3961 0 Z d3S 
 
 OF THE 
 
 U N I VERS ITY 
 OF ILLINOIS 
 
 557 
 
 P38m 
 
 V. V 
 
 4 
 
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 Si 
 
PLATE 2. STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAP ON TOP OF TEIE CORNING MEMBER 
 
REPORT OF PROGRESS V. PI .2. 
 
 SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEj 
 OF PEN NSYLVAN IA. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL MAP" 
 
 OF 
 
 NORTHERN BUlfcBM 
 
 J.P. LESLEY, STATE GEOLOGIST. 
 
 II.Martyn Chance, As st. Geologist. 
 
 1879 . 
 
 Scale: 2 Miles to 1 Inch 
 
 Contours 50 feet vertically apart,. 
 Unproductive test welds indicated b 
 
 V E N A N GO 
 
 COUNTY 
 
 LIST OF TOWNSHIPS 
 
 1. Muddy Creek 10. Fairview 
 
 2. Franklin 11. Slippery Rock ^ 
 
 3. Centre 12. Cherry 
 
 4. Oakland 13. Washington 
 
 14. Parker 
 
 15. Mercer 
 
 16. Mini oil 
 IT. Venango 
 
 5. Donegal 
 
 6. Worth 
 
 7. Brady 
 
 8. Clay 
 
 9. Concord 18. Allegheny 
 
 explanation of colors 
 
 Lower Ilnrroi Measures 
 [ ‘°"Tr lYoductive Coal M 
 
 Fimt.i fen ms Limestone 
 
 Conglomerate SeriesXII 
 
 JULIUS BIEN PHOTOUTH. NEW YORK. 
 
 LANES.HART.STATE PRINTER 
 
REPORT OF PROGRESS V.P1.5. 
 
 Neshannock 
 
 _J| 
 
 SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 MAP 
 
 of Instrumental Survey 
 OF THE VALLEYS 
 
 OF T HE 
 
 BEAVER AND SHENANGO RIVERS 
 
 ART D 
 
 SLIPPERY ROCK CREEK 
 
 CHECKED BY RAILWAY ALIGNMENT NOTES.) 
 
 . I. P. LE SLETY, STATE (TE0Loc.tST 
 II Jlartyn Chance, Asst . Geologist. 
 
 LANES.HART,.STATE PRINTER 
 

I 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS VIM 1 
 
 L/» M L b.MARI, ij T A ft: PKINILH 
 
 JULIUS 1311N PHOrOLMli. Nl W YORK 
 
 RIVEjf 
 

 
 '■i 
 
 
 
 
REPORT OF PROGRESS V.PL 7 
 
 
 SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 OF 
 
 PENNSYLVAN IA 
 
 PROFILE SECTION FROM HOMEWOOD TO SHARON 
 
 CONSTlirCTLI) FROM DATA OBTAINED ALONG- 
 
 THE BEAVER AND SHENANGO RIVERS 
 
 IN 1875 AND INTENDED TO SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE 
 
 POTTSVILLE CONGLOMERATE MEASURES (N°XII) 
 
 LOWER PRODUCTIVE COAL MEASURES 
 
 K BEAVER,LAWRENCE ANDMERCER COUNTIES. 
 
 J.PLESLEY, State Oeolooist 
 
 H.Marlvn CJaan.ce, ilsst. Geolodist. 
 
 Note Nothing is introduced into the Section which was not. actuatty 
 observed The Sandrocks alone are represented ' by stippling;Stmle 
 and Slate between the Sandrocks are left blank, in order to show 
 plainly the Integrity and also the variability of the Sandrockgroup 
 
 Scale: 
 
 Vertical 4oo‘: l" 
 
 Horizontal !6ouo':l 
 
 Hcctzo of exaggeration 4o : t 
 
 2? 
 
 CN 
 
 <5 
 
 c 
 
 § 
 
 UJ 
 
 $ 
 
 o 
 
 <51 
 
 •O 
 
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 Pj 
 
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 1876 , 
 
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 -ft 
 
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 Jr 
 
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 JULIUS BIEN PHOTOUTH. NEW YORK, 
 
 LANES HART,.STATE PRINTER,' 
 
 Sharon i46toit8 
 
REPORT OP PROGRESS V.PL3. 
 
 (REDDICK 
 COLUMBIA 
 
 A MAP 
 
 % IN TWENTY-FOOT CONTOUR LINES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ALLEGHENY VALLEY' 
 
 NEAR PARKER IN 
 
 ARMSTRONG & BUTLER COUNTIES 
 
 J P.LESAEY, STATE GEOLOGIST 
 H. Martjn Chance,Assisi. Geologist. 
 
 Arthur Hale, Aid. 
 
 18 7 9. 
 
 Scale 1200 Feet — One Inch 
 
 
 2400 
 
 d 
 
 CLA R70N 
 RIVER 
 
 Outcrop of Ferriferous Limestone, finis 
 Outcrop of Coals, thus 
 
 900,1000 Ac. mean 900 feet above Ude.&c 
 
 JULIOS fhEN PHOTOLITH. NEW YORK. 
 
 LANES.HART,.STATE PRINTER 
 

 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 t 
 
 - 
 
 I 
 
 
 
SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA: 
 
 REPORT OF PEOGEESS 
 
 Y. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 THE NORTHERN TOWNSHIPS 
 
 OF 
 
 BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 A SPECIAL SURVEY MADE IN 1875 
 
 ALONG THE 
 
 BEAVER AND SHENANGO RIVERS 
 
 IN BEAVER, LAWRENCE AND MERCER COUNTIES. 
 
 WITH 4 MAPS, 1 PROFILE SECTION AND 154 VERTICAL SECTIONS. 
 
 By H. MARTYN CHANCE. 
 
 HARRISBURG: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS 
 FOR THE SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 18 7 9. 
 
Entered, for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in the year 1879, according 
 
 to acts of Congress, 
 
 By WILLIAM A. INGHAM, 
 
 Secretary of the Board of Commissioners of Geological Survey , 
 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Stereotyped and printed by 
 LANE S. HART, State Printer, 
 Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
\Je ^ 
 
 BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 His Excellency, HENRY M. HOYT, Governor , 
 
 and ex-officio President of the Board, Harrisburg. 
 
 Amo Pakdee, ---------- 
 
 William A. Ixgiiam, ------- 
 
 Henry S. Eckert, -------- 
 
 Henry McCormick, -------- 
 
 James Macfarlane, -------- 
 
 John B. Pearse, --------- 
 
 Joseph Wlllcox, - -. 
 
 Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, ------ 
 
 Henry W. Oliver, -------- 
 
 Samuel Q. Brown, -------- 
 
 Hazleton. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Reading. 
 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Towanda. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Johnstown. 
 
 Pittsburgh. 
 
 Pleasantville. 
 
 SECRETARY OF THE BOARD. 
 William A. Ingham, ------- Philadelphia. 
 
 STATE GEOLOGIST. 
 
 Peter Lesley, -. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
1879 . 
 
 ASSISTANT GEOLOGISTS. 
 
 Persifor Frazer, Jr.—Geologist in charge of the Survey of Adams, York, 
 Lancaster and Chester counties. 
 
 A. E. Lehman— Topographical Assistant, for mapping the South Mountains. 
 
 Frederick Prime, Jr.—Geologist in charge of the Survey of Northampton, 
 Lehigh, and Berks counties. 
 
 A. P. Berlin —Topographical Assistant, for mapping the Easton-Reading 
 range. 
 
 Franklin Platt —Geologist in charge of the Survey of Blair county, and the 
 coal fields of Tioga, Bradford, Potter, Lycoming, Sullivan and Wyoming 
 counties. 
 
 W. A. Fellows.— Aid for running outcrops in Bedford and Center coun¬ 
 ties. 
 
 W. G. Platt— Geologist in charge of the Survey of Indiana and Armstrong 
 counties. 
 
 R. H. Sanders —Topographical Assistant in Blair, Cumberland, Dauphin 
 and Lebanon counties. 
 
 I. C. White —Geologist in charge of the Survey of Mercer county. 
 
 J. F. Carll —Geologist in charge of the Survey of the Oil Regions. 
 
 H. M. Chance —Geologist in charge of the Survey of North Butler and Clinton 
 counties. 
 
 C. A. Ashburner —Geologist in charge of the Survey of McKean, Elk, Came¬ 
 ron and Forest counties. 
 
 A. W. Sheafer —Aid in McKean county, Ac. 
 
 C. E. Billin— Geologist in charge of the Survey of Union, Snyder, South 
 Lycoming, South Clinton counties, Ac. 
 
 C. W. Ames— Aid for cross section through Franklin, Fulton and Bedford 
 counties. 
 
 F. A. Genth —Mineralogist and Chemist at Philadelphia. 
 
 F. A. Genth, Jr—Aid in the Laboratory. 
 
 A. S. McCreath —Chemist, in charge of the Laboratory of the Survey, 223 
 Market street, Harrisburg. 
 
 S. S. Hartranft —Aid in the Laboratory. 
 
 C. E. Hall —Geologist in charge of the Survey of Bucks and Philadelphia 
 counties, and Palaeontologist in charge of the Museum. 
 
 E. Y. D’Invilliers —Aid in Collecting, and Museum work. 
 
 Leo Lesquereux —Fossil Botanist, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 E. B. Harden— Topographer in charge of Office Work, Ac. 1008 Clinton street, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Charles Allen— Assistant in locating outcrops in Delaware county, and 
 for Records of Railroad and other Levels, Harrisburg. 
 
 F. W. Forman —Clerk in charge of the Publications of the Survey, 223 Market 
 street, Harrisburg. 
 
PREFATORY LETTER. 
 
 Philadelphia, April 23, 1879. 
 Prof. J. P. Lesley, State Geologist: 
 
 Sir : In submitting for your examination and approval 
 the following report on northern Butler, I desire to invite 
 your attention to the following points : 
 
 1. The well records and well elevations engrossed in Chap¬ 
 ter X are reproduced from Report of Progress 1.1. by Mr. 
 John F. Carll, 1877, as necessary for the complete illustration 
 of the stratigraphy of my district; 
 
 2. Certain sections along Slippery Rock Creek at no great 
 distance inside and outside the western line of Butler 
 County, obtained by me in 1875, are also included in this 
 report for the same reason; 
 
 3. The instrumental survey of the Beaver and Shenango 
 Yalley which you directed me to make in 1875, and on 
 which I reported to you in the winter of 1875-6, is in¬ 
 cluded as Part II in this volume. The delay of its publi¬ 
 cation now permits me to explain the relations of its no¬ 
 menclature with that of Prof. White’s subsequent reports 
 on Beaver and Lawrence Counties, Q, 1878, and QQ, in press, 
 1879; 
 
 4. My thanks are due to several gentlemen who have 
 materially aided my surveys by furnishing copies of old 
 surveys, levels, maps, and well records; and among these 
 I would specially mention Messrs. Reis, Brown, and Berger, 
 and Phillips Bros, of New Castle, Mr. Slataper of the 
 Pennsylvania railroad, Pittsburgh, Mr. John Strawbridge, 
 
 O) 
 
vi Y. 
 
 REPORT OE PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 M. E. and Mr. John Nichols, C. E. of Sliaron, Mr. Bur¬ 
 nett of Greenville, and Mr. Robert Allen of Prospect; 
 
 5. In calculating the dip of the Sharon Coal bed in 1875, 
 and subsequently in determining the dip of the oil sands 
 for Mr. Carll’s Report I.I.I., the question arose: “How can 
 we determine whether a given rock conforms to a plane or to 
 a warped surface V 5 To assist in answering this query I 
 deduced the formulae given in a foot note to Chap. 1, 
 Part II. 
 
 When four points on a stratum are located both geo¬ 
 graphically and hypsometrically, and the rates of dip be¬ 
 tween them reduced to a table, proceed as follows : 
 
 Take two of the given rates and calculate by the formulae 
 the direction and strength of the true dip, then with two 
 other rates go through the same process ; if the second re¬ 
 sult agrees with the first, the stratum probably conforms 
 to a true plane, but if they disagree, then the surface of 
 the rock is a curved surface, or a plane broken by faults. 
 
 A very pretty graphic method for determining the direc- . 
 tion and strength of greatest dip is given in the Geology of 
 Ohio, Vol. Ill, page 940, 1879. It was devised by Prof. 
 R. W. McFarland, of the Ohio State University. The an¬ 
 nexed figure will explain the method more clearly than a 
 written description: 
 
PREFATORY LETTER. 
 
 Y. vii 
 
 Tlie elevations of three points, A, B, and C, being given, 
 let C be the lowest point. Join A and B by a straight line, 
 and perpendicular to it draw two lines, AE and BF. On 
 these lines lay off (on any scale) the respective heights of 
 A and B above C. Join the tops of the perpendiculars E 
 and F, and prolong this line until it intersects AB prolonged 
 in a point G. Draw GC, and perpendicular to it draw AH, 
 which is the required line of greatest dip. The length of 
 this line divided into the dip between A and C will give the 
 required rate per mile. 
 
 The scale used in laying off the heights AE and BF 
 does not affect the position of the point G, for in the simi¬ 
 lar triangles AGE and BGF, the proportion AG : BG:: 
 AE : BF, is always true, and the ratio AG : BG, (an/1 conse¬ 
 quently the length BG, for AG=BG-|-AB, which is a known 
 quantity,) is dependent upon the ratio of AE to BF, and 
 not upon their lengths. 
 
 In this construction C is taken as the zero point, and as 
 the construction proves that G is also a zero point, the line 
 CG is a line of no dip, i. e., the “ strike.” A perpendicu¬ 
 lar to it is the line of greatest dip. 
 
 When four points are given the construction may be re¬ 
 peated by using a different combination, and if the result¬ 
 ing dip line is parallel to that determined by the first 
 draught, the surface of the rock may be considered a plane. 
 
 If A = 900 feet above tide, 
 
 B = 800 “ “ “ 
 
 C 750 “ “ “ 
 
 B is 50 feet above C, and 
 
 A is 150 feet above C. 
 
 Then BF= 50 feet, and AE = 150 feet. 
 
 In the figure, AC = 15 miles, 
 
 AB = 20 “ 
 
 CB = 30 u and 
 
 AH measures 10 x 3 ^ miles 150 ft.-*-10.3=14.6 feet per 
 mile, which is the greatest rate of descent or the true dip. 
 
 cos y D"* 
 
 The formula tan x =-- 
 
 sin y D ; sin y 
 
 * See Part II, Cliap. I. 
 
viii V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 applied to this example gives: 
 
 5 
 
 tan x—cotan 116° 45'-■-- 
 
 10 sin 116° 45', 
 
 for angle CAB=116° 45' by measurement, 
 
 D"=rate of dip on AB=(150'—50')-s-20= 5 ft. per mile 
 
 D'=rate of dip on AC=(150'— 0')-s-15=10 “ “ “ 
 
 tan x = —cotan 63° 15'— 
 
 5 
 
 _ • 
 
 10 sin 63° lg' 
 
 tan x = — .504041—.5599 = —1.063941 
 x = 46f ° — angle CAH 
 
 When the tangent of x is minus the line of greatest dip 
 falls between the two given courses, when plus it falls out¬ 
 side the line AC. The angle x is always less than 90°. 
 
 D' 
 
 Applying D=-to the above example we find D (or 
 
 COS X 
 
 the true dip) = 14.6 feet per mile. 
 
 Yours, very respectfully, 
 
 H. MARTYJST CHANCE. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 REPORT Y. 
 
 Preface, .. v 
 
 PART I.— Northern Butler County. 
 
 General Geology. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Chapter 1. Topography, Drainage, and Surface Geol¬ 
 
 ogy, • .. 1 
 
 Chapter 2. Anticlinals and Synclinals of the District, 9 
 
 Chapter 3. The Barren Measures,. 13 
 
 Chapter 4. The Lower Productive Coal Measures or 
 
 Allegheny River Series : Freeport Group, 
 Kittanning Group, Clarion Group, ... 15 
 
 Chapter 5. The Beaver River or Conglomerate Series 
 
 (No. XII): Mercer Group, Sharon Group, 31 
 
 i 
 
 Detailed Geology. 
 
 Chapter 6. First tier of townships. 
 
 Belt of Barren Measures. 
 
 Muddy Creek township,. 35 
 
 Franklin township,. 41 
 
 Centre township,. 48 
 
 Oakland township,. 52 
 
 Donegal township,. 55 
 
 (ix) 
 
X V. 
 
 EEPOET OF PEOGEESS. II. M. CIIAECE. 
 
 Chapter 7. Second tier of townships. 
 
 Belt of the Freeport Group. 
 
 Worth township,. 59 
 
 Brady township,. 71 
 
 Clay township,. 78 
 
 Concord township,. 83 
 
 Fairview township,. 86 
 
 Chapter 8. Third tier of townships. 
 
 Belt of the Kit tanning Group. 
 
 Slippery Bock township,. 93 
 
 Cherry township,.101 
 
 Washington township,.105 
 
 Parker township,.114 
 
 Chapter 9. The Fourth tier of townships. 
 
 Belt of the Clarion Group. 
 
 Mercer township,.126 
 
 Marion township, .130 
 
 Venango township,.133 
 
 Allegheny township,.136 
 
 Chapter 10. The Ferriferous Limestone,.141 
 
 Its geographical extent; value as a lime¬ 
 stone and as an ore bearing rock; its 
 lithology and fossils compared with 
 other limestones. Its importance as a 
 “ key-rock.” 
 
 Chapter 11. The Oil Territory. 
 
 Geological and historical Sketch, . . . 140 
 Oil Well elevations above tide, .... 156 
 Oil Well records,.165 
 
 PABT II.— Beavee and Shenango Valleys. 
 
 Chapter 1. The Mercer Group traced from Wurtem- 
 
 burg to Sharon. 
 
 Method of Survey, ocean level elevations, . . . 185 
 Systematized Section of Lower Productive Coal 
 
 measures,.186 
 
 Wirtemberg Section, fig. 127, .189 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Y. xi 
 
 Homewood Furnace Section, fig. 128,.190 
 
 Slippery Rock Creek Section, fig. 129, ..... 191 
 
 Cunningham Farm Section, fig. 130, .191 
 
 Homewood Furnace Section, fig. 131,.192 
 
 Clinton Section, Ho. 1, fig. 132,.193 
 
 Beatties’ Bank Coal, fig. 133, ..194 
 
 Clinton Section, Ho. 2, fig. 134,.196 
 
 Wampum Section, fig. 135,.198 
 
 The Sharon Coal described,.200 
 
 Hog Hollow Sections, Hos. 1, 2, 3, figs. 136,137,138, 201 
 
 Shenango Iron Company’s Gas Well,.204 
 
 Harbour Bridge Section, fig. 140,. 207 
 
 Fredericks town Axis,.207 
 
 Hashua Section, fig. 141,.209 
 
 Pulaski Section, fig. 142,.210 
 
 Love Farm bore hole, fig. 143a,.. 211 
 
 Greenfield bore hole, fig. 1435,.211 
 
 Middlesex Section, fig. 144, 212 
 
 Bethel Section, fig. 145,.213 
 
 Bethel Quarry Section, fig. 146,.214 
 
 Pacific Slope Section, fig. 147,.214 
 
 Hip of the Sharon Block Coal,.215 
 
 Sharon Block Coal described, .216 
 
 Sharon Section, fig. 148,.218 
 
 Sharon Well drilled in 1877,. 219 
 
 Chapter 2. The Conglomerate Series (Ho. XII) and 
 
 the Berea Grit or Third Mountain Sand, 221 
 
 * 
 
 i 
 
 List of Illustrations. 
 
 Plate 1. Sections showing the Clarion coal split into two 
 beds, Figure 3. 
 
 Plate 2. Contoured geological map of Horthern Butler. 
 
 Plate 3. Contoured map of Parker. 
 
 Plate 4. Skeleton map showing anticlinals and synclinals. 
 
 Plate 5. Map of the Beaver and Shenango Valleys. 
 
 Plate 6. Profile section from Sharon to Homewood. 
 
 Plate 7. Five Oil well records. 
 

PREFACE*. 
 
 The first part of the volume which is now published pre¬ 
 sents the results of certain special topographical and geo¬ 
 logical surveys made by Mr. Chance while acting as assistant 
 to Mr. Carll in the Butler County Oil Region in 1876, and 
 of the systematic detailed survey of the fifteen northern 
 townships of the county, which he was afterwards commis¬ 
 sioned independently to make in 1878. 
 
 In undertaking this survey he had the advantage of in¬ 
 tercourse for consultation with Mr. Carll at the headquarters 
 of the latter in Pleasantville, where many of his illustra¬ 
 tions were drawn; and his expressed opinions are there¬ 
 fore in most respects those at which Mr. Carll had arrived 
 in the course of his study of the Oil Regions in 1874, 5 and 
 6. But in some important particulars Mr. Chance arrived 
 independently at views common to both. Mr. Carll’s 
 manuscripts on the limits of the Conglomerate system, on 
 the ancient drainage of the country, on glacial drift, &c., 
 written in 1875 have not yet been published, and will ap¬ 
 pear in his Report 1.1.1. to which Mr. Chance more than 
 once refers. 
 
 The second part of this volume consists of Mr. Chance’s 
 report of a survey of Slippery Rock, Shenango and Beaver 
 river valleys which he was directed in 1875 to make for the 
 special purpose of connecting the well known coal measures 
 of the Ohio River Valley with the then almost unknown 
 or very ill understood rocks of northern Butler and Mercer 
 counties. This was a year before Mr. White was commis¬ 
 sioned to pursue a systematic township survey of south 
 Butler, north Allegheny and north Beaver counties, (Re¬ 
 port Q, published in 1878). 
 
 In 1877 Mr. White surveyed Lawrence county (Report 
 
 (xiii) 
 
xiv v. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 QQ), and in 1878 Mercer county (Report QQQ), neither of 
 which reports have yet gone through the press. 
 
 Mr. White’s special survey of the Beaver and Mahoning, 
 Ohio and Little Beaver valleys, for the purpose of rectify¬ 
 ing a serious error which had been made in the adjustment 
 of the Coal series in Ohio and in Pennsylvania—the report 
 of which survey makes Part Second of QQ, and is called 
 the Ohio Line survey—led him over part of Mr. Chance’s 
 previous work, now first published as Part Second of this 
 volume. 
 
 We have therefore two entirely independent and accord¬ 
 ant investigations of all the Coal Measures lying beneath 
 the Ferriferous Limestone along the State Line; and no 
 one will be likely to dispute seriously hereafter this part of 
 the geology of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Whatever opinions respecting the identification of the 
 Berea Grit, Mountain Sands and Oil Sands may be found 
 expressed in this volume V, and in QQ and QQQ, must 
 be considered of subordinate authority to the detailed dis¬ 
 cussion about to appear in Report I.I.I., where a far wider 
 range is given to the arguments, and a more copious and 
 precise illustration of the facts has been possible. 
 
 Both Mr. Chance and Mr. White have shown the greatest 
 zeal and ability in sectioning the valley slopes and cliffs 
 through Beaver, Lawrence, Butler and Mercer counties; 
 but no zeal and no ability can overcome all the obstacles in 
 the way of obtaining complete sections of the variable ar¬ 
 gillaceous and arenaceous beds beneath the Conglomerate. 
 The fact is made evident on the face of the page illustra¬ 
 tions by the numerous blank spaces and notes of interroga¬ 
 tion seen in the section cuts. The further northward from 
 the Ohio river such work advances the greater become these 
 obstacles, so that in the Sharon district it is almost impos¬ 
 sible to vouch for the accuracy of the whole of any section. 
 Since there is seldom seen more than a few feet of rock ex¬ 
 posed at any one place on the valley slope such a section 
 must be compounded out of numerous unconnected expos¬ 
 ures as they happen to be obtainable within a lateral dis¬ 
 tance of a half a mile, or a mile, or more. Therefore, 
 
I 
 
 PREFACE. Y. XV 
 
 although the stratification is almost absolutely horizontal, 
 yet, as barometric measurements are never precise, and the 
 sand rocks are so numerous and so variable, there will 
 always be questions of identity left unanswered. 
 
 It is in the region of oil wells that the order of our un¬ 
 derground or lower rocks must be discovered; and four 
 years of incessant labor has placed in Mr. Carll’s hands so 
 large a body of well records that no doubt can reasonably 
 be entertained respecting the general correctness of his 
 stratigraphical conclusions ; as will be evident from a glance 
 at his plates of grouped oil-well sections. 
 
 At the same time it is proper that every expert observer 
 should not only be expected to arrive freely at his own 
 opinions but be encouraged by their publication ; provided 
 always that the public be guarded against mistaking these 
 individual opinions for the fixed and final decisions of sci¬ 
 ence. Any apparent repetition of facts and statements in 
 the reports of Mr. Carll, Mr. Chance, and Mr. White, into 
 whose hands our Ohio Line geology has happily fallen, 
 merely means independent observations and discussions of 
 that geology; and since all three have observed substan¬ 
 tially the same facts, where their districts overlapped, and 
 have arrived at conclusions which are nearly identical, the 
 people of Western Pennsylvania may feel confident that, 
 so far as our systematic geology is concerned, there re¬ 
 mains little more to discover; and that even as to the de¬ 
 tails, very little modification or alteration is to be expected 
 in the future.* 
 
 i 
 
 The concluding chapters of this volume are to be read in 
 the above sense. 
 
 Mr. Chance was directed in the autumn of 1878, previous 
 to finishing his survey of Northern Butler county, to make 
 a special study of the valley of the Susquehanna Kiver 
 West Branch in Clinton and Cameron counties, for the 
 
 * Too late to make a correction in the plate it was brought to my notice that 
 paragraph second on page V. 141 states too positively what has not yet been 
 demonstrated beyond doubt, viz. that the McKean county limestone is the 
 Ferriferous Limestone of the Allegheny and Beaver river country. It is 
 probably the same, but the proof is not yet complete. 
 
xvi Y. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 purpose of discovering if possible the rate at which the 
 Catskill, Pocono and Mauch Chunk formations IX, X, and 
 IX thinned in the direction of Lake Erie and the Ohio State 
 Line ; and to determine if possible whether the Red rocks 
 of the Oil Region were representatives of the red Catskill 
 rocks ; also, whether the red beds of the Mauch Chunk 
 (Umbra!) gave indications of feathering out to nothing be¬ 
 fore reaching the Oil Region. On the decision of these 
 questions should also depend in some degree the view to be 
 taken of the relation of the red Bedford shales of Ohio 
 with the Reds of the oil region. 
 
 At the same time (1878) Mr. Ashburner was independ¬ 
 ently studying the same problem in his detailed instru¬ 
 mental survey of McKean and Elk counties. 
 
 Mr. Chance’s results are only sketched out by him in the 
 concluding chapters of this volume, and will be fully stated 
 and perhaps corrected in his forthcoming Report YY on 
 Clinton county. 
 
 Mr. Ashburner’s views and reasons for them will be given 
 in detail, with illustrative maps and sections, in his Report 
 R on McKean and Elk, now nearly ready for the press. 
 
 The contour line map of northern Butler county, which 
 accompanies this volume, is the first experiment made by 
 the Survey in this direction. Mr. Chance, however, has 
 had unusual advantages for constructing such a map, from 
 the great number of oil-well-mouth elevations above tide 
 taken during the course of the Survey of the Oil Regions. 
 (See the tables of elevations given on pages 158 to 171 and in 
 Report of Progress 1.1.) Although similar contour line 
 maps should be made of all the counties of Pennsylvania 
 the funds appropriated annually by the Legislature for the 
 prosecution of the geological survey are inadequate to meet 
 the expense of the amount of leveling necessary for pro¬ 
 ducing such maps in a reliable form. A trigonometrical 
 survey of the State should also precede any such attempt. 
 
 From Mr. Chance’s contour map a model of the northern 
 half of Butler can be made, in relief, by any skillful engi¬ 
 neer, or student of topography, and, if made on an equal 
 vertical and horizontal scale, and cast in plaster, its surface 
 
PREFACE. V. xvii 
 
 can be painted to represent the outcropping formations, 
 and the block can be sawed in any direction so as to show 
 painted sections of the underground. Such a saw cut, for 
 example, if made so as to sever the block lengthwise of the 
 oil belt, through some of the principal wells, will permit 
 the oil sand group to be located with all its principal varia¬ 
 tions. A transverse slitting of the block would show the 
 width of the oil belt and the feathering of the oil sands 
 towards the east and west. It is my intention to add such 
 a model to the models already constructed for the museum 
 of the Survey when time permits. 
 
 J. P. Lesley. 
 
 Philadelphia , June 13 , 1879. 
 
 b V. 
 
SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA: 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS, Y. 
 
 1878 . 
 
 By H. MARTYN CHANCE. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 NORTHERN BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 Chapter I. 
 
 § 1. Topography, Drainage and Surface Geology. 
 
 The district described in this report embraces that por¬ 
 tion of Butler County lying north of the third tier of town¬ 
 ships, or, in other words, the northern half of the county ; 
 and the facts now published are all essentially new addi¬ 
 tions to the geology of Western Pennsylvania. 
 
 The townships of Butler county are arranged geographi¬ 
 cally in regular squares and in the following order:— 
 
 
 Mercer. 
 
 Marion. 
 
 Venango. 
 
 Allegheny. 
 
 
 Slippery-rock. 
 
 Cherry. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Parker. 
 
 Worth. 
 
 Brady. 
 
 Clay. 
 
 Concord. 
 
 Fair-view. 
 
 Muddy Creek. Franklin. 
 
 Centre. 
 
 Oakland. 
 
 Donegal. 
 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Connoquenessing. Butler. 
 
 Summit. 
 
 Clearfield. 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 Forward. 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Winfield. 
 
 Cranberry. 
 
 Adams. 
 
 Middlesex. 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 Buffalo. 
 
REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANGE. 
 
 2 V. 
 
 The southern half of the county has already been very 
 thoroughly described by Prof. I. C. White in Report “Q” 
 on the Beaver River District, so that nothing remains to be 
 said concerning it. In that volume the townships are re¬ 
 ported upon in the following order: 
 
 1. Cranberry, 
 
 2. Adams, 
 
 3. Middlesex, 
 
 4. Clinton, 
 
 5. Buffalo, 
 
 6. 
 
 Winfield, 
 
 11. 
 
 7. 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 12. 
 
 8. 
 
 Perry, 
 
 13. 
 
 9. 
 
 Forward, 
 
 14. 
 
 10. 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 15. 
 
 Lancaster, • 
 
 Connoquenessing, 
 
 Butler, 
 
 Summit, 
 
 Clearfield; 
 
 beginning at the first or southern row, and following the 
 description of these by the second row, which in turn is 
 succeeded by the third tier. 
 
 In the present report the order from south to north is re¬ 
 tained for the sake of uniformity ; but each row of town¬ 
 ships is described in an order from west to east. 
 
 The area covered by this report embraces somewhat over 
 four hundred square miles, and may all be classed as hilly 
 country. Most of the valleys are rather broad, with quite 
 gentle side slopes, and but seldom are of the canyon like 
 character shown by some of the gorges of Western Penn¬ 
 sylvania. 
 
 The Topographical Map. 
 
 The annexed contour lined map has been prepared princi¬ 
 pally from an intricate series of barometric elevations of 
 all the stream crossings and summits on every road in the 
 district. These were obtained by careful duplicate readings 
 at all cross roads, summits and hollows, and by frequent 
 checks on spirit leveled lines, railroad stations, and oil well 
 elevations. The work was done partly on horseback, and 
 partly with a horse and buggy, so that in establishing the 
 elevations of important points but little time was consumed 
 in moving from one place to another. The elevations thus 
 obtained were always carefully checked with previous work, 
 and in all instances where the agreement was not good 
 duplicate check lines were run. To better illustrate the 
 method employed the following scheme is here given: 
 
TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 Y. 3 
 
 Known points. 
 
 Points determined. 
 
 Butler, R. R. elevation to Sunburv. 
 
 Do. to Prospect. 
 
 Prospect, (barometric) to Sunbury [check]. 
 
 Greece City, oil well elev. to Sunbury [check]. 
 Sunbury being now determined we have a good check on 
 Prospect. 
 
 JL 
 
 Prospect, bar. check to Centreville. 
 
 Sunbury, established to Centreville [check]. 
 
 Harrisville, R. R. elev. to Centreville, established. 
 Centreville being established gives us another check on 
 Sunbury. 
 
 Sunbury, established to North Washington. 
 
 Parker, R. R. elev. to North Washington 
 
 [check.] 
 
 Fairview—oil wells to North Washington, es¬ 
 
 tablished. 
 
 The elevation of North Washington brought by this 
 method from Butler, checked within five (5) feet of the 
 elevation as determined from Parker and Fairview. A 
 careful use of this system in favorable weather cannot fail 
 to give very good results, but during changeable weather 
 bad checks will frequently be obtained and much of the 
 work must be done twice over. 
 
 Besides the altitudes determined by the above method, 
 I have used many obtained from the list of oil well eleva¬ 
 tions republished from Mr. Carll’s Report 1.1.1. in Chapter 
 XI of this volume, and some determined by my surveyed 
 line along Slippery Rock Creek, together with the levels 
 of the Shenango and Allegheny, and Parker and Karns City 
 Railroads. 
 
 The tide water elevation of the following towns is con 
 sidered to be established: 
 
 1. 
 
 Portersville, 
 
 . 1360 
 
 8. 
 
 Petrolia, . . . 
 
 1175 
 
 2. 
 
 Prospect, . . 
 
 . 1330 
 
 9. 
 
 Centreville, . . 
 
 1300 
 
 3. 
 
 Unionville, . . 
 
 . 1330 
 
 10. 
 
 Annandale, . . 
 
 1490 
 
 4. 
 
 Millerstown, 
 
 . 1210 
 
 11. 
 
 North Washington, 
 
 1500 
 
 5. 
 
 West Liberty, . 
 
 . 1190 
 
 12. 
 
 Harrisville, . . 
 
 1315 
 
4 Y. REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 6. Sunbury, . . . 1400 IB. Murrinsville, . . 1440 
 
 7. Middletown, . . 1420 14. Farmington, . . 1520 
 
 The ground plan of the map has been reduced from the 
 township atlas maps, and is very nearly correct.' 
 
 All the principal drainage features, and the relation of 
 the geology to the topography, are clearly shown by the 
 contour lines. The Ferriferous Limestone has been marked 
 upon the map by a colored blue line. In carrying this 
 outcrop line across the map, I fear that I may have shown 
 it over some areas where the limestone is absent. It will 
 be understood therefore that where this stratum is not ex¬ 
 posed , the line is intended to show its horizon, or place at 
 which it should outcrop. 
 
 § 3. The Parker Contoured Map. 
 
 The area shown by this map was surveyed very minutely 
 in August and September, 1876, with the intention of map¬ 
 ping the whole Butler Oil Belt, but it was found to be work 
 of such difficult character, so slow, and consequently so 
 expensive both of time and money, that it was thought best 
 to carry it no further than over an area of about seven 
 square miles back of Parker, and to publish it as illustra¬ 
 tive of the belt of country bordering on the Valley of the 
 Allegheny Fiver. 
 
 On account of the many pipe lines crossing this area 
 and running along the roads, accurate work cannot be done 
 with a compass, and all of our work was necessarily done 
 by transit. 
 
 The map shows the outcrop lines of the Clarion Coal Bed 
 and Ferriferous Limestone. 
 
 Lawrenceburg is principally built on the flat eroded in the 
 soft Mercer Measures, though the higher parts of the town 
 are on top the Homewood Sandstone. The (upper) “ Moun¬ 
 tain sand,”—middle of No. XII,—which is probably the 
 Upper and Lower Connoquenessing Sandstones united, 
 forms the clifls overhanging Parker City. 
 
 It seems quite probable that the high flat, which extends 
 for a long distance back from the top of the clifls, marks one 
 
TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 y. 5 
 
 of the ancient flood planes, or the old stream bed, of the 
 Allegheny River, prior to the time of its cutting down into 
 the cliff sandstone. This view is confirmed by the topo¬ 
 graphy of the opposite river bank, which exhibits a similar 
 broad high flat, and indicates that at that time the Clarion 
 River emptied into the Allegheny much farther south than 
 its present mouth. These conclusions afford an easy ex¬ 
 planation of the big bend in the Clarion, a short distance 
 east of the Allegheny. 
 
 § J. Dividing Ridges. 
 
 The great dividing ridge between the waters of the Alle¬ 
 gheny River on the east and the Beaver River tributaries 
 on the west, sweeps through the eastern part of the county 
 in a general direction nearly due north. It enters the 
 county in Middlesex township, runs northeast through 
 Clinton and Jefferson townships to Bilk’s Station on the 
 Butler Branch W. P. R. R., thence northward in an almost 
 straight line to Middletown in Concord township. From 
 Middletown it extends northward to North Washington 
 and Annisville, and rounding in a semi-circle the headwaters 
 of the Slippery Rock, passes close to Farmington; thence 
 northwestward to the county line, along which it runs in a 
 westerly direction, and sweeping again to the north runs 
 off along the line between Mercer and Venango Counties. 
 
 Near Middletown it is joined by two prominent ridges 
 coming in from the west. The first or most southern ridge 
 is the divide between Muddy Creek and the Connoqueness- 
 ing waters, which passes close to Portersville and Prospect, 
 and runs nearly northeast through Centre, and Concord 
 townships to its junction with the great divide at Middle- 
 town. 
 
 The second ridge is the Muddy Creek and Slippery Rock 
 Creek divide, wTiich runs nearly due east from the Law¬ 
 rence County line to Middletown, passing through Worth, 
 Brady, and Clay townships. 
 
 Middletown may therefore be said to be the centre of the 
 drainage system of Northern Butler. The head waters of 
 
6 Y. REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 of the Slippery Rock, of Muddy Creek, Bear Creek, Buf¬ 
 falo Creek, and of Kearn’s Branch of the Connoqueness- 
 ing, are all found in its vicinity. 
 
 The heights of these dividing ridges above ocean level 
 reaches 1,500 feet, or 600 feet above the Allegheny river at 
 Parker. For example: at North Washington, 1,500'; at 
 Farmington, 1,500' to 1,530'; at Middletown, 1,400'; at Sun- 
 bury, 1,400'; at Annandale, 1,490'. 
 
 § 5. Glacial Drift and Preglacial Drainage. 
 
 South and east of the Muddy Creek and Connoqueness- 
 ing Divide, the valleys are nearly all sharp and rather nar¬ 
 row cuts, with numerous small side ravines, and no well 
 marked bottom lands, showing that an active aggressive 
 erosion has been operative for a long period. The val¬ 
 leys lying north and west from this ridge are of quite dif¬ 
 ferent character, being generally much broader and more 
 even in contour, with fewer side ravines. Drift banks are 
 found at various elevations on the hill sides, and along the 
 creek Hats, and even on high land erratic blocks are of quite 
 frequent occurrence. The latter are usually found in col¬ 
 onies, or strewed over the ground in narrow strips on either 
 side of which but few can be seen. 
 
 At Annandale the Slippery Bock Valley contains flat 
 bottom lands from two to five hundred feet wide. These 
 become more and more noticeable as we go westward down 
 the stream. A short distance below the mouth of Wolf 
 Creek the valley is very broad and flat; and at the Bed 
 Bridge in Lawrence County this is a still more prominent 
 feature. At the latter place water wells forty feet deep 
 fail to find any bottom, passing through a succession of 
 “muck,” clay and gravel to a good clean gravel bed from 
 which excellent water is obtained. Between Annandale and 
 the mouth of Wolf Creek the stream often cuts down to 
 bed rock, in some places running on top of the Homewood 
 or Connoquenessing Sandstone for quite a distance. The 
 creek is here probably flowing in a new channel, its old one 
 lying farther south and being completely filled with drift. 
 
GLACIAL DRIFT. 
 
 y. 7 
 
 From Rose Point in Lawrence County, southward to its 
 junction with the Connoquenessing Creek it flows in a newly 
 cut valley flanked on both sides by perpendicular walls of 
 the Homewood and Connoquenessing Sandstones. 
 
 At some time prior to the Glacial period it probably had 
 an outlet to the west through the valley of Big Run into 
 the Beaver River below New Castle. 
 
 The valley of Muddy Creek presents similar bottom lands 
 from Clay township westward to the Lawrence County line, 
 and probably had an outlet through the same valley with 
 Slippery Rock Creek. It must have flowed north from its 
 present junction with the latter stream to its confluence 
 with the ancient waters of the Slippery Rock, near Ken¬ 
 nedy’s Mills. Muddy Creek Falls is evidently a recent 
 cut, produced by the rapid erosion of Slippery Rock Creek 
 in its newly formed channel. 
 
 Erratic blocks on high land are found as far east as West 
 Liberty, in Brady township, and Centreville, in Slippery 
 Rock township, and along the creek bottoms much farther 
 eastward. As Prof. Lesley, in his preface to Report Q, 
 has discussed at considerable length their origin and the 
 probable conditions of their distribution over the western 
 counties, and as Mr. Carll in Report I. I.I, will give a very 
 elaborate description of the Preglacial Water Basins, and 
 the drift with which they are now filled; it is needless to 
 add any thing more regarding them. 
 
 • It would be well, however, to state that the data collected 
 in the western part of the county, verify Prof. White's as¬ 
 sertion that erratics are not found in the western counties 
 at a much greater elevation than 1300' above ocean level. 
 
 § 6. /Soil . 
 
 There is but little first class farming land in the county, 
 but much of the soil that is unfit for raising heavy crops is 
 well adapted to grazing. Of late years this fact has been 
 properly appreciated by the residents, and many are now 
 turning their attention to sheep raising, which is found to 
 pay very well. 
 
 Much of the land might be greatly improved by a liberal 
 
8 Y. REPOET OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 use of lime, but either from ignorance of the fact, or from 
 the expense attending its use, or from indifference, compara¬ 
 tively few use it at all, and those that do, apply it very 
 sparingly. 
 
 The soil may be divided into four classes: 
 
 1st The soil of the Bottom Lands. 
 
 This is found only on Muddy Creek and its branches, and 
 along Slippery Bock Creek and its main tributaries. It 
 is very variable in character, sometimes being a loose sandy 
 loam, forming excellent meadow land, and adapted to rais¬ 
 ing corn, hay, and all kinds of garden vegetables, but is 
 occasionally a hard stiff clayey earth very difficult to culti¬ 
 vate and is also sometimes too swampy for farming pur¬ 
 poses. 
 
 2d. The high lands of the Barren Measures in Muddy 
 Creek, Franklin, Centre, Oakland and Donegal townships. 
 
 This soil is formed from the disintegration of clayey and 
 sandy shale and sandstone, and varies from a rather thin 
 loose soil, to a very hard tough clay. Much of it makes 
 quite good farming land, and is well adapted to grazing, 
 but sadly needs a liberal application of lime or some other 
 inorganic fertilizer. 
 
 3d. The high land in southern Brady, Clay, Concord, 
 and Fairview townships formed by the outcrops of the 
 Mahoning and Freeport Sandstones. This land is very poor 
 and but little of it is cultivated. 
 
 4th. The soil formed from the disintegration of the shales 
 and sandstones of the Lower Productive Coal Measures. 
 This covers fully four fifths of the district, and varies as 
 much in quality as the coal measure rocks vary in their 
 lithological character. 
 
 When the sandstones of the measures are rather friable 
 with a calcareous cementing material, and the shales more 
 sandy than argillaceous, very fair farming land is sure to 
 result from their disintegration, but where there is an ex¬ 
 cess of clayey shales with no sandstone, or accompained by 
 very hard sandstones, a tough unyielding soil will always 
 be found, utterly unfit for profitable farming. 
 
 A fifth variety might be made by considering the soil af- 
 
SOIL. 
 
 y. 9 
 
 fected by the outcrop of the Ferriferous Limestone as*a 
 separate kind. Along the Slippery Rock Creek in Slippery 
 Rock, Worth, Brady, Cherry, Mercer, and Marion town¬ 
 ships, much of the land is very greatly improved by the pres¬ 
 ence of this rock, but it is so thin—rarely exceeding fifteen 
 (15) feet—that we are hardly justified in asserting that there 
 is any characteristic limestone soil in the county. 
 
 Apples and peaches are the only fruits commonly grown. 
 The latter are small, hard and acrid, and are suited neither 
 to the soil nor climate. The trees are usually planted around 
 the margin of an apple orchard or a field bordering the road. 
 This is done to insure to them the best drained soil. Some 
 excellent apples are grown, but as the greater part of the 
 county is not well supplied with railroads, but few are 
 shipped to market. 
 
 Chapter II. 
 
 § 7. Anticlinals and Synclinals. 
 
 All that portion of Western Pennsylvania lying north 
 and west of the Brady’s Bend or Fifth Anticlinal Axis was 
 included in what is called the Sixth Bituminous Coal Basin. 
 
 This basin contains within its limits several minor flexures 
 which divide it into as many sub-basins, but these anticli¬ 
 nals and synclinals have such gentle dips, and are so diffi¬ 
 cult to trace, that any attempt to classify them as separate 
 sub-basins, and to trace them across the State as such, must 
 prove futile, and be productive of much confusion with but 
 little resulting benefit. 
 
 The Brady’s Bend Anticlinal axis, crossing the Allegheny 
 River in the loop below Brady’s Bend, is said by Prof. 
 White, to run in a straight line south 40° west across the 
 southeastern corner of Butler County, just touching the 
 ♦ northwest corner of Buffalo Township. 
 
 The Brady’s Bend or “Sixth” Synclinal Axis lies but a 
 short distance northwest from the anticlinal, crossing the 
 
io y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Allegheny River at Brady’s Bend (East Brady) and enter¬ 
 ing Butler County at the southeastern corner of Donegal 
 township, which is the most southeasterly point described 
 in this report. Its course is approximately parallel to that 
 of the Anticlinal axis. 
 
 § 8. The Millerstown Axis. 
 
 A short distance southeast of Millerstown a gentle anti¬ 
 clinal roll is detected crossing the county in a direction ap¬ 
 proximately parallel to the Brady’s Bend Axis. Its exist¬ 
 ence was first suspected about two years ago, 1876, when it 
 was found that some of the oil wells drilled southeast of 
 Millerstown reached the oil sand at a less depth than those 
 nearer town. 
 
 A careful leveling of the well mouths, and a comparison of 
 the relative depths at Millerstown, and on the Diviner Farm 
 and others in the same vicinity, showed that the oil sand 
 certainly dipped to the north over a strip of country a half 
 mile or more in width. The data collected in obtaining the 
 facts for the detailed township reports, show that the coal 
 rocks also exhibit a north dip in that vicinity, and undoubt¬ 
 edly demonstrate the existence of an anticlinal and syncli¬ 
 nal roll. No trace of it was observed northeast or south¬ 
 west of Donegal township. 
 
 9 \ 
 
 § 9. The Martinsburg Axis. 
 
 A second flexure enters the county near Bear Creek, passes 
 a short distance east of Martinsburg, where it can be de¬ 
 tected by the eye, and probably passes, in its southwest 
 course, very close to the town of Butler. It has governed 
 the course of the main branch of Bear Creek, and of Kearn’s 
 Branch of the Connoquenessing and has probably had some 
 agency in the production of the big bend of the Clarion 
 River a short distance above its mouth. A description of 
 the dips at Martinsburg will be found in Chapter VIII. 
 
 § 10. The Harrismlle Axis. 
 
 From the Martinsburg. axis northwest to Centreville, no 
 
ANTICLINALS AND SYNCLINALS. 
 
 Y. 11 
 
 perceptible flexure crosses the measures, the dip being 
 nearly uniform and toward the south, but at the latter place 
 a quite prominent anticlinal and synclinal roll is found. 
 This anticlinal passing through the borough of Centreville 
 is again seen in the coal mines at Harrisville Station. The 
 north dips of this axis are frequently detected in the coals, 
 and in the dip of the Ferriferous Limestone through all the 
 country southwest of Centreville. It crosses the Beaver 
 River about midway between the mouth of Connoqueness- 
 ing Creek and Homewood Station. 
 
 The Harrisville Synclinal lies but a short distance, some- 
 times not over one half mile, from the anticlinal. 
 
 It determines the course of Wolf Creek and its junction 
 with the Slippery Rock, and of the Slippery Rock and its 
 junction with the Connoquenessing. 
 
 Traced northeastwardly, in the prolongation of this line, 
 it passes a short distance west of Clintonville, crosses the 
 Allegheny river at Serubgrass, producing Scrubgrass Bend, 
 and is again detected near Tippery Corners, six miles west 
 by south from Oil City, where it brings the Ferriferous 
 Limestone down into the hill tops. 
 
 The bend in the river at Scrubgrass has long been an un¬ 
 explained feature in the erosion of the Allegheny Valley. 
 The formation of Brady’s Bend was elucidated years ago 
 by Prof. Lesley, who has explained to us how the stream 
 running down the dip to nearly the central line of the syn¬ 
 clinal, was thrown back by the north dip, flowed for a time 
 westwardly, but finally cutting across the basin was again 
 deflected, this time toward the east, and began cutting back 
 into the axis from the south; was once more repulsed, turned, 
 and resumed its southerly course. A precisely similar action 
 has taken place at Scrubgrass, resulting in the production 
 of Scrubgrass Bend. 
 
 At Hotter’s Siding, between Scrubgrass and Emlenton, 
 there is a similar loop. This may have an origin similar to 
 that of the other bends ; but no flexure was detected in 
 northern Butler that would account for it. If such an axis 
 does exist it must be very gentle in the northern part of 
 Butler county. It would correspond very nearly to a pro- 
 
12 V\ 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 longation of Prof. Stevenson s Bulger Axis of Beaver 
 County. 
 
 § 11. The Frederickstoion axis. 
 
 Prof. White, in Report Q, has supposed the anticlinal 
 axis seen on the Beaver above Homewood Station (Harris- 
 ville axis,) to be the same with his Frederickstown axis. 
 This construction would make the course of the flexure 
 about 1ST. 60° E., which is at variance with our knowledge of 
 the structure of Beaver, Lawrence and Butler counties on 
 the east, and in Ohio on the west. 
 
 The Bradys Bend axis runs N. 40° E. ; the Harrisville 
 axis from Scrubgrass to the Beaver River about N. 42° E. 
 and the Bulger axis in Beaver county about N. 30° E. 
 
 In Ohio, the flexures are more gentle, and consequently 
 harder to trace, but have been proved to lie in a line more 
 nearly parallel to the Cincinnati Anticlinal than the axes 
 in Pennsylvania, i. e ., more nearly in a north and south 
 direction. 
 
 It will then be seen, that if the Frederickstown axis be 
 the same with the Harrisville axis, we have a flexure run¬ 
 ning across the general course of the axes and destroying 
 the harmony of the system. 
 
 At New Castle, on the Beaver River, (see Part II below) 
 there is a marked flattening of the dip ; so that the strata, 
 as determined by spirit-level elevations of the Mercer lime¬ 
 stone, appear to be horizontal for a distance of four miles. 
 This can readily be explained by supposing that a rather 
 flattened anticlinal roll crosses the river at that point. 
 
 If we now assume this flexure to be the same with the 
 Frederickstown axis, we find its course is about N. 30° E. 
 This is perfectly in harmony with the structure of the whole 
 district, and is also in conformity with the course of the 
 Ohio axes. 
 
 It is then safe to conclude that the Frederickstown axis is 
 the same with the New Castle roll, and runs in a course of 
 about N. 30° E. 
 
 The southerly prolongation of the Harrisville axis should 
 therefor be looked for in the vicinity of Smith’s Ferry, or 
 at any point along a course S. 40° W. from Homewood 
 Station. 
 
BARREN MEASURES. 
 
 Y. 13 
 
 Chapter III. 
 
 § 18. The Barren Measures. 
 
 Only the lower portion of the Barren Measures is found 
 in this district. In parts of Muddy Creek, Franklin, Cen¬ 
 tre, Oakland, and Donegal townships, over one hundred 
 feet of strata belonging to this series is caught in the hill¬ 
 tops, but no good section of them could be obtained within 
 the limits of the district. 
 
 The following section is taken from Report Q, page 24, 
 and is given as a typical section of the Barren Measures in 
 Southern Butler and Allegheny counties. In it, the Mahon¬ 
 ing S. S. is made the lowest member of the Series, but here¬ 
 tofore that rock has always been regarded as the top rock 
 of the Lower Productive Coal Measures. 
 
 The Mahoning Sandstone will be described in connection 
 with the Lower Productive Coal Measures. 
 
 The highest rocks of the Barren Measures are found in 
 the high lands of Centre township, where the lowermost 
 two hundred feet of these strata is caught in the hill-tops. 
 This is a very exceptional thickness, as usually there is 
 not much more than one hundred feet of these measures 
 found so far north as this tier of townships. 
 
 Neither the Bakerstown Coal bed, nor the Pine Creek 
 Limestone were detected; but they might easily be present 
 and yet escape observation, as they must lie only in the 
 highest liill-tops, and have probably suffered greatly from 
 aerial erosion. 
 
 The Buffalo, or Mahoning Upper Sandstone is not a mas¬ 
 sive rock in these townships. It is usually replaced by 
 soft clayey shales, and argillaceous sandstones. 
 
 The Brush Creek coal is nowhere of any importance. Its 
 outcrop is seen along the road-summits in many portions 
 of the southern part of the district, but is always too thin 
 and impure to be of any value. The Brush Creek Lime¬ 
 stone is probably absent. 
 
14 V. 
 
 REPOET OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE 
 
 General Section of the Barren Measures 
 Allegheny County . 
 
 Pittsburgh Coal Bed, . . . 
 
 # 
 
 Concealed,. 
 
 Pittsburgh Upper Limestone, 
 Variegated Shales, .... 
 Pittsburgh Little Coal, wanting 
 Pittsbnrgh Lower Limestone, 
 Red Upper shale, .... 
 
 Concealed,. 
 
 Morgantown SS ,. 
 
 Small coal,. 
 
 Variegated shale, .... 
 
 Elk Lick Coal,. 
 
 Elk Lick Limestone, . . . 
 
 Variegated Shales, .... 
 Berlin Coal, wanting. 
 
 Green Crinoidal Limestone, . 
 
 Platt (?) Coal,. 
 
 Red Lower Clay Shale, . . 
 
 Sandy Shales and Shaly SS., 
 Bakerstown Coal, .... 
 Shales and Sandstones, . . 
 
 Pine Creek Limestone, . . . 
 
 Buffalo (Mahoning Upper) SS., 
 Brush Creek Limestone, . . 
 
 Dark Shale,. 
 
 Brush Creek Coal, .... 
 
 Shale,. 
 
 Mahoning Sandstone, . . . 
 
 20 ' 
 
 2 ' 
 
 65' 
 
 5' 
 
 20 ' 
 
 70' 
 
 45' 
 
 50' 
 O'to 3' 
 O' to 5' 
 35' 
 
 2' to 3' 
 0' to IV 
 30' 
 50' 
 O'to 4' 
 40' 
 2 ' 
 60' 
 1' to 2' 
 10' to 15' 
 0'to 3' 
 20 ' 
 
 40' to 80' 
 
 The Mahoning Sandstone, underlying the above described 
 
LOWER PRODUCTIVE COAL MEASURES. 
 
 Y. 15 
 
 series, is often almost entirely replaced by soft Barren 
 Measure shale; but is sometimes quite a massive stratum, 
 forming prominent topographical features. It caps the 
 dividing ridge north of Muddy Creek in Brady and Clay 
 townships, and is occasionally a massive stratum in Oak¬ 
 land and Donegal townships. 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 
 § 13. The Lower Productive Coal Measures. 
 
 No complete section of the Lower Productive Coal meas¬ 
 ures can be obtained within the limits of the county. Even 
 when the exposures are good, and are close enough to each 
 other to be joined together with no risk of erroneous 
 identifications, the resulting sections are always more or 
 less incomplete, for all the coal beds, and their accompany¬ 
 ing limestones, are never present together in any one lo¬ 
 cality. 
 
 The following generalized section has been prepared from 
 a thorough revision and verification of Prof. Lesley’s Sec¬ 
 tion at Brady’s Bend. It embraces all the coals of the se¬ 
 ries, except the Millerstown and Ferriferous Coal Beds. 
 
 The maximum and minimum thickness of each stratum 
 is given in the left hand column of figures ; and the meas¬ 
 urements at Brady’s Bend in the right hand column. The 
 section is thus made a typical one for the district, and can 
 be used as a key to any section measured in northern But¬ 
 ler, northern Armstrong, Beaver or Lawrence counties. 
 
 It will be noticed that though the intervals are repre¬ 
 sented as being subject to great variations in thickness, 
 the general parallelism of the measures is preserved, as 
 as a thickening or thinning in one stratum is always com¬ 
 pensated by a corresponding increase or diminution of the 
 interval above or below it. Thus, the Freeport Sandstone 
 ranges from 36 to 60 feet in thickness, but this variation is 
 always compensated by an opposite variation in the over- 
 lying or underlying strata; so that the distance from the 
 Freeport Limestone down to the Kittanning Upper Coal 
 
16 Y. 
 
 REPOET OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 bed, or to the Ferriferous Limestone, remains nearly con¬ 
 stant. 
 
 The section here given does not include all of the Brady’s 
 Bend Section. It is only carried down to the bottom of 
 the Brookville Coal Bed, which at Brady’s Bend lies about 
 165 feet above low water in the Allegheny Liver. The 
 strata beneath this bed belong to the Beaver Liver or Con¬ 
 glomerate Series (No. Nil). 
 
 Generalized Section of the Lower Productive Coal Meas¬ 
 ures. 
 
 30' to 70' 
 
 O' to 70' 
 
 1' to 6' 
 5' to 20' 
 0' to 5' 
 5' to 15' 
 0' to 4' 
 25' to 35' 
 
 1' to 8' 
 0' to 5' 
 0' to 2' 
 40' to 60' 
 0' to 10' 
 0' to 4' 
 1' to 3' 
 30' to 45' 
 1' to 4' 
 3' to 8' 
 35' to 40' 
 l'to 4' 
 1' to 5' 
 ? to 20' 
 0' to 3' 
 12' to 18' 
 
 50' 
 
 25' 
 
 5' 
 
 8 ' 
 
 5' 
 
 13' 
 
 3' 
 
 Mahoning SS., some¬ 
 times containing Mil- 
 lerstown Coal, . . . 
 
 Slate and shale, sometimes ) 
 replacing Mahoning SS., j 
 Freeport Upper Coal, 
 
 Fireclay and shale ore balls 
 Freeport Upper Limestone, 
 Fireclay with ore—Shale, . 
 Freeport (Summit) Ore, 
 
 Freeport Upper Sandstone, ) 
 sometimes shale, . . f 
 
 Freeport Lower Coal, 1£' to 4' 
 Shale or Fireclay, . . 3' 
 
 Freeport Lower Lime, 2' 
 Freeport Lower SS., 60' 
 
 Shale or Slate,.— 
 
 Kittanning Upper Coal, 10" to 3' 
 
 Fireclay, ._ 
 
 Sandstone and shale, . . 46' 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal, 2' to 4' 
 Fireclay, .... 5' ] 
 
 Shale, olive and blue, 35' ) 
 Kittanning Lower Coal, . . 
 
 Fireclay, .... 3' ] 
 
 Sandstone, sandy shale, 23' j 
 
 “Slab” ore,. 
 
 Sandstone and sandy ] 
 shales, ferruginous, . j 
 
 65' 
 
 40' 
 
 3' 
 
 26' 
 
 14' 
 
LOWER PRODUCTIVE COAL MEASURES. 
 
 Y. 17 
 
 O' to 5' Limestone (Bulirstone) ore, 1' 
 
 O' to 22' Ferriferous Limestone, . . 15' 
 
 Scrubgrass Coal, ? 
 
 18' to 30' Sandy shales, . . . 25' j 
 
 2' to 7' Clarion Coal Bed, . 3' i 30' 
 
 1' to 3' Fireclay, .... 2' ) 
 
 20' to 40' Soft shale or sandstone, . 25' 
 
 0' to 6' Brookville Coal Bed, (?) . 3' 
 
 0' to 10' Fireclay or shale, about . 5' 
 
 Homewood Sandstone. 
 
 Total,. 423' 
 
 The figures bound by a vincula are those used iu con¬ 
 structing the accompanying section, Fig. 2. 
 
 Several instrumental measurements at Brady’s Bend gave 
 a mean of 264 feet as the distance from the Freeport Upper 
 Coal down to the Ferriferous Limestone. This tallies well 
 with the results obtained by Mr. White, who gives, (see Q, 
 page 39,) the distance from the Upper Freeport Coal to the 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone, as— 
 
 At Kittanning, ... . 261' 
 
 At New Brighton,. 263' 
 
 At Smith’s Ferry,. 242' 
 
 Throughout the district I have always found this inter¬ 
 val greater than 250 and less than 265 feet. 
 
 The thickness of the Lower Productive Series (counting 
 in the Mahoning Sandstone) in northern Butler and Arm¬ 
 strong counties and the eastern part of Lawrence county, 
 is always from 400 to 425 feet. 
 
 § H. Ancient Erosion of the Freeport Group. 
 
 This thickness is sometimes diminished by an apparent re¬ 
 placement of the Mahoning Sandstone, and Upper Freeport 
 Coal and Limestone, by the shales of the Barren Measures. 
 In many localities in the southern part of the district, the 
 Freeport Group cannot be recognized. No coal or limestone 
 is found at the proper horizon, and the overlying Mahon- 
 
 2 y. 
 
18 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 ing Sandstone is entirely cut away by shales, lithologically 
 the counterpart of the Barren Measure Shales. It may be 
 urged that the Freeport group was never deposited over this 
 area, and that this is a bona fide disappearance of the group; 
 „ but against this view there are many objections. North¬ 
 east, north, and west of the areas in which the above de¬ 
 scribed phenomenon is observed, both the Freeport Group 
 and Mahoning Sandstone are found with almost their nor¬ 
 mal development and at a nearly constant distance above 
 the Ferriferous Limestone and Kittanning Coal Beds. It 
 is therefore improbable that we have here reached the north¬ 
 ern margin of the old Freeport Basin, as all the facts seem 
 to indicate that their absence is occasioned by an ancient 
 erosion.* 
 
 § 15. Extent of the Freeport Coal and Limestone. 
 
 The rapid deterioration of this group, north, west, and 
 
 * Erosion of a group of Coal Measures previous to the deposit of the next 
 group in the order above it, must be a fact of the highest importance to the 
 Theory of Coal, and should be settled beyond doubt. I have invited atten¬ 
 tion to the evidence obtained by Professor Stevenson (in Greene and Wash¬ 
 ington counties, as published in his Report of Progress K, 1876,) in the Pre¬ 
 face to Professor White’s Report of Progress, Q, pp. xlii to xlv. In that case 
 the erosion took place not long before the deposit of the Pittsburgh Coal. In 
 this case, if Mr. Chance is correct in his inferences, a still older erosion had 
 taken place, even before the deposit of the Black Fossil Limestone of the 
 Barren Measures. It is not to be supposed that erosions of such a depth as to 
 cut out a whole group, or such as to make a valley one or two hundred feet 
 deep, were effected under water, by any conceivable ocean currents. They 
 must be looked upon as subserial. The Coal area must therefore have been 
 at intervals high out of water, and then submerged. If we possess two well 
 authenticated cases, there may be any number of others not yet discovered. 
 
 If large stretches of land appeared above water at one time, there could 
 have been at first no vegetation upon them; and if the climate was hot and 
 even approximately dry, there must have occurred extensive and deep aerial 
 deposits of blown sand and clay dust. These may explain some of our coal 
 measure sandstones. My study of the loose yellow sand formation, (“Con¬ 
 glomerate, No. XII,”) of Paint Fork of Sandy river, in East Kentucky, in 
 1864, (see Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., April, 1865, Vol. X, p. 47 et seq.,) im¬ 
 pressed me strongly with the idea that it was a great irregular sandstone de¬ 
 posit ; and only the presence in it of fragments of trees provented me from 
 so describing it. It rapidly and locally varies from 150 to 250 feet in thick¬ 
 ness, and is almost entirely destitute of the usual marks of water bedding. 
 
 J. P. L. 
 
FREEPORT COAL AND LIMESTONE. 
 
 V. 19 
 
 northwest from Brady’s Bend indicates however that we 
 cannot be far from the northwestern limits of these coal 
 beds, and snggests the query: Over how wide an area were 
 they originally deposited? North and northwest from 
 Brady’s Bend in Butler county, the Upper Freeport Coal 
 is but seldom a workable bed, and is often apparently ab¬ 
 sent. In the southwestern part of the county it is never 
 valuable, and in Beaver county it is always a thin bed and 
 can but rarely be seen. Over this area then we may con¬ 
 sider it of poor development, such as we would expect to 
 find in the marginal area surrounding its central basin of 
 deposition. In the Pittsburgh Well record no member of 
 the group is reported, the place where the coals, limestone 
 and fireclay should be found being filled by sandstone. 
 
 East and southeast from Brady’s Bend the Freeport 
 Group has its best development, and may be traced as a 
 valuable coal and ore bearing series southward to the State 
 line, and eastward to the face of the Allegheny Mountains. 
 We can therefore assign no limits to its southern and east¬ 
 ern extension. 
 
 § 16. The Millerstown Coal ancl Mahoning Sandstone. 
 
 This Coal Bed has been named from the borough of Mil- 
 lerstown in Donegal township, near which it is of greater 
 thickness and better quality than at any other locality in 
 the county. It occurs in the horizon of the Mahoning Sand¬ 
 stone, at from two hundred and ninety-five to three hun¬ 
 dred and fifteen feet above the Ferriferous Limestone, and 
 from thirty-five to fifty feet above the upper Freeport Coal 
 Bed. 
 
