L I E) RARY O F THL U N I V LRS ITY or 1 LLl N Ol S V^Cvt z H CbavGC DELIVERED TO THE CLERGY Diocese of 2)urbam \OVEMBER 25, 1S86, J. B. LIGHTFOOT, D.D., D.C L., LL.D., BISHOP OK DURHAM Xou^on. MAC.MIL LAX AND CO. INDEX. pa(;e General - - - - - ."> I. The Diocese. (1) Church Extenaiun. (i) Churches, Chapels, uiid Finishes - \) (ii) Cemeteries ancj Chiirchyards - - 1 4 (•2) The Services. (i) Services in Supplementary Buildings - 15 (ii) Holy Conimuiiiou - - - 15 (iii) Week-day Services - - - IG (iv) Choirs and Hymns - - - 17 (v) Letting and Appropriation of I'ews - 17 (:^) The Clcnju. (i) Ordinations - - - - 18 (ii) Junior Clergy - - - 19 (iii) Increase in the Clergy - - - 19 (iv) Canon Missioner's Work - - 2U (■1) Ldj Ministrations. (i) Lay Readers - - - 22 (ii) Lay Evangelists - - - 23 (iii) The Church Army - - - 27 (5) Confirmations - - - - 29 (()) Diocesan Finance (i) Financial Statement - - - 31 (ii) Collection of Statistics - - 32 (iii) General Diocesan Fund - - - 34 (7) Diocesan Societies. (i) Church of England Temperance Society - 36 (ii) White Cross Army - - - 37 (iii) Girls' Friendly Society - - - .■?9 (iv) Diocesan Sons of the Clergy - - 42 (v) Diocesan Board of Inspection - - 42 (vi) Parochial Schools Society - - 44 (vii) Diocesan Board of Education - - 44 (8) Conclusion - - - - 45 II The Church - - - - 46 (1) ChurcJo Patroaayc. - - - 47 (2) Church Revenues - - - - 59 (3) Ecrlesiastiral. Courts - - - 07 (4) The Church House - - - 69 Final ... - - 70 ^'0TES - - - - - 72 'UHJCT A CHARGE. Reverexd Brethren, THE very froqiient (•iiportnuitics. ^\lli(•ll otiV-r tliem.st'lves to a BLslio}) in the })r('S(.'iit diu', of commiiiiicatiiig his ideas and opinions to the clergy and hiity of his Diocese, deprive an episcopal charge of the exclnsive importance which attaclied to it a generation or two ago. It was then pi'actically the sole medium of communication on matters affecting tlie Diocese and the Cliurch at large. Once every three or four or seven years, as the case might l)e, the Diocesan put fortli his manifesto in the form of a charge ; and it stood out prominently from its isolation. In our own age tlic ('lunch Congresses, the Diocesan Conferences, the frecjuent jmltlic meetings, the gatherings of com- mittees or of societies, exhaust, or almost exliaust, the topics wliich might otherwise furnish material fn- a chartre. Under these circumstances it mit>;ht he profitahle to take some theological suhject of im- mediate interest oi- somi' pnivince of ecclesiastical 6 . A Charge. history connoctod with the Dioecsc, and treat it com- prehensively. This, I confess, had been my first llioii^lit. Jiiit tlic time is slioi't. and tho niiijht is t":ist a[>j)roa('liing, wlicn no man can worlc. Such treatment, to liave iniy v;dne, would demand far more time and ]al)()ur than I dare gi\'e to it. 80 far as the direct duties of my office leave me any leisure for the literary work of the Church, I am l)i)und to expend it on other tasks, wliich liave Iteen already laid out for me, and which iu all human pro1)ability must still remain unfinished at nightfall. Under these circum- stances, I shall adopt a less ambitious, Init I trust not less useful course to-da^'. 1 sludl content myself with Lrivino- ;i summary account of the prom-ess made in the Diocese during the four years which have elapsed since the last Visitation, supplementing this account with such remaj'ks as may suotvest themselves on the present situation and the special needs of the Church of England, whether in this Diocese or throughout the countiy. But I should l)e guilty of a grave omission, if at the outset I failed to give expression ,to the (hn^p sense of thanksgiving which must l)e upmost in the hearts of all to-day, that notwithstandins; the ex- ceptional difficulties which have beset our path during this period, the rate of progress will compare favourably with any previous })erioil in the history of the Diocese. The depression of commerce and of agriculture in England has had few parallels in length and intensity. It has touched this county in its vital parts. Tt» tin' jtrcvioiis wouik] iiillict<'(l li\' tlic state of the coal and inui trade lias heeii addeil the siuldeii collapse in uildin_ circumstances is not confined to superintending actual organisations, hut consists largely in establishing new. It is a work not of direction, but of creation. Yet the formation of the See of Newcastle has reduced the work within such limits as to l)ring it within the capacities of one average man. I cannot indeed say that it would ha possible for any man, even of superhuman strength and energy, to fulfil the ideal of the episcopal office which is sometimes set forth in print. Whether it would be advisable for a Bishop so far to overshadow the parish clergyman in his own parish as this ideal suggests, I will not stop to encjuire. I doubt whether it would be possible for any ordinary man to exert a real influence by direct and frequent personal -1 Clauyc. 9 ministrations in every pnrisli in Lis diocese, if lie would keep liis head elear for supervision in the higher sense. Kevertheless I am thankful to say that there are now only a few churches in my Diocese in which I have not otticiated, and I hope before long to complete the cii'cuit. I have preached in all the churches in Gateshead, Darlington, Stockton, and Sunderland (including Bishopwearniouth and ^Monkwearmouth), and in nearly all in Durliam, South Shields, and the Hartlepools — in the principal churches of these towns several times. But the Bishop's direct ministrations form only a small part of the results which can ]h' traced to the division of the Diocese. We shall see at every turn, in the facts and statistics which I am ahle to give }'ou, the beneficent effects of the measure. I. (ri)c Diocese* 1. 67/ [ 'RCll L\YT£y,SlO X. (i) CluAvdies, Chapels, and Parislte^. In reviewing the work of the last four years, the first point which will naturally engage our notice is Church Extension. This may be regarded as the distinctive achievement of tlie })eriod, just as the division of the See had been of tJ^e preceding interval from Visitation to Visitation. The exceptional efforts made under my predecessor, resulting in the erection of a very large numljcr of churches as the centres of new parishes, had still left much to be done. All the' 10 A Charge. arrears bcqueatlied 1)y previous generations had not been overtaken, and the popukition was still increasing at the same rapid rate. In my charge four years ago 1 stated that some extraordinary etibrt Avould 1)e necessary before k)ng, and I suggested the creation of a special fund. After a sufficient breatliing space, which was needed by the Diocese to recover from the drain u[)on its resources from the Newcastle Bislio})ric Fund, the project was taken up in earnest. The })ubUc meeting, whicli inaugurated the movement, was hekl in January 1884. Tlie a})peal met witli a })rom})t and generous res[)onse It was then stated that from 23 to 25 additional churches would be needed to meet tke requirements of tlie growing popukition, and contributions were solicited for five years. Three years have not yet elapsed since this inauLiural meetin'j;, and results have been achieved which must hll all hearts with thankfulness.' A sum ex- ceeding £40,000 has been subscribed directly through the fund ; and to this must be added nearly the same amount contributed in other ways, either from local subscriptions or in the value of sites or from the grants of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners or of other societies; so that the whole sum collected or promised for the erection of new Churches and Mission Chapels, in connexion with this movement alone, mounts up to £78,000 or £80,000. Already grants have been made to not less than sixteen churches, of which eleven have l)ei'n aetualh' consecrated and the re- niainiu''' iWr are in the course of erection or will .1 Clianjc. 11 soon be commeuced. Tlie bciiciicciit cli'cct of tliu.sc subsidies lias been shown in a remarkable way. Whereas, when this fund was started, several new parishes had 1)een without a eliurch for several }ears (in one instance not less than thirteen years), at this moment all the parishes formed before the end of 1884, and all but one formed up to the present time, have their churches already erected or in the course of erection; nor is this one likely to remain an exception for many months longer. Judging from past experience, several of these parishes might have waited many years for the erection of their churches and the conseejuent completion of their })arochial machinery. In this respect at all events the arrears have been overtaken. But Ijesides consecrated Churches hardly less useful service has been rendered by this Fund in the supplementary work of aiding the erection of Mission Chapels. Nine such have received orants, includino; the Seamen's JMission Church at South Shields. It is obvious that Church Extension must take this direction more and more in the future, especialh' where the area is as limited and the population as large as in tlie county of Durham, But 1 am fulh' persuade(l tluit the policy of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners in encouraging the creation of new district parishes has been most beneficial to the spiritual welfare of this diocese hitherto, and 1 belie\e that there is still I'oom for a large ajiplicatioii of thesauie ])i-iiiciple. 1 coiiM point at this numient to twent\- districts at least where new L2 A Charge. parishes might with advantage l)e formed, if the means were likely to be forthcoming. I do not say that in some eases the alternative princi})le of working wide districts from a centre throiioh a larg;e staff of curates and numerous clia})els of ease or mission rooms may not be preferable. Where there is a well endowed mother Church in a large town, and where therefore we may expect always to find as Rector or Vicar an exce})tionally competent man, whose reputation will gather zealous and able young men about him, this arrangement may l)e the 1)est for the working of the parish itself, while it will serve ys a valuable training ground for the rising clergy. But it would in my opinion be a serious mistake to extend this principle of arrangement widel}', and there is little room f(jr it in this Diocese. In the first place, looking Ijeyond the limits of the parish and of the immediate })i-esent to the future of the Church at large, it is surely most unadvisable to multi2)ly the number of curates without increasing to any apprecialjle extent the independent positions to which they may aspire to succeed. Then again the responsibilities and the opportunities of an inde- pendent charge bring out the latent power of a man as nothing else will. If he is only made of the right stuff and has received a sufficient training in a subordinate position, his pastoral and administrative capacities suddenly develop in a marvellous way, I speak of that which I have witnessed again and again. Indeed I have come to regard it as a spiritual law and .1 Chanjc. 