington; these specimens, one of flower the other of foliage, 
 are labelled Cypripedium grandiflorum, but they are unmistakeably 
 C. caudatum (Lindl,), and therefore in disagreement with Boissier's 
 specimen. Under these circumstances we think the best course 
 is to pass over the herbarium name grandiflorum and to adopt 
 Reichenbach's Boissierianum for the species described above. 
 
 This first became known in British gardens through our collector, 
 Walter Davis, who found it, unknown to himself at the time, with 
 Cypripedium caudatum, near Muna in the Huanuco district of Peru in 
 1875 — 76, in the same locality in which the latter had been collected 
 by William Lobb in 1847, and presumably both species by Ruiz and 
 Pavon 60 years previously. A single plant only survived the 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 59 
 
 voyage, and from this, so far as we know, originated all the plants 
 now in cultivation,* 
 
 0. caricinum. 
 
 Leaves in tufts of 4 — 6, from a creeping rhizome, linear, acute, 
 sedge-like, deep green, 12 — 18 inches long. Scapes as long as the leaves, 
 
 Cypripedium caricinum. 
 
 erect, purplish green, 3 — 6 flowered. Flowers medium-sized ; upper 
 sepal lanceolate, acute, undulate, 1-| inches long, greenish white with 
 
 *Reichenbach in the Gardeners' Chronicle XVIII. (1882), p. 520, states that this species, 
 which he there describes under the name of Cypripedium reticulatum, for we are persuaded 
 they are one and the same, was found by Gustav Wallis while travelling for M. Linden, and 
 afterwards by Smith, one of Messrs. Low's collectors, before it was sent to us by Davis, but he 
 gives no locality. 
 
60 CYPEIPEDIUM. 
 
 pale yellow-green veins ; lower sepal ovate-oblong, acute, whitish ; 
 petals linear, 3 — 5 inches long, pendulous, twisted, white tinted with 
 rose towards the tips, veins light green ; lip calceiform, light yellow- 
 green with deeper green venation, the infolded lobes ivory-white spotted 
 with green and purple along the edge. Staminode oval-oblong, green with 
 a purple fringe on the basal side. 
 
 Cypripedium caricinum, Lindl. in. Paxt. Fl. Gard. I. sub. t. 9 (1850). Bot. Mag. 
 t. 5466. Selenipedium caricinum, Rchb. in Xen. Orch. I. p. 3 (1854) (name only). 
 S. Pearcei, Van Houtte's Fl. des Serves, XVI. t. 1648. Cypripedium Pearcei, Hort. 
 
 Originally discovered by Bridges in Bolivia,* from whose herbarium 
 
 specimen it was named and described by Dr. Lindley. It was 
 
 introduced by us in 1863 through Pearce, and flowered for the first 
 
 time in this country, at our Chelsea Nursery, in May of the 
 
 following year. The specific name, from car ex, " a sedge," refers to 
 
 the sedge-like leaves, 
 i 
 
 O. caudatum. 
 
 Leaves ligulate, acute, 10 — 15 inches long. Scapes robust, pubescent, 
 pale green, 15 — 20 inches long, 1- — 4 but usually 3 flowered ; pedicels 
 with ovary 6 inches long, with a compressed sheathing pale green bract 
 at the base of each. Flowers the largest in the section ; upper sepal 
 6 — 7 inches long, lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent on the back, pale 
 yellow or whitish with longitudinal yellow-green veins in front; lower 
 sepal similar but broader, and concave at the base ; petals linear, 
 ribbon-like, pendulous, 18 — 25 or more inches long,t dull brownish 
 crimson, except at the base where they are yellowish ; lip calceiform, 
 prominent, 2 — 2J inches long, brownish green passing into bronzy green 
 around the aperture, the veins and reticulations dark green, pale yellow- 
 green beneath, the infolded lobes meeting at their edges, ivory-white, 
 spotted with purple inside the yellow-brown border around the aperture. 
 Staminode triangulate, auriculate, yellowish, the auricles fringed with 
 brown-purple hairs. 
 
 Cypripedium caudatum, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 531 (1840). Id. in Paxt. Fl. 
 
 Gard. I. p. 37, t, 9 (1850—51). Van Houtte's Fl. des Serves, VI. t. 566 (copied from 
 
 Paxt. Fl. Gard.). Regel's Gartenfl. 1870, p. 257, t. 661. De Puydt, Les Orch. 
 
 p. 259, t 10. Warner's Sel. Orch. II. t. 1. Selenipedium caudatum, Rchb. in Bonpl. 
 
 1854, p. 116. Id. Xen. Orch. I. p. 3 (name only). Linden's Pesc. t. 24. 
 
 var. — Lindenii. 
 
 Lip not saccate but ribbon-like and pendulous like the petals, to 
 which it conforms, except in being broader and concave at the base. 
 
 * At a place called Tampoto, a name we do not find on any map to which we have access. 
 Pearco gave no locality. 
 
 t When the flower first expands, the petals are 3 — 4 inches long ; they continue growing 
 for about ten days, in which time they usually attain their full length. From the seconl to 
 the seventh day they have been observed to increase in length as much as 2 inches each day. 
 nstance3 have been noticed in which the total length of the petals exceeded 30 inches. 
 
Cypripedium caudatum. 
 
* 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 61 
 
 There is also a third fertile stamen developed from the column below 
 the stigmatic plate and at its base. 
 
 C. caudatum Lindenii, supra. Cypripedium Lindenii, Van Houtte's Fl. des Serves, 
 XVIII. (1870), p. 155. Selenipedium caudatum Lindenii, Benth. in Jour. Linn. 
 Soc. XVIII. (1881), p. 360. Uropedium Lindenii, Lindl. in Orch. Lind. p. 28, 
 No. 143 (1846). Id. in Bot. Beg. 1846, sub.t. 58. Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, 
 XIII. p. 113. Rchb. Xen. Orch. I. p. 32, t. 15. Belg. hort. 1854, p. 193. Regel's 
 Gartenfl. X. (1861), t. 315, icon. xyl. Linden's Pesc. t. 2. 
 
 var. — Wallisii. 
 
 Flowers somewhat smaller than the type, also paler and more delicate 
 
 in colour ; sepals ivory-Avhite with yelloAV-green veins ; toe of slipper 
 
 mettled with pale rose which passes into yellow-green at the margin 
 
 of the aperture ; infolded lobes pure white with some red-purple spots 
 
 at the outer edge. Staminode pale yellow in the centre, brownish purple 
 
 at the angles. 
 
 C. caudatum "Wallisii, supra. Selenipedium Wallisii, Bchb. Xen. Orch. II. p. 189, 
 t. 191. Cypripedium Wallisii, Hort. 
 
 var. — Warscewiczii. 
 
 Leaves broader, shorter, and of a deeper green ; sepals with a more 
 decided tinge of yellow, and with pale orange-yellow veins ; petals dull 
 rose-purple, except at the base, where the colour is normal ; lip deep 
 yellow-brown in front, yellow-green beneath. 
 
 C. caudatum "Warscewiczii, Godefroy's Orchidophile, 1887, p. 337. C. "Warsce- 
 wiczianum, Rchb. in Bot. Zeit, 1852, p. 692. C. caudatum roseum, Rev. hort. 1867, 
 p. 133. Selenipedium Warscewiczianum, Rchb. in Bonpl. 1854, p. 116. Xen. 
 Orch. I. p. 3 (name only). S. caudatum roseum, Illus. hort. XXXIII. (1886), t. 596. 
 
 As already stated under Cypripedium Boissierianum, the botanical 
 history of that species is identical with G. caudatum up to the date of 
 publication of the latter by Dr. Lindley in his Genera and Species of 
 Orchidaceous Plants in 1840. Two years afterwards G. caudatum was 
 found by Hartweg " in wet marshy places near the hamlet of 
 Nanegal, in the province of Quito, but he did not send it home."* 
 The plant remained unknown to horticulture till its introduction from 
 the Huanuco district of Peru by William Lobb in 1847, and where, 
 thirty years afterwards, it was collected by Davis. In the meantime, 
 in 1862, it had been discovered in the Caupolica district, probably 
 in or near the locality in which it had been found by Hartweg, on 
 the Andes of Ecuador, at 5,000 — 6,000 feet elevation, by Pearce, 
 who sent a few plants to our Chelsea Nursery, which he shipped at 
 Guayaquil. In the Muna locality, 0, caudatum grows chiefly ■ on 
 rocks in decayed vegetable matter, sometimes under brushwood, 
 
 * Lindl. and Faxt. Fl. Gard. I. p. 37. 
 
62 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 sometimes fully exposed. It flowered for the first time in this 
 country in Mrs. Lawrence's collection at Ealing Park in the spring 
 of 1849. 
 
 The variety Lindenii is an anomalous form, now generally regarded by 
 scientists either as a dimorphism, or an abnormal peloria state of Cypri- 
 pedium caudatum, an hypothesis first broached by the distinguished 
 French botanist, A. Brongniart.* It was constituted a new genus by 
 Lindley, under the name of Uropedhim Lindenii, in which he is followed 
 by Reichenbach, wlio rejects the hypothesis of its being a dimorphism 
 of 0. caudatum, from the fact that the two have never been found 
 growing together, and that the number of observed plants of the 
 Uropedium is too great to admit of its being regarded as an 
 accidental form.t This curious plant was discovered by Linden in 
 1813, at an altitude of 5,000 feet,J growing among the underwood 
 composed chiefly of Weinmannia and Eugenia and the tall ferns 
 scattered over the meadow-like savannahs lying between the Cordillera 
 of Merida and Lake Maracaybo, where also ten years later it was 
 gathered by Wagener.§ It was subsequently collected by Schlim, 
 near Ocafia, at an altitude of 5,000 — 7,000 feet, growing on rocks 
 and even on trees, from which locality it has been sent to Europe 
 by other collectors. It flowered for the first time in Europe in 
 the collection of M. Pescatore, at St. Cloud, near Paris, in 1850. 
 
 The variety Wallisii was discovered in Ecuador, by the collector 
 whose name it bears, in 1872 — 3, and a little later (1876) by 
 Davis, in the valley of Chinchao, in the Huanuco district of Peru. 
 In this locality it occurs on the limestone rocks in full exposure 
 to the sun's rays and where the range of temperature during the 
 twenty-four hours of the day is very considerable. 
 
 * Annales des Sciences naturelles, XIII. (1849), p. 113. This view is immensely strengthened 
 by the recent appearance of a monstrous form of Cypripedium caudatum, which is figured and 
 described in the Gardeners' Chronicle, XXVI. (1886), p. 268—69. This flower had three separate 
 sepals, two long petals, and a lip about half-way between the ordinary saccate form and the 
 long-tailed petals ; the column bore three perfect stamens. Bentham and Hooker refer the 
 Uropedium of Lindley to Selenipedium, with the remark that "S. caudate- in omnibus conformis, 
 nisi labello non calceolato, sed petalis conforme vel basi paullo latiore concavoque," but no 
 mention is made of the third fertile stamen. 
 
 t Nie haben wir erl'ahren dass Selenipedium caudatum and Uropedium Lindenii untereinander 
 wachsen, and die Masse der von letzter Art beobachteten Individuen ist ohnedies zu gross um 
 an eine zufallige Forme zu denken diirfen. — Xen. Orch. I. p. 36. 
 
 % Pescatorea, sub. t. 2. 
 
 § According to the late M. Roezl, Cypripedium caudatum Lindenii (Uropedium Lindenii) 
 is found in various parts of New Granada, at altitudes of 4,000 — 6, COO feet, growing indifferently 
 upon trees, upon the trunks of dead trees, on rocks, or by the road side, but never in great 
 abundance — Godefroy's Orchidopliile, 1883, p. 570. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 63 
 
 The variety Warscetviczii was first detected by the excellent Polish 
 botanical explorer Von Warscewicz on the mountains of Chiriqui in 
 Central America, where, according to R. Pfau, it grows "exclusively 
 on the tops of the highest trees, at 60 — 100 feet and more above the 
 ground."* It differs from the typical Cypripedium can datum chiefly in 
 the deeper and brighter colour of its flowers, especially of the petals 
 and labellum. This form is best known in British gardens under the 
 name of G. caudatum roseum. 
 
 Another form is known as the Luxembourg variety from its having 
 been first detected in the Luxembourg garden at Paris. It is easilv 
 recognised by its narrower leaves that are very stiff, leathery and 
 sub-erect, giving the plant the aspect of a Vanda, especially of 
 V. ccerulescens in a young state. The flowers of this variety have 
 not yet been seen by us. 
 
 The specific name caudatum, literally ""tailed," or "furnished with 
 tails," refers to the greatly elongated petals. 
 
 0. Klotzschianum. 
 
 "Pedunculo subtereti, basi nunc unifoliato, puberulo, squaniato, squamis 
 supremis oblongis, obtusis, apice 2-3 floro; bracteis ovatis, acutis, cucul- 
 latisj perigonio phyllis supremo lanceolato, acutiusculo, extus pubescente, 
 lateralibus extremis coalitis latioribus, cseterum aequalibus ■ perigonii 
 phyllis lateralibus internis lanceolatis, apice valde attenuatis, margine 
 undulatis ; externis tertia parte longioribus ; labello ovato contracto, ore 
 subovali; stamine sterili trilobo, lobo medio acuto, lateralibus transversis, 
 rhombeis, puberulis." 
 
 " Blatter lederartig, lineallanzettlich, fein zweispitzig, iiber fusslanc. 
 Bluthenstiel bis 15" hoch. Bluthen so gross wie bei Cypripedium 
 Lindleyanum."j H. G. Reichenbach fil. in Linnasa XXII. (1849), p. 811. 
 
 Leaves from a creeping rhizome, 6 — 8 to each shoot, distinctly 
 distichous, linear, sedge-like, 12—15 or more inches long, imbricate at 
 base, acute with a sunk mid-line, keeled beneath, deep green. (As 
 seen in the plants in cultivation under the name of Cypripedium 
 SchomburgManum) . 
 
 Scape upwards of 2 feet long, pubescent, the cauline bracts narrowly 
 lanceolate, the floral bracts broader. Flowers about 2 inches across 
 vertically ; upper sepal lanceolate, acute, symmetrically veined ; lower 
 sepal broader, ovate, acute; petals linear, acuminate, 3 inches long, 
 pendulous or sub-pendulous ; lip cylindric ; the infolded lobes nearly 
 
 * Gard. Chron. XX. (1883), p. 722. 
 
 t In all the dried specimens we have examined, the flowers are smaller than in Cypripedium 
 Lvtdleyanum. 
 
64 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 meeting at their edges. (From dried specimen gathered by Mr. Im 
 
 Thurm, and preserved in the Kew Herbarium). 
 
 Cypripedium Klotzschianum, Rchb. in Linneea loc. cit. supra. Id. Walp. Ann. III. 
 p. 602 (1852 — 53). C. Schornburgkianum, Klotzsch, fide Schomb. Bot Rem. in Rrit. 
 Guiana, p. 59 (1876). Selenipedium Klotzschianum, Rchb. Xen. Orch. I. p. 3 
 (name only). 
 
 Discovered by Schoraburgk during his exploration of British Guiana, 
 1840 — 44, growing in the crevices of the granite rocks at the Rue- 
 imcru Waterfall, and on the banks of the River Rue. It was gathered 
 by Mr. Everard Im Thurm, in 1885, on the Roraima Mountain, whence 
 it was imported by Messrs. Sander and Co. in the following year. 
 The species is named in compliment to Dr. Klotzsch, an eminent 
 German botanist, and for some time Director of the Botanic Garden 
 ab Berlin. 
 