 It varies from two to five feet in thickness but is never of 
 very good quality, and is usually quite a poor coal, but has 
 been mined quite extensively for use at the oil wells between 
 Karn’s City and Millerstown, and has also been mined to 
 some extent by the Karns City and Butler R. R. Co., who 
 have a bank opened ujjon it near the former place. 
 
 In the absence of good exposures, or of oil well records 
 
20 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 giving the depth at which the Ferriferous Limestone was 
 struck, this coal might often be mistaken for the Freeport 
 Upper bed. 
 
 A coal occupying the same geological horizon as this bed 
 is noted in Report Q, p. 106, as occurring in Forward town¬ 
 ship. Prof. Lesley’s description of the Brady’s Bend rocks 
 also notes a coal five feet thick at this horizon in the Ma¬ 
 honing Sandstone, (and sixty feet above the Freeport Upper 
 Coal,) which is undoubtedly the same with the Millerstown 
 bed. 
 
 The Mahoning Sandstone, in the presence of this coal is 
 usually replaced by shale or shaly sandstones, and is some¬ 
 times split into two bands of rather soft shaly sandstone. 
 It is seen as a quite massive rock, capping the hill tops of 
 Brady township, but is usually of rather shaly composi¬ 
 tion and fails to make any prominent topographical features. 
 
 § 17. Freeport Upper Coal. 
 
 This coal is locally a workable bed in several localities in 
 Oakland, Donegal, Clay, and Concord townships; but over 
 the remaining townships of the district it is an almost 
 worthless bed. It has nowhere a thickness or quality that 
 will compare with its exhibit at Brady’s Bend, and is often 
 altogether absent. 
 
 § 18. Freeport Upper Limestone. 
 
 This stratum is seen less frequently than the Upper Free¬ 
 port Coal. In some parts of Muddy Creek, Franklin, and 
 Clay townships it is an apparently persistent bed, but over 
 a large part of the district no trace of it can be found. 
 
 Attempts have frequently been made to burn it for agri¬ 
 cultural purposes, but it yields a lime of such dark color 
 and impure character that nearly all farmers are prejudiced 
 against its use. It is never accompanied by any good ore. 
 
 This limestone is characteristically different from the Fer- 
 
FREEPORT UPPER LIMESTONE. 
 
 V. 21 
 
 riferous Limestone, and lies about two hundred and forty 
 to two hundred and sixty feet above it. 
 
 When the latter rock is very thin, it occasionally has 
 nearly the same appearance as the Freeport bed; but where- 
 ever the stone is exposed to direct erosion the difference is 
 immediately detected. The Freeport Limestone weathers 
 into extremely hard yellow clay-incrusted nodules, while 
 the Ferriferous nearly always breaks into slab like pieces 
 with irregularly undulating surfaces, and of a bluish or dirty 
 white color. Its outcrop along the road sides is always 
 marked by a light slate-colored clayey soil, and by frag¬ 
 ments lying in the road, which, after being bruised by pass¬ 
 ing wagons, are very noticeable. 
 
 § 19. Freeport Lower Coal. 
 
 This coal is a very irregular and unreliable bed, and is 
 workable over but a small area. Its greatest thickness is 
 found in Clay, Concord, Washington and Parker town¬ 
 ships, over a large part of which it can always be found; 
 and is generally of workable size. In some localities—as 
 at North Washington, and in Parker township—it has 
 locally an enormous thickness, measuring sometimes as 
 much as fourteen feet; but where this abnormal size ob¬ 
 tained the whole bed is not good coal, and only its lower 
 half is mined. * In Clay township it is usually about five 
 feet thick, and always in two nearly equal benches parted 
 by about one foot of slate. 
 
 Over the remainder of the district it is generally of poor 
 quality, but seldom more than one or two feet thick and is 
 opened in very few places. 
 
 § 80, Freeport Lower Limestone . 
 
 This stratum is usually quite thin, rarely exceeding one 
 
 * In one mine a measurement of sixteen feet was reported. 
 
22 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 foot in thickness, and is exposed in very few places in the 
 district. 
 
 In Parker township an ore bed is found in local patches 
 occupying the horizon of this limestone. It is said to be 
 of excellent quality, and was much esteemed by the own¬ 
 ers of the old furnaces on Bear creek, who mined it quite 
 largely as long as the stacks were in blast. 
 
 In the oil well records kept by Mr. John H. Carll, (re¬ 
 printed in Chapter X,) this limestone is noted at a distance 
 of from one hundred and eighty to two hundred feet above 
 the Ferriferous Limestone. The stratum is evidently very 
 thin, and was not noticed by the men who drilled the wells, 
 but I afterwards detected it in the sand pumpings that Mr. 
 Carll had carefully preserved for future reference. It may 
 belong somewhat above the place assigned to it in the 
 printed sections. 
 
 § 21. Freeport Lower Sandstone. 
 
 This is the Freeport Sandstone of the First Survey, and 
 can be recognized throughout the whole district. Its thick¬ 
 ness can be said to vary from forty to sixty feet, though it 
 is sometimes slightly in excess of the latter figure. In some 
 of the old sections a much greater thickness is given to this 
 rock, but in every instance this has been obtained by in¬ 
 cluding in the measurement the Upper Freeport Sandstone, 
 or the sandy shales that are sometimes found beneath the 
 place of the Kittanning Upper Coal. 
 
 It is usually a rather shaly, finegrained rock, and always 
 shows more or less false bedding. 
 
 A peculiar local coal bed occurs near the middle of the 
 mass of shales, which in some localities replaces the sand¬ 
 stone. 
 
 This coal has been called in this report “The Currie Lo¬ 
 cal Coal Bed,” and in Prof. White’s Report Q, p. 121, the 
 “Eichenhaur Local Coal.” It consists of two benches, 
 partly cannel and partly bituminous coal, separated by a 
 
FREEPORT LOWER SANDSTONE. 
 
 Y. 23 
 
 band of shale or sandy fireclay from a few inches to two 
 feet in thickness. 
 
 It is difficult to conceive how a local bed of this charac¬ 
 ter could have been formed during a period in which a 
 great sandrock like the Freeport Sandstone was being 
 deposited, and we are again forced to use the well worn 
 hypothesis of “drifted carbonaceous material” to explain 
 its origin. 
 
 § 88. Kittanning Upper Coal. 
 
 This bed underlies the Freeport Sandstone by from five 
 to fifteen feet, and overlies the Ferriferous Limestone from 
 one hundred and ten to one hundred and thirty feet. In 
 its thickness and quality it very closely resembles the 
 Kittanning Middle coal, and is somewhat similar to the 
 Kittanning Lower bed. In fact all three of the Kittanning 
 coals are very similar to each other. This bed is the same 
 with Mr. White’s “Darlington” Bed, and lies from thirty 
 to forty-five feet above the Kittanning Middle Bed. 
 
 It is a good workable bed, from two to four feet thick, 
 in parts of Worth, Brady, Slippery Bock, Parker, Wash¬ 
 ington and Yenango townships. In the two last named 
 townships it is a cannel coal of very good quality, but over 
 the remainder of the district always a bituminous coal. 
 
 4/ 
 
 § 83. Kittanning Middle Coal. 
 
 This coal is absent in the Kittanning section, and has 
 never heretofore been assigned its right position in the 
 series. It underlies the Kittanning Upper coal from thirty 
 to forty-five feet and overlies the Ferriferous Limestone 
 from seventy to ninety feet. 
 
 It is a very persistent bed, is nearly always of good 
 quality, and is of workable size in parts of Muddy Creek, 
 Franklin, Worth, Brady, Clay, Slippery Bock, Cherry, 
 Washington, Parker, Mercer, and Yenango townships. 
 
24 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 § 24. Kittanning Lower Coal. 
 
 This coal lies about forty feet above the Ferriferous 
 Limestone, and forty feet more or less below the Kittanning 
 Middle bed. Its best development in Butler county is 
 found in Parker and Allegheny townships. 
 
 Over the remainder of the district it is seldom of work¬ 
 able size. In Venango county just north of the county 
 line it is a fair bed, and at Brady 5 s Bend is quite valuable, 
 being the “Furnace* 5 Bed that was so largely worked by 
 the Brady’s Bend Iron Company. At Brady’s Bend it lies 
 forty feet above the Ferriferous Limestone, and at Kit- 
 tanning fifty feet above the same stratum. 
 
 § 25. The Kittanning Group. 
 
 Though I have found in some places all three of the 
 Kittanning coals present, there is no locality in Butler 
 county where they are all of workable thickness. In many 
 parts of Butler, Allegheny, Beaver, and Lawrence counties 
 two good coal beds are found between the Ferriferous lime¬ 
 stone and the Freeport sandstone. The conclusion that 
 there were but two persistent beds in this horizon was con¬ 
 sequently a reasonable one ; so the Middle Kittanning, in 
 the presence of the Upper Kittanning Bed, was called the 
 Lower Kittanning Coal; and in the presence of the Lower 
 Kittanning, was mistaken for the Upper Kittanning. The 
 former error was made over that area in which the Middle 
 Kittanning is absent, and the latter in a part of State where 
 the Lower Kittanning is but rarely seen. Where three 
 coals were found the extra bed was supposed to be merely 
 a local deposit, which should not be placed in the series as 
 one of its persistent members. 
 
 In the central part of Butler county, all the complete 
 sections show three beds of coal within the limits of this 
 group. In the north-eastern part of Franklin township 
 the Upj>er and Middle Kittanning coals are both opened 
 and worked, lying about forty-five feet apart, and the Lower 
 Kittanning coal was reached in a well starting on a level 
 
KITTANNING COAL GROUP. 
 
 Y. 25 
 
 with the Middle Kittanning bed, at a depth of forty feet. 
 The two upper beds are also of good size at Stone House in 
 Brady township, but only the upper bed is there mined. 
 They are both opened and worked near Harrisville and 
 Centerville, where the smut of the Lower Kittanning Bed 
 is frequently seen on the roads. The lower bed is thin and 
 almost worthless, and lies about forty feet above the Ferri¬ 
 ferous Limestone. 
 
 In Parker township the Lower and Middle beds have been 
 opened, but they are both rather thin. The upper bed is 
 here a cannel coal and little mined, but the lower bed has 
 been worked quite largely for use at the wells. 
 
 These three coal beds, when of workable size, exhibit a 
 striking similarity to each other. They are all character¬ 
 istic gas coals, averaging about thirty-eight per cent, of vol¬ 
 atile matter, and yield about fifty-eight per cent, of coke. 
 The following rude generalization will show their general 
 character: 
 
 Water,.1.50 to 2.50 
 
 Volatile Matter,. 36.00 to 41.00 
 
 Fixed Carbon,. 46.00 to 54.00 
 
 Sulphur, . . . 70 to 1.90 
 
 Ash.4.00 to 10.00 
 
 j 
 
 Coke,.56 to 60 per cent. 
 
 A good specimen taken from any one of these coals will 
 on analysis, be found to agree very nearly with the mean 
 of the above figures. 
 
 Mr. White gives several analyses of the Lower Kittanning 
 Coal at New Brighton (Middle Kittanning of this report, 
 the Lower Kittanning being apparently absent in that lo¬ 
 cality) which show about the same character. In eight sep¬ 
 arate analyses the maximum and minimum figures are: 
 
 Water,. 1.620 and 2.400 
 
 Volatile Matter, . . . .36.470 and 41.260 
 
 Fixed Carbon,. 43.263 and 54.619 
 
 Sulphur,.791 and 4.177 
 
 Ash,. 4.080 and 12.570 
 
 The following general scheme shows the arrangement of 
 
26 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 the group as correctly as a detailed description, and will 
 be useful as a key to any section compiled in the district, 
 
 It can be very easily remembered : 
 
 Freeport Lower Sandstone,._____ 
 
 Kittanning Upper Coal,.— 3' 
 
 Interval,.40 ft. — 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal,.— 3' 
 
 Interval,.40 ft. — 
 
 Kit tanning Lower Coal,.— 3' 
 
 Interval,.40 ft. — 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,. . 
 
 The Ferriferous Coal Bed occurs in the interval between 
 the Kittanning Lower Coal and the Ferriferous Limestone, 
 but is of no value within the county limits. Its blossom 
 is frequently seen in the northern townships, but is always 
 quite thin ; it is also seen in several places on Slippery Rock, 
 creek, but is never thick enough to be valuable. 
 
 § 26. Ferriferous Limestone. 
 
 This is the most persistent and valuable limestone found 
 beneath the Pittsburgh Coal seam. It is of its usual thick¬ 
 ness and character over nearly all of Butler county, but is 
 not quarried to any extent. Its exposures therefore are 
 not so frequent as in the country east and west of this dis¬ 
 trict, where it is finely exposed in a large number of quar¬ 
 ries. The ore bed usually found immediately on top, or in 
 the shales above it, is mostly thin, and has been dug in 
 very few places. 
 
 A full description of this limestone and its ore bed is 
 given in Chap. X, of this Report. 
 
 The Scrubgrass Coal Bed immediately underlies the lime¬ 
 stone and has been detected in the northwestern part of 
 the county, where it is commonly known to be present, but 
 is too thin to be mined. Its usual thickness is from six 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 }. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2 miles —^ Bear Creek V /2 miles Alarrmshurg. 
 
 2 nd Geol. /Survey of Pa. 
 
 Diagram showing the Clarion Coal split into two Beds. 
 
FERRIFEROUS LIMESTONE. 
 
 Y. 27 
 
 inches to one foot but in one locality it is said to be 18 
 inches thick. A short distance west from the county line 
 in Lawrence county a bank is opened upon it, from which 
 some good coal has been taken. It is there about two feet 
 thick. 
 
 This bed is probably a split from the Clarion Coal, and 
 on that ground it has been denied a place in the preceding- 
 generalized section. 
 
 § 27. Clarion Coal . 
 
 In the vicinity of Parker and Martinsburg this bed is 
 mined quite largely. At the former town it is about four 
 feet thick, but is a very sulphury coal and not much used 
 except at the oil wells. 
 
 At Martinsburg the bed measures seven (7) feet, consist¬ 
 ing of two benches of about three feet each, parted by a 
 band of slate one foot thick. Going southward this slate 
 in places almost entirely disappears, but in a northeasterly 
 direction, towards Donnelly Station, rapidly swells to 
 seven (7) feet, making the measurement of the whole bed 
 about thirteen feet. The upper bench is almost entirely 
 lost before reaching Parker. Prof. Rogers gives a thin coal 
 as occurring between the Clarion and Ferriferous Limestone 
 at Lawrenceburg, which is probably this upper bench in an 
 attenuated condition. 
 
 The diagram given in Fig. 3, shows with clearness this 
 remarkable splitting, and the confusion into which it might 
 lead us, for at Lawrenceburg there are apparently two seams 
 which (by supposing a slight change in the intervals) could 
 easily be mistaken for the Clarion and Brookville, or for 
 the Scrubgrass and Clarion coal beds. 
 
 The absence of the Scrubgrass coal south and southeast 
 from Martinsburg, and its almost universal presence north 
 and northwest from this locality, make it probable that it 
 is in reality but the upper bench of the Clarion Bed, and 
 not as hitherto supposed, an individual seam. This con¬ 
 clusion would destroy any supposed triple character of the 
 
28 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Clarion group, and compel us to recognize in it two beds 
 only : the Brookville and the Clarion. 
 
 On Slippery Rock and Wolf Creek the Clarion Coal is 
 rather thin, and little worked. At Pardoe, in Mercer 
 county, it is four feet thick and is largely mined by the 
 Mercer Mining and Manufacturing Company. 
 
 It is opened at a few banks in the northern tier of town¬ 
 ships, but is usually either too thin or too slaty and sul¬ 
 phury to be a valuable bed. In Yenango county just north 
 of the Butler county line it has been opened and worked 
 at several banks for many years. 
 
 %%8. The Broofcmlle Coal Bed: 
 
 The Brookville Coal is opened and mined at a few places 
 in the northern tier of townships. It varies from a few 
 inches to five feet in thickness, but is never a valuable 
 bed. Even when it is four or five feet thick, the many 
 sulphur bands which the coal contains render it nearly 
 worthless. 
 
 § %9. Ancient Anticlinal Axes. 
 
 In many localities—as at Martinsburg and on the Slip¬ 
 pery Bock creek—the top of the Homewood Sandstone 
 rises above the horizon of the Brookville and reaches nearlv 
 
 i/ 
 
 up to the Clarion bed. In these instances the sandrock does 
 not show any apparent thickening, but simply appears to 
 lie nearer to the Ferriferous Limestone than it does when 
 in its normal horizon. The change is therefore to be at¬ 
 tributed to the measures above this rock, and not to the 
 sandstone itself, and may possibly have been occasioned by 
 the existence of ancient anticlinal waves prior to the depo¬ 
 sition of the Brookville coal bed. 
 
ANCIENT ANTICLINAL AXES. 
 
 Y. 29 
 
 § 30. Key Section to the Butler County Coals. 
 
 The following generalization will be useful as a Key Sec¬ 
 tion to the Lower Productive Coal Measures of the district. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone is used in it as the Key Rock, 
 and all the persistent coals of the series are shown by their 
 distance above or beneath it, considered as the datum plane 
 from which all the principal members of the series—* 
 whether sandstones, limestones or coal beds—can be iden¬ 
 tified by a comparison of such relative vertical distances. 
 
 Above top of 
 Ferr. Limestone. 
 
 Millerstown Coal Bed,. 305' 
 
 45' 
 
 Freeport Upper Coal,.; . 260' 
 
 10 ' 
 
 Freeport Upper Limestone,.250' 
 
 50' 
 
 Freeport Lower Coal, . . ) 
 
 Freeport Lower Limestone, j *. 
 
 70' 
 
 Kittanning Upper Coal,.130' 
 
 45' 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal,.85' 
 
 45' 
 
 Kittanning Lower Coal,.40' 
 
 40' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone, [20' thick.] B Limestone^ 
 
 0 ' 
 
 Scrubgrass Coal,.0' 
 
 20 ' 
 
 Clarion Coal,.20' 
 
 35' 
 
 Brookville Coal. 55 ' 
 
 The intervals given in this generalization have been ex¬ 
 pressed in round numbers so that they can be readily 
 memorized. A variation from the above figures of ten, 
 fifteen or even twenty feet will frequently be found, but 
 the section can be applied, in a general way, to the identi¬ 
 fication of the coal beds in any part of the district. 
 

Chapter V. 
 
 § 31. Pott smile Conglomerate , No. XII. 
 
 This series of sandstone and shales is described in Part 
 II of this volume, Report on the Beaver and Slienango Val¬ 
 ievs, where all the rocks of the series are described in detail. 
 
 In Report Q, the lower limit of the section is placed at 
 the Sharon Coal bed, the sandrock beneath it (correspond¬ 
 ing in position with Dr. Newberry’s Ohio Conglomerate) 
 being thrown into the Cuyahoga shale. 
 
 At Sharon a conglomerate from O' to 20' thick is found 
 beneath the coal, and 40 feet beneath this there occurs an 
 iron-stained sandstone, which Mr. White has named the 
 Ferriferous Sandstone, which for the last two years I have 
 considered as the base of the Conglomerate Series, making 
 the total thickness from the Brookville Coal Bed down to 
 that stratum about 300 feet. This is more than 50 feet in 
 excess of Mr. White’s “ Beaver River Series.” 
 
 The records of many oil wells in Butler county show a 
 series of sandrocks—called by the drillers the ‘ * Mountain 
 Sands,”—about 400 feet thick, which apparently must all 
 be included in the Conglomerate Series. If we return again 
 to Sharon we there find another sandrock lying near river 
 level and about 100 feet below the rock I have considered 
 the base of the series. If we include this rock in the group, 
 we then have a total thickness of about 400 feet, or 175' of 
 sandrock belonging to No. XII beneath the Sharon coal. 
 This corresponds very well with the maximum thickness 
 assigned to it by Prof. Newberry. The position of this 
 Series and the Berea Grit at Sharon and New Castle will 
 be discussed in Part II. 
 
 The accompanying generalized section, Fig. 4, compiled 
 from data obtained in Lawrence and Mercer counties, will 
 
 show the general arrangement of the series. 
 
 (31) 
 
32 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Homewood Sandstone, [the Tionesta 
 SS. and No. XII of the First Sur- 
 
 vey,] 10' to 70',.40' 
 
 Mercer Group, shales and slates car¬ 
 rying two coal beds and two beds 
 of limestone, with fireclays, iron 
 ores, etc., 10 7 to 60 7 , . . 30 7 
 
 Connoquenessing Upper SS., . . . 50 7 
 
 Shale with a thin coal bed and iron 
 ore, (Quakertown coal), .... 40 7 
 
 Connoquenessing Lower SS., . . 30 7 
 
 Sharon Group —- Sharon shales and 
 
 coal bed,.10 7 
 
 Sharon (“Ohio”) Conglomerate and 
 
 “Ferriferous” SS.,*.75 7 
 
 Shale and Sandstone—Sharon lower 
 
 sandstone* at base,. 150 7 \ 
 
 Cuyahoga Shale \ 
 
 V. 4 
 
 § 3%. The Homewood Sandstone. 
 
 This rock is exposed in hundreds of places in the north¬ 
 ern tier of townships, but lies under water level in the 
 central and southern part of the district. On the Slippery 
 Rock creek and its branches it is nearly always a very 
 prominent stratum, jutting out of the hillsides a short dis¬ 
 tance above water level, and covering the creek bottoms 
 
 *The Ferr. S. S. and underlying rocks are considered as part of the Cuya¬ 
 hoga Shale. See part II, chap. II. 
 
HOMEWOOD SANDSTONE. 
 
 y. 33 
 
 with large blocks. It is usually rather coarse-grained, and 
 is always more or less stained with iron, the presence of 
 which causes it to weather in rough gnarled blocks of great 
 hardness. 
 
 It is finely exposed near Martinsburg, in the valley of 
 Bear creek, where it frequently outcrops in perpendicular 
 escarpments from 10 to 30 feet in height. It here fills a 
 position in the measures somewhat above its usual horizon, 
 lying only a few feet below the Clarion coal bed. 
 
 The Mercer Group , which is of much importance in Mer¬ 
 cer and Lawrence counties, is very poorly represented in 
 this county. 
 
 I have never seen either of the two Mercer limestones 
 within the limits of the district, but both the upper and 
 lower Mercer coal beds are present in some localities as im¬ 
 pure beds of bituminous shale, usually accompanied by 
 fireclay and bands of nodular iron ore. The latter has been 
 worked on Bear creek, and a small quantity of it has been 
 dug on Slippery Bock creek, but the coal beds are never 
 of workable thickness or quality. 
 
 The Connoquenessing Sandstone is laid bare in the gorge 
 of Bear creek, and in the cutting at the Parker Elevator, 
 but at in no other part of the county is it above water 
 level. 
 
 The horizon of the Sharon coal bed has been passed 
 through in thousands of oil wells, but we have never heard 
 of any coal being found at a depth corresponding to the 
 place at which it should be found. The Gibson and Ecock 
 well reports a coal bed which lies somewhat above the place 
 of this bed, and is probably the coal or bituminous shale 
 often found between the two subdivisions of the Connoque¬ 
 nessing Sandstone. This bed is seen at Donnelly Station, 
 3 Y. 
 
34 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 on Bear creek, but is there an impure mass of bituminous 
 shale. It probably was of the same character in the Gib¬ 
 son and Ecock well. 
 
 The sandrocks underlying the horizon of the Sharon coal 
 are shown by sand-pumpings from the six oil wells watched 
 by Mr. John EL Carll, to be rather finer grained and more 
 micaceous than the Homewood rock. Though it is proba¬ 
 ble that they are quite massive rocks, they are seldom very 
 hard, and good time is usually made in drilling through 
 them. 
 
 The lower sandrocks of this series have yielded lubri¬ 
 cating oil in small quantities on Slippery Rock creek, in 
 Lawrence county, but no paying wells have ever been ob¬ 
 tained in them in Butler county. In the southern part of 
 the county the upper part of the series contains much salt 
 water. It has a similar character in Allegheny county. 
 
DETAILED GEOLOGY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NORTHERN HALF OF BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 Chapter VI. 
 
 § S3. First or southern tier of townships. 
 
 This tier of townships embracing Muddy Creek, Frank¬ 
 lin, Centre, Oakland, and Donegal, extends from west to 
 east across the county just north of its central line, and is 
 principally underlaid by the out-crop of the Freeport 
 Group. 
 
 On the highlands, the lower portion of the Barren Measures 
 is found, but the rocks of this series cover a very small area. 
 
 The Kittanning Group is laid bare by the erosion of Muddy 
 Creek ; and the upper coals of the same group appear above 
 water level on Kearn 5 s branch of the Connoquenessing and 
 along Buffalo Creek. 
 
 The Freeport Group, to which we should look for the 
 main supply of coal, is, in these townships, most miserably 
 represented by thin, slaty and sulphury beds, but rarely 
 of workable thickness, often little better than bituminous 
 shale, and sometimes apparently altogether wanting. The 
 limestones of the group are seldom present. 
 
 In some localities the upper rocks of this group are ap¬ 
 parently replaced by Barren Measures shales, as though 
 they were either never deposited, or were eroded by an an¬ 
 cient denudation prior to the deposition of the latter rocks. 
 
 By reference to the contour lined map, it will be seen that 
 
 these townships are nearly all occupied by high land of 
 
 ( 35 ) 
 
36 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 rather regular outline. They contain some very fair farm¬ 
 ing and grazing land, but the absence of any good stratum 
 of limestone will always prevent them from being made as 
 productive as they might be were it possible to obtain for 
 them a liberal supply of lime. 
 
 § 3h. Muddy Creek Township. 
 
 This township lies in the southeastern corner of the 
 district, adjoining Lawrence county on the west, and Lan¬ 
 caster township on the south. 
 
 The Lower Productive Coal measures, from the top of the 
 Ferriferous Limestone to the top of the Mahoning Sand¬ 
 stone, are found in fair development within its limits. 
 
 The Freeport Group has locally its usual character 
 in the vicinity of Portersville, but its coal beds are not of 
 workable size or quality. The Freeport Upper limestone 
 is laid bare in the road bed in a number of places near the 
 town, and though it appears to be of fair quality none of 
 it is burnt or quarried. 
 
 All the fuel used in the township is obtained from the 
 Kittanning Upper and Middle coals. These beds furnish 
 a coal of good quality, and are usually thick enough for 
 profitable mining. 
 
 On Muddy Creek, near the Lawrence County line, the 
 coals underlying the Ferriferous Limestone are brought 
 above water level, but are too thin and poor to be worked. 
 
 The section shown in Fig. 5, was compiled partly from 
 exposures between Portersville and the Iron Bridge over 
 Muddy Creek, and partly from data obtained on the Sun- 
 bury road two miles east of town. 
 
 At the place where the section was compiled the Free¬ 
 port Upper Limestone could not be found. It is ex¬ 
 posed in several places near Portersville, where it is appa¬ 
 rently two to three feet thick, and overlaid by a thin coal 
 bed, which is often very difficult to find. In the summit 
 half a mile north from town the limestone and coal lie 
 
MUDDY CREEK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 y. 37 
 
 about thirty feet above their outcrop near the grave yard, 
 showing that a sharp local south dip pervades this neigh¬ 
 borhood. 
 
 Porter smile Section. 
 
 Hard massive sandstone and conglomerate. 
 
 [Mahoning S. S.] capping the highest 
 
 hills.(seen,) 15' 
 
 Concealed: (soft measures,) . . 30' 
 
 Olive slate, (seen,).3' 
 
 Red slate,. 2' 
 
 Freeport Upper coal, blossom. 
 
 Concealed,.50' 
 
 Freeport Lower coal, about, ... Y 
 Concealed: Contains Freeport) 
 
 Lower SS. and Upper Kit- >130' 
 tanning Coal bed, . . . . ) 
 
 Kittanning Middle coal,.3' 
 
 Concealed,.15' 
 
 Sandstone, hard,.10' 
 
 Concealed,.30' 
 
 Kittanning Lower coal, cannel slate, blossom 
 
 Concealed,.35' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,.15' 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone is exposed in a series of quar¬ 
 ries on the north bank of Muddy Creek near the Iron 
 Bridge. It is also exposed at Shaw’s Bridge, where the 
 stone has been quarried and a small quantity of ore stripped 
 Lorn its upper surface. Between Shaw's and the Iron 
 Bridge this stratum is constantly accessible, its outcrop 
 lying along the side hills of the valley but a few feet above 
 water level. 
 
 The quarries at the Iron Bridge have been opened for 
 many years, and much stone has been taken from them, 
 but at present they are lying idle, though there is no 
 apparent cause for this neglect, other than the reluc¬ 
 tance of farmers to buy lime if they can possibly do with¬ 
 out it. 
 
 Going out of Portersville by the road leading north-west 
 
 V. 5 
 
 7\=T7 
 
 — At- / V-T 
 
 ? 30 
 
 ? 30 
 
 
 a /..a/- 
 
 / \ / ? 1 
 
 / \/ /y ?/} 
 
 
 ? IS 
 
 r: ■ -y— 1 
 
 ) A 
 
 ? 30 
 
 ? 33 
 
 .El.31 
 
38 v. 
 
 REPOET OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 into Lawrence comity, we find a coal bank 
 opened on the farm of Mr. Bailey which 
 measures: (Fig. 0.) 
 
 Bailey ’ s Coal Bank. 
 
 Shaly Sandstone roof. 
 
 Soft coal slate,.1' to 2' 
 
 Coal,.2' 6" to 3' 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 It is quite variable in thickness, but of rather fair quality, 
 and is referable either to the Upper or Middle Kittanning 
 Bed. 
 
 At the steam grist mill two miles southwest of Porters- 
 ville a bed—probably the same with the one worked by 
 Mr. Bailey—lias been opened and mined quite largely for 
 use under the steam boilers of the mill. It usually aver¬ 
 ages from 3' 6" to 4' 6" of workable coal, but the whole bed 
 generally measures over five feet. 
 
 It was opened about ten years ago, and has been in oper¬ 
 ation ever since, and though a very large amount of coal 
 has been taken out, there is still a large body accessible 
 at this bank. Though it is somewhat sulphury, and the 
 slaty partings are sometimes troublesome, the bed has 
 given the owners a satisfactory fuel, with but little cost for 
 mining, and none for transportation. 
 
 At the mouth of the bank a measurement was made 
 which gave the structure si 
 Grist Mill Coal Bank. 
 
 Dark blue slate roof. 
 
 Bituminous shaly slate, . 
 
 Coal and slate, . . . 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Soft parting, .... 
 
 Coal, .. 
 
 Bone,. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 About half a mile east of the mill a band of limestone 
 one foot thick is exposed in the road bed, at an elevation 
 of about 100 feet above the bank. It is accompanied by a 
 
 >wn in Fig. 7: 
 
 O' 3" ^ 
 O' 2" 
 O' 5" 
 0 ' 1 " 
 1' 3" 
 0 ' 2 " 
 2 ' 8 " 
 
 5 ' 0 " 
 
MUDDY CREEK TO WISTSHIP. 
 
 Y. 39 
 
 very thin seam of coal which is either the Upper or Lower 
 Freeport bed, but I was unable to determine to which one 
 of these it should properly be referred. 
 
 The Kit tanning Upper Bed is mined quite largely on 
 both the east and west branches of Yellow Creek, where it 
 is a coal of excellent quality and good thickness. 
 
 A short distance above the mouth of the East Branch it 
 is opened at a bank on the farm of Mr. White, where the 
 bed shows a thickness of 8' 1" as illustrated by Fig. 8: 
 
 White ’ s Coal Bank. 
 
 Soft black slate roof. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Parting, 
 
 Coal (sulphury), 
 Parting, . . 
 
 Coal, .... 
 
 V 2" ' 
 0 ' 1 " 
 v i" 
 
 O' 1" 
 
 O' 8" 
 
 V.8 
 
 O / 
 
 3 
 
 At the head of the East Branch, near the Portersville 
 road, it is opened by two banks on the adjoining farms 
 owned by Mrs. M. McConnell and Mr. W. Balston. It is 
 here about 75 feet higher than at the White Bank, being 
 lifted to the northwest by a sharp rise of about 40 feet per 
 mile. At the Balston opening the bed exhibits the struc¬ 
 ture shown by Fig. 9 : 
 
 Ralston coal banlc. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Slaty coal,. 2" 
 
 Coal,.6" 
 
 Bone, .. 1" 
 
 Coal,. V 10" to 2' 0" 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 On the Portersville road, a short distance from this bank, 
 and about 130 feet above it, the blossom of the Upper Free¬ 
 port coal was noticed in several places where laid bare by 
 the gutter erosion. It is from one to two feet thick. 
 
 Returning to the confluence of the two branches of Yel¬ 
 low creek, and going up the West Branch, we see the Up¬ 
 per Kit tanning coal opened quite frequently at banks but 
 a short distance apart. The bed rises quite rapidly—forty 
 
 \ 2 ' 9 
 
40 Y. 
 
 REPOET OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 feet, more or less, in a mile—so that it passes under water 
 level before the Prospect and Portersville road is reached. 
 
 At the mouth of the W. Branch it is opened by a bank 
 owned by Mr. Wm. Barkley, where the bed measures 3 ft. 
 
 1 in., with but one thin band of slate; showing about the 
 same structure as the White Bank, (Fig. 8,) with the lower 
 parting absent. About one half mile farther up the stream, 
 it is mined by Mr. D. It. Melvin, at whose opening the bed 
 measures: (Fig. 10.) 
 
 Melvin coal bank. V.IO 
 
 Dark Shale Poof. 
 
 Coal,. 1' 0" \ 
 
 Soft parting,. I"!-3'5" 
 
 Coal,. 2' 4" ) 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 The lower bench is somewhat troubled with sulphur bind- , 
 ers, and in some parts of the bank they are so plentiful that 
 the value of the coal is greatly reduced. 
 
 Proceeding up the stream towards Portersville, the coal 
 is again seen, about one half mile northwest from the latter 
 bank, and twenty-five feet above it; in an opening on the 
 Myers Farm. A thin bench of poor slaty coal here comes 
 in on top of the bed, and partly at the expense of the top 
 bench. The measurement made at this bank is shown in 
 Figure 11: 
 
 Myers coal bank. 
 
 Slaty Coal, . . . 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Soft parting, . . 
 
 Coal, (visible,) . . , 
 
 Between this bank and Portersville the Upper Kittanning 
 bed has been opened in two places near the the Portersville 
 road, where the coal lies about thirty-five feet higher than at 
 the former opening. Both these banks have long since fal¬ 
 len into disuse and the coal cannot be satisfactorily ex¬ 
 amined. 
 
 In the low land surrounding the town on the north and 
 east, this bed has been opened and mined in small quantities 
 
MUDDY CREEK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 V. 41 
 
 from a number of banks, among which may be mentioned 
 those on the Stewart, Oliver, Jones, and Bailey Farms. 
 Over this area the bed is of much poorer quality than on 
 Yellow creek, so that these banks have gradually been 
 abandoned, and at present nearly all the coal used in Por- 
 tersville and its vicinity, is brought from the openings in 
 the former locality. 
 
 On the Isaac Moore farm, two miles northeast from town, 
 the Middle (Upper ?) Kittanning Coal was opened and worked 
 a few years ago. The bed is said to be three feet thick with 
 six inches of slaty coal on top, and has a slate roof and hre 
 clay floor. The same bed is opened by Mr. William Burns, 
 in the northeastern corner of the township, where the coal 
 exhibits the structure shown in Fig. 12 : 
 
 Burns coal hank. 
 
 Slate roof. 
 
 Coal, rather soft,.O' 10" 
 
 Slaty Coal,. 2" 
 
 Coal, about,.2' 0" 
 
 The lower bench yields very good coal, but the upper 
 bench is quite soft and dirty. The bed is undoubtedly the 
 Middle Kittanning Coal bed, yet it structure is strikingly 
 similar to the bed on Yellow creek which Mr. White has 
 referred to the place of the Upper Kittanning, and suggests 
 the query : may not the two be identical ? If this be the 
 case, then the Yellow Creek coal is the Middle Kittanning, 
 and the Upper Kittanning was not detected in that locality. 
 
 On the Widow Gallagher farm, near the Burns’ Bank, 
 this coal is said to measure three feet, with no slaty or bony 
 parting, though there is a layer of “ very hard coal” from 
 three to four inches thick near the middle of the bed. This 
 “very hard coal” is probably nothing more than a seam 
 of bony coal, and the equivalent of the slaty partings ob¬ 
 served in other banks near by. 
 
 § 35. Franklin township. 
 
 This township lies north from Connoquenessing and east 
 from Muddy Creek township. 
 
42 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 V.I3 
 
 Robert Allen Well Section. 
 
 Sandstone and shale to summit, 75' 
 [The Freeport Upper Coal and 
 Limestone should appear near 
 the top of this interval, but no 
 trace of them was seen on the 
 road.] 
 
 Freeport Lower Coal blossom, . . V 
 
 Shale and Slate with S. S. near 
 
 middle,.80' 
 
 Kit tanning Upper Coal, .... 3' 
 
 Sandy Shale, ..42' 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal, [Well 
 mouth,].3' 
 
 Well Record, . . Conductor, 
 
 Fireclay ? 
 Shale, . . 
 
 [Kitt., Lower,] . Coal, . . 
 
 Fireclay, 
 
 Loadstone, 
 
 [Ferr. Limeat base, ] White 
 
 Sandstone, 
 Shale, . 
 
 y [Homewood S. S.] Black 
 M . soft SS. 
 
 6 [Mercer Group,] Shale, . . 
 
 K ' White . 
 
 | soft S.S. 
 
 § [Mercer?] [?] . Coal, . . 
 
 0 
 
 Ph 
 
 0 
 
 > 
 
 c3 
 
 0 
 
 PQ 
 
 Black S.S., 
 Mountain 
 Sand, . . 
 
 Shale, . . 
 
 Black S.S. 
 
 Gas and oil .. 
 
 S. S. heavy flow of salt water, 
 
 to 
 
 Depth of well, . 
 
 ir 
 
 15' 
 
 8' 
 
 10 ' 
 
 2' 
 
 2 ' 
 
 | 40' 
 10 ' 
 
 152' 
 
 20 ' 
 
 10 ' 
 
 660' 
 
 1040' 
 
 1090' 
 
 1094' 
 
 ’ ■ ■ - 
 
 70m 
 
 jp'Lu 
 
 
 ? 17 
 
 2 f.c. 15 
 
 
 
 
 / v Md 
 
 ' /\ / v 
 
 
 
 
 -TV-- T — -A-7 
 
 
 i / 7 \ R 
 
 y / y / 
 
 A / / 
 
 / \ / /A / 
 
 
 
 1=4- Lf 
 
 
 
 ~ ! i t 
 
 i / / 
 
 / t / / 
 
 L - / ( 
 
 / t~1q2 
 
 —L L ( 
 
 / / — 
 
 
 
 Z~if 
 
 7 7 T 
 
 
 Y 
 
 ZA / trdU 
 
 4 42ft in Weft 
 
FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 43 
 
 The lowest rock exposed within its limits is the Middle 
 Kittanning Coal Bed, which lies at water level on Muddy 
 Creek. In the high dividing ridge near Prospect, the lower 
 part of the Barren Measures is caught in the highest sum¬ 
 mits, but it contains nothing valuable. The township is not 
 very well supplied with coal. Both the Upper and Middle 
 Kittanning beds are of workable size near ' Muddy Creek, 
 but their available area is quite small, as they soon sink 
 below water level, approaching the eastern line of the town¬ 
 ship. 
 
 The detailed section, of 219 feet, shown in Fig. 13, was 
 compiled from exposures on the Prospect road, a short 
 distance north from Muddy Creek. It is supplemented by 
 a record of the Robt. Allen Well, which was unsuccessfully 
 drilled for oil some years ago. The Ferriferous Limestone 
 is not noted in this record, but should have been found in 
 the interval noted “ White sandstone, 40 feet.” It may be 
 absent, but was most probably confounded with the sand 
 rock, and included in it by the driller. 
 
 Two coal beds of fabulous size are reported in the above 
 well record: the first, which is undoubtedly the Lower 
 Kittanning bed, will probably prove to contain not more 
 than three or four feet of workable coal; the second, or 
 eight foot bed may be nothing more than a stratum of black 
 slate, bituminous shale, or impure coal. It belongs to the 
 Mercer (?) Group of inter-comglomerate beds. 
 
 The Kittanning Middle Coal is opened and mined on the 
 farm of Mr. Robert Allen in close proximity to the old 
 well. A measurement of the bed near the mouth of the 
 bank gave :—Fig. 14. 
 
 Robert Allen Coal Banlt , {mouth). , V. 14 
 
 Soft Coal, 
 
 Hard Coal 
 
 At the head of the entry, the coal is all hard and good, 
 and averages 2' 4" in thickness. A second measurement, 
 made midway between the mouth of the bank and the most 
 distant workings, shows :—Fig. 15. 
 
44 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Robert Allen Coal Bank, (inside). 
 
 Poor Coal,. 3" \ 
 
 Soft Coal,. 8" v 2' 2" 
 
 Good Coal, . V 3" ) 
 
 This bed presents the rather unusual feature of a coal of 
 workable size, containing no partings of slate or bone. 
 
 On the J. W. Campbell farm, near Muddy Creek, the 
 same bed was opened at a bank nearly at creek level 
 and was worked for several years, but the bank has 
 long since fallen shut, and the coal cannot now be seen. 
 At the time of collecting the data for this report, a bank 
 was being opened on the John Gallagher farm. The entry 
 had only been driven in about fifteen feet, but the outcrop 
 coal visible indicated the presence of a good bed, with no 
 perceptible band of slate, bone, or pyrites. It measured 
 about 2' 10". 
 
 At Baker’s Bank, near Mr. Allen’s place on the north 
 side of the creek, the bed is of quite good quality, and 
 measures from 2' 6" to 2' 8". (See Fig. 16.) 
 
 Baker s Coal Bank. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Slaty Coal,. 3" ) 
 
 Soft Coal,. 6"l 2'7" 
 
 Good Coal,. V 10" ) 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 This bank is well drained and is in good running order. 
 
 About a mile and a half northwest from Prospect, on the 
 farm owned by Mr. J. Y. English, an unsuccessful attempt 
 has been made to open the same bed, but the coal dipped so 
 rapidly into the hill, that the proposed mine was drowned 
 out before the entry had been driven in two rods. At the 
 outcrop the bed consists of (See Fig. 17): 
 
 English Coal Bank. 
 
 Slaty shale roof. 
 
 Soft Slaty Coal, . V 
 
 Coal, variable, about. 2' 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 The Freeport Sandstone outcrops on the hillside about, 
 fifty feet above the coal, giving the section shown in Fig. 18. 
 
 V.l 7 
 
FBANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 V. 45 
 
 Section near Prospect. 
 
 Freeport Sandstone ; hard, massive, 
 and rather coarse, ...... 25' (seen) 
 
 Coal blossom, upper Kittanning bed, V (J) 
 
 Concealed—shale,.50' 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal, .... 3' 
 
 Fireclay. 
 
 $36. Kittanning TJpper Coal. (Franklin T.) 
 
 This bed has been opened and worked at a number of 
 banks on the Wm. Wigton and Sami. W. Shannon Farms, 
 near Muddy creek, about one mile east from Mr. Allen’s 
 residence, but most of them have fallen shut, and those 
 still open were too full of water to allow a proper examina¬ 
 tion to be made. The bed is claimed to measure from four 
 feet to four feet ten inches, with a central parting of slate 
 from two to ten inches thick. At the mouth of one of the 
 banks, which was partly accessible, the coal gave the meas¬ 
 urements shown in Fig. 19. 
 
 Wigton and Shannon banks. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Coal,.O' 7" to V 4" 
 
 Slate,. O' 6" 
 
 Coal,. V 11" 
 
 Slate,. 0' 2" 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 In the surrounding hillsides frequent attempts have been 
 made to open this bed, but it seems to lie in an irregularly 
 shaped “pot,” and is thin and poor in all of the places 
 where its outcrop can be seen. A short distance north¬ 
 west from the banks, an entry was driven into the same 
 hill for quite a long distance, but the bed was usually only 
 a few inches thick, sometimes swelling to a maximum 
 of two feet, and was of poor quality, being very dirty and 
 filled with thin seams of slate. 
 
 The Kittanning Middle Coal underlies the above des¬ 
 cribed bed, about forty feet, and is opened on the farm of 
 Mr. G. J. McCandless, where it shows: 
 
 V. 19 
 
46 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 McCandless coal bank. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Slate,.O' 6" 
 
 Coal,. 2'4" 
 
 Fireclay floor (?). 
 
 V.20 
 
 but is rather pyritous and slaty, and has not been worked 
 for several years. 
 
 The following section, shown in Fig. 21, exhibits the 
 relation of this coal to the one overlying it. 
 
 McCandless section. 
 
 Freeport Lower Sandstone, hard and 
 
 massive, (seen,) .15' 
 
 Shale, .10' 
 
 Kittanning Upper Coal,.4' 
 
 Shale and Slate,.42' 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal,. 3' 
 
 About a mile and a half east by north from the Wigton 
 Banks, the Upper Kittanning Coal has been opened on the 
 place owned by Mr. W. N. McCandless, but the bed was 
 very thin, and not worth working. 
 
 The Freeport Upper Coal and Limestone should be found 
 in the hills near Prospect and Mount Chestnut, but ex¬ 
 cepting over a small area north from the former place, they 
 are apparently absent. 
 
 Half a mile north from Prospect the limestone is detected 
 by scattered fragments from its outcrop, and is probably 
 about two feet thick. Its overlying coal bed outcrops 
 rather faintly on the steep hillside west of the main road, 
 but is probably too thin to be of any value. 
 
 § 37. Oil Wells. (Franklin T.) 
 
 Within the limits of this township, several wells have 
 been unsuccessfully drilled for oil, but no detailed or even 
 fragmentary reliable records of them ban now be obtained. 
 
 The Nesbitt Well on the Hindman Farm, and the Mc¬ 
 Candless Well near the swamp were both drilled in 1877. 
 
FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 V. 47 
 
 Nothing could be learned in regard to the latter, but the 
 following imperfect record of the former, was kindly fur¬ 
 nished by Mr. Robert Allen. 
 
 The Nesbitt oil wells 
 
 This well is situated on the flat of a small tributary 
 emptying into Muddy Creek from the south, and is about on 
 a level with the Middle Kittanning Coal bed. The Ferrif¬ 
 
 erous Limestone should have been reached at a depth of 
 between 70 and 90 feet, but it is reported in the well at 210 
 feet. If any limestone was found at that depth, it must 
 have been one of the Mercer Limestones. It seems prob¬ 
 able that the drillers of this well have mistaken the bed of 
 “soft white Sandstone 8 feet” thick, noted at a depth of 
 208 to 216 feet in the Robert Allen Well (see page 42) for 
 the Ferriferous Limestone. In the Smith Well, (see Brady 
 township) which starts about 145 feet above the Nesbitt 
 Well, the limestone is reported at 230 feet.*.230' —145' 
 =85 7 as the depth at which we should expect to find it in 
 the latter well. From these facts it is certain that the Ferr. 
 Limestone could not have been found at the depth stated 
 in the record, thus : 
 
 Nesbitt well record. 
 
 Limestone, at.215' 
 
 Mountain Sand, at. 375' 
 
 First Sand, at. 1090' 
 
 Second Sand, a: . 1275' 
 
 Third Sand, at. 1375' 
 
 Cased at 510 feet. Total depth of well 1492'. 
 
 Mr. Allen also gives the following record of the McCand- 
 less Well, drilled by Messrs. Satterfield and Taylor, situ¬ 
 ated above the swamp in Franklin (or Centre ?) township. 
 McCandless oil well record. 
 
 Limestone, at. 235' to 250' 
 
 Mountain Sand, at. 470' “ 630' 
 
 First Sand, at.1130' “ 1180' 
 
 Second Sand, at .. . 1370' 
 
 Depth of well, . 1500'^k 
 
 “ Heavy vein of salt water found in the First Sand.” 
 
 The preceding records were furnished by Mr. Allen just 
 
48 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 as lie had received them from other parties, without any 
 alterations, and any inaccuracies that they may contain are 
 not to be attributed to him. He has devoted much time 
 to obtaining these and other oil well records, levels, etc., 
 and feels very keenly the difficulty of obtaining any accu¬ 
 rate information of this kind. 
 
 § 38. Centre Township. 
 
 This is an aptly named township, as it lies in the centre 
 of the county, with two townships west and two east of it, 
 three north and three south of it. It is directly east from 
 Franklin and north from Butler township. 
 
 In its southern and central portions the lower rocks of 
 Barren Measures are caught in the hilltops, but are barren 
 of workable coal beds. 
 
 The blossom of a coal, which is probably the representa¬ 
 tive of the Brush Creek Coal bed , is often seen on the road¬ 
 sides at an elevation of nearly a hundred feet above the 
 Upper Freeport Coal, but the bed is always of poor quality 
 and too thin to be valuable. Ho trace of its accompany¬ 
 ing bed of limestone was observed, but it may be present, 
 though it is probably quite thin. 
 
 The Mahoning Upper Sandstone (Buffalo S. S. of report 
 Q) is seldom a massive rock, and its horizon is usually 
 filled with tough sandy shale, or argillaceous sandstone. 
 
 The Freeport Group occupies every hillside in the town¬ 
 ship, and,—with the exception of a small area on Kearn’s 
 Branch of the Connoquenessing,—always extends down to 
 water level in the streams. As this group is generally of 
 poor development throughout the township, the latter is 
 not very well supplied with coal. 
 
 § 39. Unionmlle Coal Banks. (Centre T.) 
 
 About three quarters of a mile east of Unionville, are 
 the entries of two coal banks in close proximity to each 
 other, which have been in operation for over twenty years. 
 One of these banks is owned by Mr. Daniel Heck, and the 
 other is on the farm owned by Mr. Eli G. Eagle. 
 
CENTRE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 y. 49 
 
 The coal is of excellent quality, and will compare favor¬ 
 ably with any of the coals of the Lower Productive Coal 
 Measures. It is a hard, black, lustrous, rich looking coal, 
 but in some parts of the bank is somewhat pyritous. The 
 middle bench contains little sulphur, but both the upper 
 and lower benches in places carry so many sulphur 
 binders, as to materially impair its value. The following 
 analysis was made by Mr. McCreath from a sample taken 
 
 from the middle bench: 
 
 Water,. 2.110 
 
 Volatile matter, . 37.570 
 
 Fixed carbon, .51.248 
 
 Sulphur,. 1.894 
 
 Ash, (cream color,). 7.178 
 
 100.000 
 
 Coke, per cent., .. 60.320 
 
 Both of these banks have been worked a long distance 
 into the hill, and unfortunately in the same direction with 
 the dip of the bed, [ i . e. to the south,] necessitating deep 
 drains. In some places these have been dug into the un¬ 
 derlying fireclay to a depth of ten feet without reaching 
 its bottom. 
 
 Ilcclb coal banlc. 
 
 Slaty shale roof. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 V 6"' 
 
 O' 1" 
 
 v o" [. 4 
 
 O' 1" 
 
 V 6" 
 
 V 0" 
 
 Fireclay floor, quite hard, over 10 ft. thick. 
 
 V.22 
 
 ' 2 " 
 
 A measurement of the bed made in the entry of the Heck 
 Bank gave the structure exhibited in Fig. 22. 
 
 The above measurement gives 4! 2 " as the total thickness 
 of the bed, but it does not retain this thickness over a very 
 large area. Search has been made for the bed at many 
 places in the vicinity of the banks but has always resulted 
 4 V. 
 
50 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 unsuccessfully. At some places no trace of the coal could 
 be found, and at others it was but a few inches thick. 
 
 The total thickness of the bed in the banks does not vary 
 more than three or four inches either above or below four 
 feet. The following generalized description of the bed was 
 furnished by the man in charge of the banks : 
 
 Ileclc and Eagle Coal Banlcs. . ^ 
 
 Slaty shale roof. 
 
 Coal,.1' 4" to 1' S" 
 
 Slate, . 0' 01" to O' 1" 
 
 Coal,.O' 11" to V 2" 
 
 Slate, .0 0 to 0 7" 
 
 Coal,.O' 9" to V G" 
 
 The coal mines in good, large pieces, but after lying ex¬ 
 posed for a short time, that portion which came from the 
 upper and lower benches, soon crumbles into small frag¬ 
 ments. This is occasioned by disintegration caused by 
 the presence of thin laminae of pyrites. 
 
 A small quantity of coke has been made from it for use 
 in the foundry at Prospect. Culled lumps are used and the 
 coke made is of very fair quality, but might be greatly im¬ 
 proved by crushing the coal and washing out the sulphur 
 preparatory to coking. 
 
 In the absence of any good geological horizon from which 
 to work, it is impossible to correctly place this coal in the 
 series. It seems most probable that it is either the Upper 
 Freeport or Millerstown Coal bed, but it may possibly be the 
 Lower Freeport bed. About three fourths of a mile east 
 from the banks, and from forty to fifty feet below them, a 
 bed of limestone is exposed in the stream bed. This is 
 undoubtedly either the Upper or Lower Freeport Lime¬ 
 stone, but we have no means of determining its dip from 
 the place at which it is exposed to the coal banks. The 
 same stratum is found on Mr. McBride’s farm in Franklin 
 township, a short distance west of Unionville. 
 
 In the southwestern part of the township, in a gorge 
 formed by a branch of the Connoquenessing Creek, there 
 are three coal banks opened on a bed which apparently lies 
 much higher than the Upper Freeport coal, and is prob- 
 
CENTEE township. 
 
 Y. 51 
 
 ably either the Millestown or Brush Creek coal bed. About 
 two feet of rather good coal is visible in one of these banks 
 above water level in the drain, with fireclay beneath it, and 
 a rather soft slialy roof. No coal is being taken from this 
 bed at present. 
 
 On Ream’s Branch of the Connoquenessing, in the eastern 
 part of the township, several banks have been opened on 
 the Upper Kit tanning (?) Coal bed. Those owned by Mr. 
 David Birch have been worked for many years, and are 
 now a long distance in the hill. At the bank owned by 
 Mr. Ilenry Leibold, which has just been opened and is very 
 close to the Birch Banks, the coal measures : 
 
 Leibold coal bank. 
 
 Shale roof:— 
 
 Draw slate,. 3"' 
 
 Coal, 
 
 Slate, 
 
 Coal, 
 
 Coal 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 This bed yields an excellent coal, and after getting under 
 sufficient cover, mines in blocks of good size. 
 
 The Freeport Lower coal has been found in the hills on 
 both sides of the stream. It is said to be about two feet 
 thick, and is overlaid by a hard massive sandstone which 
 juts out in rough escarpments on both sides of the creek. 
 This coal has also been opened on the Hillings’ farm. Fig. 
 24 shows the relative position of these two coal beds, and 
 the overlying sandrock. 
 
 Kearns branch section. V.24 
 
 Freeport Upper Sandstone, hard and 
 
 massive, . . . . 
 
 Freeport Lower coal, 
 
 15' 
 
 2 ' 
 
 Concealed, . . . . 
 
 Kittanning Upper coal, (?) 
 Fireclay. 
 
 (?) 90' 
 . 3' 
 
 2 
 
 90 
 
 
 F.C. 
 
 UtilVERSlTY OF IU-IN01* 
 UBRARX 
 
52 v. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 On the McCandless Farm, near the Butler and Sunbury 
 road, in the northern part of the township, a well was 
 drilled for oil about four or five years ago. No information 
 no oil was obtained. The well mouth is about ten feet 
 could be gathered concerning it, further than the fact that 
 above water level, and is near the base of the Freeport 
 Sandstone. The limestone therefore should have been found 
 at from 100 to 150 feet and the Butler “ Third sand'’ at 
 1300 to 1350 feet. 
 
 In the hill above the McCandless well, the rocks shown 
 in Fig. 25, were measured : 
 
 McCandless farm section. 
 
 Coal blossom, .... thin. 
 
 Concealed, .20' 
 
 Hard massive Sandstone,.15' 
 
 Shale,.30' 
 
 Hard massiv# Sandstone,.30' 
 
 Well mouth ,.— 
 
 Sandstone to water level,.10' 
 
 V.25 
 
 20 
 
 
 ~jlVcLlerlevel j 
 
 The coal blossom observed near the hill-top may be the 
 Freeport Upper bed, but in the absence of any auxiliary 
 proof, its identification is extremely uncertain. 
 
 Oakland. 
 
 %l+0. OaJdand Township. 
 
 This township lies east of Centre and north of Summit 
 townships. It is quite poorly supplied with coal, as the 
 Upper Freeport sub-group, from which we should expect 
 a good supply, has a very poor developement within its 
 limits. It is also unfortunate in being—so far as is known at 
 present—barren of any oil producing territory. The ‘ ‘Fourth 
 Sand” oil belt just reaches its northern line, but does not 
 cross over into the township, and the Millerstown and St. 
 Joe “Third Sand Belt” just skirts its eastern boundary line. 
 
 Many wells have been drilled in this township south and 
 southwest from Greece City in search of a prolongation 
 
OAKLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 V. 53 
 
 southward of the “Fourth Sand Cross Belt,” but these have 
 all resulted unsuccessfully. In some places an excellent 
 sand of good thickness is reported to have been found, but 
 no oil in paying quantities has ever been been obtained 
 
 from it. 
 
 The section shown in Figure 26 was compiled partly from 
 exposures on KeariTs Branch south of Boydstown, and 
 partly from data collected on the road from V.26 
 
 Boydstown to Sunbury. 
 
 Boydstown Section . 
 
 Freeport Upper Coal,. 3' 
 
 Concealed,.40 / 
 
 Local Coal (L. F. C. ?). 2' 
 
 Sandstone—Freeport Upper ? . . . 15' 
 
 Freeport Lower Coal (local bed ?) . . thin. 
 
 Concealed, about.90' 
 
 Kittanning Upper Coal,. 3" 
 
 The Freeport Upper Coal is opened on the place of Mr. 
 Jacob Eider, close to the Concord township line. The 
 original opening has been shut for some time past, and Mr. 
 Eider has just opened a new bank on the opposite side of 
 the run. He says that the bed consists of, (See Fig. 27.) 
 
 Rider coal bank. 
 
 Shaly slate roof—very poor. 
 
 Coal,. V 5" ) 
 
 Slate, .O' 2" 3' l 7 
 
 Coal, .I 6" ) 
 
 Fireclay and slate floor. 
 
 This bed yields a coal of fair quality, but it mines in 
 rather small pieces. In the bottom of the hollow below the 
 bank, the Lower Freeport Coal has been found, but it is too 
 thin to be of any value. 
 
 The bank in the same vicinity, owned by Mr. Whitmire, 
 is opened on a coal which apparently lies between the Upper 
 and Lower Freeport beds, but which may possibly be the 
 same with the latter coal bed. If this be the case, then the 
 bed changes its horizon fifteen to twenty feet in a very short 
 distance. In Mr. Whitmire’s Bank the coal is of fair qual- 
 
54 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 ity, but ratlier too thin for profitable mining. The bed 
 measures : (See Fig. 28.) 
 
 Whitmire coal bank. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Soft and Slaty Coal,.G" 
 
 Coal,.1' 2" 
 
 Soft parting,.thin. 
 
 Coal, .6" 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 The Millerstown (?) Coal Bed, which occurs in the hori¬ 
 zon of the Mahoning Sandstone, is opened in a bank on the 
 Hutchinson farm, one mile southeast from Boydstown, but 
 the opening has been closed for some time, and the bed could 
 not be thoroughly examined. The outcrop coal at the 
 mouth of the entry shows about two and a half feet of very 
 fair coal, with a fracture somewhat resembling that of a 
 semi-cannel bed. It is quite free from sulphur. 
 
 The Freeport Upper (?) coal has quite a fair local devel¬ 
 opment in the same neighborhood, and has been opened 
 and mined on Mr. Monnie’s place, fifty feet vertically below 
 the Hutchinson bank. It is possible that this bed maybe 
 the equivalent of the Lower Freeport Coal, in which case 
 the Hutchinson coal would be the same with the Upper 
 Freeport bed. 
 
 The Upper Kittanning coal in Oakland T. 
 
 On Kearn’s Branch of the Connoquenessing in the south¬ 
 western corner of the township, this coal has been opened 
 and worked by several banks. The bed is tolerably free 
 from sulphur, is of fair quality and measures from 2' 10" 
 to 3' 2" in thickness. It lies at waiter level, and in some 
 instances the banks upon it have been much troubled by 
 flooding during high water. 
 
 For quite a considerable distance along the creek, the 
 coal keeps above water leyel, and has been mined quite 
 largely, but most of the banks are south of the Oakland 
 tovmsliip line, and lie in the district reported upon by 
 Prof. White in his Report of Progress, Q. 
 
 V. 28 
 
DONEGAL TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 55 
 
 Donegal. 
 
 §JL Donegal Township. 
 
 This is the most easterly township of the first tier, lying 
 east from Oakland and north from Clearfield townships ; 
 and adjoins Armstrong county along its eastern line. 
 
 It lies on the eastern side of the great divide between the 
 Allegheny and Beaver waters, all its streams being tribu¬ 
 tary to Buffalo creek or its branches. 
 
 Oil Territory. 
 
 The great *‘Third Sand Oil Belt” runs through it about 
 S. 22° W. from where it enters the township north of Mil- 
 lerstown, to St. Joe and Carbon Centre [Thompson’s Cor¬ 
 ners], and has yielded a large amount of oil. East of Mil- 
 lerstown a short distance, is the celebrated “Eastern Belt” 
 which probably is producing its oil from the Fourth Sand. 
 It seems to be but a local patch of productive sand, and 
 cannot be traced continuously as an oil-bearing rock, either 
 very far to the south or to the north of where it was first 
 discovered. Along the Third Sand Belt, the Fourth Sand 
 is characteristically a “gas sand.” The Delameter and 
 Burn’s gas wells, and many other wells in the same lo¬ 
 cality, are producing their gas from this sandrock. The 
 Thompson well at Carbon Centre also found its gas at this 
 horizon in a good pebbly sand. A record of this well was 
 kindly furnished me by Mr. S. McGara of Martinsburg, 
 and will be found reprinted from Report I.I, in Chap. X 
 this report. 
 
 § Millerstown Coal. [Donegal T.) 
 
 As the name of this bed indicates, it is found in typical 
 development at and around Millerstown. 
 
 It occurs from 295 to 315 feet above the Ferriferous 
 Limestone, and from 35 to 55 feet above the Upper Free¬ 
 port Coal Bed. 
 
 In the Mead well near St. Joe—see Chap. X—it is re¬ 
 ported at 300 feet above the Limestone, and in the Jenkins 
 well near Greece City in Concord township—see Chap. X— 
 
56 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 at 305 feet above the same stratum. The latter well also 
 records the presence of the Brush Creek Coal bed. 
 
 In the vicinity of Millerstown, and between that town 
 and Karns City, the bed is mined quite largely for use at 
 the wells, and usually consists of two benches ; the upper 
 one being poor, slaty, laminated coal, and the lower one of 
 workable quality. 
 
 One mile west of town two banks are opened upon it, a 
 few feet below railroad level; it measures: V 2 9 
 
 Karns City coal banks. 
 
 Slaty coal roof. 
 
 Slaty laminated coal, . . . . V 5" 
 
 Coal—(seen,).2' 9" 
 
 4' 2 
 
 // 
 
 In some parts of these banks the bed yields quite good 
 coal, but it is generally very poor. The smut of the Upper 
 Freeport bed was found 35 or 40 feet below the banks, 
 and an attempt has been made to open it, but the bed 
 proved worthless. 
 
 At the Forquer Bank, a short distance south of Millers¬ 
 town, the bed shows 3' 6" to 3' 9" of quite good coal, and 
 is remarkably free from slate bands. It has a soft shale 
 roof, which is in such bad condition that the bank has 
 nearly fallen shut. The bed here dips to the north. 
 
 About half a mile south of this bank the Millerstown 
 bed is again opened in the Conway Bank, where it con¬ 
 sists of four benches, and has a much greater thickness 
 than at the Forquer opening. Near the mouth of the 
 entry the bed exhibits the structure shown in Fig. 30. 
 
 C onway coat bank. 
 
 Slate roof. 
 
 Poor coal, . . . 
 
 Slaty coal, .... 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Soft parting, . . . 
 
 Coal, (good,) . . . 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 Coal, (fair,) . . . 
 
 Most of the coal mined from this bank is taken from the 
 two lower benches, and is of very fair character. This bank 
 
DONEGAL TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 57 
 
 is much higher than the Forquer Bank, showing that be¬ 
 tween the two openings the coal has a north dip. 
 
 The Freeport Upper Coal is a very poor bed in nearly all 
 parts of this township, and can never be looked to for a 
 supply of good fuel. It has been opened at several places 
 in the south-eastern part of the township, but is always 
 quite thin and of miserable quality. 
 
 Mr. George Rogers has a bank opened upon this bed, 
 which is worked at intervals. The bed here yields better 
 coal than can be expected from it in other localities. 
 
 On both branches of Buffalo creek the Upper Freeport 
 sandstone is a hard massive rock, outcroping boldly along 
 the streams, and covering the surface in some places with 
 mai\y large irregularly shaped blocks. It locally shows a 
 strong dip to the south-west, sometimes amounting to thirty 
 feet in half a mile, which soon carries it down into the 
 Bradys Bend synclinal axis, which crosses the south-eastern 
 corner of the township, near the farm of Mr. John Rogers. 
 