13 \^^ (_'X[>('Ct it. and 1 have rarely been disajipoiiited. The phice makes the man, where there is the making in him. Then again the division of the parish phmts the clergyman in the heart of his people and identifies him with them. This advantage indeed is purchased at the cost of isolation from other society which is valuable to him ; but it is worth the price. In few parts of England has the division of parishes gone on so ra2)idly as in this Diocese. The number of benefices in the county of Durham in March 1827 was only 79 ; it is now 234. It has thus increased nearlv three-fold in less than GO \'ears. The oreat accession to the number was made durino- the \o\i\i episcopate of my predecessor, when not less than 82 new parishes were created in Durham. His own zeal and business capacity, the opening of the then unworked mine of local claims, and the j^ears of unexampled prosperity in the count}', all conspired to produce this happy result. In his last words to the Diocese he expressed his belief that this form of Church Extension had nearly reached its limit. This surmise however has not been verified. The movement has oone forward with scarcely diminished speed. Since my last Visitation fourteen new parishes have Ijeen formed in the Diocese of Durham, and three or four more are in the process of formation ; Ijut much still remains to be done. The difficulty however has been increased of late, not only by the depression of the times, but by the more exacting demands of the Ecclesiastical ( 'omniissioners as to the size of the cliurclies and in 14 A Charge. some cases by the diminished scale of their con- tributions. To complete this review of the progress of Church Extension, I should add that since the last Visitation sixteen Parish Churches have been consecrated besides the Chapel at Sedgefield Asylum. Of the Avliole number of Mission Chapels and other buildings where service is held, which have been finished and opened during this period, I am not able to give precise statistics; Ijut it has l)een very large — much larger, I suspect, than in an}' previous (puidrieimial }»eri()d." (ii) Cemeteries and CI lurcli yards. This is a convenient place likewise to speak about the consecration of (Jemeteries and Churchyards. When the Act of 1880 was i)assed, I resolved to continue the consecration of burial grcnriids as bef(_)re, wherever I received an invitation from the pro})er authorities. I saw no reason for doing otherwise, and I had satisfied myself that I should be acting in accordance with the vastly preponderating feeling of the clergy and laity of the diocese. There was not a word in the Consecration Service which recpiired changing to adapt it to the altered condition of things ; and it seemed to me that a very real wound would be inflicted on Christian sentiment by dis- continuing this eminently pious use. I am thankful to say that I did not miscalculate the prevailing sentiment. The applications to me to consecrate l)urial grounds have been even more fri'(|uent since .1 C/taiyc. 15 the passing of the Act tliaii l)efoie. Besides the grave3'ards attaehed to aud coiisi'eerated with iie\\ly erected ehurches, I have since the, last Visitation consecrated 19 cenieteiies or additions to cemeteries or to chiirch}'ards.^ 2. 27/ A' SERVICES. (i) Serriccs in Supploiientari/ BullduKjs. It is a natural transition from the Imildinos to the o services held within their walls. 8o far as I ran learn from the ans\vers to the ^^isitation questions, reccnlar services, weekly or oftener, in connexion with the Church of England (exclusive of cottage lectures) are held in not less than 186 buildings, Chapels of Ease, Mission Chapels, School Rooms, etc., throughout the Diocese, besides the Parish Churches. This gives an average of a1)0ut four for e^'ery five parishes ; and the reckoning probably understates the fact. (ii) Ilohj Communion. Of the 234 parishes, which make up the Diocese, Holy Communion is celebrated weekly or oftener in 105 (there being at least two celebrations every week in 20 of these), fortnightly or oftener l)ut not as often as (Uice a week in 59, monthly or oftener l)ut not as often as once a fortnight in G7 ; while there are three only in which the intervals are longer. It is a matter of interest to compare these numbers with tJie statistics of a. little more than seventy years ago, taken from the Visitation rctui'iis made to Bislio]) BarriuLiton in 1814. As a rule, tln' llol\' Connuunicii 16 A Chaiyc. was tlieii celeljriited in the cliurclies of this Diocese four times in the year with occasional variations on either side of five times or three times. A^'iy rarely was there a monthly celebration, and in no case a weekly. Of the parishes in the county of Durham which send in returns, only 22 had a monthly celebration, with sometimes the addition of the three or four great festivals. AVe may be thankful for the advance ; but we still fall far short of the primitive standard. In the earliest ages the Holy Communion was weekly in every congregation. It was the one essential feature in the Sunday services. On this point our information is ex})licit, and it carries us back to the confines of the Apostolic age. (iii) Week-day Se raced. The statistics of the Services on AVeek-days, as gathered from the Visitation returns, are as follows : 1. Parishes where morning and evening prayer "j .-, . are said daily ... ... ... ... J 2. Parishes where morning or evening prayer is) .^.^ said daily ... ... ... ... ... J 3. Parishes where at least one week-day service ") o„ is held in the church throughout the year J 4. Parishes where week-day services are held \ during some portions of the year (as Lent / 58 and Advent) ... ... ... ... ^ 5. Parishes where the only week-day services ) ,^ . are on the oreat festivals ... ... J 234 A Charge. 17 (iv) Choirs and Ili/mns. I pass on to matters ol" siil)()r(liiiat(' interest, which liowever are not witliout their importance, ()f(*hoirs in C'lmrehes and consecrated Chapels, as man}' as 1 1 8 out of "240 are surpliced. In this respect the change lias heen great within the last few* 3'ears. While I must express my own conviction that this distinctive dress tends to seemliness and order in the memhers, tliat it is a valuable suggestion to them of tlieir responsil)ility as leaders of the congregational singing, and that in all ways it promotes greater reverence, yet I do not consider it so important that I desire to see it introduc(Ml where it is seriously objected to l»y any large nunil»er of the congregation or where it is likely to occasion strife. A question was likewise asked in the Visitation paper al)ont the Hymn Books used throughout the Diocese. I find that Hymns Ancient and Modern are used in 152 parishes, the Hymnal Companion in 44, C*hurch Hymns in 34, and various other collections in the remaining four. {\) Letting (Did Appropriation of Pews. Pew rents in this Diocese are a very rare exception. Of all the parish churches there are only 12 in wdiich any seats are let, oidy two in which more than haif the seats are let. Appropriation also is exceptional. Only 45 are returned as appro])riating seats ; and in several of these cases the seats appropriated are so few that th(^ churches may ho regarded as practically open. 18 A C/uD'fje. ■^. THE CLERGY. (i) Ordinations. The next sii])ioet whieh natiirallv 8ug;o-ests itself is the Clero-y • nnd here the statistics of the Ordinations are of primary interest. Nothing more directly con- cerns the well heing of the Diocese than the number and character of its clerical recruits. I am thankful to say that the advance which 1 noted at my last Visitation has l)e('n maintained during the past few years. The numhers ordained to the diaconate in the three preceding quadriennial periods, when the Diocese was still undivided, were 90, 119, and 134 respectively. During the last four years 115 deacons have been ordained for the present reduced Diocese. Mean- while the largely increased prciportion of candidates from the older Universities, to which I called attention at my last Visitation, has been more than maintained. Whereas they had then mounted up to a little more than half, the proportion is now slightly over three- fifths of the whole number. At the same time there has been no falling oft' in candidates from Durham University. The number of Durham men remains as before, about one-fourth of the whole ; but among the Durham men themselves the proportion of graduates to others has largely increased, being now 11 to 17, as compared with 8 to 26. The whole num1)er of deacons from all Universities together is 101 out of 115. The residue is composed of 13 meml)ers of Tlieoloo;ical Colleo-es, and one literate.'* But the number of candidates ordained is not the only .1 Clxirgc. ]\) clcinciit to 1)0 O(^nsi(lor('(l. This nuist vary iii<>r<' or k'ss according to tlie vacancies, I am glad to say that in these later years the vacancies in the curacies of this Diocese at anv oiven time have been decidedly fewer than during the previous (juadriennial period. (ii) Junior Clergi/. AVliih' I am speaking of the younger clergy, I may say it has heen a true pleasure to me to welcome the curates for the annual gathering at Auckland Castle, and that 1 have heard from time to time with satis- faction of the meetings of the Junior Clerical Society, as well for devotional purposes as for discussion of questions attecting their ministerial duties, believing that such opportunities of interchanging ideas and sympathies must be a real advantage to them and to their work. (iii) Increase in the Clergy. The number of curates has increased from 1G3 to I'J.S during; the four years. The increase would have 1)een larger, if the Ecclesiastical Commissioners had seen their way to makino; crrauts for curates with the same liberality and promptness in the recently formed parishes as heretofore. But they have pleaded the state of their funds, and it is deeply to be regretted that populous t(jwn parishes and large pit villages, con- taining many thousands of people, are left to the un- aided ministrations of the incumbent, notwithstanding the local claims whicli they can urge. I trust that in these cases the much needed ofrants will not be long 20 A Charge. delayed. Of tlie iiierense in tlie ranks of incumbents I need add notliing. It is regnlated 1)}' tlie number of benefices, of which I have ah'eady spoken. It is a satisfaction to note that, when tlie Visitation returns were made, of the 234 incuml)ents in tlie Diocese onl}" three were non-resident. These three were disabled l)y age or infirmity, and their parishes were administered l)y curates in charge. Tn Bishop Barrington's returns for 1814, from which I have already drawn ilbistrations, it appears that, while the whole numlx'i' of incum1)ents in Durham was a litth^ more than a third of the present numl)er, one half of these were pluralists, holding other preferment in this or other dioceses, and there- fore resident on an average only half their time at most. Altog;etlier there has been an increase of from 45 to 50 working clergy during the last four years. (iv) Canon Afissioner's Worl\ The period since the last Visitation has been marked by one other development in the spiritu(d work of the Diocese which deserves to be mentioned here, while I am speaking of the clergy. In my last cliaro;e I dwelt on the desirableness of securino; the services of a Canon Missioner, wh(^ should visit the ditferent parishes, as occasion served, should direct or conduct missions from time to time, and should in other ways stimulate the spiritual energies of the Diocese. I am thankful to add that not many months after these words were spoken I was able to make such an appointment, with what advantage to A Charge. 