 As we have seen no plant in flower up to the date of going to press, 
 the above description is all that we are at present able to give; the 
 sepals and petals are said to be brown, and the lip greenish brown with 
 a reddish tint superadded. Although the plant when not in flower is 
 scarcely distinguishable from Cypripedium caricinum, the nearest affinity 
 of the species is unquestionably C. Lindleyanum. 
 
 0. Lindleyanum. 
 
 Leaves strap-shaped, 20 — 25 inches long, and 2 — 2£ inches broad, 
 bright grass-green, pale yellow at the margin. Scapes 30 — 40 inches 
 long, pubescent, green from the base upwards, reddish along the rachis. 
 Flowers 2 — 2| inches across vertically ; upper sepal oblong, acute, 
 pubescent, undulate at the margin ; light green with alternately longer 
 and shorter longitudinal red-brown veins ; lower sepal broader, elliptic, 
 concave, bidentate at the apex, pale green with red-brown veins ; petals 
 deflexed, linear-oblong, with undulate and ciliate margins, pale green 
 with red-brown veins ; lip helmet-shaped, green with red-brown veins and 
 reticulations, the inflexed lobes broad and densely spotted with red- 
 brown. Staminodc sub-quadrate, pubescent, yellow-green. 
 
 Cypripedium Lindleyanum, Schomb. Vers, einer Flora von Brit. Guiana III. 
 p. 1069 (1848). Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXV. (18S6), p. 680. Selenipedium 
 Lindleyanum, Rchb. Xen. Orch. I. p. 3 (1854) (name only). S. Kaieteurum, N. E. 
 Brown in Gard. Chron. XXIV. (1885), p. 262. 
 
 This also was first discovered by Schomburgk, during his explora- 
 tion of British Guiana, on the southern slopes of the Roraima 
 Mountain at 6,000 feet elevation, in grassy swamps, along with 
 lb liamphora, Utricularia, etc., flowering in November. It was 
 rediscovered in the same locality, in 1881, by our collector David 
 Burke, who brought plants to our Chelsea Nursery in the autumn 
 of that year, but none of which flowered till January, 1886. In 
 
CYPEIPEDIUM. 65 
 
 the meantime it had been found by Mr. Jenman, Superintendent 
 of the Botanic Garden at Georgetown, Demerara, growing on the 
 rocks under the Kaieteura Fall, on the Potaro River, and com- 
 municated by him to the Royal Gardens at Kew, where it flowered 
 in the autumn of 1885. The species is named in compliment to 
 Dr, Lindley, who " unwillingly consented at the particular instance 
 of Dr. Schomburgk to allow this plant to bear his name, he 
 having no title to the compliment."* 
 
 C. longifolium. 
 
 Leaves narrowly ligulate, tapering to an acute point, 18 — 24 inches 
 long. Scapes stoutish, erect, as long as the leaves, deep purple, pubes- 
 cent, 6 — 10 or more flowered. Flowers 3| — 4 inches across from the 
 tip of the upper sepal to toe of slipper ; upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, 
 undulate, pale green with rose-colour veins and whitish margin ; lower 
 sepal nearly as broad again as the upper one, ovate, acuminate, pale 
 green with green veins ; petals linear-lanceolate, spreading, slightly 
 twisted, pale yellow-green with rose-colour margins except towards the 
 base where the margins are whitish ; lip calceolate, with an angular 
 auricle between the sac and the inflexed side lobes, yellow-green tinged 
 with brown in front, the infolded lobes yellow-green dotted with rose- 
 purple. Staminode triangular-cordate, pale yellow-green with a blackish 
 fringe on the back margin, and a blunt, deflexed tooth on the front one. 
 Cypripedium longifolium, Rchb. et Warsc. in Bot. Zeit. 1852, p. 690. Bot. Mag- 
 
 t. 5970 (1869). Belg. hort. 1873, p. 65. Selenipedium longifolium, Rchb. Xen. 
 
 Orch. I. p. 3 (name only). Id. in Gard. Chron. 1869, p. 1206. S. dariense, Rchb. 
 
 S. Reichenbachii, Endresjfate Rchb. Cypripedium Reichenbachii, Hort. 
 
 var.— gracile. 
 
 Leaves narrower, scapes more slender and paler in colour, and the 
 bracts more compressed. Flowers somewhat smaller and coloured, as in 
 the variety Hartioegii.f 
 
 C. longifolium gracile, supra. C. gracile, Hort. 
 
 var. — Hartwegii. 
 
 Plant more robust with longer and broader leaves ; scapes taller, green 
 (not purple as in the type). Flowers somewhat larger, the dorsal sepal 
 usually with a pale rose-colour stain on the apical half, the petals 
 bordered with rose-pink. 
 
 C. longifolium Hartwegii, supra. C. Hartwegii, Rchb. in Bot. Zeit. 1852, pp. 714, 
 765. Selenipedium Hartwegii, Rchb. in Bonpl. II. p. 116. Id. Xen. Orch. I. p. 3 
 (name only), and p. 70, t. 27. Id. Otia. Hamb. I. pp. 20, 30. Cypripedium Roezlii, 
 Regel's Gartenfl. 1871, p. 164. Id. 1873, t. 754. Rev. hort. 1873, p. 416, icon. xyl. 
 Jllus. hort. 1873, t. 138. Bot. Mag. t. 6217. Selenipedium Roezlii, Rchb. in Regel's 
 Gartenfl. 1871, p. 164. S. longifolium coloratum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1873, 
 p. 289. 
 
 * Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 531. t A- s seen in the collection of Mr. R. I. Measures at 
 
 Cambridge Lodge, Camberwell, a collection exceptionally rich in rare Cypripedes. 
 
66 CYPRIPEBIUM. 
 
 var . — Hincksianum. 
 
 Scapes shorter and bearing fewer flowers than those of the variety 
 Hartwegii, but conforming in every other respect to it. 
 
 C. longifolium Hincksianum, supra. C. Hincksianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. IX. 
 (1878), p. 202. 
 
 Gypripedium longifolium was first discovered by Warscewicz, in 
 1849, on the Cordillera of Chiriqui, at 5,000 — 7,000 feet elevation. 
 It remained known to science only as an imperfect herbarium 
 specimen till 1867, when it was re-discovered by Endres, by whom 
 it was introduced into European gardens. In its native home it is 
 a sub-terrestrial plant, growing' among the moss beneath the trees 
 of the forest, always in the shade and flowering all the year round.* 
 Of the origin of the variety gracile we find no record. The variety 
 Hartwegii, better known in gardens under the name of Boezlii, was 
 first detected by Hartweg about the year 1842, on the eastern 
 slopes of the Andes of Ecuador, near Quito, at 4,000 feet elevation, t 
 while collecting plants in that region for the Horticultural Society 
 of London. It was subsequently found by Dr. Seeman on the 
 Isthmus of Darien, and still later by Roezl (1871) on the banks 
 of the small river Dagua that flows down the western slopes of 
 the central Cordillera of New Granada ; by the last-named collector 
 it was introduced to M. Linden's horticultural establishment at 
 Ghent, whence it became generally distributed among British and 
 continental gardens ; it flowered for the first time in Europe in the 
 St. Petersburg Botanic Garden in January, 1873, and in England 
 in January of the following year at our Chelsea Nursery. The 
 variety Hincksianum is a more recent importation that appeared for 
 the first time in the collection of Captain Hincks, at Breckenbrough, 
 Thirsk. The three varieties we have distinguished above are, in 
 fact, nothing more than geographical forms differing from the 
 original type and from each other more in their vegetative organs 
 than in any other particular. The flowers of the varieties Hartwegii, 
 gracile, and HincJcsianum are more brightly coloured than those of 
 C. longifolium proper, but are not distinguishable from each other 
 in this respect. 
 
 * R. Pfau in Gard. Chron. XX. (1883), p. 722. 
 
 t The presence of Cypripcdium longifolium in this latitude seems to require confirmation. 
 The plants now in cultivation under the names of C. Hartwegii and O. Boezlii show no tangible 
 characters by which the one may be distinguished from the other All the C. longifolium forms 
 in cultivation have been brought from the northern geographical limits of the Selenipedia, a 
 circumstance that has occasioned some doubt as to the correctness of the locality assigned to 
 Hartweg's discovery. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 67 
 
 0. Schlimii. 
 
 Leaves ligulate, acute, 9 — 12 inches long, bright grass-green above. 
 Scapes as long as or longer than the leaves, sometimes branched, pale 
 greenish purple, pubescent, few-flowered. Bracts triangular-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, much compressed, 1 — 2 inches long. Flowers H — 2 inches 
 across, with all the segments covered with a soft velvety down ; 
 upper sepal oval-oblong, acute, keeled behind, greenish white stained 
 with pale rose-pink ; lower sepal broader, concave, whitish with pale 
 green veins ; petals oval-oblong, white spotted and stained with rose- 
 purple, chiefly at the base ; lip inflated, broadly ovoid in form, 
 contracted at the aperture, rose-carmine, whitish beneath, the infolded 
 lobes streaked alternately with white and rose-carmine. Staminode rhom- 
 boid with a minute median keel, bright yellow with a brownish stain 
 in front. 
 
 Cypripedium Schlimii, Batem. in Bot. Mag. t. 5614 (1866). Van Houtte's Fl. des 
 
 Serves, t. 1917 (1869-70). De Puydt, Les. Orch. t. 12. Selenipedium Schlimii, Rchb. 
 
 in Bonpl. 1854, p. 277. Id. Xen. Orch. I. p. 125, t. 44. Linden's Pesc. t. 34. 
 
 Cypripedium Schlimii albiflorum. 
 
 var.— albiflorum. 
 
 Plant of somewhat more vigorous growth. Flowers white, except at 
 the base of the petals, where there is usually a pale rose-pink stain, and 
 the infolded lobes of the lip, which are rose-pink; the staminode bright 
 yellow, as in the type. 
 
 C. Schlimii albiflorum, Linden in Illus. hort. 1874, t. 183, C. Schlimii album, 
 Jlort. 
 
68 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 The original Cyprvpedvum Schlimii was discovered by the traveller 
 whose name it bears, in 1852, on the eastern Cordillera of New 
 Granada, near Ocana, at an altitude of about 4,000 feet. It was 
 introduced to M. Linden's horticultural establishment at Brussels 
 two years later by Wagener.* The variety albiflorum, according to 
 Linden, comes from the western Cordillera, where " it is exceedingly 
 rare"; jit was introduced about the year 1873. The flowers of this 
 species vary in colour ; in the first discovered type the sepals and 
 petals are beautifully spotted and stained with rose-pink; in the 
 variety they are almost pure white ; between these extremes are 
 many intermediate variations that have been introduced since. 
 
 It lias long been known to horticulturists that Oypripedium Schlimii 
 is self-fertilising, and produces seed freely; but it is only very 
 recently that we have been able to partially investigate the cause, and 
 therefore the explanation now offered is confessedly imperfect. The 
 sexual apparatus of this species differs in no essential character from 
 that represented in page 7, but, as is the case with all the Selenipedia, 
 the relative position of the stigmatic disc to the other parts is somewhat 
 modified ; this disc is rhomboidal in outline, much thickened beneath, 
 especially on the basal side, forming there a conical protuberance that 
 stands immediately below the anthers, is nearly para] lei with the 
 staininode, and projects beyond it. The anthers are normal as regards 
 form and position, but the glutinous envelope is exceedingly thin, 
 loses its viscidity after the flower has been some time expanded, and 
 becomes dry ; the granular pollen is then set free upon any slight 
 motion imparted to the flower ; and as these granules are exceedingly 
 minute and numerous, it can scarcely happen that some of them do 
 not fall upon the stigmatic disc, especially the thickened part that 
 projects immediately below the anthers, and the ovary thence becomes 
 fertilised. The consequence to the plant is the enfeebling of its 
 constitution, by which the species is one of the most difficult to 
 import alive, and scarcely less difficult to keep alive when so imported. 
 For some time after its first introduction, C. Schlimii was a very rare 
 plant in British gardens, and horticulturists took advantage of its self- 
 fertilising power to raise young plants from seed. 
 
 The excessive fertility of Cijpripi'diuu) Schlimii is not only seen in the 
 production of seed capsules without the intervention of any external 
 help, but the species has also proved to be one of the most potent of 
 hybridising agents. No orchid yet brought under cultivation lias been 
 the means of producing -within its own section such remarkable results 
 as have been effected by C. Schlimii through hybridisation, especially in 
 
 * Xen. Orcli. I. p. 125. t Illus. hort. 1874, p. 138. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 69 
 
 those forms of which it has been the pollen parent, and in which its 
 influence so greatly preponderates as to modify very considerably the 
 characteristics of the seed parent ; the number of beautiful and distinct 
 forms so obtained constitute a group of Cypripedes of exceptional interest 
 as horticultural plants. First came the well-known C. Sedenii, still an 
 indispensable ingredient of every orchid collection, soon followed by G. 
 Ainsworthii and its variety calurum ; * then came G. albo-purpureum, 
 now surpassed by the more superb G. Schroederm, as is the original G. 
 Sedenii by its variety candidulum and C. cardinale. Still later G. leucor- 
 hodum has been obtained, a form quite distinct from all its predecessors. 
 
 O. vittatum. 
 
 " Foliis lineari-ligulatis, acutis, longissimis ; pedunculo minute ac 
 sparsim puberulo, densim vaginato; vaginis acuminatis, racemo paucifloro, 
 bracteis spathaceis acuminatis, ovaria subcaloa (sic), hinc sparsim pilosula 
 superantibus ; sepalo dorsali oblongo ligulato, obtuse acuto ; inf eriori plus 
 duplo latiori, apice obtuso minute emarginato ; petalis a latiori basi 
 linearibus arcuatis, obtuse-acutis, undulatis ; labello sepalo inferiori multo 
 breviori, supra saccum dilatato ac utrinque angulato, circa limbum argutum 
 subcrenato ; staminodio rhombeo acuto, postice barbato. — H. G. Reichen- 
 bach fil, in Illus. hart. XXIII. (1876), p. 57, t. 238 (Selenipedium 
 vittatum). 
 
 Cypripedium vittatum, Vellozo. Fl. flum. IX. (1827), tab. 62, fide Illus. hort. IV. 
 (1857), misc. p. 23. C. Binotii, Hort. Selenipedium vittatum, breve, Kchb. in Gard. 
 Chron. XV. (1881), p. 656. 
 
 Our knowledge of this plant is derived chiefly from the description 
 quoted above, and from the coloured plate in the Illustration horticole. 
 As represented in the plate, the leaves have marginal yellow bands, 
 the character which doubtless suggested the specific name; the flowers 
 are about the size of those of Oypripedium Lindleyanum, evidently the 
 nearest affinity of the species; the upper sepal is greenish white with 
 some red spots along the veins on the basal area, the lower sepal 
 pale green; the petals are deflexed, twisted, 2 — 3 inches long, pale 
 green at the base, brownish purple for about two-thirds of the length 
 from the apex; the lip is deep brown-purple with a greenish tinge, 
 the infolded lobes pale green with a few rose-purple spots ; the 
 staminode is green with a blackish fringe behind. 
 