 Near Mr. O’Brien’s house, in the eastern part of the 
 township, a bank has been opened on the Upper Freeport 
 bed, but the coal is so poor that it hardly pays for the dig¬ 
 ging, and little is now mined. It is very variable in thick¬ 
 ness, but the following measurement, shown in Fig. 31, 
 will give a good idea of its structure: 
 
 O’ Brieih s coal bank. 
 
 Slaty shale roof. 
 
 Laminated coal,. V 2" 
 
 Good coal,. 7" 4 / 0 
 
 Slaty fireclay, , . 7" j 
 
 Coal, poor, (seen,). 2'2" J 
 
 One mile south from this bank the bed consists of an 
 utterly worthless mixture of slate and slaty coal. 
 
 § JJ. Millerstoion Anticlinal. (Donegal T.) 
 
 This anticlinal roll crosses the township in a line probably 
 parallel to the Bradys Bend Synclinal Axis, passing a short 
 distance south-east of Millerstown, and crossing the “Third 
 Sand Oil Belt,” near the Diviner Farm. 
 
58 Y. 
 
 REP OUT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Its north dip amounts to about forty feet, and extends 
 nortli-west and south-east a distance of about three fourths 
 of a mile. It is shown both by oil well records and eleva¬ 
 tions, and by the dip of the coal beds in the vicinity of 
 Millerstown. 
 
Chapter VII. 
 
 § 44. Second tier of Townships. 
 
 This tier, comprising Worth, Brady, Clay, Concord, and 
 Fairview lies next north of those described in Chapter VI. 
 
 The formations outcroping in this tier of townships, in¬ 
 clude the rocks of the Lower Productive Coal series from 
 the Mahoning sandstone down to the top of No. Nil—the 
 Homewood Sandstone. 
 
 The latter rock is above water level only in the valley 
 of the Slippery Pock, no other stream cutting deep enough 
 to expose it. 
 
 The Kittanning Group occupies the hillsides, and pre¬ 
 sents at almost every locality one or two good beds of coal 
 of workable size. The Lower Kittanning Coal and Ferri¬ 
 ferous Limestone are only found above water level in Worth 
 and Brady townships. The former is but seldom thick 
 enough to be mined, and is often difficult to find. Though 
 the Ferriferous Limestone underlies a large area in these 
 two townships, it is not often exposed, and little of it has 
 ever been quarried or burnt. 
 
 The Middle and Upper Kittanning coal beds are presistent 
 as workable beds over quite a large area, and nearly always 
 yield a gas coal of excellent quality, often quite free from 
 pyrites. 
 
 The Freeport Group of coal and limestone is caught in 
 all the high land, but only contains workable beds in a 
 few isolated patches, where it has a good local develope- 
 ment. Its best representation is found at Sunbury, where 
 both the coals of this Group are workable beds. 
 
 Worth. 
 
 Worth Township. 
 
 This township adjoins Lawrence county on the west, and 
 lies north of Muddy Creek township. In its northern por- 
 
 ( 59 ) 
 
60 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CIIAXCE. 
 
 tion is the broad, gentle valley of the Slippery Rock, the 
 south side of which rises quite gradually until the summit 
 is reached. Muddy Creek Valley is a much sharper cut, 
 with its north slopes often very steep, but contains broad 
 bottom lands in the creek bottom. 
 
 The Freeport Group which is found in the high lands of 
 the divide between these two streams, is of little value; 
 but the Kit tanning Group carries coal beds which insure, 
 for many years to come, a bountiful supply of excellent 
 fuel. 
 
 By reference to the contoured map it will be seen that the 
 Ferriferous Limestone is accessible over a large area in this 
 
 township. Its outcrdp in the northern xiart of the town¬ 
 ship, usually occurs on ground where the side slopes are 
 quite gentle, enabling one to quarry a large amount of the 
 stone by removing but little surface earth. Its horizon is, 
 however, often quite difficult to find, as there are, in that 
 part of the township, frequent beds of drift, which obscure 
 the topographical evidences of its presence. 
 
 Iron Bridge Section. 
 
 Sandstone (top exposed,) “say,’ 1 . . .10' 
 
 Concealed—with thin coal , . . . .60' 
 
 Sandstone hard and gray,.10' 
 
 Kittanning Upper Coal,.absent. 
 
 Concealed, .40' 
 
 Coal—Kittanning Middle,.3' > 
 
 Fireclay,.) lg , 
 
 (about) 15' 
 .... 10 ' 
 (about) V 
 
 Concealed, 
 
 Coarse massive Sandstone 
 Concealed, .... 
 
 Coal—Kittanning Lower, 
 
 Fireclay,.. (about) 5' 
 
 Concealed, .40' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone, ..15' 
 
 Coal,. ... reported. 
 
 Sandy shale, ..5' 
 
 Sandstone, micaceous to level of Muddy 
 Creek, .10' 
 
 V.32 
 
 ->— t —IIP 
 
 60 
 
 
 40 
 
 IS 
 
 
 -n 
 
 40 
 
 The section shown in Fig. 32, was compiled from ex- 
 
 % 
 
WORTH. 
 
 Y. 61 
 
 posures in the southern part of the township, on and in the 
 vicinity of the road running north from the Iron Bridge over 
 Muddy Creek. It compares very satisfactorally with the 
 one compiled south of Muddy Creek, on the road to Por¬ 
 ters ville. [See Fig. 5.] 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone is exposed at the Iron Bridge 
 on Muddy Creek in a number of quarries to which reference 
 has already been made in the description of Muddy Creek 
 township. It is of bluish gray color, yielding a very fair 
 lime, and is from twelve to fifteen feet thick. From this 
 point westward to Shaw’s, it is constantly accessible, lying 
 but a few feet above water level. 
 
 The Kittanning Lower Coal bed was seen outcroping on 
 the road a short distance north of the creek, but the bed is 
 too thin to be of much value. It lies about forty-live feet 
 above the Limestone. 
 
 The Kittanning Middle bed has a thickness of about three 
 feet in this locality, but the Upper Kittanning bed could 
 not be detected. It is probably absent, but may be repre¬ 
 sented by a very thin seam which has escaped observation. 
 The former bed is opened at a large number of banks north 
 of Muddy Creek. Near the creek, the bed ranges from 2 ' 
 9" to 3' 0" in thickness and is of fair quality, but going 
 northward from the stream, it swells to a size of 3 ; 9" to 3' 
 6 // , and improves as much in quality as it does in thickness. 
 
 At the old Pisor Bank in the southeastern part of the 
 township this bed (Middle Kittanning) is said to measure 
 3 / 6 // , but only 3 feet of it 'yielded a marketable coal. In 
 the bank on the Widow Yogan farm, north from the latter 
 opening, the coal measures three feet and is all of good 
 quality. 
 
 In an old bank owned by Mr. William Hockenberry, 
 a “horseback” is said to completely cut the coal oh. This 
 is a very unusual feature for this bed to show, it being gen¬ 
 erally quite free from such irregularities. 
 
 At the opening on Mr. John Book’s place, a mile and a 
 half north from the Iron Bridge, it measures, (Fig. 33.) 
 
 The bed is tolerably free from sulphur and is of good 
 quality throughout the bank. It is also opened and worked 
 
62 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 in the same locality by the Drorbough, Campbell and Stude- 
 baker Banks, in which the coal ranges from 2' 6" to 3' Q>". 
 
 Boole's coal banlc. 
 
 Slaty slate roof. 
 
 Soft poor coal, .6' 
 
 Coal,—one thin parting,.3' 0" 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 At the last named bank, it is of exceptionally good quality, 
 contains but little sulphur and mines in good hard blocks 
 of large size. It usually consists of three benches, as shown 
 in Fig. 34. 
 
 Stud choicer coal bank. ( Kitt. Mid. Coal.) 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 
 ... . V 2 " 
 
 Slate. 
 
 
 ... 2 " 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 
 . . . 1' G " 
 
 Soft parting, . . 
 
 • 
 
 JL" 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 
 ... 6 " 
 
 Fireclay (seen), . 
 
 
 . . . 3' 0 " 
 
 Mr. McCreath has made an analysis of a specimen taken 
 from the middle bench of this bed [Middle Kittanning] 
 
 with the following result: 
 
 Water,.2.270 
 
 Volatile matter,.-. 40.990 
 
 Fixed carbon,. 46.794 
 
 Sulphur,.1.871 
 
 Ash, (grey,).. . . . 8.075 
 
 100.00 
 
 Coke, per cent.,. 56.740 
 
 McCracken Coal Bed. 
 
 V.3S 
 
 Slaty shale roof. 
 
 Coal, .. . . 
 
 . . V 3" 1 
 
 Slate. 
 
 . . . 1" to 2" 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 ... V 6" 
 
 Soft parting,. 
 
 . . . i" to 1" 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 . . . O'6" 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 • 
 
 3' 5" 
 
 F.C 
 
 A short distance north from the Studebaker bank, the 
 
WORTH. 
 
 Y. 63 
 
 \ 
 
 same bed is opened by Mr. McCraken where the coal 
 measures: [See Fig. 35.] 
 
 This measurement shows a remarkable agreement with 
 the preceding one ; the coal also is very similar to that in 
 the Studebaker opening. The bed here lies from 75 to 80 
 feet above the Ferriferous Limestone, the outcrox> of which 
 may be seen at several places in this vicinity near stream 
 level. A small coal bed is said to exist immediately be¬ 
 neath the limestone, but I did not see any exposure of it. 
 A short distance west from Mr. McCraken's house, in 
 Lawrence county, this bed has been opened and mined, 
 and measures about two feet. 
 
 § Jf6. Harrisville Anticlinal , (Worth T.) 
 
 At the Studebaker bank the coal lies about fifteen feet 
 above the McCracken opening, proving that a strong north 
 dip pervades the measures in this locality. This is occa¬ 
 sioned by the Harrisville anticlinal axis which runs through 
 the township in a southwesterly direction. Its crest line 
 passes close to Meclianicsburg. 
 
 The north dip of this flexure can readily be detected in 
 the limestone, which here lies thirty feet higher than at the 
 quarries near the mouth of Wolf Creek, and in a small 
 hollow south of Black’s Run it lies over fifty feet above 
 the same quarries. The exposure near Black’s Run is 
 probably on, or very close to, the crest of the anticlinal. 
 
 In simply crossing the Slippery Rock, from the expos¬ 
 ures along its south bank to the quarries at Wolf Creek, 
 a north dip of thirty-five feet is detected. The mouth of 
 Wolf Creek probably lies very near the center of the syn¬ 
 clinal trough. 
 
 The axis is also seen on Slippery Rock Creek between 
 Eckert’s Bridge and Rose Point, where a north dip is 
 quite noticeable in the Ferriferous Limestone and Con¬ 
 glomerate. 
 
 The section of 33S feet shown in Fig. 36, was compiled 
 in going northward from Shaw’s Bridge over Muddy Creek, 
 to the farm of Mr. George Yogan. 
 
64 v. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 20' to 30' 
 20 ' 
 
 Shaw's Bridge Section. 
 
 Mahoning Sandstone, liard and 
 
 massive, in summits,. 
 
 Shale,. 
 
 Coal, Freeport Upper, reported 2J', 
 
 Shale,. 
 
 Sandstone, hard and massive, . 
 
 Shale, with some shaly SS., 
 
 Coal blossom, reported li, . . 
 
 Shale,. 
 
 Sandstone, hard and massive, . 
 
 Shale,. 
 
 Kittanning Middle coal, . . . 
 
 Concealed, (about) .... 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone at Muddy 
 
 Creek,. 
 
 The total measurements of the above sec¬ 
 tion should be reduced about thirty feet, to 
 eliminate the error caused by the south dip 
 of the rocks. Most of this correction should 
 be thrown orf the 60 and 65 foot intervals. 
 
 Ko trace of the Upper Freeport Lime¬ 
 stone was observed ; nor have I found any 
 indications of it in any other part of the township. The 
 smut of the Upper Freeport coal is seen near the road sum¬ 
 mits in several places, and attempts have been made to 
 mine the bed, but it was found to be very impure and thin; 
 and in the presence of such a coal as the Middle Kit tanning 
 bed, it would be folly to persist in working it. 
 
 The latter bed is opened and worked on the Wm, Currie 
 farm, one mile and a half north from the old Pisor bank, 
 where the coal exhibits the structure shown in Fig. 37. 
 The upper bench is quite slaty, but the lower bench yields 
 a very good coal: 
 
 Currie Coal Banlc. 
 
 Slaty shale roof. 
 
 Slaty coal,. V 5" 
 
 Slate,.l"to 2" 
 
 Coal,.. V 6" 
 
 Fireclay door. 
 
 V.37 
 
 r.c 
 
HAREISVILLE ANTICLINAL. 
 
 Y. 65 
 
 V 
 
 3" ' 
 
 
 3" 
 
 V 
 
 6 " - 
 
 
 9" 
 
 V 
 
 6" J 
 
 
 8" 
 
 V.38 
 
 § Jfl. The Currie Local Coal Bed. 
 
 In the hill above the bank just described, and eighty feet 
 over it, Mr. Currie has opened a very peculiar bed of coal, 
 which measures about six feet, and is divided into four 
 benches as shown in Fig. 38. Search has been made for 
 this bed on many other farms in this vicinity, but they all 
 failed to find a workable bed at this horizon. On the Sut- 
 lilr farm it is said to be an almost worthless mixture of 
 cannel coal, slate, and bituminous coal, with slate bands 
 running through all parts of the bed 
 
 Mr. Currie’s opening on the bed has almost fallen shut, 
 but the bed can still be seen, and measured. 
 
 Currie Local Coal Bed. 
 
 Blue slate roof. 
 
 Cannel coal, . V 3' 
 
 Mixed cannel and bituminous coal, 3' 
 
 Good coal,.1' 0" 5 3 
 
 Fireclay,. 9' 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Slate, (reported) . 8' 
 
 Coal, found in drain,. 
 
 The cannel bench is only of medium quality, but the un¬ 
 derlying bituminous coal is quite free from pyrites, and is 
 reported to be an excellent smithing coal. Going into the 
 drift a short distance, the nine inch seam of fireclay quickly 
 thickens to eighteen inches and becomes quite hard and 
 sandy. The bench beneath it consequently had to be 
 abandoned, as it did not pay to take out fifteen or eighteen 
 inches of hard material to recover only the same thickness 
 of coal. The drain cuts into a dark slate underlying this 
 lower bench. It is about eight inches thick, and rests 
 upon another bench of coal, the thickness and quality of 
 which are unknown. 
 
 Currie Vertical Lection. 
 
 This bed resembles in its general character and position, 
 the “Eiclienhaur Local Coal” of Report Q, page 122, lying 
 in the horizon of the Freeport Sandstone. 
 
 The section shown by Fig. 39 will serve to show its po- 
 
 5 y. 
 
66 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 V.39 
 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 80 
 
 SB5BBKSB1 
 
 
 80 
 
 sition with reference to the overlying and 
 underlying strata. 
 
 Currie Section. 
 
 Hard Massive [Mahoning] Sand¬ 
 stone, .10 to 20' 
 
 Concealed,. 30' 
 
 Coal—Freeport Upper Bed (?) . . blossom. 
 
 Concealed,. 80' 
 
 Currie’s Local Coal, . 6' 
 
 Concealed,. 80' 
 
 Kittanning Middle Bed, .... 3' 
 
 Concealed,.(about) 80' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,. 15' 
 
 Its place in the series is seen to be about 
 forty feet above the Upper Kittanning Coal, 
 and about thirty feet below the Lower Free¬ 
 port bed, but neither of these coals are ex¬ 
 posed in the vicinity of Mr. Currie’s open¬ 
 ing, and they both are most probably very 
 thin worthless beds in that locality. 
 
 Humphrey Section. 
 
 Coal blossom on hill [Lower Free¬ 
 port] .O' to 4' 
 
 Concealed,. 100'dz 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal,. 3' 
 
 Concealed (about).80' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,. 20' (?) 
 
 Returning from Mr. Currie’s bank, and 
 going northwest along the hill, the above 
 section [See Fig. 40] was compiled from 
 exposures on the road just'north from Mr. 
 
 James Humphrey’s house. Hear the hill¬ 
 top a coal blossom, which lies at about the 
 horizon of the Lower Freeport Bed, is seen 
 at several places on the road. It has been 
 pretty thoroughly tested by a number of diggings and 
 proves quite variable in thickness, in some places measuring 
 four feet, and in others being represented by a very few 
 inches of bituminous slate. 
 
 
 V 40 
 
 noa 
 
 so 
 
 tttttttI 
 
CURRIE LOCAL COAL BED. 
 
 V. 67 
 
 On the farm owned by Mr. Porter Davis, adjoining Mr. 
 Humphrey’s place, a bank is opened and worked in the hol¬ 
 low near the school-house. This is the Middle Kittanning 
 bed, and measures [Fig. 41.] 
 
 Dams Coal Banlz. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Slaty Coal,. V 0" \ 
 
 Slate,. 1" > 3' 3 7 
 
 Coal,.2 ' 2" J 
 
 The coal is rather too pyritous to give satisfaction, but 
 does very well for local use. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone was passed through in drilling 
 a water well one half mile north from Mr. Humphrey’s, 
 and is reported to be about twenty feet thick, but as this is 
 quite an unusual thickness for this stratum in western But¬ 
 ler, it seems probable that the measurements were imper¬ 
 fectly made. It is exposed in nearly all of the hollows 
 that run back between the hills on the south side of Black’s 
 Hun, but has not been quarried much, and there are no 
 exposures showing its total thickness. In the ravine, a 
 short distance northeast from Mr. Humphrey’s, there is a 
 quarry which has been in operation for several years, but 
 though it has been worked for a long period a compara¬ 
 tively small amount of the stone has been quarried. 
 
 V.4I 
 
 § J/.S. Clarion Groujp , (Worth T.) 
 
 There are few good exposures of the strata underlying 
 the Ferriferous Limestone in this township. Fragmentary 
 sections may be obtained at several places on Slippery Hock 
 Creek, but complete exposures are rare. The following 
 sections of this group, and of the upper part of the Con¬ 
 glomerate or Beaver Hiver series, were made in August, 
 1S75, from exposures on Slippery Hock Creek. Most of 
 them are in Lawrence county, but are here given to show 
 the character of these rocks, and to connect this report in a 
 general way with Prof. J. P. Lesley’s “ Slippery Hock Re¬ 
 port,” published in volume U J,” 1875. 
 
 At Seceder’s or Eckert’s bridge, three miles west of Por- 
 
68 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 tersville, Slippery Rock Creek flows at tlie bottom of a 
 deep canyon like gorge, flanked on botli sides by almost 
 vertical escarpments of tlie Homewood and 
 Connoquenessing sandstones. These two 
 rocks apparently form a solid mass of sand¬ 
 stone, 104 feet thick, but Mr. White in¬ 
 forms me that he has found a thin seam 
 of slate or shale parting them near the mid¬ 
 dle. 
 
 The section shown in Fig. 42, was copied 
 from exposures in this vicinity: 
 
 Section at Seceder Bridge. 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal,.. . 8' 
 
 Shale,.70' 
 
 Ore,. V 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,. 6' 
 
 Coal, (Scrubgrass.).— 
 
 Shale, partly concealed,.55' 
 
 Homewood SS.,. \ 
 
 Mercer shale, (thin,).>104' 
 
 Upper Connoquenessing, SS., . . . ) 
 Shale to creek level, .55' 
 
 Keitlier the Brookville or Clarion coal beds were de¬ 
 tected, but the Scrubgrass coal is represented by a very 
 thin seam occurring immediately beneath the Ferriferous 
 Limestone. The latter rock here carries a layer of ore 
 about one foot thick, from which a small quantity has been 
 stripped for use in the old furnace at Rose Point. 
 
 At Forest Mills the latter rock is well exposed at Kildoo's 
 quarry, where it measures about 18 feet, and has been quar¬ 
 ried and burnt for a long period. The Connoquenessing 
 Sandstone is here almost entirely replaced by shale. The 
 measurements shown in section 43 were made in this vicin¬ 
 ity, and fail to show the presence of either the Brookville 
 or Clarion Coal beds. 
 
 The lower part of the preceding section was obtained from 
 exposures along the creek bank, about one mile north of 
 Forest mills. 
 
CLARION GROUP. 
 
 V. 69 
 
 ‘ Section at Forest Mills. 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,.18' 
 
 Shale,. 48' 
 
 Homewood Sandstone, .35' 
 
 Tliin coal seam, (Mercer S).— 
 
 Shale, with sandstone on base, . . .59' 
 
 Coal,. O'4" 
 
 Olive shale,.. 8' 
 
 Blue slialy slate,.6' 
 
 Coal,. O'9" 
 
 Shale to water level in dam, . . . .25' 
 
 Going northward up the valley towards 
 Rose Point, [Williereux P. O.,] the Home- 
 wood Sandstone gradually sinks lower and 
 lower beneath the Ferriferous Limestone until there is 
 an interval of 75 feet between them. The section shown in 
 Fig. 44 was obtained at the latter place: 
 
 Rose Point Section. 
 
 Ore,.variable. 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone, . . . . 15' to 2d 
 Scrubgrass Coal, . . . . . . . 6" to V 
 
 Blue slate and shale,. 75' 
 
 Homewood S. S. conglomerate, 20' to 25' 
 
 Blue slate,..O' to 2' 
 
 Coal, (Mercer Group,). V 6" 
 
 V.44 
 
 § Jj-9. Mercer Coal Bed , (Worth T.) 
 
 The coal shown at the bottom of the above section belongs 
 to the Mercer Group of Interconglomerate coal beds. The 
 limestone which usually accompanies these beds in Mercer 
 and Lawrence counties is absent, but may be represented 
 by a band of calcareous iron ore that underlies the coal. 
 The blue slate that overlies the coal also contains some 
 iron ore, in nodules, but it is not a persistent layer, and ap- 
 parently exists only in “pots.” 
 
 The following sections were made on the creek between 
 Rose Point and the mouth of Wolf Creek, and will serve 
 to illustrate the character of the measures lying between 
 
70 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 -.ka 
 
 3(y 
 
 V. 45 
 
 7 ^? 23 \ 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 V.46 
 
 the Ferriferous Limestone and creek level. They need no 
 further discussion. 
 
 Section at Kennedy's Mills .—Fig. 45. 
 
 Homewood Sandstone, coarse and con¬ 
 glomeratic, .25' 
 
 (Coal Mercer,).2' 
 
 Ore (Mercer Limestone,).1' 
 
 Blue slate about, . . . ..25' ] 
 
 SS. thin bedded to water level, . . . 5' j 
 Section at McCraken's Bridge .— 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone (about) ... 20' 
 
 Slate, . 44' 
 
 Sandstone—in quarry,. 12' 
 
 Concealed,. 32' 
 
 Sandstone fine grained,. 10' 
 
 Coal seam,.thin. 
 
 Slate to water level,. 10' 
 
 Section at Elliott's Bridge [Bed 
 Bridge f] —Fig. 47. 
 
 Coal—Lower Kittanning, (?).3' 
 
 Concealed, .21' 
 
 Ore, .2' 
 
 Ferriferous limestone,.10' 
 
 Slate—-partly concealed,.56' 
 
 Homewood SS. to water level, .... 4! 
 
 The next section on Slippery Hock Creek was constructed 
 from exposures near the mouth of Wolf Creek in Worth 
 township. The Ferriferous limestone is laid bare by sev¬ 
 eral quarries in that neighborhood, and is also seen at a 
 number of outcrops along the roads leading to the bridges 
 over Wolf and Slippery Hock Creeks. It here wears its 
 usual character, but carries little or no iron ore. The meas¬ 
 urements made in this locality are shown in Fig. 48. 
 
 The Scrubgrass coal bed has frequently been dug into 
 in this vicinity, but was never found thicker than fifteen 
 inches, and, though it is said to be an excellent coal, is of 
 course too thin to mine. 
 
BRADY TOWNSniP. 
 
 V\ 71 
 
 Section at Mouth of Wolf Creek. 
 
 Shale. 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,.10' 
 
 Coal (reported 15") . V 
 
 Concealed, .37 ' 
 
 Homewood Sandstone, at bridge, . . .10' 
 
 V.48 
 
 11.1111 IL 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 • 
 
 37 
 
 “X- •/ r( 
 
 § 50. Brady Toionship. 
 
 This township lies east of Worth and north of Franklin 
 township. Through its southern part sweeps the Muddy 
 Creek and Slippery Hock Divide, with summits ranging 
 from 275 to 350 feet above stream level; but the northeast¬ 
 ern portion of the township is gently undulating with 
 summits seldom more than 125 feet above Slippery Hock 
 creek. 
 
 Its high lands are capped by the Mahoning Sandstone, 
 beneath which occurs the Freeport Group. The latter is 
 poorly represented, and is almost worthless, though both 
 its coals are found in some localities. 
 
 The Kittanning group outcrops on all the hillsides, and 
 furnishes two good coals of workable size, viz.: the Upper 
 and Middle Kittanning beds. The former has its area of 
 best development in the northern and eastern parts of the 
 township, but the last named coal is available, as a work¬ 
 able bed, only in the south-western portion. 
 
 In the country bordering Slippery Hock creek, the Fer¬ 
 riferous Limestone is constantly accessible, but has not been 
 quarried much. This is probably partly owing to the diffi¬ 
 culty of finding its outcrop in a favorable position, and in 
 good condition for quarrying; the erosion being so smooth 
 and the hill slopes so gradual, that a large amount of sur¬ 
 face would generally have to be removed before solid lime¬ 
 stone could be reached. 
 
 Along the low lands of the creek valley, the Homewood 
 Sandstone is sometimes laid bare, and is occasionally suit¬ 
 able for building purposes. 
 
 In going south-east from West Liberty, on the road to 
 Prospect, the first coal opening is on the Kittanning Middle 
 
72 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 bed. The bank is now shut, and no measurement of the 
 coal can be made; but I am informed that it is about three 
 feet thick. A short distance beyond this entry, the section 
 shown in Fig. 49 was compiled. 
 
 West Liberty Section. 
 
 Tliin-bedded Sandstone, shaly, (Free- 
 
 port,). 
 
 Coal, poor, (Currie Local Coal*) 
 
 Thin bedded shaly sand 
 
 Free¬ 
 port, 
 
 r 
 
 stone,.10' 
 
 Hard SS., some massive 
 
 layers,.25'^ 
 
 Kittanning Upper coal, blossom 
 
 Concealed. 
 
 Kittanning Middle coal, .... 
 
 V 
 
 35' 
 
 V.49 
 
 V 
 
 40' 
 
 3' 
 
 40 
 
 The blossoms of both the Upper Kittanning and “Currie” 
 (Local) coal beds are exposed on the road, but, from their 
 size and character, indicate that these beds are rather thin, 
 and too slaty to be valuable. The latter bed is enclosed in 
 the Freeport Sandstone, which is quite a prominent sand- 
 rock in this part of the township. 
 
 About one mile south-east from where the preceding ex¬ 
 posures were observed, the Middle Kittanning coal is opened 
 by Mr. J. P. Martin, at whose bank the bed measures: [See 
 Fig. 50.] 
 
 Martin Coal Bank. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Slaty coal,. 7" ) q „ 
 
 Coal,.2' 2" 1 
 
 Though this bank has been worked at intervals for a long 
 time, comparatively little coal has been extracted from it. 
 A thin seam of slate occasionally traverses the coal near the 
 middle of the bed. On the opposite side of the dividing 
 ridge, and about one mile farther south, is the Lutz bank, 
 at which the same bed is opened. It exhibits the structure 
 shown in Fig. 51. 
 
 On the D. Graham farm, adjoining the place owned by 
 Mr. Lutz, there is another bank in running order upon the 
 
 V.50 
 
KITTANNING- MIDDLE COAL. 
 
 V. 73 
 
 same bed, wliicb. there lies very nearly at water level. As 
 these banks have been worked almost exclusively to sup¬ 
 ply the wants of the owners, and of parties living in their 
 immediate vicinity, very little coal has been taken from 
 them. 
 
 Lutz Goal Bank. 
 
 Slate roof. 
 
 Slaty coal,.O' 4") 
 
 Coal,. V G" i 
 
 Sulphur band and bone,. O' 2" 
 
 Coal,. V 0\ 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 This bed (Kittanning Middle) is being steadily worked 
 at the bank owned by Mr. William Davis, in the south¬ 
 western corner of the township. It is rather too pyritous 
 to be of good quality, but is very free from slate or bone, 
 and measures : [See Fig. 52.] 
 
 Davis Coal Bank. 
 
 3' 0 
 
 
 F-C. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 Slaty coal, 
 Coal, . . 
 
 Mr. Bryan has also opened a bank on this bed, a short 
 distance from the Davis bank, in which the coal is of* 
 similar character and thickness. In his bank the upper 
 bench of slaty coal thickens from three to six inches, and 
 can be left in the bank as a roof. The coal is said to be 
 three feet thick at the old saw mill on Muddy creek, near 
 Mr. Weitzel’s house. The bed there lies nearly at creek 
 level, and was opened and worked quite largely many years 
 ago, but the bank has long been closed, and no examination 
 of the bed was possible. 
 
 The Kittanning Middle coal is also opened and mined in 
 the western part of the township, one mile south from 
 West Liberty, by two banks on,the adjoining farms owned 
 by Messrs. J. and T. Badger. At the opening owned by 
 Mr. J. Badger, on the west side of the hollow, it measures 
 about three feet and two inches, with a two inch seam of 
 draw-slate on top. About one foot of the uppermost part 
 is rather slaty, but the remainder of the bed is good coal. 
 
74 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. IE M. CHANCE. 
 
 A thin parting of slate is occasionally seen about ten inches 
 above the fire-clay, but it is not a persistent band. 
 
 In the hill above these banks, an entry has been driven 
 in on a very impure bed of cannel coal, from five to seven 
 feet thick, full of slialy slate, and alternating laminae of 
 slate and cannel coal. In fact the bed may be described as 
 a worthless mixture of slialy slate, slate, and slaty cannel 
 coal, and is one of those local deposits that may occur at 
 any horizon in the coal measures. 
 
 § 51. Kittanning Upper Coat , (Brady T.) 
 
 In the neighborhood of Stone Ilouse, on the old Pitts¬ 
 burg pike, in the north-eastern part of the township, this 
 is quite a valuable seam, and has been opened and worked 
 at a large number of banks, many of which are still in 
 running order. The Middle Kittanning coal outcrops on 
 the road about fifty feet beneath it, and is apparently three 
 feet thick, but has not yet been opened in this locality. 
 
 In going southward along the Pike from Stone House to 
 
 10 ' 
 
 2 ' to 
 
 of 
 
 the summit, a distance of one mile, the fol¬ 
 lowing section—shown in Fig. 53—was com¬ 
 piled from exposures in the road bed. 
 Stone Ilouse Section. 
 
 Shale on summit. 
 
 Freeport Upper Coal—blossom, 
 
 Fireclay,. 
 
 Shale,—Sandstone near bottom, 
 
 Freeport Lower Coal—blossom, 
 
 Concealed—with massive SS 
 Sandstone,—hard and massive, 
 
 Kittanning Upper Coal, . . . 
 
 Concealed—mostly shale, . 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal, . . . 
 
 Concealed, .10' 
 
 Ore band,.— 
 
 Concealed, .55' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,. 
 
 V. 53 
 
 5 ' 
 
 55' 
 
 2 ' 
 
 45' 
 
 15' 
 
 3' 
 
 55' (?) 
 3' 
 
 65' 
 
 t r 
 
 TV 
 
 
 
 ? 55 
 
 65 
 
 The Freeport Upper and Lower Coal beds, separated by 
 
KITTANNING UPPElt COAL. 
 
 Y. 75 
 
 about sixty feet of shaly measures,, outcrop near the summit, 
 but are hardly of workable size. No trace was seen of 
 either of their accompanying beds of limestone. About 
 sixty feet beneath the Lower Freeport Coal, there are two 
 old openings on the Kittanning Upper Coal Bed. These 
 have long since fallen shut, and nothing can now be seen 
 except some old coal on the dump heaps. A hard massive 
 sandrock—Freeport sandstone—fifteen feet thick rests 
 directly on the coal, forming its roof in these banks. 
 
 In the hollow at the foot of the hill, several imperfect 
 outcrops of the Ferriferous Limestone are visible. It lies 
 about 120 or 125 feet below the Kittanning Upper coal bed, 
 and from 65 to 75 feet below the horizon of the Middle 
 Kittanning coal, which outcrops near the cross roads at 
 Stone House. 
 
 The principal banks now in running order, on the Upper 
 Kittanning Bed near Stone House, are situated on the farms 
 owned by Mr. Daniel Graham, Mr. Wigton, and Mr. Turk. 
 The quality and thickness of the coal are about the same 
 in all of these banks, and one measurement will serve to 
 show its structure in this vicinity. 
 
 At the opening owned by Mr. Daniel Graham, a measure¬ 
 ment gave .the thickness shown in Fig. 54: 
 
 Graham Coal Bank. 
 
 Slate and sandstone roof. 
 
 
 Slaty roof, (draw slate ?) . 
 
 mrr 
 
 • • • f 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 . . . 11" 
 
 Slaty coal,. 
 
 ... 2" 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 ... 1' 0" 
 
 Soft parting,. 
 
 . . . thin. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 . . . i/ i". 
 
 V.5 4 
 
 y 
 
 3' 9 
 
 The coal is of good quality, with only a moderate amount 
 of pyrites, and mines in large pieces. 
 
 It has also been opened at two banks by Mr. Josiah Gra¬ 
 ham, one mile w x est from Stone House. One of these has 
 fallen into disuse, and within a few rods of its mouth Mrs. 
 Mary Weber has had a bank opened. In all of these open¬ 
 ings the coal shows about the same structure. 
 
 It is of very fair quality and measures—[see Fig. 55 :] 
 
76 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Weber Coal Bank. 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Slaty coal, ..... 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Slaty coal,. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 V.55 
 
 2' 1"J 
 
 At the cross roads one mile southwest from Stone House, 
 the smuts of both the Upper and Middle Kittanning Coal 
 beds were seen in the road gutters. They here lie about 
 forty feet apart. 
 
 In this vicinity Mr. Hugh Grossman has a bank opened 
 on a coal about three feet thick, which is probably the Up¬ 
 per Kittanning bed. 
 
 About one mile northwest from the Badger Banks, and 
 close to the Worth township line, two banks are opened 
 near Mr. Robert Glenn’s house. One of them is now fallen 
 shut, but the other—a new opening—is very substantially 
 built and is in good running order. It lies 35 feet higher 
 than the Badger Banks, and is probably on the same (Mid¬ 
 dle Kittanning) bed, but, in the absence of any good key 
 rock, its identification with this bed is quite uncertain. 
 Near the mouth of the entry a measurement gave the thick¬ 
 ness shown by Fig. 56: 
 
 Glenn's Coal Bank. 
 
 Very slaty coal—draw slate, . 
 
 Coal, slatv,. 
 
 Coal, good,. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 5"" 
 
 V 0" 
 
 V 3" 
 
 3'1" 
 
 1 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 V.56 
 
 The following record of the John Smith Well, (See Plate 
 VI,) was kindly furnished by Messrs. Phillips Bros., and 
 is said to be a correct description of the strata drilled 
 through. It exhibits features precisely similar to the Bul¬ 
 lion, Keno, and Oil Creek well records. The Big Red Rock 
 over the first sand is especially noticeable, and is a most 
 important key stratum, as it is found at a nearly constant 
 horizon over a large area from Franklin southwestward to 
 this vicinity and westward to the Ohio line. 
 
BRADY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 V. 77 
 
 John Smith Well , (drilled in 1877.) 
 
 On J. Smitli farm, Brady township, one and a quarter 
 miles northwest from the Prospect bridge over Muddy 
 Creek. Authority E. I. Agnew, per W. G. Power. 
 
 Slate and fire-clay,.230 to 230 
 
 Limestone; Ferriferous, ..15 to 245 
 
 Slate and clay,. 27 to 2/2 
 
 Sand-rock,.18 to 290 
 
 Block slate,.110 to 400 
 
 Sand-rock,.65 to 465 
 
 Slate,. 3 to 468 
 
 Mountain sand,.100 to 568 
 
 Slate and shells,.72 to 640 
 
 Grey sand..50 to 690 
 
 Slate and shells, ..10 to 700 
 
 Sand-rock,.30 to 730 
 
 Slate,.180 to 910 
 
 Sand-rock,.26 to 936 
 
 Slate and shells,.119 to 1055 
 
 Red Rock, .60 to 1115 
 
 Slate and shells,.15 to 1130 
 
 First sand,.60 to 1190 
 
 Slate,.85 to 1275 
 
 Second sand,. \ ( 20 to 1295 
 
 Slate,. > Second sand, •< 20 to 1315 
 
 Sand-rock,.) ( 25 to 1340 
 
 Slate, (ISTote 1,).55 to 1395 
 
 Granite, (Note 2,) . . ... . 5 to 1400 
 
 Slate.31 to 1431 
 
 Third sand, (off color,).19 to 1450 
 
 Black slate, (pocket,). 8J- to 1458-§ 
 
 “ Note 1. 55'. This should be the “ Granite,” which is a dark, sandy slate. 
 
 Note 2. 5'. This should bo tho “Stray” sand—it underlies the granite.” 
 
 The Third sand was poor and quito shelly, and yielded no oil. 
 
 N. B. The above record is given as received in the driller’s nomenclature. 
 A shell is any hard stratum, usually sandy, but generally quite Line grained. 
 
78 V. 
 
 "REPORT OF PROGRESS. H, M. CHANCE. 
 
 § 52. Clay Township. 
 
 This township lies in the middle tier immediately north 
 of Centre township. 
 
 It is occupied by very hilly country with summits from 
 200 to 250 feet above water level. The divide between the 
 Slippery Rock and Muddy Creek enters its western line 
 near the centre, sweeps in a very irregular curve through 
 the township, passing very close to Sunbury, and runs out 
 of it in a southeasterly direction towards Middletown. 
 
 The Mahoning Sandstone and Freeport Group are caught 
 in its high lands. Both the Upper and Lower Freeport 
 coals are locally workable beds, and the Upper Freeport 
 Limestone is sometimes present. 
 
 The Kittanning group occupies the low lands of the town¬ 
 ship, and is only available above water level over a small 
 
 area. 
 
 The section shown in Fig. 57 was compiled from expos¬ 
 ures in and around the borough of Sunbury. It can be 
 regarded as a typical section of the measures in this town¬ 
 ship. 
 
 Sunbury Section. V. 57 
 
 Slaty and sandy shale on summits, 40' \ ^ 
 
 Slaty shale, . 10' S 
 
 Freeport Upper coal,. 4' 
 
 Fireclay, .) 2g< 
 
 Concealed, (with ore balls, shale, ?) ) ' 
 
 Freeport Upper Limestone,. 3' 
 
 Concealed,.42' 
 
 Freeport Lower coal,. 5' 
 
 Fireclay, . 
 
 Concealed, with hard, massive ]■ 50' to GO' 
 
 (Freeport) Sandstone, . . . 
 
 Kittanning Upper coal (?). 
 
 The Freeport Upper coal is opened and mined at the 
 Thompson bank in Sunbury, where it is of quite good 
 quality and mines in good sized pieces, but is somewhat 
 troubled with pyrites binders. It shows no insistent 
 slaty partings and measures : [Fig. 58.] 
 
CLAY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 V. 79 
 
 V.58 
 
 Thompson Coal BanJc. 
 
 Sliale roof—good. 
 Coal,. 
 
 Coal, slaty and laminated,. V 4" 
 
 At the bank owned by Mr. McMiehael one mile south¬ 
 west of town the bed measures three feet and eight inches 
 and is divided into three benches. Most of the coal is 
 mined from the middle or “two foot” bench which is 
 rather sulphury, but resists weathering much better than 
 would be expected. A large quantity is yearly taken from 
 this opening for use in Sunbury and the adjacent country. 
 
 The bank is in excellent condition, and has a good roof 
 of sandy slate that requires little timbering. A measure¬ 
 ment of the bed made near the mouth of the entry, gave 
 the structure shown in Fig. 59 : 
 
 McMiehael Coal Bank. 
 
 Sandy slate roof—good. 
 
 Slaty coal,. 8" V.59 
 
 Coal, 
 
 Slate, 
 
 Coal, 
 
 Slate, 
 
 10 " 
 T 0" 
 
 Fireclay. 
 
 On the adjoining farm Mr. Painter has opened two banks 
 on this bed; and on the Patterson Farm,.south of Sunbury, 
 there is another entry in running order upon the same seam. 
 
 In no other part of the township is this bed, (Freeport 
 Upper,) either of workable quality or thickness. In Wash¬ 
 ington township, northeast from Sunbury, it is often absent; 
 north from town it is thin; west of this locality it can seldom 
 be found, and is never a workable bed ; and south and south¬ 
 west from this immediate vicinity it is always either too 
 poor or too thin to mine ; but east and southeast of Clay 
 township, and between it and the Brady’s Bend country, in 
 Armstrong county, this coal is often a locally workable bed, 
 but is seldom either so good or so thick, and is never so 
 valuable as it is at the Sunbury banks. 
 
 The Freeport Upper Limestone outcrops at several places 
 near town, and at the race course, one half mile east of the 
 
so v. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 borough line. Attempts have frequently been made to burn 
 it, but they resulted in the production of an inferior lime 
 that no one would buy. The bed is from two and a half to 
 three feet thick, and is associated with more or less nodu¬ 
 lar iron ore. It here lies about twenty-live feet below the 
 Upper Freeport Coal bed, but as its presence was not de¬ 
 tected in any other part of the township, it may be found 
 in a somewhat different position in other localities. 
 
 The Freeport Lower Coal bed has been opened at several 
 banks near Sunbury. At the opening owned by Mr. Wm. 
 C. Glenn, the bed measures a total thickness of five feet, 
 and would be a valuable seam were it not for the thick slate' 
 band that parts it into two benches. Figure 60 approxi¬ 
 mately shows its structure : 
 
 Glenn Goal Bank, (Sunbury.) V.60 
 
 Coal, 
 
 Slate, 
 
 Coal, 
 
 Owing to some unaccountable oversight, this bank was 
 not visited, and the above measurement is from a statement 
 given me by a miner who had worked in the bank, and who 
 professed to be familiar with all the coal banks near Sun- 
 bur v. 
 
 On the Butler pike, one and a half miles south of Sun¬ 
 bury, the blossom of this bed can be seen in several places. 
 It lies about seventy feet below the Upper Freeport Coal, 
 and is sometimes overlaid by a rather coarse and massive 
 (Upper Freeport) sandstone. 
 
 The Kittanning Upper Coal (?) has been opened and mined 
 on the farm now owned by Mr. Samuel McElvain, near Sun¬ 
 bury, but the bank has been shut for over twenty years. 
 It is said to measure two feet, and tradition savs that it 
 was a remarkable good coal, but was abandoned on account 
 of being rather thin. This bed is probably the same with 
 the coal mined by Mr. Glenn, in the southwestern corner 
 of Washington township. At the latter locality a coal 
 nearly four feet thick was found in a water well at about 
 thirty feet below the Glenn Bank. This bed may be the 
 
CLAY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 81 
 
 // 
 
 // 
 
 // 
 
 V.6I 
 
 Bi" 
 
 6 " 
 6 
 
 r.c 
 
 // 
 
 Upper Kittanning coal, and if sncli be the case, then the 
 latter bank is opened on a stray bed lying near the horizon 
 of the Currie Local Coal, and the McElvain coal must be 
 referred to the same place in the measures. Its distance 
 below the Upper Freeport Limestone is confirmatory of the 
 correctness of this identification. 
 
 The Freeport Upper and Lower Coals are both well ex¬ 
 posed in the southeastern part of the township. 
 
 A bank newly opened by Mr. Sami. Mock on the former 
 bed gave a measurement of: (Fig. 61.) 
 
 Mock Coal Bank. 
 
 Shale roof (seen).10 / 0 
 
 Coal and Slate, . 9 
 
 Slate,. 2 _// to 1 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Fireclay. 
 
 It is a very poor slaty bed and is of no value. The 
 entry was pushed into the hill in expectation that the bed 
 would lose its slate and improve in quality. It is needless 
 to say that all such ideas are only delusive and can never 
 be of any service to those depending upon them. A coal 
 bed thickens or thins, improves or deteriorates, with no 
 regard to the accidental shapes of hills or valleys pro¬ 
 duced by aerial erosion. It may be thickest at its outcrop, 
 or under the highest part of the hill; or when it has least 
 cover, and vice versa. On the farms owned by Mr. James 
 Young and Mr. Pobt. Patterson, three quarters of a mile 
 north from Mock’s Bank, there are two old banks on the 
 Lower Freeport bed. The former bank has been shut for 
 about twenty-five years, and no coal has been taken from 
 the Patterson opening for over fourteen years. 
 
 Mr. Young states that as nearly as he can recollect the 
 bed measured (Fig. 62—compare Fig. 60.) V.62 
 
 Young Coal Bank. 
 
 Coal,.2 ' 
 
 Slate, ..1/ 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 6Y. 
 
 wV 
 
 mma 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
82 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 It is immediately overlain by the Upper Freeport Sand¬ 
 stone which is a hard massive rock, more than ten feet thick. 
 
 A short distance southwest from the Mock bank, and 
 near the junction of this road with the Butler pike, Mr. 
 McAnallen has an old bank on the Lower Freeport bed, 
 which here lies about seventy feet beneath the Upper Free¬ 
 port Coal. This opening has been closed for a number of 
 years, and no examination of the bed could be made, but 
 the coal is said to be rather slaty, and was not very highly 
 prized by any who had used it. 
 
 Hear the Baptist Sunday School building, in the southern 
 part of the township, two banks have been opened in close 
 proximity to each other, on a bed lying near the horizon of 
 the Lower Freeport bed, but which may possibly be the 
 Upper Kittanning Coal bed. 
 
 The coal is of fair quality, but the bed is rather variable 
 in thickness. A measurement made in the bank on the 
 main road gave [See Fig. G3.] 
 
 School House Coal Bank. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Slate and coal, .. . , . 
 
 Slialy slate floor. 
 
 The coal here exhibits a violent dip towards the south, 
 but this is probably local. 
 
 The same bed has been opened about one and a half miles 
 west from these banks, but was abandoned several years 
 ago and the entry is now closed. It is said to be about 
 three feet thick. 
 
 The exposures seen in this neighborhood give the section 
 shown in Fig. 64, as follows: 
 
 School House Section. 
 
 Coal (Upper? Freeport Lower?) ... 2' 
 
 Partly concealed,. 35' 
 
 Hard massive sandstone,.20' 
 
 Coal (Freeport Lower \ Kitt. Upper ?) . 3' 
 
 If the coal oiDened be the Kittanning Upper bed, the bed 
 
 V 4" 
 1 " 
 1' 7" 
 9 " 
 
 V.64 
 
CLAY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 83 
 
 seen in blossom fifty-five feet above it is the Freeport 
 Lower Coal, but if the former be the Lower Freeport then 
 the latter must be the Freeport Upper bed. In either case 
 the interval between them seems to be too small, but this 
 may be partly owing to an error in the measurements occa¬ 
 sioned by the sharp south dip which seems to pervade the 
 measures in this locality. 
 
 In the northeastern corner of the township, the Upper 
 Kittanning coal is opened and mined on the land owned by 
 Mr. Hall. The coal here shows about the same character 
 and thickness that it exhibits in the Stone House Banks in 
 Franklin township, measuring about three feet of good coal, 
 with a roof of sandy shale and a fireclay floor. 
 
 § 53: Concord Towns7vip. 
 
 This township lies east of Clay and north of Oakland 
 townships, and is rather poorly supplied with coal, but 
 the existence of oil territory within its limits has amply 
 compensated it for this deficiency. 
 
 The great Allegheny and Beaver Hiver Divide sweeps 
 through it in nearly a north and south line, passing close 
 to the old borough of Middletown. This town is situated 
 at the juncture of the Slippery Hock and Muddy Creek 
 divide with the Muddy Creek and Connoquenessing 
 dividing ridge and the first named water shed. It can 
 therefore be considered as the centre of the drainage sys¬ 
 tem of northern Butler. Muddy Creek, the main Branch 
 of Bear Creek, the South Branch of Slippery Hock Creek, 
 Bufialo Creek, and Kearn’s Branch of the Connoquenessing, 
 all rise in its vicinity. 
 
 The surface of this township is made entirely from the 
 outcrops of the Freeport Group, the Mahoning Sandstone, 
 and a small part of the lower portion of the Barren Meas¬ 
 ures. The latter is only found in the high lands near the 
 Oakland township line, east and west from Greece City. 
 
 The Freeport Upper Coal (Millerstown bed?) has been 
 opened by Mr. J. Hay on his farm about a mile and a half 
 
84 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 west of Middletown, but the month of the entry is closed 
 at present. 
 
 About 110 feet below it, a bed has been opened on the 
 place owned by Mr. J. Young, which resembles somewhat 
 the Upper Kittanning coal. If the Ray Bank be on the 
 Millerstown bed, then this coal is the Lower Freeport bed. 
 I am inclined to think the latter identification correct. 
 
 Mr. Young drove this entry in a short distance, and then 
 abandoned it, on account of the unsatisfactory quality of 
 the coal. There is now visible at the opening, (see Fig. 
 65.) 
 
 J. Young ’ s coal tank. 
 
 Massive yellowish sandstone. 
 
 Shale roof,.3' 
 
 Black shaly “ draw slate,” . V 
 
 Coal, (seen,). V 6" 
 
 Year the Presbyterian church at Middletown, there is an 
 old bank, on one of the Freeport beds, from which a large 
 quantity of coal has been taken. The mouth of the entry 
 has fallen shut, and no examination of the bed could be 
 made. About forty-five feet above it, the blossom of an¬ 
 other bed (Millerstown Coal bed ?) is seen in the road, but 
 from the character of the outcrop I should not think that 
 the bed contained more than two feet of coal. 
 
 The Mahoning Sandstone is seldom a prominent stratum 
 in this township, being generally largely replaced by sandy 
 shale. The Freeport Lower Sandstone is also quite a shaly 
 rock, and so far loses its peculiar lithological characteristics 
 that it cannot be depended upon as a key rock in identi¬ 
 fying its underlying or overlying coal beds. 
 
 The Upper Freeport Coal bed has been opened by Mr. 
 Rider, on the road running northwest from Boydstown, and 
 about one mile west of Greece City, but this bank has al¬ 
 ready been mentioned in the description of Oakland town¬ 
 ship, and nothing further need be said of it in this connec¬ 
 tion. 
 
 On the Jamison farm near Greece City, the Millerstown (?) 
 Coal bed (Upper Freeport bed ?) is mined quite largely for 
 use at the oil wells. The coal is rather slaty, but mines 
 
CONCORD TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 85 
 
 easily and commands a ready sale. A measurement made 
 at this bank gave the structure shown in Fig. 66. 
 
 Jamieson coal bank. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Black slate,. 4" 
 
 Slate and coal, . 8" 
 
 Coal, with slaty laminae,. T 0" 
 
 Coal, good,. V 10" 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 About forty-five feet below this bed, the blossom of the 
 Freeport Upper [Lower ?] coal is seen at several places along 
 the road side. It is not a workable bed. 
 
 The Freeport Upper Limestone was not detected in this 
 locality, though much time was spent in searching for some 
 trace of it. 
 
 On the high ridge north from Middletown, the outcrop of 
 Freeport Upper Limestone is exposed in several places. 
 The fragments seen on the North Washington road, indi¬ 
 cate that there are two beds present, lying fifty or sixty 
 feet apart, but it is possible that the fragments seen at 
 the lower level, have come from the upper bed. The latter 
 is - from two to four feet thick. A few feet above it, the 
 smut of the Upper Freeport Coal is seen, but the character 
 of its blossom indicates that it is quite thin. 
 
 Though the Freeport Lower bed can frequently be de¬ 
 tected in the exposures along the roads, in the northern part 
 of the township, it is not opened north of Middletown, and 
 is probably either too thin or too poor, to be of any value. 
 
 § 5J “Fourth Sand ” Oil Territory. 
 
 The first successful well drilled in the Butler County Oil 
 District was located in this township. It was situated at 
 Modoc City on the Troutman Farm, and was struck March 
 23d, 1873. 
 
 The “Fourth Sand” productive territory, as at present 
 developed, sweeps across the township in a comparatively 
 narrow belt from the central part of the Fairview township 
 line to its terminus at Greece City near the middle of the 
 
86 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 north line of Oakland township. West and southwest 
 from Greece City, the country has been riddled with holes 
 in search of a prolongation of this belt, but up to the present 
 time no producing wells have been found outside the ‘ £ belt ’ ’ 
 limits. Many of these wells are reported as having found 
 a sand of good quality and of unlooked for thickness, but 
 containing no oil. 
 
 All the oil produced in this township is from the Fourth 
 Sand which here lies from thirty to fifty feet beneath the 
 Third Oil Sand. 
 
 § 55. Fair mew Township. 
 
 This township lies east of Concord and north of Donegal 
 township, and adjoins Armstrong county along its eastern 
 line. 
 
 In it the rocks included between the Mahoning Sandstone 
 and the Upper Kittanning coal bed are all well exposed, 
 but fail to show the presence of any good coal beds. Both 
 the Upper and Lower Freeport coal beds are quite poor 
 and thin, and though many attempts have been made to 
 work them, their worthlessness always stopped operations. 
 Nearly all the coal now mined in the township is taken from 
 the Millerstown coal bed, and the Upper Kittanning (Cen¬ 
 tral Point) bed. 
 
 But few good farms are noticed in this township. This 
 is partially owing to the existence of oil over so large a 
 portion of its area, and partially to the fact that much of 
 the land is “worked out,” and sadly needs an inorganic 
 fertilizer, such as lime, the phosphate fertilizers, etc. 
 
 When oil is struck in a well, the farm on which it is situ¬ 
 ated, no matter how good an one it may be, usually falls 
 into a totally neglected state, and fast goes back to its 
 primitive condition. The fences are torn down, weeds are 
 allowed an unobstructed growth, oil filters through the soil 
 in all directions, a young growth of brush springs up, and 
 in a few years all signs of a good farm have been obliter¬ 
 ated. Such is the condition of much of the arable land in 
 Fairview township. 
 
FAIKVIEW TOWNSHIP. 
 
 y. 87 
 
 The 4 4 Third Sand Oil Belt 5 5 which runs across the town¬ 
 ship in a direction of about N. 22° E., S. 22° W., consists 
 of several sub-belts, to which the following different names 
 have been given, “Eastern Belt” (in two sub-divisions), 
 44 Sucker Rod Belt” and 44 Western Belt.” These are sup¬ 
 posed to be narrow, continuous 44 streaks” of porous, more 
 or less pebbly sandstone, separated from each other by 
 hard, close sandrock incapable of holding or yielding oil in 
 paying quantities.* 
 
 The 44 Fourth Sand Oil Belt” crosses from west to east in 
 a curved line, bearing JST. 45° E. to N. 80° E. At the west¬ 
 ern edge of the township it is rather narrow, but broadens 
 out on approaching Karns City and Petrolia, only to nar¬ 
 row down again before passing eastward into Armstrong 
 county. 
 
 The sand in which the wells on this belt find their oil 
 lies from forty to seventy feet beneath the Third Sand. The 
 Millerstown Eastern Belt also finds its oil at this horizon. 
 
 In the neighborhood of Karns City, Petrolia and Fair- 
 view, oil has been found in both the Third and Fourth Sands. 
 The first wells put down in this vicinity were drilled only 
 to the Third Sand and were considered good wells. The 
 existence of a Fourth Sand was not then known, but when 
 it became evident that the Modoc sand was a lower stratum 
 
 * It must not be supposed that because a sandrock is close and finegrained, is 
 is incapable of holding oil in quantity. On the contrary, we know that if the 
 grains of sand were spherical, a finegrained rock would be capable of hold¬ 
 ing as much oil as a coarser grained, or pebbly sandstone, for the “ intermole- 
 cular” spaces would bear the same ratio to the solid contents in one case as in 
 the other, assuming that there were no cementing material in either rock. 
 
 In many places where the oil sand is very finegrained, it is found to be 
 thoroughly saturated with oil, and often probably holds at least half as much 
 oil as the coarser portions of the Third Sand. 
 
 But tho obj ection to this view is that a fine grained sand—though soaked 
 with oil—always is but sparingly productive, yielding very small wells and 
 dry holes. That such is the experience of operators is not surprising, indeed 
 it could not be otherwise, for the oil in any well, only flows from tho rock 
 into tho well by reason of pressure from the imprisoned gas, and in a fine 
 grained rock this is counterbalanced by molecular attraction , holding the 
 oil in the rock, or allowing it to percolate into tho well very slowly. 
 
 Not only are tho finegrained sandrocks often saturated with oil, but the 
 shales overlying and underlying tho oil sand, are sometimes soaked with it; 
 this is not the rule, but an exception to it. H. M. C. 
 
88 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 than the sand at Petrolia, many operators again started 
 the drill in their then declining wells, and were rewarded 
 by very large flowing wells, some of which are said to have 
 produced over 8000 barrels in twenty-four hours. 
 
 The section shown by Fig. 67 was com¬ 
 piled from exposures observed in the val¬ 
 ley of Big Bear Creek about one and a half 
 miles northwest from Fairview. 
 
 Big Bear Creek section. 
 
 Freeport Lower Coal,.blossom. 
 
 Concealed—SS. and shale, . . 30' 
 
 Coal—Currie Local bed (?).... 8' 
 
 Concealed,—sandy shale, ... 40' 
 
 Kittanning Upper Coal,. 3' 
 
 Concealed (about). 60' 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal,. 2' 
 
 Concealed,—contains Lower Kit¬ 
 tanning Coal bed. 75' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,. 15' 
 
 In the above section a three foot bed of coal is noted at 
 the horizon of the Currie Local coal lying in the interval 
 usually occupied by the Freeport Sandstone. This bed is 
 opened at several banks and yields a good hard coal, min¬ 
 ing in large pieces, but is somewhat troubled with sulphur 
 binders. At the opening owned and worked by Mr. Lucas 
 a measurement gave see (Fig. 68.) 
 
 Lucas coal bank. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Coal,.1' 6" to 1' 9" 
 
 Slate, . 5" 
 
 Coal, about. 7" 
 
 V.68 
 
 Forty feet below this bank lies the bed on which Mr. 
 Watson is working a bank. This is the Kittanning Upper 
 bed, and is of quite good quality, being free from pyrites, 
 and mining very nicely. All the slate is left in the bank as 
 a roof. Near the mouth of the entry the coal shows this 
 structure (see Fig. 69.) 
 
 The Kittanning Middle Coal bed and the Ferriferous 
 
FAIKVIEW TOWNSHIP, 
 
 y. 89 
 
 Limestone have been transferred to the preceding section 
 (Fig. 67) from exposures near the mouth of Silver Creek in 
 Parker township, and will be discussed in the description 
 of that township. The Lower Kittanning coal which is seen 
 at stream level near Argyle will also be described in connec¬ 
 tion with Parker township. 
 
 Watson coal bank. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Slaty coal—left for roof,. 4" 
 
 Soft parting,. y 
 
 Coal,. 2' 2" 
 
 Slate floor. 
 
 In the vicinity of Central Point, one half mile south of 
 Petrolia, the Kittanning Upper bed has been opened and 
 mined at a number of banks, from which a large amount 
 of coal has been taken. The bed here shows an unusual 
 thickness, but explorations made in the country north and 
 northwest from Central Point, show that it is only a very 
 local enlargement. Going southward it soon passes beneath 
 water level in Little Bear Creek. 
 
 This coal was not noted by Mr. J. H. Carll in his record 
 of the Hazelwood Well No. 21, (see Chapter X,) which is 
 located on the hill north of these banks, but I have inserted 
 it in the record to show its place with reference to the Fer¬ 
 riferous Limestone at Central Point. It usually shows about 
 the following thickness: 
 
 Central Point coal bank. 
 
 Grey shale roof. 
 
 Cannel slate,. 11" 
 
 Coal,.4' 3" 
 
 Fireclav floor. 
 
 The Currie Local coal is represented at Petrolia by a thin 
 vein of cannel coal nine inches thick, resting on a bed of 
 fireclay, and lying about thirty feet above the Sheakley 
 (Upper Kittanning) Coal Banks. It has been opened in 
 several places near town, but is always too thin to mine. 
 
 The Freeport Lower Sandstone has here—as in nearly 
 every other part of the township—a very shaly character, 
 and it is extremely difficult to determine its horizon or 
 
90 y. 
 
 EEPOET OF PEOGEESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 place of outcrop, by means of topographical features. We 
 have, in fact, no key rock to guide us in the identification 
 of the coals of this township, except the Ferriferous Lime¬ 
 stone, and as this stratum is always beneath water level, 
 we are forced to make use of oil well records to obtain its 
 distance below the various coal beds of the series. 
 
 The Freeport Lower Coal is occasionally seen in blossom 
 on the roadsides, but it is never of good quality or work¬ 
 able size. Its underlying limestone is seldom seen on the 
 surface, but it is reported as having been passed through 
 by many oil wells. The records kept by Mr. Carll, and re¬ 
 published in Chapter X of this report, show the presence 
 of this stratum, but it was so thin that on measurement 
 was made of it. 
 
 The smut of the Freeport Upper coal was occasionally 
 observed, but the bed is quite thin, and always very poor 
 and slaty, and unfit for mining. A few feet below it, frag¬ 
 ments of the Upper Freeport limestone are sometimes found, 
 but the bed was never seen in situ, and its thickness cannot 
 be stated. 
 
 § 56. Millerstown Coal. [Fairmew T.) 
 
 This bed is mined quite extensively at Karns City; from 
 Karns City to Angelica; from Angelica and Buena Vista 
 to Millerstown; and between Karns City and Millerstown. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone, as determined by several oil 
 well records, underlies it by from 295 to 315 feet. It, there¬ 
 fore, as already stated in chapter IV, lies in the horizon of 
 the Mahoning sandstone, but this rock is never a hard or 
 massive sandstone within the limits of good development 
 of this coal bed. 
 
 The coal is of rather inferior quality, and were there not 
 a great demand for coal at the oil wells, very little of it 
 would be mined. 
 
 At the bank owned by Mrs. Martha Storey, one mile 
 south of Fairview, the coal exhibits the structure shown in 
 Fig. 71. Going dow r n the stream from this bank, the coal 
 is opened at intervals all the way to Karns City. 
 
FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP. 
 
 V. 91 
 
 V. 71 
 
 Mrs. Store?/s Coal Bank, 
 
 Sandstone : (reported) upper part of 
 tlie Mahoning SS. 
 
 Slate roof,.10' 
 
 Poor slaty coal,. V 7" 
 
 Coal, ........ .. 2'1" 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 The upper bench is always a poor slaty 
 coal, and is generally left in the mine as a 
 roof. At Karns City this bench swells to 
 over two feet, and is quite variable both in 
 
 thickness and character. At the opening worked by the 
 Karns City and Butler Railroad Conqiany, the bed over 
 four feet thick as shown in Fig. 72, and has a slate floor. 
 
 Railroad Coal Bank. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Black slate, (draw slate,) . . 6" 
 
 Slate and coal, . V 0" 
 
 Poor slaty coal,. 11" to V 0" 
 
 Coal,. 2' 0" to 2' 3" 
 
 Slate,. 2" 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 In the hollow southeast from town, at the Gardner bank 
 on the Kincaid farm, a thin seam of coal comes in beneath 
 the lower band of slate. A measurement made at this 
 opening, gave: (Fig. 73.) 
 
 Gardner Coal Bank. 
 
 Dark slate roof. 
 
 Slaty coal,. V 0" 
 
 Coal,. 2' 6" 
 
 Slate,. 2" 
 
 Coal,. 3" 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 On Buffalo creek, between Buena Vista and Millerstown, 
 the bed is mined quite extensively. The upper bench is 
 nearly worthless, but the lower bench yields a very fair 
 coal. The following measurement, illustrated by Fig. 74, 
 made in a bank on the Barnhart farm, will show the struc¬ 
 ture of the bed in this locality: 
 
 V.73 
 
92 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Barnhart Coal Bank . 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Slate, dark, . 
 
 Slate and coal,. 
 
 Slaty coal,. 
 
 Soft parting,. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 9" 
 
 V 8" 
 
 V 0" 
 i"to - 1 " 
 
 2' 3" 
 
 V.74 
 
 At the bank, opened near Mr. Nolan’s house, one half 
 mile north from Millerstown, the coal is of very poor qual¬ 
 ity, containing throughout the bed many small seams of 
 slate. The bed was measured with the following result: 
 (Fig. 75.) 
 
 Nolan Coal Bank. 
 
 Shaly slate roof. 
 
 Coal,.4" to 6" 
 
 Slate, . 8" 
 
 Slaty coal,. V 0" 
 
 Coal, (seen,) ......... 1' 6" 
 
 V.75 
 
 The above description is intended only to apply to the 
 bank situated on the southeast side of the road running 
 eastward across Smith’s Run. 
 
Chapter VIII. 
 
 §57. The Third Tier of Townships. 
 
 This row of townships, including Slippery Rock, Cherry, 
 Washington, and Parker lies north of the tier described in 
 Chapter VII, and forms a row extending across the county 
 from west to east. This row, and the range north of it, 
 consist only of four townships each, the place of the fifth 
 being cut off by a truncation of the northwestern corner of 
 the county by the Lawrence and Mercer county lines. 
 
 The highest land is in Washington township, on the great 
 dividing ridge, going west of which the summits gradually 
 become lower and lower until at Centerville the highest 
 ridges are more than a hundred feet lower than those near 
 North Washington. Eastward the descent into Bear Creek 
 Valley is quite abrupt. 
 