21 the Diocese I need not say. The (.*aiioii Missioiier has now been working among us for three years or more. How widely his presence has been felt throughout th(^ Diocese, you yourselves will be able to testify. Three general missions have been held in three of our most })(i|iiil(>us centres, Gateshead, J;iri-ow, and South Shields, uiidei- the superintendence and witli the jiersonal co-operation of the Canon j\Iissioner. Besi'J'es these more comprehensive efforts, there have l)een missions in a number of individual parishes in town and country. Altogether either by an occasiijral sermon or address, or in more sustained efforts, the Canon Missioner has now ministered in not less than 142 Churches in the Diocese. Moreover permanent Mission Stations have been instituted in three parishes under laymen for whose maintenance he is responsible ; and a band of Mission Ladies, at present twelve in number, has been organized by him, who have nursed the small-pox patients and are now engaged in parish work in seviral populous centres in the Diocese. JMeanwhile the spiritual life of the workers themselves has not been neglected. ' Quiet days' have been held for the Clergy and others from time to time. \\'^hen in my last charge I indicated the appoint- ment of a Canon Missioner, I likewise drew a picture of a band of mission preachers gathered about him. How far this picture has been realized, the statement which 1 have just made will enable you to judge. But besides this a certain number of the j'ounger clergy 22 A Charge. are educating tliemselves to take part in missions. I rejoice in this. Tlie occasional undertaking of such evangelistic work outside their own immediate charge ^vill re-act advantagroush' on IJicir parocliial minis- ti'ations ; l)ut it sliouM onh' l)c very occasional. They will remember that their first duty is to their own flock. The work of the Canon Missioner has been valuable in another wa}'. It is a fresh illustration of the real importance to the C'hureh of endowed Canonries. I could never consent to regai-d tlie Canonries at Durham as appendages to some iiarochial or other ecclesiastical charge, or as mere jdaces of dignified ease. The Canons of Durham, one and all, I thank- ful! ^' acknowledo-e recoonize the true concei)tion of a C'anonry, as furnishing full employment in itself for a man's energies. Where their time is not given to the University, it is given to the Diocese A sensible loss would Ite incurred by the withdrawal of any one from the general diocesan work. There are not in my opinion too many, but too few such posts in the Church, provided only their ideal is duly realized. 4. LAY MISISrUATIONS. (i) Laij Readers. Next in importance to the work of the clergy are the lay ministrations. In my former charge I sjDoke at length about the office of Lay Eeader, of which I entertained great hopes for the spiritual progress of A C/ia ]•(/('. 23 the Diocese. At tlie i)resent moment 55 lay readers are working in the Diocese, and tliey are distributed tlirough 29 parishes. I do not doubt that they have done good service in their respective neighbourhoods ; but I may confess to a little disappointment that the institution has not taken root more deeply and spread more widely. 1 am well aware of the ditHculty of finding suital)le men, especially where they are most wanted ; Init it would seem to be a wise economy in the long run, even for over-worked clergy, to devote some of their time to training laymen, who may themselves become teachers in turn, and thus help them to l)ear a Inirden, which must be too heavy for them without such relief. I am glad to report that, notwithstanding the great distance, a few of our lay readers have found themselves al)le to avail them- selves of the advantages of instruction intellectual and spiritual, which are offered at Oxford during the Long Vacation. (ii) Lrnj Evangelists. But this institution of Lay Eeaders, though it has done good service already and may be expected t(D prove still more fruitful when fully developed, can hardly l)e expected to supply all the exigencies of the case. The parish which most needs such lay agents to sup})lement the s])iritual work of the clergy is often least able to supply them. It is necessary therefore to look outside the parish. This necessity has led__during the present year to a new departure 24 A Charge. ill this Diocese — the creation of the oftiee of Lay Evangelist. The unit here is not the Parish, l)ut the Rural Deanery. Nearly a year ago I was consulted as to the practicahility of instituting an order of itinerant lav ^ireachers who should go al)Out and take services in neglected parts of our great towns and outlyiug Jiamlets, either in mission rooms or in the open air. The movement arose simultaneously in t^^•o separate Rural Deaneries, Auckland and Wearmouth. It was further commended to me by the fact that the initiative was taken hy the lavmeii themselves, who were in some cases workino- men. Some of these were already doing evangelistic work, hut they desired to carry it on under proper authority and on an organized plan ; others were eager to ofi'er their spare time to the Master's service, hut they felt that they needed training to render their ministrations efficient. A meeting; of those interested in this movement was held in Sunderland, at which I presided. I was deeply impressed by the earnest- ness and sol.)riety of tone which marked the speakers ; and I felt that I should ineur a grave responsibility if 1 did not do all in my power to encourage a move- ment which seemed to Ije the prompting of the Holy {Spirit and which held out hope of so much spiritual usefulness. Accordingly at my suggestion rules were drawn up and submitted to me by the two Rural Deaneries after mutual consultation : and having received my assent, they Avere j)ublished in the March number of the Diocesan Magjazine. The A Charge. 25 advantage of taking the Rural Deanery rather tlian the Parish as the limit is threefold. It is thus possiljle to supply the needs of the less favoured districts from the more favoured. The town will furnish the evangelist for the hamlet ; the more educated part of the town for the less educated. Then aoain systematic instruction of the preachers becomes more feasible, where they are thus aggregated. Lastly ; as they do not minister from one year's end to the other in the same spot, but moA'e about from place to place, the burden of preparation is lightened — an important consideration with men Ijusily occupied during the week — while their work gains in freshness and efiiciency. But your evangelist, it may be said, bears a strong likeness to the Wesleyan local preacher. I am not ashamed of the resemblance. I freely confess my admiration of the marvellous capacifv of or- ganization which distinguished John Wesley and which he has bcfjueathed to his followers. The truest Cliurchmen are those whose minds are most open to the lessons which can be gathered from all quarters. I believe that the Church of England has a greater ]30wer of utilizing the evangelistic zeal of her lay members than an)- other Christian community, though hitherto it has been latent. Certainly- tliis ought to !)(' the case, for the sense of corporate unity witli her, if slic is true to her })rinciples, is l>uilt upon a stronger and deeper foundation than accidental as- sociation for religious purposes. jMost assuredly she will be wise to find employment for this zeal : for an 26 A Charge. untold mine of missionary power is here, wliicli alone can cope with the spiritual destitution ; and, if neg- lected by her, this noble passion for Christ will seek relief for its yearnings in other channels. Most earnestly therefore do I recommend this movement. It has already had a sufficient trial in this diocese to inspire bright hopes for the future. The regulations contemplate two orders, Evangelists and Assistant Evangelists or Probationers. A member of the second order is not received into the first except after due examination by persons approved by the Bishop. Lectures are given in the Scriptures, in the Prayer Book, in the Articles and Catechism, in Church History, to prepare them for their work. In each Eural Deanery there is a Committee composed in nearly ecpud numbers of clergy and laymen, and presided over l>y the Rural Dean. This Committee satisfies itself of the moral and spiritual fitness of the candidates Ijcfore presenting them to the Bishop ; it provides for the delivery of courses of lectures to those who are preparing for the work ; and it arranges the rota of the times and places where the Evanojelists and Assistant Evangelists are to hold services with the consent of the clergy of the several parishes. In May last I admitted the first band of Lay Evangelists for the Auckland Deanery in my own Chapel, six in number. They are aided by seven assistants. These men have now been at work for six months, and the result has been l)eneficial in many ways. It has been a A C/iUKje. 