 Although known to science more than 60 years ago, Cypripedium 
 vittatum does not appear to have been introduced into European 
 gardens till a comparativaly recent date. It was imported by 
 
 * For parentage of these and the following hybrids, see Selenipedium hybrids, infra. 
 
70 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 M. Linden in 1875, and flowered, probably for the first time in 
 Europe, in bis nursery, in February of the following year; tbe first 
 recorded notice of its appearance in England was in 1881, when 
 it had been some time in cultivation in Mr. Berrington's garden, 
 at Pant-y- Goitre, near Abergavenny.* More recently it has been 
 sparingly distributed among other collections, chiefly through 
 M. Binot, a French collector of Brazilian orchids, who obtained 
 it from the Organ Mountains ; it is thence, geographically speaking, 
 so far as at present known, a remotely outlying member of the 
 genus. 
 
 HYBRID CYPRIPEDIUMS. 
 
 In our introductory notes we have adduced the principal evidence 
 upon which rests the hypothesis that the flowers of Cypripedium in 
 a state of nature rarely produce seed, owing to the absence generally 
 of the agencies by which they can be fertilised. Under such circum- 
 stances, therefore, natural hybrids cannot be expected to occur, even 
 where two species are found growing intermixed or in close 
 proximity to each other; and it is a remarkable fact — a fact that 
 unquestionably tends to strengthen the evidence we have cited, 
 circumstantial as it is in some points — that no Cypripedium having 
 the aspect of being a natural hybrid between two recognised species 
 has ever yet appeared among importations of the species, as undoubted 
 natural hybrids have appeared among importations of Cattleya, Laslia, 
 and Odontoglossum. In strong contrast to this stands the multitude 
 of hybrids raised artificially in the glass houses of Europe, among 
 which are new forms of exceptional interest, and of so vigorous a 
 constitution that they may, in truth, be regarded as the forerunners 
 of new races. Without attempting to anticipate results to be here- 
 after obtained from the intermixture of these races with each other 
 and with the pure species, it may be safely affirmed that no greater 
 triumph has been achieved in modern times by the gardeners' art 
 than the production of these hybrid Cypripedes. 
 
 The first hybrid Cypripedium was raised by Dominy, from Cypri- 
 pedium villosum and C. barbatum, more than a quarter of a century 
 
 * Gard. Chron. XV. (1881), p. 656. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 71 
 
 ago, at our Chelsea Nursery, and was distributed in 1871 ; it is appro- 
 priately named G. Harrisianum, in compliment to the late Dr. Harris, of 
 Exeter, who first suggested to Dominy the feasibility of hybridising and 
 raising orchids from seed. This was followed at short intervals by G. 
 Dominianum and G. vexillarium. The first seedling raised by Seden is 
 the well-known hybrid that bears his name, and which was distributed 
 in 1874 ; this has been followed up to the present time by an un- 
 interrupted series of results which, apart from successes obtained in 
 other genera, has secured for the raiser's name a permanent place 
 amongst British hybridists. 
 
 We may here note a few interesting facts that have been elicited during 
 the course of our experience in the crossing of Cypripedes: — Cypripedium 
 Sedenii was obtained from two crosses, G. Schlimii x C. longifolium and 
 the same two vice versa : no tangible difference was discernible between 
 the plants raised from the two separate crosses ; they agreed in habit, 
 foliage, colour of flower, in fact in every particular. No similar result 
 has been obtained by us among Cypripedes ; not only do the seedlings 
 raised from a vice versa cross between the same two species vary from 
 those produced from the first cross, but also it is not an unusual occur- 
 rence for the seedlings obtained from a single cross, especially if one of 
 the plants is itself a hybrid, to vary considerably, inter se, but the 
 variability is restricted chiefly, if not entirely, to the colour of the 
 flowers ; a conspicuous instance of this is seen in G. aenanthum (Rchb.), 
 G. Thibaidianum (Echb.), C. Galatea (Rolfe), G. Orestes (Veitch), all of 
 which were obtained from the hybrid C. Harrisianum x G. insigne 
 Maulei. "We have on the other hand an instance of a species and its 
 variety, each being crossed by a second species, both crosses producing 
 like but not identical results, thus G. longifolium X G Schlimii produced 
 G. Sedenii (Rchb.), and G. longifolium var. Hartwegii (Eoezlii) X G. 
 Schlimii produced G. porphyreum (Rchb.) ; the two are scarcely distin- 
 guishable except, as might be expected, the last named is the more 
 robust of the two, and its flowers of a somewhat brighter pink. It 
 need scarcely be noted that this fact alone offers sufficient justification 
 for the reduction of G. Hartwegii (Lindl.) Roezlii (Rchb.) to its proper 
 rank.* 
 
 In their vegetation the hybrids of Cypripedium are more or less inter- 
 mediate between the two parents, but it is not an unusual occurrence 
 for the form of the vegetative organs of one parent to greatly pre- 
 ponderate in the progeny, or for the progeny to be more robust in habit 
 than either parent (e.g., Gypripedium grande, G. selligerum majus). 
 It is also worthy of a remark, from a cultural point of view, that 
 when one parent is a weakly plant and difficult to manage, the progeny 
 is not thereby affected ; thus G. Schlimii is always considered to be 
 
 * See also " Hybridisation of Orchids," by H. J. Veitch, Orchid Conference Report, 1885. 
 Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 
 
72 CYPRIPED1UM. 
 
 a plant of delicate constitution in the orchid houses of Europe, while 
 its progeny, G. Sedenii and its allies are among the most robust. 
 C. Fairieanum seems to be one of the most difficult species to cultivate 
 successfully, but C. vexillarium and C. Arthurianum, of which it is 
 the pollen parent, are among the easiest. 
 
 The remarkable hybrids raised by Dominy and Seden soon afforded an 
 incentive to other operators ; their results, subject to the restrictions to 
 be presently noticed, are duly recorded in the following pages. It is, 
 however, only within the last few years that the raising of hybrid 
 Cypripedes has become general among professional and amateur culti- 
 vators. That they have been more attracted to Cypripedium than to 
 any other genus in the great orchidean family is doubtless due to 
 several causes, the foremost being the comparative facility with which 
 seed capsules are produced by cross fertilisation, the greater proportion 
 of the mature seed that germinates, and the shorter period of time 
 that elapses between the germination of the seed and the flowering of 
 the plant. So generally is muling among Cypripedes now practised, not 
 only in Great Britain, but also on the Continent of Europe, and in 
 the United States of America, that there is scarcely an orchid collection 
 of note in which a batch of seedlings may not be found ; such at least 
 may be said to be the general rule but there are many prominent 
 exceptions; it has thence resulted that the actual number of hybrid 
 Cypripedes has become practically indefinite.* 
 
 As the paramount object of hybridisation is the production of new and 
 improved races, it is unavoidable that when the progenies so raised have 
 become very numerous, they can be otherwise than of a very mixed 
 character, which must ultimately lead to a Process op Selection amongst 
 the individuals, by which the more perfect forms with the most attrac- 
 tive colours will be retained, and the inferior forms with unattractive 
 colours will be rejected. JSTo horticulturist of any experience doubts for 
 a moment that the process of selection will eventually be far more 
 rigorously applied to the artificially-raised seedlings of Cypripedium than 
 hitherto, and that most of the unattractive and uninteresting forms that 
 now encumber the stages of many orchid houses are doomed to disappear 
 before the exigences of a higher standard of excellence than they 
 represent. 
 
 In dealing with the numerous hybrids that have flowered up to the 
 time of going to press, we have found it impracticable to give descrip- 
 tions of all that have been announced. We have, therefore, confined 
 
 * It cannot fail to be evident to every unprejudiced reader that as the raising of hybrids is a 
 purely horticultural process, the naming of them cannot be said to come exclusively within the 
 province of the botanist, and that the pseudo-latin names so much in vogue, together with the 
 cumbrous Greek compounds intelligible to none but the initiated, are as much out of place when 
 applied to hybrid Cypripedes as they would be if applied to hybrid Roses, etc. A simple 
 English nomenclature, avoiding personal names except those of the highest distinction or 
 derived from mythology, literature and fiction, is aliko dictated by common sense and practical 
 convenience. 
 
CYPKIPEDIUM. 73 
 
 ourselves to the insertion of all those of undoubted parentage which we 
 consider most distinct and which we have seen, and to some others that 
 have been authoritatively described in the horticultural press, but which 
 not having yet been seen by us are distinguished by an asterisk, 
 thus (*) ; we have also included a few others of doubtful parentage that 
 are too distinct to be passed over.* With a view of bringing before the 
 reader their chief characteristics more clearly than can be done by verbal 
 description, we have sketched below a scheme of classification or grouping, 
 by which all the closely allied forms are brought together, selecting for 
 the type of each group the first described hybrid of it. The leading 
 principle that has guided us in this grouping — which has no pretentions 
 to a scientific basis — being the strong family likeness that pervades the 
 series of hybrids included in each group, and which has been derived 
 from one of the species used either as ■$ or $ parent throughout- 
 Although the groups are fairly distinct as such, it is evident that other 
 crosses, whether already effected or which will be hereafter effected 
 between members of different groups, must tend to break down the 
 distinctive characters set up between each, so that the grouping as now 
 proposed can at best be only regarded as temporary, but it may never- 
 theless suggest the basis of a rational classification for horticultural use. 
 To diminish in some degree the confusion that has arisen from the 
 application of separate names to hybrids raised from the same cross by 
 different operators, we have reduced all such to varieties of the first 
 applied name. 
 
 PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION OF CYPRIPEDIUM HYBRIDS. 
 
 A. — Eucypkipedium Hybrids. 
 
 (1) Harrisianum Group. 
 
 Gypripedium villosum one parent throughout. Flowers solitary, large, 
 with the inner surface glossy as if varnished ; upper sepal broad, with 
 a pale margin ; petals spathulate, that is, broader towards the apex than 
 towards the base, more or less curved inwards. 
 
 apiculatum Harrisianum 
 
 concinnum Dauthier's 
 
 Charles Canhahi hybridum 
 
 Germinyanum purpurascens 
 
 Godseffianum superbum 
 
 Harrisianum vivicans 
 
 atropurpureum Lathamianum 
 
 Bray's 
 
 * "If we continue to obtain hybrids of uncertain parentage, we may, botanically speaking, 
 sink down to a very deep level." — Reichenbach in Gard. Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 447. 
 ' ' Many hybrid Cypripediums bear rather too close a resemblance to each other. " — Williams' 
 Orch. Alb. V. sub. t. 223. 
 
74 CYPRIPED1UM. 
 
 Measuresianuni vernixiurn 
 
 Amesianum Williamsianum 
 
 Mrs. Charles Canham Winnianum. 
 
 (2) CEnanthum Group. 
 
 Oypripedium Harrisianum and 0. insigne or one of its varieties, the 
 parents throughout. Leaves faintly mottled. Flowers solitary, some- 
 what smaller than those of the preceding group, with a lustrous shining 
 surface, and well distinguished hy their bright and varied colours, 
 cenanthum oenanthuni 
 
 Acis Orestes 
 
 Electra superbum 
 
 Galatea Thibautianum. 
 
 Josephine Jolibois 
 
 (3) Ashburtonise Group. 
 
 Oypripedium insigne one parent throughout. Flowers solitary, large, 
 with the general aspect of C. insigne, especially the broad green upper 
 sepal with white margin, the veining and spotting of the green area 
 much modified by the influence of the other parent. 
 Arthurianum Ashburtonise 
 
 Ashburtoniae superbum 
 
 calospilum Laforcadei 
 
 expansum Bartet's 
 
 majus nitens 
 
 Sallieri. 
 
 (4) Superciliare Group. 
 
 Oypripedium barbatum or one of its nearest affinities {Argus, Day- 
 anum, Lcmrencianum, superbiens, etc.), one parent throughout. Leaves 
 more or less distinctly tesselated. Flowers solitary, and usually medium- 
 sized ; upper sepal broad and symmetrically veined ; petals ciliate and 
 more or less warty ; staminode semilunate. 
 
 almum javanico-superbiens 
 
 delicatulum marmorophyllum 
 
 Euryale orphanum 
 
 Vervaetianum pleistochlorum 
 
 gemmiferum superciliare 
 
 Io Swanianum. 
 
 (5) Orossianum Group. 
 
 Oypripedium venustum one parent throughout. Leaves tesselated 
 above, more or less speckled with dull purple beneath. Flowers solitary 
 and usually under medium size, with the characteristic venation and 
 colour of O. venustum ; upper sepal more or less acuminate ; petals 
 sub-spathulate, fringed with blackish hairs and with a few scattered 
 blackish warts, chiefly on the basal half. 
 
CYPBJPEDIUM. 75 
 
 auroreuni chloroneurum 
 caligare politum 
 
 calophyllum Crossianum 
 Carrierei amandum 
 
 chloroneurum Fitchianum 
 
 discolor pavoninum 
 
 Meirax plunerum 
 
 melanophthalmum Thetis. 
 
 (6) Marshallianum Group. 
 
 Qypripedium concolor or the closely allied G. niveum one parent 
 throughout. Leaves short and spreading, mottled pale and deep green 
 ahove, speckled or stained with dull purple beneath. Scapes 1 — 3 
 flowered. Flowers with broadly oval upper sepal, broad, obtuse, deflexed 
 petals, and a more or less inflated, sometimes compressed lip. 
 
 Aphrodite microchilum 
 
 Madame Van Houtte Tautzianum 
 
 Marshallianum tesselatum porphyreum. 
 
 (7) Leeanum Group. 
 
 Gypripedium Spicerianum, one parent throughout. Flowers solitary, 
 above medium size ; upper sepal broad, folded at the mid-vein, more or 
 less bent forward at the apex and with the margin revolute at the base; 
 petals incurved, more or less undulate at the margin. 
 
 Hornianum radiosum 
 Leeanum variopictum 
 
 superbum Savageanum 
 
 polystigmaticum Seegerianum. 
 
 (8) Selligerum Group. 
 
 Cypripedium Lowii, or one of its nearest affinities (philippinense, Stonei, 
 etc.), one parent throughout. Scapes 3 — 5 or more flowered. Flowers 
 large with ciliate segments; petals narrow, elongated, more or less twisted 
 and pendulous. 
 
 calanthum Peetersianum 
 
 euryandrum pycnopterum 
 macropterum porphyrospilum 
 
 M organise selligerum. 
 
 (9) Hybrids not referable to any of the preceding groups : — 
 
 Fraseri vexillarium. 
 
 Porphyrochlamys 
 
76 CYPEIPEDIUM. 
 
 B. — Selenipedium Hybrids. 
 
 (1) Sedenii Group. 
 
 Cypripedium Schlimii participates in the parentage throughout, in most 
 cases directly, in others through C. Sedenii. Leaves strap-shaped, and 
 of a uniform grass-green. Flowers generally medium-sized and of various 
 shades of rose-pink suffused with white ; upper sepal longer than 
 broad ; lower sepal concave, larger than the upper one ; petals bearded 
 at the base, more or less twisted, sometimes elongated and pendulous, 
 albo-purpureum Sckroederae 
 
 Ainsworthii Sedenii 
 
 calurum albanense 
 
 cardinale candidulum 
 
 leucorhodum porphyreurn 
 
 Saundersianum stenophyllum. 
 
 (2) Dominianum Group. 
 