 The Freeport Upper Coal and Limestone are caught in 
 the high lands of Parker and Washington townships, but 
 in Cherry and Slippery Rock township, the top rock is 
 usually the Freeport Lower Sandstone. In the former lo¬ 
 cality the Freeport Lower Coal bed is locally a very thick 
 seam, and has been mined quite largely, but it is to the 
 Kittanning coal beds that we must look for a future sup¬ 
 ply of fuel for these townships. 
 
 The Clarion Group lies near water level on most of the 
 tributaries to Bear Creek and the Slippery Rock, but is not 
 of much value, though in some places a large quantity of 
 coal has been mined from its lower bed. On Wolf Creek, 
 and also on Bear Creek, the horizon of the Brookville Coal is 
 occupied by the Homewood Sandstone, but in the country 
 lying between these streams the sandrock sinks, and the 
 coal is found in its normal position and of workable thick¬ 
 ness. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone is exposed and quarried at 
 
 ( 93 ) 
 
94 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CIIANCE. 
 
 several places in tliese townships, being used both for build¬ 
 ing and agricultural purposes. It seldom carries ore thick 
 enough to be profitably mined or stripped. 
 
 §&?. Slipperg Boclc Township. 
 
 This township lies in the forks of Wolf and Slippery 
 Rock Creeks, and has, consequently, suffered severely from 
 erosion. Its highest hills seldom exceed an elevation of 
 1300 feet, and the average height of this area is not more 
 than 1150 feet above ocean level. 
 
 It is bounded on the south by both Brady and Worth 
 townships, and adjoins Mercer and Lawrence counties on 
 the northeast. 
 
 The soil of about nine tenths of its area is formed from 
 the outcrop of the Lower Productive Coal measures, and 
 the remaining tenth consists of the bottom lands found on 
 Slippery Rock and Wolf Creeks and their branches. These 
 streams generally cut down to the top of the Homewood 
 Sandstone, but where the former is crossed by the Harris- 
 ville anticlinal, the horizon of the Mercer Group is brought 
 above water level. 
 
 Much excellent farming land is found on both sides of 
 Slippery Rock Creek. The best soil occurs at from thirty 
 to one hundred feet above water level, and is resultant from 
 the presence of the Ferriferous Limestone. Though this 
 rock is not thick enough to form a typical limestone soil, 
 its presence greatly improves the land. 
 
 The Freeport Lower sandstone is caught in the highest 
 hilltops, but does not make any marked topographical 
 features, being usually a soft shaly rock, yielding to erosion 
 as readily as shale or slate. 
 
 Both the Kittanning Middle and Upper coal beds have 
 been opened and worked for many years, but neither of 
 them are as good in quality as they are in Worth and Brady 
 townships. 
 
 The best development of the Middle Kittanning is found 
 in the northeastern part of the township, and is a continu¬ 
 ation southward of the Harrisville Coal Field. 
 
 On the farm owned by Mr. Harvey Hogg, a bed of coal 
 
SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 95 
 
 measuring about three feet with one thin parting of slate 
 near the middle was opened and worked several years ago, 
 but the bank has long been closed. The same bed is opened 
 by Mr. Bingham, Mr. George Christley, and Mrs. Margaret 
 Allen. It is probably the same with ITarrisville bed. 
 
 It has also been opened and mined quite largely from 
 several banks situated one and a half miles due north from 
 Centerville. These banks are located on the north side of 
 the Harrisville anticlinal axis, and exhibit quite a sharp 
 north dip. Between the Weakley Banks on the south¬ 
 east and the ITayes and Gill Banks on the northwest there 
 is a north dip of at least forty feet. These openings are but 
 one half mile apart. The subjoined measurements and the 
 character of the coal prove that they are all situated on the 
 same bed. (See Fig. 76.) 
 
 R. H. Weakley Bank. Hayes 9 Bank. 
 
 . Shaly slate roof. 
 
 Slaty coal, (draw slate,) 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 11 " 
 2 " 
 V 11 " 
 
 Total,.3' 7" 3'9" 
 
 Fireclay floor. Fireclay floor. 
 
 The coal is of fair quality, and mines in good large pieces 
 from those parts of the bed that have sufficient cover. The . 
 Hayes and Gill banks are probably very near the centre of 
 the Harrisville synclinal trough. 
 
 The section shown in Fig. 77, compiled from exposures 
 observed on the road to New Hope Woolen Mills, shows 
 the relation of the Kittanning Lower coals to the Ferrifer¬ 
 ous Limestone. The latter rock was not well exposed on the 
 east side of Wolf creek, and its thickness could not be 
 measured. 
 
 Section at Hew Hope Woolen Mills. 
 
 Kittanning Middle coal,. 3' 
 
 Concealed, shale,.GO' 
 
 Kittanning Lower (Ferriferous ?) coal, 2' 
 
 Concealed,.20' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,.— 
 
 V.77 
 
96 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 On the west side of Wolf Creek the section shown in 
 Fig. 78 was measured. It is very similar to the preceding 
 one, but shows the presence of an additional coal coming 
 in beneath the Middle Kittanning Bed. This bed was only 
 seen at one place on the road, where its blossom was rather 
 thin and indistinct, and it may possibly be a slip from the 
 latter coal bed. It appeared, however to be in situ , and 
 
 may be a very local stratum. 
 
 McKee section. 
 
 Kittanning Middle coal,.3' 
 
 Concealed—shale,.16' 
 
 Coal blossom,.? 
 
 Concealed, .64' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,.11' 
 
 Blue slate, .45' 
 
 Homewood SS., to creek level, . 10 ') 
 Homewood SS., beneath water >• 15' 
 level .(seen, ... 5') 
 
 The Kittanning Middle bed has been opened and mined 
 by Hon. David McKee, where the coal measures about 
 three feet. At the time this bank was visited its mouth 
 was closed and no examination of the bed could be made. 
 
 A short distance north from Mr. McKee’s residence, the 
 Ferriferous Limestone is quarried and burnt. Hearty ten 
 feet of the stone is exposed, and from the character of 
 outcrop it is safe to say that the bed is three or four feet 
 thicker. The quarry is an old one and yields very good 
 lime, but the kiln is new, having been built quite recently. 
 
 Neither the Scrubgrass nor the Clarion coal bed are ex¬ 
 posed in this vicinity, and the Brookville bed is cut out by 
 the Homewood Sandstone, the top of which lies only forty 
 or forty-live feet beneath the limestone. 
 
 At the bridge over Wolf Creek two miles south from 
 Hew Hope mills the Homewood Sandstone lies thirty-five 
 feet above water level, and a thin coal seam belonging to' 
 the Mercer group is seen near the creek bed. 
 
 Mr. McKniglit gives the following,—(see Fig. 79) as an 
 approximately correct description of the measures exposed 
 near his mill. 
 
 V. 78 
 
SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 MeKniglit section . 
 
 Coal [Kittanning Middle], .... 3' 
 
 Shale,. 60' 
 
 Coal [Kitt. Lower or Ferriferous], . V 10" 
 
 Shale,.15' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,. 15' 
 
 Coal [Scrubgrass],. 2' 0" 
 
 Shale, .40' 
 
 Sandstone [Homewood],.15' 
 
 Shale, .35' 
 
 Coal [Mercer] at water level, ... 1' 16" 
 
 Two miles farther down the creek, there 
 is a beautiful exposure of the Clarion 
 Group, in an almost vertical bank on the west side of the 
 stream. The Clarion bed is about a foot and a half thick 
 and lies at water level. It is of excellent quality and was 
 for many years dug with mattocks from the creek bed. 
 
 The Scrubgrass Coal was seen immediately underlying 
 the limestone, but as it outcrop was inaccessible on account 
 of the steepness of the creek bank, its thickness was esti¬ 
 mated by the eye. 
 
 The measurements made from these exposures are shown 
 in Fig. SO, as follows: 
 
 Wolf Creek section. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 Kittanning Lower? (Ferrif. Coal?,) 2' 6"? 
 
 Slate, . 10' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,.15' 
 
 Scrubgrass Coal,.2' 6" 
 
 Slate,. 30' 
 
 Clarion Coal, . V 6" 
 
 The bed overlying the limestone by only ten feet was 
 not seen, but is said to have been opened at several places 
 in this neighborhood. It lies entirely too low for the 
 Lower Kittanning bed, and is probably the Ferriferous 
 Coal. If it be identical with the former, we can only ac- 
 count for its nearness to the Ferriferous Limestone, by sup¬ 
 posing that an ancient erosion denuded the shales underly¬ 
 ing it. 
 
 Y. 97 
 
 V.79 
 
98 Y. 
 
 EEPOET OF PEOGEESS H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 // 
 
 // 
 
 129 
 
 12 
 
 'Cree/c level. 
 
 The Scrubgrass bed is reported to yield an excellent coal 
 but is nearly always too thin too mine. It is quite persist¬ 
 ent in the adjoining portions of Mercer and Lawrence coun¬ 
 ties.* 
 
 Going southward to the mouth of Wolf Creek, a distance 
 of about two miles, the stream falls nearly as much as the 
 rocks dip, so that the Limestone is there V. 81 
 
 found twenty feet above creek level. 
 
 The section shown by Fig. 81, shows the 
 position of the Kittanning Upper Coal bed 
 at Mr. Crocker’s bank. 
 
 Crocked s Coal Bank Section. 
 
 Kittanning Upper coal,. 3' 3 
 
 Concealed,.129' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,.12' 
 
 Scrubgrass Coal,. 1' 3 
 
 Concealed to stream,.19' 
 
 Another bank has been opened on the Thompson farm, a 
 
 short distance from the Crocker opening. In both of these 
 banks the coal is quite pyritous. At the latter opening a 
 measurement gave: (Fig. 82.) 
 
 Crocker s Coal Bank . 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Bone,. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Fireclay. 
 
 A comparison of the above measurement with that of the 
 Kittanning Middle bed, (Fig. 76,) discloses a striking simi¬ 
 larity in structure between the two coals. This is so notice¬ 
 able, that at one time I was led to think the two were one 
 and the same bed, but the Harrisville Coal is only from 70 to 
 90 feet above the Ferriferous Limestone, and can be traced 
 into central Butler as the equivalent of the Kittanning Mid¬ 
 dle bed, whereas this coal lies 129 feet above the limestone, 
 and occupies therefore the horizon of the Kittanning Upper 
 
 *The Scrubgrass coal, as already indicated in Chapter IV, is probably a split 
 from the Clarion coal bed, but throughout Mercer, Lawrence and Venango 
 counties it is always widely separated from that bed and must be regarded as 
 a separate seam. 
 
 l'O" 
 
 i" 
 
 2 ' 2 " 
 
 V.8 2 
 
 r.c. 
 
SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 99 
 
 coal as seen at Stone Honse and many otlier places in tlie 
 county. 
 
 The Kittanning Upper coal is also opened 
 in the southeastern part of the township on 
 the farm owned by Mr. John Keister where 
 it is about one hundred and twenty-five feet 
 above the Ferriferous limestone as shown in 
 Fig. 83. 
 
 Keister Section. 
 
 Massive (Freeport Lower) sand¬ 
 stone, .20' to 30' 
 
 Shale,.0' to 10' 
 
 Kittanning Upper Coal,. 3' 
 
 Concealed,. 125' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,. 10' (?) 
 
 126 
 
 7d 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone has been laid bare at several 
 places in this neighborhood, but its total thickness could 
 nowhere be seen. It always measures at least seven or 
 eight feet, and probably in some places is very much thicker. 
 A quarry is now in operation on the Wigton farm not far 
 from Keister’s Mill. The bed plates there show their usual 
 irregularly undulating surfaces. 
 
 About two miles farther down the Slip¬ 
 pery Rock, at Wick’s Mills the section 
 shown in Fig. 84 was compiled. 
 
 Section at Wields Mills. 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal,. 3' 
 
 Partly concealed,. 75' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,. 15' 
 
 Scrubgrass Coal, reported. 
 
 Concealed,. 60' 
 
 Coal—Brookville Bed, . 2' 
 
 Homewood SS. to water level, ... 10' 
 
 The Kittanning Middle Coal is opened north of the mill, 
 by Mr. Geo. Christley. The Ferriferous Limestone has 
 been quarried in the hollow close to this bank, and in many 
 other places in the same vicinity. Its outcrop is also fre¬ 
 quently seen on the roads in this neighborhood, and in nearly 
 all of the hollows running up from the creek. 
 
 V. B4 
 
 73 
 
 m 
 
 ■LUil 
 
 60 
 
 m 
 
100 Y. 
 
 REPORT OE PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 On the road close to Wick’s mill the outcrop of a coal bed 
 is exposed, which lies in the horizon of the Brookville Bed. 
 It is apparently about two feet thick. Beneath it is the 
 Homewood Sandstone, which is here a rather irregularly 
 bedded rock. 
 
 §59. The Wolf Creelc Oil and Salt Testing Company. 
 
 The subjoined record of a well drilled by this company 
 in search of oil, gas, or salt water, was furnished by Mr. 
 Kingsbury, of Centerville. 
 
 The company started their first well in 1870, but after 
 drilling it to a depth of from 800 to 900 feet, a heavy flow 
 of gas was struck, which effectually stopped them from 
 drilling any deeper. The tools got fast in the hole, and two 
 sets of fishing tools were lost in the well before it was finally 
 abandoned. It is said that at one time the gas threw a 
 column of water over one hundred feet above the derrick 
 floor. It was subsequently used in drilling their Ko. 2 
 well, which was started the succeeding year, and of which 
 the following is claimed to be a correct record : 
 
 Wolf Creek Well Wo. 2. (Fig. 85 , Plate VI.) 
 
 Drilled in 1871. Located in a hollow near Wolf Creek, 
 two miles northwest of Centreville. Commences to drill 
 in the Ferriferous Limestone. 
 
 Conductor—in limestone,. • . 6'to 6 
 
 Slate and shale,.102 to 108 
 
 Sand,.35 to 143 
 
 Slate,.20 to 163 
 
 Sandstone,. 157 to 320 
 
 Slate, .105 to 425 
 
 Sandstone,.35 to 460 
 
 Shale, . 200 to 660 
 
 Sandstone,. 
 
 95 to 755 
 
 Sandstone, 
 Bed Bock , 
 
 . 80 to 835 
 
 Sandstone, (measured at 846',) 
 Slate,. 
 
 . 11 to 846 
 . 231 to 1077 
 
 Shell—oil show, (measured at (1080'). 5 to 10S2 
 
CHERRY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 101 
 
 Shale,'.50 to 1132 
 
 Grey Sandstone,.20 to 1152 
 
 Slate,.90 to 1242 
 
 Red (slate ?) (measured at 1300',).SO to 1322 
 
 Black Slate,.100' to 1422 
 
 % . 1 to 1423 
 
 Total depth of well, (measured,).. 1423 
 
 Cased at 540'. Xo oil was obtained, though a slight show 
 was found in a shell at 1080 ft. The gas is still flowing, 
 though quite feebly. The casing has been drawn from the 
 well. 
 
 The principal geological features shown by this record 
 will be discussed in Part II. Mention is also made of its 
 bearing upon the geology of the oil rocks of Western But¬ 
 ler, in Chap. X. 
 
 § 60. Cherry Township. 
 
 This township lies east of Slippery Rock, and north of 
 Clay township. Its summits are somewhat higher than 
 those of the former, but its surface is rendered quite irreg¬ 
 ular by the many valleys and ravines cut by the Slippery 
 Rock and its tributaries. The two branches of this stream 
 run through it, and enclose between them a very high sharp 
 ridge, which ends in an abrupt nose at their junction, near 
 the western line of the township. 
 
 Much bottom land is found on both branches of the Slip¬ 
 pery Rock, but this is especially noticeable on the north 
 branch. 
 
 The highest rock of the township (excepting, perhaps, a 
 small area near its southern line, where the Upper Freeport 
 coal is caught in the highest land,) is the Upper Freeport 
 Sandstone, and the lowest is the IIomew r ood Sandstone— 
 the top of the Beaver River or Conglomerate Series. The 
 latter rock is frequently seen near water level, along Slip¬ 
 pery Rock creek and its branches. A short distance above 
 it some trace of the Ferriferous Limestone can usually be 
 detected, but the actual outcrop of this stratum is only 
 seen in a few places. 
 
102 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Tlie section shown in Fig. 86 was made from exposures 
 observed in the ridge, at the continence of the north and 
 south branches of Slippery Rock creek. 
 
 Section at Slippery Bock Forks. 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal, . . 
 
 Concealed, . 
 
 Kit tanning Lower Coal, . . 
 
 Concealed, . 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone, . . . 
 Shale and shaly sandstone, . 
 
 Clarion Coal,. 
 
 Shale and shaly sandstone, . 
 Homewood Sandstone, massive, to 
 flat, ............. 
 
 blossom. 
 
 50 ' 
 
 blossom. 
 
 30' 
 
 10' to 15' 
 
 20 ' 
 
 2 ' 10 " 
 15' 
 
 30' 
 
 The Kittanning Middle Coal was only seen at its outcrop 
 on the road. One mile and a half east of this locality, near 
 the South Branch the bed is opened and mined on the Gal¬ 
 loway farm, where a measurement gave the structure shown 
 by Fig. 87. 
 
 Galloway coal bank. 
 
 Thin bedded sandy shale roof. 
 
 Coal,.1' 11" 
 
 Slate,. 2" 
 
 Coal, (seen,). 6" 
 
 It is of fair quality, but mines in quite small pieces. The 
 same bed is also opened on the farm owned by Mr. B. Gross- 
 man, and shows about 2' 6" of good coal, with but little 
 slate or sulphur. Near Five Points Mr. Perry has a bank 
 on what appears to be the same seam, but it is most prob¬ 
 ably the Upper Kittanning coal. Its mouth is now closed, 
 and no examination of the coal was possible. 
 
 The smut of the Kittanning Lower Coal is seen in several 
 places on the road near Mr. Bryan's house, but is too thin 
 to be of any value. It lies from 30 to 35 feet above the 
 Ferriferous Limestone. The latter rock is finely exposed 
 in an excavation made for laying a foundation, near the 
 residence of Mr. J. S. Bryan, who says that its total thick¬ 
 ness is 14 or 15 feet. 
 
 In the summer of 1877 a well was drilled for oil on the 
 
CHEERY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 103 
 
 fiat between the creek and Mr. Bryan’s house. It started 
 at about 70 feet below the Ferriferous Limestone and is said 
 to be 1180 feet deep. No record was kept of the strata 
 passed through ; no oil or gas was found. 
 
 The Clarion Coal bed has been opened at a bank near 
 School House No. 4 a short distance northwest from the 
 mouth of McMurry’s Run. No coal has been taken from 
 it for some time past, and the entry is now partly closed. 
 A measurement made near its mouth gave (see Fig. 88.) 
 
 Cherry T. S'ch. House bank. 
 
 Sandstone roof. 
 
 Draw slate,. 3" 
 
 Coal,. 2' 6" 
 
 Slate,. 1" 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 The coal is of medium quality, and were it a little thicker 
 mining from it would be profitable. 
 
 On the road leading south from Annandale, and between 
 that town and the South Branch of Slippery Rock Creek, 
 the exposures shown by Fig. 89 were observed. 
 
 Annandale section. 
 
 Kittanning Lower Coal—blossom, iy to 2' 
 
 Concealed,. 23 to 30' 
 
 Hard massive sandstone, .... 15' 
 
 Concealed,. 15' 
 
 Clarion Coal—blossom,. 2' 
 
 Concealed to Creek, .... 10' 
 
 V.89 
 
 ? 
 
 30 
 
 A-a 
 
 eey 
 
 ? 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 
 No trace of the Ferriferous Limestone could be detected. 
 It is apparently cut out by an ancient erosion and its place 
 filled by the lower part of the hard massive sandstone that 
 lies fifteen feet above the Clarion coal bed. 
 
 The latter bed is opened by Mr. Robert Black one mile 
 southwest of Annandale where the coal is rather poor, 
 containing many thin layers of slate from the thickness of 
 a sheet of paper to a quarter of an inch. Other exposures 
 observed in this vicinity give the section illustrated by 
 Fig. 90: 
 
104 Y. 
 
 IiEPORT OF PitOGHESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Section at Black's bank. 
 Ferriferous Limestone, . . . 
 
 Concealed,. 
 
 Clarion coal, . 
 
 Concealed, 
 
 V.90 
 
 I Y2 
 
 ? 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 
 .... 12 ' 
 
 .... 20 ' 
 
 .... 3' 
 
 .... 10 ' 
 
 Homewood Sandstone, (seen,) . . 10' to 15' 
 
 Black's coal bank. {Fig. 91.) 
 
 Sliale roof. 
 
 Coal, bone, and slate mixed, .... 9" 
 
 Coal,. 2' 5" 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone lias been quarried and burnt 
 on the place owned by Mr. McGregor, where about eight 
 feet of the stone can be seen, but at an outcrop on the road 
 near Mr. Black’s fully twelve feet of it is laid bare. It 
 yields a very fair lime, but lias not been quarried very 
 largely. 
 
 The Kittanning Upper Coal is opened in the southeastern 
 part of the township, near Five Points, by Mr. II. D. Hock- 
 enberry, at whose bank the bed exhibits the structure 
 shown by Fig. 92 : 
 
 Hockenberry coal bank. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Draw slate,.. . 3" 
 
 Cannel coal,. 9" 
 
 Slate,. 2" 
 
 Cannel and bituminous coal, . . . . V 9" 
 
 The quality of this coal is very poor, and but little of it 
 has been taken out. The lower bench is composed of alter¬ 
 nating layers of mineral charcoal, cannel coal and bitumi¬ 
 nous coal. 
 
 Its position with reference to the underlying strata, is 
 shown in Fig. 93. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone is exposed near water level at 
 a quarry situated on the road running east from Five 
 Points, and a few rods east of the Cherry township line. 
 It will be described in connection with the geology of Wash¬ 
 ington township. A short distance from this quarry the 
 smut of the Kittanning Lower Coal was seen on the road, at 
 
CHEEKY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 y. 105 
 
 V. 93 
 
 
 an elevation of 45 feet above the top of the 
 limestone. It is too thin to mine. 
 
 Section at Flee Points. 
 
 Coal blossom—“ Currie Local Coal,” thin. 
 
 Sandstone and shale (Freeport SS.) . 50' 
 
 Kittanning Upper Coal,.8' 
 
 Shale—containing Kifct. Mid. Coal, . 05' (?) 
 
 Kittanning Lower Coal,. V Q>" 
 
 Sandstone and shale,.45' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,.10' 
 
 The interval between the Kittanning Up¬ 
 per and Lower Coal beds is possibly a little 
 larger than the thickness assigned it in the 
 above section, and an addition of about ten feet to correct 
 for the error occasioned by dip, would probably make the 
 section more accurate. Near the summit of the road lead¬ 
 ing to Five Points, a thin coal seam outcrops, which is 
 rather too low for the Freeport Lower coal, and is probably 
 the representative of the Currie Local bed. It overlies the 
 Kittanning Upper Coal about fifty feet. 
 
 
 § 61. Washington Township. 
 
 This township lies east of Cherry and north of Concord 
 township. 
 
 It is nearly all occupied by high land, with summits 
 ranging from 1500 to 1575 feet above ocean level. The only 
 low lands it contains are found in the valleys of the north 
 and south branches of Slippery Pock Creek, in the north¬ 
 ern and southwestern portions of the township. 
 
 The Allegheny and Beaver dividing ridge, runs through 
 it, passing close to North Washington and Annisville, with 
 a branch divide sweeping off to the west from Parsonville 
 between the waters of the two branches of Slippery Pock 
 Creek. 
 
 There is some quite good farming land on the summit 
 ridges, some of which is greatly improved by the disinte¬ 
 gration of the Upper Freeport Limestone. The soil occu¬ 
 pying the side hill slopes is seldom a satisfactory one to cul- 
 
106 Y. REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 tivate, being formed principally from the outcrop of the 
 Freeport Sandstone. 
 
 The township contains within its limits all of the rocks 
 of the Upper Productive Coal Measures, from the Upper 
 Freeport coal, which occurs on the highest summits, down 
 to the Homewood Sandstone, which is frequently exposed 
 in the valley of the North Branch. 
 
 The Freeport Upper Coal is caught in nearly all the sum¬ 
 mits, but is never of workable thickness, and often so thin 
 that its presence can scarcely be detected, and sometimes 
 no trace of it can be discovered. 
 
 The Freeport Lower Coal has an enormous thickness at 
 North Washington, sometimes measuring nine feet of solid 
 coal. A development similar to this is described in the re¬ 
 port upon Parker township, where this coal is sometimes 
 thirteen or fourteen feet thick. Over most of the town¬ 
 ship, the bed is from two to four feet thick, and of medium 
 to fair quality. 
 
 The Currie Local Coal has a limited area of workable 
 thickness, southwest of North Washington. 
 
 The Kittanning Upper Coal is present as a valuable bed 
 of cannel coal. It is rather thin, but of excellent quality. 
 The following analysis was made by Mr. McCreath, from 
 a sample of this coal as prepared for sale at the banks. The 
 bed lias a similar character in the vicinity of Murrinsville, 
 in Marion and Venango townships, but in both these local¬ 
 ities its extent is quite local, and the available area com¬ 
 paratively small: 
 
 McGarveij Cannel Coal . 
 
 Water,. 1.610 
 
 Volatile matter,. 40.300 
 
 Fixed carbon,. 49.456 
 
 Sulphur,. .739 
 
 Ash, (cream color,). 7.895 
 
 100.000 
 
 Per cent, coke, . 58.090 
 
 The Kittanning Middle Coal is not usually a bed of 
 workable size in this township. 
 
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 107 
 
 Tlie Kittanning Lower Coal is from one and a half to 
 two and a half feet thick, and is not being worked within 
 the township limits at present, but in the 
 future will probably prove quite valuable. 
 
 It lies about forty feet above the Ferriferous 
 limestone. 
 
 The Brookville and Clarion Coal beds 
 
 are found near water level in the northern 
 part of the township, on Slippery Rock 
 creek, where they have been opened by Mr. 
 Burnett, who has kindly furnished the fol¬ 
 lowing section (shown in Fig. 04) which 
 compiled on the south bank of the creek: 
 
 Burnett south Section. 
 
 “ Earth and slate, . . . . 
 
 ... 60' 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 ... 3' 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 ... 90' 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 . . . 3'10" 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 . . . 120' 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 ... 2' 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 ... 32' 
 
 Coal,.. 
 
 . . . 3' 10"” 
 
 The lowest coal of the above section has been opened. It 
 is quite free from sulphur, and much cleaner than the bed 
 
 worked on the north side of the creek. This 
 bed is probably the Brookville, and the one 
 overlying it the Clarion Coal bed, but the ab¬ 
 sence of the Ferriferous Limestone from the 
 section makes this identification rather un¬ 
 certain. The bed overlying them 120 feet 
 is evidently the Middle Kittanning, but its 
 thickness is probably ever estimated. 
 
 Burnett north Section. 
 u Earth and slate,.90' 
 
 V.95 
 
 Coal, 
 
 Slate, 
 
 Coal, 
 
 Slate, 
 
 Coal, 
 
 3' 
 
 100 ' 
 
 2 ' 
 
 35' 
 
 5 ' 6 "” 
 
10S Y. 
 
 REPORT OE PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Mr. Burnett gives the section shown in Fig. 95, as a de¬ 
 scription of the measures found on the north side of the 
 creek. 
 
 The lowest coal bed of this section is opened and worked. 
 A large amount of coal has been taken out, and, though it 
 is rather pyritous, has found a ready sale for rolling-mill 
 and boiler use at Cleveland, where it is sliipxsed by the Slie- 
 nango and Allegheny R. R. Near the centre of the bed is 
 a bad bony parting about three inches thick, but the bed 
 is such a large one that it can be profitably mined, notwith¬ 
 standing these drawbacks. 
 
 The Freeport Lower Coal is opened at Smiths’ Bank, half 
 a mile northwest from North Washington, where it has an 
 abnormal size. It has been worked for a period of twenty 
 years or more, and during that time a very large amount 
 of coal has been mined from it. Several drifts have been 
 driven in, but one after another has fallen shut, and at 
 Xiresent there is but one entry in good condition. This is 
 well built and high enough to allow the use of mules in 
 the bank. 
 
 In some parts of the old workings the bed contains nine 
 feet of solid coal with no partings of slate or bone, but its 
 average thickness is from six and a half to seven feet. A 
 bad horseback was encountered in one part of the bank, 
 but it has been cut through and is not of very great width. 
 
 In that part of the hill from which the coal is now being 
 mined, it shows the structure represented in Fig. 96. 
 
 Smith ’ s coal bank. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Draw slate, .4 /r to 6" 
 
 Coal, (sulphury,). 2'6" 
 
 Coal, fair,. 4' 5" 
 
 Slate,.F to 1 '6" 
 
 Fireclay. 
 
 The upper bench is quite variable in thick¬ 
 ness, and of inferior quality, being rather pyritous and 
 filled with thin slaty laminae. Uj) to the x>resent time it 
 has usually been left in the bank as a roof. 
 
 The low T er bench is of good quality and mines in very 
 
 V. 96 
 
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 y. 109 
 
 large, compact lumps. It is mucli more constant in thick¬ 
 ness than tlie former, ranging from four to five feet, and 
 never measuring less than four feet except where cut out 
 by the horseback. 
 
 This bed has been sought after in all of the surrounding 
 hills, but it is everywhere much thinner than at the Smith 
 Bank, showing that this abnormal development is quite cir¬ 
 cumscribed, and that it can have no connection with the 
 similar development occurring in Parker township. In the 
 southwestern part of the township it is often seen in blos¬ 
 som on the roadside, but is nearly always too thin to be of 
 any value. 
 
 V.S 7 
 
 F.C. 
 
 
 § 62. North Washington Cannel Coal. 
 
 This bed is the same with the Kittanning Upper Coal,— 
 the Darlington Cannel Coal of Report Q. It is the best 
 coal found in this township. 
 
 The area over which it of workable size is quite small, 
 and is situated about one mile south by west from North 
 Washington. 
 
 It underlies the Freeport Upper Lime¬ 
 stone about one hundred and thirty to one 
 hundred and forty-live feet, and is about 
 one hundred and twenty-five feet above the 
 Ferriferous Limestone as determined from 
 the Jack Farm Gas Well record. 
 
 North Washington section. 
 
 Freeport Upper Limestone, . . 
 
 Concealed: with fireclay and 
 
 balls, . 
 
 Freeport Lower Coal,. 
 
 Concealed (Freeport SS.) . 
 
 Kittanning Upper (Cannel) Coal, 
 
 Unknown, in gas well , . . 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone, in well, 
 
 The section illustrated by Fig. 97, shows 
 its position in the measures. The Lower 
 Freeport Coal in this description lies some- 
 
 1 
 
 D.5 
 
 . . 3' 
 
 
 ore 
 
 
 . . 40' 
 
 
 4' to 9' 
 
 
 . . 05' 
 
 
 . . 2' 
 
 p 
 
 . . 125' 
 
 ? g 125 
 
 
110 Y. 
 
 PEPOPT OF PPOGPESS. II. M. CHANCE. ' 
 
 wliat higher than its usual place in the measures, giving 
 about twenty feet more space to the Freeport Lower Sand¬ 
 stone than that rock generally occupies. 
 
 The following gentlemen have opened banks upon the 
 cannel coal bed: Mr. Win. C. Graham, Mr. Henry Shain, 
 Mr. McGarvey (2) and Mr. I). F. Campbell. 
 
 The subjoined measurements,—illustrated by Fig. 98,— 
 show the structure of the bed. 
 
 McGarvey Banlc No. 1. 
 
 Cannel Slate,. 3" to 1' 10" 
 
 Cannel Coal,.1' 10" to 2' 4" 
 
 Slate (floor). 
 
 Banlc No. 0. 
 
 Cannel slate,.4" to V 0" 
 
 2' 3" 
 3" 
 2 " 
 3" 
 2 " 
 
 Cannel coal, 
 
 Slate (floor) . . 
 
 Coal (reported) 
 
 Slate 
 
 Coal “ 
 
 Fireclay. 
 
 It has usually a changeable roof of sandstone or slate. 
 The coal has a clean, slightly conchoidal fracture, but 
 mines in nearly cubical blocks, contains a very small per¬ 
 centage of sulphur, and leaves but a moderate amount of 
 ash. An analysis of a specimen taken from the McGarvey 
 Bank Ho. 1 has already been given on page 106. 
 
 The same bed is opened in the southwestern corner of 
 the township by a new bank on the farm owned by Mr. 
 Wm. C. Glenn where a measurement gave the structure 
 shown in Fig. 99. 
 
 Glenn coal banlc. 
 
 Slaty shale roof. 
 
 Semi-cannel coal,. 6" 
 
 Thin bony parting,.— 
 
 Coal,. V 6" 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 The coal is of fair quality, and mines very nicely though 
 the entry is in but a short distance. In some places the 
 upper bench becomes a true cannel coal, but it is usually 
 
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 V. Ill 
 
 of a semi-cannel character and rather poor quality. This 
 bed is undoubtedly the same with the North Washington 
 
 Cannel coal bed. The measurements given 
 in Fig. 100 were made near this bank. 
 
 Section near Glenn] s bank. 
 
 Freeport Lower Coal,.blossom. 
 
 Concealed, with slialy sandstone, 70' 
 
 Kittanning Upper Coal,. 2' 
 
 Concealed—shale,. 30' 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal,. 3' 
 
 V.I00 
 
 The Kittanning Middle bed was opened some years ago, 
 by an old bank one mile north from the Glenn opening. 
 This coal was found at a depth of thirty feet in digging a 
 water well near the latter bank, and underlies it thirty to 
 thirty-five feet. 
 
 The blossom of the Freeport Lower Coal was seen near 
 the summit of the road. It is hardly of workable size. 
 
 The Kittanning Upper Coal was opened some years ago 
 near Mr. Christy’s house, two miles west of North Wash¬ 
 ington, but the bank has long since fallen shut, and no ex¬ 
 amination of it could be made. The character of the coal 
 is probably similar to that found in the Hockenberry open¬ 
 ing near Five Points in Cherry township. 
 
 On the road running from North Wash¬ 
 ington to Five Points, the exposures meas¬ 
 ured were—(Fig. 101:) 
 
 Section west of W. Washington. 
 
 Kittanning Upper Coal, . ..3' (?) 
 
 Concealed, .65' 
 
 Kittanning Lower Coal,.2' 
 
 Concealed—sandy shale,.45' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,.10' 
 
 A quarry is opened on the Ferriferous Limestone near 
 the bridge over the South Branch of Slippery Pock Creek. 
 Only six or eight feet of the stone is visible, but its total 
 thickness is about 10 to 12 feet. 
 
112 V . 
 
 HEP OUT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 § 63. The Jacle Farm Gas Well. 
 
 This well is located on the Jack Farm, near the Butler 
 road, and about half a mile south of North Washington. 
 The derrick floor is but a few feet below the mouth of an 
 old coal bank on the Lower Freeport Coal Bed. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone was reached at a depth of 205 
 feet, and gas was struck in the “Fourth” Sand near the 
 bottom of the well, which is said to be over 1,500 feet deep. 
 No record could be obtained of the strata passed through ; 
 probably none was kept. 
 
 When the gas was first struck it was sufficient to fire two 
 large pumping stations, but has since then greatly dimin¬ 
 ished. It is at present used in the pumping station of the 
 United Pipe lines north of town, where it is conveyed 
 through pipe-line pipe laid for that purpose. 
 
 This well is an isolated one, and the reservoir of gas from 
 which it draws its supply can have no other vent, unless we 
 admit the possibility of an unobstructed connection between 
 the sandrock here and that of the oil producing area a,t 
 Fairview or Martinsburg, five miles away. We should not 
 have expected therefore that the supply would decrease (as 
 reported) one half in quantity in one year. 
 
 The gas well on McMurry’s Run in Marion township is 
 also an instance of an isolated well rapidly falling away in 
 production. In this case we may partly attribute its de¬ 
 crease to the presence of a large body of fresh water which 
 constantly flows into the well from a stratum above the gas 
 rock. 
 
 § 6 1^. The Rumbaugh Oil Wells. 
 
 The well now pumping is situated on the Rumbaugh 
 Farm two miles northwest from North Washington, and 
 commenced to drill at about five feet above the Upper Kit¬ 
 tanning Coal bed. The Ferriferous Limestone was struck 
 at 125 feet, and the oil bearing rock at either 1265 or 1365 
 feet. The former depth is probably the correct one. 
 
 Mr. Wm. Shira who owns and resides upon the adjoining 
 farm, states that the First or Old Rumbaugh Well was 
 
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 113 
 
 drilled in 1873, at tlie t ime that the Troutman Well was be¬ 
 ing drilled at Modoc City; that oil was found at 1375 to 
 1380 feet, but that the well was drilled to a depth of 1090 
 feet with no increase. The oil rock found at 1375 (?) feet 
 (1275 ?) is said to be an excellent loose pebbly sand. The 
 well was pumped for several weeks and yielded about seven 
 barrels per day from this horizon, but as the oil had to 
 be hauled to Parker, and as the price of oil was not suffi¬ 
 cient to pay the expense of teaming and punrping the well 
 was abandoned. 
 
 Three dry holes have been put down in this vicinity ; one 
 on the Thompson, and one on the Hilliard Farm, and one 
 on the South Branch of Slippery Hock Creek. They are 
 all located west of the “belt line” on which the Rumbaugh 
 wells are located. 
 
 Two years ago Messrs. Tj umbull and Croll, tirm in the 
 belief that a good sand was found in the old well, and en¬ 
 couraged by the high price of oil, started and finished the 
 second well on the Rumbaugh Farm, which is the one now 
 producing. It is said to yield from three to four barrels 
 per day. This well is also located west of 
 the old well. It is possible that in the future 
 oil may yet be found in paying quantities in 
 this neighborhood, but if any good wells 
 are obtained, it seems most probable that 
 they will be found east of the line on which 
 
 the old well is situated. 
 
 \ 
 
 Rumbaugh section. 
 
 Shale,. 10' 
 
 Freeport Upper limestone,. 
 
 Concealed,. 
 
 Freeport Lower coal, . .. 
 
 Concealed to well month, containing hard ) 
 massive Freeport sandstone, . . . 20' f 
 
 Shale,. 
 
 Kittanning Upper coal,. 
 
 Unknown—in well,. 117' ^ 
 
 > |||iiiiniiiiiiiiinii"iiiii|i 
 
 Ferriferous limestone. ikrr.zimes. 
 
 | in 
 
 ^ "V* Jfumbaugh Well. 
 
 3' 
 
 35' 
 
 3' 
 
 30' 
 
 o' 
 
 o 
 
 117 
 
114 V. 
 
 EEPOET OF PEOGEESS. II. M. CIIAKCE. 
 
 The section shown in Fig. 102, was compiled from expo¬ 
 sures near the well on the Shira and Rumbaugh farms. 
 
 The oil is of 45° gravity (Baum6), green in color, and very 
 much resembles the Oil Creek oil, having a lighter and more 
 decidedly greenish tinge than either the Butler or Bullion 
 oil. 
 
 The Kittanning Upper coal bed is opened at two banks 
 on the Rumbaugh farm, close to the pumping well, and 
 about five feet below its mouth. The coal is rather soft and 
 slaty, but is said to burn very freely. It measures : (Fig. 
 103.) 
 
 Rumbaugh coal bank. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Coal,. 10" 
 
 Slate, . 3" 
 
 Coal,.1' 6" 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 The Freeport Lower coal was opened in a bank, on the 
 Shira farm, where it is reported to be from 3' to 3' 6" thick. 
 The bank is now closed, and no measurement of the bed 
 could be made. Mr. Shira says that it is quite pyritous, 
 but contains little or no slate. 
 
 The presence of the Upper Freeport limestone is shown 
 by nodules and fragments on the road, and scattered over 
 the fields at the height of about thirty-five feet above the 
 coal bank. The Upper Freeport coal is not caught in these 
 hills, but it may be found in the small round top near 
 Mr. Shira’s house. 
 
 V. 103 
 
 F.C. 
 
 § 65. Parker Township. 
 
 This township lies north of Fairview and east of Wash¬ 
 ington townships, and adjoins Perry township, of Arm¬ 
 strong county, on the east. 
 
 Its central and western portions are occupied by high 
 land, but the contour of its surface is, in general, quite 
 irregular, being gorged by the ravines of many small tribu¬ 
 taries to Bear creek and its branches. 
 
 The valley of the North branch of Bear creek is a sharp, 
 
PARKER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 115 
 
 deeply cut ravine, exposing tlie measures underlying tlie 
 Homewood sandstone. The South branch has eroded down 
 to the same rock at Martinsburg. From the latter locality, 
 eastward, the stream falls quite rapidly, so that at Don¬ 
 nelly station, near the county line, it runs over the middle 
 portion of the Conglomerate series (No. XII) or “ Mountain 
 Sand group.” 
 
 The “Fourth sand oil belt” does not touch the township, 
 but the 4 * Third sand belt” traverses it from Lawrenceburg 
 to Argyle, in a straight line, bearing S. 22° W. In the 
 neighborhood of Martinsburg, much oil has been obtained 
 from the “Thirty foot rock,” and some has also been found 
 in the “Fifty foot rock.” The wells that find their oil at 
 these horizons are located on lines running parallel to the 
 trend of the “Third Sand belt,” but are situated west of the 
 towm. A description of these rocks, showing their position 
 with reference to the Third and Fourth sands, will be found 
 in chapter X. 
 
 The section shown in Fig. 104 was compiled from a series 
 of exposures noted along a surveyed line from Columbia 
 Hill, in Allegheny township, to Donnelly station, and can 
 be regarded as a typical section of the rocks found within 
 the limits of this township. Some alterations have been 
 made in the original measurements to eliminate the error 
 produced by dip, and the intervals as here given are very 
 nearly correct. 
 
 The Freeport Limestone and coal beds are absent where 
 this section was obtained. The Lower Freeport coal which 
 is an enormous bed in the south-western corner of the town¬ 
 ship, is seldom seen on its eastern border and is always too 
 thin to mine. 
 
 The Kittanning Lower Coal bed has been mined near 
 Lawrenceburg, but is not of good quality, and only a com¬ 
 paratively small amount of coal has been taken from it. 
 Most of the coal used at Parker and Lawrenceburg is ob¬ 
 tained from the Clarion Coal bed. This coal is of inferior 
 quality, being quite pyritous, but it is of good workable 
 size, and easily accessible. A large quantity lias been taken 
 from it for use at the oil wells. 
 
116 V. REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 30' 
 
 
 75 
 
 Parker Section. 
 
 Surface : place of Freeport Upper 
 
 Limestone and Coal,. 
 
 Sandstone, tliin bedded, tine grain¬ 
 ed, (Upper and Lower Freeport 
 
 Sandstone,). 
 
 Coal, worthless, “Currie Local 
 
 Coal,” . l'to2' 
 
 Slate and slaty shale, olive and 
 
 grey,. 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal, .... 
 
 Concealed, . 
 
 Kittanning Lower Coal, .... 
 
 Fireclay, 3' to 6',. 
 
 75' 
 2 ' 
 34' 
 
 2'6" to 3' 
 5' 
 
 F.C. 
 
 35 
 
 Concealed, . 
 
 Shale,. 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone,. 
 
 Dark shale,. 
 
 Clarion Coal,. 
 
 Concealed, . 
 
 Homewood Sandstone, “60 foot 
 
 rock,” massive,. 
 
 Shale and slate,. 
 
 Bituminous shale, sometimes im¬ 
 pure (Mercer) coal,. 
 
 Sandy fireclay, . 
 
 Blue slate, . 
 
 Bituminous shale or impure coal, 
 
 (Mercer Group,). 
 
 Olive shale and blue slate with 
 
 nodular ore near top,. 
 
 Shaly Sandstone, . 
 
 Blue and olive shale, with a band 
 of bituminous shale and fireclay, 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded to creek 
 
 level at Donnelly Station. . . . 
 
 •/ 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone has been quarried and burnt 
 in small quantities for agricultural and building purposes 
 at many places near Columbia Hill and Parker’s Corners. 
 
 35' 
 
 8 ' 
 
 15' 
 
 30' 
 
 3'8" to 4' 
 22 ' 
 
 15' 
 
 50' 
 
 o' 
 
 o 
 
 . 12 ' 
 5' 
 
 5' 
 
 47' 
 
 20 ' 
 
 43' 
 
 20 ' 
 
 V.I04 
 
 34 
 
 F.C. 12 \ 
 
PARKER TOWXSIIIP. 
 
 V. 117 
 
 It is of its usual character, yielding a fair lime, and is ac¬ 
 cessible on its line of outcrop at almost every place in the 
 township. The annexed topographical map of Parker (plate 
 II,) shows the outcrop of this stratum and of the Clarion 
 Coal bed. 
 
 § 66. Mercer Group. 
 
 In the lower part of the preceding section two bands of 
 bituminous shale are shown, lying about seventeen feet 
 apart. In some places they are true beds of impure coal, 
 though always entirely unlit for mining. They are the 
 representatives of the Mercer Group of coals and limestones, 
 which is a very valuable series in Mercer and Lawrence 
 counties. The iron ore of this group is also present, and 
 has been mined for use in the old furnace on Bear Creek. 
 
 Beneath this ore band and between it and water level at 
 Donnelly Station, there occurs a very variable alternation 
 of shale, slate, fireclay and sandstone, with a band of bitu¬ 
 minous shale near the middle of the mass. This whole in¬ 
 terval is sometimes occupied by a massive sandstone, which 
 may suddenly disappear entirely, again giving place to 
 shaly and slaty measures. In the cutting made for the 
 Parker elevator there is exposed 120 feet of massive sand¬ 
 stone filling all of this interval. The sandstone from top 
 to bottom is a hard, evenly grained, massive, greyish rock, 
 and is evidently much thicker than the 120 feet exposed 
 by the excavation. Other exposures measured within the 
 city limits show that there is from 150 to 1G0 feet of solid 
 sandstone, with no partings of shale or slate, lying between 
 the base of the Mercer Group and water level in the Alle¬ 
 gheny river. It undoubtedly corresponds to the Upper and 
 Lower Connoquenessing Sandstones of the Beaver Biver 
 Series ; the middle member of the Conglomerate Series. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone outcrops on the road from 
 Lawrenceburg to Eldorado, about one half mile beyond 
 Parker’s Corners. It has been quarried from the roadside, 
 but only about three feet of it, overlaid by ten feet of shale, 
 can now be seen. 
 
118 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 The Kittanning Lower Coal bed is opened and mined 
 from a bank close to the quarry, and forty feet above it. 
 The coal is here of about the same character as at Law- 
 renceburg. 
 
 At the crossing of this road over the North Branch of 
 Bear Creek, one of the Mercer Coal beds is laid bare at the 
 road side. It ranges from a few inches to nearly two feet 
 in thickness, but is of quite poor quality and too thin and 
 variable to be worth opening. It has a fireclay floor and a 
 roof of grey sandstone. The latter may be considered as 
 the base of the Homewood Sandstone, which is a massive 
 rock jutting out in bold cliffs along the stream, and shows 
 a rather unusual thickness in this vicinity. 
 
 The above described exposures give the section shown by 
 Fig. 105 as follows: 
 
 Bear Greek section. 
 
 Kittanning Lower coal,. 2' 
 
 Concealed—SS. and shale, . . . .40' 
 
 Ferriferous limestone,.10' 
 
 Concealed, .20' to 30' 
 
 Clarion coal,. 3' 
 
 Concealed, .8' 
 
 Hard massive SS., . 20' j Homewood ] ^ 
 
 Sandstone and shale, 50' f Sandstone, j 
 
 Grey shaly sandstone,.10' 
 
 Mercer coal bed, . . . •.. V 
 
 Concealed to creek,.10' 
 
 The Clarion Coal has been opened and worked at a bank 
 near the mill, but the entry has fallen shut and the bed 
 could not be seen. It is said to be about three feet thick, 
 and of medium quality. 
 
 The Freeport Lower Coal has been opened at several 
 places between Eldorado and North Washington, in the 
 western part of the township, but nearly all of these banks 
 have been abandoned. The bed lies in the hill tops, with 
 little cover, but is said to be usually of good workable 
 size, though the coal mined from it is quite soft. Its blos¬ 
 som is also frequently laid bare on the road from Six Points 
 to Martinsburg in the central part of the township. It here 
 
PARKER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 V. 119 
 
 varies from two to three feet, and is overlaid by tlie Upper 
 Freeport sandstone wliicli sometimes measures as much as 
 thirty feet. 
 
 The section shown in Fig. 106 was compiled from a series 
 of exposures near Martinsburg by means of several sur¬ 
 veyed lines of levels. 
 
 Martinsburg section 
 
 Kittanning Upper (Cannel) Coal, V 2" to V 4" 
 
 Fireclay, about. 2' 
 
 Slate . 50' 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal, .... 2' 
 
 Fireclay,. 4' 
 
 Slate and shale,. 60' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone, .... 4' 
 
 Soft slaty shale, . 14 ; 
 
 Clarion Coal,. 7' 
 
 Fireclay,. 2' 
 
 Shale, with nodular ore, .... 9 X 
 
 Homewood Sandstone hard and 
 massive, to level of Creek at 
 trestle,. 20' 
 
 The Kittanuing Upper and Middle (?) Coal beds are both 
 opened and worked by the Parker and Karns City P. R. 
 Co., in the ravine near the big trestle. They are rather thin 
 beds, but yield a fair quality of coal. The Kit tanning 
 Lower Coal is absent in this locality. The Kittanning Mid¬ 
 dle bed lies quite low in the above section, but this may be 
 partly owing to the violent south dip of the rocks into the 
 Martinsburg Synclinal axis. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone is quite variable in this vi¬ 
 cinity. In the cutting at the P. P. station it is only four 
 feet thick, but many of the oil wells drilled near town are 
 said to have found from fifteen to twenty feet of it. On 
 Bear Creek, near the mouth of Story Run and just before 
 its final disappearance beneath water level, it is about eight 
 feet thick, and on Big Bear Creek, near the mouth of Silver 
 Creek, it measures fifteen feet. Throughout all of this area 
 its overlying ore band is either very thin or altogether ab¬ 
 sent. 
 
 V. 106 
 
120 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CIIANCE. 
 
 The blossom of the Upper Kit tanning Coal is seen on the 
 road running out of Martinsburg to Six Points, at a height 
 of 120 feet above the limestone. 
 
 The Clarion Coal bed is of quite unusual size at Martins¬ 
 burg, but is of very poor quality, being tilled with sulphur 
 binders. It usually shows the structure V. 107 
 
 shown in figure 107 : 
 
 Martinsburg coal bank. 
 
 Upper bench,.4' O' 
 
 Slate,. 6" j- 7' 6 
 
 Lower bench,. S' 0" ) 
 
 Going down Bear Creek, the central parting of slate con¬ 
 stantly increases, until near Stone House, the beds consist 
 
 v// 
 
 V.I08 
 
 
 of, (Fig. 108.) 
 
 Stone House coal bank. 
 
 Upper bench,.2' 6" 
 
 Slate, .6' 6" V18' 6" H 
 
 Lower bench,.4' 6" 
 
 The upper bench is thinning away in this 
 direction, so that at Lawrenceburg it is only 
 one foot and a half Thick, and lies fifteen 
 feet above the lower bench, which is four 
 feet thick in that vicinity. 
 
 We here have then, an instance of a coal bed parting into 
 two separate beds, or, rice versa, if we put it the other way, 
 two beds converging into one. The above data are more 
 clearly illustrated by Fig. 3, in chapter IV, where a fuller 
 description of these intervals will be found 
 
 ; • .v--. 
 
 \ • ; i'v-. 
 
 § 67. The Martinsburg Axis. 
 
 The old coal bank, near the water tank, is opened directly 
 on the axis of this synclinal, and the spring from which the 
 tank is supplied issues from the lowest part of the lime¬ 
 stone, in the trough of the flexure. 
 
 The north dip may be easily detected by the eye, from 
 the difference in elevation of the Clarion Coal bed at the 
 tank, the station, and on the railroad south of the depot. 
 
 The following elevations of the top of the Ferriferous 
 
PARKER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 121 
 
 Limestone show its rise and fall in crossing the flexure from 
 north to south : 
 
 north. Synclinal. Anticlinal. south. 
 
 Gully at Company’s Banks. At Tank. At Station. Along R. R. On Creek. 
 
 1152 ' 1120 1135 1145 1124 
 
 South dip. North dip. South dip. 
 
 From the crest of the anticlinal to the centre of the Svn- 
 
 «y 
 
 clinal trough the distance is less than half a mile. 
 
 At Martinsburg the Homewood Sandstone passes under 
 water level, but from this point eastward to the Allegheny 
 River it is constantly in view in the valley of Bear Creek, 
 as a hard massive sandstone, making bold escarpments 
 wherever the erosion has been sharp, and forming a promi¬ 
 nent terrace where the contour is smooth. It varies from 
 ten to fifty feet in thickness, but usually measures about 
 thirty feet. It here lies close to the Ferriferous Limestone, 
 occupying the horizon at which we should expect to find 
 the Brookville coal bed. Nearly all of the oil well records 
 obtained in this and Fairview townships 
 show it in about the same position. It is 
 usually called the “sixty foot rock” by 
 the drillers,” who can nearly always recog¬ 
 nize its sand-pnmpings. 
 
 Gibson and Ecoclt well section. 
 
 Well mouth above ocean in feet, 1382. 
 
 Clay, (conductor,).IF 
 
 Surface sandstone,.15' 
 
 Slate — place of Freeport Upper coal 
 
 and lime,.51' 
 
 SS. white—Freeport Upper Sandstone, T 
 
 Coal—Freeport Lower,. 3' 
 
 SS.—Freeport Lower Sandstone, . . . 55' 
 
 Coal—Upper Kittanning,. 5' 
 
 SS., (fireclay?) . .. 3' 
 
 Slate, .132 / 
 
 Limestone—Ferriferous,.15' 
 
 Coal—Scrubgrass, (at 303',). 3' 
 
 The section shown by Fig. 109 is the upper portion of the 
 
 V.I09 
 
 CLAY 14 
 
122 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 record of tlie Gibson and Ecock well, (see Chap. X,) and 
 is liere reproduced, to sliow the character of the measures 
 between Martinsburg and the Armstrong county line. The 
 well is situated on the Fronsinger farm, due east from town. 
 
 A bed of coal six feet thick is noted in this record at a 
 depth of 498 feet, but it is, without doubt, one of those bands 
 of bituminous shale already described as seen in Bear Creek 
 Valley, near Donnelly. 
 
 The record makes no mention of any coal or limestone 
 corresponding to the Upper Freeport beds, and as it was 
 very carefully kept, and sand-pumpings preserved from 
 nearly every stratum, it is probable that they are wanting 
 in that locality. The Columbia Hill Surface section, Fig. 
 104, exhibits the same feature. 
 
 The Freej>ort Lower coal is given a thickness of three feet, 
 which is probably nearly correct; but the size of the Upper 
 Kittanning coal is undoubtedly exaggerated, and the Scrub- 
 grass coal, immediately beneath the Ferriferous Limestone, 
 is also given too great a thickness A 
 
 In the high land south of Silver creek, the Freeport Lower 
 coal bed is opened and worked at the banks owned by Mr. 
 Hugh Collins and Mr. McCafferty, where 
 it has a development similar to that de¬ 
 scribed at North Washington. 
 
 The bed here usually measures: (Fig. 110.) 
 
 Collins coal bank. 
 
 Slaty laminated coal,.4' 0" ) 
 
 Laminated coal,.1' 6" >• 9' 6" 
 
 Coal,—fair,.4' 0 /; ) 
 
 It is often much thicker than this, in some places swell¬ 
 ing to 13 or 14 feet, but its average size is from 7J to 9^ 
 feet. Nearly all the variation takes place in the upper 
 
 * The coal beds passed through in drilling an oil well are nearly always re¬ 
 ported to be much larger than they really are. This is due to the fact that 
 when using the heavy tools now employed in drilling, very fast time is made, 
 and the driller often may pass through the coal bed, and get into the under¬ 
 lying fireclay before he is aware of the fact; the coal and fireclay become 
 thoroughly mixed, and as both are soft drilling, and as the fireclay comes up 
 in the sand pump thoroughly blackened with coal, he thinks he is still drill¬ 
 ing in coal, and consequently gives the combined thickness of both the coal 
 and fireclay, as the thickness of the coal alone. 
 
PARKER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 123 
 
 bench, generally by gradual augmentation of its size, by ad¬ 
 ditional layers of coal, which always come in on top the bed. 
 These upper layers are always quite impure, being tilled 
 throughout by thin laminae of slate; but no regular part¬ 
 ing band of slate or bone is ever found in any part of the 
 bed. 
 
 The lower bench yields a fair coal, mining in large sized 
 pieces, and contains little sulphur. This is the only part 
 of the bed that is worked, as it has been the practice to 
 leave the upper bench in the bank as a roof. When any of 
 the latter is taken out it always mines in slab shaped blocks, 
 easily split with the lamination but quite tough in any other 
 direction. This is due to the presence of the thin laminae 
 of slate already mentioned. 
 
 The bank owned by Mr. McCafferty is worked by a shaft 
 twenty-two feet deep, from which the coal is»raised by horse 
 power. It is thoroughly drained by old workings on the 
 Collins Farm. 
 
 Diligent search has been made for this bed in all of the 
 surrounding hills, but it is everywhere too thin to be profit¬ 
 ably mined. 
 
 The Freeport Lower Ore occurs about ten feet beneath 
 the horizon of this coal, and has been mined quite largely 
 for use in the old Maple Furnace on North Bear Creek. It 
 is said to vary from three to four feet in thickness, but only 
 occurs in “pots” or local patches, and is not a persistent, 
 stratum. It is probably the representation 
 of the Freeport Lower Limestone. 
 
 Freeport Upper Limestone, . 
 
 Concealed—shale, . . . 
 Freeport Lower Coal, . . . 
 
 Shale, .. 
 
 Iron ore (L. Free. Lime ?) . . 
 
 Concealed: SS. and Shale, 
 Kittanning Upper Coal, . . 
 
 Concealed,. 
 
 Kittanning Middle Coal, . . 
 Concealed to Creek, . . 
 
 1 
 
 
 • 
 
 3' 
 
 BBMBg 
 
 40' 
 
 
 10 ' 
 
 IISSMIPS 
 
 S' 
 
 
 3' 
 
 ~J\ / /V 
 
 80 ' 
 
 3' 
 
 ■1111 
 
 30' 
 
 / 
 
 blossom 
 
 ? 30 
 
 10' 
 
 Creek level 
 
124 Y. 
 
 EE PORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 The section shown by Fig. Ill, was made from data 
 gathered in this neighborhood. 
 
 In the hill above the Collins Bank, the Freeport Upper 
 Limestone is detected by fragments lying on the surface 
 at about forty feet above the coal. Its actual outcrop was 
 not seen. 
 
 The two Kittanning coal beds were located in the above 
 section from their blossoms exposed on the main road. 
 
 Southwest of Martinsburg the Kittanning Upper Coal is 
 quite a good bed, and is of unusual size. At the bank 
 opened on the Story Farm it shows the following structure: 
 (Fig. 112.) 
 
 Story Farm coal bank. 
 
 Shale roof. 
 
 Laminated slaty Coal,.1' 0" 
 
 Coal,..4' 6" 
 
 This is much greater than the usual thickness of this 
 bed,—which rarely exceeds three and a half feet,—and is 
 remarkable for the absence of any well defined parting lay¬ 
 ers of slate or pyrites. It is possible that this coal may be 
 the Currie Local bed, or simply a “stray” bed of local de¬ 
 velopment, but as it lies one hundred and thirty-five feet 
 above the Ferriferous Limestone its identity with the Upper 
 Kittanning Coal appears to be the correct determination of 
 its place in the coal rocks. 
 
Chapter IX. 
 
 § 68. Fourth Tier of Townships. 
 
 This constitutes the northern tier, and embraces Mercer, 
 Marion, Yenango and Allegheny Townships, which are all 
 bounded on the north by Yenango County. In Yenango 
 and Allegheny townships there is much high ground, but 
 the general level of Mercer and Marion is much lower. 
 The great Divide sweeps in a curve from Farmington, in 
 Yenango township, northwest to the county line, which it 
 follows westwardly until near the Mercer township line, 
 when it again sweeps to the north along the line of Mercer 
 and Yenango counties. 
 
 Over all of this area the Kittanning group of coals is al¬ 
 ways accessible, but it only contains workable beds in a 
 few localities. The Upper Kittanning is generally quite 
 thin,—though at Murrinsville it is an excellent bed of can- 
 nel coal,—while the Middle Kittanning is workable in the 
 western part of the row, and the Lower Ki Banning has its 
 best development along its eastern line. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone can be found in many places, 
 but is not turned to as great an advantage as it might be. 
 If it were used to a greater extent on all of the soils made 
 from disintegrated slate or shale, good results could not 
 fail to follow, and the farming of the district would be put 
 upon a much more remunerative basis. 
 
 The Clarion and Brookville beds are both opened and 
 worked in many places, and are quite constant in character 
 and thickness, but are both rather pyritous, and though 
 their presence will never very much increase the value of 
 the land, they insure for a long period an abundance of coal 
 for local use. 
 
 No exposures of the Mercer group occur in these town¬ 
 ships, as the erosion has not been deep enough to cut down 
 
 ( 125 ) 
 
120 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. 31. CHANCE. 
 
 to its horizon. On Scrubgrass Creek, in Yenango county, 
 the coals of this group are apparently absent, and on Bear 
 Creek they are little more than beds of bituminous shale. 
 It is not likely therefore that they are here present as work¬ 
 able beds ; but if they ever are found of sufficient size and 
 pure enough to mine, they can be reached at any point by 
 shafts of moderate depth. 
 
 § 69. Mercer Township. 
 
 This lies in the northwest corner of the county, being 
 bounded on the south by Slippery rock township, on the 
 west by Mercer, and on the north by Yenango county. 
 
 Its highest rock is the Freeport Lower Sandstone, and 
 the Homewood Sandstone is the lowest stratum found 
 within its limits. The latter is laid bare in the valley of 
 McMurry’s Run, in the eastern part of the township, and 
 is described in the sections compiled in Marion township. 
 
 The township is all occupied by comparatively high land, 
 with summits about 1400 feet above ocean level. 
 
 The Kittanning Middle Coal bed is the only one of value 
 opened within its limits. This has been worked by Mr. 
 Andrew Knapp at an opening near the Franklin road north 
 of Ilarrisville, but the bank has long been closed, and the 
 coal was not seen. It is also opened and w r orked in the 
 same vicinity by Mr. William Cochran, at whose bank it is 
 of fair quality. 
 
 The openings owned by Mr. William Brown and those 
 on the farm of Mr. Alexander Brown, show about the same 
 features as the Barnes Bank and will need no detailed de¬ 
 scription. 
 
 § 70. The Barnes Coal Bank. 
 
 This bank is worked by the Mercer Mining and Manu¬ 
 facturing Company, and is situated close to the Ilarrisville 
 R. R. Station, one mile and a half south of the town. 
 
 It has been worked quite extensively for a period of about 
 eight years. A large area has been completely exhausted 
 
MERCER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 12? 
 
 and at the present rate at which the coal is being extracted, 
 all the good coal will be taken out in about eight years 
 from the present time. Most of it is sent to Cleveland for 
 rolling-mill use. 
 
 It overlies the Ferriferous Limestone by from 70 to 80 
 feet, and is therefore the Middle Kittanning bed, and is 
 overlaid by shale 40 feet thick, above which comes the Free¬ 
 port Lower Sandstone. The latter makes no prominent 
 marks in this vicinity, and is neither a hard nor a massive 
 rock. 
 
 A generalized measurement of the coal is given in the fol¬ 
 lowing description, which is illustrated by Fig. 113: 
 
 Barnes Coal bank section. 
 
 Draw slate and coal, .... 2 " to 4 " 
 
 Coal,. V 0 " to V 3 " 
 
 “Bone and sulphur,” . . . 1J" to 2 i" 
 
 Coal,. V 4 " to V 7 " 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 The upper bench is always more pyritous than the lower 
 bench, though neither is much troubled with sulphur. 
 The following analyses, made by Mr. McCreath, will show 
 the character of both benches: 
 
 
 No. I. 
 
 No. II. 
 
 W ater,. 
 
 . . . 2.430 
 
 2.920 
 
 Volatile matter,. 
 
 . . . 36.735 
 
 38.495 
 
 Fixed carbon,. 
 
 . . . 47.858 
 
 54.138 
 
 Sulphur, . 
 
 . . . .767 
 
 .842 
 
 Ash, (grey, red tinge,) . . . 
 
 . . . 12.210 
 
 3.605 
 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.000 
 
 Coke, per cent.,. 
 
 . . . 60.835 
 
 58.585 
 
 No. I was made from a sample from the upper bench, 
 which contained less sulphur than usual. Its heavy per¬ 
 centage of ash is accounted for by the presence of some of 
 the draw slate which adhered to the upper surface of the 
 specimen analyzed. 
 
 No. II was made from a sample taken from the lower 
 bench, and is a fair average analysis of the coal from that 
 bench. 
 
 V.II3 
 
128 Y. 
 
 REPOET OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 The coal from both benches mines in large solid pieces 
 from those parts of the hill having sufficient cover; but 
 much of the coal taken out is soft outcrop coal, that will 
 not bear handling very well. 
 
 §7i. The Ilarrismlle Axis . 
 