27 great relief to ovcr-woi-kcd clergy ; it Jias enabled them to oecupy plaees wliicli hud been hitherto imtouched or barely touched ; it has set the spiritual capacities of the Church before the people in a very definite way ; and it has o})ened out an avenue for the zeal of risino- (/Jiurchnien. Last month ajj'ain I set apart in the }»resence of a large congregation in the old Parish Church of Bishopwearmouth seven other Evangelists — the first band for that Deanery. It is too early to speak of achievements in this case. But from the spirit of calm earnestness, which has characterized the movement throughout in the Wear- mouth Deanery, I augur e(pially happy results. I trust that the movement may s})read to other })arts of the Diocese. This Diocese, if I mistake not, is exceptionally favourable for such an effort. The po})ulation is sufficiently distributed in hamlets to need it, and }'et sufficiently concentrated to make it possible. The latent spiritual })()wer is there, I am persuaded, if we can onlv elicit and train and guide it. 5 (iii) llie Church Ann//. One other development of la}' ministrations well deserves attention. In ui)- former charge 1 spoke at leng-th uf the Salvation Army. While reurettinu' the extravagances and pointing out the dangerous features in the movement, 1 seeme(l to myself to see in it valual>le lessons wliich the Churcli might with advantage a}»propriate. Since that time an institution 28 A Charge. lias come, if not into being, at least into prominence, which is worked altogether on Church lines, and furnishes the very organization that we seem to want. I refer of course to the Cliurch Army. The Church Army has now been tried in several parishes in this Diocese ; and I gratefully acknowledge the beneficial results. I do not put it forward as a universal specific for spiritual destitution. There are some parishes where it would be altogether out of place. There are others which do not need it, having alread}^ machinery for doing the same work. Moreover it is absolutely ne- cessary that the incumbent should place himself at the head, so as to direct and control its operations. The fastidiousness which shrinks from methods perfectly legitimate in themselves but not commending them- selves to refined taste must Ije resolutely overcome. An army without a commander is a gross anomaly. But under the proper conditions the Church Army may prove a very real blessing to many a district. I take as examples the two parishes in this Diocese where it was first introduced, and in which it has had the longe.'^t and fairest trial, the Yen. Bede's, Monkwear- mouth, and S. John's, Sunderland. I cannot for a moment doubt — ^the confirmations are visible proof — that in these parishes it has efi'ected what no existing parochial organization could have efi"ected ; it has drao-o;ed numbers of men and women out of the gutter, has expelled the demon of drink or of some other gross vice, and has seated them clothed and in their right mind at the feet of Christ. Of one thing A Chcuye. 29 \ \ am sure, no iiicnmlu'iit ncril be apprclu'iisive as to \ the loyalty of the otticers. Loyalty is a fundamental prineii)le in tlie Cluireli Army.*" 5. CONFIRMATIONS. No }»rovinee of a Bishop's work has a more lively interest for him than his Confirmations. He watches anxiously to see the results of each year's list, be- lieving that, though it may fail as a test in individual cases, yet if a sutliciently wide area be taken it is a very fair index of the progress of the pastoral work of tlie diocese. I am thankful to say that the statistics are most encouraging. At my last Visitation in 1882 1 was able to report that there had l^een an increase of not less than 45 per cent, during the four j'cars, as compared with the same period immediately pre- ceding. This surprising increase has even l)een exceeded in the interval between the last Visitation and the present. The advance upon the statistics of 1882, taking the two Counties of Northnmberland and Durham together, is over 46 per cent. Thus it liap})ens that the nuni1)er confirmed in the same quadriennial period within the area of the undivided Diocese of Durham has considerably more than douljled since the commencement of m}' episcopate. In the years 1875 — 1878 inelusive it was 17.502 ; in the years 1879 — 1882 it rose to 25,815 ; and in the years 1883—1886 it has mounted up to 37,132. T should add that if, withdrawing Northumberland, we consider the present diocese of Durham alone, the 30 A Charge. progress has Leeii at least as great. In the pn'seiit year I have confirmed over 7,700 persons, a numljer much hirger than in any jirevious year since the division of the Diocese, and exceeded onl}^ on one occasion even in the undivided Diocese — the first year of my episcopate when owing to exceptional reasons there were exceptional numbers. Even after making proper allowance for the increase in the population this is a noteworthy fact. I attribute this rapid and yet steady increase in the numbers largely to the multiplication of centres rendered possible 1)y the division of the Diocese, but still more to the increased zeal of the clergy and the growing efficiency of parochial ministrations. But we ought not to rest satisfied with these results. It is almost impossible indeed that the same ra[)id rate of progress can ])e maintained in the vcars to come; Imt we still fall consideraljly l)elow the jx-rcentagc; of the whole po})ulation wliicli is attained in other Dioceses, where the proportion of Nonconformists is much less. I see one way indeed, l)y wliich our numljcrs miglit Ijc swelled at once ; l)ut I cannot recommend it. By lowering the age we should attain this end, for un(|uestionably young children will present them- selves f()r Confirmation more freely than growing youths. But after consultation with clergy of wide experience and of divers schools, I sec no reason to modify the advice which I have hitherto given. There may be exceptional cases, whether of individuals or of whole classes, where circumstances render it A Charge. 31 ;ulvis;i1)l(' to present caiulidates at an earlier age, but as a rule tifteen seems to me the best standard. It is one tliino; to secure a lad for Confirmation, and (juite another to retain a hold over him when confirmed. The season of CVmfirmation is the one opportunity for tlie eleriiN'man in the lives of most voung persons, and tliis opportunity cannot be anticii)ated and exhausted prematurely without serious loss. But I have never wished to dictate upon this point, and having expressed my own opinion I am content to leave it to the discretion of the parochial clergy themselves, as directly responsible for the welfare of their people. 1 would only add that it is impossible to exag-oerate the maunitude of the op[tortunit}', and that no pastoral work is more s})iritually remunerative than the labour bestowed on gathering together and })reparing candidates for Confirmation. It touches, or it may be made to touch, not the individual children only, Init their parents and their homes.^ G. DIOCESAN FINAXCE. (i) Financial Statement. In nothing has the wisdom of dividing the Sec l»een more conspicuously vindicated than in its financial results. This will have appeared already iu my statement respecting the Church Building Fund ; l)ut it is still more strikingly emphasized, wlu'n we reckon up the ex})enditure from all sources on various Church works in the Diocese. The amounts ex- 32 A Charge. peiided ,siiice the last A'isitatioii, as given 1)}' the returns, are as follows : — £ 1. For sites and erection of new Clnirclies ... 66,302 2. For repairs, enlargement, and decoration of existing Clmrclies 60,682 3. For Cliurcliyards and otlier burial } daces in connexion with the Church 9,935 4. For Parsonages 27,416 5. For Cliurch Schools (Day and Sunday) ; sites, erection, enlargement, repair, or furnishing 39,516 6. For Mission Rooms, Church Institutes, and other l)uildings not included under the previous heads 19,874 Total £223,725 The amounts under these heads are generally larger, and in some cases far larger, than they were for the undivifled Diocese during the four previous years. If to these we add the large sums contril)uted in the Diocese of Newcastle during the same period, it will be plain that the money spent on the foundation of the new See has been far more tlian ]-ecouped to the two Dioceses tdready.^ (ii) Collection of Statistics. add that special pains have been taken at mt \'isitation to o-pt full and accurate returns. A Chanjc. • 33 If til'.' stops taken for tliis purpose have seemed vexatious to any of the cleroy, I can only plead the importance of the results. The meagre and inade- fpuite returns for instance, which have been furnishecl iVoni tliis Diocese to the Official Year Book of tlie Chmvh diirinu' the last two or thi-ee years, when they did not pass tlirouuli the hands of the Bishop or of any central diocesan authority, were misleading and tended to discredit the Diocese. While I am speaking on this sultject, there is another point to which it may be well to advert. In the Official Year Book all grants from the Ecclesi- astical (."ommissioners are excluded ; and it would perhaps Ije difficult there to deal with the matter in anv other way. Yet the Diocese of Durham suifers l)y this mode of computation. In Durham the Ecclesiastical Commissioners are the cliief owners of propertv ; in some parishes they are almost the only owners on a large scale. "What they give to the Diocese (with some inconsiderable exceptions), they give in virtue of local claims, as owners of property in Durham, not as Oommissioners for England. Thev return to Durham only a portion of the great wealth which the\' draw from Durham. A double injustice therefore is done to the Diocese Ijy omitting their grants in the reckoning. AVhih/ itself con- tributing very large sums annually to the spiritual needs of tlie rest of England, Durham is not even credited with the contributions of its own chief owners of property. 34 A Charge. (iii) General Dioeesan Fund. Before we leave the question of finance, there is another matter to which 1 invite your attention. It was resolved by the Diocesan Conference to esta1)lish a general Diocesan Fund. A committee has since been formed, and regulations have been drawn up. The fund will consist of two parts, appropriated and unappropriated. Through the former contriljutions will be received for existing diocesan institutions, such as the Church Building Society, the Sons of the Clero'v, the Schools Fund, and the like. The latter will be devoted to diocesan purposes generally. Whenever any of these existing institutions are in difficulties, or when it is desirable to increase their resources, it will be competent for the committee Xo make grants to them. But its principal use will be to provide for cases, for which at present no provision is made. Any one conversant with the special needs of this Diocese will know how important it is to have such a fund, at once flexible in its destination and adequate in its resources, and how seriously the work of the Diocese is crippled at various points for the want of it. A mission curate needs to be placed Avithout delay in a newly inhabited or ra2:)idly growing district; a mission room is an immediate want ; a site for a permanent church must be secured in time. Promptness is everything. The prospect for the future depends on the spiritual provision keeping pace with the increase of the population. Arrears A CI targe, 35 M('ciitnul;it('(l at tlit.' first will take years t<> ovcitakc, evt'ii if they arc ever overtaken. Then again this Fund may be tlic instrument of increasing the endow- ment of small livin<'s or of huildino" parsonaucs in poor distriets, where it is properly met by l)ene- factions from withnur. There arc varions other miscellaneous cxjx'uses also, which at })res('nt we meet as best we can, but which would naturally fall upon it. AVc ouoht to aim at raisino- a sum of £5000 or .