 Cypripedium caudatum one parent throughout, with (at present) one 
 exception, in which it is replaced by C. caricinum. Leaves strap-shaped, 
 of a uniform bright green. Sepals elongated, the upper one undulate, 
 acuminate, the lower one larger and concave ; petals still more elongated, 
 taking the form of pendulous ribbon-like tails. 
 
 conchiferum grande 
 
 Dominianum nitidissimum. 
 
 For convenience of reference, the descriptions of the 
 hybrids in each division are given in alphabetical order. 
 
 Eucypripedium Hybrids. 
 Cypripedium almum. 
 
 C. barbatum x C. Laivre?ieea?ium, or vice versa. 
 Upper sepal white with a vinous stain near each lateral margin, the 
 central veins alternately longer and shorter, deep green, the side veins 
 broader, deep purple ; lower sepal white, with 2 — 3 purple streaks ; petals 
 deep greenish brown, tinted with purple at the apex, and with numerous 
 small black warts at each margin ; lip deep bronzy purplish brown, the 
 infolded lobes pale green, spotted with dull purple. 
 
 Cypripedium alnium, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 512. C. Cook- 
 souianum, Hort. 
 
 Raised by Mr. Norman C. Cookson, of Oaklands, Wylam-on-Tyne. 
 
 0. Aphrodite. 
 
 C. niveum x C. Lawrenceanum. 
 Plant dwarf and compact. Leaves oval-oblong, 3 inches long, and 
 l\ inches broad, uniformly tesselated with light and dark green. Flowers 
 
CYPRIPEDTUM. 77 
 
 white spotted and stained with rose-purple, the sepals and petals with a 
 greenish stain at the base ; upper sepal orbicular ; lower sepal smaller, 
 ovate, concave ; petals slightly deflexed, broadly oblong, fringed with 
 minute blackish hairs ; lip inflated with contracted aperture. Staminode 
 pale rose with a green reticulation in the centre. 
 Cypripedhmi Aphrodite, supra. 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. This hybrid is one of the hand- 
 somest of the group in which we have placed it ; its foliage is scarcely 
 less striking than its flowers, and is the most ornamental yet seen in 
 the genus. 
 
 0. apiculatum. 
 
 C. barbatum x 0. villosum Boxalli. 
 Leaves faintly tesselated. Upper sepal light green, with broad, 
 blackish purple anastomosing veins and a whitish margin ; lower sepal 
 pale green with brown veins ; petals with a broad red-brown median 
 vein, the superior half brown-purple, the inferior half yellowish green, 
 with numerous small blackish spots ; lip yellow-brown, much paler 
 beneath. 
 
 Cypripedium apiculatum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXV. (1886), p. 617. 
 
 Raised by Mr. D. 0. Drewett, of Riding, near Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 0. Arthurianum. 
 
 C. insigne X 0. Fairieanum. 
 Upper sepal apple-green with a broad white apical margin, veins 
 brownish purple along which are numerous brown-purple spots ; lower 
 sepal paler with but few spots ; petals deflexed and recurved as in 
 Cypripedium Fairieanum, with ciliate and undulate margins, light yellow- 
 green, the veins of the superior half purplish brown, of the inferior 
 half lighter ; lip light yellow-green mottled and veined with brown. 
 Staminode buff-yellow with a bright green reticulation in the centre, 
 below which is a small glandular yellow boss. 
 
 Cypripedium Arthurianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. II. (1874), p. 676. Godefroy's 
 Orchidophile, 1887, p. 209. 
 
 The only seedling obtained from the cross was raised at our Chelsea 
 Nursery ; this was dedicated by Professor Reichenbach to the late Mr. 
 Arthur Veitch. In this hybrid the influence of the pollen parent is 
 quite subordinate ; it is seen chiefly in the depressed, recurved petals, 
 and in the staminode, which is but a slight modification of that of 
 Cypripedium insigne; in every other organ the characters of seed parent 
 entirely predominate. C. Arthurianum is, nevertheless, one of the most 
 distinct hybrid Cypripedes yet raised ; this is particularly manifest in the 
 broad upper sepal, in which the apical margin is of the purest white, 
 and the spotting of the central area most distinct ; the colour of the 
 
78 
 
 CYPR1PEDIUM. 
 
 petals too is equal to that of the best C. insigne forms, while the 
 markings of the lip are quite characteristic. 
 
 Cypripedium Arthurianum. 
 
 0. Ashburtonise. 
 
 G. barbatum x C. insigne. 
 
 Upper sepal apple-green with brown veins and with a broad white 
 
 apical margin ; lower sepal paler, sometimes with deeper green veins, 
 
 sometimes with pale brown veins ; petals with ciliolate margins, reddish 
 
 brown with brown veins, paler at the base where there are a few 
 
 blackish warts ; lip reddish brown, paler beneath. Staminode buff-yellow, 
 
 with green markings in the centre. 
 
 Cypripedium Ashburtoniie, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1871, p. 1647. Kegel's Gartenjl. 
 J879, t. 976. C. obscurum, Gard. Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 8. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 79 
 
 var . — expansum. 
 
 Upper sepal broader and nearly flat, the spots on the veins larger and 
 deeper in colour, the white apical margin prolonged more than half-way- 
 down each side. 
 
 C. Ashburtonise expansum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXII. (1884), p. 552. 
 
 var.— majus. 
 
 Plant more robust with broader leaves. Flowers much larger, the upper 
 sepal with a faint flush of vinous purple below the white apical border. 
 C. Ashburtonise majus, supra. 
 
 Sllb-vars. (distinguished by colour only). — calospilum, white, border 
 of upper sepal prolonged to the base on each side, the spots on the 
 veins more sharply defined and of a deeper colour; superbum, white 
 border of upper sepal broader and the spots within it of a bright 
 mauve-purple like those of 0. insigne Chantinii. 
 
 The original Cypripedium Ashburtonice and its variety expansum were 
 raised by the late Mr. Cross, gardener to Louisa Lady Ashburton, at 
 Melchet Court, near Romsey. The variety majus was obtained from a 
 separate cross by the late Dr. Harris of Lamberhurst, Kent, who is 
 supposed to have used C. barbatum Crossii for one parent. The two 
 sub-varieties are handsome and distinct ; the first named was raised by 
 Mr. Fraser, of Derncleugh, near Aberdeen, from the same cross as the 
 original C. Ashburtonice. In all the forms the influence of the pollen 
 parent is manifest, especially in the upper sepal, lip and staminode. 
 
 0. auroreum. 
 
 C. Lawrenceanum x C. venustum. 
 
 Upper sepal white, sometimes with a rose-purple stain near each lateral 
 margin, veins close set, alternately longer and shorter, the middle ones 
 green, the outside ones purple ; lower sepal white with pale green veins; 
 petals with 3 — 5 hairy warts at each margin and some smaller ones on 
 the mid-vein, basal portion pale green, apical portion dull red-purple ; lip 
 greenish brown, the infolded lobes buff-yellow spotted with rose. 
 Staminode with deep green central reticulations. 
 
 Cypripedium auroreum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 179. 
 
 Raised by Mr. Norman C. Cookson, of Oakwood, Wylam-on-Tyne. 
 
 0. calanthum. 
 
 C. barbatum Crossii x C. Loioii. 
 
 Upper sepal greenish brown bordered with white, veins brown ; lower 
 sepal pale green; basilar portion of petals pale green with some blackish 
 
80 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 purple spots, apical portion purplish rose ; lip with a lustrous surface, 
 purplish brown, the infolded lobes purplish. Staminode white and brown. 
 
 Cypripedium calanthum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XIV. (1880), p. 652. 
 Eaised by Seden at our nursery. 
 
 C caligare.* 
 
 C. venustum x G. Dayanum. 
 " Upper sepal whitish with green veins ; lower sepal also whitish, 
 with fewer green veins; petals with a dark purple median-vein on 
 which are a few black spots at the base, superior half purple with 
 deeper veins and some blackish warts at the margin, inferior half 
 whitish with green veins ; lip brownish, the infolded lobes spotted with 
 shining warts." 
 
 Cypripedium caligare, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. III. s. 3 (1888), p. 264. 
 Eaised by Mr. D. 0. Drewett, of Siding, Mill-on-Tyne. 
 
 0. calophyllum. 
 
 O. barbatum X C. venustum. 
 
 Upper sepal white with green veins ; lower sepal similar with the 
 veins paler ; basal portion of petals light green with a few blackish 
 warts along the brown-purple mid-vein and at each margin, apical 
 portion rose-purple ; lip brownish purple. Staminode green with some 
 deep purple spots on the front side. 
 
 Cypripedium calophyllum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XV. (1881), p. 169. 
 
 " One of the oldest artificial hybrids, having been gained at the Eoyal 
 Exotic Nursery a long time ago. Accidentally it was never described, 
 and now it comes from a second source — Mr. B. S. "Williams." Echb. 
 in Gard. Chron., loc. tit. supra. 
 
 C. Carrierei.* 
 
 C. superbiens X 0. venustum. 
 
 " Upper sepal white with green veins ; (lower sepal not described) ; 
 basal portion of petals pale green with deeper green veins and some 
 blackish warts placed chiefly along the mid-vein, apical portion purplish 
 red with a few scattered blackish warts ; lip greenish stained with 
 purple, veins deep green, the infolded lobes spotted with purple warts. 
 Staminode green." 
 
 Cypripedium Carrierei, Moniteur d'Horticulture, March 10th, 1887. 
 
 Eaised by M. Bailee at the Etabliesement de la Muette, Paris. 
 
 * Not seen by us. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 81 
 
 0. Charles Canham. 
 
 G. villosum x C. superbiens. 
 
 Leaves 6 — 9 inches long, faintly tesselated with light and dark green. 
 Flowers as large as those of G. villosum ; upper sepal whitish with a 
 dark purple mid-line, and longitudinal stripes that are hrown-purple at the 
 hase, passing into green upwards ; lower sepal whitish with green veins ; 
 petals ciliate, the mid-vein deep purple, the other veins yellow-brown, 
 with numerous dark purple spots arranged along them ; lip brown-purple 
 in front, paler beneath. Staminode nearly as in C. superbiens. 
 
 Cypripedium Charles Canham, Eolfe in Gard. Chron. II. s. 3 (1887), p. 490. 
 
 A splendid acquisition, of which Mr. Eolfe observes : " The parents 
 are both noble species, and a hybrid between them could scircely be 
 disappointing in any case, but in this one the resrdt even surpasses the 
 expectation." Although the flower of this hybrid is of the size and 
 general outline of that of Cypripedium villosum, the influence of the 
 pollen parent very decidedly predominates in the foliage, in the upper 
 sepal, and especially in the staminode which shows no appreciable 
 approach to the large and more elongated form of G. villosum. 
 
 C. chloroneurum. 
 
 Parentage doubtful ; supposed to be C. barbatum X G. venustum, or vice versa. 
 
 Upper sepal green with a white margin, the mid-vein purple, the other 
 
 veins of a deeper green than the ground colour ; lower sepal paler green 
 
 than the upper one ; petals with a broad dark purple mid-vein, the 
 
 superior half purplish brown with some blackish warts towards the 
 
 base, the inferior half green ; lip greenish brown stained with purple 
 
 in front, except the margin of the aperture, which is buff - yellow. 
 
 Staminode pale green, mottled with deep green. 
 
 Cypripedium chloroneurum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XIV. (1880), p. 525. Williams' 
 Orch. Alb. I. t. 37. 
 
 Eaised by Mr. Eobert Warner, of Broomfield, near Chelmsford. Gypri- 
 pedmm chloroneurum, G. discolor, C. Meirax, C. melanoplitlialmum, and 
 G. politum, " a batch raised some few years since," * are believed to have 
 resulted from the same cross ; they are therefore properly but varieties 
 of one type. In all of them the influence of C. venustum strikingly 
 preponderates. 
 
 0. concinnum. 
 
 v C. villosum x G. purpurcdum, or vice versa. 
 
 Upper sepal with reflexed lateral margins, central and basal area 
 purplish, apical area light green, lateral reflexed margins white, veins 
 close set, blackish purple ; lower sepal white with green veins ; petals 
 
 * Williams' Orch. Alb. I. sub. t. 36. 
 
82 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 depressed, the mid-vein deep purple, superior half purplish brown with 
 green veins, inferior half paler ; lip dull pale purple. Starninode 
 brownish with green centre. 
 
 Eaised by Mr. J. C. Bowring, of Forest Farm, near Windsor, to whom 
 the authority for the name is unknown. 
 
 0. Orossianum. 
 
 C. insigne X G. venustum. 
 
 Upper sepal light apple-green with a broad white apical margin, veins 
 deeper green with some blackish brown spots along them towards the 
 base ; lower sepal greenish white with green veins ; petals yellowish 
 brown, except the pale green base where there are some brown spots, 
 the mid vein red-brown, the other veins paler, greenish brown; lip 
 greenish brown, with distinct veinings and reticulations ; infolded lobes 
 and starninode buff-yellow. 
 
 Cypripedium Crossianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1873, p. 877. 
 
 Raised by the late Mr. Cross, gardener to Louisa Lady Ashburton, at 
 Melchet Court, near Romsey. The influence of the pollen parent is less 
 marked in this hybrid than in any of the members of the group of which it is 
 the type ; compared with them the flowers are larger, with the prevailing 
 green colour of Cypripedium venustum much subdued ; the upper sepal is 
 more rotund and scarcely acuminate, and the petals are more broadly 
 spathulate. To C. Crossianum must be referred C. amandum (Gard. 
 Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 174), which we have not seen, but which 
 has been obtained by Mr. Bowring, of Forest Farm, near Windsor, from 
 the same cross. From the published description it would seem to differ 
 but very little from C. Crossianum. 
 
 0. delicatulum.* 
 
 C. Dayanum x C. barbatum Crossii ( Warner ianum). 
 
 " Upper sepal white with green veins and with a purplish stain near 
 
 each lateral margin ; lower sepal white with green veins ; petals deflexed, 
 
 brownish purple with a deep purple mid-vein, and with some spots at the 
 
 base on the superior side of it, the other veins green ; " (lip not described). 
 
 Cypripedium delicatulum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. II. s. 3 (1887), p. 552. 
 
 Raised by Mr. D. 0. Drewett, of Riding, Mill-on-Tyne. This must be 
 near Cypripedium Swanianum raised from the same parentage, except that 
 C. barbatum Crossii (Warnerianum) was used by Mr. Drewett in the 
 place of the typical C. barbatum. 
 
 C discolor.* 
 
 Parentage doubtful ; supposed to be from the same cross as C. chloroneurum. 
 " Upper sepal pale green with alternate deep green and purple veins ; 
 
 * Not seen by us. 
 
< !yj)i ijxidiun] curyandruiu 
 
CTPRIPEDimi. 83 
 
 lower sepal pale green with darker veins ; basal portion of petals green 
 spotted with purple, apical portion pale purplish rose ; Up reddish brown 
 mottled with yellow-green. Stauiinode pale green with darker green 
 reticulations." 
 
 Cypripedium discolor, Eehb. in Gard. Chron. XVI \. (1SS2), p. 218. 
 Kaised by Mr. Eobert TTarner, of Broomfield, near Chelmsford. 
 