 The main entry of the Barnes Bank is driven in a south¬ 
 westerly direction, on the south side of this axis, for a dis¬ 
 tance of 1500 feet, along which the coal falls (south dip) 
 nearly 25 feet. At this point a gangway branches off to the 
 northwest, and encounters a rise (south dip) of about 25 
 feet in half a mile, it then runs level for a short distance on 
 crest of the axis, when it pitches to the north (north dip) 
 for a distance of 2000 feet to the end of the gangAvay, near 
 the outcrop line of the coal. The centre of the synclinal is 
 not reached in the bank, as the bed outcrops before going 
 that far northwest of the anticlinal. It is, however, well 
 defined by exposures near the mouth of Wolf Creek, a de¬ 
 scription of which has already been given in connection 
 with the geology of Worth and Slippery Rock townships. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone has been quarried for many 
 years from an exposure in a hollow formed by a small 
 tributary of Wolf Creek, on the Pittsburgh Pike, three 
 fourths of a mile south of ITarrisville. A kiln has lately 
 been erected at the roadside, and the stone is now quarried 
 and burnt by the same parties, and yields a very fair lime. 
 About eight feet of it is in sight. Though this stratum un¬ 
 derlies nearly all of this township, it is exposed in very few 
 places, and sometimes no trace of it can be discovered. A 
 coal seam is said to occur immediately beneath it, but is too 
 thin to be mined. This is the Scrubgrass Coal bed, which 
 is quite a persistent bed in all of the surrounding county, 
 being found at Clintonville and Mechanicsville, in Ve¬ 
 nango county, and on Wolf Creek in both Butler and Mer¬ 
 cer counties, and on Slippery Rock Creek, in Butler and 
 Lawrence counties, but is never thick enough for profitable 
 mining. A short distance north of the county line, on the 
 Pittsburgh Pike, the limestone outcrops along the roadside, 
 
MERCER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 129 
 
 and lias been quarried and burnt for several years by Mr. 
 Baker. Only two or three feet of the upper part of the bed 
 is now visible. It here shows its usual irregularly regular 
 lines of stratification. 
 
 The Kittanning Middle Coal bed is caught in a small 
 round top above the quarry, and was opened and mined 
 some years ago, but the bank has fallen shut, and no ex¬ 
 amination of the bed was possible. 
 
 As the rocks underlying the Ferriferous Limestone ard 
 not well exposed within the township, the following sec¬ 
 tion, made on Wolf Creek, near Courtenay’s Mills, in Mer¬ 
 cer county, is given to show their general character. 
 
 The section is really a compound one, embracing the data 
 of two sections, one made at the mills, and one at the lime¬ 
 stone quarry, half a mile south from the mills. It is illus¬ 
 trated by Fig. 114: 
 
 Section at Courtenay's mills. 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone, (61 > 
 feet above creek level at > 12' to 15' 
 
 the quarry,).) 
 
 Shale, .. 1' 
 
 Scrubgrass Coal bed, . V 
 
 Blue slate,.37' 
 
 Clarion Coal, (Pardoe,). 2' 3" 
 
 Slaty Shale, .9' 
 
 Homewood Sandstone, hard and mas¬ 
 sive to creek bed,.13' 
 
 The Homewood Sandstone here occupies the horizon of 
 the Brookville Coal bed. 
 
 At the limestone quarry below the mills, the Clarion 
 Coal measures 2' 11" and lies only one or two feet above 
 water level, the Homewood Sandstone having disappeared 
 beneath water level with a dip.of 20 feet in half a mile. 
 
 This coal is the same with the “big bed” at Pardoe on 
 the Shenango and Allegheny R. R. Mr. White states that 
 at the latter place, the Brookville bed is present as a small 
 seam, lying between the “big bed” and the Homewood 
 Sandstone, which there occupies a lower horizon than at 
 Courtenay’s mills. 
 
 9 Y. 
 
130 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CIIANCE. 
 
 No outcrop of the Ferriferous Limestone can be found 
 between Harrisville and Courtenay’s ; it may possibly be 
 absent over a part of that area. Near the coal banks owned 
 by Mr. Alex. Brown, several sink holes are noticeable which 
 may indicate the horizon of this stratum. In the railroad 
 cutting near the road crossing, a thin seam of coal from 
 7" to 12" thick is laid bare, at about the horizon at which 
 we would look for the limestone, but no trace of it is there 
 visible. This coal may be the Scrubgrass bed. It is over¬ 
 laid by five feet of slate above which three feet of sandstone 
 is exposed. 
 
 § 72. Marion Township. 
 
 This lies east of Mercer and north of Cherry townships. 
 Its surface is diversified by north and south valleys of trib¬ 
 utaries to the North Branch of Slippery Bock creek. The 
 summit lands are often quite fertile, but have been ex¬ 
 hausted by overworking and need a thorough recuperative 
 treatment. 
 
 The Freeport Sandstone is caught in the highest hills, 
 nnd along the low lands of the Slippery Bock branches 
 the Homewood Sandstone is generally in 
 sight, jutting out in broken escarpments on 
 both sides of the stream. The former rock 
 is seldom a massive or prominent stratum, 
 but the latter is always quite hard and gen¬ 
 erally rather coarse grained. 
 
 Section south of Murrinsmile. 
 
 'SS. and shale in summits, (Freeport 
 
 Lower SS.) 
 
 Kittanning Upper coal, (cannel,) . . 2' to 3' 
 
 'Shale and SS., partly concealed, . . 120' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone, “say” ... 10' 
 
 Sandy shale,. 40' 
 
 •Coal, (Brookville or Clarion,) . . 2'to3' 
 
 Concealed—contains hard ) 
 massive Homewood SS., f 
 
 V. 115 
 
MAKION TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 131 
 
 The Kittanning Group is represented only by the Kittan¬ 
 ning Upper bed which is present as a cannel coal, resem¬ 
 bling very much the same bed at North Washington. The 
 other beds of this group are either quite thin or absent, 
 and have eluded observation. 
 
 On the road from Murrinsville to Annandale the section 
 shown in Fig. 115 was compiled. It extends from the Free¬ 
 port down to the Homewood Sandstone. 
 
 The cannel coal noted in the upper part of this section 
 is the bed mined near Murrinsville, and as nearly all the 
 banks upon it are situated in Yenango township, the de¬ 
 tailed description of the bed is given in connection with the 
 geology of that township. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone is seen in situ on the road bed, 
 and forty feet below it is the smut of a coal which may be 
 either the Clarion or Brookville bed. The limestone also 
 outcrops on the road at several iilaces in the southwestern 
 part of the township. On the farm of Mr. Black, about 
 three fourths of a mile north of McMurry’s mills, it is finely 
 exposed in an abrupt escarpment and “ Rock City.” Large 
 blocks from twelve to fifteen feet in height, and from ten 
 to twenty feet square cover the ground below the outcrop, 
 giving it, when viewed from a distance, a striking resemblance 
 to the “Bock Cities” of sandstone and conglomerate so 
 common in the northern counties. It here shows its char¬ 
 acteristic withered appearance, caused by the weathering 
 of its wavy lines of stratification. An accurate measure¬ 
 ment of the bed could not be obtained, but it can be little 
 less than twenty feet thick. VJ16 
 
 The exposures seen in this vicinity give 
 the section shown by Fig. 116. 
 
 Section on McMurry 9 s Bun. 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone, .... 20' 
 
 Sandstone and shale,. 55' 
 
 Brookville Coal,.3' to 5' 
 
 Homeward Sandstone,. 30'± 
 
 The Brookville coal bed has been opened and worked at 
 several banks near the Mercer township line, but most of 
 them have been abandoned, and are now inaccessible. It 
 
132 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 is usually of medium or poor quality, always containing 
 mucli slate, and generally is troubled with many bands of 
 pyrites, is usually quite soft, and mines in small pieces. 
 
 It is opened and has been worked quite largely by Mr. 
 R. L. Black, but at present the bank is lying idle, though 
 Mr. Black says that he will shortly again resume mining. 
 The bed was measured in an opening owned by Mr. Ray, 
 where it exhibits the structure shown by Rig. 
 
 117. 
 
 Ray ’ s Coal Banlc. 
 
 Sandstone roof. 
 
 Coal,. I' 6" ] 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 Coal,. 1'2"[5'1 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 Coal,.. 
 
 Slaty coal,. 
 
 Coal,.• 
 
 Fireclay floor,. 5' 
 
 Homewood Sandstone,. 25' 
 
 The Homewood Sandstone lies just below the bank, and 
 is finely exposed on both sides of the run, which flows at 
 its base in a small narrow canyon, between nearly vertical 
 walls of this rock, which is here a coarse, massive, and iron- 
 stained sandstone, containing little cementing matter. 
 
 1 ' 2 " 
 1 " 
 V 5" 
 2 " 
 6 " 
 
 § 73. Oil and Gas Wells. 
 
 At McMurry’s Mill a well was drilled in 1877 by Messrs. 
 Emerson and Bronson and struck a heavy flow of gas, 
 but found no oil. When first struck the flow of gas was 
 very strong, and it is said that after the casing was drawn 
 from the well, the water was thrown, in an almost continu¬ 
 ous stream, thirty or forty feet above the top of the derrick. 
 Subsequently it greatly diminished and at present the water 
 is only thrown to a height of thirty-five or forty feet above 
 the derrick floor. This rapid diminution in the volume 
 
VENANGO TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 133 
 
 and pressure of the gas is probably partly due to tlie effect 
 of water on tlie gas rock. 
 
 Murrinsville and the country lying west of it, have been 
 the scene of a most diligent search by Phillip Brothers for 
 a southward extension, on their twenty-two degree line, of 
 the Bullion and Clin ton ville oil field. The country has 
 been punched full of holes,but all as yet to no purpose other 
 than proving that some portions of this area are undoubt¬ 
 edly un^oductive. 
 
 In many of the wells the Third Sand is said to have been 
 found, but always as a very close and “ shelly ” rock. No 
 complete records of any of them have been preserved, and 
 the only information that can be obtained of the drillings, 
 is that the general stratification was similar to that found 
 at Clintonville. Most of these dry holes will be found 
 .marked on the map by a small circle crossed by two lines. 
 
 § 7'h>. Venango Township . 
 
 This township, lying east of Marion and north of Wash¬ 
 ington township, is principally occupied by the high land 
 of the great dividing ridge. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone is the lowest stratum laid bare 
 within its limits, except in Slippery Rock valley, where 
 the Clarion group is exposed. 
 
 The Freeport Lower Coal bed is caught in the summits 
 near the eastern border of the township, and is frequently 
 seen outcropping on the road sides, but is quite thin and 
 little worked. 
 
 At the bank owned by Mr. Hughes, one mile southwest 
 from Farmington, it varies from 2' 6" to 3' 0" in thickness 
 but yields a very poor coal. It is opened and worked near 
 Farmington, but is so slaty that it can be used only with 
 difficulty, and produces an immense amount of ash. The 
 bed here measures twenty-eight inches. 
 
 Though the Freeport Upper Sandstone is a rather shaly 
 rock, it is generally more prominent than the Freeport 
 Lower Sandstone. It is caught in some of the highest 
 hills, but the overlying limestone and coal are not found. 
 
134 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 75. Kittanning Upper Coal , (Venango T .) 
 
 Tliis is opened and mined quite extensively at several 
 banks in the vicinity of Murrinsville, where it is from two 
 to two and a half feet thick. The principal openings now 
 in .running order are owned by Mr. Gormley, Mr. O’Don¬ 
 nell, Mr. Joseph Mnrrin, and Mr. Hugh Murrin. 
 
 The measurement shown by Fig. 118 was made at the 
 mine owned by the last named gentleman. 
 
 Murrin's Carmel Coal Bank. 
 
 Slate roof. 
 
 Bone and slate,. V 0" 
 
 Slaty Cannel Coal,. 5" 
 
 Cannel Coal,. 2' 0" 
 
 Slate, .3" to 7" 
 
 Hard fireclay floor. 
 
 The coal is of good quality, resembling very much the 
 North Washington cannel coal; contains but little sulphur, 
 and leaves only a moderate amount of ash. 
 
 It is as yet only proven to be a good bed over an area of 
 less than one square mile, and will probably prove to be 
 just such another local development as that at North Wash¬ 
 ington. 
 
 In some localities the Freex>ort Sandstone forms its roof, 
 but the bed is usually sex>arated from it by 
 a layer of slate from two to ten feet thick. 
 
 The section shown by Fig. 119 was com- 
 piled from exxiosures near Murrinsville: 
 
 Murrinsville Bed ion. 
 
 Freeport Sandstone. 
 
 Slate,. & 
 
 Kittanning Upper (cannel) Coal, . 2' 6" 
 
 Concealed: Containing blossom of ) 
 
 ° V X10 dz 
 
 Kitt. Lower Coal near bottom, . ) 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone about, ... 12' 
 
 The interval from the cannel coal down to the Ferriferous 
 Limestone is rather small, but it shows that the former is 
 undoubtedly the Upper Kittanning bed. The limestone is 
 exx>osed in the hollow west of town, but an accurate meas¬ 
 urement of its thickness could not be obtained. 
 
 V. 119 
 
VENANGO TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 135 
 
 In the valley of Little Scrubgrass Creek, one mile and a 
 half north of Farmington, a bank is opened on a coal which 
 is either the Brookville or Clarion bed. A heavy rain storm 
 had completely closed its mouth by loosening the roof 
 which had fallen in, a few hours before I visited it, and I 
 was unable to make any measurement of the bed. 
 
 The Brookville Coal is opened in two banks on the James 
 Higgins farm in the southern part of the township, where 
 the bed exhibits the structure shown by Figs. 120 and 121. 
 
 Higgirt s Coal Bank* No. 1. 
 
 Shale and Sandstone roof. 
 
 Draw Slate,.4" to 
 
 v 
 
 i" to 
 
 6 " 
 1 " 
 1 " 
 2 " 
 1 " 
 
 2 ' 0 " 
 
 V. 120 
 
 V 
 
 V 10" 
 1 " 
 2 " 
 3" 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Slate, . i" to 
 
 Coal, . .. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 Coal (reported), ....... 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 Bank No. 8. 
 
 Sandstone roof. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 Coal,. 2' 
 
 Slaty Coal,. 
 
 Fireclay floor. 
 
 Bank Ho. 1 is near the road side and at water level. 
 The lower bench was partly hidden, and its thickness is 
 given from the report of men who had worked in the bank. 
 The upper benches yield a fair coal but the lower bench 
 is quite pyritous. 
 
 In a well drilled for oil in close proximity to Bank Ho. 
 2, and about level with it, the Ferriferous Limestone is 
 said to have been reached at a depth of forty feet. If this 
 report be true, then these coal banks are on the Kittanning 
 Lower bed; but the character of the coal, its tide-water 
 elevation, and the character of the overlying strata, have 
 led me to believe most positively that it is the Brook¬ 
 ville bed. Ho limestone has been found above it, but what 
 is supposed to be the “limestone ore,” has been dug from 
 
136 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 the hills at several places, at a height of about forty feet 
 above the coal. 
 
 The above mentioned well is owned by Mr. Prentice, and 
 was drilled to a depth of about 1,600 feet without finding 
 oil in paying quantities. 
 
 From the Higgins Banks southward for about three fourths 
 of a mile, the coal is opened at short intervals by banks in 
 good running order. It shows about the same thickness 
 and quality in all of them. 
 
 A sharp, but local, south dip pervades the measures in 
 this locality, and is very prominently shown by the banks 
 on this bed, each of which can, by the eye, be seen to be 
 much lower than the one lying north of it. 
 
 The sections given by Mr. Burnett, shown in Figs. 94 and 
 95, and described in connection with Washington township, 
 will elucidate any unexplained features in the stratigraphy 
 of the southern part of this township. 
 
 § 76. Allegheny Township. 
 
 This lies in the northern corner of the county, with Ve¬ 
 nango county on its northern and Allegheny county on its 
 eastern line. 
 
 Its central and southern portions are occupied by very 
 high land, but the surface falls off quite rapidly towards 
 Bear creek on the south, the Allegheny river on the north¬ 
 east, and Little Scrubgrass creek on the northwest. 
 
 It is fairly off for coal, but contains no very valuable 
 seams—those of good quality are thin, and the thick ones 
 are generally of ordinary or bad quality. 
 
 The Freeport Upper coal is found in local patches in some 
 of the higher lands of the dividing ridge between Bear creek 
 and the Allegheny. It has so little cover that it can never 
 be profitably mined. It lies from 1,500 to 1,530 feet above 
 ocean level, and varies from four to six feet in thickness, 
 but is sometimes so thin that no trace of it can be found, 
 and is possibly absent over large areas. On the ridge road, 
 from Lawrenceburg to Six Points, its smut is frequently 
 seen. 
 
ALLEGHENY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 137 
 
 V.122 
 
 8" to V 0" 
 1" to 2" 
 
 r ir 
 2 " 
 V 6" 
 3" 
 4" 
 0 " 
 
 The Hitchcock Slope, one mile southwest from Six Points, 
 is opened on either the Kittanning Middle or Lower bed. 
 The coal is of good quality, but is quite thin, never meas¬ 
 uring more than thirty inches, and contains a band of slate 
 near the middle of the bed from one half to two inches 
 thick. 
 
 In the same vicinity the Brookville Coal is opened and 
 worked at Mr. Blymiller’s Bank, where it shows the struct¬ 
 ure represented in Fig. 122. 
 
 Blymiller Coal Bank. 
 
 Sandstone and shale roof. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Pyriteband,. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Fireclay,. 2" to 
 
 Coal,. 3" to 
 
 Fireclay (seen). 4' 
 
 The lower (F 6") bench is quite pyritous, but the middle 
 bench yields good coal. 
 
 Two other banks are opened in the same bed close to the 
 Blymiller Bank. They are owned by Mr. Davis and Mr. 
 Campbell. 
 
 From fifteen to twenty feet above this coal, a bed has 
 frequently been found that is not opened in this neighbor¬ 
 hood. It is about two feet thick and is evidently the Clarion 
 Coal bed. 
 
 The Brookville bed is also opened at a bank owned by 
 Mr. John Chambers, in a hollow two miles east of Six 
 Points. It yields a medium to fair coal, but is not persist¬ 
 ent in thickness. On the opposite side of the run, an entry 
 was driven in upon it for quite a distance but no workable 
 coal was found. A measurement at the Chambers’ Bank 
 gave the thickness shown by Fig. 123. 
 
 No trace of the Ferriferous Limestone could be found 
 near this bank. It is probably very thin or altogether ab¬ 
 sent. 
 
138 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 4" 
 
 8 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 2' 3" 
 
 / r\" 
 
 V.I23 
 
 Chambers’ Coal Banh. 
 
 Slaty shale roof. 
 
 Draw slate. 
 
 Coal, .. 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 Fireclay,.1' to 2' 0 
 
 Slate. 
 
 Seven or eight years ago an oil well was drilled in this 
 hollow, but though a good show was obtained, it failed to 
 produce oil in paying quantities. 
 
 § 77. The Six Points or Crawford 5 s Corners Oil Field. 
 
 This development lies in the northern part of the town¬ 
 ship, and extends east by north, in a narrow line, a distance 
 of about one and a half miles. Quite a large number of 
 wells have been completed, and these at present aggregate 
 a very respectable production. 
 
 The oil is obtained at three different horizons and is of 
 two different grades. That from the “Fifty foot rock” is 
 lighter in color and heavier in gravity than that pumped 
 from the “Stray” and “Third” Sands. The former is of 
 about 42° gravity, but the latter is from 42° to 45° grav., is 
 of a green color, and shows a beautiful wine color by trans¬ 
 mitted light. It congeals very rapidly, and great difficulty 
 is experienced by the pipe line engineers in pumping it 
 during cold weather. 
 
 The description illustrated by Fig. 124, is a very nearly 
 correct section of the measures penetrated by these wells : 
 Top of Ferr. Lime, to top of “ 3d Sand,” . . 1205 to 1210' 
 Top of u lst Sand” to base of “3d Sand,” . 313' 
 
 Top of “1st Sand” to top of “50'rock,” . . ( 156?) 146' 
 Top of “50' rock to base of “3d SS,” . . . ( 157?) 167' 
 
 About 350 to 400 feet of sandy measures, belonging to 
 the “Mountain Sand” group (Conglomerate Series, No. 
 XII) is found: the “Mountain Sand” being 200 feet thick, 
 with no shaly or slaty 'partings. Twenty-five feet beneath 
 
ALLEGHENY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Y. 139 
 
 it is a loose-grained, salt water rock, from fifteen to twenty- 
 five feet thick. 
 
 Near the middle of the interval from this rock down to 
 the “First Sand,” a shelly sand or a band of shells is fre¬ 
 quently struck. This is probably the 6 ‘ 3d Mountain Sand ’ ’ 
 of the Oil Creek region. 
 
 78. The Oil Sand Group. 
 
 The First Sand. 
 
 This is composed of ten feet of good white 
 sand, beneath which is an alternation of 
 slate, shale, shells, and grey sandstone to 
 the base of the rock. Near the bottom of 
 the series, a good loose sand is occasionally 
 passed through, and is designated by the 
 name: “30 foot rock.” Total thickness 
 of group, . . . 100 ft. 
 
 The Forty Foot Red Roek consists of an 
 alternation of slate and shale, with a few 
 intercalated sandy bands. The red rock 
 usually found in the lower part of this in¬ 
 terval, is sometimes forty feet thick, and 
 is nearly always quite soft. Thickness of 
 interval, .46 ft. 
 
 The Fifty Foot Rock is a good, coarse, 
 pebbly, white sandstone, and probably cor¬ 
 responds to the Oil Creek Second sand. It 
 produces, in small quantities, an oil similar 
 to the typical Second Sand oil, and in some of the wells the 
 yield from this horizon has been as high as four or five bar¬ 
 rels per day. It is the gas rock of the district, yielding 
 in nearly all of the wells, sufficient gas to fire the boiler. 
 At some of them it is used directly in the engine cylinder 
 as the motive power. The thickness of this stratum is 
 
 about,..50 ft. 
 
 Interval of soft rock , shale or slate,.70 ft. 
 
 (I am inclined to think that this interval should be de- 
 
 V. 124 
 
140 V. REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 creased ten feet, and the surplus added to the space between 
 the First Sand and 50 foot rock.) 
 
 “Stray” or Brown Sand. This is a soft, loose, and 
 rather friable, porous, reddish-brown sandstone, entirely 
 different from any sand occurring within the limits of the 
 Venango Oil Sand group. Oil has been found in it by sev¬ 
 eral wells, and some are now producing from this horizon. 
 Its oil is indistinguishable from the “Third Sand” oil 
 of this district. Thickness from,.2 to 6 ft. 
 
 Interval of soft measures ,.35 ft. 
 
 The “ Third ” Sand is the principal oil rock of the dis¬ 
 trict. It somewhat resembles the “Stray” sand, is quite 
 dark in color, rather fine grained, but porous and friable. 
 
 Thickness,.10 to 12 ft. 
 
 Though this rock lies at just the right distance below the 
 Ferriferous Limestone (at which many of the wells commence 
 drilling) to be the Oil Creek or Butler Third Sand, it is a 
 rock of totally foreign aspect when compared with sand 
 pumpings from any part of the Venango or Butler Oil Fields, 
 resembling very much a dark Chemung sandstone. I am in¬ 
 clined to think that both the “Stray” and “Third Sand” 
 do not properly belong to the Venango group, but are sands 
 occupying a high place in the Chemung floor on which the 
 latter rests. 
 
 If this view be correct, there can be no connection, in 
 this direction at least, between the Clintonville oil sand and 
 the oil rock of Columbia Hill and Parker. 
 
Chapter X. 
 
 § 79. On the Ferriferous Limestone. 
 
 This limestone has its area of best development in Clarion, 
 Armstrong, Butler, Venango, Lawrence and Beaver coun¬ 
 ties, where it has an average thickness of from 12 to 15 feet, 
 with an occasional local size of from 20 to 25 feet. 
 
 Its most northerly outcrop is found in the Johnsonburg 
 coal field, near Wilcox in McKean county, where it is 
 quite thick, and retains its usual lithological characteristics. 
 
 It is not found in Clinton county, nor in any part of the 
 State northeast from the Sinnemahoning, but at Karthaus 
 in the northeastern corner of Clearfield county, there is a 
 thin bed of limestone which seems to lie in or near the 
 horizon of the Ferriferous. It may, however, be the north¬ 
 eastern representative of the Johnstown Cement bed, which 
 occupies a place in the measures from 110 to 130 feet above 
 this horizon.* By the First Survey it was supposed to be 
 the Upper Freeport Limestone. 
 
 The Ferriferous has no existence in the southeastern sub¬ 
 division of the First Coal Basin, and need never be looked 
 for in any part of Somerset or the southern half of Cambria 
 county, for Mr. Platt has proven that over this area it is 
 absent, and its place supplied by the Johnstown Cement 
 Bed. It is shown under Pittsburgh in the record and by 
 the sand pumpings of the Boyd’s Hill gas well (see Report 
 1.1.1) and is also found by many oil wells in southern 
 Butler. We can therefore assign no limits to its extension 
 south and southwest from the Butler County Oil Field. 
 
 Throughout Jefferson, Indiana, Clarion, Armstrong, 
 
 * See Report HHH. 
 ( 141 ) 
 
142 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 southern Venango, Butler, southern Mercer, Lawrence and 
 northern Beaver counties, it is a well marked and easily 
 recognized horizon, and is our best c 4 key-rock 5 ' in study¬ 
 ing the geology of any part of this area. 
 
 In the southern part of Forest county it is caught in a 
 few isolated hilltops just north of the Clarion River, but in 
 Clarion county it is contained in nearly all of the high land. 
 
 Its most northern outcrop in Venango county is seen near 
 Tippery corners, six miles east by south from Oil City, 
 where it is from seven to eight feet thick and quite fossilif- 
 erous. In southern Venango and southeastern Mercer it 
 is preserved in all of the hills that are high enough to con¬ 
 tain it. 
 
 In Ohio,—except at Lowellville, on the Mahoning, where 
 it exhibits its usual character,—it is much thinner than in 
 Pennsylvania, and, compared to its value in the latter State, 
 is worth but little, either as a limestone or as an iron-ore 
 carrier. Its outcrop enters Ohio near the Mahoning river. 
 
 East of the Allegheny, its thickness seldom exceeds six 
 feet, though in some parts of Clarion county it measures 
 ten or twelve feet. Along Red Bank Creek it ranges from 
 four to six feet. 
 
 § 80. Local Variations in its thickness. 
 
 At Vanporte, in Beaver county, Mr. 
 
 White obtained the section represented in 
 Fig. 125. 
 
 Vanporte Section. 
 
 Grey limestone,.7' 
 
 Shale,. V 
 
 Grey limestone,.5' 
 
 Blue limestone,.5' 
 
 The shaly parting here noted is seen in many localities 
 and is sometimes accompanied by a very thin seam of coal. 
 
 In the same neighborhood, Mr. White states that the 
 whole stratum suddenly thins down to six inches and is re¬ 
 placed by a bed of shale. If it were replaced by sandstone 
 
FERRIFEROUS LIMESTONE. 
 
 V. 143 
 
 we might reasonably suppose that this diminution in size 
 was the result of a subaqueous erosion.* 
 
 A precisely similar feature is observed on the Beaver 
 Biver between Clinton and Wampum. At the latter place 
 the bed measures twenty-two feet, while at Clinton only 
 a few inches of it can be found, but on the east side of the 
 river, directly opposite Clinton, it is again seen in good 
 development with an average thickness of from twelve to 
 fifteen feet. 
 
 At Brady’s Bend a striking instance of this kind is de¬ 
 tected. On the west side of Whisky Bun it is a massive 
 stratum, fully fifteen feet thick, but in the hill between the 
 Bun and the Allegheny Biver, it is so thin that no trace of 
 it can be detected. In a w^ell on the Balph tract, it is said 
 to measure only “half a screw,” (two feet.) 
 
 It is positively asserted to be absent from oil wells on the 
 Humes Farm, in Clearfield township (Butler Co.), but on 
 Buffalo Creek, three miles east from the wells, it is quite a 
 prominent stratum. 
 
 These instances of sudden local variations will explain 
 why it is so often unnoticed in the detailed sections pre¬ 
 pared from surface outcrops, for if the bed is subject to 
 such radical changes, we may not be surprised to frequently 
 find it absent, or if not absent, at least so thin that its pres¬ 
 ence cannot be detected. Such is undoubtedly the case at 
 many localities in Northern Butler, and it must not, there¬ 
 fore, be expected that at every point along the outcrop 
 line shown on the contoured map, this stratum will unfail¬ 
 ingly be found. 
 
 * Though we can no longer advance the theory of extensive subaqueous 
 erosions by sea currents, (that hypothesis being abandoned because it is im¬ 
 possible to conceive of a current eroding while it is constantly and univer¬ 
 sally depositing ,) and must utterly deny the possibility of such denudations 
 as true frictional erosions , in sandy or muddy deposits, it does not seem im¬ 
 probable that subaqueous erosions of limestone by solution may have often 
 occurred. 
 
 Our data are insufficient for a discussion of this problem, and we can only 
 hypothetically suggest that new ocean currents, with deeper or shallower 
 water, changing both the temperature and pressure, and bringing with them 
 waters chemically differing from those that filled the basin during the deposi¬ 
 tion of the limestone, may have effected an erosion by a solvent action upon 
 the then soft limestone. 
 
144 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Whether these irregularities were produced by the origi¬ 
 nal accidents of deposition, or by a subsequent subaqueous 
 erosion is as yet quite uncertain. The overlying measures 
 are sometimes quite soft, but generally are rather sandy 
 shales which might readily have been deposited by an erod¬ 
 ing current, but if this were the cause, why is it that we so 
 frequently find the bed so thin, but still persistent as a thin 
 bed ? If fourteen feet of it was eroded, why should one 
 foot be left ? These queries might be answered by suppos¬ 
 ing that where we find the bed persistent as a very thin 
 stratum, it is present only as a secondary product of seg- 
 gregation from the overlying and underlying calcareous 
 strata. This view is supported by the almost universal oc¬ 
 currence of the “ cone-in-cone ” structure where the bed is 
 thin. 
 
 In many localities it furnishes an excellent furnace flux, 
 showing by analysis from 90 to 95 per cent, of calcic carbon¬ 
 ate, and from 2 to 6 per cent, of silica, with little phos¬ 
 phorus or sulphur. 
 
 It is emphatically the best limestone of the Lower Pro¬ 
 ductive coal measures for both agricultural and building 
 purposes, but its value as a fertilizer is not appreciated by 
 the farmers. Its use on the worked out soils of Northern 
 Butler, and of all the Western counties, cannot be too 
 strongly recommended. 
 
 When of good quality it burns readily, yielding some¬ 
 times a very white lime but generally lime of a light grey 
 color, slacking rapidly and thoroughly. 
 
 As a mortar lime, it is found to set in a reasonable time, 
 forming a good, firm, and adhesive mortar, and resists in 
 a fair manner, the disintegrating action of rain and frost. 
 
 § 81. The Buhrstone Iron Ore. 
 
 In years past immense quantities of iron have been made 
 from the ore bed which usually rests upon this rock, but in 
 many localities all the ore within “striking distance” has 
 been exhausted, and the furnaces blown out. To attempt 
 to run a large stack upon the outcrop ore from this bed is 
 
THE BUHRSTONE ORE. 
 
 Y. 145 
 
 conceded to be useless by those who have tried it, and drift¬ 
 ing upon it will not pay except at localities where it is of 
 unusual thickness. 
 
 The ore usually lies in plates or nodular masses, imme¬ 
 diately on top the limestone, but sometimes the upper lay¬ 
 ers of this rock are so ferruginous as to become a calcare¬ 
 ous ore, and again the ore is found disseminated in nodules 
 and plates through several feet of shale overlying the for¬ 
 mer. It sometimes entirely replaces the limestone, forming 
 an immense bed, but such instances are rare. Mr. White 
 describes (Chap. Y, Report QQ) a very remarkable occur¬ 
 rence of this kind, where the resulting ore bed is twenty- 
 two feet thick. 
 
 The ore balls or nodules which are evidently of concre- 
 
 €/ 
 
 tionary origin, are at times hollow, and the cavity is des¬ 
 cribed by Prof. Rogers as being sometimes tilled with u a 
 dark unctous fluid,” but it is usually dry and coated on 
 the inside with a glossy dark blackish coating, with a vel- 
 vet-like lustre, and is occasionally incrusted with minute 
 crystals of a yellow, blue or purple tinge. 
 
 When they are solid, a grain of sand or some foreign 
 material is generally found at the center, forming a nucleus 
 around which the seggregation has taken place. Prof. 
 Lesley describes a specimen in which he found a perfect 
 cube of galena, nearly three fourths of an inch in diame¬ 
 ter in the core of one of these nodules. 
 
 The outside shell is generally a dark and hard peroxi- 
 dized layer covering the mass of yellowish ore which forms 
 the body of the concretion. 
 
 When it occurs in plates it is often of a cherty nature,— 
 hence called the Buhrstone ore,—is greyish to light blue in 
 color, often resembling a ferruginous limestone. 
 
 § 82. Lithology of the Ferriferous Limestone. 
 
 This rock seldom forms any bold natural escarpments, 
 but where such occur, its weathered outcrop presents a 
 rugged irregular face, seamed by horizontal undulating 
 10 Y. 
 
146 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 lines of stratification, and is broken at intervals by vertical 
 cleavage fissures and numerous cave mouths. 
 
 When lying near the surface, its presence is shown by 
 many “sink-holes” and by the very irregular surface over¬ 
 hung it and kept quite dry by the drainage of numerous 
 subterranean water courses that ramify it in all direc¬ 
 tions. 
 
 Its upper layers are of a dirty grey color, but the lower 
 part is nearly always bluish grey or light blue in color and 
 more impure than the former. On the Beaver River these 
 sub-divisions are very persistent and constant in character. 
 (See Report QQ and Part II.) 
 
 All the bed plates and planes of lamination are very ir¬ 
 regularly undulating, and present a knobby or knotted ap¬ 
 pearance. The elevations on one plate fit loosely into cor¬ 
 responding depressions in the overlying layer, but the union 
 between them is not good, and the stone can generally be 
 parted along any of its lines of stratification with little 
 trouble. These layers usually measure from one half to two 
 and a half inches, but sometimes are much thicker. 
 
 One of the most striking peculiarities of this rock is the 
 appearance of its outcrop in a road bed. The stone being 
 bruised by passing wagons, and by horse shoes, exhibits a 
 prominent bluish white color, which immediately catches the 
 eye, and is so noticeable that it can frequently be recognized 
 at a distance of half a mile. No other rock in the Lower 
 Productive coal measures ever produces anything similar 
 to the appearance of such an outcrop. 
 
 It is a characteristically fossiliferous stratum, and in 
 some localities the rock is wholly composed of fossils in 
 a fair state of preservation, and these are at times beauti¬ 
 fully displayed in has relief upon weathered surfaces of 
 the stone. Crinoid stems are especially numerous in it. 
 In Report Q (page 62) Prof. White gives the following as 
 a list of the fossils that he has found in it in Beaver and 
 Armstrong counties: 
 
 “ Spirifer Cameratus. Nuculana bellistriata. 
 
 Spirifer lineatus. Macrocheilus primigenius. 
 
 Spirifer opimus. Macrocheilus ventricosus. 
 
 Procluctus Nebrascensis. Astartella concentrica. 
 
FERRIFEROUS LIMESTONE. 
 
 Y. 147 
 
 Productus longi-spinus. 
 Productus Prattenanus. 
 Productus semi-reticularis. 
 Heiniplironites crassus. 
 Chonetes mesoloba. 
 Euomplialus rugosus. 
 Pleurotomaria Grayvilliensis. 
 Pleurotomaria carbonaria. 
 
 Polyphemopsis peracuta. 
 Aviculo-pecten carbonarius. 
 Aviculo-pecten Whiteii. 
 Athyris subtilita. 
 Solenomya radiata 
 Macrodon obsoletus. 
 Aviculopinna Americana. 
 Nautilus occidentaiis. 
 
 Pleurotomaria turbinella. 
 Bellerophon carbonarius. 
 Bellerophon Montfortianus. 
 Bellerophon percarinatus. 
 Bellerophon Stevensanus. 
 Nucula ventricosa. 
 
 Platyceras tortum. 
 
 Synocladia biserialis. 
 
 Lophophyllum proliferum. 
 
 Orthoceras cribrosum. 
 Zeacrinusmucrospinus,and numerous 
 fragments of crinoids. 
 
 Tlie Freeport Upper Limestone lies from 225 to 265 feet 
 above the Ferriferous but is a very different rock. It 
 is light gray in color with a rather variegated face when 
 newly fractured, is from one to five feet thick, and always 
 lies above the greater part of its associate iron ore. At its 
 outcrop it seldom shows more than a mass of water-worn 
 boulders,—sometimes nodules,—which are often covered 
 with a yellowish argillaceous, and at times ferruginous, 
 layer from £ to 1 inch thick. TsTo fossils have been found 
 in it except a few very small fresh water shells. 
 
 The Freeport Lower Limestone is not so persistent as the 
 Upper bed, except over certain areas where it appears to be 
 quite constant. It is more ferruginous and earthy than 
 the Upper bed and generally not more than one or two feet 
 thick, often consisting of what at first sight appears to be a 
 succession of concretionary nodular masses of very ferru¬ 
 ginous character. It is non-fossiliferous and is sometimes 
 entirely replaced by iron ore 
 
 In Chapter I of Part II will be found a description of the 
 two Mercer Limestones (Mahoning and Mercer of QQ). 
 They need never be mistaken for the Ferriferous. 
 
 In conclusion we may state that there is no similarity 
 whatever between the Ferriferous Limestone and any other 
 bed found in the Lower Productive Coal Measures. They 
 are all more impure, are non-fossiliferous, do not present 
 the withered appearance of the former, and but seldom are 
 exposed in natural outcrops. 
 
 We are therefore prepared to advocate to the fullest ex¬ 
 tent the use of this stratum as a “key-rock” to the forma- 
 
148 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 tions both above and beneath it, and have so utilized it 
 throughout this report. 
 
 The Butler Countv Third Oil Sand is found at from 1160 
 to 1200 feet beneath the top of the Ferriferous and the 
 Fourth Sand at about 60 feet beneath the Third. The paral¬ 
 lelism between two such widely separated rocks is certainly 
 very remarkable, for at Oil City the interval between them 
 is very nearly the same as at Karn’s City, the two places 
 being over thirty miles apart. 
 
 All of the Butler county oil operators are well acquainted 
 with the regularity in this interval from the Limestone 
 down to the Third Sand, and have been saved many thou¬ 
 sands of dollars by it. When the driller is ignorant of the 
 position of the Limestone, with reference to the well mouth, 
 he is uncertain where the oil sand will be found, and it is 
 sometimes pierced unexpectedly, before any preparations 
 have been made for storing the oil, and if a flowing well is 
 struck, it frequently flows upon the ground for nearly two 
 days before any tanks can be erected. 
 
 In Chapter IY this limestone is used as a key-rock, and 
 it is there shown that the distance of any coal bed above or 
 below it, will generally determine correctly the name of the 
 coal. The generalization given in that chapter is of course 
 only applicable to the area between the Allegheny and 
 Beaver Fivers, and would require some modification to 
 make it agree with the stratification east or west of this dis¬ 
 trict, and would also require some alteration when applied 
 to the country south of Butler. In the vicinity of Pitts¬ 
 burgh these measures are far beneath water level, but we 
 have obtained some little insight into their character from 
 the records of oil and gas wells (See Report I.I.I).'* 
 
 *The facts embraced in this chapter, have been obtained, partly from my 
 surveys of Butler County in 1878, of the Beaver and Shenango valleys in 1875 
 (See Part II) and partly from data collected in the oil regions during my 
 connection with Mr. Carll in 1876-7. Having long felt the need of a com¬ 
 prehensive description of this, the most important stratum of the Lower 
 Productive coal measures, I have prepared this summary of facts, not only 
 to supply such need, but to justify the prominence that I have given to this 
 stratum throughout the report. 
 
Chapter XI. 
 
 83. Oil Fields of Butler County. 
 
 The first producing wells in this county were located in 
 the northeast corner of Parker, and southeast corner of Al¬ 
 legheny township in what was then called the Parker Oil 
 District. They were not very large wells, but nearly all of 
 them produced oil in paying quantities and some of the 
 rather better ones averaged a production of from 50 to 150 
 bbls. per diem for a long period. The territory in that 
 neighborhood has held out quite well, and many of the old 
 wells are still producing enough to make it an object to 
 pump them. Under stimulus from the high price of oil in 
 1876-7 many wells that had been abandoned during the 
 depression of ’74 were cleaned out and pumped, in some in¬ 
 stances yielding as high as 5 to 8 barrels per day. 
 
 They are all Third Sand wells, and the character of the 
 stratification is here in such conformity with the Venan¬ 
 go county drillings, that it is fair to conclude that this 
 sand is truly equivalent or of contemporaneous origin 
 with the Third Sand of Oil Creek and Bullion. Xo other 
 locality on the Butler-Clarion belt shows such an agree¬ 
 ment with the arrangement of the sands on the Venango 
 belt as here exists. The First, Second and Third Sands 
 can all be recognized at their proper horizons in well 
 records from this locality, but at all other places in the 
 county these sands are so split up by shales, slates, and 
 red rocks that it is generally impossible to tell where the 
 First Sand ends and the Second begins, or where the latter 
 ends and the Third begins. The names given to the differ¬ 
 
 ent members of the group are purely arbitrary and do not 
 express any synchronism between the individual sandstones 
 here, and those on Oil Creek. At the latter place the 
 names “First,” “Second” and “ Third” were given to three 
 
 ( 149 ) 
 
150 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. IT. M. CHANCE. 
 
 easily recognized sandrocks occupying a space (vertically) 
 of between 300 and 350 feet. The Second Sand occurs at 
 about the middle of the group. Each sand may roughly 
 be said to average 40 feet in thickness. This type of strati¬ 
 fication as shown by Mr. Carll in report 1.1.1. has been traced 
 southwest as far as the southern limits of the Bullion Oil 
 Field, and in the prolongation of the same line may be rec¬ 
 ognized in Butler County as far as Muddy Creek. But the 
 only place on the Butler-Clarion belt at which it is plainly 
 exhibited is at Parker. 
 
 In the Butler District the group of sands is found intact, 
 but shows a very different arrangement from the Oil Creek 
 type. In the following summary, which is the drillers’ no¬ 
 menclature, the so-called “First Sand” has been omitted, 
 because it is not the true First Sand, but the “Third Moun¬ 
 tain Sand,” or Berea Grit. It is separated from the true 
 First Sand (Drillers’ “Second Sand”) by a thick band of 
 soft shales and slates, containing sometimes the Bedford 
 (Ohio) Red Rock. 
 
 Drillers' Nomenclature. 
 
 Second Sand. 
 
 (Interval.) 
 
 Fifty-foot Rock. 
 
 (Oil Creek “First Sand.”) 
 
 (Oil at Martinsburg, Six Points?, etc.) 
 » 
 
 (Oil at Martinsburg.) 
 
 (Interval.) 
 
 Tliirty-foot Rod 
 (Interval.) 
 
 Blue Monday. 
 
 (Interval.) 
 
 Boulder. 
 
 (Interval.) 
 
 Stray Third. 
 
 (Interval.) 
 
 Third Sand. 
 
 (Interval.) 
 
 Stray Fourth. 
 
 (Interval.) 
 
 Fourth Sand. (Oil on “Cross-belt.”) 
 
 Though these sandrocks are all very variable, both in 
 thickness and composition, and are sej>arated by equally in- 
 
 (Locally oil bearing.) 
 (Main oil horizon.) 
 (Locally oil bearing.) 
 
OIL FIELDS OF BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 Y. 151 
 
 constant bands of sliale, slate, and red rock, the total thick¬ 
 ness of the group is subject to but slight variations, usually 
 ranging from 275 to 325 feet with an occasional thickness 
 of 350 feet. Often several of these rocks are entirely re¬ 
 placed by soft measures, and again, the soft rocks will pinch 
 out, allowing two or more of the sandrocks to coalesce. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone is used as a “Key rock” 
 throughout the district, the Third Sand being looked for 
 at 1160 to 1200 feet, and the Fourth at 1250 to 1275 feet 
 beneath its top. 
 
 The Butler 'District, like all other oil territory, has been 
 developed spasmodically in local patches. In 1873 some 
 adventurous producers began drilling far ahead of jwoven 
 territory, in the area now known as -the Greece and Modoc 
 District, and were quite unexpectedly rewarded by large 
 wells. The first of these was the Troutman Well at Modoc, 
 which was struck March 23rd, 1873. 
 
 The county was immediately swarming with speculators 
 and producers, who started wells in all directions. Some 
 of these were located between Parker and Modoc, some 
 south and west from Modoc, some near Butler and others 
 east of these lines. Shortly after the Troutman Well was 
 struck, good wells were obtained at Petrolia, and in an in¬ 
 credibly short time nearly the whole of the Butler District 
 was in an advanced stage of development. 
 
 The location of wells at Greece, Petrolia, and Armstrong 
 Bun (Armstrong county) in an apparently lower sand 
 (“Fourth Sand”) than the “Third Sand,” gave rise to the 
 “Cross belt” theory, and in 1874 this belt was pretty 
 thoroughly developed. It yielded very large wells, some 
 of which produced over 3000 barrels a day when first struck, 
 but they all declined very rapidly and soon the best of 
 them were moderate sized “pumpers.” 
 
 Meanwhile developments had been progressing at the 
 southern end of the Third Sand Belt, and the territory 
 around St. Joe had been opened up, and in 1875-6 the Car¬ 
 bon Centre district was reached. 
 
 Most of the territory between Petrolia and Parker was at 
 first neglected, and it was not until the areas surrounding 
 
152 Y. EEPOET OF PEOGEESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Parker, Karns City, and Millerstown had been pretty well 
 perforated, that this portion of the district was operated 
 upon. 
 
 In 1876 and 1877 several new productive patches were 
 discovered northwest and southwest of Martinsburg, and 
 west of Parker. These obtained their oil from the “Thirty- 
 foot Pock,” though some of them have produced from the 
 Third Sand, and some have found small quantities in the 
 “Fifty-foot Pock.” 
 
 In 1877 the Millerstown Eastern Belt and the Kaylor dis¬ 
 trict were discovered, and a new pool was 'found at the 
 mouth of Whiskey Pun, in Armstrong county. These 
 found their oil in the Fourth Sand. 
 
 The production of these additional areas has been entirely 
 too small to compensate for the failing production of the 
 older wells, so that the pipe line runs for 1876-7-8 show a 
 great falling away from the amount produced in 1874-5. 
 
 The ‘ ‘ wild-catting 5 ’ * that has been done all over the 
 county, has thus far failed to discover any productive 
 territory west of the so-called Third and Fourth Sand 
 belts. At ITermon Station, on the Butler Branch P. R., 
 and also at the Humes Farm, -J mile east of Jeffersonville, 
 in Clearfield township, a small area has been found over 
 which Fourth Sand wells of medium size are obtained, but 
 these patches lie so far south that the sand is only reached 
 after drilling to a depth of from 1600 to 1800 feet, and can 
 only be profitably operated upon in times of high priced oil. 
 
 Near Six Points in Allegheny township, there is a very 
 fair local development in a sand which probably belongs to 
 a lower series of rocks (geologically) than the oil sands of 
 the Third Sand Belt. A full description of their drillings 
 is given in the report on Allegheny township. If, as I have 
 there stated, the Six Points oil rock is Chemung, it follows 
 that we may never expect to find a connection between the 
 Bullion and Parker oil sands, and we must consider them 
 as two independent ranges of rock of the same age. 
 
 Two miles northwest from North Washington are the 
 
 * Drilling wells in “ wild cat ” or undeveloped territory. 
 
OIL FIELDS OF BUTLER COUNTY. 
 
 Y. 153 
 
 Bumbaugh oil wells. Three or four wells have been 
 drilled there, and two have yielded oil in jjaying quanti¬ 
 ties from a sand which lies at the proper depth beneath the 
 Ferriferous Limestone, to be either the Butler Third or 
 Fourth Sand. A detailed description of these wells will be 
 found in Chapter IX. It is possible that the rock there 
 found may be an outlier from the southward prolongation 
 of the Venango-Bull ion Oil Sand. 
 
 Phillips Brothers, the large Bullion operators, as well as 
 IT. L. Taylor, Nesbitt, and other prominent producers, have 
 spent much time and money searching after an extension 
 of this (Bullion) belt in the western part of the county. 
 The facts brought out by the John Smith, Bumbaugh, Wolf 
 Creek, Slippery Bock Creek, and other oil well records, 
 make it appear more than probable that the Venango Group 
 of sandrocks does have a fair development in that part of 
 the county. 
 
 At Baymilton, in Venango county, eight miles northwest 
 of the Venango oil belt, the structure shown by all the 
 wells may be stated thus: 
 
 Bed rock, thick,.100' 
 
 First Oil Sand, . .. 20' 
 
 Interval—no Second Sand. 
 
 Third Oil Sand—grey and poor. 
 
 The Wolf Creek well record may be generalized in a 
 
 similar manner: 
 
 Bed rock, .SO' 
 
 First Oil Sand,..IF 
 
 Interval—no Second Sand. 
 
 Third (?) Oil Sand—grey ; oil show in “stray.” 
 
 This is an almost exact agreement in structure, and it 
 it is but reasonable to conclude that at the Wolf Creek well 
 we are oriented in the same position with respect to the 
 Venango belt, as at Baymilton. The Venango Group of 
 sandrocks therefore should be looked for in the country east 
 of Wolf creek. 
 
 The record of the John Smith well, near Muddy creek, 
 exhibits a stratification agreeing in every particular with 
 that of the Venango-Bullion type, and it is quite probable 
 
154 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 tliat this well is located within the locus of that group. 
 It also seems probable, from the above deduction, that the 
 Rumbaugh wells are on the pebbly edges of the Oil Creek 
 Third Sand. For a fuller discussion of these facts, the 
 reader is referred to Mr. CarlT s Report. 
 
 The existence of this group of oil rocks does not unfail¬ 
 ingly insure the presence of oil in paying quantities, nor 
 does it, if productive, denote the existence of any large 
 area of paying territory. On the contrary, all the facts in 
 our possession indicate that if this region ever proves pro¬ 
 ductive, it will be in isolated pools or patches, and not con¬ 
 tinuous as such for any great distance. 
 
 The connection from Clintonville southward seems to be 
 effectually broken by the great number of dry holes ob¬ 
 tained at Murrinsville, (see Marion township,) and wells at 
 Annandale, and on both the north and south branches of 
 Slippery Rock creek, together with others in Cherry, Clay, 
 and Franklin townships, besides three on Muddy creek, 
 prove that if these measures do exist, they can only be 
 productive in narrow “streaks” or small pools; but there 
 is still room left for several local developments, such as 
 the Bullion district. 
 
 In the present depressed condition of the oil business, 
 with the heavy stocks on hand, and the large production of 
 the Bradford oil field, it is to be sincerely hoped that no 
 such tracts will be discovered. 
 
 Since the birth of the “Cross belt” theory constant ef¬ 
 forts have been made to find some extension of its produc¬ 
 tive area southwest from Greece City, but they have hith¬ 
 erto x^roven futile, and it seems to be pretty clearly demon¬ 
 strated that there are no undeveloped tracts remaining in 
 that vicinity. 
 
 § 8Jf. Theory of “ Belt LinesT 
 
 The Butler Countv Oil District has been the means of con- 
 verting hundreds of producers to an unreasoning, dogmatic 
 belief in this theory, which, as generally accepted, is that 
 the productive or pebbly streaks of the oil sand run in 
 
BELT LINES. 
 
 Y. 155 
 
 unvarying straight lines that can be traced as such by 
 means of compass. or transit lines, for several miles ; and 
 wells located accurately on these lines will always prove 
 productive. The fallacy a theory so stated is self evident 
 to anyone familiar with the character of sedimentary rocks, 
 and the agencies by which they were deposited. But within 
 certain limits , and when used in a general way, the idea is 
 a good one, and has saved large sums to operators in this 
 district. 
 
 If, as Mr. Carll has suggested, these rocks were sea shore 
 deposits, or if they were oh-shore current deposits, their 
 pebbly layers would certainly be roughly conformable to 
 that shore, and would constitute a system of sand bars or 
 beaches, of irregular shape, never very wide, but running, 
 within certain limits, in a given direction, subject of course 
 to curves or other departures from a straight line that can 
 now only be determined by the drill. We may then rely 
 in a great measure on the general trend of the productive 
 areas when looking for their continuation southwest or 
 northeast, but to depend upon a compass line to trace out one 
 individual sandy strealt is, as Prof. Lesley has described 
 it, like a boy marking pencil lines on the top board of a wood 
 pile to determine the direction of the grain in the bottom 
 board. 
 
 The general trend of the Butler Belt is south 22° west, 
 some operators making use of 22-J- 0 , and others of 20° north 
 by east. 
 
 On the Fourth Sand or Cross-belt, the belt lines used in 
 locating wells vary from ~N. 45° E. to N. 88° E .the belt 
 showing a decided curve from northeast to southwest. 
 
 Within the last two years lines of all imaginable bear¬ 
 ings have been run across the country in the vain attempts 
 to trace out the prolongation of locally productive pools. 
 At the time of the Millerstown Eastern Belt excitement 
 lines were run in every direction, northeast, north, north¬ 
 west, southwest, south and southeast, from the productive 
 streak, showing how reluctant men are to abandon a method 
 they have once successfully used, even after it has been 
 proven to be no longer valuable to them. The following fig- 
 
156 Y. REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 ures show the elevation above or below ocean level of the top 
 of the Third and Fourth Oil Sand, at the principal towns 
 within the productive limits. The elevations above ocean 
 level are marked and those below are marked—. 
 
 By means of these elevations, and the tables giving the 
 oil well elevations, the depth of the productive rock be¬ 
 neath the surface, can readily be determined: 
 
 85. Oil Sand Elevations. 
 
 Locality. Third Sand. Fourth Sand. 
 
 Columbia Hill,.above ocean, . . -flOO' 
 
 Parker,.above ocean, . . -j- 60' 
 
 Farrentown,.above ocean, . . + 10' 
 
 Stone House,.below ocean, . . — 8' 
 
 Martinsburgh,.below ocean, . . — 30' 
 
 Fronsinger Farm,.below ocean, . . — 20' 
 
 Argyle,.below ocean, . . — 70' 
 
 Petrolia,.below ocean, . . —100' 
 
 Fair view,.below ocean, . . — 90' .... —175' 
 
 Modoc,.. . . below ocean, . .—120'(?) . . . .—200' 
 
 Greece,.below ocean, . . —220 .... —300' 
 
 Criswell,.below ocean, . . —105’ .... —190' 
 
 Brady’s Bend, (Furnaces,) . .below ocean, . . —130' (?) . . . .—215' 
 
 Karns City,.below ocean, . . —160' .... —250' 
 
 Millerstown,.below ocean, . . —215' .... —320' 
 
 St. Joe,.below ocean, . . —260' .... —335'(?) 
 
 Carbon Centre,.below ocean, . . —294' .... —376' 
 
 Hume’s Farm,.below ocean, . .—375'(?) . . . .—457' 
 
 Hermon Station,.below ocean, . .—418'(?) . . . .—500' 
 
 These elevations show that the average dip south by west 
 is about 23 feet per mile. 
 
 § 86. Oil Well Elevations. 
 
 The subjoined tables of oil well elevations were compiled 
 in 1877 for publication in Mr. Carll’s report 1.1, partly from 
 Mr. Hatch’s field notes, and partly from my own surveys, 
 and a number of detached surveys made by private individ¬ 
 uals, reducing them all to the ocean level datum deter¬ 
 mined by Mr. John H. Carll’s releveling of the Allegheny 
 Valley and Butler Branch railroads.* 
 
 * For these surveys see Report I.I. chap. XXVI. 
 
OIL WELL ELEVATIONS. 
 
 Y. 157 
 
 Tlie main line of levels from Parker, soutliwest along tlie 
 oil belt, checked within four tenths of a foot at Summit and 
 Great Belt stations on the Butler Branch road, showing 
 that there can be but little error in any of the heights de¬ 
 termined by it. 
 
 In regard to the method by which these elevations were 
 obtained, I quote what Mr. Carll says of them (chap. XXV). 
 
 ‘‘Our plan has been, in leveling through a closely drilled 
 district, to keep the direct line of levels with a great deal of 
 care, while the numerous side wells are taken more rapidly 
 and with less caution, and the notes used in such a manner 
 as not to affect the integrity of the main line in case an error 
 of a few’ inches should be made on any particular side well. 
 The variation of a foot, or even more, in the actual levels 
 between two wells is practically of no account in a study of 
 their records, for be the levels to the well mouths ever so 
 precise we are still dependent on the drillers’ measurement 
 of the bore hole, where an error is quite likely to occur, for 
 the most important elements in our calculations. 
 
 “But while the plan adopted secured good results along 
 the main line, which was found to run through with very 
 gratifying accuracy from Parkers to Great Belt City, it is 
 still open to an opportunity for slight disagreements, which, 
 although really of no importance, may make some of the 
 levels appear to lack that strict consistency and relative 
 agreement which are regarded as the proofs of accurate in¬ 
 strumental work. 
 
 “Transverselines must necessarily be run, and these may 
 be for convenience, or thoughtlessly, based by one jiarty on 
 some one of the secondary wells of another party, and the 
 possibility of error may be augmented, perhaps, by taking 
 the casing head as the level point where the derrick floor 
 was previously used, or vice versa. Thus disagreements 
 appear which are not due to instrumental inaccuracies, but 
 to a misunderstanding of hasty or meagre notes. 
 
 “Another difficulty encountered by every engineer who 
 has undertaken this kind of work, is to obtain the names of 
 the wells and their locations so that they can at all times 
 thereafter be identified by himself and others. He may 
 
158 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 learn that this is Smith well No. 1, farm unknown. It is 
 perhaps the only well in the vicinity at the time, and the 
 name seems definite enough. But a few months later some 
 one attempts to connect his levels with Smith No. 1, and 
 he finds that Mr. Smith has a lease on the Jenkins farm 
 and another adjoining on the Jones farm. 
 
 “ There is now a Smith No. 1 on each lease, and which is 
 the well referred to no one can tell to a certainty, but the 
 probabilities are he will be directed to the wrong one, and 
 a disagreement of levels is the result. Then, too, the pump¬ 
 ers frequently have one name for a well while the owners 
 have another, and the name is changed as often as the own¬ 
 ership of the well changes. 
 
 “ But notwithstanding the drawbacks mentioned, the pub¬ 
 lication of these well elevations cannot but be of great ser¬ 
 vice to a large class of oil operators. They give a general 
 idea of the topography of the country, and afford the means 
 of approximate comparisons of levels both of surface and 
 oil sands to those who are acquainted with the localities 
 and the histories of the wells, which could not be obtained 
 in any other way.” 
 
 Wells in the Vicinity of Parker. 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1205* 
 
 J. E. Brown,. 
 
 Parker City,. 
 
 Perry, Arm- 
 
 879 
 
 1206 
 
 Clearfield,. 
 
 Lawrenceburg,. 
 
 strong Co., 
 
 1096 
 
 1207 
 
 Maggie,. 
 
 Farrentown,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1140 
 
 1208 
 
 Parsons,. 
 
 do. . 
 
 do. 
 
 1036 
 
 1209 
 
 Armstead,. 
 
 do. . 
 
 do. 
 
 1140 
 
 1210 
 
 Sulphur Water Well, 
 
 Thoms Run, . 
 
 do. 
 
 942 
 
 1211 
 
 Lioness,. 
 
 Duchess Farm,. 
 
 Allegheny, 
 
 1066 
 
 1212 
 
 Divide or “Vide,” . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 Butler Co., 
 
 1104 
 
 1213 
 
 Forker, No. 1, . . . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1097 
 
 1214 
 
 Cntchlow,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1097 
 
 1215 
 
 Marion,. 
 
 Robinson Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1161 
 
 1216 
 
 Dull,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1174 
 
 1217 
 
 Clifford,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1171 
 
 1218 
 
 Game,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1104 
 
 1219 
 
 Darling. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1102 
 
 1220 
 
 Well, .... 
 
 Columbia Hill,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1452 
 
 1221 
 
 Well, .... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1460 
 
 1222 
 
 Well, .... 
 
 do. do.. 
 
 do. 
 
 1465 
 
 * These figures are the running index numbers of Report 1.1. 
 
OIL WELL ELEVATIONS. 
 
 Y. 159 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1223 
 
 Well, .... 
 
 Columbia Hill,. 
 
 Allegheny, 
 
 1471 
 
 1224 
 
 Well, .... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1464 
 
 1225 
 
 Columbia, No. 3, . . . 
 
 Reddick Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1490 
 
 1226 
 
 Columbia, No. 2, . . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1479 
 
 1227 
 
 Hoopskirt, No. 1, . . 
 
 Robinson (?) Farm, . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1311 
 
 1228 
 
 Hoopskirt, No. 4, . . 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1379 
 
 1229 
 
 Tycoon,. 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1332 
 
 1230 
 
 Booth,. 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1319 
 
 1231 
 
 Exchange,. 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1235 
 
 1232 
 
 Mystic, . .. 
 
 Robinson or Duchess, . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1236 
 
 1233 
 
 Maple Shade, .... 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1290 
 
 1234 
 
 South Side,. 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1319 
 
 1235 
 
 Well, . . 
 
 Black Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1223 
 
 1236 
 
 Well, . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1182 
 
 1237 
 
 Well, . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1184 
 
 1238 
 
 Well, . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1171 
 
 Wells at Stonehouse. 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1239 
 
 Ed. Bennett, No. 1, . . 
 
 Stonehouse Tract, .... 
 
 Parker, 
 
 1015 
 
 1240 
 
 Ed. Bennett, No. 2, . . 
 
 do. do. .... 
 
 do. 
 
 1007 
 
 1241 
 
 Butler, No. 1,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1005 
 
 1242 
 
 Well,. 
 
 Person’s (?) F., N. Bear cr., 
 
 do. 
 
 1149 
 
 Wells near Martinsburg , Campbell and Argyle. 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 / 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1243 
 
 Hart & Hicks, No. 1, . 
 
 H. H. Say Farm,. 
 
 Parker, 
 
 1289 
 
 1244 
 
 Hart & Hicks, No. 2, . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1371 
 
 1245 
 
 Hart & Hicks, No. -, . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1407 
 
 1246 
 
 Cornwall, No. 1, . . . 
 
 Near Martinsburg, .... 
 
 do. 
 
 1319 
 
 1247 
 
 Jacobs.. 
 
 Sedgwick Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1156 
 
 1248 
 
 Billy Patterson, . . . 
 
 Fronsmger Farm, .... 
 
 do. 
 
 1382 
 
 1249 
 
 Jenkins,. 
 
 Say (?) Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1132 
 
 1250 
 
 Rattling Jack, .... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1183 
 
 1251 
 
 Brawley, No. 1, ... 
 
 Fletcher Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1127 
 
 1252 
 
 Arrowsmith,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1129 
 
 1253 
 
 Bennett, No. 1, . . . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1138 
 
 1254 
 
 Wildcat, No. 1, . . . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1135 
 
 1255 
 
 Harrington, No. 1, . . 
 
 Gibson Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1138 
 
 1256 
 
 Rebecca Jane, .... 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1143 
 
 1257 
 
 Ingleside,. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1146 
 
 1258 
 
 Rosebud,. 
 
 
 Fairview, 
 
 1151 
 
 1259 
 
 Harrop & Co., .... 
 
 Harrop Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1149 
 
160 Y 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1260 
 
 Emery & Caldwell, 
 
 No. 1,. 
 
 Emery & Caldwell, 
 No. 4,. 
 
 R. D. Campbell Farm, . . 
 
 Fairview, 
 
 1156 
 
 1261 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1160 
 
 1262 
 
 Robt. Campbell, . . . 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1157 
 
 1263 
 
 Argyle, . 
 
 A. L. Campbell Farm, . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1163 
 
 1264 
 
 Satterfield &, Taylor, . 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1162 
 
 1265 
 
 Bly & Rowley, No. 2, . 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1171 
 
 1266 
 
 Good Enough, No. 1, . 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1164 
 
 1267 
 
 Good Enough, No. 2, . 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1171 
 
 1268 
 
 A. L. Campbell, No. 3, 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1171 
 
 1269 
 
 A. L. Campbell, No. -, 
 
 do. do, . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1168 
 
 1270 
 
 Lady Campbell, . . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1166 
 
 Wells near Petrolia and Karns City . 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 12tl 
 
 Shidemantle, .... 
 
 Petrolia,. 
 
 Fairview, 
 
 1171 
 
 1272 
 
 Lightfoot, ..... 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1175 
 
 1273 
 
 S. N. Delap, No. 1. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1177 
 
 1274 
 
 Nesbit & Lardin, No. 1, 
 
 J. Blaney Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1179 
 
 1275 
 
 Nesbit & Lardin, No. 3, 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1188 
 
 1276 
 
 Nesbit&Lardin, No. 5, 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1181 
 
 1277 
 
 Hazlewood Co., No. -, 
 
 Blaney or Slieakley Farm, 
 
 do. 
 
 1198 
 
 1278 
 
 Plazlewood Co., No. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1176 
 
 1279 
 
 Ralph,. 
 
 W. A. Wilson Farm, . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1190 
 
 1280 
 
 Spence,. 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1206 
 
 1281 
 
 Hazlewood, No. 8, . . 
 