£0000 annually through this fund to meet all our wants. Similar funds have been estab- lislnnl in other dioceses with the most beneiicent effects. It is proposed to have a Diocesan Sunday on which collections shall be made in all churches throughout the Diocese for this fund. I trust that the clergy and their congregations will regard this as a first charge on their liberality. To the poon^r neighbourhoods it will directly appeal, for they will hope to be the chief recipients, and they cannot reasonabl}' expect any aid if they have shown no sympathy ; while the richer neighbourhoods will remember the fundamental principle of the Gospel, that from those to whom much has been given much will be required. In some other Dioceses a sum amounting; to £1500 or £2000 has been raised on Diocesan Sunday; and, though the parishes are much fewer in this Diocese, I do not see why Durham should fall far short of this amount, TIk^ (hiy selected is AVhit-Sunday. We shall thus be reminded that, while we are bound to 36 A Charge. provide tlie material resources, yet these are notliing in themselves, and the Spirit alone can vivify.^ 7. DIOCES AX SOCIETIES The Diocesan Societies have in most cases Leon re-organized since the last Visitation, owing to the division of the Diocese. Though the period of transition was a time of trial and anxiety in some instances, yrt the records show that the progress has been renl since the re-organization, and that they have reaped their full share of the benefits conferred upon the Dioc<'se at large ]»y the creation of the new See. I shall content myself here with singling out tliose societies which call for remark. (i) Church of England Temperance Society. A comparison of the statistics of the year ending October 1882 and October 1886 respectively exhibits the measure of progress since the last Visitation. The statistics given for the former date are confined to the County of Durham alone, being extracted from the report of the still undivided Diocese. The number of members enrolled at the two epochs were as follows :— - Yeaks. Genebal Seciion. Abstainers. Juvenile. Total. 1882 1886 794 1,015 4,730 22,062 4,838 21,890 10,362 44,967 A Charge. 37 It should be added that during the last year not less than 10,258 members were enrolled — a number nearly equal to the total recorded number of members in 1882. Allowance however should be made for the fact tliat the report of 1882 was very imperfect, as likewise in many cases for the possible enrolment of the same members more than once owiiis; to chano-e of locality or other causes. Yet after every reasonable deduction made on these grounds, the increase is marked. The further statistics given in the following- table tell their own tale : — Years. Associa- tions. Bands OF 1 Total. Hope. Parishes. Offertories. Contribution.s of Societies. 1882 1886 46 89 39 So 100 189 42 115 £ s. d. 63 4 ^ 83 17 7 £ s. d. 23 1 36 3 7 The society is solvent ; and, if only proper exertions are made, its financial condition need not cause any anxiety in the future. (ii) White Cross Army. The White Cross Movement is sul)sequent to the last Visitation. This is therefore the first occasion wlien it has been mentioned l)y me in a charge ; but I have lost no opportunity meanwhile of urging it on the attention of the Diocese as a primaiy duty of the Cliurch of Christ. The first enrolment of meinl)ers in the White Cross Armij was at Bishop Auckland in Fel)ruary 1883, when a parochial organization was formed. Shortly after this it extended to other parts 38 A Charge. of the Diocese, and in February 1884 the Diocesan Association was enrolled as one of the earliest branches of the Chnrch of England Purity Society, which had been started meanwhile. Steps have been taken from time to time to keep the subject before the minds of the clergy and others interested in the moral and spiritual welfare of the Diocese. Besides meetings held from time to time in different populous centres, valuable papers were read and addresses delivered on the subject at the general Diocesan Conference in October 1885; and a special Conference of the Clergy, summoned to consider the prospects of the move- ment in December of the same year, was largely attended. There are now nine parochial associations actively at work ; but this does not measure the extent of the results attained. I have reason to believe that in many parishes, where no special organization has been created, the clergy have devoted more attention to this foul canker which, if unheeded, must corrupt and drain the life of any Church or nation. But thouo-h some little has been accom- plished, very far more remains to be done. And meanwhile the stimulus of a noble and energetic rivalry is applied to our sluggishness. For the spark struck in the Diocese of Durham has kindled a flame which is spreading far and wide. Not only in Great Britain and Ireland, not only in our own dependencies and colonies across the sea, has the cause been eagerly taken up. The latest and most striking development of the movement has been A Charge. 39 witnessed iu the United States. At the Convention of the American Episcopal Chnrch, held recently at Chicago, a resolution was carried nnauimonsly to the ejfiect that ' this meetins; has heard with oreat satis- faction the statement of the origin and principles of the White Cross Movement and heartily concurs in the proposition to form a Central Committee for counsel and co-operation in connexion with the work now being carried on for the promotion of a higher standard of morality.' It has thus heen taken up by the American Church, as a Church. Must we not feel this extension of a movement which was inaugurated in this Diocese, as a fresh burden of responsibility laid upon us ? Would it not l)e an everlasting reproach to us, if having preached this crusade to others we ourselves should be found la^o-ards or i)oltrooiis in the dav of battle. (iii) Girls Friendly Society. The progress in the work of this Society has been satisfactory, as the following table, commencing A\itli the first year after the division of the Diocese, will show. Years. Branches. Associates Members. Candidates 1H83 7 223 1,282 1884 1 239 1,365 85 1885 12 310 1,505 120 1886 12 363 1,817 354 40 A Charge. But, tliougli there has been real progress, here also much still remains to be done. While it is worked with great zeal and efficiency in some parts of the Diocese, it is wholly unrepresented elsewiiere. Its organization hitherto has reached only 67 parishes out of 234. In other words considerably more than two-thirds of the parishes in the populous county of Durham are untouched by its beneficent agency. I wdsli I could think that its place was supplied in these districts by some other similar association which was doing the same work, though not on quite the same lines, but I cannot find that this is the case. I am well aware that in some neio-hbourhoods o difficulties have been found in carrying out its rules honestly. I cannot shut my eyes to the fact that in all neio;libourlioods the honest workino- of these rules must exclude many girls and young women, whom as Christians we are Ijound to regard with especial com- passion. But the fact remains that this association is doing; a o-reat and beneficent work among large classes ; that in its wide ramifications it spreads like a net-work not only over the whole of Enoiand but among English-speaking people in fiir-ofi' continents ; that this very dissemination is a main element in its usefulness, because it is thus enabled to keep an eye upon those who are once committed to its charge, though their homes may be changed ; and that thus every additional parish, which admits its organi- zation, not only receives direct benefit in itself, but likewise contributes to the general efficiency jaf the A Charge. 41 association as a whole, becaiisi- it is a fiutlicr approacli towards the completeness of the dissemination. Most earnestly therefore do I plead for the admission of this society into those parishes of ni}^ Diocese where the ground is still unoccupied. It were a narrow and mistaken policy to reject the valuable aid of this society, because it fails to cover all the ground and to fulfil every demand which the Christian conscience recognizes. One important step has been taken recently, which tends oreatlv to increase its efficiency. A Girls" Friendly Societ}' Training Home has been established at Stockton, which I trust will receive the cordial support of the Diocese at large. A small cottage was opened as a home at Sunderland more than three years ago ; Init at the expiration of the lease this institution was transferred to Stockton, where a small house was taken in January of the present year. From this temporary abode it has recently migrated to a more commodious house in the same town, which has been formally opened and may be regarded as its permanent quarters. This Diocesan Training Home serves a two-fold purpose. It receives as boarders young ladies, pupil teachers, and others, thus pro- viding a comfortable home for them at a most trying period of their lives ; and it gives facilities for teaching every branch of domestic work to girls in- tended for service. I should add that one room in the house is reserved as a recreation room for young women in business. It would be well if such 42 A Charge. recreation rooms could be provided on an extensive scale in all onr large towns. (iv) Diocesan Sons of the CJerf/i/. 1 liavc (lulv to nrgc once more, as I did in my former charge, the claims of this excellent Society, which assists the widows and orphans of the needy clergy. Funds are sorel}^ needed to sustain its operations. On all classes alike the duty of providing means for this purpose is laid. The poorer clergy, whether curates or incuml tents, ought to contribute — ■ however small their contril)utious— to a fund from which they look forward to deriving advantage hereafter in the person of their families. The more highly endowed clergy are bound to show sympathy with the strusi;Q;linQ; members of their own class. And above all, the laity ought to value the privilege of contributing; in this way to the resources of a Church, which through its endowments is enabled to offer them its ministrations gratuitously and thus makes comparatively few demands on their liberality. (v) Diocesan Board of Disjjection. The Diocesan Board of Insjyection acts for the combined dioceses of Durham and Newcastle till the end of the year 1886, when it ceases to exist and the work is taken over by new organizations in the respective dioceses. The following tables show that the progress recorded in my former charge has still been maintained in the interval, in all respects except A Chanjc 43 in the niimbt_'i' of pu|»il tcaclicrs cxainiiicd. In this hitter respect the numl)ei-s culniinateHl in 1881 ; there was a verv marked decrease in the two followino- years ; and the nnniLers have fallen, thongli not to any great extent, since. Years PcnooLs IxsrECTKD Children Examined. Pui'iL Teaciifrs Examined. 