 0. Electra. 
 
 C. Harrisianttm x C. sp., probably C. insigne Maulei. 
 
 Upper sepal apple-green with a very broad white border, the central 
 area with blackish brown spots that are arranged in Lines along the veins, 
 and often confluent ; lower sepal pale green with a few blackish spots 
 chiefly on the mid-vein ; petals veined and reticulated with brown-purple 
 on a paler ground, and with a few small dark spots on the inferior side 
 of the mid-vein near the base ; lip brownish purple. Staminode dull 
 yellow with the characteristic tooth of C. insiyrie. 
 
 Cvpripedium Electra, Eolfe in Gard. Cnron. HE s. 3 (1888), p. 297. 
 
 Eaised by Seden, at our nursery. There is some uncertainty respecting 
 its origin ; it is probably an escape from the pot in which the seedlings 
 - of Cypripedium amadkum were raised. Although very distinct from that 
 hybrid in colour, it can only be regarded as a variety of it. 
 
 0. Euryale. 
 
 C. Lawrenceanum x C. superbiens. 
 
 Leaves handsomely tesselated. Upper sepal white with a faint flush of 
 pale purple towards the lateral margins, veins green ; lower sepal white 
 with pale green veins ; petals but slightly deflexed, green with deeper 
 veins, purplish at the tips, and with interrupted lines of blackish warts 
 along the mid-vein and both margins, the latter being hairy ; lip 
 purplish brown, greenish beneath. Staminode pale green. 
 Cypripedium Euryale, supra. 
 
 Eaised by Seden at our nursery. Cypripedium Vervaetianum (Gard. 
 Chron. III. s. 3 (1888), p. 712), raised from the same cross, is a later 
 acquisition. Our plants were distributed twelve months before the appear- 
 ance of the description quoted. 
 
 O. euryandrum. 
 
 C. barbafum x C Stonei. 
 
 Upper sepal broad, almost orbicular, centre green with deep green veins, 
 pale purple on each side of it with deep vinous purple veins, apical 
 border white; lower sepal much Mualler and paler in colour; petals yellowish 
 green with numerous blackish warts, and tinted with vinous purple 
 
84 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 towards the apex ; lip brownish purple. Staminode yellowish with green 
 markings. 
 
 Cypripedium euryandrum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. IV. (1875), p. 772. Fl. Mag. 
 
 n. s. t. 187 (New Hybrid). Van Houtte's Fl. des Serves XXII. t. 2278. Williams' 
 
 Orch. Alb. VII. t. 301. 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. Well known as one of the most 
 distinct of its race. 
 
 0. Fitchianum.* 
 
 G. HooJcerce x C. barbatum (?) 
 
 "Upper sepal greenish white streaked with lines of deep green; lower 
 sepal similar but smaller ; basal portion of petals bright green with deeper 
 green veins passing upwards into dull purplish red, and with a few 
 blackish warts ; lip yellowish green veined with deep green and suffused 
 with dull purple. Staminode greenish yellow reticulated with deep green." 
 Cypripedium Fitchianum, Williams' Orch. Alb, VIII. t. 350. 
 
 Origin not recorded. 
 
 O. Fraseri. 
 
 G. hirsutisstimum x G. barbatum, or a closely allied species. 
 Raised by Mr. Fraser, of Derncleugh, near Aberdeen, from whom we 
 acquired the only plant saved. The only flower we had was sent to 
 Professor Reichenbach, which, unfortunately, reached its destination during 
 his absence, and became too much withered before any description could 
 be taken. The name was given by the Professor, who subsequently 
 wrote for more materials, which we were unable to supply. 
 
 0. Galatea. 
 
 G. Harrisianwn X C. sp., probably G. insigne Maulei. 
 
 Central and basal area of upper sepal primrose-yellow densely spotted 
 with broAvn, the spots being generally in the direction of the veins, and 
 often confluent, particularly in the central lines, margin pure white, 
 carried right round to the base ; lower sepal pale primrose-yellow with 
 a few small spots towards the base ; petals slightly depressed, filiate at 
 the margin, and Avith a red-brown mid- vein; the superior half reddish 
 brown, the inferior half much paler, the basal portion on both sides of 
 the mid-vein spotted with purple ; lip yellow-brown with deeper veins 
 and reticulations. Staminode with the characteristic tooth of Cypripedium 
 insigne. 
 
 Cypripedium Galatea, Rolfe in Gard. Chron. III. s. 3 (1888), p. 168. 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. It is of the same origin as Cypripedium 
 Electra and C. Orestes, and was the first of the three that flowered. 
 
 * Not seen l>y us. There is evidently an error in the parentage given for this hybrid ; the 
 coloured plate iii the Orchid Albu.m. shows plainly that CypripciUiiiii. couis/uin must have been 
 one parent. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 85 
 
 O. gemmiferum. 
 
 C Hookerce x C. purpuratum. 
 
 Upper sepal white with rather close-set green veins ; lower sepal white 
 with paler green veins ; basal half of petals green, very pale on the 
 inferior side of the mid-vein, and with 7 — 10 small blackish warts at 
 the superior margin, apical half pale purple ; lip brownish purple, the 
 infolded lobes pale green spotted with dark purple. Staminode pale 
 green with deep green spots. 
 
 Cypripedium gemruiferum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XV. (1881), p. 814. 
 
 Eaised by Mr. J. C. Bowring, of Forest Farm, near Windsor. 
 
 0. G-erminyanum. 
 
 C villosum x G. hirsutissimum. 
 
 Flowers nearly as large as those of Cypripedium villosum, with all the 
 segments fringed with short Avhite hairs ; upper sepal brown bordered 
 with yellowish green, the brown area densely spotted with black ; lower 
 sepal pale yellowish green ; basal half of petals much undulated at the 
 margin, pale vinous red above the dark mid-vein, pale yellow-green 
 below it, dilated apical half pale violet-purple ; lip brown-purple in 
 front, green beneath. Staminode yellowish green. 
 
 Cypripedium Germinyanum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXV. (1886), p. 200. 
 
 Eaised by Seden at our nursery. It is dedicated to Count Adrien 
 de Germiny, of Gouville, near Eouen, the possessor of one of the finest 
 collections of orchids in France. Although we have placed it in the 
 Harrisianum group, the influence of the pollen parent is so decided that 
 some of the most obvious Cypripedium villosum characters which pre- 
 dominate throughout that group are here almost obliterated. It is an 
 exceptionally distinct hybrid. 
 
 0. Godseffianum.* 
 
 G. villosum Boxalli X C. hirsidissimum. 
 " Upper sepal light yellow toned with sepia-brown, except at the 
 margin and at the base, where there are some dark brown spots ; lower 
 sepal pale yellow with some rows of dark spots in the centre ; basal 
 portion of petals undulate at the margin, yellowish, densely spotted, 
 distal dilated portion mauve-purple ; lip pale brown, yellowish beneath. 
 Staminode yellow." 
 
 Cypripedium GodsefiBanum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. III. s. 3 (1888), p. 296. 
 Eaised by Mr. Norman C. Cookson, of Oakwood, Wylam-on-Tyne. 
 
 O. Harrisianum. 
 
 C. villosum X C barbatum. 
 
 Leaves 6 — 10 inches long, tesselated with dark and bright grass-green. 
 Upper sepal deep vinous, almost blackish purple, passing into green 
 
 * Not seen by us. 
 
86 CYPEIPEDIUM. 
 
 near the apex, margin white, veins close-set, blackish ; lower sepal pale 
 green with deep green veins ; petals with a blackish purple mid-vein, the 
 superior half brown-purple with dark purple veins, the inferior half 
 light buff-yellow with green veins ; lip pale purple with deeper veins 
 and reticulations, in front pale yellow-green with green veins beneath. 
 Staminode dull pale brown tinged with green. 
 
 Cypripedium Harrisianum, Rchb. hi Gard. Chron. 1869, p. 108. Fl. and Pomol. 
 1871, p. 56, icon. xyl. Van Houtte's Fl. des Serves, XXII. t. 2289—90. 
 
 var.— superbum. 
 
 Flowers much larger, with a more glossy surface, and with all the 
 segments more richly coloured. 
 C. Harrisianum superbum, supra. 
 
 sub-vars. (distinguished by colour only). — atropurpureum, upper sepal 
 and base of petals blackish purple, lip deep purple in front ; Bray's, 
 flowers lighter in colour, the usual blackish purple of the upper sepal 
 confined to the mid-vein and shorter veins on each side of it, the inter- 
 spaces being light green ; Daidhier's, upper sepal with central area 
 brownish, merging into green towards the base and apex, the other 
 segments of the flower paler than in the typical Cypripedium Harris- 
 ianum ; hybridum, upper sepal light yellow-green, the veins blackish for 
 two-thirds of their length from the base, the apical third bright green, 
 petals paler and the lip deeper in colour than in the type ; puipurascens, 
 the veins next the lateral margins of the upper sepal bright vinous 
 purple, the colour spreading over the inter-spaces and into the white 
 margin ; vivicans, apical area of upper sepal bright apple-green, petals of 
 a deeper colour than the type. 
 
 The original Cypripedium Harrisianum was raised by Dominy, about 
 the year 1864, at our Chelsea Nursery, where it flowered for the first 
 time in 1869. It is the first Cypripedium raised by hand, and has 
 since been obtained by several operators from the same cross. Among 
 the progenies so raised have originated many of the sub-varieties to be 
 met with in the various orchid collections of Europe. The variety 
 superbum is one of the original seedlings ; it is distinguished by its more 
 robust groAvth, larger leaves and much larger and more handsome flowers. 
 
 0. Hornianum.* 
 
 C. Spicerianum x C. saperbiens, or vice versa. 
 " Leaves tesselated. Upper sepal white with a deep purple mid-line, a 
 yellow-green blotch at the base, on which are a few lines of blackish 
 purple spots ; (colour of lower sepal not given) ; petals depressed, 
 undulate at the upper margin, light green tinged with light purple at 
 the margin, and with numerous blackish spots along the mid- vein and 
 
 * Not seen by us. 
 
Cypripedium Harrisianum. 
 
Cypripedium Harrisianum superbuni. 
 
CYPRTPEDIUM. 87 
 
 on each side of it scattered over the whole surface ; lip purplish brown. 
 Starainode with a white border and purple disc." 
 
 Cypripedium Hornianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. II. s. 3 (1887), p. 428. 
 Eaised by F. Horn, gardener to Baron Nathaniel de Eothschild, at 
 Hohe "Warte, near Vienna. 
 
 O. Io. 
 
 G. Argus x C. Lawrenceanum. 
 Upper sepal white with alternately longer and shorter veins, the 
 central ones green, the others deep purple; lower sepal white with green 
 veins; petals greenish, pale purple at the tips, and with numerous large 
 blackish warts chiefly on the basal half ; lip brownish purple, pale 
 green beneath. Staminode pale green with darker green central reticu- 
 lations and dull rose-pink border. 
 
 Cypripedium Io, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXV. (1886), p. 488. Sander's Eeichen- 
 bachia I. t. 23. 
 
 Eaisecl by Mr. Norman C. Cookson, of Oakwood, Wylam-on-Tyne. 
 
 0. javanico-superbiens. 
 
 Parentage expressed by the name. 
 
 Upper sepal pale green with deeper green veins and whitish margin ; 
 lower sepal much smaller, white with light green veins; petals green, 
 spotted with blackish warts to two -thirds of their length, the apical third 
 pale rose-purple with fewer spots ;. lip brown in front, pale green beneath, 
 the infolded lobes reddish brown. Staminode pale yellow-green with deep 
 green markings. 
 
 Cypripedium javanico-superbiens, Rev. hort. 1885, p. 476. 
 
 Eaised by M. Bleu, Secretaire general de la Societe nationale d'Horti- 
 culture de France. 
 
 0. Laforcadei. 
 
 C. barbatwm X C, insigne Ghantinii, 
 Central and basal area of upper sepal light yellow-green traversed 
 longitudinally by brown-purple veins, the broad white apical border 
 prolonged laterally to near the base ; lower sepal pale green with some 
 brown spots on the central veins; petals light purplish brown with 
 deeper veins except towards the base on the inferior side of the mid- 
 vein where they are yellow-green spotted with purple; lip reddish brown, 
 pale yellow-green beneath. Staminode buff-yellow with the characteristic 
 glandular boss of 0. insigne. 
 
 Cypripedium Laforcadei, Hort. Bauer (1884), fide Godefroy's Orchidophile, 1886, 
 p. 122. C. Bartetii, Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1886, p. 84. 
 SUb. var. — Bartefs, upper sepal with a vinous purple mid-vein, and a 
 large pale purple stain near each lateral margin; lower sepal with a 
 
88 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 white area at the apex ; the petals more distinctly suffused with purple, 
 especially towards the top. 
 
 Eaised hy M. Bauer, principal propagator at the Etablissement de la 
 Muette, Paris. Both forms are from the same seed capsule and 
 approach so closely to C. Ashburtonice that they might without any 
 impropriety be brought under it as varieties. As in that hybrid, the 
 influence of the pollen parent is very decided. 
 
 O. Lathamianum * 
 
 C. Spticerianum x C. villosum. 
 "Upper sepal white with a dark purple mid-line, green at the base 
 with a few lines ; lower sepal greenish ; petals with a dark mid-line and 
 with brown margins that are undulate near the apex, superior half light 
 ochre-yellow at the base, brownish at the apex, inferior half greenish 
 yellow ; lip as in Cypripedium villosum, but paler. Staminode also as 
 in C. villosum." 
 
 Cypripedium Lathamianum, Echb. in Gard. Chron. III. s. 3 (1888), p. 360. 
 
 Eaised by Mr. W. B. Latham, Curator of the Botanic Garden, 
 Birmingham. 
 
 O. Leeanum. 
 
 G. insigne x G. Spicerianum. 
 Upper sepal white with an apple-green blotch at the base, the central 
 area traversed by longitudinal lines of spots that are mauve-purple in 
 the white area and brown in the green blotch ; lower sepal pale apple- 
 green ; petals greenish yellow with brown-purple veins ; lip yellowish 
 brown Avith deeper veins, the infolded lobes and inner surface opposite 
 the aperture buff-yelloAV, the latter spotted with purple. Staminode dull 
 buff-yelloAv with an orange-yellow glandular boss. 
 
 Cypripedium Leeanum, Veitch and Gard. Chron. XXI. (1884), p. 50. 
 
 var. — superbum. 
 
 G. insigne Maulei x G. Spicerianum. 
 
 Differs from Cypripedium Leeanum chiefly in the upper sepal being 
 
 broader, AAdth a larger area of pure white and the spots within it of a 
 
 brighter purple ; the lower sepal is also spotted at the base. 
 
 C. Leeanum superbum, Veitch. Gard. Chron. XXIII. (1885), p. 277. Godefroy's 
 Orchidophilc, 1885, p. 240. Echb. in Gard. Chron. XXV. (1886), p. 168. Williams' 
 Orch. Alb. V. t. 223 (Leeanum). 
 
 The second of the two forms was raised first by Seden at our nursery. 
 The hybrid hoat knoAvn as Cypripedium Leeanum Avas raised in the 
 collection of Sir Trevor LaAvrence, Bart, at Burford Lodge, Dorking, and 
 floAvered for the first time some time after the first fiWering of 
 
 * Not seen by us. 
 
CTPEIPEDIUM. 
 
 89 
 
 Seden's acquisition, which being as great an improvement on the Burford 
 Lodge hybrid as the variety Maulei is on the typical C. insigne, 
 
 Cypripediuin Leeanum superbum. 
 
 received the name of superbum. In both forms the influence of the 
 pollen parent is very decided. 
 