 IT. P. Sheakley Farm, . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1189 
 
 1282 
 
 Hazlewood, No. 13, . . 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1226 
 
 1283 
 
 Hazlewood, No. 21, . . 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1298 
 
 1284 
 
 Hazlewood, No. —, . . 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1202 
 
 1285 
 
 Slieakley, No. 1, . . . 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1214 
 
 1286 
 
 Say, No. 1,. 
 
 Mrs. Smith’s Farm, 
 
 do. 
 
 1185 
 
 1287 
 
 Say, No. 2,. 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1184 
 
 1288 
 
 Smith & Thompson, . 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1206 
 
 1289 
 
 Perdue, No. 1, . . . . 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1192 
 
 1290 
 
 Perdue, No. 2, . . . . 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1191 
 
 1291 
 
 Preston Water Well, . 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1196 
 
 1292 
 
 Christian & Cameron, 
 
 Hazlewood Oil Co. Tract, 
 
 do. 
 
 1210 
 
 1293 
 
 McDonald,. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1187 
 
 1294 
 
 Frothingham, No. 1, . 
 
 M. Banks Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1198 
 
 1295 
 
 Banks, No. 1, .... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1196 
 
 1296 
 
 Banks, No. 2, .... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1197 
 
 1297 
 
 Mattison & McDonald, 
 
 McClyman’s Farm, . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1244 
 
 1298 
 
 Rob Roy,. 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1221 
 
 1299 
 
 McClymans, No. 7, . . 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1297 
 
 1300 
 
 Nesbit & Lardin, No. 2, 
 
 Jamieson Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1185 
 
 1301 
 
 Templeton. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1222 
 
 1302 
 
 Banks&Gaily, . . . . 
 
 W. Scott Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1221 
 
 ]303 
 
 Tack&Moroliead,No.l, 
 
 McAlear (?) Farm, . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1233 
 
 1304 
 
 Tack &Morehead,No.2, 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1229 
 
OIL WELL ELEVATIONS 
 
 Y. 161 
 
 Wells near Petrolia and Fairvieio. 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1305 
 
 Jennings, No. 5, . . . 
 
 Dougherty Farm, .... 
 
 Fairview, 
 
 1217 
 
 1306 
 
 Reed,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1222 
 
 1807 
 
 Newton. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1231 
 
 1308 
 
 Evans, No. 21, ... . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1393 
 
 1309 
 
 Hornet,. 
 
 McCleary Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1284 
 
 1310 
 
 Spider,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1264 
 
 1311 
 
 Dougherty, No. 2, . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1327 
 
 1312 
 
 Mitchell, No. 2, ... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1317 
 
 1313 
 
 Strickland & Fuller, . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1322 
 
 1314 
 
 Cleminger & Maxwell, 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1399 
 
 1315 
 
 Sutton, No. 4, .... 
 
 P. Sutton Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1436 
 
 1316 
 
 Mary Ann,. 
 
 W. Wilson Farm, .... 
 
 do. 
 
 1288 
 
 1317 
 
 Lauretta, No. 1, ... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1254 
 
 1318 
 
 Lauretta, No. 2, ... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1324 
 
 1319 
 
 Hope,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1269 
 
 1320 
 
 Shanghai,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1306 
 
 1321 
 
 Anderson,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1360 
 
 1322 
 
 Mayville, No. 2, . . . 
 
 Mayville Tract,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1374 
 
 1323 
 
 Mayville, No. 4 ? . . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1331 
 
 1324 
 
 Patton, No. 2, .... 
 
 Patton Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1369 
 
 Wells near Modoc and Greece City. 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1325 
 
 Down East, No. 1, . . 
 
 D. C. Rankin Farm, . . . 
 
 Concord, 
 
 1246 
 
 1326 
 
 Down East, No. 2, . . 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1220 
 
 1327 
 
 Dougherty, No. -, . . 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1219 
 
 1328 
 
 Dougherty, No. -, . . 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1237 
 
 1329 
 
 Maggie,. 
 
 Ralston Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1249 
 
 1330 
 
 Frank,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1224 
 
 1331 
 
 Hare,. 
 
 J. Starr Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1248 
 
 1332 
 
 Osceola,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1219 
 
 1333 
 
 Maud Jack,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1220 
 
 1334 
 
 Brawl ey & Overy, . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1239 
 
 1335 
 
 Modoc. 
 
 S. Troutman Farm, . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1227 
 
 1336 
 
 Hope, No. 2,. 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1228 
 
 1337 
 
 Hope, No. 1,. 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1229 
 
 1338 
 
 High Flyer,. 
 
 do. do. . . , 
 
 do. 
 
 1231 
 
 1339 
 
 Dead Beat,. 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1277 
 
 1340 
 
 Mohawk, . 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1273 
 
 1341 
 
 Forest City,. 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1272 
 
 1342 
 
 Smith,. 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1249 
 
 1343 
 
 Hooker Jim,. 
 
 J. Sutton Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1249 
 
 1344 
 
 Sutton,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1261 
 
 1345 
 
 Darrar,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1286 
 
 1346 
 
 Lady Sutton,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1268 
 
 1347 
 
 Columbia Oil Co.,No. 2, 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1281 
 
 1348 
 
 Columbia Oil Co.,No. -, 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1288 
 
 11 Y. 
 
162 V 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1349 
 
 Gordon, No. 19, ... 
 
 S. McClelland Farm, . . . 
 
 Concord, 
 
 1281 
 
 1350 
 
 Miller Oil Co., No. 1, . 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1254 
 
 1351 
 
 Lady McClelland, . . 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1269 
 
 1352 
 
 Glade,. 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1253 
 
 1353 
 
 Hoover,. 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1220 
 
 1354 
 
 McClelland, No. 1, . . 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1200 
 
 1355 
 
 Preston, . 
 
 W. Brown Farm, . . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1185 
 
 1356 
 
 Maggie, No. 1, . . . . 
 
 G. Barnliart Farm, . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1170 
 
 1357 
 
 Denny, . 
 
 G. R. Campbell Farm, . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1164 
 
 1358 
 
 Gordon,. 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1161 
 
 1359 
 
 Collins’ Bros., .... 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1142 
 
 1360 
 
 Roberts, . 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1147 
 
 1361 
 
 Woods & Ripley, No. 1, 
 
 D. Barnhart Farm, . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1137 
 
 1362 
 
 Woods&Ripley, No. 2, 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1137 
 
 1363 
 
 Big Medicine, .... 
 
 J. C. Brown (heirs) Farm, 
 
 do. 
 
 1179 
 
 1364 
 
 Olive,. 
 
 Jamieson Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1123 
 
 1365 
 
 Sadie,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1122 
 
 1366 
 
 Mary Ann, . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1117 
 
 1367 
 
 Constable, No. 1, . . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1122 
 
 1368 
 
 Roberts,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1142 
 
 1369 
 
 Morrison, No. 1, . . 
 
 Morrison Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1110 
 
 1370 
 
 Morrison, No. -, . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1113 
 
 1371 
 
 Karns,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1111 
 
 1372 
 
 Red Cross,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1105 
 
 1373 
 
 Invincible,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1110 
 
 1374 
 
 Preston, No. 1, ... 
 
 ?. 
 
 do. 
 
 1102 
 
 1375 
 
 Huselton,. 
 
 Huselton Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1134 
 
 Wells east of Petrolia. 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1376 
 
 School House, No. 1, . 
 
 W. W. McDermott Farm, 
 
 Fairview, 
 
 1217 
 
 1377 
 
 McGarvey, No. 1, . . 
 
 McGarvey Farm, .... 
 
 do. 
 
 1273 
 
 1378 
 
 McGarvey, No. —, . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1225 
 
 1379 
 
 Forman, No. 3,? . . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1354 
 
 1380 
 
 Boyle, No. 1,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1354 
 
 1381 
 
 Boyle, No. 2,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1294 
 
 1382 
 
 Boyle, No. 3,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1330 
 
 1383 
 
 Boyle, No. 4,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1350 
 
 1384 
 
 Morehead & Lardin, 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 2, . 
 
 Mortimer Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1420 
 
 1385 
 
 Kerns, No. 6, . . . . . 
 
 Snow Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1464 
 
 1386 
 
 H. L. T. & Co., No. — 
 
 Carner Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1347 
 
 1387 
 
 H. L. T. & Co., No. 3, 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1404 
 
 1388 
 
 Well, . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1366 
 
 1389 
 
 Lone Star, No. 1, . . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1362 
 
 1390 
 
 Jennings, No. 5, . . . 
 
 Steele Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1466 
 
 1391 
 
 Jennings, No. 4, . . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1462 
 
 1392 
 
 Boss,. 
 
 J. Parker Farm. 
 
 Perry, Arm- 
 
 1279 
 
 1393 
 
 Cummings, No. 1, . . 
 
 Adam Peters’ Farm, . . . 
 
 strong Co., 
 
 1230 
 
OIL WELL ELEVATIONS. 
 
 Y. 163 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1394 
 
 Hunter & Cummings, 
 No. 9,. 
 
 Crawford Farm,. 
 
 Perry, 
 
 1384 
 
 1395 
 
 Hunter & Cummings, 
 No. 10,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1320 
 
 1396 
 
 Hunter & Cummings, 
 
 No. 11,. 
 
 B. B. I. Co., No. 4, . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1392 
 
 1397 
 
 B. Bend Tract,. 
 
 Brady’s B., 
 
 850 
 
 1398 
 
 B. B. I. Co,, No. 5, . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 Armst’g co., 
 
 852 
 
 1399 
 
 B. B. I. Co., No. 12, . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 972 
 
 Wells near Karns City and Millerstown. 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1400 
 
 Emerson & McCloud, 
 No. 1,. 
 
 L. Riddle Farm,. 
 
 Fair view 
 
 1249 
 
 1401 
 
 Emerson & McCloud, 
 No. 2,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1244 
 
 1402 
 
 Grace,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1236 
 
 1403 
 
 Riddle, No. 16, ... . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1238 
 
 1404 
 
 Say, No. 1,. 
 
 Kincaid Farm, ..... 
 
 do. 
 
 1240 
 
 1405 
 
 Say, No. 5,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1244 
 
 1406 
 
 Say, No. 7, . 
 
 do. dc. 
 
 do. 
 
 1299 
 
 1407 
 
 Kincaid,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1281 
 
 1408 
 
 Thompson,. 
 
 A. Ford Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1338 
 
 1409 
 
 Prentice, No. —, . . . 
 
 do. do, ..... 
 
 do. 
 
 1371 
 
 1410 
 
 Prentice, No. —, . . . 
 Saulsbury,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1371 
 
 1411 
 
 J. B. Campbell Farm, . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1292 
 
 1412 
 
 Bott Bros., No. —, . . 
 
 J. P. Campbell Farm, . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1374 
 
 1413 
 
 Angel, No. 6, . . . 
 
 J. Moore Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1297 
 
 1414 
 
 Angel, No. 9, ... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1399 
 
 1415 
 
 Lady Moore,. 
 
 McVey & Co., No. 1, . 
 
 W. Moore Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1276 
 
 1416 
 
 do. do.j 
 
 do. 
 
 1364 
 
 1417 
 
 Keystone,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1393 
 
 1418 
 
 Hogan,. 
 
 B. B. Seibert Farm, . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1318 
 
 1419 
 
 Seibert,. 
 
 Seibert Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1385 
 
 1420 
 
 Uncle Hiram, .... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1387 
 
 1421 
 
 Slieakley, No, 2, . . . 
 
 Sheakley ? Farm, .... 
 
 Donegal, 
 
 1388 
 
 1422 
 
 Sheakley, No. —, . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1186 
 
 1423 
 
 Wyatt, No. —, . . . . 
 
 D. Barnhart Farm, .... 
 
 Fairview, 
 
 1319 
 
 1424 
 
 Gordon Bros., .... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1270 
 
 1425 
 
 Wyatt, No. —, . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1276 
 
 1426 
 
 Marcus Brownson. . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1303 
 
 1427 
 
 Bennett, ...... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1277 
 
 1428 
 
 Old Boyer,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1259 
 
 1429 
 
 D. Barnhardt, No. 2, . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1201 
 
 1430 
 
 Scudder,. 
 
 Kepple Farm,. 
 
 Daubenspeck Farm, . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1332 
 
 1431 
 
 McGill,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1310 
 
 1432 
 
 McMichael,. 
 
 P. McDermott Farm, . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1342 
 
 1433 
 
 Cherry Tree,. 
 
 Hemphill Farm,. 
 
 Donegal, 
 
 1322 
 
 1434 
 
 J. Barnhart, .... 
 
 Barnhart ? Farm, .... 
 
 do. 
 
 1169 
 
 1435 
 
 F. Barnhart,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1194 
 
 1436 
 
 Preston,. 
 
 J. Hemphill Farm, .... 
 
 do. 
 
 1168 
 
164 V, 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 « 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1437 
 
 Little Joe,. 
 
 J. Hemphill Farm, . . . 
 
 Donegal, 
 
 1164 
 
 1438 
 
 Shreve, No. ?,.... 
 
 A. Stewart Farm, .... 
 
 do. 
 
 1195 
 
 1439 
 
 Shreve, No. 1, . . . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1210 
 
 1440 
 
 Blue Factory, .... 
 
 Sheakley (heirs) Farm, . 
 
 do. 
 
 1172 
 
 1441 
 
 McKinney, No. 2, . . 
 
 Hemphill (heirs) Farm?, 
 
 do. 
 
 1163 
 
 1442 
 
 McKinney, No. 4, . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1179 
 
 1443 
 
 McKinney, No. —, . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1191 
 
 1444 
 
 Stoughton,. 
 
 Widow Hemphill Farm, . 
 
 do. 
 
 1176 
 
 1445 
 
 Captain Jack, .... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1189 
 
 1446 
 
 Shite Poke, No. 1, . . 
 
 Frederick Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1172 
 
 1447 
 
 Warner,. 
 
 Warner Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1202 
 
 1448 
 
 McClintock,. 
 
 Millerstown,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1156 
 
 1449 
 
 McCullough, .... 
 
 do. . 
 
 do. 
 
 1156 
 
 1450 
 
 Brown & Kiss, .... 
 
 do. . 
 
 do. 
 
 1164 
 
 1451 
 
 Brown & Co., .... 
 
 do. . 
 
 do. 
 
 1160 
 
 1452 
 
 Thompson & Mechlin, 
 
 Fetzer & Myers Tract, . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1162 
 
 1453 
 
 Mechlin, No. 1. . . . 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1170 
 
 1454 
 
 McKinney Bros., . . 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1171 
 
 1455 
 
 Ida,. 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1203 
 
 1456 
 
 Tom Collins,. 
 
 do. do. . 
 
 do. 
 
 1216 
 
 1457 
 
 Galey,. 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1229 
 
 Wells between Millerstown and St. Joe. 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1458 
 
 McKinney, No. —, . 
 
 
 Hemphill (heirs) 
 
 Farm, . 
 
 Donegal, 
 
 1225 
 
 1459 
 
 McKinney, No. 12, . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1277 
 
 1460 
 
 McKinney, No. 13, . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1304 
 
 1461 
 
 McKinney, No. 17, . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1366 
 
 1462 
 
 McKinney, No. 19, . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1387 
 
 1463 
 
 Angel Gas Well, . . 
 
 
 Dugan Farm, . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1295 
 
 1464 
 
 Diviner, No. 1, . . . 
 
 
 Diviner Farm, . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1262 
 
 1465 
 
 Diviner, No. 2, . . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1279 
 
 1466 
 
 Diviner, No. 3, ? . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1379 
 
 1467 
 
 Diviner, No. 3, ? . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1302 
 
 1468 
 
 Diviner, No. 4, . . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1332 
 
 1469 
 
 Diviner, No. 5, . . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1375 
 
 1470 
 
 Diviner, No. 6, . . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1385 
 
 1471 
 
 Diviner, No. 7, . . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1374 
 
 1472 
 
 Grace, S. & T., . . . 
 
 
 Fetzer & Myers Tract, . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1381 
 
 1473 
 
 Grace, F. & M., . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. do. . . 
 
 * do. 
 
 1402 
 
 1474 
 
 Weiser,. 
 
 
 McGiniey Farm, . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1350 
 
 1475 
 
 Caldwell & Emery, 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1357 
 
 1476 
 
 Shamburg & O’ Hara, 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1397 
 
 1477 
 
 Prentice, No. 1, . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1411 
 
 L478 
 
 Prentice, No. 2, . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1374 
 
 1479 
 
 Prentice, No. 3, . . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1404 
 
 1480 
 
 Adams & Friday, . 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1379 
 
 1481 
 
 McGiniey, No. 3, . . 
 
 • 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 1393 
 
 1482 
 
 Black Maria, .... 
 
 
 do. 
 
 do. r ., 
 
 • • • • 
 
 do. 
 
 1353 
 
OIL WELL ELEVATIONS 
 
 y. 165 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Towmship. 
 
 Elevation 
 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1483 
 
 Busted Ring, .... 
 
 McGinley Farm, . ... . . . 
 
 Donegal, 
 
 1330 
 
 1484 
 
 Hart & Conkle, . . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1348 
 
 1485 
 
 Relief, No. 1, .... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1409 
 
 I486 
 
 Relief, No. 2, .... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1368 
 
 1487 
 
 Hunter, No. 1, . . . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1294 
 
 1488 
 
 Hunter, No. 2 , ... . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1295 
 
 1489 
 
 Scudder,. 
 
 ? . 
 
 do. 
 
 1264 
 
 1490 
 
 Smith,. 
 
 Overy, No. 12, ... . 
 
 Dugan (?) Farm, .... 
 E. Duffy Farm, ..... 
 
 do. 
 
 1382 
 
 1491 
 
 do. 
 
 1369 
 
 1492 
 
 O’Reilly, . 
 
 do do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1339 
 
 1493 
 
 M’Allister, No. 1, . . 
 
 McAllister Farm, .... 
 
 do. 
 
 1318 
 
 1494 
 
 McAllister, No. 3, . . 
 McAllister, No. 5, . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1389 
 
 1495 
 
 do. do. . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1353 
 
 1496 
 
 Overy, No. 2, .... 
 
 McLaughlin Farm, . . . 
 
 do. 
 
 1861 
 
 1497 
 
 Overy, No. 6, .... 
 
 do. do . 
 
 do. 
 
 1385 
 
 1498 
 
 Overy, No. —, ... . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1355 
 
 1499 
 
 Overy, No. —, . . . . 
 
 Murphy Farm,. 
 
 Gillespie Farm, ..... 
 
 do. 
 
 1292 
 
 1500 
 
 Gillespie,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1329 
 
 1501 
 
 Burchfield, No. —, . . 
 
 do. do . 
 
 do. 
 
 1321 
 
 1502 
 
 Prentice, . 
 
 C. Duffy Farm, . 
 
 do. 
 
 1289 
 
 1503 
 
 Lechner, . 
 
 Lechner Farm, . 
 
 do. 
 
 1359 
 
 1504 
 
 Tanner, . 
 
 McGuire Farm, . 
 
 do. 
 
 1316 
 
 1505 
 
 Showalter, . 
 
 do. do . 
 
 do. 
 
 1363 
 
 1506 
 
 Oakland, No. 4, . . . 
 Bronson & Harrington, 
 
 do. do . 
 
 do. 
 
 1361 
 
 1507 
 
 Boyd Farm, . 
 
 do. 
 
 1367 
 
 1508 
 
 Bronson & Harrington , 
 No.—, . 
 
 do. do . 
 
 do. 
 
 1389 
 
 1509 
 
 Bronson & Harrington, 
 
 do. do . 
 
 do. 
 
 1400 
 
 1510 
 
 Riddle or Overy,No. 5, 
 
 P. Murphy Farm, .... 
 
 do. 
 
 1371 
 
 1511 
 
 Mead, No. 2, . 
 
 J. Now Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1385 
 
 1512 
 
 Mead, No. 3, . 
 
 do. do . 
 
 do. 
 
 1390 
 
 1513 
 
 Mead, No. 1 ,. 
 
 do. do . 
 
 do. 
 
 1294 
 
 1514 
 
 Bulger, . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1368 
 
 1515 
 
 Shidemantle, .... 
 
 P. McGuire Farm, .... 
 
 do. 
 
 1399 
 
 1516 
 
 Maid, No. —, .... 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1316 
 
 1517 
 
 Maid, No. —, . . . . 
 
 do. do . 
 
 do. 
 
 1366 
 
 1518 
 
 Emerson, . 
 
 J. Neff Farm, . 
 
 do. 
 
 1388 
 
 1519 
 
 Bulger, . 
 
 J. Graham Farm, .... 
 
 do. 
 
 1346 
 
 1520 
 
 Armor, . 
 
 do. do . 
 
 do. 
 
 1400 
 
 1521 
 
 Burchfield, . 
 
 Graham (?) Farm, .... 
 
 do. 
 
 1379 
 
 1522 
 
 Well, No. 3, . . . 
 
 do. do . 
 
 do. 
 
 1346 
 
 Wells at Jeffersonville and Herman Station. 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1530 
 
 Humes, No. 1, . . . . 
 
 Humes Farm,. 
 
 Clearfield, 
 
 1124 
 
 1531 
 
 Humes, No. 2 , ... . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1161 
 
 1532 
 
 Summit, (No. 1,) . . 
 
 Eichenlaub Farm, .... 
 
 Summit, 
 
 1326 
 
 1533 
 
 Herman Oil Co., No. 2, 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1281 
 
 1534 
 
 Hunter,. 
 
 Schnure Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1191 
 
 1535 
 
 Kirk & Dilworth, . . 
 
 Bingham Farm,. 
 
 J efferson, 
 
 1263 
 
166 Y. 
 
 EEPOET OF PEOGEESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Wells near St. Joe and Carlton Centre. 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Township. 
 
 Elevation 
 
 ab. ocean. 
 
 1523 
 
 Bonanza,. 
 
 O’Donnell Farm,. 
 
 Donegal, 
 
 1398 
 
 1524 
 
 Fletcher, No. 3, . . . 
 
 P. Duffy Farm,. 
 
 do. 
 
 1212 
 
 1525 
 
 Weiser,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1216 
 
 1526 
 
 Burns Gas Well, . . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1298 
 
 1527 
 
 Prentice, No. 3, . . . 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1309 
 
 1528 
 
 Shirley,. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. 
 
 1222 
 
 1529 
 
 K.Thompson Gas W ell, 
 
 Eobt. Thompson Farm, . 
 
 Clearfield, 
 
 1162 
 
 § 87. Oil Well Records. 
 
 The following well records have been taken from Report 
 1.1, and are here reproduced to illustrate the general strati¬ 
 graphy of the Butler County Oil District. 
 
 Where coal beds are reported in these records I have in¬ 
 serted their names, but otherwise the records remain un¬ 
 changed in the “Drillers’ Nomenclature.” A “shell” 
 is any hard stratum encountered by the drill, and is 
 generally a thin band of muddy or silicious sandstone, 
 often pebbly: “SS.” is an abbreviation for sand or sand¬ 
 stone, and “soapstone” is the driller’s name for shale, or 
 soft slaty shale. The term “Red Rock’- 2 explains itself. 
 
 These records are all very reliable ones, and correctly rep¬ 
 resent the thicknesses and character of the various rocks 
 passed through. 
 
 The six detailed records numbered from (1199) to (1204) 
 were carefully kept by Mr. John H. Carll, who preserved 
 sand-pumpings from each stratum, and accurately meas¬ 
 ured their depth with a steel wire. They are fully described 
 in Report 1.1.1. 
 
 It will be observed that these wells are numbered on the 
 left side by the original running numbers of report 1.1. 
 
 (1130) Columbia Oil Co. Well No. J h 
 
 January 10, 1876. 
 
 On Reddick Farm, Columbia Hill, two miles N. W. of 
 
OIL WELL RECORDS. 
 
 Y. 167 
 
 Parker, in Allegheny Township, Butler County. Author¬ 
 ity, Columbia Oil Company. 
 
 u 
 
 © 
 
 > 
 
 • p-H . 
 
 C£ ® 
 
 QJ 
 
 U ’h 
 © © 
 
 cS 
 
 © 
 
 ffl 
 
 Well mouth above ocean in feet,. 
 
 Conductor, clay,.. 
 
 Slate, black,. 
 
 Limestone, black, . Ferriferous Limestone, 
 
 Soapstone,.. 
 
 SS., 60' rock,. 
 
 Slate, hard shells, gray, . 
 
 SS., fine grained, hard and gray,. 
 
 Slate, black, . 
 
 Slate, shelly,. 
 
 Mountain SS.,. 
 
 Slate, with gray shells,. 
 
 SS., gray, hard, . 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 Slate, white,. 
 
 1st SS., with some gas,. 
 
 Red rock,. 
 
 2d SS., oil show,. 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 SS.,. 
 
 Soapstone,. 
 
 SS.,. 
 
 Soapstone,. 
 
 SS.,. 
 
 . 18 to 
 
 18 = 
 
 . 70 to 
 
 88 = 
 
 . 10 to 
 
 98 = 
 
 . 57 to 
 
 155 = 
 
 f 60 to 
 
 215 = 
 
 60 to 
 
 275 = 
 
 10 to 
 
 285 = 
 
 ^ 20 to 
 
 305 = 
 
 45 to 
 
 350 = 
 
 1100 to 
 
 450 = 
 
 . 300 to 
 
 750 = 
 
 
 770 = 
 
 
 890 = 
 
 . 55 to 
 
 945 = 
 
 . 60 to 
 
 1005 = 
 
 35 to 1040 = 
 40 to 1080 = 
 2 to 1082 = 
 35 to 1117 = 
 23 to 1140 = 
 28 to 1168 = 
 30 to 1198 = 
 8 to 1206 = 
 
 Soapstone,. 2 to 1208 = 
 
 SS., .12 to 1220 = 
 
 Soapstone,...30 to 1250 = 
 
 3d SS., . *..27 to 1277 = 
 
 Slate,.pocket, 3 to 1280 = 
 
 Drilled dry. Cased at 291'. Gas sufficient to fire 5 boil¬ 
 ers. Best oil indications at 1259'. Best production, 15 bar¬ 
 rels per day. Average to August, 1876, 3J barrels per day. 
 Green oil. 
 
 (1139) Gibson & Ecock Well. 
 
 On Fronsinger farm, Parker township, Butler county. 
 Authority, Edward Casey. 
 
 Well mouth above ocean in feet, . . . 
 
 Clay,. 
 
 Surface SS,. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 SS., white,. 
 
 COAL,.Freeport Lower, . 
 
 SS., dark, 15'; white, 35 . dark, 5', . . . 
 COAL,.Kittanning Upper, 
 
 
 
 1382 
 
 14 to 
 
 14 = 
 
 1368 
 
 15 to 
 
 29 = 
 
 1353 
 
 51 to 
 
 80 = 
 
 1302 
 
 7 to 
 
 87 = 
 
 1295 
 
 3 to 
 
 90 = 
 
 1292 
 
 55 to 
 
 145 = 
 
 1237 
 
 5 to 
 
 150 = 
 
 1232 
 
168 y 
 
 REPOET OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Limestone, . . Ferriferous Limestone, 
 
 BluffSS., -‘B,” 
 
 SS. 
 
 ss„ 
 
 Slate, 
 
 . 3 to 153 — 
 
 1229 
 
 . 132 to 285 — 
 
 1097 
 
 . 15 to 300 = 
 
 1032 
 
 . 3 to 303 — 
 
 1079 
 
 . GOto 353 — 
 
 1019 
 
 . 37 to 400 — 
 
 982 
 
 . 45 to 445 — 
 
 937 
 
 . 19 to 464 — 
 
 918 
 
 . 10 to 474 — 
 
 908 
 
 . 18 to 492 — 
 
 890 
 
 . 6 to 498 — 
 
 884 
 
 ,) 144 to 642 — 
 
 740 
 
 . 30 to 672 — 
 
 710 
 
 . 20 to 692 — 
 
 690 
 
 . 15 to 707 — 
 
 675 
 
 . 12 to 719 — 
 
 663 
 
 . 30 to 749 — 
 
 633 
 
 . 25 to 774 — 
 
 608 
 
 . 20 to 794 — 
 
 588 
 
 . 31 to 825 — 
 
 557 
 
 . 12 to 837 — 
 
 545 
 
 . 85 to 922== 
 
 460 
 
 . 2 to 924 — 
 
 458 
 
 . 135 to 1059 — 
 
 323 
 
 . 3 to 1062 — 
 
 320 
 
 . 90 to 1152 — 
 
 230 
 
 . 2 to 1154 — 
 
 228 
 
 . 6 to 1160 — 
 
 222 
 
 . 10 to 1170 — 
 
 212 
 
 . 2 to 1172 — 
 
 210 
 
 . 15 to 1187 — 
 
 195 
 
 . 2 to 1189 — 
 
 193 
 
 . 8 to 1197 — 
 
 185 
 
 . 4 to 1201 — 
 
 181 
 
 . 9 to 1210 — 
 
 172 
 
 . 10 to 1220 — 
 
 162 
 
 . 15 to 1235 — 
 
 147 
 
 . 25 to 1260 — 
 
 122 
 
 . 30 to 1290 — 
 
 92 
 
 . 5 to 1295 = 
 
 87 
 
 . 5 to 1300 — 
 
 82 
 
 . 12 to 1312 — 
 
 70 
 
 . 4 to 1316 — 
 
 66 
 
 . 7 to 1323 — 
 
 59 
 
 . 12 to 1335 — 
 
 47 
 
 . 10 to 1345 — 
 
 + 37 
 
 . 4 to 1349 — 
 
 + 33 
 
 . 2 to 1351 — 
 
 + 31 
 
 . 10 to 1361 — 
 
 + 21 
 
 . 12 to 1373 — 
 
 + 9 
 
 . 4 to 1377 — 
 
 + 5 
 
 . 6 to 1383 — 
 
 — 1 
 
OIL WELL RECORDS. 
 
 Y. 169 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 SS.,. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 SS.,. 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 SS., oil sandrock, 
 
 3 to 1386 = — 4 
 
 4 to 1390 = — 8 
 3 to 1393 ==— 11 
 6 to 1399 = — 17 
 3 to 1402 = — 20 
 
 16 to 1418 = — 36 
 
 (1170.) Mattison and McDonald Well. 
 
 December 4, 1875. 
 
 OnMcClyman’s farm, Fairview township, Butler county. 
 
 Authority, John Davitt. 
 
 «/ ' 
 
 Well mouth above ocean in feet. 
 
 Conductor (?) 10', shale 4', coal!',. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 Coal, .... Kittaimiug Upper, .... 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 Bluff SS. (Sandstone,). 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 Limestone, . . . Ferriferous Uimestoue, 
 
 Slate,.. . 
 
 SS. forty foot rock, . 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 Mountain SS.,. 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 1st SS.,. 
 
 Slate,.. 
 
 SS.,. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 2d SS.,. 
 
 Bed Bock, . 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 SS., Blue Monday,. 
 
 Bed Bock,. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 SS., boulder,. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 Stray 3d SS.,. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 3d SS.,. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 Stray 4th SS.,. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 4th SS., 20' in sand,. 
 
 .+1244 
 
 18 to 18 = +1226 
 23 to 41 = +1203 
 
 4 to 45 = +1199 
 25 to 70 = +1174 
 75 to 145 = +1099 
 20 to 165 = +1079 
 20 to 185 = +1059 
 
 143 to 328 = + 916 
 40 to 368 = + 876 
 110 to 478 = + 766 
 150 to 628 = + 616 
 122 to 750 = + 494 
 20 to 770 = + 474 
 200 to 970 = + 274 
 10 to 980 = + 264 
 185 to 1165 = + 79 
 20 to 1185=+ 59 
 
 5 to 1190 = + 54 
 80 to 1270.= — 26 
 10 to 1280 = - 36 
 20 to 1300 =— 56 
 20 to 1320 = — 76 
 10 to 1330 = — 86 
 20 to 1350 = — 106 
 25 to 1375 = — 131 
 15 to 1390 = — 146 
 12 to 1402 = — 158 
 58 to 1460 = — 216 
 
 8 to 1468 = — 224 
 
 2 to 1470 = — 226 
 20 to 1490 = — 246 
 
 Cased at 470'. Gas sufficient to fire one boiler. 
 
 Best production, 75 barrels per day. Amber green oil. 
 
170 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 {1173.) Mead Well. 
 
 On Now farm, near St. Joe, Donegal township, Butler 
 
 county. Authority, Mr. Wyatt; from memory. 
 
 Well mouth above ocean in feet,.-{-1294 
 
 ? ..40 to 40 = -fl254 
 
 Coal, .Millerstown Bed, ... 5 to 45 = +1249 
 
 ?. 300 to 345 = 4- 949 
 
 Limestone, . . . Ferriferous Limestone, ... 20 to 365 = + 929 
 
 ?.35 to 400 = + 894 
 
 SS., 60' rock,.60 to 460 = + 834 
 
 ?.35 to 495 = -f 799 
 
 SS., 40' rock,.40 to 535 = + 759 
 
 Slate.20 to 555 = + 739 
 
 Mountain SS. Cased at 537',.175 to 730 = + 564 
 
 Slate,... 405 to 1135 = + 159 
 
 1st SS.,.25 to 1160 = + 134 
 
 Slate,.110 to 1270 = 4- 24 
 
 2d SS. (Second Sandstone,).25 to 1295 = — 1 
 
 Red rock,. 5 to 1300 = — 6 
 
 SS., 50' rock,.40 to 1340 = — 46 
 
 Slate,.20 to 1360 = — 66 
 
 SS., 30' rock,.25 to 1385 =— 91 
 
 Slate,.40 to 1425 = — 131 
 
 SS., boulder,.20 to 1445 = — 151 
 
 Slate,.10 to 1455 = — 161 
 
 SS., Blue Monday,. 5 to 1460 = — 166 
 
 Slate,.40 to 1500 = — 206 
 
 Stray 3d SS.,.30 to 1530 = — 236 
 
 Slate,.25 to 1555 = — 261 
 
 3d SS., 10' in sand,.. . 10 to 1565 = — 271 
 
 Jr 
 
 (1175.) Thompson Gas Well. 
 
 Robert Thompson farm, Clearfield township, Butler 
 county, 2 miles south oh St. Joe, and adjoining the Easter¬ 
 ling farm. Drilled in 1875. Authority, S. McGara. 
 
 Well mouth above ocean in feet,. -{-1162 
 
 Conductor,.15 to 15 =+1147 
 
 Slate,. 8 to 23 = +1139 
 
 SS., surface sandstone, coal show 30',.100 to 123 = +1039 
 
 Slate, good drilling,.92 to 215 = + 947 
 
 Limestone, soft and poor—Ferrif. Limestone, 15 to 230 =+ 932 
 
 Slate, good drilling,.60 to 290 = + 872 
 
 SS. (Sandstone), white, “open,”.40 to 330 =+ 832 
 
 Slate,.60 to 390 = + 772 
 
 SS., “60'SS.,”.90 to 480 =+ 682 
 
 Slate,.50 to 530 =+ 632 
 
 Mt. SS., little salt water top and bottom,.210 to 740 = + 422 
 
OIL WELL RECORDS. 
 
 Y. 171 
 
 Slate,.100 to 840 = -f 322 
 
 SS., little salt water and gas,.22 to 862 = 300 
 
 Slate, shelly,. 150 to 1012 = -j- 150 
 
 SS., very hard,.22 to 1034 — -f- 128 
 
 Slate, shelly,.143 to 1177 = — 15 
 
 SS., \fery dark, little salt water,.15 to 1192 = — 30 
 
 Red rock, very hard,. 7 to 1199 =— 37 
 
 Slate, . 8 to 1207 =— 45 
 
 SS., •*50' rock,” top, hard; bottom, soft,.50 to 1257 =— 95 
 
 Slate,.20 to 1277 = — 115 
 
 SS., “30' rock,” red at bottom,.20 to 1297 =— 135 
 
 Slate, .60 to 1357 = — 195 
 
 SS., white,. 5 to 1362 - 200 
 
 Red rock, hard,.15 to 1377 = — 215 
 
 SS., boulder,.10 to 1387 = — 225 
 
 Slate, . 38 to 1425 = — 263 
 
 SS., “Corn-meal” or stray, good, .21 to 1446 =— 284 
 
 Slate, .10 to 1456 - 294 
 
 3d SS., (measured,).30 to 1486 - 324 
 
 ? . . ..52 to 1538 = — 376 
 
 4th SS., gas, no oil,.20? to 1558? = — 396 
 
 Drilled dry. Cased at 461'. Tlie Bd SS. was full of small 
 pebbles near its top, but became fine, white and sharp 
 toward the bottom. Oil was struck near the top of this 
 sand. The well was tubed and pumped for four months, 
 producing eight barrels per day of good lively oil. The 
 tubing was then drawn and the drill run down to the 4th 
 SS., which was found at 1,588'. A powerful vein of gas 
 was encountered here, the rig caught fire and burned down, 
 and as there is no oil with the gas the well is now only 
 used as a gas well, supplying fuel to 15 or 20 boilers in the 
 neighborhood. 
 
{1199) Sutton Well No. 
 
 January 5, 1877. 
 
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 172 Y. REPORT OF PROGRESS. 
 
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{1202.) Hazlewood Well, No. 21. 
 
 December 7, 1876. 
 
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SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA: 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS, Y 
 
 1875 . 
 
 By H. MARTYN CHANCE. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 BEAVER AND SHENANGO VALLEYS, 
 
 IN 
 
 BEAVER, LAWRENCE AND MERCER 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Chapter I. 
 
 The Mercer Group traced continuously along the hill¬ 
 sides from Wirtemburg to Sharon. 
 
 This survey was made to determine the horizon of the 
 Sharon Coal bed with reference to the Lower Productive 
 Coal measures, and with respect to No. XII,—the Coal 
 Measure Conglomerate. The report upon it Avas written 
 in the winter of 1875, but unavoidable delays have hind¬ 
 ered its publication, until now its results have been an¬ 
 ticipated in Mr. White’s detailed county reports on Beaver, 
 Lawrence, and Mercer counties. His conclusions tally re¬ 
 markably with those that I arrived at in 1875, but since 
 that time my views regarding the basal limits of No. XII 
 have been greatly modified by knowledge of these rocks 
 that I have obtained in the oil regions. 
 
 (185) 
 
186 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 A map (Plate YI) showing the position of all the sections 
 here given, has been constructed partly from the alignment 
 notes of the New Castle and Homewood, and Erie and Pitts¬ 
 burgh Railroads, and partly from original surveys. These 
 surveys were made with a large six inch needle mining 
 compass, with a ten inch telescope with arm for reading 
 vertical angles and stadia wires attached. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone and Darlington (Kittanning 
 Middle) Coal bed are shown on the map by their outcrop 
 lines; and the positions of the Mercer Group and Sharon Coal 
 bed are added at points where they could be definitely 
 located. The longitudinal profile cross-section illustrates 
 their geological and hypsometrical relations, and shows 
 very prominently the great band of sandy measures now 
 recognized as forming No. XII—“The Beaver River” or 
 “ Conglomerate Series.” 
 
 The tidewater elevations are based on railroad levels and 
 are very approximately correct. 
 
 Systematized Section of the Lower Productive Coal 
 
 Measures. 
 
 I | | ' 
 
 a x ® 
 
 •S 03 
 
 3 ^ < 
 
 Coal—Freeport Upper (?) 
 or Lower (?) ...... 6' 
 
 Fireclay,.3' 
 
 Shales,.58' 
 
 Coal, (Eiclienhaur ?) Free¬ 
 port Lower, ? . . . . . V 
 Slialy sandstone Freeport 
 
 Lower,.50' 
 
 Kittanning Upper coal, not noted. 
 
 Slate,. 23' 
 
 2' 0" to 3' 0" Kittanning Middle coal, . 3' 
 
 4' 0" to 8' 0" Fireclay, . 5' 
 
 20' to 40' Slate and shale, . ... 35' 
 
 O' to 1' 6" Kittanning Lower coal, 
 
 (cannel,).1' 
 
BEAVER VALLEY. 
 
 V. 187 
 
 10 ' 
 
 O' 
 
 15' 
 
 20 ' 
 
 0' 
 
 1' 
 
 5' 
 
 0' 
 
 to 10' 
 to 30' 
 
 to 4' 
 to 22' 
 to 25' 
 
 Fireclay,.5' 
 
 Shale and slate, sometimes 
 
 sandy,.30' 
 
 Ova 9 ' 
 
 \/i Vj • ••••••••• nJ 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone, . 15' 
 Slate, with Scrubgrass coal, 20' 
 
 V.I26 
 
 8" to 1' 6" Clarion coal,. V 
 
 0' 
 
 20 ' 
 
 0' 
 
 0' 
 
 0' 
 
 10 ' 
 
 to 45' 
 to 2' 
 to 3' 
 to 15' 
 to 60' 
 
 Shale and slate, .... 35' 
 Brookville coal ..... 1' 
 
 Fireclay,.2' 
 
 Slate,.10' 
 
 Homewood Sandstone, top 
 of Ho. XII,.30' 
 
 5' 
 
 to 15' 
 
 Slate,.i 
 
 
 " 11' 
 
 o'- 
 
 to 3' 
 
 MercerUpperLime- 
 
 • 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 stone, ...... 
 
 T—* 
 
 2' 
 
 0' 
 
 to 2' 
 
 Mercer Upper coal, 
 
 ft 
 
 1' 
 
 5' 
 
 to 20' 
 
 Ferriferous shales, 
 
 P 
 
 l 8 j 
 
 o 
 
 15' 
 
 0' 
 
 to 2' 
 
 MercerLowerLime- 
 
 
 
 
 stone,. 
 
 <D 
 
 1' 
 
 0' 
 
 to 10' 
 
 Shale,. 
 
 55 
 
 5' 
 
 0' 
 
 to 2' 
 
 Mercer Lower coal. 
 
 a 
 
 1' 
 
 0' 
 
 to 10' 
 
 Shale, . 
 
 • \ 
 
 l 5' 
 
 10' 
 
 to 60' 
 
 Connoquenessing Upper 
 
 
 
 Sandstone, . . . 
 
 
 . 35' 
 
 * 
 
 M 
 
 to 50' 
 to 60' 
 
 Shale, with iron ore and 
 ‘ £ Strawbridge coal,” . 25' 
 Connoquenessing Lower 
 Sandstone, (sometimes 
 double, with a small 
 coal near middle,) . .55' 
 
 Slate and shale, .... 25' 
 to 4' 6" Sharon Coal bed, .... 3' 
 to 25' Hark shale and slate, . .11' 
 to 40' ‘ Sands tone—upper part of 
 
 Ohio Conglomerate, . 25' 
 Shales and flaggy sandstones at 
 Sharon. 
 
 to 40' 
 
 m 
 
 3 
 
 rz 
 
 See Chapter II for discussion of this thickness. 
 
188 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 South of New Castle the Ferriferous Limestone was used 
 as a key rock, but after passing into the country north of 
 the Nesliannock the Mercer Group of limestones, coals, 
 fireclays and iron ores was taken as a datum plane and 
 everything (both above and below) referred to it. 
 
 In the following sections I have adopted the nomenclature 
 used in the Butler county report, using the names Kit- 
 tanning Upper, Middle, and Lower Coal beds. 
 
 The generalized description illustrated by Fig. 126, em¬ 
 braces all the data of the detailed sections, showing the 
 maximum and minimum thickness of each interval, and 
 the distance of one stratum from another by addition of 
 the figures in the right hand column. 
 
 The general parallelism of the measures is unchanged by 
 the thinning or thickening of an individual stratum, as 
 such variations are nearly always compensated by an op¬ 
 posite change in the overlying or underlying interval. 
 
 The upper rocks of this section were measured in but 
 two localities, viz: Wirtemburg and Wampum, and at 
 these places the exposures were poor. 
 
 The Kit tanning coals and Ferriferous limestone were 
 traced up the Beaver as far as New Castle, but were not 
 measured in the summits north of New Castle, but the 
 Mercer Group was traced all the way to the Sharon coal 
 
 field. 
 
 The Sharon Coal bed underlies the Upper Mercer Lime¬ 
 stone from one hundred and sixty to one hundred and sev¬ 
 enty-five feet, and between them the two Connoquenessing 
 Sandstones* are found, which sometimes unite to form one 
 
 *Tlie Homewood Sandstone and Connoquenessing Sandstone in my origi¬ 
 nal manuscript were called the Upper and Lower Beaver Conglomerates, but 
 1 have altered these names to conform to Mr. White’s nomenclature. As it 
 is often difficult to recognize the upper and lower divisions of the Conno¬ 
 quenessing sandrock, it would bo much better to call them the Connoque¬ 
 nessing Group of Sandstones. We would then have : 
 
 Coal 
 
 Measure 
 
 Conglomerate 
 
 J Connoquenessing Group—Sandstones 
 
 Homewood Sandstone. 
 Mercer Group 
 
 —Coals. 
 
 No. XII = 
 Beaver River 
 Series. 
 
 Sharon Group 
 Ohio Conglomerate. 
 
 Coal and Shale. 
 
BEAVER VALLEY. 
 
 y. 189 
 
 very thick rock, but at times consist of four or five mem¬ 
 bers. 
 
 Both of the Mercer Limestones were seldom seen in one 
 locality one or the other generally being absent, and it is 
 often difficult to tell to which of the two the one noted 
 should be referred, but the group of slates, shales, fire¬ 
 clays and coals in which they occur can never be wrongly 
 identified. This group occurs beneath the Homewood 
 Sandstone, and from 80 to 130 feet beneath the Ferriferous 
 Limestone, the Upper Mercer Limestone usually occurring 
 at from 90 to 115 feet beneath that stratum. 
 
 As described by Prof. Lesquereux (Report J, 1874) the 
 Mercer Group at Wirtemburg consists of the succession 
 
 represented on an enlarged scale in Fig. 
 127. 
 
 Wirtemburg Section. 
 
 V.127 
 
 Shale. 
 
 
 Limestone, hard and black, 
 
 .3' 
 
 Fireclay, . .. ' . . 
 
 . 2' 
 
 Sandstone, . 
 
 .5' 
 
 Soft greyish shales, . . . . 
 
 .15 ; 
 
 Limestone (fucoidal) . . . . 
 
 .U 
 
 Coal,. 
 
 . . . 5" to U 
 
 Shale, black soft, with iron 
 
 ore to 
 
 water level,. 
 
 . . . 5'to 8' 
 
 In this vicinity the Homewood Sandstone lias thinned 
 down to a knife edge, and finally disappears, only however 
 to reappear again farther up the stream. The Connoque- 
 nessing Sandstone is beneath stream level near Wirtem¬ 
 
 burg, but at Rock Point, at the mouth of the Connoque- 
 nessing, it forms rugged perpendicular bluffs one hundred 
 feet high. 
 
 Going south and w^est from Wirtemburg no good devel¬ 
 opment of the Mercer Group is found. Its place is often 
 entirely occupied by the Homewood and Connoquenessing 
 Sandstones which frequently are almost united. 
 
 At Homewood Furnace the measures have been pretty 
 thoroughly explored in search after coal and iron ore, but 
 
190 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PEOGEESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 most of the openings and diggings are now partly or alto¬ 
 gether closed, and accurate measurements of the individual 
 beds could not be made. Fig. 128 illustrates V.128 
 the following description, which was compiled 
 from exposures in this neighborhood: 
 
 Homewood Furnace Section. L_ ? 62 
 
 1160'±Coal . Freeport Lower? ... 6' 
 
 Fireclay,.- 
 
 1095' 
 
 1052' 
 
 1014' 
 
 994' 
 
 960' 
 
 883' 
 
 864' 
 
 834' 
 
 Interval with coal (Kittann¬ 
 ing Upper reported 1 ft., . 
 Kittanning Middle Coal, . . 
 
 62' (?) 
 3' 
 
 Fireclay,.- 
 
 Shales and Slates,.42' 
 
 Kittanning Lower Coal(cannel) 1' 6" 
 Slaty shales, brownish, . . .36' 
 
 Ore variable, about.2' 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone, about . 20' 
 
 Slate,.34' 
 
 Clarion Coal,.0' 6" 
 
 Concealed—(distance i mile) 64' 
 
 896' Coal.1' to 2' 
 
 Shale and slate,.13' 
 
 Massive Homewood Sandstone, 19' 
 
 Coal,.0' 9 
 
 Iron ore—(Mercer limestone) . 0' 8 
 
 Slate and shale,.■ . 28' 
 
 Connoquenessing Sandstones, 
 thin-bedded, fine-grained, . 84' 
 Unseen to river level, . . . .20' 
 
 // 
 
 F.C. 
 
 F.C._ 
 
 ?64 
 
 ' River level 
 
 The thickness of the interval under the Clarion Coal bed 
 is probably somewhat exaggerated by the sharp dip per¬ 
 vading the rocks near the furnace. 
 
 In going up the Connoquenessing from this point to the 
 mouth of Slippery Rock Creek the Homewood Sandstone 
 constantly thickens until at the latter place it measures 
 sixty feet, and this too, but a short distance from the place 
 of Prof. Lesquereux’s section, where it is entirely wanting. 
 Measurements made here give the section shown by Fig. 129. 
 
BEAVER VALLEY. 
 
 Y. 191 
 
 Section at Slippery Rock Creek. 
 
 894' Homewood Sandstone, hard and 
 
 massive,.60' 
 
 884' Slate, dark blue, .10' 
 
 Coal (Mercer),.4" to 8" 
 
 Connoquenessing Sandstone to low 
 
 water in creek,.15' 
 
 The slates occurring below these two sandrocks are quite 
 soft and are very variable, changing from a few inches to 
 as many feet in thickness in a distance of a few yards. 
 
 Section on Cunningham Farm . 
 
 Slate. 
 
 1076' Coal, . 
 
 Fireclay,. 
 
 Interval,. 
 
 Ore,. 
 
 1080' Ferriferous Limestone, . . . 
 Interval containing Homewood 
 Sandstone, (massive,) . . . 
 885' Sandstone, massive, ..... 
 834' Slate; blue, evenly laminated, 
 
 with ore at base,. 
 
 824' Sandstone, gradating down¬ 
 wards into sandy shale, and 
 
 shale, . 
 
 To water level at mouth of Con- 
 
 V.I30 
 
 noquenessmg, 
 
 2 ' 6 
 
 44' 
 
 2 ' 
 
 10 '± 
 
 150' 
 
 51' 
 
 10 ' 
 
 94' 
 
 0 ' 
 
 // 
 
 
 r.c. 
 
 44 
 
 ISO 
 
 On Mr. Cunningham’s farm between Wir- 
 temburg and Homewood Furnace a coal is 
 opened which lies in the horizon of the 
 Lower Kittanning bed. It is about two 
 and a half feet thick, and is mined during 
 the winter months for local use. The lime¬ 
 stone ore has been dug from several places 
 on this farm, and carried to the furnace, a distance of about 
 two miles. It is about two feet thick, but quite variable. 
 
 In descending from this Coal bank to the Creek, the sec¬ 
 tion shown by Fig. 130, was measured. 
 
 The intervals of this section are somewhat enlarged by 
 
 A 
 
 LJA/ 
 
 
 IZXXZ 
 
 f 
 
 
 / 
 
 w /Glv 
 
 TxnrsczsL 
 
 
 / / 
 
 Creek level 
 
192 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 V. 131 
 
 123 
 
 Terr.Zime. ? 
 
 2 ' 11 
 
 // 
 
 123' 
 
 1 ' 
 
 86 ' 
 
 *128' 
 
 128 
 
 the north dip of the Harrisville (?) anticli¬ 
 nal axis, making the Conglomerate group 
 about 30 feet thicker than what would be 
 shown by a true vertical section. 
 
 On the east side of the river, and about a 
 mile and a half south from the furnace, the 
 section shown by Fig. 131 was measured. 
 
 Section below Homeiooocl Furnace. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 1068' Kittanning Middle Coal, . . . 
 
 Concealed : — Containing the 
 horizon of the Ferriferous 
 
 Limestone,. 
 
 944/ Clarion coal,. 
 
 Fireclay,. 
 
 Interval,. 
 
 858' Massive Hoomewood Sand¬ 
 stone with shale,. 
 
 730' Sandstone, (Connoquenessing,) 
 
 to River level, .j 
 
 The Kittanning Middle Coal, which has 
 been opened and worked quite largely, is 
 here about 2' 11" thick, and is 27 feet lower»than at Home- 
 wood Furnace. The Clarion Coal is exposed in a spring 
 below this bank, but an accurate measurement of it could 
 not be made. It is quite thin. 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone could not be found in this im¬ 
 mediate vicinity, and it is either quite thin or absent. Some 
 ore has been dug from the shales overlying its horizon. 
 
 On the opposite side of the river, and about one and a 
 half miles south from Clinton station, there are several 
 quite interesting exposures from which the succession illus¬ 
 trated by Fig. 132 was compiled. This also fails to show the 
 Ferriferous Limestone in situ , and it is more than probable 
 that the place assigned to this stratum is about twenty feet 
 too high in the measures. Ko sign of the rock was dis¬ 
 covered in making these examinations, and its elevation, as 
 given in the section, was determined from a terrace south¬ 
 east of the clay bank, where it had been laid bare by plow- 
 
 Jfiver leiref 
 
BEAVER VALLEY. 
 
 Y. 193 
 
 Clinton Section , JVo. 1. 
 
 Bine Slate. 
 
 1057' Kittanning Middle Coal, . 3' 
 
 Fireclay,. — 
 
 Slate,. 30' 
 
 Coal, . . . O' 8" 
 
 Slate, . . . 1 / 0" 
 
 1025' Coal cannel, O' 5" 
 
 Pottery clay,. 8' 
 
 Slate,. 10' 
 
 1007' Ferriferous Limestone, (?) . (?) 1' 
 
 Interval, . 170' 
 
 837' Homewood (?) Sandstone, 6' to 30' 
 
 829' Coal (Mercer ?) Beattie’s 
 
 Bank,.. . 2' 6" 
 
 Slate,.18' to O' 
 
 810' Coal (Mercer ?) 1' 
 
 Sandstone, .) qq, 
 
 730' Concealed to River, . . f 
 
 At the time of making the above measure¬ 
 ments, the Kittanning Middle bed was just 
 being opened upon the farm owned by Mr. 
 
 Beattie. The outcrop coal indicated a 
 thickness of about three feet. 
 
 Thirty feet beneath this bed, comes the Lower Kittanning 
 Coal which is here composed of a bituminous bench under¬ 
 laid by a bench of cannel. It is too thin to be mined. Im¬ 
 mediately under it there is eight feet of a beautiful pearly 
 white and very fat clay. Mr. Baker the owner states that 
 several experiments, many of which resulted favorably, have 
 been made with it, and that he intends to bring it into the 
 market as a pottery clay. It is the Lower Kittanning Fire- 
 clay which is so persistent over some areas, and sometimes 
 attains a size of fifteen feet. 
 
 The coal overlying it is evidently the same with the bed 
 noted in Fig. 128, and is usually a cannel in this vicinity, 
 but always too thin to mine, and is seldom opened. The 
 farmers are well aware of its existence, but know that it is 
 
 worthless. 
 
 13 Y. 
 
 V. 132 
 
 J Lower 
 Kitt. “ 
 
 2 ' 1 " 
 
194 Y. REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 The most interesting part of the preceding section is, how¬ 
 ever, its lower portion. The Homewood Sandstone here 
 lies quite low,* sinking far down into the horizon of the 
 Mercer Group, and immediately beneath it there is a bed 
 of quite good coal from 6 in. to 2 ft. G in. thick. 
 
 The latter has been opened by Mr. Beattie at a bank on 
 the river bluff. Immediately above the entry there is six 
 feet of hard massive sandstone, which a short distance north, 
 swells downwards until it attains a size of thirty feet of 
 hard massive conglomeratic sandrock, forming vertical 
 cliffs, and covering the ground beneath with a talus of 
 broken stone on which rest immense masses of rock in the 
 shape of nearly rectangular blocks from 20 to 80 feet high. 
 
 The thickening of this rock cuts off the coal, which rests 
 on a bed of slate that is also pinched out by it. Though 
 it is a very irregular and uncertain bed, it yields very 
 good coal at this bank. The sketch shown by Fig. 138 
 is intended to illustrate peculiar irregularities of its base, 
 and is a conclusive proof that it had its origin in drifted 
 carbonaceous matter, for how else could the peculiar 
 “shoe” of coal be formed that is seen projecting from the 
 bed downwards into the underlying slates. 
 
 The Connoquenessing (Lower?) Sandstone, lying near 
 water level at this bank, is not a very prominent stratum, 
 and is completely overshadowed by the more massive cliff 
 rock above it. 
 
 * I am somewliat inclined to think this stratum may be a split from the 
 Connoquenessing Upper rock. If it is the Homewood SS. its position is very 
 remarkable lying as it does so far below the limestone. 
 
BEAVER VALLEY. 
 
 V. 195 
 
 In going up the valley from Baker’s Bank to Rock Point, 
 the west side of the river constantly presents steep, (in some 
 places vertical) bluffs, the top rock of which is the Home- 
 wood Sandstone. On the east side of the river the side 
 slopes are not so abrupt, but are still very steep. The 
 scenery of the valley is in some places quite picturesque if 
 not grand. The views obtained from Rock Point, especi¬ 
 ally in autumn when the forests first show their red and 
 golden tints, are extremely beautiful. The romantic old 
 dam with its lake-like waters to the north, the rushing tor¬ 
 rent of the Connoquenessing on the east, hemmed in between 
 rugged walls of rock, and the steep west bank with its ver¬ 
 tical cliffs and a background of distant rolling summits of 
 even contour with green fields and forests commingled, all 
 combine in producing one of the most beautiful scenes in 
 western Pennsylvania. 
 
 The section compiled at Clinton does not vary materially 
 from the preceding one. It also exhibits the probable ab¬ 
 sence of the Ferriferous Limestone, but shows the presence 
 of both the Kittanning beds and the Clarion coal bed. The 
 interval from the latter to the Lower Kittanning is very 
 small, being but 32 feet whereas it is usually about 80 feet. 
 
 This structure can only be explained by supposing that 
 an ancient current eroded these slates and the Ferriferous 4 
 Limestone. It is not at all improbable that such was the 
 case, as at Homewood Mr. White has shown* that an ancient 
 island or sand-bar of the Homewood Sandstone extends up 
 to the horizon of the Ferriferous Limestone. This bar must 
 have had some influence on the neighboring currents, or 
 rather, they probably were instrumental in depositing it, 
 and while depositing in one place, and subsequently to that 
 deposition also, they must have effected more or less erosion 
 at other points. One of these currents swept across the 
 country near Clinton after the Ferriferous Limestone had 
 been formed (or during its time of deposition) and effected 
 (by solution , not f riction ) an erosionf that has produced 
 the succession exhibited by Fig. 134: 
 
 u o 
 
 * Report Q, Chapter VI. 
 
 f See foot-note Chapter X of this report. 
 
196 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Clinton Section No. 2. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 1031' Kittanning Middle Coal, . . 3' 
 
 Fireclay,.— 
 
 Slate and shales,.38' 
 
 992' Kittanning Lower Coal, (can- 
 
 nel,). V 
 
 Slates—place of Ferriferous 
 Lime., (should be 80 ft. ±,) 32' 
 
 959 Clarion Coal bed,.1' 
 
 Interval,.47' 
 
 911 Brookville (?) Coal, . . . . 0' 9" 
 
 Iron ore,.O' 4" to 0' 8" 
 
 Interval,.15' 
 
 896 Homewood SS.—massive, . 20' 
 
 876 Coal, (Mercer Group,) ... O' 8" 
 
 Iron ore, (Mercer Upper Lime) 0' 6" 
 
 Slate, . 20' 
 
 Sandstone, “Connoqueness.”70' 
 
 Shales,.56' 
 
 730 River level, ..0' 
 
 Interval,. .40' 
 
 Sharon (?) Coal—in oil well, 4' 
 
 The Brookville and Clarion coal beds retain their normal 
 position in the above description, and the Mercer group is 
 looorly represented by a thin, valueless coal, underlaid by 
 a small bed of nodular iron ore, which possibly may be 
 the Upper Mercer Limestone. 
 
 The Homewood Sandstone apparently lies rather low, but 
 this is due to its diminished thickness. If it had its nor¬ 
 mal size of 35 feet, the section would more nearly conform 
 to the average intervals. We would then have for the dis¬ 
 tance from the Homewood Sandstone down to the Sharon 
 Coal bed 226 feet, which is within one foot (225') of the in¬ 
 terval used in the Key Sections. 
 
 It is to be sincerely regretted that we could obtain no 
 record of the strata beneath this coal, which is said to have 
 been found at a depth of 40 feet in an old well drilled for 
 oil near the mouth of Connoquenessing creek. A record 
 
 ? 47 
 
BEAVER VALLEY. 
 
 Y. 197 
 
 of tlie Wampum Oil Co’s well gives (according to Mr. 
 White) below this horizon: (See Fig. 134, lower part.) 
 
 “Hard white sandstone,.55' 
 
 Red rock, (iron ore ?).3' 
 
 Slate, .44' 
 
 Sandstone,..18' 
 
 Slate to bottom,”.O' 
 
 The “5o ft.” rock is evidently the upper part of the Ohio 
 Conglomerate, and the “18 ft.” sand is the second member 
 of the same rock, or the “ferriferous sandstone” of Mr. 
 White’s Sharon sections; giving a total of 120 ft. -f- 211 
 ft.= 331 feet from the top of the Homewood Sandstone to 
 the base of the “ferriferous sandstone,” or 120' -f- 226 ft 
 — 34G ft. The record above quoted only shows 294 feet for 
 this interval, but in it the Homewood Sandstone lies quite 
 low. 
 
 Mr. Mills, the foreman of Scott’s banks at Clinton, states 
 that in prospecting for coal with the drill, he passed through 
 a few inches of what he supposed to be the Ferriferous 
 Limestone, but was never able to find any surface exposures 
 of it near the banks, and thinks that lie was probably mis¬ 
 taken in his first conclusion, and that it is absent. 
 
 The rocks rise quite rapidly from Baker s Bank up to 
 Clinton. On the east side of the river the rise is 883'—858' 
 = 36 ft. in somewhat less than two miles, or at a rate of 
 19 ft. per mile. North of Clinton, and from that point to 
 Wampum the rocks are quite flat. At Lee’s Bank the coal 
 is 1039 ft. above ocean level; at Davidson, Green and Co.’s 
 Bank, 1036 ft., and at Wampum 1041 feet. 
 
 This flattening is occasioned by the Harrisville (?) syn¬ 
 clinal, which crosses the Beaver near the mouth of Conno- 
 quenessing creek. The anticlinal crosses close to Home- 
 wood Furnace. In this vicinity the Harrisville axis is prob¬ 
 ably replaced by two minor rolls, one crossing at Homewood 
 Furnace, and the other a short distance below it. With¬ 
 out a supposition of this kind, we are unable to account 
 for the peculiar drainage feature noticed at the mouth of 
 Slippery Rock creek, where the latter empties into the 
 Connoquenessing from an exactly opposite direction to the 
 
198 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CILAJSTCE. 
 
 course of the latter. An anticlinal axis crosses the latter 
 stream a short distance above the Slippery Rock’s month, 
 and its synclinal is distinctly seen at the continence of the 
 two streams, whereas the synclinal noticed on the Beaver 
 crosses that stream between Clinton and Wampum. AT either 
 of these axes are very prominent, and without the aid of 
 accurate elevations would escape detection. They prob¬ 
 ably both die out in a southwesterly direction. 
 
 Wampum Section. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 1177 7 Coal—Shannon’s bank, . ... 0' 
 
 Fireclay, . S' 
 
 Interval, about .58' 
 
 Coal,. V 
 
 Sandy shales, about. 50' 
 
 Blue slate,. 23' 
 
 1039' Kittanning middle, (Lee’s bank,) 3' 
 Fireclay, 4' to 8',. 4' 
 
 V. 135 
 
 Slate, 
 
 55 
 
 
 980' Ferriferous Limestone, . 10' to 20' 
 
 Interval, .74' 
 
 890' Homewood Sandstone, massive, 30' 
 
 860' Blue slate,. 
 
 8 55' Mercer Upper Limestone, . 
 
 fJJ 
 
 Black bituminous slate, . 
 
 Mercer Lower Limestone, . 
 
 Very bituminous shale, (coal,) 
 
 Slate, about. 
 
 Connoquenessing Sandstone to level 
 of Beaver River at 740'. 
 
 . ty 
 
 . 2' 
 
 * 
 
 ) 3' 
 
 o 
 
 . 15' 
 
 
 . V 
 
 
 . l'O" 
 
 <D 
 
 o 
 
 U 
 
 S' 
 
 CD 
 
 . 10' . 
 
 
 T4 
 
 * When running my levels in this vicinity, I did not 
 discover the exposures from which this part of the descrip¬ 
 tion was made. They were on a subsequent visit pointed 
 out to me by Mr. White, who had been cognizant of their 
 existence for some time. The thicknesses from the base 
 of the Homewood Sandstone down to the Connoque¬ 
 nessing sandrock are only estimated by rough hand leveling, but are approxi¬ 
 mately correct. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r v 
 
 
 
 
 \ 7/80 
 
 /WX7 
 
 A T\ T— 
 
 / \ / \/ 
 
 Rivor few? 
 
BEAVER VALLEY. 
 
 V. 109 
 
 At Wampum, quite a good series of exposures is seen, 
 which, being compiled with corrections for dip, give the 
 succession represented in Fig. 135, page 138. 
 
 The coal bed opened at Shannon’s bank is either the 
 Freeport Upper or Lower bed. As it is only found in the 
 highest knobs with but little cover, and underlies a very 
 small area, it can never be of much value. A few feet above 
 it fragments of limestone were observed that looked very 
 much like Freeport Up}3er Limestone. 
 