1877 1881 1885 469 494 540 45,831 56,788 65,933 587 658 490 The above table gives the progress in the amovnt of the work done by this Board. The imjirovement in the quality will appear from the following table ; Years. Excellent. Good. Fair. Moderate Indif- ferent. Bad. 1877 17 254 157 32 2 7 1881 35 284 156 17 2 1885 42 83 S 148 10 1 1 In the year 1886 there has been a further increase. The number of children examined in religious know- ledge during the year has been 68,324, which exceeds the daily average attendance of the children in these schools by 6,130 — a satisfactory assurance, as the Report says, that " parents and children alike value the religious instruction given and tested in these schools." 44 A Charge. (vi) Parocliial Schools Societi/. After a long and useful career this Society has expired. Its seventy-fourth aud final annual Keport was issued in Oetol)cr. Its work will l)e taken over by the organization which I shall mention next in order. (vii) Diocesan Board of Education. The advisahility of forming a general Diocesan Board of Education has heen under consideration for some time ; and a constitution for such a Board was framed at the meeting of tlie Diocesan Conference in February last. The elections took place in accordance Avith this scheme ; and tlie Board has now commenced its work. I look forward with great hopefulness to the benefits which the Diocese will reap from this new institution. An account of its constitution, of the result of tlie elections, and of the principles and rules which it has laid down for its future guidance, will be found in the first number of the Diocesan Gazette. I cannot refrain from expressing my satisfaction that it counts among its members an adequate repre- sentation of the schoolmasters themselves. Great advantage has already resulted from their counsels and co-operation. This Board has taken over the work of the old Board of Inspection and will conduct it on the same principles as heretofore. It has likewise been charged with the administration of the funds which have hitherto been dispensed by the Parochial Schools A C/iarge. 45 Societal. But oljvioiisly the operations of the uew Board will he miieh wider and more comprehensive than tliose eom])assed by the two older associations iKnv dissolved. The condition of several of our Church Schools in th-j Diocese is a cause of o-rave anxiety ; and timely advice and asistance may save such from financial ruin in the future. Arrangements have IxM'ii made for a friendly inspection of such schools, where it is inxited by the managers, with a view to suggesting such improvements as may secure a more etticient and econimiical workinu-. Then again the whole (juestion of the instruction given in Sunday Schools needs careful consideration. It is felt by many that some systematic course of instruction in the Sundav Schools is a great desideratum, and that the inadequacy of the results hitherto attained, where so much lal)0ur is expended on our Sunday School teaching, is largely due to this aljsence of system. Here is a wide and important field for the operations of the Board. And again, the very large subject of secondary education, which hitherto has been hardly touched, might well engage its attention. These are a few out of many points in which a central authority, charged with the responsibility of watching the education, more especially the religious education, of the Diocese, may render great service. COXCLUSIOX. It is time now for me to turn from the Diocese to the wider interests of the Church at large. But, 46 A Charge. before parting from this l)raiicli of my .sultject, I ^YOllld select t^A'0 points in the foregoing statement for special emphasis — the Central Diocesan Fund as providing the sinews of war, and the Lay Evangelist movement as recruiting the ranks of onr soldiers. I commend Ixjtli these to your special prayers and 3'our earnest efforts, and I trust that if we are spared — you and I — to another Visitation, we ma}" he able to give a ffood account to tli(^ Master of tliese talents which lie has entrusted to our kee})ing, ir. It wdl hardly l)e expected that I should again discuss the recent attack on the establishment and endowments of the Church. I spoke to you at some length last year, when the attack was made, and I see no reason to retract or modify any opinion then expressed. Further experience only intensifies my conviction of the disastrous consequences to the spiritual work of the Church, and therefore to the spiritual condition of the nation, which would ensue from such a measure. But the attack itself has not been without its uses. It has revealed the fact that amongst Churchmen themselves there exists an unanimity on this sul)ject, irrespective of political and even religious differences, which was wholly unsuspected ; and it has fixed our minds more intently on the necessity of reforms in the Church. To this latter point I purpose devoting the remainder of the time wliicli is ;it my disposal. But it may 1*0 well to prcmisi' that, among the reforms which I contemplate. I (h) not ini.-lude the hreaking" down of all doctrinal harriers for the sake of comprehension. A dinrch lives hy the \italit\' and intensity of its faith ; and, while \ sh(»uld wish to speak with due respect of the chief advocates of this general com- prehension personally, I can only express my own oi)inion that such a Llmrch, ha\ing no bond of union, must rapidly ftill to pieces, and that it wonld perish unregretted, l)ecause it liad done nothing worthy of a prolonged life. 1. CHriiCII PATRONAGE. In the forefront of all Church reforms stands the question of Patronage. It occupies this prominent position, wot only from its own intrinsic importance, as involving indirectly other considerations of the highest moment, the sale of benefices, the checks on unfitness of presentees, and the like, but also because it has been more thoroughly discussed and is more nearly ripe for solution than others. In the session of 1884 two Church Patronage Bills were before the House of Commons, bearing the names of Mr. Leatham and ]\Ir. Stanhope, and a Select Committee was appointed to report on the two. The Report, though it included some unworkable provisions, was most hopeful, because in the main it offered a reasonable solution, which (judging from the constitution of the Committee) might be expected to obtain general 48 A Charge. support in the House. No action liowever was taken upon it before tlie session closed. Somewhat later however, the Archbishop of Canterbury with the assistance of the Bishops drew up a Draft Bill, which, so far as it traversed the same ground, went on much the same lines as the Parliamentary Eeport, l)ut included other highly important provisions for the correction of irregularities and the prevention of unfit presentations. This Draft was submitted by the Archbishops to their respective CN)nvocations. From the House of Laymen associated with the 8(»uthern CVinvocation and from the Lower House of the Northern Convocation it met with much adverse criticism. I will not stop to consider to what extent this criticism was deserved. It is sufficient to say that the Bill was remodelled in consequence, and that one main provision — inherited with modifications from the Parliamentary Re})ort — which enabled tlie patron to sell to the Diocesan Board of Patronage on any vacancy, and charged the purchase money on the income of the living, spreading it over a long term of j^ears, was entirely dropped, in deference to the opposition which it had aroused. The Bill thus re- modelled was presented to the House of Lords by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and being favourably received was referred to a Select Committee of Peers. By this Committee it was thoroughly revised ; but the revision, though important, touched rather the details than the principles of the Bill. Again however a political crisis interposed, followed by a dissolution, A Charge. 49 and any further legislative action was prevented for the time. I trust however that the postponement is only temporary. The breathing space has at all events given opportunity for due consideration. The Bill has undergone the scrutiny of many eyes ; and, if we may judge from what has happened, it has in its final form a faij- charce of passing the legislature. I do not say that I consider it perfect. It does not go as far in some directions as I could have wished. The modifications which have been introduced in the successive revisions have not all in my opinion been improvements. Their justification in my eyes is that they have tended to make it more generally acceptable. Nevertheless I am persuaded that, if ■ carried, it will remove nine tenths of the evils of the present system, while it will preserve all the advantao-es. The Bill, as it stands amended, may be said to keep two main aims in view. It strives to prevent anv transference of patronage which is either unseemly ir itself or dangerous to the spiritual interests of the parish ; and it })rovides safeguards against the admission of an unfit presentee to a spiritual charge. Besides these two principal objects, it contains likewise some other miscellaneous pro- visions which are far from unimportant in their bearing; on the administration of the Church. Its chief constructive feature is the creation of a body called the 'Council of Presentations.' The 50 A Charge. functions of tliis body will be twofold, coiTCsponding to the two main aims of the Bill as already indicated — to control the transference of patronage, and to exercise a supervision as to persons presented to the Bishop for institution. It will be diocesan, and will be so constituted as to represent the mind of Churchmen in the Diocese. In Durham it wdll be composed of five lay and five clerical members besides the Bishop, The lay members will be the Chancellor of the Diocese, and two laymen elected from each Archdeaconry ; the clerical members will be the two Archdeacons, one elected representative of each Archdeaconry, and one elected representative of the Dean and Chapter, which will include for this purpose the Honorary Canons. As the Bill gives considerable discretionary powers to the Bislioj), it is important that he should not exercise these powers alone. The responsibility therefore will be shared by the Council, on whose report he will act in certain prescribed cases. This association in the responsibility is intended at once as a safeguard to the patron and the presentee against any arbitrary action on th(^ part of the Bishop, and a protection to the Bishop himself against the odium which would attach to his single action in matters involving so grave interests. The mode of electing; the clerical representatives is obvious and can scarcely give rise to much criticism. The provisions for the election of the lay representatives are probably as little open to objection as any which could be devised. I refer only A Charge. 