90 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 C macropterum. 
 
 C. Lovrii X C. mperbiens. 
 Leaves about 9 inches long and 2 inches broad, uniformly tesselated 
 with dark and bright grass-green. Upper sepal light green passing into 
 white at the margin, veins brown at the base passing into green 
 upwards ; lower sepal pale green ; petals 3 — 4 inches long, depressed 
 and undulate, the narrower basal half pale yellow freely spotted with 
 blackish purple, the dilated apical half light violet-purple ; lip pale 
 yellowish brown. Staminode green in the centre passing into livid 
 purple at the margin. 
 
 Cypripedium macropterum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XVIII (1882), p. 522. Id. XX. 
 (1883), p. 294. 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. It is one of the comparatively few 
 hybrid Cypripedes in which the characteristics of the seed parent pre- 
 dominate in the flower, and those of the pollen parent in the foliage ; 
 the influence of Cypripedium superbiens is seen only in the spotting 
 on the basal half of the petals and in the large helmet-shaped lip and 
 in the staminode. 
 
 C. Madame Van Houtte. 
 
 Parentage doubtful; probably Cypripedium niveum and one of the species 
 
 of the C. venustum group (C. barbatum, &c). 
 
 Upper sepal folded at the mid-vein, pale vinous purple with a broad 
 white margin and yellow-green veins; lower sepal milk-white with bright 
 green veins ; petals light vinous purple, paler on each side of the deep 
 purple mid-veins, the other veins yellowish green ; lip dull rose-purple, 
 the infolded lobes ivory-white. Staminode ivory-white tinted with rose 
 and with a yellow stain in the centre. 
 Cypripedium Madame Van Houtte, supra.* 
 
 Supposed to have originated in the horticultural establishment of M. 
 Louis Van Houtte at Ghent ; but although so little is known of its 
 origin, it is far too distinct and handsome to be omitted from these 
 pages. The only plant raised has been acquired by M. Hye Leysen, of 
 that city, the possessor of one of the choicest collections of Cypripedes 
 in Belgium. 
 
 0. marinorophyllum. 
 
 G. HooJc&roB X G. barbatum . 
 
 Leaves handsomely tesselated with dark and light greyish green, the 
 
 latter predominating. Upper sepal green passing into white at the 
 
 margin, and with a pale purple stain on each side of the mid-vein 
 
 which is dark purple, the other veins dark green ; lower sepal pale 
 
 * We are not aware of the name having been previously published. Our Belgian informant 
 who brought the flower from which the above description was taken, believed it was the 
 intention of the owner of the plant to give it the name under which it is described above. 
 
CYPE1PEDIUM. 91 
 
 green ; petals with a dark purple mid-vein, vinous purple except on 
 the inferior side from the base to beyond the middle, which is light 
 green with deeper veins ; lip brownish purple, dull green beneath. 
 Staminode dull purple, paler at the margins, whitish in the centre. 
 Cypripedium marmorophyllum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. V. (1876), p. 130. 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. The influence of the pollen parent 
 preponderates in the flower, while that of the seed parent is most decided 
 in the foliage. 
 
 0. Marshallianum. 
 
 C. venustam pardinum x C. concolor. 
 
 Leaves 5 — 6 inches long and 1| — 2| inches broad, mottled with 
 blackish green on a light green ground. Upper sepal white tinted with 
 pale rose-purple and densely spotted with purple, the spots chiefly 
 aggregated along the veins ; lower sepal wholly concealed by the lip, 
 cream- white spotted with purple ; petals coloured like the upper sepal 
 with the rose-purple more diffuse and of a deeper shade, the spots 
 somewhat longer ; lip pale yellow-green, much spotted with purple around 
 the aperture. Staminode pale yellow with a light purple stain in the 
 centre. 
 
 Cypripedium Marshallianum, Rent), in Gard. Chron. IV. (1875), p. 804. 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. The influence of the pollen parent 
 is very marked in the form of the floral segments. 
 
 C Measuresianum. 
 
 C. villosum x C. venustum, or vice versa. 
 Leaves bright green above, much spotted with dull purple beneath. 
 Upper sepal bright yellow-green with a narrow white margin, the 
 central veins blackish brown, confluent at the base, and forming a large 
 blackish brown blotch there ; lower sepal pale green, with bright green 
 veins ; median vein of petals • brown-purple, the superior half ' orange- 
 brown with brown veins, inferior half paler with green ; lip yellowish, 
 with red-brown veins and green reticulations. Staminode orange-brown 
 with a greenish stain in the centre. 
 
 Cypripedium Measuresianum, Williams' Orch. Alb. VTI. t. 304 (1888). 
 Origin not recorded. It is dedicated to Mr. R. H. Measures, of The 
 Woodlands, Streatham, whose collection of Cypripedes is one of the 
 most complete known. To this form must be referred Cypripedium 
 Amesianum (Williams' Orch. Alb. VIII. t. 340), said to have been raised 
 from the same cross. 
 
 O. Meirax. 
 
 Parentage doubtful ; supposed to be of the same origin as Cypripedium 
 chloroneurum. 
 
92 CYPEIPEDIUM. 
 
 Upper sepal white with the central veins green and the ontside ones 
 vinous purple ; lower sepal white with green veins ; petals brown- 
 purple, green at the base ; lip brown-purple around the aperture, green 
 beneath. Staminode green and pale purple. 
 
 Cypripedium Meirax, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XIV. (1880), p. 524. Williams' 
 Orch. Alb. II. t. 95. 
 
 Eaised by Mr. Eobert Warner, of Broomfield, Chelmsford. 
 
 O melanophthalmum. 
 
 Parentage doubtful ; supposed to be of the same origin as the preceding. 
 Upper sepal whitish stained with purple at the base, veins green ; 
 lower sepal whitish with green veins ; petals with a deep purple mid- 
 vein, the superior half dull purple with some blackish warts along the 
 margin, inferior half pale green stained with pale purple towards the 
 apex ; lip reddish purple tinged with green, pale green beneath. Stami- 
 node green and pale purple. 
 
 Cypripedium melanophthalmum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XIV. (1880), p. 525. 
 Williams' Orch. Alb. Ill, t. 109. 
 
 Eaised by Mr. Eobert Warner. 
 
 0. microchilum. 
 
 G. niveum x G Drurii. 
 
 Plant dwarf and compact. Leaves narrow, 3 — 5 inches long, hand- 
 somely tesselated. Upper sepal white with a deep purple median stripe 
 and with some purple spots in the centre and towards the base, chiefly 
 along the pale green veins ; lower sepal greenish white ; petals white 
 with a deep purple median stripe and some purple spots on the basal 
 half ; lip small and compressed, white with pale yellow-green veins. 
 Staminode with a large yellow central blotch. 
 
 Cypripedium microchilum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XVII. (1882), p. 77. 
 
 Eaised by Seden at our nursery. A very distinct hybrid well-nigh 
 intermediate between the two parents. 
 
 C. Morganise. 
 
 G. superbiens X G. Stonei. 
 
 Plant more robust than either parent. Leaves broadly strap-shaped, 
 7 — 12 inches long, faintly tesselated. Upper sepal white, sometimes 
 with a flush of pale rose towards the lateral margins, with 7 — 10 deep 
 purple veins alternated with light yellow-green thinner veins; lower 
 sepal similar but smaller, and with fewer purple veins ; petals 5 — 
 6 inches long, pale yellow spotted with blackish purple warts that are 
 larger and more aggregated towards the tips ; lip pale rose-purple with 
 deeper veins and reticulations, the infolded lobes yellowish white with a 
 few purple spots along the margin. Staminode yellowish white. 
 
 Cypripedium Morganiffl (lapsw calami Morganianum), Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XIV. 
 
 (1880), p. 134. Williams' Orch. Alb. VII. t. 313. Gard. Chron. XXVI. (1886), 
 
 p. 241, icon. xyl. 
 
Cypripedium Morganise. 
 
" 
 
 Cypripedium Mrs Canham. 
 
Cypripedium cenanthuia superbum. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 93 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. Without doubt the facile princeps 
 of the group in which we have placed it, to which it stands in pretty 
 much the same relation- as Cypripedium Stonei platytcenium does to the 
 normal C. Stonei, the pollen parent, from which its most striking charac- 
 teristics have been derived. It was dedicated to the late Mrs. Morgan, 
 of New York, an ardent amateur of orchids. 
 
 0. Mrs. Canham. 
 
 C superbiens X C. villosum. 
 
 Leaves 6 — 9 inches long, faintly tesselated. Flowers among the 
 largest in the group of Cypripedium villosum hybrids ; upper sepal 
 brownish purple at the base passing into pale green upwards, and with 
 a broad white margin, veins deep brown-purple at the base passing into 
 green upwards ; lower sepal white with green veins ; petals deflexed, 
 ciliate and undulate at the margins, mid-vein blackish purple, the 
 superior half brownish rose-purple with green veins, inferior half paler ; 
 lip yellowish brown with brown venation. Staminode nearly as in C. 
 superbiens. 
 
 Cypripedium Mrs. Canham, Rolfe in Gard. Chron. II. s. 3 (1887), p. 746. 
 
 Acquired by us from the same source as Cypripedium CJmrles 
 Canham, and obtained from the inverted cross. The two differ chiefly 
 through the influence of the pollen parent preponderating in each, so 
 that while in the first-named hybrid some of the more salient charac- 
 teristics of C. supjerbiens are conspicuous, in the present subject the 
 general aspect of C. villosum predominates. 
 
 C. nitens. 
 
 C. villosum X C insigne Maulei. 
 
 Upper sepal apple-green with a broad white margin, and traversed by 
 longitudinal lines of spots that are large and blackish on the green area, 
 and small and purple within the white margin; lower sepal pale green 
 with but few spots; petals ochreous yellow with reddish brown venation; 
 lip yellow-green shaded with brown. Staminode pale buff-yellow with a 
 bright yellow tubercle near the centre. 
 
 Cypripedium nitens, Rckb. in Gard. Chron. IX. (1878), p. 398. 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. The characteristics of the pollen 
 parent preponderate considerably, but the flower has the highly lustrous 
 surface of Cypripedium villosum, which suggested the name nitens, 
 " shining." 
 
 0. oenanthum. 
 
 C. Harrisianum x C. insigne Maulei. 
 Upper sepal white with green veins, along which are numerous purple 
 spots that are sometimes confluent, the broad apical border pure white ; 
 
94 CYPETPBDIUM. 
 
 lower sepal white with light green veins, the central ones with a few 
 small purple spots ; petals deflexed, vinous purple with green veins, 
 paler at the apex, the mid-vein deep purple ; lip dark vinous purple. 
 Cypripedium cenanthum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. "V. (1876), p. 297. 
 
 var. — superbum . 
 
 Flowers larger, brighter and more varied in colour ; upper sepal deep 
 claret-red with broad lines of blackish purple spots along the veins, 
 which, where they enter the broad white margin, are mauve-purple ; 
 petals shaded with yellow-brown. 
 
 C. cenanthum superbum, Veiich, Catal. 1885, p. 11. Sander's RtichenbacMa, I. 
 
 t. 38. 
 
 Both forms raised by Seden at our nursery. Cypripedium oenanthum 
 was the first hybrid Cypripede to flower of which one of the parents is 
 itself a hybrid; the results obtained by crossing a hybrid with a pure 
 species, or vice versa, show a variability in colour and in a less degree 
 in form, rarely observable in hybrids raised from pure species, which 
 are, as a rule, remarkably constant. The variety superbum is one of 
 the handsomest of Cypripedes ; we know of no other that presents such 
 a remarkable combination of colours in its flowers. 
 
 0. Orestes. 
 
 G. Harrisianum X C. sp., probably G. insigne Maulei. 
 Upper sepal pale apple-green, with a broad white border and large 
 red-brown spots along the veins ; lower sepal pale green ; petals brownish 
 purple with a darker mid-vein, pale yellow green at the base ; lip 
 bright vinous purple shaded with brown. Staminode yellowish. 
 Cypripedium Orestes, supra. 
 
 Eaised by Seden at our nursery. It is probably an escape from the 
 pot in which the seeds that produced GypHpedium oenanthum were 
 sown, which would make it strictly but a variety of that hybrid, from 
 which it is clearly distinct in the colour of its flowers. 
 
 0. orphanum. 
 
 G. barbatum or allied sp. X G. Drurii. 
 
 Upper sepal white tinted with pale purple towards the margin, Avith 
 a broad deep purple median band, and with 3 — 4 green veins on each 
 side of it ; lower sepal whitish with green veins ; petals white with a 
 deep purple median line and two green veins on each side of it, margins 
 pale purple ; lip brownish purple mottled with vinous purple. Stami- 
 node brownish purple. 
 
 Cypripedium orphanum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXVI. (1886), p. 166. 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. It is one of the most distinct of 
 the group in which we have placed it. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 95 
 
 0- pavoninum.* 
 
 G. villosum Boxalli X G. venudum. 
 
 " Upper sepal pale green bordered with white and with some sepia 
 brown blotches at the base, veins sepia-brown ; lower sepal whitish 
 with a few brown spots in two rows ; petals with a brown median vein, 
 the superior part brown tinted with purple, the central area pale yellow- 
 brown spotted with brown, the inferior part similar but paler and with 
 fewer spots ; lip nearly that of Cypripedium venushim, pale yellowish 
 brown beneath. Staminode brownish yellow with green nervation." 
 Cypripedium pavomnum, Rchb. in Gard. Cliron. III. s. 3 (1888), p. 264. 
 
 Raised by Mr. D. 0. Drewett, of Eiding, Mill-on-Tyne. 
 
 0. Peetersianum.* 
 
 G. philippinense X C. barbatum. 
 " Upper sepal white with brown-purple (dahlia-carmine 1) veins ; lower 
 sepal similar but smaller ; petals whitish with rows of purple spots at 
 the base, the remainder brown-purple (dahlia-carmine) ; lip reddish 
 brown above, yellowish green (ochre 1 ?) beneath." 
 
 Cypripedium Peetersianum, Rchb. in Gard. Cbron. IIL s. 3 (1888), p. 331. 
 Origin not recorded. Named in compliment to M. Peeters, of St. 
 Gilles, Brussels. 
 
 0. pleistochlorum. 
 
 C. barbatum X C. javanicum virens. 
 Upper sepal whitish with a faint flush of pale purple near each lateral 
 margin, central veins green, the outside ones purple ; lower sepal white 
 with green veins ; basal half of petals dull green, distal half brown- 
 purple with green veins ; lip deep brown-purple. Staminode pale green 
 with dark green venation. 
 
 Cypripedium pleistochlorum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. II. s. 3 (1887), p. 552. 
 Raised by Mr. D. 0. Drewett, of Riding, Mill-on-Tyne. 
 
 0. plunerum. 
 
 Parentage doubtful; supposed to be G villosum x G. venustum. 
 Upper sepal whitish with deep green veins ; lower sepal white with 
 fewer veins ; petals green at the base, mid-vein blackish, the superior 
 half purplish brown with green veins and 6 — 7 blackish warts at the 
 margin, the inferior half paler; lip dull yellowish purple. Staminode 
 green. 
 
 Cypripedium plunerum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. I. s. 3 (1887), p. 40. 
 Raised by Mr. Norman C. Cookson, of Oakfield, Wylam-on-Tyne. 
 