 From this coal down to the Middle Kittanning bed no 
 good exposures were seen, and the measures in this inter¬ 
 val are described from the record of a bore hole furnished 
 by Mr. Mills, foreman of Scott’s bank. 
 
 The Kittanning Middle Coal here lies remarkably close to 
 the Ferriferous Limestone, but its position is readily ex¬ 
 plained by the erosion already described which has de¬ 
 nuded the slates and shales of this horizon near Clin¬ 
 ton. No trace of the Kittanning Lower Coal was de¬ 
 tected, and it is probable that it has been swept away with 
 its associate measures. If it is ever found in this vicinity, 
 it will probably lie but a few feet below the former bed. 
 
 Between Clinton and Wampum, and from Wampum to 
 New Castle, the Kittanning Middle bed furnishes excellent 
 coal and is mined quite largely. Its best development 
 occurs between the first named places. Lee' s Bank at Clin¬ 
 ton has a capacity of from 150 to 800 tons a day ; with 
 nearly three feet of good coal. The Wampum Bank can 
 mine 100 tons, and has an average thickness of 2' 8", rest¬ 
 ing on a bed of underclay about 7 feet thick. The main 
 entry runs through the hill, a distance of nearly one mile. 
 
 At Davidson Green and Co.’s bank the bed averages 2 ; 
 8". They mine 140 tons, but have a larger capacity A 
 The coal mined from the above banks is nearly all sent to 
 New Castle for rolling mill and boiler use. 
 
 Both the Brookville and Clarion Coal beds are quite thin 
 and impure in this section, and are opened at few places. 
 No coal is mined from either of them. 
 
 The Homewood Sandstone (top of No. XII) is here pres 
 
 * In October 1875. 
 
200 y. 
 
 HEP GET OF PEOGEESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 ent as a hard massive stratum thirty feet thick, jutting out 
 in bold escarpments, and covering the surface* with large 
 rectangular blocks. Above Wampum it rapidly loses its 
 hard and massive character, and changes to a very slialy 
 rock which jmesents few outcrops. Its place is usually 
 marked by a gentle terrace. At Hardscrabble opposite 
 Newport it can barely be detected, and from this point 
 northward to within two miles of New Castle no outcrop 
 of it was found. At the upper end of Hog Hollow two 
 miles south of New Castle several good exposures occur, 
 but they will be described in connection with the exposures 
 near New Castle. 
 
 A striking similarity will be observed by comparing the 
 Mercer Group of the preceding section, with Prof. Lesque- 
 reux’s description (see Fig. 127) of the same strata at Wir- 
 temburg. 
 
 From Wampum northward, the two limestones of this 
 group are seldom both present in one locality, or if present, 
 both are rarely seen at one exposure. First one and then 
 the other will apparently disappear, and it is often impos¬ 
 sible to tell which of the two is present. The upper one 
 seems to be rather more persistent than the lower, and is 
 a purer limestone. It does not exhibit the t'ucoid markings 
 (Caulerpites margiuatus, Lesqx) described by Prof. Lesque- 
 reux as occurring upon the lower bed. * 
 
 / 
 
 The Sharon Coal. 
 
 This bed should be found at from 80 to 60 feet beneath 
 water level in the Beaver river between Wampum and 
 Clinton, but it is very improbable that it will ever be found 
 as a workable bed so far south of its best development, and 
 even if such prove to be the case, it will be many years be¬ 
 fore the price of coal will warrant the prospecting, shafting, 
 etc., necessary to open and mine it. On Slippery Hock 
 creek a bed of coal is claimed to have been passed through 
 by oil wells at a depth of 41 feet, which would about corre¬ 
 spond to the horizon of this coal; and in a well sunk for oil 
 
 See Report J. page 97. 
 
BEAVER VALLEY. 
 
 Y. 201 
 
 on tlie Beaver river near Connoquenessing creek, a coal bed 
 four feet thick is said to have been struck at a depth of 50 
 feet. As beds of bituminous shale and black slate are often 
 mistaken for coal by oil well drillers, little dependence 
 should be placed upon any such reports. 
 
 A sharp local rise pervades the measures for a distance 
 of from one and a half to two miles above Wampum, car¬ 
 rying up the Ferriferous Limestone and Middle Kittanning 
 coal to a height of 70 or 80 feet above their elevations at 
 the latter place. 
 
 The limestone is 12 feet thick and is found at an elevation 
 of 1052 feet, with the coal 72 feet above it, and about two 
 feet and a half thick. Beneath the latter is an immense 
 bed of fireclay which measures 15 or 16 feet y [35 
 
 and accounts for the increase in the inter¬ 
 val between the coal and limestone. 
 
 Hog Hollow Section , Ho. 1. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 1124', 111 A, 1151', Kittanning Middle 
 
 Coal,. 2 / 6 // 
 
 Fireclay, . ..— 
 
 Interval,.72', 70', 97' 
 
 1052', 1044/, 1054', Ferriferous Lime¬ 
 stone, . 20 ' 
 
 1084, Interval,.about 91' 
 
 943, Coal (Brookville % Mercer ?) . . . V 
 Interval, (soft rocks,) ... 33' 
 
 910' Coal, Mercer,.thin. 
 
 Interval (Shaly SS.,) . . .124' 
 
 786' White friable sandstone, .... 8 ' 
 
 750' Concealed to river, .26' 
 
 In Hog Hollow the Ferriferous Limestone 
 is frequently seen in bold escarpments, jut¬ 
 ting out on both sides of the valley. It has 
 been quarried very little. The Middle Kit¬ 
 tanning coal is opened and worked for local 
 consumption at a number of banks. It aver¬ 
 ages two and a half feet and is a very fair 
 coal. 
 
202 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Where first observed the limestone lies at an elevation 
 of 1044 feet and ranges from 15 to 20 feet in thickness with 
 the coal 70 feet above it. This shows a local north dip of 
 8 or 10 feet from the last locality, a distance of about one 
 mile. The south dip however soon re-asserts itself, and 
 one mile farther north we see the former at 1054 feet with 
 the coal 97 feet above it. 
 
 The sudden increase in this interval is probably due to 
 the fact that we have here passed the area over which it 
 suffered from the ancient denudation so marked a! Clinton, 
 and reached a position in the old sea bed where these ma¬ 
 terials were redeposited in stiller water. 
 
 In going from Hardscrabble to this point, the succession 
 shown in Fig. 136 was observed. 
 
 The section compiled at Moravia is quite similar to this 
 one, and need not be given. The limestone is worked 
 at Mr. John Shinn’s quarry, wherefrom 50 to 75 tons per 
 
 day are taken out. At the time of visit¬ 
 ing it most of the stone was being sent to 
 Leetonia, Ohio. Its top is 1060 feet above 
 ocean level and 93 feet beneath the Kit- 
 
 // 
 
 V.I37 
 
 89 
 
 m 
 
 723 
 
 7T7-^ 
 
 tanning Middle Coal which is there 2' 6 
 thick. 
 
 Returning to Hog Hollow we find about 
 one and a half miles north of the last local¬ 
 ity, the Ferriferous Limestone at a height 
 of 1113 feet, with the coal 89 feet above it. 
 
 Hog Hollow Section , Ho. 2. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 1202' Kit tanning Middle coal, .... 2' 
 
 Fireclay. 
 
 Concealed,.89' 
 
 1113' Ferriferous Limestone,.15' 
 
 Interval partly concealed, contain¬ 
 ing Homewood Sandstone, . . 123' 
 
 (Mercer) Coal,.thin. 
 
 760' Interval to river level,.215' 
 
 Frequent outcrops of one of the Mercer Group of coals 
 are seen on the roadside at a distance beneath the Ferrif- 
 
 r. c. 
 
 z: 
 
 J loSihvrlei'et r 
 
 213 
 
BEAVEE VALLEY. 
 
 Y. 203 
 
 erous Limestone of 123 feet, more or less. These expos¬ 
 ures furnish the section shown by Fig. 137. 
 
 The above elevations show another sharp rise of about 
 55 feet in one and a half miles. 
 
 The Kittanning Middle Coal lies quite near the hill-tops 
 with but 50 feet of cover. It is mined principally for local 
 use, but a small quantity is occasionally hauled to New 
 Castle. 
 
 At the head of the Hollow and about one and a half 
 miles south from New Castle several good exposures are 
 seen, which being compiled into one section with correc¬ 
 tions for dip, give the description illustrated by Fig. 138. 
 The country is not high enough, in this immediate neigh¬ 
 borhood, to contain the Middle Kittanning 
 Coal bed. 
 
 Hog Hollow Section , No. 3. 
 
 Slate, shaly and ferruginous. 
 
 1128' Ferriferous Limestone, grey, 15') 2( y 
 1113' blue, 5'f 
 
 V. 138 
 
 F.C. 
 
 Fireclay, . . . 
 Scrubgrass Coal, 
 Fireclav. 
 
 Partly concealed, contains ) 
 Homewood SS., some-V115' 
 
 times friable,.) 
 
 Coal (Mercer Group),. V 6" 
 
 990' Mercer Upper (?) Limestone, . . 1' 8" 
 
 Concealed, .12' 
 
 976' Sandstone—quarried (Upper Con- 
 
 noquessing Sandstone, .... 50' 
 
 Blue slate with ore,.40' 
 
 886 ' Sandstone,—flaggy, 25' \ Lower ) 
 
 861' Slate, slialy, . . . 15' >- Con. > 65' 
 846' Sandstone(exposed) 25' ) SS. ) 
 
 790' Concealed to river level, about . 31' 
 
 The Ferriferous Limestone, which tops the above sec¬ 
 tion, is finely exposed in the quarry of Green, Marcus & 
 Co., and consists of fifteen feet of gray underlaid by five 
 feet of blue limestone. It lies immediately on top the hill 
 
204 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 \ 
 
 with from one to eight feet of cover, and has been stripped 
 from about seven acres of ground. The production when 
 in full blast ranges as high as one hundred and fifty to two 
 hundred tons, nearly all of which is used in New Castle. 
 
 The Scrubgrass coal is found just beneath the limestone, 
 but is too thin to mine. 
 
 In Hog Hollow the Homewood Sandstone is not a promi¬ 
 nent stratum, but at New Castle it is about thirty feet thick 
 and outcrops in several places at a height of about 250 feet 
 above river level. The Mercer Group has been found im¬ 
 mediately beneath it but no good exposures can now be 
 seen. 
 
 On the road that runs up Hog Hollow, the Upper Mercer 
 Limestone is exposed at an old coal opening. It is said to 
 be somewhat hydraulic. 
 
 The Connoquenessing Upper and Lower Sandstones are 
 well exposed on Big Run near the head of the Hollow, 
 where the former has been quarried. It yields a very fair 
 stone but is rather friable. The lower member is split into 
 two—possibly into three—sandrocks, which are parted by 
 late and shale, with streaks of impure coal. 
 
 The Sharon Coal bed should occur at the base of the 
 bottom interval of concealed measures, but no trace of it 
 has ever been found. 
 
 On the fiat at New Castle, and about ten feet above water 
 level, at an elevation of 800 ft. ± above ocean level, stands 
 the derrick of Messrs. Brown, Reis, and Berger’s deep well. 
 By making correction for dip we find that the derrick floor 
 lies about ten feet below the twenty-five foot sandstone, 
 noted at the bottom of the preceding section. The follow¬ 
 ing record (see Fig. 150, plate V) from the original memo¬ 
 randa in the company’s books, was kindly placed at our 
 disposal. 
 
 {1189) Shenango Iron Company's Gas Well. 
 
 October, 1875. 
 
 On the flat near the furnaces at New Castle, Lawrence 
 county, Pa. Authority, Reis, Brown, and Berger. 
 
SHENANG0 VALLEY. 
 
 Y. 205 
 
 Well mouth above ocean in feet, approximately, 
 
 Gravel,.^ Drift $ • • • • 
 
 Blue mud and quicksand, . , \ r ’ ( .... 
 
 Slate rock,. 
 
 Slate,.^ f 
 
 Sand shale,. 
 
 Slate rock,. 
 
 SS., gray,. 
 
 Slate,. 
 
 SS., white, salt water and oil, 
 
 Slate, ..... . 
 
 Red rock, .Bedford shale, . 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 SS.,. 
 
 Slate, . 
 
 Sand shales,. 
 
 Slate. 
 
 > Cuyahoga shale, < 
 . . Berea Grit, . 
 
 SS., gray, . 
 Red rock, . 
 Slate, . . . 
 Slate, . . . 
 Shales, hard, 
 Slate, hard, 
 Sand shales, 
 Slate, hard, 
 
 SS., gray, . 
 Slate, . . . 
 
 SS., gray, . 
 Slate, . . . 
 
 SS., gray, . 
 Slate, . . . 
 
 SS., gray, . 
 Slate, . . . 
 
 SS., gray, . 
 
 ? about, . 
 
 .+ 800 
 
 15 to 15 = 
 
 125 to 140 = 
 
 3 to 143 = 
 
 61 to 204 == 
 
 54 to 258 = 
 
 54 to 312 = 
 
 44 to 356 = 
 
 26 to 382 = 
 
 78 to 460 = 
 
 35 to 495 = 
 
 70 to 565 =s 
 151 to 716 = 
 
 43 to 759 = 
 
 70 to 829 = 
 
 30 to 859 = 
 
 75 to 934 = 
 
 31 to 965 = 
 
 3 to 968 = 
 
 19 to 987 = 
 
 207 to 1194 = 
 
 21 to 1215 = 
 
 155 to 1370 = 
 
 47 to 1417 = 
 
 68 to 1485 = 
 
 50 to 1535 = 
 
 154 to 1689 = 
 
 8 to 1697 = 
 
 64 to 1761 = 
 
 15 to 1776 = 
 
 69 to 1845 = 
 
 17 to 1862 = 
 
 103 to 1965 = 
 
 80 to 2045 — 
 
 655 to 2700 = 
 
 Drive pipe, 143—7.12'. Cased witli 5f" casing at 468'. 
 
 Gas at 313', 617', 657', and 717'. Salt water and oil show 
 at 395'. 
 
 This oil is of 32° gravity, dark, and very much like the 
 Franklin oil. It comes to the surface with the salt water, 
 which flows constantly between the casing and drive-pipe, 
 but there is not a sufficient yield to pay for the trouble of 
 collecting it. It is supposed to come in at, or near, the 
 horizon of the salt water. When this well was completed 
 there was a considerable flow of gas. It was then used to 
 light one of the shops. The yield at present is very small. 
 
 This well was first drilled to 1,965', but was afterwards 
 
206 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 sunk to 2,700'. From 1,965' to 2,700' there was no apparent 
 change in the rocks, which consisted mainly of hard, dark 
 siates, with occasional sand shells. 
 
 At the E. & P. R. R. station at New Castle there is an excel¬ 
 lent exposure of the Connoquenessing Lower Sandstone. It 
 is here, as in the preceding description, sp)lit into two rocks 
 by a band of shale. At the base of the upper sub-division 
 a very thin coal seam was detected. This is probably the 
 representative of the Strawbridge Coal of Ohio, which usu¬ 
 ally lies about 50 or 60 feet above the Sharon (or Block) 
 Coal bed. The upper part of the overlying sandstone is 
 quite micaceous and is probably thicker than the size as¬ 
 signed it in the following description : (See Fig. 139.) 
 
 New Castle Section. 
 
 972' ^ White micaceous Sandstone, 20' 
 
 § § Coal 1",.thin. 
 
 Aj S Bluish grey ore bearing shale, 18' 
 
 £ ^ Slialy white Sandstone, . . 23' 
 
 | J Sliale,. 8' 
 
 803' f-5 R. R. level. 
 
 The Sharon Coal bed should occur at, or a short distance 
 below water level, but it is probably absent. 
 
 A cutting on the railroad 1000 feet north of the station 
 exi30ses a bed of sandstone about 25 feet thick, resting on 
 fifteen feet of shale, and dipping strongly to the south. 
 This is evidently the same with the -lower sandrock of the 
 above section. 
 
 At Harbor Bridge four miles northwest of New Castle, 
 there is an excellent series of exposures on the west side of 
 the Slienango extending from the top of the Homewood 
 Sandstone down to the base of the Lower Connoquenessing 
 Sandstone, which being compiled into one section, give the 
 succession represented in Fig. 140. 
 
 The two foot coal seam noted at an elevation of 972 feet 
 has been opened and mined near the railroad station, yield¬ 
 ing quite good coal, but it is too thin for extensive mining. 
 
 The Mercer Upper Limestone is exposed in the first ravine 
 below the station at an elevation of 984 feet, and is overlaid 
 by three feet of bituminous shale (coal in Hog Hollow) and 
 
SHENANGO VALLEY. 
 
 V. 207 
 
 two feet of iron ore, while beneath it are seen three feet of 
 bituminous shale, (very impure coal), eighteen inchess of 
 sandstone and three feet of blue slaty shale, below which 
 comes the coal bed mined near the station. 
 
 Harbor Bridge Section. 
 1025 / Homewood Sandstone (in 
 
 summits),. 
 
 Slate about, . 
 
 Nodular iron ore, . . . 
 984' Very bituminous shale, 
 Mercer Upper Limestone, 
 Very bituminous shale 
 
 (coal),. 
 
 Sandstone (U 6"), ... 
 Blue slaty shale (3' 6"), 
 Coal—Mercer Lower, 
 
 972' Fireclay,. 
 
 Interval, . .. 
 
 923' Hard massive sandstone, 
 
 Blue slate,. 
 
 895 / Coal (5 inches), .... 
 Shalv slate, ..... 
 
 Blue slate,. 
 
 88 U Sandstone,. 
 
 Coal (one inch), .... 
 
 Shale, . 
 
 Sandstone,. 
 
 Shale to R. R. level, 
 
 805 / Railroad level. 
 
 V.I40 
 
 Fredrickstown Axis. 
 
 In Hog Hollow one and a half miles south of New Cas¬ 
 tle, the Lower Mercer Limestone is nine hundred and ninety 
 feet above ocean level, while at Harbor Bridge it is but 
 eight hundred and ninety-four feet above the same datum, 
 showing a difference of (990—984) = 6 ft. between the two 
 localities. This distance is about five and a half miles. As 
 
208 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 the dip at New Castle is apparently quite sharp, we can 
 only account for the relatively low position of the Lime¬ 
 stone at the latter place by supposing that an anticlinal 
 crosses the county somewhere near New Castle. By ref¬ 
 erence to Plate IV it will be seen that this is exactly where 
 we should expect to find the prolongation of the Fredricks- 
 town Axis. 
 
 The Connoquenessing Sandstones are exposed in two 
 ravines a short distance south of Harbor Bridge. The 
 upper rock shows a quite sudden variation, swelling in a 
 short distance from six feet to twenty-five feet. • In the 
 first gully there is an exposure of: 
 
 Sandstone, .25' } ^ 
 
 Blue slate, .3' j 
 
 Coal,. 0' 5" 
 
 which in the second ravine has changed to: 
 
 Sandstone, .6' An/ 
 
 Blue slate, .22' ) 
 
 Coal,.O' 5" 
 
 and clearly demonstrates that in this case at least, the 
 variation is in the bottom , and not in the ton of the sand- 
 rock. 
 
 The five inch coal seam has been opened and a small 
 quantity taken from it for blacksmithing. It is underlaid 
 by fourteen feet of slate resting on twenty feet of sand¬ 
 stone. The latter rock is the upper one of the two sandstones 
 seen at New Castle station. The exposures beneath it were 
 not good, and the measurements below it have been sup¬ 
 plied from the New Castle section. 
 
 From Harbor Bridge to Nashua the measures rise quite 
 rapidly, averaging forty-one feet per mile. The distance is 
 three miles and the rise in the Upper (?) Mercer Limestone 
 is one hundred and twenty-three feet, being found at the 
 latter place at an elevation of 1107 feet. 
 
 The section shown by Fig. 141 was compiled from data 
 collected near Nashua. 
 
 The coal above the limestone from a shaft twenty-seven 
 feet deep is mined, and raised by horse power. The bed 
 averages 2' 9" and yields very good coal. 
 
SIIEXANGO VALLEY. 
 
 y. 209 
 
 Nashua Section. 
 
 1136' ^ Month of Shaft. 
 
 1136't? Blue slate with ore, .... 24' 
 
 | Coal,. 2' 9" 
 
 1109' ^Fireclay, 1' to 3',. 2' 
 
 g Limestone (Mercer), .... 1' 6" 
 
 £ Coal, ....... 1' 4" to 1' 6" 
 
 Fireclay,.— 
 
 Interval,.100' 
 
 1001' Sandstone, top seen, ... — 
 
 Interval,.130' 
 
 856' Flaggy Sandstone, .... thin. 
 
 Shales,. . 42' 
 
 813' Railroad level. 
 
 The eighteen inch seam beneath the limestone 
 
 y i4i 
 
 r.c. 
 
 lOQ 
 
 Tsr > 
 
 A Z 
 
 T 
 
 ? no 
 
 has been opened and worked but is now aban¬ 
 doned. This coal is fair but the bed too thin 
 for profitable mining. 
 
 From this coal bed down to river level no 
 good outcrops were observed. The erosion has 
 left the country so rounded, and there is so 
 much local drift on the side hills that it is very difficult to 
 tell the character of rock underlying them. 
 
 •y O 
 
 The Sharon coal should be found at a height of about 
 
 100 feet above water level, and the Ohio Conglomerate 
 should also be found above water level. 
 
 On top the hill west of Pulaski two of the Mercer coals 
 have been opened and worked but long since abandoned. 
 A new drift was being driven in on the upper seam when 
 the following measurements were made, but the coal was 
 not there visible. The position of the limestone (Mercer) 
 was only approximately determined from old iron ore dig¬ 
 gings in the same vicinity. Figure 142 shows the section 
 compiled here. 
 
 The Mercer Group here exhibits a total thickness of 
 about 60 feet, which is much more than it shows in any of 
 the previously described sections. This thickening takes 
 place both above and below the limestone, for the lower 
 coal is here 24 feet beneath it while at Harbor bridge this 
 14 V. 
 
210 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 interval is but 10 feet; and the upper coal is y [42 
 14 feet above the same stratum, whereas at 
 Nashua there is only two feet of fireclay be¬ 
 tween them. 
 
 Pulaslci Section. 
 
 Surface,. 
 
 Slate, about. 
 
 1148' . Coal, . 
 
 Slate with ball iron ore, . . 
 1134'^8 Mercer Upper Limestone, . 
 
 Blue slate with nodular ore, 
 1119 / Fireclay with ball iron ore, 
 
 Blue slate,. 
 
 llO?' g Mercer Lower Coal, .... 
 £ Fireclay,. 
 
 20 ' 
 
 2 ' 6 " 
 14' 
 
 2 ' 
 
 13' 
 
 3' 
 
 8' 
 
 1 ' 6 " 
 
 F.C 
 
 Z2 
 
 7 
 
 74 
 
 
 <D 
 
 !• 74' 
 
 I 
 
 1013' 
 
 823' 
 
 itr 
 
 rsnz. 
 
 *20 
 
 ? 
 
 140 
 
 pO 
 
 I level igtll 
 
 Interval, with sandstone, 
 
 Sandstone, (top of Connoque- 
 
 nessing Lower,.20' 
 
 Coal,.O' 5" to 0' 7' 
 
 Interval, with SS. near top, . 140' 
 
 Shales—to R. R. level, ... 50' 
 
 The sandrock overlying the thin coal seam 
 was passed through in a bore hole and is re¬ 
 ported as 42 feet thick, but surface outcrops show a thick¬ 
 ness of only twenty feet. It is the top rock of the Conno- 
 quenessing Lower Sandstone and is very variable. 
 
 The horizon of the Sharon Coal is one hundred and forty 
 feet more or less above railroad level. Much search has 
 been made for the bed, but as yet no trace of it has ever 
 been found. The thin coal noted in the above description 
 lies about fifty feet above it, and is-the “ Rider” of the 
 Block Coal,—the Strawbridge Coal of Ohio. 
 
 From Nashua to Pulaski there is a rise in the formations 
 of about twelve feet per mile. 
 
 About four miles northeast from Pulaski, in boring for 
 the Sharon Block Coal, a good development of the Mercer 
 Group was passed through. This bore hole is situated on 
 the Love Farm, two miles S. 20° E. from Bethel. The same 
 group was also found in a bore hole near Greenfield, about 
 
SHENANGO VALLEY. 
 
 Y. 211 
 
 two miles east of Bethel. The following records were kindly 
 furnished by Mr. Frank Livermore of Nesliannock, and the 
 elevations were supplied from levels run by Mr. Straw- 
 bridge, mining engineer, of Sharon. By combining the two 
 records we obtain the succession shown in Fig. 143. 
 
 Bore hole on Lore Farm (1.1+3 A.) 
 
 1283' Surface drift, .20' y |43 
 
 Slate, . 45' 
 
 Fireclay,.8' 
 
 Slate, 
 
 12 ' 
 
 1198' ^Coal (Mercer),).2' 6" KT*®* 
 
 1195' 2 Firelay, ..8' 
 
 ^ Slate,.24' 
 
 1163' g Mercer Limestone,.3' 
 
 1160' Jj Coal, 3' to 3' 6",.3' 
 
 1157' ^ Slate,.10' 
 
 SS.—Upper Connoquenessing, . 62' 
 
 1083' Coal—(bottom of hole), 1' 6" to 2', 2' 
 
 For convenience of comparison the eleva¬ 
 tions of the following section have been car¬ 
 ried down on the dip to the location of the 
 preceding record. 
 
 Bore hole near Greenfield (11+3 B.) 
 
 Surface,.— 
 
 Interval—not noted,.78' 
 
 Mercer Limestone,.2' 
 
 Coal, 3' 6" to 4',.4' 
 
 Slate,.28' 
 
 SS.—(Connoquenessing rock), . 73' 
 
 Slate and -fireclay,.28' 
 
 Sandstone,.14' 
 
 Grey slate,.20' 
 
 Sharon Block Coal,.4' 
 
 Slate,.5' 
 
 Sandstone,.20' or 30' 
 
 Shale. 
 
 This record shows that the Love Farm boring should have 
 been about one hundred feet deeper to reach the horizon of 
 the Block Coal of Sharon, Greenfield and Bethel. 
 
 1163' 
 
 1161' 
 
 1157' 
 
 mm 
 
 
 994' 
 
 990' 
 
212 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 The coal bed overlying the limestone has been opened and 
 arrangements for working it were being made in the fall of 
 1875. It is of unusnal size and rather peculiar character 
 in this locality, being neither a true caking nor a real 
 block coal, and contains much mineral charcoal. It is un¬ 
 doubtedly identical with the seam mined at Nashua. 
 
 Both of the preceding records fail to note any sandstone 
 at the horizon of the Homewood Sandstone, and it is pos¬ 
 sible that this rock is either very thin, quite shaly, or lo¬ 
 cally absent in that neigborhood. 
 
 On Mr. Gundy’s farm near Middlesex several drill holes 
 have been sunk in searching for the Block Coal, but none of 
 them were drilled deep enough to reach its horizon. Their 
 average depth was about 140 feet whereas the Sharon Coal 
 if present, lies 200 feet more or less below the summits and 
 about 110 to 125 feet above R. R. level. 
 
 The thin coal at which the bore holes stopped is not the 
 Sharon Coal, but the Strawbridge Coal lying 
 from 50 to 60 feet above the Block Coal. 
 
 The section illustrated by Fig. 144 was com¬ 
 piled partly from the records of these bore 
 holes, and partly from surface exposures : 
 
 Middlesex Section. 
 
 1154' Surface,—drift, .... 20' 
 
 1134' . Sandstone,.70' to 35' 
 
 A E? Slate,.11' to 46' 
 
 1053' q 2 Sandstone,.40' to 5' 
 
 ^ Slate,—with small coal, O' to 35' 
 
 1013' Coal,—bottom of drill 
 
 holes,.0' 2" to 0' 6" 
 
 Partly concealed, place 
 g p< of Sharon Coal at bot- 
 
 rt o tom,. 76' 
 
 937 'm & Hard massive sandstone 
 
 (Ohio Conglomerate,) 27' 
 
 910' Shales with iron ore 
 833' partly concealed to R. 
 
 R. level at Middlesex, 77' 
 
 The above description begins at the base of the Mercer 
 
 V.I44 
 
 20 
 
 * =. <=»: 
 
 17 
 
 1— I2L 
 
 ? 77 
 
 21.R.level. 
 
SHENANGO VALLEY. 
 
 Y. 213 
 
 Group which has been eroded from the surface. Large 
 bodies of drift now occupy its horizon, resting immediately 
 on the Upper Connoquenessing Sandstone. 
 
 The variations shown by the Connoquenessing Sandstones 
 are quite remarkable, as the bore holes by which these 
 changes were detected are located in close proximity, three 
 of them falling within a radius of 500 feet. The sandstones 
 occupying this interval are always more inconstant in 
 thickness and character than either the Homewood Sand¬ 
 stone or Ohio Conglomerate. The coal shafts near Sharon 
 and Bethel sometimes show wonderful changes in their 
 
 lithological character, for sometimes one shaft will pass 
 through nothing but sandstone, while another a quarter or 
 half a mile off, will go through nothing but slate. 
 
 The sandrock noted in the section at an elevation of 93? 
 feet is exposed in a quarry a short distance from Middlesex 
 Station. It is without doubt, the rock underlying the Sharon 
 Coal bed,—the “Conglomerate” of Ohio, or at least the 
 upper part of that rock. Beneath it the exposures are 
 rather meager: they consist of ferriferous shales, slates, 
 and flaggy sandstone. 
 
 Bethel Section. 
 
 1123' p, Surface level. 
 
 1128' § Clay “hard-pan,”.14' 
 
 O Slate,.25' 
 
 S Ball iron ore,.1' 
 
 £ Slate, with a 10" coal seam 
 near middle,.60' 
 
 V. 145 
 
 1023' g 1 Block coal, . . . . 3' 6" to 
 
 Fireclay,.0' to 
 
 Sandstone, .... 
 Fireclay,.6' 
 
 1020 ' 2 
 Cs 
 
 PS 
 o 
 
 Flag,” SS. ; 
 
 2 ' 
 
 Hard sandstone, . (25') 
 £ Interval, (shales ? ) . . 
 
 3' 
 
 6 ' 
 
 1 ' 6 " 
 to 1' 
 to 20' 
 to (5') 
 
 . 40' 
 
 j-25' 
 
 J 
 
 930' fee Shale and flaggy ferriferous 
 
 J SS.,.15' 
 
 o Shale,.26' 
 
 889'3 Thinbedded flaggy SS., . . — 
 Concealed,.— 
 
214 y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Ill going up tlie coal railway from Middlesex to Betliel 
 the section represented by Fig. 145 was compiled. The 
 upper part of the description was made from the strata 
 passed through in Spearman, Ulp & Co.’s shaft at the lat¬ 
 ter place. 
 
 The surface has been planed off in the vicinity of Bethel, 
 below the horizon of the Mercer Group. 
 
 Above the Block Coal (Sharon bed) we would expect to 
 find the Connoquenessing Sandstones, but that group is 
 here entirely represented by slate. The small coal seam 
 occurring about 40 feet above the Sharon Coal bed is quite 
 persistent but is always too thin to mine. It lies too low 
 to be identified with the Quakertown Coal of Report QQ, 
 and should properly be classed with the Sharon bed, in a 
 group that could with propriety be called the Sharon Group. 
 
 Beneath the main coal bed occurs a variable sandrock 
 consisting of two layers ; an upper flaggy stratum with a 
 harder and more massive rock beneath it, and forty feet 
 below this is the “ferriferous sandstone.” These rocks 
 are undoubtedly identical with a part or the whole of the 
 Ohio Conglomerate. 
 
 Quarry near Bethel. (Cuyahoga shale.) 
 
 Drift,.10' 0" 
 
 895' Shaly light colored Sandstone, V 0" 
 
 Dark shale,.O' 9" 
 
 Shaly Sandstone, . - . O' 6" 
 
 Fine grained white Sandstone, 
 
 with concretions,. VO" 
 
 Grey fissile slate,.O' 4" 
 
 Flaggy Sandstone,.0' 6" 
 
 Drab colored shale,. V 3" 
 
 Conglomerate of red shale, black 
 slate and bituminous shale, 
 with iron concretions, ... 0' 6" 
 
 889' Quarry of bluish grey flag, . . 5' 0" 
 
 At an elevation of 889 feet, and 26 feet beneath the base 
 of the “ ferriferous sandstone,” a quarry has been opened 
 on a bed of beautiful fine grained flagstone of alight bluish 
 grey color. Five feet only of it are exposed above water 
 
SHENANGO VALLEY. 
 
 Y. 215 
 
 level. It is overlaid by a very peculiar alternation of sand¬ 
 stone, slate and shale, which is shown on an enlarged scale 
 by Fig. 146. 
 
 A good section of the rocks overlying the Block Coal was 
 obtained at the Pacific Slope near Sharon. The country is 
 not high enough to contain the Upper Connoquenessing 
 Sandstone except in the highest summits, and these are so 
 smoothly eroded that they present no exposures. The 
 Lower Connoquenessing Sandstone was passed through by 
 the slope, and consists of two members. The upper one 
 of these has been opened and quarried at several places, 
 and yields good building stone. 
 
 The measurements shown in Fig. 147 were made in the 
 
 i j 
 2 
 
 V. 147 
 
 air shaft of this colliery. 
 
 Section in Pacific Slope. 
 
 Drift,—on surface. 
 
 Bluish gray slate,.6 ' 
 
 Thin bedded Sandstone,.12 ' 
 
 Black Slate, 
 
 Compact Sandstone, .14 
 
 Block Coal,.3 
 
 Blue Slate,.3 ' 
 
 Sandstone,.3 ' 
 
 Fireclay—thickness unknown. 
 
 The three foot Sandstone underlying the coal may be the 
 only representative of the massive twenty-five foot rock at 
 Bethel, but it is probable that beneath the fireclay in the 
 sump, there is another bed of sandrock. 
 
 F. C 
 
 Pip of the Sliaron Block Coal . 
 
 At Bethel the coal is 1020 feet above ocean level, at Mid¬ 
 dlesex 950 feet, and at Sharon (Brookfield Bank) 1067 feet. 
 From this we obtain : 
 
 1020'— 950'= 70 / — dip from Bethel to Middlesex. 
 
 1067'— 950'= 117' = “ “ Sharon to Middlesex. 
 
 1067'—1020'= 47'= u “ Sharon to Bethel. 
 
 The distances are respectively about 3-J-, 6, and 4-J miles. 
 Tabulating these data, and adding the courses 
 
216 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 70'-$-3^=20' per mile S. 69° W. (A.) 
 
 117A-6 — 19J' per mile S. 20° E. (B.) 
 
 47 / -v-4f=10 / per mile S. 45° E. (C.) 
 
 15' per mile S. 20° E. Bethel to Love Farm. (E.) 
 Greatest dip 27' per mile S. 23° W. (D.) 
 
 The line of true (greatest) dip was first calculated from 
 (A) and (B)'* then from (B) and (C) and finally from (A) 
 and (E), in each case giving the same result, showing 
 that over this area the coal lies in a plane, for were it a 
 warped surface, these results would vary. 
 
 Sliar on Bloclz Coal. 
 
 The character of this coal has already been well described 
 by Dr. J. S. Newberry, in the Ohio reports. In the vicin¬ 
 ity of Sharon and Bethel it is an excellent non-pyritous, 
 compact non-caking coal, with usually a low percentage of 
 ash, which however is sometimes increased by the presence 
 of very thin slaty laminae. The bed occasionally contains 
 much mineral charcoal. 
 
 Both the roof and floor are very changeable. This is well 
 seen in the Brookfield Bank at Sharon, where the coal is 
 sometimes held between two conglomeratic beds of sand¬ 
 stone, again has a slate roof and floor, with at times a fire¬ 
 clay floor which is frequently replaced by conglomerate. 
 The overlying sandstone is about twenty-five feet thick, and 
 
 *(In the above calculations the following formulae were used for calculat¬ 
 ing the direction of the line of greatest dip: 
 
 cos. y D 11 
 
 tan. X =- 
 
 sin y D sin y 
 
 Where, X •= angle of required line with greatest given rate, 
 y = angle of difference between two given courses. 
 
 D = greatest dip. 
 
 D' = greater given rate of dip. 
 
 D" = lesser given rate of dip. 
 
 To find the greatest rate, when course is known : 
 
 D' D" 
 
 I) =-or D =- 
 
 cos. X cos (X-fy) 
 
 For a graphic method see preface. 
 
SIIENANGO VALLEY. 
 
 Y. 217 
 
 is generally a hard and massive rock. Beneath the bed are 
 
 usually found: 
 
 Fireclay,.O' to 8' 
 
 Conglomerate, .2' to 3' 
 
 Sandstone, flaggy, . 10' 
 
 Sandstone, hard—thickness unknown. 
 
 This sandrock is the upper part of the Ohio Conglomer¬ 
 ate, which in Geauga county (Ohio) attains a thickness of 
 175 feet of solid conglomerate and conglomeratic sand¬ 
 stone. The coal is subject to quite sudden fluctuations in 
 thickness, often being entirely “pinched out” or fining 
 down to a knife edge. It is thickest when there is least 
 fireclay beneath it, and thinnest on the “ hills” or where 
 there is most fireclay. This is explainable by the theory 
 that the bed was a swamp deposit of partly drifted bitumi¬ 
 nous matter. Some of the Ohio colliery maps show very 
 prettily the irregularities of these ancient marshes. 
 
 Throughout the Sharon coal region as well as in many 
 other localities, the Connoquenessing sandstones are sub¬ 
 ject to sudden and radical changes both in lithology and 
 thickness. They are usually soft, rather friable, fine-grained 
 sandstones of nearly uniform texture, and seldom show 
 any signs of approaching a conglomeratic type. In some 
 instances the interval from the Mercer Group to the Sharon 
 Coal is destitute of any sandrock, but is at times—as in 
 the Mahoning Valley, where over 150 feet of sandstone is 
 passed through by some shafts on the Block coal seam— 
 filled by hard sandstones with very thin parting layers of 
 slate or shale. 
 
 This irregularity can be accounted for by supposing— 
 
 1st. A powerful current transporting pebbles and sand¬ 
 stone during the deposition of the Ohio Conglomerate. 
 
 2d. A period of elevation during which the Block Coal 
 was formed, or the filling up of the shallow water with 
 gravel and sand until there was marsh land for the growth 
 of vegetation at the level of the water. 
 
 3d. A recurrence of the first current with diminished 
 strength, transporting finer materials, and shifting con¬ 
 stantly its position by reason of the variations in elevation 
 
218 V. 
 
 EEPOET OF PEOGEESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 which were taking place during the continental submergence 
 that evidently occurred after the formation of the Sharon 
 Coal bed. 
 
 4th. A period of oscillation,—or a refilling of the water 
 basin to its water surface,—in which the Mercer Group of 
 coals and limestones was deposited ; and 
 
 5th. Conditions somewhat similar to the Ohio Conglom¬ 
 erate period, resulting in the production of that widely 
 spread sandrock and conglomerate which we know under 
 the names of Homewood Sandstone, Tionesta Sandstone, 
 Piedmont Sandstone, “ Sixty-foot Rock,” of the Butler oil 
 wells, etc., etc. 
 
 The section shown by Fig. 148 was compiled by Mr. John 
 F. Carll, from surface exposures on the road leading from 
 Sharon west towards Brookfield. The elevations are baro¬ 
 metric. 
 
 Sharon Section . 
 
 Top of Hill,. 1085' 
 
 Concealed, ..20' to 1065' 
 
 Blue coal shales, and smut, (Sha¬ 
 ron Coal,).10' to 1055' 
 
 Sandstone; thin, yellow, false- 
 
 bedded, .10' to 1045' 
 
 Clay shale, iron concretions, dark, 5' to 1040' 
 
 Coarse, yellow, and congc. sand¬ 
 stone, with carboniferous plants, 10' to 1030' 
 Blue iron-stained pebbly coal 
 
 shales,.10' to 1020' 
 
 Coarse, slialy, irregularly- 
 bedded sandstone, . . 5' 
 
 Coarse, grey, more mas¬ 
 sive sandstone, . . . . 3' 
 
 Conglomerate in irregular 
 
 layers,.2' 
 
 Blue sandy shales, kidney ore, . . 10' to 1000' 
 
 Fucoidal sandy shale, .65' to 935' 
 
 Concealed,.65' to 870' 
 
 Sandstone and shale to river, opp. 
 
 Furnace,.25' to 845' 
 
 10 ' 
 
 to 1015' 
 to 1012' 
 to 1010' 
 
 V. 148 
 
SIIENAIS'GO VALLEY. 
 
 y. 219 
 
 The above shows a thickness of 45 feet for the Sharon 
 Conglomerate. The sandrock noted at the base of the sec¬ 
 tion is well exposed in R. R. cuttings south of Sharpsville, 
 where its top lies 50 feet above stream level. 
 
 The Sharon Well commenced to drill near the top of this 
 rock, or about 50 feet above river level; but as much drift 
 was passed through before reaching bed-rock, it is not shown 
 in the following, which is said to be a correct record of the 
 strata passed through. 
 
 Sharon Well. Drilled in 1877. 
 
 Situated near Sharon Furnace, one mile and a half north 
 by east from Sharon. Authority, Mr. Hall, of the Sharon 
 Furnace Company. 
 
 Well mouth is about 50 feet above Sharon and about 900 
 feet above ocean level, and 160 feet, more or less below the 
 Sharon Block Coal, which would place it about 460 feet be¬ 
 neath the top of the Ferriferous Limestone. 
 i Clay and gravel, ) 
 
 Drift, -j Coarse gravel, > Drive pipe, . . . 100' to 100' 
 (Boulders, ) 
 
 Shale, . 85' to 185' 
 
 Sandstone, sharp white,.. 75' to 260' 
 
 Shales, light blue,—Red Rock near bottom, . 305' to 565' 
 
 Sandstone, fine grey,. 30' to 595' 
 
 Shales, blue, grey, and brown, with thin layers 
 
 of fine grit,—no oil or gas,.. . 1005' to 1600' 
 
 Cased at 280 feet. Fresh water at 175' and 280'. Gas at 
 485', and oil show of heavy oil with gas in a thin stray sand 
 (probably a £ £ shell ”) at 618 feet. After passing this stratum 
 bark brownish shales were encountered, which gradually 
 became darker with only a slight brownish tinge and finally 
 merged into dark blue shale, which was the predominating 
 color from that point to the bottom of the well. That the 
 bottom of the well is undoubtedly in the Erie Shales or at 
 any rate in the Erie surface rocks is proven both by the 
 character of the drillings and by the depth of the well. 
 
 Lake Erie is 573 above ocean level. Assuming an hori- 
 
220 V. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 zon in the measures at 700 feet above ocean level (or 127 
 above the lake) and tracing it to Sharon on an assumed line 
 of dip we find it in the well at a depth of 1400 feet, or 200 
 feet above its bottom. The distance is about 60 miles. 
 A dip of 20 feet per mile would result in a fall of 1200 feet. 
 This gives (700' above ocean — 1200 feet) 500 feet below 
 ocean level. The Sharon well starts at 900 feet above sea 
 level, and 900 feet-j-500—1400 feet. 
 
Chapter II. 
 
 The Conglomerate Series {No. XII ) or Bearer Hirer 
 
 Series. The Berea Grit. 
 
 It has always been a question: Wliat in Western Penn¬ 
 sylvania corresponds to, represents to, or is the equivalent 
 of the Pottsville Conglomerate of the Eastern and Middle 
 regions of the State % 
 
 In and surrounding the Anthracite Coal Basins this rock 
 is a massive conglomerate, composed chiefly of quartz peb¬ 
 bles ranging from the size of an ostrich egg down to fine 
 sand; is extremely hard, though sometimes of friable na¬ 
 ture ; and varies in thickness from 1000 feet at Pottsville 
 to 200 feet at Wilkes-barre. 
 
 It is occasionally broken up into several bands by layers 
 of slate which at times carry workable coal beds. The 
 characteristic valley-forming soft Mauch Chunk Red Shale 
 (Umbral) beneath it is always a great formation. The Pro¬ 
 ductive Coal Measures overlying it afford a horizon by 
 which its top may be determined. But although the Lower 
 Productive Coal Measures of the Allegheny Mountains are 
 undoubtedly synchronous with the lower anthracite beds, 
 the wide geographical space of eroded country between the 
 two coal regions has heretofore rendered a good identifica¬ 
 tion of individual beds impossible, except perhaps in the 
 case of the isolated coal fields of Wyoming and Lycoming 
 counties. 
 
 The Conglomerate along the face of the Allegheny Mount¬ 
 ain ranges from 100 to 250 feet in thickness, and is often 
 composed of two or more sandrocks parted by beds of 
 shale, which seldom contain any coal bed of workable 
 size. Beneath it are the red shales of XI from 100 to 
 275 feet thick ; and beneath these lie the Pocono Sand- 
 
 ( 221 ) 
 
222 Y. 
 
 REPOET OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 stones of No. X. Above it lie the Lower Productive Coal 
 Measures. It has been shown by Mr. Platt (Reports H, 
 HH, HHH) that the latter may be traced continuously from 
 the mountains westward to the Clarion county line, with 
 the lowest coal (Bed A, Brookville bed) always a few 
 feet above the upper member of the Conglomerate. This 
 coal is traced through Butler into Beaver and Lawrence 
 counties and is always found at the same horizon, viz: on, 
 or a few feet above the top rock of the Conglomerate Series, 
 there known by such local names as Homewood Sandstone, 
 (Upper) Beaver Conglomerate and Tionesta Sandstone; and 
 it is this top rock which was called No. XII (or the Con¬ 
 glomerate) by the geologists of the First Survey; a name 
 occasionally still applied to it. 
 
 In my forthcoming report on Clinton county and its Sub- 
 carboniferous rocks I will show by a series of vertical sec¬ 
 tions the variations in No. XII from Lock Haven westward 
 and northward, as well as the correlative changes in the 
 Mauch Chunk Red Shale (XI) Pocono (X) and Red Catskill 
 (IX) strata, and will give data for demonstrating that 
 throughout the northern, central and western portions of 
 the State the Conglomerate is not a single stratum, but 
 always a formation with two, three, four or more members. 
 
 The Homewood Sandstone underlying, on the Beaver and 
 Shenango Rivers, the Brookville Coal (Bed A) is a hard mas¬ 
 sive sandstone forming numerous cliffs and bold terraces ; 
 so that even in the absence of any guiding horizon it can 
 often be recognized by its lithology alone; and beneath it 
 is a well developed group of coal beds, with two beds of 
 limestone,*—the Mercer Group. This Homewood Sand¬ 
 stone has always been considered the equivalent of No. 
 XII, in whole, or in part. If in whole, then the Mercer 
 Coals would be subconglomerate, and they have in fact been 
 so described, and their limestones considered as the equiva¬ 
 lent of the Limestone of XI. If in part, then we must look 
 for sandstone formations under the Mercer group, to make 
 
 * These are probably the two Zoar Limestones of the Hocking Valley report, 
 Geology of Ohio, Vol. III. 
 
y. 223 
 
 CONGLOMERATE, NO. XII. 
 
 out the rest of No. XII. Such sandstones exist, as fol¬ 
 lows :— 
 
 The Connoquenessing Sandstone comes next below the 
 Mercer Group ; and it is divided by Mr. White into an 
 Upper and a Lower Connoquenessing Sandstone ; but it 
 could be readily sub-divided into Upper, Middle, and Lower; 
 or even into four divisions. As these rocks are very vari¬ 
 able in thickness and character, being often nearly or 
 or wholly replaced by shale and slate, they may be called 
 the Connoquenessing Sandstone Group. 
 
 Although each stratum of this group is quite variable 
 in hardness and in the size of its sand grains, and subject 
 to sudden thickening or thinning,—sometimes entirely dis¬ 
 appearing,—the total thickness of the mass remains nearly 
 constant; for a change in any of its members is sure to be 
 compensated by an opposite variation in the underlying or 
 overlying slate or shale. Its total thickness is from 140 to 
 180 feet, being greatest where there is the least thickness of 
 the Mercer group. 
 
 Is this then the bottom of XII ? Or are there still lower 
 conglomerates or sandstones which ought to be included in 
 
 XII? 
 
 In other words is the celebrated Sharon Block Coal,— 
 which constitutes with its rider coal bed and shales the next 
 group downwards—a conglomerate coal ? Or must also 
 
 this group be considered as in the Conglomerate, whether 
 far or near above its base ? * 
 
 There are in fact three massive Sandstone formations un¬ 
 derneath and within 200 feet of the Sharon Coal bed. They 
 are called 1. the Sharon Conglomerate ; 2. the Sharon Upper 
 Sandstone; 3. the Sharon Lower Sandstone. 
 
 1 . The Sharon Conglomerate, with a maximum thickness 
 of about 40 feet, is very variable, sometimes absent or else 
 so shaly as not. to be noticeable. 
 
 This undoubtedly represents either the top part of the 
 
 *Tlie Sharon Block coal has its principal development in the State of Ohio 
 and is there recognized as the lowest productive bed of the Coal Measures. 
 The natural mistake was therefore made of identifying it with Bed A in Penn¬ 
 sylvania, lying more than 200 feet above it, geologically. 
 
224 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE. 
 
 Ohio conglomerate or the whole of it. It contains coal- 
 measnre fossils, is a coal measure rock, and therefore 
 would seem to be another member of No. XII. 
 
 The Shales beneath it, however, hold Waverlv fossils ; 
 and if palaeontological evidence was of itself sufficient to 
 decide the question, the line would be drawn here, and we 
 should say that these shales lie underneath No. XII; and 
 the question would then arise as to what these shales were, 
 if not No. XII. 
 
 Would they be No. XI ? If so, then the Maucli Chunk 
 Red Shale formation No. XI does not thin out to nothing 
 in Elk county, but continues on to and into the State of Ohio. 
 
 But if these shales be not No. XI, then should they be 
 No. X, Pocono? 
 
 Another question is : Are they Cuyahoga shales ? 
 
 2. The Sharon Upper Sandstone underlying the above 
 shales is quarried near Jamestown ; holds iron balls and 
 Waverly shells, but also many huge lepidodendra . 
 
 Is this another and still lower member of No. XII ? 
 Judging by the shells, no. Judging by the plants, yes. 
 
 Another shale formation and much larger than the last 
 underlies this Sharon Upper Sandstone, which is only 15 or 
 20 feet thick where exhibited and may be as variable else¬ 
 where as all the rest of the sandy deposits of this region. 
 
 3. The Sharon Lower Sandstone is more massive and 
 thicker than the Upper. Have we now at last reached the 
 base of No. XII? Beneath it lies a very thick formation 
 of shales, measuring in one place 135 feet. 
 
 Whatever the shales above may be, these f undamental 
 shales* are surely the main body of the Cuyahoga formation 
 of Ohio ; and the next succeeding thick and massive Sand- 
 rock at its base must be of course the Berea Grit, the Oil 
 rock at Mecca, or Venango Third Mountain Sand. 
 
 It is then possible to state the thickness of No. XII in 
 the western counties of Pennsylvania in at least two ways, 
 thus: 
 
 *Aswe have a Beaver Conglomerate Group a Venango Oil Sand Group, 
 a Warren Oil Group and a Bradford Oil Group, I propose for the Shales above 
 and below the Berea Grit the term Crawford Shale Group, as they make the 
 broad belt of lake and swamp land across that county. J. P. L. 
 
CONGLOMEKATE, NO. XII. 
 
 y. 225 . 
 
 y 
 
 No. XII. 
 
 265' I 
 
 170' 
 
 No. XII3 
 435' 
 
 
 75' 
 
 Homewood Sandstone, . . 30' 
 
 Mercer group, . . . 30' 
 
 Connoquenessing group, . 155' 
 
 Sharon group, ... 10' 
 
 Sharon Conglomerate, (Ohio 
 Conglomerate, ) .... 40' 
 
 Sharon Upper shales, 30' 
 
 Sharon Upper Sandstone, . 15' 
 
 Sharon Middle shales, 75' 
 
 Sharon Lower Sandstone, . 50' 
 
 Crawford Upper (Cuyahoga) shales,..135 
 
 Berea Grit, (Third Mtn. Sand of oil men. Carll,) 
 
 Crawford Lower (Bedford red) shales. 
 
 The first view represented in the above schedule will make 
 No. XII consist only of the Homewood, Connoquenessing 
 and Sharon Conglomerates, with the Mercer coal and lime¬ 
 stone group and other included intervals sometimes exhib¬ 
 iting streaks of coal, the whole measuring say 265 feet. 
 
 In this view of the case the Sharon coal and shales must 
 be considered interconglomerate. 
 
 The second view will include in No. XII not only the 
 Homewood, Connoquenessing and Sharon Conglomerates, 
 but also the Sharon Upper and Lower Sandstones, with an 
 intermediate mass of shales, in all 170' thick, making No. 
 Xn altogether about 435' thick. 
 
 This latter view is taken by Mr. Carll, who recognizes in 
 the Sharon Upper and Lower sandstones of Mercer county 
 the representatives of the First and Second Mountain Sand- 
 rocks of the Oil region, as his numerous wed sections 
 show; the Second Mountain sand being thin and variable 
 in the northern part of the Butler oil region, almost invisi¬ 
 ble in the southern part of it, and a massive conglomerate 
 (Garland) in the Venango oil region, as explained in his 
 report. 
 
 For a description of the Conglomerate and allied rocks 
 as they appear in Northern Butler the reader is referred to 
 the chapters on the townships. 
 
 In Geauga county Ohio, the Conglomerate (below the 
 Sharon Coal) is said to be 175 feet thick. This agrees quite 
 
 15 V. 
 
226 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 well with its thickness in Crawford and Yenango counties 
 in Pennsylvania. Beneath it are Cuyahoga shales 150 to 
 200 feet thick, lying upon the Berea Grit, below which occur 
 the Bedford shales, which are often Red Shales. 
 
 It would then follow, as asserted by Mr. Carll, that the 
 Third Mountain sand which lies above the Bed Bock of 
 Franklin, Beno, Scrubgrass, Wolf Creek, New Castle, etc., 
 is the Berea Grit; and that the Bed Bocks are the equiva¬ 
 lents of the Bedford Shales of Ohio. 
 
 This identification is more readily understood by refer¬ 
 ence to Plate YII of well records. The 75 foot rock found 
 in the Sharon well, which I have no doubt is the same with 
 the 78 foot rock of New Castle, the “Big Bock” of the 
 Beaver Falls wells, and the Third Mountain Sand of the 
 Yenango Oil District, is then identical with the Berea Grit. 
 Mr. Carll adduces additional proof of the truth of this con 
 elusion by calculating the position of the Mecca (Ohio) oil 
 rock (Berea Grit) at Sharon, from established rates of dip 
 in Trumbull county 0. and Mercer county, Pa., by which 
 means he has found that the place at which this rock should 
 be found at Sharon, agrees almost - exactly with the position 
 of the 75 foot rock pierced in the well. 
 
 * j • • • • r '' * • ' ‘ ' ’ ■ • 
 
 Descr iption of Plate YII of Oil Well Records. 
 
 , T - John Smith [Muddy Creek ) Well Record. Fig. Ilf. 
 
 This well is situated in the south-west corner of Bradv 
 township, Butler county, and exhibits a structure typical 
 of the Oil Creek and Bullion stratification, showing the base 
 of No. XII at the bottom of the 100 foot sandrock, an in¬ 
 terval of soft measures beneath it 342 feet thick, contain¬ 
 ing two sandy bands which might be referred to the Con¬ 
 glomerate series, but which are evidently sandy layers of 
 the Cuyahoga Shale, (upper part of No. X,) similar to the 
 loWer sandrock at Sharon and those of the Butler oil dis¬ 
 trict, The Third Mountain Sand or Berea Grit 26 feet thick 
 next succeeds, and below it are shales underlaid by the 
 Bedford Bed Bock. The Oil Sand Group, (Lower Pocono, 
 X. (See Beport YY,) shows a good development, with all 
 
BEREA GRIT. 
 
 Y. 227 
 
 three of its principal members present, the second and third 
 of which are double. 
 
 Wolf Creek Well. Fig. lift. 
 
 This is eight or nine miles north by west from the John 
 Smith well, and exhibits the same succession down to the 
 oil sand group. Though the Homewood Sandstone is not 
 noted in the record, it is present in this vicinity, but has 
 been overlooked by the drillers. The Berea Grit is quite 
 thick and lies immediately upon the Red Rock, which is 
 somewhat higher than in the Smith well. This fact is cor¬ 
 roborative of the conclusion which I think I have reached 
 in Report YY as to the Red-rocks, that going north-west 
 and west from the best development of Red Catskill, the 
 horizon of deposition of rocks red in color constantly rises, 
 so that the Red Catskill of the east becomes Lower Pocono 
 (X) in the west, or in other words the former disappears, 
 and the red rocks are found in the lower half of the Pocono. 
 
 In this well the Oil Sand group contains no Second Sand, 
 being similar to the Raymilton and Church Run type of 
 drillings. ' A ' ; 
 
 Sharon Well. Fig. 150. 
 
 This starts near the top of the Sharon lower sandstone 
 which has been called by some the Berea Grit, but which 
 has already been proven to be but a sandy part of the 
 Cuyahoga of which there is 150 feet more at Sharon than on 
 the Cuyahoga in Ohio. The Mecca oil rock (Berea Grit) 
 seems to have been struck at a depth of 185 feet in the well, 
 but no red rock is noted under it. 
 
 In the 305 foot interval, the record says “red bands near 
 the bottom.” It is possible that they have not been correctly 
 recorded by the drillers, but as these red bands both in 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio occur only over certain areas and 
 are replaced by grey shales in many localities, their absence 
 here is not conclusive. 
 
 The oil group is probably cut out by the Chemung floor, 
 but may be represented by the 30 foot sand rock. 
 
228 Y. 
 
 REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE. 
 
 New Castle Well. Fig. 151. 
 
 This well starts at the Sharon Coal horizon but as 143 feet 
 of drive pipe was used before reaching rock bottom, the 
 Sharon Conglomerate is not shown in the record. Two 
 sandy layers were encountered in the Cuyahoga Shale before 
 reaching the Berea Grit which is here 78 feet thick and un¬ 
 derlain at a short distance by the big Fed Fock of the 
 Bedford Shales. The sands noted below the latter look 
 like grey Chemung sands, and were only noticed because 
 the drillers were very closely watching for the oil sand 
 group. 
 
 The thin three foot red band may be one of the Che¬ 
 mung red bands so common in the northern part of the 
 State. When these red beds are thick the red color is very 
 indistinct, being usually of a dark purple rather than red, 
 but when thin they are often quite brilliant. 
 
 The Ohio Section. Fig. 15%. 
 
 This needs no commentary. It is simply a compilation 
 from the reports of the Geological Survey of Ohio, and 
 explains itself. 
 
INDEX TO REPORT Y. 
 
 Adams township, . . . 
 
 Adams & Friday well, 
 
 Agnew (E. I.),.77 
 
 Allegheny, Butler Co., . 3,55,142,158 
 Allegheny and Beaver 
 
 River Divide,.83,105 
 
 Allegheny County, . . . 13,24,34,136 
 Allegheny Mountains, .... 19,221 
 
 Allegheny,. 4 
 
 River, 5,6,9,16,117,121,136,143,148 
 
 at Brady’s Bend,.10 
 
 at Scrubgrass,.11 
 
 Allegheny Township,.24 
 
 (§76),. 125,136,149,152,159 
 
 Allegheny Valley, ..11 
 
 Alien (Mrs. Margaret),.95 
 
 Ailen (Robt.), well and coal, 43,45,47 
 
 Anderson, well,. ». 161 
 
 Angel gas well,.163,164 
 
 Angelica,.90 
 
 Annandale,.3,6,103,131,154 
 
 Annesville, ..5,105 
 
 Anticlinals and synclinals, §7, 9,10,28 
 
 Argyie well,. 84,115,156,160 
 
 Armor well,.165 
 
 Armstead well,.158 
 
 Armstrong,.15 
 
 County, . . . 17,55,79,87,114,141,152 
 
 line.122 
 
 Armstrong Run (Armstrong Co.), 151 
 
 Arrowsmith well,.159 
 
 Badger (J.&T.),.73 
 
 Badger banks,.76 
 
 Baily (Mr.), Baily farm, . . . 38, 41 
 Baker (Mr.); Baker’s Bank, . . 129, 
 
 Page. 
 
 Banks’ (M.) Farm,.160 
 
 Baptist Sunday School,.82 
 
 Barkley (Wm.),.40 
 
 Barnes’ Bank,.126,128 
 
 Barnhart farm,.91; 162,163 
 
 Barnhardt (*D.) (F.) (J.), .... 163 
 
 Barren Measures, .35 
 
 Bear Creek,.6, 10, 
 
 33,34,83,93,114,119,120,121,126,136 
 
 South branch,.115 
 
 North branch,.114,118,123 
 
 Valley,.93,122 
 
 old furnace on,.117 
 
 Beattie’s Bank (Mercer Coal), . . 193 
 
 Beaver,.55 
 
 County, 12,15,19,24,141,142,185,222 
 
 Beaver Falls well,.226 
 
 Beaver River,.4,7,11, 
 
 12,143,146,148,188,197,198,200,201 
 
 Beaver River District,. 2 
 
 Beaver River Series,.117 
 
 Beaver River Valley, . . . 31,148,185 
 
 Bennett (E.) well,.159,167 
 
 Berger (Brown, Reis &),.204 
 
 Bethel Block Coal,.211 
 
 Bethel; section, . . .213,214,215,216 
 
 Big Bear (’reek,.119 
 
 Big Medicine well,.162 
 
 Big Run,.7,204 
 
 Billy Patterson well,.159 
 
 Bingham (Mr.) farm, .... 95,165 
 
 Birch (David), ..51 
 
 Black (Mr. Robt.), .... 103,104,131 
 
 Black (Mr. R. L.),.132 
 
 Black farm, .159 
 
 Black Maria well, ........ 164 
 
 Black’s Run,.63,67 
 
 193,195,197 
 160 
 
 ( 229 ) 
 
 I. Geographical and Personal 
 
 Page. 
 
 1,2 
 164 
 
 Banks & Gaily, 
 
230 V. 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Blaney (J.) Farm,.160 
 
 Blue Factory, .164 
 
 Bly & Rowley well,.160 
 
 Bonanza well,.166 
 
 Book (John),.61 
 
 Booth well,.169 
 
 Boss well, _ . ... ... . . ,462 
 
 Bott Bros. wjbIJ', . . . . 163 
 
 Bottom Lands,. 8 
 
 Boyd’s Hill well, Pittsburgh, . 19,141 
 
 Boyd farm,.165 
 
 Boy^stown,.53, 84 
 
 Boyer, old,. 163 
 
 Boyle well,.162 
 
 Bradford Oil field, . Y ,. . ’. 154 
 
 Brady township,. 1,2,59,226 
 
 Brady’s, ...... j ..... . 9 
 
 Bend, . , 11,15,17,19,20.79,143,156 
 anticlinal and synclinal, 9,10,12, 57 
 
 rocks, ; 20 
 
 Iron Company,.24,163 
 
 Brady township,.1,5,7, 
 
 8,9,15,20,23,25,59, (§50) ,71,77, 94 
 
 Brawley well,.159 
 
 Brawley & Overy well,.161 
 
 Bronson & Harrington well, . . . 165 
 Bronson (Emerson &), . .... .132 
 
 Brookfield banks, .215 
 
 Sharon coal, ..216,218 
 
 Brown (Alexander), . . . . 126,130 
 
 Brown (J. C„ heirs) farm, . . 158,162 
 Brown (William) farm, . . . 126,162 
 
 Brown & Riss well,.. . 164 
 
 Brown (Reis & Berger),.204 
 
 Brownson (Marcus),.163 
 
 Bryan (Mr. J. S.), . . . .73,102,103 
 
 Buena Vista, . ..90, 91 
 
 Buffalo township, ....... 1, 2 
 
 Buffalo creek, . .6,35,55,57,83,91,143 
 
 Buffalo township,. 9 
 
 Bulger well, ..165 
 
 Bulger axis of Beaver co., .... 12 
 
 Bullion belt, .. 76 
 
 well records, .. 153,154,156 
 
 Bullion and Clintonville oil field, 133 
 
 Burchfield well, ..165 
 
 Burnett (Mr.),. 107,108,136 
 
 Burn’s (William),.41 
 
 Burn’s gas wells,.55,166 
 
 Busted Ring well,.165 
 
 Butler,. 2,10,83,151,159 
 
 !. Page. 
 