5 L to tlie main rt'Liiilatioiis ; for in tlic dotails tlicv sccni unnecessarily cumbersome, and some revision will probablv be needed in constMiucnee. The vestry, or the body (whichever it may l)e) in each parish, which at present elects the Churchwarden or Church- wardens, is to elect a representative. The repre- sentatives of all the parishes in the Archdeaconr}' thus chosen form a body of electors themselves, and they appoint the two lay members of the CNjuncil fe thus imposed (jn tlic jiatron's freedom of action. If the right is exercised, it must be exercised in 54 A Charge. favour of fit persons ; if it is transferred, it must be transferred into proper hands and in a seemly way. In either case no scandal or detriment to the Church must be permitted. A violation of the trust is an abuse of the right ; and no quarter should be given to abuses. Here then is a sacred principle. Along with the recoo-nition of the rig;ht, there must be the safe-guarding of the trust. A recognition of both these principles underlies the proposed legislation. AVliile the Bill recognises the right of the patron, it puts wholesome and effective checks on its exercise, whether in the transference or in the bestowal of his patronage. The two are not indeed unconnected the one with the other ; for the abuse in the transference has led to the abuse in the exercise, and conversely. But as regards the safe- guards, it will be convenient to consider them separately. TJie main sources of the scandals connected with the transference of patronage by sale hitherto have been threefold — donatives, resignation bonds, and next presentations. The Bill abolishes donatives ; it makes resignation bonds illegal ; and it forbids the sale of next presentations altogether. It moreover restricts the purchasers to three classes. They must be either public patrons, who, having no right of sale, can have no pecuniary or sordid motive in the purchase ; or they must be parishioners possessing a substantial property in the parish and therefore presumably having a direct interest in its spiritual A Charge. 55 welfare ; or, if they belong to neither of these categories, they must be persons ni)prcve(l as fit by the C'Ouncil of Presentations. 1 conkl have wished that the property (pialifieation had l)een made higher, and that this second chiss likewise had l)een subject to the approval of the Council of Presentations, and I think the third class might have been dispensed with altogether. But, as it is, the restrictions and qualifications must, so far as I can see, entirely abolish the immoral trattic in livings. As a further safe-guard, n*) sale is permitted to persons who can be shown to l)e eno-aoed in neo'ociatino; sales and exchanges ; the Council of Presentations can demand to see the deeds and contracts of sale before giving approval ; and lastly, every sale or transfer of patronage must be registered in the Diocesan Office, where very stringent declarations are required to be made by the vendor and the purchaser. This provision of registration may seem trifling, but it is really very important. At the present moment, the contract is conducted privately, and even the Bishop may l)e left in ignorance that the patronage has changed hands until a vacancy reveals the fact. Again ; we have liad quite recently the scandal — for grave scandal it was — of representatives of two parties in the Church bidding against each other for the advowson of a living. The dishonour done to the Church here was not the less, liecause the competing parties themselves were influenced 1)}' higlier motives than mere sordid 2;ain. A recurrence of such a 56 A Charge. scandal is rendered impossible. Sale by auction is strictly fo.bidden. But even more important than the restrictions on the transference of patronage are the restrictions on the exercise of it, as provided b}*^ the Bill. In the existing state of things the Bishop is powerless to refuse institution to a presentee, unless he has laid himself open to moral or doctrinal charges which a law- court would sustain. Even in this case the Bishop's refusal exposes him to vexatious and very costly law proceedings. But the presentee may be burdened with debt, which would be a fatal bar to his influence, or he may have some mental or physical infirmity which would render him useless or almost useless in the particular parish, or he may be disqualified in some other way. Yet there is no redress in the present state of the law. The Archbishop's Bill provides a remedy for this state of things. The Council here steps in, investigates the case, and advises the Bishop whether the objection is valid or not. At this point the parishioners are entitled to be heard. A whole month's notice is to be given to the parish before institution. Any ^parishioners may submit their objections in writing to the Bishop, and he may, if he thinks fit, refer them to the Council. If the Council reports against the presentee, the Bishop may refuse institution. This is a new, and a highly important safeguard. Though many would consider that the parishioners are not the best body to appoint their own clergyman, there are few who A Charge. 57 would wish to witliliold from tliem tliis opportiuiity of representation. There are other provisions in the Bill, not directly affecting the transference or exercise of patronage, l)ut most valual)l(' in tlieraselves, more especially those affecting the sequestration of a benefice and the lunacy of an in('uml)ent — Ijotli extremely difficult cases to deal with in the present unsarisfactory state of the law. I believe that by this statement I have justified my sanguine presentiment as to the beneficial effects of the Bill in removing present evils, if it becomes law. But I said likewise, that all the advantaQ;(\s of the present system would be preserved. In sa3'ing this, I had primarily in my mind the variety of patronage. To this cause, I venture to think, is very largely to be attributed the fact that, notwithstanding all the anomalies and grave defects of the present system, the clergy of the Church of England will compare favourably with the clergy of any other Church, and that they have so strong a hold on the mind of the people. More especially I desire to recognize the value of lay patronage. A lay patron is more free in his choice than an ecclesiastical patron. The Bishop for instance is rightly expected in his appointments to consider chiefly the clergy who are working in his Diocese. The lay patron is bound l)y no such fetters of public opinion. Complrints were at one time brought against my predecessor that he promoted clergy too freely from without. Yet 58 A Charge. statistics showed that he had exercised this discretion incompara1)ly more sparingly than the lay patrons in the Diocese. While I reservvi to myself perfect liberty to appoint from without, whenever occasion may serve, yet during my whole episcopate hitherto, though I have made 44 appointments to parochial charges in my own gift, I have not more than once exercised this liberty in such appointments. This one exception was not in the present Diocese of Durham, and on that occasion I acted upon the representations of the chief parishioners and aj^pointed one who was favourably known to them as having ofEciated in the parish. Yet oljviously it is desirable that new blood should be introduced from time to time, and it is cliietly through the lay patrons that this can be done. No doubt lay patronage hitherto has been responsible for some of the very worst appointments, as well as some of the very best. But the provisions of the Bill tend to prevent the former, without interfering with the latter. One other point deserves to l^e mentioned, and I have done with this subject. The Council of Presentations is likewise a Board of Patronao;e. In other words it is empowered to hold advowsons. Now I know that many persons object to this form of patronage. I so far agree with this objection as to hold that as a rule, while the safest appointmeuts are made by boards, the best are made by individuals. But I believe that this will be the best form of board, comparatively free from the stiffness and the party A Cliaiye. 59 projudioe which are the drawbacks of boards. More- over there will be no undue tendency in the patronage to gravitate towards this board. It will start without any patronage. It can only ol)tain such l)y gift or l)y purchase. But it will liave no money to begin with. If therefore cither advowsons are given to it or money is placed in its hands by which it can purchase advowsons, this will come to pass because it wins confidence, and presumably therefore because it deserves confidence. •2. CHURCH REVENUES. Another subject which is highly important in itself and has attracted recent attention is the question of Church Finance. Can the revenues of the Church be turned to a better account by any scheme of redistribution or taxation or otherwise, which is just in itself and pays proper regard to local rights ? It will be seen from the way in which I have limited the question, that I do not comtemplate any wholesale procedure, such as putting the collective revenues of the Church into the crucible, and re-distributing them after fusion in ecjual })ortions to the several incumbencies. I believe tliat this course would be disastrous as a policy. But it would be open to a still graver charge. It would be morally wrong. The endowment, whether aucient or of recent date, was given originally for the particular parish ; and, until adequate provision 's made for the si)iritual wants of that parish, it is unjust that it should Ijc mulcted for 60 A Charge. tlie benefit of its neiglil)ours however needy. When this point however has been reached, when owing to an nnexpected increase in the value of property, whicli the (hnior couhl not have foreseen, the en- (h)wm('nts exceed, not a mere minimum which will keep the parish from absolute spiritual starvation, Init a substantial competency, then it seems to me equitable, as it is certaiiily politic, that other districts — more especially neighbouring districts — should benefit from its superfluous resources. It is natural that you should expect me to say something here about episcopal revenues, and I intend to speak quite frankly. Indeed I have no motive to do otherwise. A scheme was more or less definitely formulated a few weeks ago l)y the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, which has been received a2")parently with favour and which I may conveniently take as my starting point. He pro})oses that the episcopal incomes shall be taxed, and that the money thus raised shall be devoted to founding several additional sees. I trust that this })roposal will receive the consideraticni which it deserves. The object is excellent ; for recent experience has shown that no money fructifies more rapidly than the expenditure iji providing more eff'ective episcopal supervision. It is only necesssary to look at the huge and populous Dioceses of Manchester or of AVorcester for illustration of the need of further division. The wider functions of the Archbishops also may well claim for them some relief from the A Charge. 