 * Not seen by us. 
 
96 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 O. politum. 
 
 Parentage doubtful; supposed to be of the same origin as Cypripedium 
 chloroneurum, etc. 
 
 Leaves 5 — 7 inches long, with curious blackish green hieroglyphic 
 markings above, spotted and stained with dull purple beneath. Upper 
 sepal white with the basal area spotted with dark purple, the mid-vein 
 blackish purple, the alternately longer and shorter veins on each 
 side of it dark green ; lower sepal white with green veins ; basal half 
 of petals pale green spotted with blackish warts, apical half dull 
 purple ; lip purplish brown with darker venation, the infolded lobes 
 pale green spotted with purple. Staminode greenish with a pale rose- 
 colour stain. 
 
 Cypripedium politum, Rchb. iu Gard. Chron. XIV. (1830), p. 525. Williams' 
 Orch. Alb. I. t. 36. 
 
 Raised by Mr. Eobert Warner, of Broomfield, Chelmsford. 
 
 0. polystigmaticum.* 
 
 C. venustum 1 X G Spicerianum. 
 
 " Upper sepal as in Cypripedium Spicerianum, nerves broad with 
 ramifications of purple ; lower sepal white with a lightish ochre base, 
 and with lines of brownish purple spots ; petals green at the base with 
 numerous small blackish spots, light reddish brown from the middle to 
 the apex, centre vein brownish purple ; lip light brownish purple with 
 an ochre shade on the inferior median area. Staminode light purple, 
 with some green in the centre." 
 
 Cypripedium polystigmaticum, Rchb. iu Gard. Chron. IV. s. 3 (1888), p. 407. 
 
 Raised by Mr. R. H. Measures, of the Woodlands, Streatham. 
 
 0. Porphyrochlamis. 
 
 C. barbatum Crossii X C. lursutissimum. 
 Leaves faintly tesselatecl. Flowers large ; upper sepal deep purplish 
 crimson with blackish veins and white margin ; lower sepal much paler ', 
 petals yelloAvish green at the base, dotted with minute blackish warts, 
 glossy violet-purple at the apex ; lip brownish purple in front, greenish 
 beneath. Staminode brownish purple. 
 
 Cypripedium Porphyrochlamis, Rchb. iu Gard. Chron. XXI. (1884), p. 476. 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. 
 
 0. pycnopterum. 
 
 G. venustum X G. Lowii. 
 
 Upper sepal light green, lower sepal paler ; petals green at the base 
 where there are some brown warty blotches, the dilated apical portion 
 pale purple ; lip brownish olive-green. Staminode brownish green with 
 deeper green reticulations in the centre. 
 
 Cypripedium pycuopterum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. V. (1876), p. 622. 
 
 * Not seen by us. 
 
( Jypripediuua selligerum. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 97 
 
 var. — porphyrospilum 
 
 Flowers larger ; sepals whitish with green veins : petals more brightly 
 coloured ; infolded lobes of lip yellowish with a few brownish warts. 
 
 C. pycnopterum porphyrospilum, supra.* C. porphyrospilum, Rchb. in Gard. 
 Chron. XII. (1879), p. 489. 
 
 Eaised by Seden at our nursery. As both forms were raised from 
 seeds of the same capsule, the second can only be regarded as a variety 
 of the first which it surpasses in size of flower and depth of colour 
 In both forms the influence of the pollen parent greatly preponderates. 
 
 0. radiosum. 
 
 C. Lawrenceanam X C. Spicerianum. 
 Leaves tesselated. Upper sepal nearly as in Gypripedium Spicerianum, 
 white with a green blotch at the base, with purple veins and a deep 
 purple stripe at the fold ; lower sepal pale green ; petals slightly 
 deflexed, slightly undulate and ciliate at the margin, green with brown 
 veins \ lip greenish brown, paler beneath. Staminode purplish, paler at 
 the margin. 
 
 Cypripedium radiosum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXIV. (1885), p. 424. 
 
 Eaised by Seden at our nursery. 
 
 0. Sallierii. 
 
 G. villosum x G. insigne. 
 
 Upper sepal apple-green with a white border prolonged almost to the 
 base, veins deeper green along which are numerous blackish brown 
 spots ; lower sepal pale grem with few, or without spots ; petals with a 
 brown-purple mid-vein, the superior half brownish purple, the inferior 
 • half yellow-green; lip yellowish brown, the infolded lobes buff-yellow, as 
 is the staminode, which has the characteristic tooth of both parents. 
 
 Cypripedium Sallierii, Godefroy fide E. Bergman in Rev. Hort. 1885, p. 476. 
 Godefroy's Orchidophile, 1887, p. 33. 
 
 A hybrid that appeared in the collection of Madame Fould at the 
 Chateau du Val, near St. Germain, in France, but by whom raised is 
 unknown. A hybrid from the same cross and identical with it, has 
 been since raised by Mr. J. C. Bowring, of the Forest Farm, near 
 Windsor. It is named in compliment to M. Sallier, Madame Fould's 
 gardener. 
 
 O. selligerum. 
 
 C. barbatum X G. philippinense. 
 Upper sepal white with a green stain at the base and with alter- 
 nately longer and shorter deep purple veins ; lower sepal white with 
 
 * See page 72, foot note. 
 
98 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 paler purple veins ; petals 3 — 4 inches long, greenish at the base with 
 some blackish warts chiefly along the superior margin, the remainder 
 rose-purple, paler at the tips ; lip brownish purple with darker venation. 
 Staminode green, studded with short purple hairs. 
 
 Cypripedium selligerum, Rchb. in lit. Veitch Catalogue, 1878, p. 13, icon. xyl. 
 Gard. Chron. XIII. (1880), p. 776. Williams' Orch. Alb. VI. t. 255. 
 
 var.— majus. 
 
 Plant more robust. Flowers larger in all their parts, and more 
 brightly and richly coloured. 
 C. selligeruui majus, Veitch. 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. The variety majus is one of the 
 most stately Cypripedes in cultivation. 
 
 0. super ciliare. 
 
 C barbatuni X 0. superMens. 
 Upper sepal white stained with vinous purple, and having alternately 
 longer and shorter dark green veins ; lower sepal white with paler green 
 veins ; petals pale rose-purple along the middle and at the tips, the 
 remaining area pale green studded with blackish warts ; lip brownish 
 purple. Staminode pale green mottled with dark green. 
 
 Cypripedium superciliare, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. V. (1876), p. 795. 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. The flowers of this and the 
 following hybrid are among the largest in the grouji in which we have 
 placed them. 
 
 C Swanianum. 
 
 C. Daijamint X 0. barbatuni. 
 Upper sepal white with alternately longer and shorter veins, the 
 middle ones green, the outside ones vinous purple ; lower sepal white 
 with green veins ; petals sometimes without warts, sometimes with a 
 few small ones along the superior margin, basal portion green or 
 brownish green, apical portion pale purple ; lip brownish purple, the 
 infolded lobes paler and densely spotted with purplish warts. Staminode 
 green . 
 
 Cypripedium Swanianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. VI. (,1876), p. 36. 
 
 Raised by W illiam Swan, then gardener to the late Mr. W. Leech, 
 of Oakley, Fallow-field, Manchester. 
 
 0. Tautzianum. 
 
 C. niveum x 0. barbatuni. 
 Leaves handsomely tesselated. Flowers among the largest in the group 
 in which we have placed it and distinguished by the predominance of 
 a rich vinous purple in all the segments, with some white interspaces 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 99 
 
 and white margins ; central area of upper sepal tinted with pale green, 
 the mid-vein dark purple with 2 — 3 green veins on each side of it, 
 the outside veins dark purple; petals fringed with blackish hairs and 
 with the veins of a deeper purple than the ground colour ; lip dark 
 purple, the infolded lobes warty. 
 
 Cypripedium Tautzianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXVI. (1886), p. 681. 
 
 Raised by Seclen at our nursery. This fine hybrid is appropriately 
 dedicated to Mr. F. G. Tautz, of Studley House, Hammersmith, the 
 possessor of one of the most complete collections of Cypripedes yet 
 brought together. 
 
 0. tesselatum porphyreum. 
 
 C. Goncolor X C. barbatum. 
 Scapes 2 — 3 flowered. All the floral segments of a pale buff-yellow 
 much stained with rose-purple, the purple greatly preponderating ; veins 
 of upper sepal deep vinous purple, those of the lower sepal paler, the 
 veins of the petals with numerous blackish purple spots towards the base ; 
 lip deeper in colour in front than the other segments, pale green beneath, 
 the infolded lobes spotted with purple. Staminode pale greenish yellow. 
 
 Cypripedium tesselatum porphyreum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XV. (1881), p. 41. 
 Id. XX. (1883), p. 492. 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. The coloration of this beautiful 
 hybrid is unique ; the rose-purple is of a peculiarly distinct shade not 
 seen in any other Cypripede known to us. 
 
 0. Thibautianum. 
 
 C. Harrisianuin X C. insigne Maulei. 
 
 Upper sepal apple-green with a broad pure white margin and with 
 blackish brown spots along the veins, those on the central veins more 
 or less confluent ; lower sepal light green with a few blackish spots 
 towards the base ; petals red-brown passing to tawny yellow at the 
 margins ; lip red-brown, paler beneath. Staminode buff-yellow. 
 Cypripedium Thibautianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXV. (1886), p. 104. 
 
 Raised by Seden from the same cross as Cypripedium oenanthum, 
 and therefore but a variety of that hybrid, but c|uite distinct from it in 
 colour. It is dedicated to M. Thibaut, the well-known nurseryman at 
 Sceaux, near Paris. 
 
 0. vernixium. 
 
 C. Argus X C. villosum. 
 Leaves tesselated. Flowers large with a glossy varnished surface ; 
 upper sepal green with narrow white margin, the veins blackish and the 
 central and basilar area spotted with blackish purple ; lower sepal pale 
 
100 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 green with darker green veins ; petals de-flexed, yellowish brown toned 
 with purple and spotted with blackish warts towards the base ; lip 
 brownish green. Staminode yellowish green, with green reticulations. 
 Cypripedium vernixium, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XL (1879), p. 398. 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. 
 
 0. vexillarium. 
 
 G. barbatum X C. Fairieanum. 
 
 Plant of dwarf habit with tesselated leaves. Upper sepal vinous 
 purple with dark purple veins, except at the base, where they are grass- 
 green with the interspaces white ; lower sepal white with a faint flush 
 of vinous purple, the veins green ; petals deflexed and recurved as in 
 Gypripedium Fairieanum, undulate and ciliate at the margins, the 
 superior half green with purple margin, the inferior half white with 
 purple margin, veins green ; lip brownish red, paler beneath, the infolded 
 lobes pale green spotted with purple warts. Staminode pale brownish 
 green. 
 
 Cypripedium vexillarium, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1870, p. 1373. 
 
 Raised by Dominy at our nursery. The influence of the pollen parent, 
 itself one of the most beautiful of Cypripedes, so strikingly prepon- 
 derates in this hybrid that it is scarcely less admired than its 
 progenitor. 
 
 0. Williamsianum. 
 
 Parentage doubtful ; probably G. villomm X with one of the C. venustum, 
 
 G. barbatum, etc., group. 
 
 Leaves faintly tesselated. Middle area of upper sepal blackish brown, 
 the mid-vein purple, the other veins green, margin white ; lower sepal 
 whitish with green veins ; petals with a dark brown mid-vein, the 
 superior half light brownish purple with green veins, the inferior half 
 much paler ; lip as in Gypripedium viUosum, brownish yellow toned with 
 purple, greenish yelloAV beneath. 
 
 Cypripedium Williamsianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XVII. (1882), p. 218. 
 
 Raised by Mr. Robert Warner, of Broomfield, Chelmsford, and dedi- 
 cated to Mr. B. 6. Williams, of Holloway. 
 
 C. "Winnianum. 
 
 G. villomm x G. Drurii. 
 Upper sepal green margined with white, and with a broad blackish 
 purple mid-line, on each side of which is a brownish stain ; lower sepal 
 yellow-green ; petals incurved, yellow-brown with a dark purple mid- 
 line ; lip yellow-brown, paler beneath. Staminode pale yellow, with the 
 characteristic boss of Cypriprrflum rilloxum. 
 
 Qypripedium Winnianum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXV. (1886),' p. 362. 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery, and dedicated to Mr. Charles Winn, 
 of Selly Hill, Birmingham. 
 
Cypripedium vexillarium. 
 
CYPRIPBDIUM. 
 
 101 
 
 Selenipedtum Hybrids. 
 
 Oypripedium Ainsworthii. 
 
 C. longifoJmm Hartioegii (Eoezlii) x O. Sedenii. 
 Upper and lower sepal ivory-white flushed with pale rose and with 
 pale rose and yellow-green veins ; petals with a yellow-green mid-vein, 
 
 Cypripedium albo-purpureum. 
 
 on each side of which is an ivory-white band extending from the base 
 to two-thirds of the length, the margins and apical area rose-pink ; lip 
 
102 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 deep rose-pink, the infolded lobes ivory-white spotted with rose-purple. 
 Staminode greenish white fringed with purple hairs on the basal side. 
 Cypripedium Ainsworthii, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XI. (1879), p. 748. 
 
 var. — calurum. 
 
 C. Icmgifolium x G. Sedenii. 
 Differs in no essential character from the above The leaves some- 
 Avhat shorter and the petals a little narrower at the base. 
 
 C. Ainsworthii calurum, supra. C. calurum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XV. (1881), 
 p. 41. Fl. and Pomol. 1884, p. 145, t. 619. Williams' Orch. Alb. III. t. 136. 
 
 Cypripedium Ainsworthii was raised by Mitchell, gardener to Dr. 
 Ainsworth, Cliff Point, Broughton, Manchester ; the variety calurum 
 was raised by Seden at our nursery. With these forms may perhaps 
 be bracketed G. Lemoinierianum, Gard. Chron. III. s. 3 (1888), p 712. 
 
 0. albo-purpureum. 
 
 G. Schlimii X C. Dominii. 
 Both sepals ivory-white tinted with pale rose at the margins, veins 
 yellow-green ; petals 5 inches long, pendulous, twisted, pale rose-pink ; 
 lip rose-carmine with darker venation, the infolded lobes ivory-white 
 spotted with dark rose-pink. Staminode white fringed with purple 
 hairs. 
 
 Cypripedium albo-purpureum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. VIII. (1877), p. 38. 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. A very distinct hybrid, in which 
 the influence of the pollen parent greatly predominates in the form of 
 the floral segments, while that of the seed parent is seen chiefly in 
 their colour. 
 
 C. cardinale. 
 
 G. Sedenii x G. Schlimii albifforum. 
 Upper sepal ivory-white, sometimes with a faint flush of pale rose 
 near the margins ; lower sepal whitish (concealed by the lip) ; petals 
 white tinted with pale rose at the base ami along the margins ; lip 
 deep rose-carmine, the infolded lobes banded alternately with rose and 
 white. Staminode white with a rose-purple spot near the front margin. 
 Cypripedium cardinale, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XVIII. (1S82), p. 488. The Garden, 
 XXVII. (1885), p. 520, t. 495. 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. The richly coloured lip in contrast 
 to the almost pure white sepals and petals, and the elegant form of the 
 flower, render this hybrid one of the most attractive in the group to 
 which it belongs. 
 