 Butler county; Northern; West¬ 
 ern; Southern; Report; Oil 
 wells, . . . 5,144; 101; 13,188; 
 
 114,148; 85,154,166; 140,141; 218 
 
 Butler township,. 48 
 
 Butler oil belt,. 4,149,150,155 
 
 Butler Pike ; road,. . . . 80,82; 112 
 Butler RR. Company; RR. and 
 branches, . . 3; 5; 19,152,156,157 
 
 Caldwell & Emery well,.164 
 
 Cambria Company,.141 
 
 Campbell (Mr.),.137 
 
 Campbell (A. L.) farm,.160 
 
 Campbell, Dror bough AStudebaker 
 
 banks, .. i .... . 62 
 
 Campbell (D. F.),.110 
 
 Campbell (G. R.) farm, •.162 
 
 Campbell (J. W.),.44 
 
 Campbell (J. B.) farm,.163 
 
 Campbell (Robt.), ........ 160 
 
 Campbell (R. D.) farm, ..... 160 
 
 Captain Jack well, ..164 
 
 Carbon Centre; Thompson’s Cor¬ 
 ners; District, ... 55 ; 156; 151 
 
 Carll (John F.),.3, 
 
 7,90,148,150,154,155,218,225,226 
 Carll (John H.), 22,34,89,156,157,166 
 
 Carner Farm,. 162 
 
 Casey (Edward),.167 
 
 Central Point,.89 
 
 Centre,. 1 
 
 Township, . . 5,13,35, (§38) ,48, 78 
 Centreville, . . 3,7,10,11,25,93,95,100 
 Chambers (John) bank, ..... 137 
 
 Cherry township,. 9 
 
 line,. . 23,93, (§60), 101,105,154; 104 
 
 Cherry Tree well,.163 
 
 Christian & Cameron well, .... 160 
 
 Christley (Geo.),.95, 99 
 
 Christy’s house,.Ill 
 
 Cincinnati Anticlinal,.12 
 
 Clarion County; line, . 141,142; 222 
 
 Clarion River,.4,10,142 
 
 Clay Township, . . . . 1,5,7,8,15, 
 
 20,21,23,59, (§52), 78,79,101,154 
 
 Clearfield,. 1 
 
 township,. . 2,55,152,158,165,166,170 
 Cleminger & Maxwell well, . . . 161 
 
 Cleveland,.108,127 
 
 Clifford well,.158 
 
GENERAL I XT) EX 
 
 V. 231 
 
 Page. 
 
 Clinton ; station, .. . . . . . . I . 2, 
 143,195,197,198,199,200,202; 192 
 
 Clinton county; .141; 2^2 
 
 Clinton township, ..1,5 
 
 Clintonville and Bullion, .... 11 
 Oilfield, .. .. t . . . . ..... 128,154,133 
 Cochran (Wm.), .. .... . . . . 126 
 Collins’ Coal Bank; farm; . . 124; 123 
 Collins Bros., . . . . . . . . . . .162 
 
 Collins (Hugh),.122 
 
 Collins’ (Thomas) well, . ... .164 
 
 Columbia well,..159 
 
 Columbia Hill, ..115 
 
 wells, , . .. . .. 116,122,156,158,159 
 
 Columbia, .. . 161 
 
 Oil Company,. .... 11,30,166,167 
 
 Concord ; township,.. . 59 ; 
 
 (§53,) . . .5,8,20,21,83,105,161,162 
 
 Connoquenissing Creek,.2, 
 
 5,7,.11,50,83,190,191,195,196,197 
 
 Kearn’s branch,.48,51 
 
 Divide, ..6 
 
 Constable well, .. 162 
 
 Cornwall well,.159 
 
 Conway coal bank, . ..56 
 
 Constenays’ Mills,.129,130 
 
 Cranbury township,.1,2 
 
 Crawford county,.226 
 
 Crawford farm,.163 
 
 Criswell well,.156 
 
 Critchlow well, . . . ..158 
 
 Crocker’s coal bank,.98 
 
 Cross belt,.. . .151,154,155 
 
 Cummings’ well,.162 
 
 Cunningham’s farm,.191 
 
 Currie (Wm.) farm,.64 
 
 coal opening,.66 
 
 Darling well,.158 
 
 Darrer well,.161 
 
 Daubenspeck farm,.163 
 
 Davidson, Green & Co.’s bank, 197,199 
 
 Davis (Porter),.67 
 
 Davis (William),.73 
 
 Davis (Mr.),.,137 
 
 Davitt (John),.169 
 
 Dead Beat well,.161 
 
 Delap (S. N.) well, . ..160 
 
 Delvin (Mr.),.• • . . 174 
 
 Denny well, ..162 
 
 Devide or Vide well,.. . 158 
 
 Dividing ridges of Butler county, . 5 
 
 : Page. 
 
 Dilk’s R. R. station, . .. . . .. 5 
 
 Diviner farm, ... . «■. 10.57,164 
 
 Diviner well,. ..... .164 
 
 Donegal township,.. . . .10, 
 
 13,15,20,35,55,163,164,165,166,170 
 
 Donelly,.. . . ..27, 
 
 R. R. station, . .33,115,116,117,122 
 
 Dctter’s R. R. siding, . ..11 
 
 Dougherty farm ;. well, . . 161,174,176 
 Down East well, . ... ... . . 161 
 Draw Shite, . . . . .. . . . 103,104,108 
 Drorbough; Campbell & Stude- 
 
 baker banks, ...A,.62 
 
 Duchess farm,.158 
 
 Dufiy (E.) farm; (P.) farm, . .165; 166 
 
 Dugan farm,. ... . . . 164,165 
 
 Dull well, ..158 
 
 Eagle (Eli G.),. ....... 48 
 
 Easterling farm,.170 
 
 Eckert’s Bridge, . . .:.63,67 
 
 Eichenlaub farm, ..165 
 
 Eldorado, . ... . .117,118 
 
 Elk county,. 224 
 
 Emerson well, ..165 
 
 Emerson & McCloud well, .... 163 
 Emerson (Messrs. Emerson and 
 
 Bronson),.132 
 
 Emery & Caldwell well,.160 
 
 Emlenton, ..11 
 
 English (J. Y.),.44 
 
 Erie and Pittsburgh R. R., . . 186,206 
 
 Evans’well,. .161,176 
 
 Exchange well,.159 
 
 Fairview,.3,90,112,156 
 
 Fairview township, . . . .1,8,59,85, 
 (§ 86), 86,114,121,159,160,161,162, 
 163, 169, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180,182 
 Farmington, ..... . . 5,6,125,133 
 
 Barren town,.156,158 
 
 Fetzer <fe Myers tract,.164 
 
 Five Pomtsoil district, 102,104,105,111 
 Fletcher farm; well, . . . .159; 166 
 
 Ford (A.) farm, ..163 
 
 Forest county,.142 
 
 Forest mill .68 
 
 Forker well,.158 
 
 Forman well, No. 3,.162 
 
 Forquer bank,.56,57 
 
 Forward township,.1,2,20 
 
 Frank well, .161 
 
 Franklin ; Road,.76; 126 
 
232 Y. 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Franklin, . 1 
 
 township, 13,20,23,24,35,41,48,154 
 
 Frederick farm,.164 
 
 Frederickstown axis, . . . 12,207,208 
 
 Freeport basin, ..18 
 
 Fronsinger farm, . . .122,156,159,167 
 
 Frothingliam well,.160 
 
 Gallagher (John) farm,.44 
 
 Galey well,.164 
 
 Galloway farm,.102 
 
 Game well,.158 
 
 Gardener bank,.91 
 
 Geauga county (Ohio), .... 217,225 
 
 Gibson farm,.159 
 
 Gibson & Ecock wells, . 33,34,122,167 
 
 Gill bank,.95 
 
 Gillespie well; farm,.165 
 
 Glade well,.162 
 
 Glenn opening, .Ill 
 
 Glenn (Robert),.76 
 
 Glenn (William C.),.80,110 
 
 Good Enough well,.160 
 
 Gordon well,.162 
 
 Gordon Brothers’ well,.163 
 
 Gormley (Mr.),.134 
 
 Grace (S. and T.), well,.164 
 
 Grace (F. & M.), well,. 
 
 Graham (Daniel),.72,75 
 
 Graham (Joseph),.. . 75 
 
 Graham (J.), farm,.165 
 
 Graham (William C.),.110 
 
 Great Belt City,.157 
 
 Greece City, . .52,83,84,85,86,154,156 
 
 Greece & Modoc district,.151 
 
 Greene county,.18 
 
 Greenfield bore hole,.210 
 
 Grossman (B.),.76,102 
 
 Gundy (Mr.),.212 
 
 Hall (Mr.), 83,219 
 
 Harbor Bridge,. 206,208 
 
 Hardscrabble,.200 
 
 Hare well, ..161 
 
 Harrisburg § 10,.10 
 
 Harrisville,.3,25,130 
 
 Harrisville anticlinal,.12 
 
 axis § 46, . . . 63,94,95,128,192,197 
 Harrisville synclinal trough, 11,95,197 
 
 Harrisville coal field,.94 
 
 R. R. station,.11,126 
 
 Harrop farm; Harrop & Co. well, 159 
 Hart & Concle well,.165 
 
 Page. 
 
 Hart & Hicks well,.159 
 
 Hatch (Mr.),.156 
 
 Hayes Bank,.95 
 
 Hazlewood Oil Co. well and tract, 160 
 Hazlewood well, No. 21, . . . 89,178 
 
 Heck (D.), and Eagle,.45 
 
 coal banks,.50 
 
 Hemphill farm (heirs), . . .163,164 
 
 Hemphill (J.) farm,.163,164 
 
 Hermon Oil Co.,.165 
 
 R. R. Station,.152,156 
 
 Higgins (J.) banks,.135,136 
 
 High Flyer well,.161 
 
 Hilliard farm,.113 
 
 Hindman farm,.46 
 
 Hitchcock Slope,.137 
 
 H. L. T. & Co.,.162 
 
 Hockenberry (William), (H. D.) ; 
 
 opening,.61,104; 111 
 
 Hogan well,.163 
 
 Hogg (Harvey),.94 
 
 Hog Hollow, . . .200,202,204,206,207 
 Homewood furnace, . . . 189,191,197 
 Homewood R.R. Station, 11. (Har- 
 
 Harrisville axis),.12 
 
 Hooker (Jim) well,.161 
 
 Hoopskirt well,.159 
 
 Hoover well,.162 
 
 Hope well, No. 1 and No. 2, . . . 161 
 
 Hornet well, ... 161 
 
 Hughes (Mr.),.133 
 
 Hulings farm,.51 
 
 Humes farm,. 143,152,156,165 
 
 Humes well, No. 1 and No. 2, . . 165 
 
 Humphrey (James),.66,67 
 
 Hunter well, No. 1 and 2, .... 165 
 
 Hunter & Cummings well, .... 163 
 
 Huselton well and farm,.162 
 
 Hutchinson’s bank,.54 
 
 Ida well,.164 
 
 Indiana county,.141 
 
 Ingleside well,.159 
 
 Invincible well,. 162 
 
 Iron Bridge (Muddy Cr.), .36,37, 61 
 Jack farm gas well record, . .109,112 
 
 Jack farm,.112 
 
 Jackson (Mr.),. 2 
 
 Jacobs well,.159 
 
 Jamestown,.224 
 
 Jamison farm, .... 84,160,162 
 
 John Smith well (see Smith), . . 227 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Y. 233 
 
 Page. 
 
 Jefferson county,.141 
 
 J efferson township,.2,5,165 
 
 Jeffersonville,.152 
 
 Jennings well,No.5,161,162. (Well 
 
 No. 4,. 162 
 
 Jenkins farm and well, . . 55,158,159 
 
 Jim Hooker well,.161 
 
 Jones farm,.41,158 
 
 Johnsonburg coal field,.141 
 
 Earns City, 19,56,87,90,91,148,152,156 
 Earns City and Butler R. R. Co., 3,91 
 
 Earns well,.162 
 
 Earthaus, .141 
 
 Eaylor oil district,.152 
 
 Eearns Branch of Connoquenes- 
 sing River, . . 6,10,35,48,54, 83 
 
 Eeister (John) mills,.99 
 
 Eennedv’s mills,. 7 
 
 Eepplefarm,.163 
 
 Eerns well, No. 6, . . 162, (1204) ,182 
 
 Eeystone well, . 163 
 
 Eildoo’s quarry,.68 
 
 Eincaid well and farm, . . . .91,163 
 
 Eingsbury (Mr.),.100 
 
 Eirk & Dilworth well,.165 
 
 Enapp (Andrew), .126 
 
 Lady Campbell well, ...... 160 
 
 Lady McClelland well,.160 
 
 Lady Moore well,.163 
 
 Lady Sutton well,.161 
 
 Lake Erie, . . 219 
 
 Lancaster township,.1, 2 
 
 Lancaster well, .161 
 
 Lancaster County,.5,12,15, 
 
 17,24,27,31,33,34,36,37,59,63,67, 
 69,94,98, 117,128,141, 142, 185,222 
 
 Lawrence County line,.7, 93 
 
 Lawrenceburg,.4, 
 
 27,115,117,118,120,136,158 
 
 Lechner farm,.165 
 
 Lechner well,.165 
 
 Leetonia (Ohio),.202 
 
 Lee’s bank,.197,199 
 
 Liebold (Henry),.51 
 
 Lesquereau (L.), .... 189,190,200 
 
 Lesley (J. P.), . 7,11,15,20,67,145,155 
 
 Liberty—West,.3,7,71, 73 
 
 Lightfoot well,.160 
 
 Lioness well,.158 
 
 Little Bear Creek,.89 
 
 Livermore (Frank),.211 
 
 Page 
 
 Lock Haven,.222 
 
 Lone Star well,.162 
 
 Love farm,.210,216 
 
 Lowellville,.142 
 
 Lucas (Mr.),.88 
 
 Lutz bank,.72 
 
 Lycoming county,.221 
 
 Maggie well (No. 1), , . .158,161,162 
 Mahoning; river; valley, . 59,142,217 
 
 Maid well,.165 
 
 Maple furnace (old), 
 
 on North Bear Cr.,.123 
 
 Maple Shade well,.159 
 
 Marion,. l 
 
 township, . . 9,106,125,126, § 72 130 
 
 Marion well,.158 
 
 Martin, (J. P.),.72 
 
 Martinsburg, . .10,27,28,33,112,115, 
 118,119,120,121,122,124,150,152,159 
 Martinsburg axis § 9, § 67, . 10,119,120 
 
 Mary Ann well,.161,162 
 
 Mattison & McDonald,.160 
 
 well, .(H70), 169 
 
 Maud Jack well,.161 
 
 Mayville well and tract,.161 
 
 McAlear (?) farm,.160 
 
 McAllister farm, wells Nos. 1, 3, 5, 165 
 
 McAnallen (Mr.),.82 
 
 McBride’s farm,.50 
 
 McCafferty (Mr.),.122,123 
 
 McCandless (G. J.) ; (W. N.), . 45; 46 
 McCandless well; farm, . . .46,47,52 
 
 McCarvey well, No. 1,.162 
 
 McClayinan’s well, No. 1,.160 
 
 McCleary farm, .161,174 
 
 McClelland (S.), well, No. 1; farm, 162 
 
 McClintock well,.164 
 
 McClyman’s farm,.160,169 
 
 McConnell (Mrs. M.),.39 
 
 McCracken’s house; opening, . . 63 
 McCreath (Mr.), . . . .49,62,106,127 
 
 McCullough well,.164 
 
 McDermott (P.), farm; (W. W.), 
 
 farm,.162,163 
 
 McDonald well,.160 
 
 McElvain (Sami.), coal, . . . .80,81 
 McGara (S.), of Martinsburg, . 55,176 
 
 McGarvey farm,.110,162 
 
 McGill well,.163 
 
 McGinley farm,.165 
 
 McGregor (Mr.),.104 
 
234 
 
 GENERAL INDEX.; 
 
 Page. 
 
 McGrinley farm ; well,.164 
 
 McGuire (P.), form,.165 
 
 McKee (Hon. David) ; (Mr.) resi¬ 
 dence, . . . . . . . .. . . 96; 96 
 
 McKinney Bros, well, No. 2, 4, . . 164 
 McKnight (Mr.), . . . . . . . . -. 96 
 
 McLaughlin farm, .- j.165 
 
 McMichael (Mr.) ; well, . . .79; 163 
 
 McMurry’s Run, .. . 103 
 
 Gas well, . . . ’ . . . . . 126; 112 
 
 McMurry’s Mills, ..131,132 
 
 McVey & Co. well No. 1,.163 
 
 Mead well, . . . . 55,165,(1173),170 
 Mecca—see Oil, .......... 224 
 
 Mechanicsburg,.63 
 
 Mechanicsville,.128 
 
 Mechlin well No. 1,.164 
 
 Melvin (D. R.),. 40 
 
 Mercer County, . .5,31,33,69,93,94, 
 98,117,125,126,128,142,185,225,226 
 
 Mercer, . 1 
 
 Township, . 9,23,125, (§69) ,126,131 
 Mercer Mining and Manufacturing 
 
 Co.,. 28,126 
 
 Middlesex; RR. Station; Town¬ 
 ship, . . . 2,212,214,215; 213; 5 
 
 Middletown,.4,5,6, 83 
 
 Millerstown,.3,10,15,19,55, 
 
 56,57,58, 90, 91,92,152,155,156,164 
 Millerstown Anticlinal, §8, §43,10, 57 
 Millerstown Coal, §56, . . . . . . 90 
 Millerstown East Belt, .... 87,152 
 
 Miller Oil Co., . ,. 162 
 
 Mills (Mr.),.197,199 
 
 Mitchell well No. 2,.161 
 
 Modoc City; oil sand; well; dis¬ 
 trict, . . . . 113; 87,156; 161; 151 
 
 Mock (Sami.),.81 
 
 Mock Bank,.82 
 
 Mohawk well,.161 
 
 Monnie (Mr.), . ,.53 
 
 Moore (Isaac) farm; (J.) farm; 
 
 ( W.) farm, . . . . . 41; 163; 163 
 
 Moravia,. , 202 
 
 Morehead <fc Lardin well, . . 162,180 
 Morrison well No. 1 farm, .... 162 
 
 Mortimer farm,.162,180 
 
 Mount Chestnut, ..46 
 
 Muddy Creek, 5,6,7,8,15,20,35,36,37, 
 43,60,61,63,71,73,78,83,150,153,154 
 Muddy Creek; falls; valley, . . 7; 60 
 
 ' Page. 
 
 Muddy Creek, 1 
 
 Township, .... 13,23,35,36,59,61 
 
 Murphy (P.) farm, ........ 165. 
 
 Murphy farm, .......... 165 
 
 Murrin (Hugh), . . .. 134 
 
 Murrin (Joseph),. 134 
 
 Murrinsville, . 106,125,131,133,134,154 
 
 Myers’ Farm, .. 40 
 
 Mystic well, ........... 159 
 
 Nassua, .. 208,210,212 
 
 Neff (J.) farm,.165 
 
 Nesbitt well; record, . . . 153; 46, 47 
 
 Nesbit & Lardin,.160 
 
 Neshannock Creek,.188 
 
 New Brighton,.. 17, 25 
 
 Newberry (Dr. J. S.), . . . .216; 31 
 
 New Castle, . . . ..7, 
 
 12, 31,188,199,200,203,204,206,208 
 
 New Castle well,.228 
 
 New Castle and Homewood RR., . 186 
 New Hope Woolen Mills, . . 95, 96 
 
 Newport,. 200 
 
 Newton well,.161 
 
 Nolan’s house, . ..92 
 
 North Branch,.106 
 
 North Washington; road, . . 3,5,6, 
 21, 93,105,106,108,109,111,112,118, 
 122,131,134,152; 85 
 
 Now (J.) farm, ..165 
 
 Oakland Township; line, . . .1,13, 
 15,20,35, (§40) ,52,54,55,84,165; 83 
 
 O’Brien’s.57 
 
 O’Donnell (Mr.) ; farm, . . .134; 166 
 
 Ohio; axis,.12,217,142; 12 
 
 Oil City, .11,142,148 
 
 Oil Creek; oil; region; type; well 
 records, . . . . 149; 114; 139; 150; 76 
 Oil Fields of Butler County, §83, . 149 
 Oil wells 
 
 of Franklin Township. . . . 46,205 
 of Grace City; Fairview; 3d 
 
 Sand, .3; 149 
 
 Oil and Gas wells, (§73),. . . . .132 
 Oil belts, Eastern and Western 
 
 belts, . ... 87 
 
 Millerstown and St. Joe 3d Sand 
 
 belt,. 149,153; 140,52 
 
 3d Sand Oil belt, . . . 55,57,87,151 
 4th Sand Oil belt, .... 52,53,87 
 
 Venango Oil fields,. 
 
 Olive well, ..162 
 
GENERAL INDEX 
 
 Y. 230 
 
 Page. 
 
 Oliver farm, ........ . . .” . . 41 
 
 O’Reilly well, ..165 
 
 Osceola well, ...... . * . . . 161 
 
 Overv well, ... . . . . . , . 165 
 
 Pacific Slope, near Sharon, .... 215 
 
 Painter (Mr.), . . . . . . . . . . 79 
 Pai nt Fork of Sandy River, E. Ken¬ 
 tucky, ...... -j . . . . . . . . 18 
 
 Pardoe in Mercer Co., .... 28,129 
 
 Parker City, ........... 4 
 
 Corners, . . . 6,27,33,113,115,116 
 Elevator, . . 117,150,151,156,157,158 
 
 Parker (J.), farm, . ..162 
 
 Parker Oil District, . . ..149 
 
 Parker R. R.; and Karns City R. 
 
 R. Co., . ... ... . . . , . 3; 119 
 Parker Township, . . 1,21,22,24,25, 
 89,93,106,109,( § 65) 114,149,159,167 
 
 Parsons well, ..158 
 
 Parsonville,.105 
 
 Patterson (Billy), well, ..'... 159 
 Patterson (Robt.) farm, . . . .79,81 
 
 Patton well,.. . . 161 
 
 Perdue well, ..160 
 
 Perry (Mr.),.102 
 
 Perry, Armstrong Co.,.158 
 
 Perry Township, . . .1,2,114,162,163 
 Person’s (F. N.), Bear Creek, . . 159 
 
 Peters (Adam) farm,.162 
 
 Petrolia, . . . 3,87,88,89,151,156,160 
 
 Phillips Bros., .. 76,133,153 
 
 Pisor bank,.61,64 
 
 Pittsburgh; Pike,.141 
 
 Boyd’s Hill well, . . . 148;74,128; 19 
 
 Platt (Mr.), ..141,222 
 
 Portersville,.3, 
 
 5,36,37,38,39,40,41,60,67,68 
 
 Power (W. G.),.77 
 
 Pottsville, ..221 
 
 Prentice (Mr.).136 
 
 well, ........ 163,164,165,166 
 
 Presbyterian Church, at Middle¬ 
 
 town, 
 
 84 
 
 Preston well; water well, 162,163 ; 160 
 
 Prospect well,. 3,5,43,46,50 
 
 Prospect and Portersville road, . . 40 
 
 Pulaski, . . . ..209 
 
 Ralph well and well, . . . .143; 160 
 
 Ralston (W.), farm,.39 
 
 opening,.161,39 
 
 Rankin (D. C.),.farm,.161 
 
 I 
 
 ! Page. 
 
 Rattling Jack well, . .... . . .159 
 
 Ray (Mr.); (J.), bank, . . 132; 83,84 
 Raymilton, in Venango county, . . 153 
 Rebecca Jane well, . ...... .159 
 
 Red Bridge, (in Lawrence county), 6 
 Red Bank Creek, ..... . . 142 
 
 Red Cross well, . . ; . . . . .162 
 
 Reddick farm, ... . . . . .159,166 
 
 Reed well, ... .. .j ..161 
 
 Reis (Brown & Berger,) . . . . . 204 
 Relief well, .. .. 1 ." . . 165 
 
 Reno oil well records, . . , . . . 76 
 Riddle (L.), well and farm, . 163,165 
 
 Rider (Jacob),.. . . .'..53 
 
 Roberts well, .. 162 
 
 Robinson farm, . . .. . .. , . . 158,159 
 
 Rob Roy well, ..160 
 
 Rock City, .. 131 
 
 Rock Point, ........ ,189,195 
 
 Rogers (Geo.) ; (J.) ; Prof., . . 57,57 
 Rogers (Prof. H. D.), . .... 27,145 
 
 Rose Bud well,. 159 
 
 Rose Point,. 7 
 
 in Lawrence county, . . .63,68; 69 
 
 Rumbaugh farm,.112,113,114 
 
 Rumbaugh, ........... 112 
 
 oil wells § 64. 113,153,154 
 
 Sadie well, . . . . ..162 
 
 Satterfield & Taylor,.47,160 
 
 Salsbury well, .......... 163 
 
 Say (H. H.), farm; well, 159; 160,163 
 
 Schnure farm,.165 
 
 School house ; No. 4, . . . . 162; 103 
 
 Scott’s banks ; at Clinton, . 199; 197 
 Scott (W.), farm, . . ..... 160 
 
 Scrubgrass; bend; creek; Little 
 creek, . . . 12; 11; 126; 135; 136 
 
 Scudder well,.163,165 
 
 Seceder’s or Eckert,s bridge, ... 67 
 
 Sedgwick farm, ..159 
 
 Seibert (B. B.), farm, ....... 163 
 
 Shain. (Henry),.110 
 
 Shanghai well, . ..161 
 
 Shannon’sepal bank,.198,199 
 
 Shannon (Samuel W.), farm, . . . 45 
 
 Shamburg & O’Hara,.164 
 
 Sharpsyille, ..219 
 
 Sharon well, .... .213,216,219,220 
 Sharon; coal region, . . 226,227; 217 
 
 Sharon furnace,. .219 
 
 Sharon well,. 219,220,227 
 
236 Y. 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Shaw’s bridge,.61,37,63 
 
 Sheakley well and farm; (Heirs’ 
 
 farm),. 160,163,178; 164 
 
 Sheakley coal banks,.89 
 
 Shenango creek,.3,206 
 
 and valley,.185,22 
 
 Shenango & Allegheny R. R., 108,129 
 
 Shenango Iron Co.’s Gas well, . . 204 
 
 Shidemantle well,.160,165 
 
 Shinn (John),.202 
 
 Sliira (Mr.),. 114 
 
 ( Wm.), farm,.112,114 
 
 Shirley well,.166 
 
 Shite Poke well,.164 
 
 Sho waiter well,.. . 165 
 
 Shreve well,.164 
 
 Seebold (H.),.51 
 
 Silver Creek,.89,119,122 
 
 Sinnemahoning Creek,.141 
 
 Six Points, . . 118,120,136,137,150,152 
 Six Points or Crawford’s Corners 
 
 Oil held.§77,138 
 
 Slippery Rock, . 6,11,59,60,99,130,133 
 Slippery Rock Creek, . . 3,5,6,7,8, 
 9, 26,28,32,33,34,63,67,68,70, 
 78,83, 93,94,101, 102,105,107, 
 
 128, 153, 154,190, 197, 198,200 
 
 Slippery Rock,.83 
 
 South Branch,.105,111,113 
 
 Slippery Rock Divide,.71 
 
 Slippery Rock,. 9 
 
 Township, . 23,93, (§ 58) 94,101,128 
 
 Smith well,. 161,165 
 
 Smith (Mr.); (John) well; (Mrs.) 
 
 farm,.158; 76,77,153,160 
 
 Smiths’ coal bank,.108,109 
 
 Smith’s Ferry; Run, . . . .12,17; 92 
 
 Smith & Thompson,.160,47 
 
 Snow farm; (W.) farm, . . 162; 182 
 
 Somerset county,.141 
 
 South Branch,.. . 102 
 
 South Side well,.159 
 
 Spearman, Ulp & Co.,.214 
 
 Spence well,.160 
 
 Spider well,.161 
 
 Starr (J.) farm,.161 
 
 Steele farm,.162 
 
 Stewart (A) farm,.164 
 
 Stevenson (Prof.),.18; 12 
 
 St. Joe,. 55,151,156,170 
 
 Page. 
 
 Stone House,.99 
 
 Banks ; Tract, . . . 120,156; 83; 159 
 
 Storey (Martha),.90 
 
 Story Run,.119 
 
 Stoughton well,.164 
 
 Strawbridge (Mr.),.211 
 
 Straw bridge Coal, of Ohio, .... 187 
 
 Strickland & Fuller,.161 
 
 Stuart farm,.41 
 
 Studebaker’s (Drorbough, Camp¬ 
 bell &-) bank, . . . .62,63 
 
 Sucker Rod Belt,.87 
 
 Sulphur Water well,.158 
 
 Summit; Township, 1,2,165,157; 165 
 
 Sunbury,.8,4,6,79,80 
 
 Sutton well,.172 
 
 Sutton (J.) farm,.161 
 
 (P.) farm,.161,172 
 
 Tack & Morehead, . ..160 
 
 Tanner well,.165 
 
 Taylor (Satterfield &-), ... 47 
 
 Taylor (H. L.) ; & Co., . . . 153; 182 
 
 Taylor (H. T. & Co.),.172 
 
 Templeton well,.160 
 
 Thompson farm,.163 
 
 (Robt.) farm, . . . 98,113; 166,170 
 Thompson Gas Well (1175), Carbon 
 
 Centre,.170; 166* 55 
 
 Thompson & Mechlin,.164 
 
 Thoms Run,.158 
 
 Tippery Corners,.11,142 
 
 Troutman farm; (S.—) farm; well; 
 well at Modoc, . . . 81,161; 113; 151 
 
 Trumbull County, Ohio,.226 
 
 Trumbull & Croll,.113 
 
 Turk (Mr.),.75 
 
 Tycoon well,.159 
 
 Ulp (Spearman & Co.),.214 
 
 Uncle Hiram well,.163 
 
 Unionville; Coal Banks (Centre 
 
 T.), §39,.3; 48 
 
 United Pipe lines,.112 
 
 Vanporte, in Beaver Co.,.142 
 
 Venango County; drillings,5,24,28,98, 
 125, 126, 128,136, 141,142; 148; 226 
 
 Venango, . 1 
 
 Township, . . . 23,106,125,131,133 
 Vogan (Widow); (Geo.), ... 61; 63 
 Wampum ; Bank ; Oil Co.’s well, 143, 
 188,197,198,199,200,201; 199; 197 
 Warner; farm,.164; 164 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Y. 237 
 
 Page. 
 
 Washington County,.18 
 
 Washington (See North Washing¬ 
 ton). 
 
 Washington Township,.21 
 
 23,80,93,104, ( § 61), 105,114,136 
 
 Watson (Mr.),.88 
 
 Weakley Banks,.95 
 
 Weber (Mrs. Mary,).75 
 
 Weiser well,.164,166 
 
 Weitzel (Mr.),.73 
 
 Whiskey Run,.143 
 
 in Armstrong Co.,.152 
 
 White (Mr.), . 17,25,31,39,41,68,129, 
 142,145,185,188,195,197,198,223 
 White (Prof.), .2,7,9,12,18,22,54,146 
 
 White Bank,.40 
 
 Whitmore Bank, ..53 
 
 Wick’s Mills,.99,100 
 
 Wigton (Mr.);farm; (Wm.);farm; 
 
 banks,.75; 99; 45; 46 
 
 Wilcox, in McKean Co.,.141 
 
 Page. 
 
 Wildcat well, .159 
 
 Wilkesbarre,.221 
 
 Wilson (W.) farm,.161 
 
 (W. A.) farm, . ..160 
 
 Winfield,. 2 
 
 Wittemburg,. 188,189,191,200 
 
 Wolf Creek,. 6,11,28,63,69, 
 
 70,93,94,95 , 96,98,100,128,129,153 
 
 Well, Fig. 149,. 153,227 
 
 Oil and Salt Testing Company, 
 
 §59,.100 
 
 Woods & Ripley,.162 
 
 Worth,.59 
 
 Worth Township,. 5 
 
 line, . . 9,23, (§45) ,59,71,94,128; 76 
 
 Wyatt well; (Mr.),.163; 170 
 
 Wyoming County,.221 
 
 Yellow Creek,.39 
 
 East Branch,.41; 39, 55 
 
 Young (James),.81, 84 
 
238 V, 
 
 GEOLOGICAL I INDEX. 
 
 2. Geological. 
 
 A. The Beds Arranged in Descending Order. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Upper Productive Coal Measures,.106 
 
 Pittsburgh Coal bed, ..14, 18, 26 
 
 Barren (Lower) Measures Section § 12,. 12, 17, 18, 43, 48, 83 
 
 Soil in Muddy Creek, Franklin, Centre, Oakland, Donegal,. 8 
 
 Pittsburgh Upper Limestone,.. 14 
 
 Pittsburgh Little Coal and Limestone, ................. 14 
 
 Elk Lick Coal and Limestone, .. 14 
 
 Berlin Coal,. 14 
 
 Green Crinoidal Limestone, . . . .... 14 
 
 Platt Coal (?), .... ...... 14 
 
 Black Fossiliferous Limestone,.. . ... . 18 
 
 Bakertown Coal, ..13, 14 
 
 Pine Creek Limestone, .... 13, 14 
 
 Buffalo (Mahoning, Upper) Sandstone, ... 13, 14, 48 
 
 Brush Creek Limestone, .13, 14 
 
 Brush Creek Coal,..13, 14, 48, 51, 56 
 
 Mahoning SS., . . 8, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 36, 37, 54, 64, 66, 71, 78, 83, 84, 86, 90, 91 
 
 Contains the Millerstown Coal,. 16 
 
 Millerstown Coal, described § 16, § 42,15, 16,19, 20, 29, 51, 54, 55, 56, 84, 86, 170 
 
 Lower Productive Coal Measures,. 8 
 
 Described,. 13, 17, 36, 49, 59, 94, 146, 147, 148, 185, 186, 221, 222 
 
 Description of its various limestones,...144 
 
 Freeport Group, described § 14, . . . 17, 18, 19, 35, 36, 48, 59, 60, 71, 78, 83, 122 
 
 Upper and Lower beds, . 53 
 
 Freeport Upper Coal, described § 15, § 17,.16, 
 
 17, 18, 19, 20, 29, 37, 39, 42, 46, 48, 50, 52, 53, ? 54, 55, 56, 57, 64, 66, 
 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 90, 93, 105, 106, 114, 116, 121, 136 
 
 Freeport Upper Limestone, described § 15, § 18, .16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 
 
 29, 36, 64, 78, 79, 81, 85, 90, 93, 105, 109, 113, 114, 116, 123, 124, 141, 147, 199 
 
 Distance from Ferriferous Limestone constant,. 15 
 
 Absent from the Parker Section, . . . ' .115 
 
 Freeport Upper (Summit Ore of Q, Report, Beaver County),. 16 
 
 Freeport Upper Sandstone, ... 16, 22, 51, 53, 57, 70, 82, 101, 116, 119, 121, 133 
 
 Freeport Lower Coal,. 16, 21, 29, 42, 50, 51, 53, 54, 66, 74, 75, 78, 80, 
 
 81 to 86, 88, 90, 93, 106, 108, 109, 111 to 115, 118, 122, 123, 133, ? 172, 180, 182 
 
 At Homewood Furnace Section doubtful,.190 
 
 Freeport Lower Limestone, described § 20,. 16, 21, 29, 123, 147 
 
 As it appears in the Oil wells,. 172, 174, 176, 180, 182 
 
 Freeport Lower Limestone Ore, at Old Maple Furnace, .128 
 
 Eichenhauer Coal ? same as Currie Local Coal ?. 22 
 
 Currie Local Coal in the Freeport Lower Sandstone, described § 47, . . . 22, 
 
 65, 66, 72, SI, 88, 89, 105, 106, 116, 124 
 Freeport Lower Sandstone, described § 21, 8, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 26, 37, 44, 45, 72, 
 84, 89, 93, 94, 99, 106, 110, 113, 116, 121, 126, 127, 130, 131, 134.—Shaly, 186 
 
 Kittanning Group, described § 25,. 17, 24, 35, 59, 60, 71, 78, 124 
 
 Coal beds of the group,.18, 93, 195 
 
 Upper, Middle Middle and Lower Coals,.188 
 
 Upper and Middle Coals,. 36, 43, 59, 71 
 
 Upper or Middle Coal,. 33 
 
GEOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 V. 239 
 
 » 
 
 Page. 
 
 Kittanning Upper Coal, described § 51, ..15; 
 
 16, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 51, 53, 54, 60, 61, 66, 
 74, 75, 76, 78, 80 to 84, 86, 88, 89, 94, 98, 99, 102, 104, 105, 106 
 
 McGarvey’s Cannel,.106, 110 
 
 Darlington Cannel,.107 
 
 North Washington Cannel, § 62,.109 
 
 Continuation of description,.. Ill, 112, 113, 114 
 
 Cannel, .. 119 
 
 Continuation of description, . . 120 to 125, 130, 131, 134 (§ 75), 169,186, 190 
 Kittanning Upper Limestone, the same as the Johnstown Cement Bed of 
 
 Cambria County, . ... ..141 
 
 Kittanning Middle (perhaps, here, Upper) Coal,. 41 
 
 Described in •§ 23, . .. 16, 23, 24, 26, 29, 42, 
 
 43, 45, 46, 47, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 71 to 76, 8S, 94 to 99, 102, 105, 106, 107, 
 *111, 116, 119, 123, 125, 126, 127, 129, 186, 190, 192, 193, 196, 199, 201, 202, 203 
 
 Mined at Lee’s bank,. 198 
 
 Harrisville. bed, . . .. 94, 95, 98, 185 
 
 Perhaps the Lower coal,.137 
 
 Kittanning Lower Coal, described § 24, .. ..16, 23, 
 
 25, 26, 29, 37, 42,. 43, 59, .60. 61, 70, 88, 89, 95, 97, 102 to 105, 107, 111, 115, 
 116, 118, 119, 125, 134, 135, 174, 176, 178, 186, 190, 191, 193, 195, 196, )99 
 
 Kittanning Lower .Coal Fire Clay,.. . . ... ■. . . . . . 193 
 
 Ferriferous Coal bed or beds, ... 15,26, 59, 97 
 
 Buhrstone (Limestone) iron ore, described § 81,.17, 144> 145 
 
 Ferriferous Limestone described, § 26, § 79,... 4, 8, 11$ 
 
 . 16 to 19, 20 to 22,.24 to 28, 36, 37, 43, 47, 55, 60, 61, 63, 67, 68, 69, 70, 
 71, 75, 88 to 90, 93 to 105, 107, 109, 111 to 113, 116 to 119, 121, 122,124, 
 
 125, 127 to 131, 133,. 135, 137, 140, 141, 147, 148, 151, 153, 168 to 170* 
 172, 178, 180, 182, 186, 188, 189, 192, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202,214 
 
 Scrubgrass Coal, . 17, 26, 27, 29, 68, 69, 70, 96 to 99, 121, 128 to 130, 187, 203, 204 
 Clarion Group Of. Coal beds, described § 48, . . . .... . . . 28, 67, 93, 97, 133 
 
 Clarion Coal, . . ... . 4, 17, 27 to 29, 33, 68, 96 to 98, 
 
 102 to 104, 107?, .115 to 120, 125, 129, 137, 176, 178, 187, 190, 192, 195, 196, 199 
 
 Either Clarion or Brookville Coal, .. 130,131, 234 
 
 BrookviJle Coal, '.... \ .16,17, 27 to 29; 
 
 . 31, 68, 93, 96, 99, 100,.121, 125, 129, 131, 135, 137, 187, 196, 199, 201, 222 
 
 Beaver. River Conglomerate Series,...4 
 
 No. XII,. described § 31,.. .. 16, 31, 101, 115, 117, 185, 186, 188 
 
 Homewood Sandstone^Top (?) of No. XII, ..4, 7,,17$ 
 
 28, 32, 34, 59, 68 to 71, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 104, 106, 115, 116, 118,119, 
 
 126, 129, 130, 131, 13.2, 187 to 190, 192 to 199, 202 to 204, 206, 222, 225. 227 
 
 The Sixty Foot Rock, ..... ..... . ... . . . . . .121,213, 218 
 
 Interconglomerate beds of Fontaine,.. 69 
 
 Mercer, soft interconglomerate measures; shales,...4; 60 
 
 Mercer Group of Coals,.. . 32, 33, 94,- 
 
 96, 116, 117, 125,185,.188,.194, 196, 200, 204, 209, 210, 214, 217, 218, 222, 225 
 
 Mercer coal heds, described § 49, . . . . .. . 33, 6.9, 70, 97, 116, 118, 201, 202, 209 
 
 Mercer limestones, described as double,... 33, 47, 147, 189 
 
 Mercer Limestones—spirit .levels, . .. . ..... . . . . . . . 12, 
 
 Mercer Upper Limestone, . . . 187,188, 189, 196, 198, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210 
 
 Mercer Limestone Iron Ore,. 70, 190, 196 
 
 Mercer Upper Coal,...187 
 
240 V. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 Tage. 
 
 Mercer Lower Limestone,. 187, 198, 207 
 
 Mercer Lower Coal,. 187, 207, 210 
 
 Connoquenessing Sandstone, Upper and Lower,. 4, 
 
 6, 7, 33, 68, 117, 188 to 191, 196, 198, 204, 208, 214, 217, 223, 225. 
 
 Connoquenessing Upper Sandstone,. 32, 68, 187, 194, 203, 211, 213, 215 
 
 Quakertown Coal (Strawbridge,of Ohio? Hog Hollow Coal?), 32, 214, 206, 212 
 
 Connoquenessing Lower Sandstone,. 32, 187, 194, 203, 206, 210, 215 
 
 Sharon Upper (or Rider) Coal (Strawbridge?),.210 
 
 Sharon coal field,.188 
 
 Sharon Group of coals,. 32, 225 
 
 Sharon Coal (Block bed),.31, 
 
 33, 34, 187, 196, 200, 204, 206, 209, 212, 213, 223, 217, 218. 
 
 Block coal (Sharon bed) at Greenfield and Bethel, &c.,.210, 
 
 219, 211, 214, 215, 216, 219. 
 
 Sharon Conglomerate (=Ohio Conglomerate; or its top member,) ... 32, 
 187, 188, 209, 212, 213, 214 217, 2 8, 219, 223 to 228. 
 
 Its lower part the “ 18 foot sand ” at Wampum,.197 
 
 Mountain Sand Group,. 4, 31, 115, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182 
 
 Sharon Upper Shales,.225 
 
 Sharon Upper Sandstone,. 31 
 
 (First Mountain Sand of Venango?). 197, 223 to 227 
 
 Sharon Lower Shales, ..225 
 
 Sharon Lower Sandstone,. 225 
 
 (Second Mtn. Sand; Carll’s Garland Conglomerate?),. 223 to 227 
 
 Crawford Upper Shales (Cuyahoga Shales of Ohio), . .31, 32, 205, 224 to 228 
 
 Berea Grit of Ohio survey, . .. 31 
 
 (Third Mtn. Sand of Venango?). 139, 150, 205, 220 to 227 
 
 Crawford Lower Shales,.100 
 
 (Bedford red shales of Ohio,). 150, 166, 205, 225 to 228 
 
 Venango Oil Sand Group (Bullion, Parker, &c.),.139 
 
 Described § 78,. 140, 141, 150, 152, 153 
 
 First Oil Sand of Venango=H)riller’s Second Oil Sand at Petrolia, &c., 139, 150 
 
 Thirty Foot rock at Martinsburg (?), ... ,. . . .115,150, 152 
 
 Forty Foot rock, red rock, of Six Points oil district (?),.139 
 
 Second Oil sand of Venango,. 52,140,148,150,153- 139, 173 
 
 Fifty Foot rock of Martinsburg ?,. 115,138,139, 152 
 
 Blue Monday, over the Boulder, .150 
 
 Boulder, over the Stray Third at Petrolia,. 150 
 
 Stray Third, Brown Sand of Six Points district (?),.138, 140 
 
 Stray Third at Martinsburg,.150 
 
 Third Oil Sand of Venango,. 133,138,151,152,154, 173 
 
 Third Sand of Six Points,..86, 140 
 
 Third Sand of Bullion,.149, 156 
 
 Columbia Hill oil rock, Clintonville Oil Sand,.140 
 
 Stray Fourth of the Butler wells at Petrolia, &c.,.150 
 
 Third and Fourth Sands,. 115 
 
 Fourth Sand of the. 55 
 
 Butler wells at Petrolia,. 85,86,151,152,156,173; -148, 150 
 
 Erie Shales; Chemung,.219; 140,227, 228 
 
GEOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 V. 241 . 
 
 B. References to Geological Facts . 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aerial deposits,. 18 
 
 Analyses of coals: K. U. C ; K. M. C.; K. L. C.,. 25 
 
 LTnionville coal,.49,62,106, 127 
 
 Ancient flood plane of the Allegheny river,. 5 
 
 Ancient erosion,. 17 
 
 Ancient anticlinals,. 28 
 
 Aneroid work,. 3 
 
 Anticlinals described and traced,.. 9 
 
 Anticlinal of Harrisville,. 10, 11 
 
 Anticlinal of Millersburg discovered in oil wells,. 10 
 
 Anticlinals in Homewood Sandstone, . .. 28 
 
 Anticlinal between Clinton and Wampum,.198 
 
 Anticlinal near New Castle, same as Frederickstown axis ? ...... 12; 208 
 
 Area of North Butler,... 2 
 
 Belt-line theory, § 84,.154 
 
 Belts of oil described, § 84,. 155 
 
 Fourth sand belt crosses Concord township; Cross belt,.85 ; 155 
 
 Eastern, Sucker-rod and Western belts sub-divisions of Third in Fair- 
 view township,.87, 115 
 
 Bends in Allegheny river caused by anticlinals,.5, 11 
 
 Big Rock of the Beaver county wells,.226 
 
 Block coal of Sharon bed described,.216 . 
 
 Cannel and bituminous coal in Darlington (Kitt. TJ. C.),.23, 104 
 
 Semicannel in Millerstown coal; Cannel in Currie Local coal, . . 54; 65 
 Impure laminated, 5' to 7', over Kitt. Mid. coal, Brady township, . . 74 
 
 Cannel of North Washington occupies a very small area,.109 
 
 Cannel at Murrinsville in Kitt. Upper coal,.131 
 
 Cannel in Venango township (K. U. C.), one mile square,.134 
 
 Cannel in Kittanning Lower (?) coal,.135 
 
 Cafions rare in North Butler,. 2 
 
 CafLon of Homewood Sandstone on Black’s run, Marion township, . 132 
 
 Channels of rivers changed in Glacial age,.7, 9 
 
 Cliffs of Connoquenessing Sandstone,.194 
 
 Clay for pottery under Kittanning Middle coal at Clinton, ..193 
 
 Coal area in North Butler,. 18 
 
 Sixth Bituminous coal basin,. 9 
 
 Scarce in Oakland township,. 52 
 
 Plenty in Worth township ; got from the Freeport group,. 60 
 
 Obtained in Fairview township almost entirely from Millerstown coal, 86 
 Only fuel of Mercer township comes from Kittanning Middle coal, . 126 
 
 Even when poor, valuable when in the midst of oil wells,. 90 
 
 Coals of one group never all thick and good at any one locality,. 25 
 
 Thickness always exaggerated in oil well records. (Note),.122 
 
 Coal of fabulous size in Robert Allen well (f. 13),. 42 
 
 Thick coal beds may be too thin to notice in neighboring wells, . . . 89 
 
 Kitt. Upper C. unusually thick (5') at Martinsburg, Parker T., . . . 124 
 Kitt. Middle C. locally thick (5 ) at Central Point, Fairview T., . . . 89 
 
 Freeport Lower C. locally (13' to 14') at N. Washington, . .106,108, 109 
 Coal in sandstone,.22, 23 
 
 16 Y. 
 
242 Y. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Mercer C. locked in between Homewood and Conn. SS. (104'), Se- 
 
 ceder’s bridge,.. 68 
 
 With underclay squeezed up into its lower bench, at Beattie’s (Fig. 133), 194 
 Split into two beds, 15' apart, Scrubgrass and Clarion, . . . . . 26, 27, 120 
 Scrubgrass under Ferrif. L. seen in fine section, below Wolfs creek, 97 
 
 Coke from Unionville coal,. 50 
 
 Compass surveys interfered with by oil pipes,. 4 
 
 Cone-in-cone structure in limestone,.144 
 
 Conglomerates,. 31 
 
 Connoquenessing Sandstone seen but once in the whole of N. Butler, . 33 
 
 Contour map of Parker,. 4 
 
 Crinoidal stems in limestone,.146 
 
 Cross belt, see Belts above,.150 
 
 Cutting 120 high, clean and complete, at Parker,.117 
 
 Dip formula; see also in Prefatory letter,.216 
 
 Northward locally from the Millerstown axis, .56, 57 
 
 60' to the mile in SS. cliffs, Buffalo creek, Donegal township, . . 57 
 
 from the Harrisville axis, in Ferrif. L., Worth township, .... 63 
 
 from the Martinsburg axis, Parker, visible to the eye,.120 
 
 In gangway of Barnes’ Bank over Harrisville axis,.128 
 
 Calculated at Bethel (20'; 19i’; 10'; 15' to the mile), Sharon C., . 215, 216 
 40' to the mile; steep into Martinsburg synclinal; 
 
 70' to 80'; 1> to 2 m.,.39; 119; 201 
 
 Divide between Allegheny river and Beaver river waters described, 83, 125 
 
 Capped by Mahoning Sandstone in Concord township,. 83 
 
 Drift abundant over Ferr. L. outcrops in Worth township,.6, 60 
 
 Driller’s nomenclature,.150, 166 
 
 Erosion of the country,. . . 6 
 
 Of the Freeport group previous to the deposite of the Mahoning Sand¬ 
 stone, . 17, 35, 195, 202 
 
 Erratic blocks on the highlands,.6, 7 
 
 Exposure of the Clarion group on Slippery Rock creek, very fine, ... 97 
 
 Flood plane of the Allegheny river valley once at a much higher level, . 5 
 
 Fossils of the Ferriferous Limestone. List,.146 
 
 Gas wells. Wolf Creek well threw the water 100'above the derrick, . . 100 
 Jack Farm well 1500' deep. Gas apparently local. Water thrown 
 
 high, .112 
 
 McMurray’s well, threw the water 30 to 40 feet above derrick at first, 132 
 Newcastle well. Lawrence county,.204 
 
 Gas sand, so called, in Donegal township=Fourth Sand,. 55 
 
 Glacial drift. (See Drift above),. 6 
 
 Gnarled blocks of Homewood Sandstone characteristic,. 33 
 
 Gorge of Bear creek at Parker,.115 
 
 Gravel deep in valley bottoms,. 6 
 
 Highlands along the First tier of townships; Levels above tide, . . 6; 36 
 
 Of Clay township capped by Mahoning Sandstone,. 78 
 
 Of Washington township, great dividing ridge, 1500' to 1575' .... 93, 105 
 Of Slippery Rock township seldom exceeds 1300'above tide, .... 94 
 
 Of Parker township ravined by Bear creek waters,.114 
 
 Of Mercer township (1400') capped by Freeport Lower Sandstone, . 126 
 
GEOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 Y. 243 . 
 
 Tage. 
 
 Of Marion township, fertile but exhausted,.130 
 
 Of Venango township, great dividing ridge,.133 
 
 Hocking Valley in Ohio, . . . .222 
 
 Horizon of Sharon Coal investigated,.185 
 
 Horseback in Smith’s bank (Free Lower C.) Washington T. bad but 
 narrow. In Pisor’s bank (Kittanning M. C.) Worth T. cuts out the 
 
 bed,. 61 
 
 Intervals; maximum at Rose point between Fer. L. and Home. S. 75' . . 69 
 
 Iron ore, nodules, pots, in blue slate, Worth township,. 69 
 
 With Freeport Upper Limestone, Clay T.,. 80 
 
 Replaces Freeport Lower Limestone,.147 
 
 Thin over Ferriferous Limestone in Parker township,.119 
 
 In pockets under Freeport Lower coal, North Bear creek, Parker T., 123 
 
 Buhrstone ore, discussed §81,.144 
 
 Of Mercer group seen on Bear creek, Parker township,.187 
 
 Of Ferriferous Limestone between Wirtemburg and Homewood Fur¬ 
 nace, . 191 
 
 Nodular,.224 
 
 Key sections, Butler County Coals ; Kittanning group,.26; 29; 196 
 
 Key rock for Geologists; for Oil men. Ferriferous Limestone, . 147, 148, 151 
 
 Lepidodendra in Sharon Sandstone,.224 
 
 Levels of Highlands and dividing ridges,. 6 
 
 Of Ferriferous L. to show Martinsburg Anticlinal, Parker T., . . 120, 121 
 
 Of oil wells and oil sands, § 86, § 86,.. 156, 166 
 
 Lime for soil not much used by farmers,.8, 37, 125 
 
 Limestone outcrops improves natural soil even when the bed is thin, . . 94 
 
 Limestone plenty (Ferr. L.) in Worth township ; sometimes lacking, 60, 64 
 
 Hard to find on the smooth slopes of Brady township,. 71 
 
 Of Freeport Upper Limestone poor,. 20 
 
 Improves the natural soil of the summits of Washington town, . 105 
 
 Of Freeport Lower Limestone, non-fossiliferous,. 147 
 
 Of Ferriferous Limestone, discussed in Chapter X,.141 
 
 Near Kartliaus (Johnstown Cement bed?),. 141 
 
 Gray member on top ; blue member below,.146 
 
 Shows plainly white on the beaten roads,. 146 
 
 Makes a Rock city,. 131 
 
 Thick (20'?) in water well Worth township,. 67 
 
 Thinned to nothing on Beaver river, .192 
 
 Variable (4' to 20') in very short distances, Parker township, . 119 
 
 Of Mercer Group, seldom both seen at one locality,.189 
 
 Same as Zoar Limestones of Ohio?.222 
 
 Reported at 215' in the Nesbitt well. (See Mercer below.) ... 47 
 
 Of No. XI, Mountain Limestone,.222 
 
 Absent from the North Butler district,. 33 
 
 Lime nodules, clay incrusted,. 21 
 
 Local coal bed, Currie,.22, 23 
 
 Margin of the Freeport Group deposit, .18, 19 
 
 Mercer Group seen once (at Parker, in Bear Creek gorge),.117 
 
 Nowhere else cut down to in North Butler district,.125 
 
 See Limestone (Mercer) above. 
 
 Maucli Chunk Red Shales of XI ?. 221, 222, 221 
 
244 y. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Oil discoveries ruin the farms of a locality,. 86 
 
 Of wine color, hard to pump. Six Points,.138 
 
 Oil sands need not be coarse to yield good oil. Note,. 87 
 
 One well produced 3,000 barrels per day,. 88 
 
 See Oil Sands, oil belts, &c., in Geological Index a. See Chapter XI, 138 
 
 Oil scarce in Oakland township,. 52 
 
 Mecca oil rock at Sharon,.226 
 
 Parallelism of measures illustrated,. 15 
 
 Pipe lines numerous,. 4 
 
 Pocono Sandstone No. X ; Pottsville conglomerate No. XII. See Geolog¬ 
 ical Index a. 
 
 Preglacial drainage and water basins,.6,7 
 
 Red rocks of XI and IX. See Geological Index a. 
 
 Deep in John Smith well; spreads through the country,. 222,127 
 
 Rock City made by huge blocks ot Ferriferous Limestone,.131 
 
 Salt water in New Castle well,.206 
 
 Sands, sand rocks. See Oil Sands, &c., in Geological Index a. 
 
 Sandstone changes to shale ; thins to nothing,. 189,200 
 
 Mostly shale (Mahoning SS.) in Concord township,. 84 
 
 Caps the highlands. See Highlands above,.. 71 
 
 Forms (Freeport L. SS. 15') the roof of the Kitt. Upper C., in Brady 
 
 and Venango T.,.75,134 
 
 Not hard or massive in Mercer township,.127 
 
 Homewood SS. seldom massive in Marion township,.130 
 
 Solid (Conn. SS.) for 150 to 160 feet in Parker City cliffs,.117 
 
 Solid (Homewood and Conn. SS.) for 104'at Seceder’s Bridge, ... 68 
 
 Soft sandstone, sometimes mistaken for Limestone in the wells, ... 47 
 
 Sharon Coal horizon survey. See Horizon above,.228 
 
 Absent from North Butler county,.33,31 
 
 Sink holes show limestone outcrops,.146 
 
 Soil; of Slippery Rock township,. 7 ; 94 
 
 Split in the Clarion Coal bed to make the Scrubgrass?.26; 27 
 
 Subcongiomera f e, subcarboniferous, .223 
 
 Swamp deposit of the Sharon Coal? ..217 
 
 Synclinals described and traced,. 9 
 
 Topography; map, . 1 , 2 
 
 Type section at Parker, § 104. See Index of Sections, .115 
 
 Valleys broad and gently sloping; filled with drift; canons, . . 2; 6 ; 7; 101 
 
 Variability of Coal beds and their horizons,. 49, 50, 53 
 
 Of Ferriferous Limestone locally; 15' on one side of Whiskey run; 
 
 0 ' on the other,.. 142; 143 
 
 Of the Conn. SS. at Parker Elevator,. 33 
 
 on Beavet river; in wells,. . .117; 217; 219 
 
 Waverly. See Geol. Index a. 
 
 Wells numerous but dry west and southwest of Greece City, Concord 
 
 township,. 86 
 
 White Limestone,. 43 
 
 Wiidcatting wells,. 152 
 
INDEX TO SECTIONS. V. 245 - 
 
 C. Geological Sections. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Fig. 1. General Section of the Barren Measures,. 14 
 
 “ 2. General Section of Lower Productive C. M.,. 16 
 
 “ 3. Diagram showing the Clarion Coal Split,. 27 
 
 “ 4. General Section of the Conglomerate Measures,. 32 
 
 “ 5. Portersville Section,. 37 
 
 “ 6. Bailey’s Coal Bank,. 38 
 
 “ 7. Grist Mill Coal Bank,. 38 
 
 “ 8. White’s Coal Bank,. 39 
 
 “ 9. Ralston Coal Bank, . 39 
 
 “ 10. Melvin Coal Bank,. 49 
 
 “ 11. Myers’ Coal Bank,. 49 
 
 “ 12. Burn’s Coal Bank,. 41 
 
 “ 13. Robert Allen Well Section,. 42 
 
 “ 14. Robert Allen Coal Bank,. 43 
 
 “ 15. Robert Allen Coal Bank,. 44 
 
 “ 16. Baker’s Coal bank,. 44 
 
 “ 17. English Coal bank,. 44 
 
 “ 18. Near Prospect Section,. 45 
 
 “ 19. Wigton & Shannon banks,. 45 
 
 ‘ * 20. McCandless Coal bank, .... . 46 
 
 “ 21. McCandless Coal bank,. 46 
 
 “ 22. Heck Coal bank,. 49 
 
 “ 23. Leibold’s Coal bank,. 51 
 
 “ 24. Kearn’s Branch Section. 51 
 
 “ 25. McCandless farm Section,. 52 
 
 “ 26. Boydstown Section,. 53 
 
 “ 27. Rider Coal bank, .i. 53 
 
 “ 28. Whitmore’s bank,. 54 
 
 “ 29. Karns City Coal banks,. 56 
 
 “ 30. Conway Coal bank,. 56 
 
 “ 31. O’Brien’s Coal bank,. 57 
 
 “ 32. Iron Bridge Section,. 60 
 
 “ 33. McCracken’s Coal bed,. 62 
 
 “ 34. Studebaker’s bank,. 62 
 
 “ 35. Book’s Coal bank,. 62 
 
 “ 36. Shaw’s Bridge Section,. 64 
 
 “ 37. Currie Coal bank,. 64 
 
 “ 38. Currie Local Coal bed,. 65 
 
 “ 39. Currie Vertical Section,.65, 66 
 
 “ 40. Humphrey Section,. 66 
 
 “ 41. Davis Coal bank, . 67 
 
 “ 42. Seceder bridge Section,. 68 
 
 “ 43. Forest Mills Section,. 69 
 
 “ 44. Rose Point Section, . 69 
 
 “ 45. Kennedy’s Mills Section, . 70 
 
 “ 46. McCracken’s Bridge Section,. 70 
 
 “ 47. Elliott’s Bridge Section,.* . 70 
 
 “ 48. Mouth of Wolf Creek,.. . 71 
 
 “ 49. West Liberty Section,... 72 
 
246 Y. INDEX TO SECTIONS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Fig. 50. Martin Coal bank,. 72 
 
 “ 51. Lutz Coal bank,. 73 
 
 ‘ 52. Davis Coal bank,. 73 
 
 “ 53. Stone House Section,. 74 
 
 “ 54. Graham’s Coal bank,. 75 
 
 “ 55. Weber Coal bank,. 76 
 
 “ 56. Glenn’s Coal bank,. 76 
 
 “ 57. Sunbury Section, . 78 
 
 “ 58. Thompson Coal bank,. 79 
 
 “ 59. McMichael’s Coal bank,. 79 
 
 “ 60. Glenn Coal bank,. 80 
 
 “ 61. Mock Coal bank,. 81 
 
 “ 62. Young Coal bank,. 81 
 
 “ 63. School Flouse Coal bank,. 82 
 
 “ 64. School House Section,. 82 
 
 “ 65. J. Joung’s Coal bank,. 84 
 
 “ 66. Jamison’s Coal bank,. 85 
 
 “ 67. Big Bear Creek section, . 88 
 
 “ 68. Lucas Coal bank, . 88 
 
 “ 69. Watson Coal bank, .. 89 
 
 “ 70. Central Point Coal bank,. 89 
 
 “ 71. Mrs. Storey’s Coal bank. 91 
 
 “ 72. Railroad Coal bank,. 91 
 
 “ 73. Gardner Coal bank,. 91 
 
 “ 74. Barnhart Coal bank,. 92 
 
 “ 75. Nolan’s Coal bank,. 92 
 
 “ 76. R. H. Weakley bank,. 95 
 
 “ 76. Hayes Bank, (sain Fig. as for Weakley bank,). 95 
 
 “ 77. New Hope Woolen Mills Section,. 95 
 
 “ 78. McKee Section,. 96 
 
 “ 79. McKnight Section,. 97 
 
 “ 80. Wolf creek Section,. 97 
 
 “ 81. Croker’s coal bank,. 08 
 
 “ 82. Croker’s Coal bank,. 98 
 
 “ 83. Keister Section,. 99 
 
 “ 84. Wick’s Mills Section,. 99 
 
 “ 85. (Plate YI) Wolf Creek well No. 2 Section,.100 
 
 “ 86. Slippery Rock Forks Section,.102 
 
 “ 87. Galloway Coal bank,.102 
 
 “ 88. Cherry Township School House bank,.103 
 
 “ 89. Annandale Section, .103 
 
 “ 90. Black’s bank,.104 
 
 “ 91. Black’s coal bank,.104 
 
 “ 92. Hockenberry coal bank,. 104 
 
 “ 93. Five Points Section,.105 
 
 “ 94. Burnett South Section,.107 
 
 “ 95. Burnett North Section,.107 
 
 “ 96. Smith’s coal bank,.108 
 
 “ 97. North Washington Section,.- . . 109 
 
 “ 98. McGarvey bank No. 1,.110 
 
 “ 99. Glenn coal bank,.110 
 
INDEX TO SECTIONS. Y. 247 
 
 Page. 
 
 Fig. 100. Near Glenn’s bank. Section,.Ill 
 
 “ 101. West of North Washington. Section.Ill 
 
 “ 102. Rumbaugh Section,. 113 
 
 “ 103. Rumbsugh Coal bank,. 114 
 
 “ 104. Parker Section,. 116 
 
 “ 105. Bear Creek Section,.118 
 
 “ 106. Martin burg Section,.119 
 
 “ 107. Martinburg Coal bank,.120 
 
 “ 108. Stone House Coal bank,.120 
 
 “ 109. Gibson & Eoock Well Section,. 121 
 
 “ 110. Collins Coal bank,.122 
 
 “ 111. Near McCafferty farm Section,.123 
 
 “ 112. Story farm Coal bank,.124 
 
 “ 113. Barnes Coal bank,.127 
 
 “ 114. Courtenay’s Mills Section,.129 
 
 “ 115. South of Murrinsville. Section,.130 
 
 “ 116. McMurry’s Run Section, .131 
 
 “ 117. Ray’s Coal bank, ..132 
 
 “ 118. Murrin’s Cannel Coal bank,.134 
 
 “ 119. Murrinsville Section,.134 
 
 “ 120. Higgins’ Coal bank, No. 1,.135 
 
 “ 121. Higgins’ Coal bank, No. 2,.135 
 
 “ 122. Blymiller Coal bank, .137 
 
 “ 123. Chambers’ Coal bank,.138 
 
 “ 124. First Sand Section,. 139 
 
 “ 125. Vanporte Section,.142 
 
 “ 226. Systematized Section of Lower Productive Coal Measures, . 186,187 
 
 “ 127. Wirtemburg Section,.189 
 
 “ 128. Homewood Furnace Section.189 
 
 “ 129. Slippery Rock Creek Section,.191 
 
 “ 130. On Cunningham farm Section,.191 
 
 “ 131. Below Homewood Furnace Section,.192 
 
 “ 132. Clinton Section,.193 
 
 “ 133. Beattie’s Coal bank,.194 
 
 “ 134. Clinton Section No. 2,.195 
 
 “ 135. Wampum Section,. 198 
 
 “ 136. Hog Hollow Section No. 1,.201 
 
 “ 137. Hog Hollow Section No. 2,.202 
 
 “ 138. Hog Hollow Section No. 3,. 203 
 
 “ 139. New Castle Section,.203 
 
 “ 140. Harbor Bridge Section, .207 
 
 “ 141. Nashua Section,.208 
 
 ‘‘ 142. Pulaski Section,.210 
 
 “ 143a. Bore Hole on Love farm,.211 
 
 “ 1436. Bore Hole near Greenfield,.211 
 
 “ 144. Middlesex Section,.212 
 
 “ 145. Bethel Section,.213 
 
 “ 146. Quarry near Bethel (Cuyahoga Shale),.214 
 
 “ 147. Pacific Slopo Section, .215 
 
 “ 148. Sharon Section,.218 
 
 “ 148. John Smith Well Section,.226 
 
248 Y. 
 
 INDEX TO SECTIONS 
 
 Page. 
 
 Fig. 149. Wolf Creek Well Section,.227 
 
 “ 150. Sharon Well Section, ..227 
 
 “ 151. New Castle Well Section,.228 
 
 “ 152. Ohio Section,.228 
 
Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
 
 REPORTS FOR 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, AND 1879. 
 
 The following Reports are issued for the State by the Board of Commis- 
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