 0. conchiferum. 
 
 G. caririn/nii x C. Icmgifolium Hartwegii (Roi<zlii). 
 Upper sepals white with yellow-green veins; lower sepal much broader, 
 
( Jypripedmm Dominiamim. 
 
CYPKIPEDIDM. 
 
 103 
 
 whitish with pale brownish red veins; petals sub-pendulous, 4 — 5 inches 
 long, pale rose-pink with white margins, yellowish green at the base 
 and along the median vein to about half the length: lip light yellow- 
 green, the infolded lobes paler and spotted with rose-pink and green. 
 Staminode fringed with blackish hairs at the back. 
 
 Cypripediuni conchiferum, Rclib. in Gard. Chron. XV. (1881), p. 330. 
 Eaised by Mr. J. C. Bowring, of Forest Farm, near Windsor. 
 
 Cypripedium cardinale. 
 
 C. Dominianum. 
 
 C. caritinum X C. caudatum. 
 
 Upper sepal white with pale buff-yellow veins ; lower sepal similar 
 
 with paler veins; petals pendulous, 7 — 8 or more inches long, pale 
 
 yellow with green veins at the base, the remainder dull rose-pink ; lip 
 
 yellowish green with brown venation, the infolded lobes pale yellow 
 
104 CYPR1PEDIUM. 
 
 spotted with deep rose. Staminode greenish, fringed at the hack with 
 blackish hairs. 
 
 Cypripediuin Dominiaimni, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. 1870, p. 1181. Floral Mag. 
 t. 499. 
 
 Raised by Dominy at our nursery. This was the first hybrid raised 
 among the Selenipedia, and is still one of the most admired of the 
 group in which we have placed it. 
 
 0. grande. 
 
 0. longifoliuru Harhvegii (Roezlii) X G. caudatum. 
 
 Flowers the largest of the Selenipedium hybrids ; upper sepal yellowish 
 Avhite with yellow-green veins ; lower sepal similar but with paler 
 veins; petals 12 — 15 or more inches long, rose-pink, except the broader 
 basilar portion which is yellowish with green veins ; lip greenish yellow 
 toned with brown, paler beneath, the infolded lobes ivory-white spotted 
 with deep rose. Staminode pale yellow, fringed with blackish hairs at 
 the back. 
 
 Cypripediuin grande, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XV. (1881), p. 462. Id. XVIII. 
 
 (1882), p. 488. 
 
 Raised by Seclen at our nursery. This is the most robust Cypri- 
 pediuin known ; the sword-shaped leaves are 24 — 30 inches long ; the 
 flower scapes frequently exceed a yard in height, and the flowers measure 
 7 — 8 inches across the sepals from tip to tip. 
 
 0. leucorhodum. 
 
 C. longifolluni Hartwegii (Roezlii) X C. Schlimii albiflorum. 
 
 Upper sepal white tinted with pale rose on the basal area ; lower 
 sepal wholly white ; petals spreading, white at the base and on each 
 side of the median vein, pale rose at the margins and apex ; lip pale 
 rose-pink suffused with white, the infolded lobes ivory-white. Stami- 
 node ivory-white, fringed with purple hairs at the back. 
 
 Cypripedium leucorhodum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. XXIII. (1885), p. 270. 
 
 Raised by Seclen at our nursery. The influence of the pollen parent 
 preponderates in the foliage, sepals, and lip, also in the colour of the 
 flower. 
 
 C. nitidissimum.* 
 
 0. caudatum Warsa wiczii X C. conchiferum, 
 
 " Sepals whitish yellow with numerous yellow-brown nerves ; tails 
 (petals) long, yellowish in the centre downwards, passing into yellow- 
 brown towards the tip; lip varnished, brown with a central green 
 stripe, pallid beneath, infolded lobes pale yellow with brown spots 
 Staminode brown, fringed with purple hairs behind." 
 
 Cypripediuin nitidissimum, Rchb. in Gard. Chron. IV. s 3 (18S8), p. 6. 
 Raised by Mr. Norman C. Cookson, of Oakwood, AVvlam-on-Tyne. 
 * Not seen by us. 
 
Cypripedium grande. 
 
Cypripedium Schroederse. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM. 105 
 
 C. Saundersianum.* 
 
 C. caudatum Warscewiczii X C. Schlimii. 
 "Upper sepal whitish with green and purple (rose-pink) veins; 
 lower sepal white, green at the tip ; petals ligulate, acuminate, undulate, 
 pale purple (rose-pink) ; lip (rose-pink, the infolded lohes) spotted with 
 purple 1 on a white ground. Staminode bearded outside." 
 
 Cypripedium Saundersianum, Hort. Marshall. Echb. in Gard. Chron. XXVI. 
 (1886), p. 654. 
 
 Raised by Mr. Marshall, of Enfield, and dedicated by him to the 
 late Mr. W. Wilson Saunders, the Maecenas of horticulture of his time, 
 and for many years Treasurer of the Royal Horticultural Society. 
 
 O. Schroederse. 
 
 C. caudatum X C. Sedenii. 
 
 Flowers large, 3 — 5 or more on each scape ; upper sepal 3 inches 
 
 long, whitish suffused with pale rose-pink and veined with green ; lower 
 
 sepal white with less of the rose tint ; petals pendulous, twisted, 4 — 5 
 
 inches long, pale rose-pink with darker veins, except the broader basilar 
 
 portion which is whitish ; lip bright rose-pink, the infolded lobes 
 
 ivory-white spotted with rose-purple. Staminode whitish, fringed with 
 
 purple hairs at the back. 
 
 Cypripedium Schroederse, Echb. in Gard. Chron. XIX. (1883), p. 432. Williams' 
 Orch. Alb. V. t. 196. 
 
 Raised by Seden at our nursery. It is one of the finest hybrids yet 
 raised among the Selexipedia ; its stately racemes of large delicately 
 coloured flowers afford a striking instance of the rapid progress made in 
 the hybridisation of orchids during the past few years. This fine acqui- 
 sition is appropriately dedicated to the Baroness Schroeder, of the Dell, 
 near Staines. 
 
 0. Sedenii. 
 
 C. Schlimii x C. 7 ongifoUum and vice versa. 
 
 Upper sepal ivory-white with a faint flush of pale rose, rose-pink at 
 the back ; lower sepal similar ; petals twisted, white tinted with pale 
 rose towards the margins and apex ; lip rose-pink, the infolded lobes 
 ivory-white spotted v. ith rose. Staminode white with a few pink spots 
 and a fringe of purple hairs on each side. 
 
 Cypripedium Sedenii, Echb. in Gard. Chron. 1873. p. 1431. Jennings' Orch. t. 4. 
 
 Fl. Mag. n. s. t. 206. Id. t. 302. De Puydt, Les Orch. t. 13. 
 
 var. — albanense. 
 
 C. Schlimii X C. Sedenii? 
 Differs in no essential character from the original Cypripedium Sedenii, 
 except that the lip has more of the contracted aperture and infolded 
 lobes of C. Schlimii. 
 
 C. Sedenii albanense, supra. C. albanense, Hort, 
 
 * Not seen by us. The parentage was communicated to us by the raiser many years ago. 
 
 I 
 
106 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 var.— candidulum. 
 
 C. Jongifolhim X G. Sehlimii albiflorum. 
 
 Sepals and petals ivory-white, the former with pale yellow-green veins, 
 the latter with a faint flush of pale rose towards the tip ; lip pale rose, 
 the infolded lobes ivory-white spotted with dark rose. 
 
 C. Sedenii candidulum, Echb. in Gard. Chron. XXII. (1884), p. 489. 
 
 Cypripedium Sedenii. 
 
 var. — porphyreum . 
 
 G. longifolium Hartwegii {Roezlii) x G. Sehlimii. 
 
 Plant more robust with longer leaves than the typical Cypripedium 
 Sedenii. Flowers somewhat larger and deeper coloured, but not other- 
 wise distinguishable from the type. 
 
 C. Sedenii porphyreum, supra. C. porphyreum, Rchb. in Gard, Chron. IX. (1878), 
 p. 366. 
 
 The typical Cypripedium Sedenii and the varieties candidulum and 
 porphyreum were raised by Seden at our nursery ; of the origin of the 
 variety dlbaneme we rind no trace beyond what is indicated by the 
 name. The merits of C. Sedenii as a horticultural plant are too well 
 
CYPEIPEDIUM 
 
 107 
 
 known to require special notice here (see page 69) ; its variety <-an- 
 did ulum is one of the most admired of light-coloured Cypripedes. 
 
 O. stenophyllum. 
 
 C. SchUmii X C. caricinum. 
 
 Upper sepal pale rose, with whitish central area and green veins ; 
 lower sepal whitish with pale green veins ; petals whitish at the base, 
 the remainder pale rose-pink, darker at the apex ; lip rose-pink, the 
 infolded lobes ivory-white dotted with dark rose-pink. Staminode 
 whitish, fringed behind. 
 
 Cypripedmm stenophyllum, Rchb. in Garcl. Chron. V. (1876), p. 461. 
 
 Eaised by Mr. J. C. Bo wring, of Forest Farm, near "Windsor. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 The names in italics are varieties or synonyms ; those followed by x are hybrids. 
 
 Cypripedium- 
 Ainsworthii x 
 albanense x 
 albo-purpureum X 
 almum x 
 amandicm X 
 Amesianum x 
 Aphrodite x 
 apiculatum x 
 Argus 
 
 Arthurianum X 
 Ashburtonife x 
 auroreum x 
 barbatum . . . 
 Bartetii x ... 
 bellatulum ... 
 Binotii 
 Boissierianum 
 Boxalli 
 Bullenianum 
 Burbidgei . . . 
 calanthuni x 
 caligare x . . . 
 callosum 
 calophyllum x 
 calurumx ... 
 cardinalex ... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cypripedium — 
 
 101 
 
 caricinum ... 
 
 105 
 
 Carrierei X ... 
 
 102 
 
 caudatum . . . 
 
 76 
 
 Charles Canham x 
 
 82 
 
 chloroneurum X 
 
 91 
 
 ciliolare 
 
 77 
 
 conchiferum X 
 
 76 
 
 concinnum X 
 
 11 
 
 concolor 
 
 77 
 
 Crossianum x 
 
 78 
 
 Crossii 
 
 79 
 
 cruciforme ... 
 
 12 
 
 Curtisii 
 
 87 
 
 Dauthierii x 
 
 14 
 
 Dayanum . . . 
 
 69 
 
 delicatulum x 
 
 57 
 
 discolor x . . . 
 
 54 
 
 Dominianum x 
 
 32 
 
 Drurii 
 
 21 
 
 Electrax 
 
 79 
 
 Elliottianum 
 
 80 
 
 Euryalex ... 
 
 15 
 
 euryandrum x 
 
 80 
 
 Fairieanum ... 
 
 102 
 
 Fitchianum x 
 
 102 
 
 Fraseri x 
 
 PAGE 
 59 
 
 80 
 60 
 81 
 SI 
 16 
 
 102 
 SI 
 17 
 82 
 12 
 :38 
 20 
 86 
 21 
 82 
 82 
 
 103 
 22 
 33 
 23 
 83 
 83 
 24 
 84 
 S4 
 
108 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cypripedium — 
 Galatea x ... 
 gemmiferutiix 
 Germinyanum X 
 glanduliferum 
 Godefroyte ... 
 Godsenianum x 
 grande x 
 grandiflorwn 
 Harrisiauum x 
 Hartivegii ... 
 Haynaldianum 
 Hincksianum 
 hirsutissimum 
 Hookerse 
 Hornianunix 
 insigne 
 
 Iox 
 
 javanico-superbiens x 
 javanicum ... 
 Kaieteurum 
 Klotzschianum 
 Icevigatum ... 
 Laforcadeix 
 Latbamianum X 
 Lawrenceanum 
 Leeanum x . . . 
 leucorhodum X 
 Lindenii 
 Liudleyanum 
 longifolium .. 
 Lowii 
 
 inacropterum x 
 Madame Van Houtte x 
 marinorophyllum x 
 Marshallianum x ... 
 Mastersianum 
 Measuresianum x ... 
 Meirax X 
 
 melanophthalmum x 
 raicrochilum x 
 Morganiae X 
 Mrs. Canhara X 
 neo-guineense 
 nitensX 
 uitidissinmiu x 
 niveum 
 obscurumx 
 cenanthum x 
 orbum 
 Orestes x 
 orphanum x 
 pardirvum ... 
 Parishii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cypripedium — 
 
 84 
 
 pavoninurn x 
 
 85 
 
 Pearcci 
 
 85 
 
 Peetersianum X 
 
 25 
 
 Ptri 
 
 26 
 
 philippinense 
 
 85 
 
 Pitcherianum 
 
 104 
 
 pleistochlorum x ... 
 
 58 
 
 plunerum x 
 
 85 
 
 politumx 
 
 65 
 
 polystigmaticum x 
 
 28 
 
 porphyreumx 
 
 66 
 
 Porphyrochlaniis x 
 
 29 
 
 porphyrospilum x ... 
 
 31 
 
 prcestcms 
 
 86 
 
 purpuratum 
 
 32 
 
 pycnopterum x 
 
 87 
 
 radiosumx ... 
 
 87 
 
 R'dchenbachii 
 
 35 
 
 reticulatum 
 
 64 
 
 Roebelenii ... 
 
 63 
 
 Roezlii 
 
 42 
 
 Rothschildiauum ... 
 
 87 
 
 Sallieriix 
 
 88 
 
 Sanderianum 
 
 63 
 
 Saundersiauum X ... 
 
 88 
 
 Schlimii 
 
 104 
 
 Schomburgkianum . . . 
 
 61 
 
 Schroedersex 
 
 64 
 
 Sedeniix ... 
 
 65 
 
 selligerum x 
 
 38 
 
 sinicum 
 
 90 
 
 Spicerianum 
 
 90 
 
 stenophylluui X 
 
 90 
 
 Stonei 
 
 91 
 
 superbiens ... 
 
 39 
 
 superciliare X 
 
 91 
 
 Swanianum x 
 
 91 
 
 Tautzianurn X 
 
 92 
 
 tesselatum porphy renin 
 
 92 
 
 Thibautiamim x 
 
 92 • 
 
 tonsuui 
 
 93 
 
 Veitchiamun 
 
 45 
 
 venustuin 
 
 93 
 
 vernixiumx 
 
 104 
 
 vexillarum X 
 
 39 
 
 villosum 
 
 78 
 
 virens 
 
 93 
 
 vittatum 
 
 12 
 94 
 94 
 
 Wallisii 
 
 Warscewiczianum ... 
 
 53 
 
 "Williamsianuin x ... 
 
 41 
 
 Winnianuin X 
 
 PAGE 
 95 
 
 60 
 95 
 21 
 42 
 11 
 95 
 95 
 96 
 96 
 
 106 
 96 
 97 
 26 
 44 
 96 
 97 
 65 
 57 
 42 
 65 
 45 
 97 
 46 
 
 105 
 67 
 64 
 
 105 
 
 105 
 97 
 44 
 46 
 
 107 
 48 
 50 
 98 
 9S 
 98 
 99 
 99 
 52 
 51 
 53 
 99 
 
 100 
 54 
 35 
 69 
 61 
 61 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 
 634.63V53M COM 
 
 A MANUAL OF ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS CULTIVAT 
 
 2 010234141 
 
** && 
 
 
 
 
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