61 charge of Dioceses which with their present area are aloue sufhciciit to tax to the utmost the energies of one man. Nor (hjcs it seem to me tliat there is any objection in [>i-inci})h^ to tlie suggested mode of providing the revenues. There is nothing sacred in tlie present amount of (piscopal incomes. It cannot even plead antiquity. It is a readjustment harely half a century old, when Ly a redistril)ution the more wealthy bishoprics were diminished and the poorly endowed increased from the resources thus saved. The proposal however has a corollary, on which I desire to say a few words. The Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol suggests that the episcopal incomes which have already contril)uted to the formation of new sees should be taxed at a lower rate. To this part of his proposal I wonld offer an amendment. Speaking for Purham, I should l)e rpiite willing that the episcopal income of myself and my successors slioiild l)e taxed on the same scale as the others ; but I think that the money thus raised may fairly be devoted to home purposes. Not only are enormous sums dispensed annually from the original revenues of the See of Durham through the Ecclesiastical Com- missioners for the needs of the Church outside, not only has a very large percentage in addition — one-eighth of tlie whole — l)een charged on the reduced revenue of the Bishop, but the people, tlie clergy and laity, have contrijjuted munificently to the foundation of a new see ; and it seems to me therefore that anv fui'ther deductions from the 62 A Charge. episcopal income ought to be made for the heiiefit of the Church in the Diocese. A proposal for instance to tax the See of Durham for the increase of the poorer incumbencies in the patronage of the Bishop would seem to me to be very legitimate in itself and would receive my most cordial support. As I consider myself to hold my large official income in trust for the benefit of the Diocese, neither I m3^self personally nor m)" heirs would be the sufferers. I should be dejjrived to the same extent of the power of contributing to diocesan purposes, while the Diocese, which now gets the money in one way, would then get it in another. And here may I add a word about certain statistics of episcopal wealth which have l)een recently })arade(l. We here happen to know something aljout the one person who is credited with the highest amount on the list in more recent years. It is a cruel injustice to the memory of my predecessor to entertain the thought for a moment that he was influenced by a love of money. His Ijoundless generosity was proverbial in this Diocese, and I see traces of it every- where. His large private fortune has been in all ways an untold gain to the Diocese. Whether rightly or wronolv, man\" a man thinks tliat he has no right to impair a fortune which he has inherited, that he has only the usufruct of it, and that he is bound to hand it down to his heirs intact. I do not say that this is true under all circumstances ; I am very far from thinking so ; but I suspect that he would A Charge. (1:3 have the great majority of honourable men on his side. But while I am on tliis sul)j(M't, I would ask one general question. Is it right or is it wrong, intrinsically — I speak from a Christian })()int of view — to possess a large fortune ? I am not considerino; now the case of a cleroyman amassino; oreat wealth from his clerical iiicome, which no one would defend. I do not sav wlicther it is wrougj or not ; but if it is wrong, it must l)e wrong for the layman not less than for the clergyman. Let us be consistent. The clergyman who commits the wrono- is the more blameabie, Ijecause he is the teacher and should enforce the lesson by example. But the lesson itself must be the same for both. The layman in this respect is the successor of the fisher- men and the tent-maker neither more nor less than the clergyman. From what I have said, it will be clear that I would gladly see some general scheme, whether l^y taxation or in some other way, which would lead to a reduction in the present episcopal incomes. To what extent this reduction may wisely be carried is another matter. Whether it would be economical in the end to diminish episcopal incomes so far that the Bishops could no longer set a standard of liberality, which would act as a stimulus to laymen, I am very far from sure. There are other considerations too which must not be kept out of sight. A Bishop ought to be in a position to entertain large clerical and other oatherings and to house the candidates at 64 A Charge. the time of Ordination, not to mention other purposes which require both money and space. This affects the question of episcopal residences It may be well that the Bishops should l)e in many cases less expensively housed ; but here again reform may be carried too far. A large house enables them to do many things conducive to the efficient administration of the Diocese. I speak from experience. Moreover in some cases their residences have a high historical value. The Bishop's INIanor House at Auckland is a notable example of this. It is, I ])elieve, the oldest of episcopal residences. It has been connected with the Bishops of Durham from the time of the Concpiest, It is associated with all the nol)lest memories of the See before and since the Reformation. It is still fresh with the impress of Cosin and of Butler. Its Chapel is the most stately of episcopal Chapels, and it has l)een the jov and pride of tlie present occupant of the See to render the internal decorations worthy of the noble structure which he has inherited. To part ^dth Auckland Castle would be to break with history. To sever Auckland Chapel from the uses of the Church would be an irreparable wrong. Let me turn now to parochial incumbencies. Here again, though there is room for reform, I should deprecate the extravagant schemes of levelling which find favour in some quarters. All experience teaches that it would be highly inexpedient to cut down the income of the Rector or Vicar of the mother Church in a large town to the level of an average incumbency. A Charge. 65 Wlieivver an exceptional position of this kind is slenderly endowed, the Church sufiers appreciably by the poverty of the endowment. No one can afford to accept it unless he has some private fortune ; no one is able to maintain the position })r()p!'rly unless he has very considerable means. Yet the clergy of the town need a head. Then again it is surely not an un- reasonable tliino; that there should be means of rewarding long or exceptional services, even in the Christian ministrv, bv something; more than a meao;re competency. But granting this, much may still be done. In this Diocese two Acts of Parliament — the Bishopwearmouth Rectory Act, and the Stanhope and AVolsingham Kectories Act — many years ago set an example, which has been followed more than once since, and may still Ije followed with advantage. At Bislio})wearmoutli a large numljer of incumbencies was carved out of the mother parish and endowed from the revenues of the Eectory. The growing population of the borouQ;h of Sunderland needs all and more than all the old endowments of the Bishopwearmouth Rectory to supply its spiritual wants. But in the case of Stanhope and Wolsingham the Act provides that after the needs of these places are duly supplied by the formation of new districts or otherwise, the residue of the resources shall be availaljle for other parts of the Diocese. This same principle of redis- tribution has been put in practice more recently elsewhere. Within the last year or two arrangements have been made or are in })rogress, by which not less 66 A Charge. tliau five of the most highly endowed benefices in tliis Diocese in the patronage of the Bishop have parted, or will part, with a very appreciable fraction of their endowments for the benefit of their poorer neighbours. 1 am bound to say that my suggestions have been cheerfully met by the incumbents of these benefices, even where they involved immediate personal sac- rifices. As occasion serves, I shall hope to extend the operation of this principle. But there is another method which has been suo-- o gested to remedy the great inequalities of clerical incomes. All livings above a certain amount might be taxed to create a fund for supplying the needs of the poorly endowed benefices. To produce anything like an adequate sum it would probably be necessary to have a oraduated scale of taxation. To this I can see no valid objection. On the contrary it Avould seem to be highly reasonable. I am well aware that strong objections are urged against a graduated property or income tax. Whether these objections be valid or not, I need not stop to enquire, for I contend that there is no analogy whatever between the two cases. Two reasons, and two onl}' of any force, so far as I am aware, are urged against the graduated income or property tax ; and neither applies in this case. In the first place it is urged, that by taxing large incomes highly the accumulation of capital is discouraged, and thus an injury is done to the wealth of the country. But clerical incomes cannot be employed so as to influence .the production A Charge. 67 of wealth. Again a SL'Coiid and very formiJablc objeetiou is the fact that, whereas the chief payers of the tax woukl Ijc the wealthy few, the imposer.s of the tax are ultimately the wliole body of electors, the impecunious man}' ; so that, if the precedent of a graduated taxation were once allowed, the temptation to press more and more hardly on large incomes could hardly be resisted. Here again there is no similarity between the two cases. The imposers of the tax would presumably be the Houses of Convocation, and in these the clergy of superior means are more than adequately represented. I have indicated some means by which a re- adjustment might be efiected, which would redi-ess the most painful inequalities without doing violence to legitimate principles. The intervention of Par- liament might be needed, but no sweeping legislation would be called for. 3. ECCLESIASTICAL COVETS. There is another question of Church Reform, which cannot be passed over altogether in silence. I refer to the constitution of Ecclesiastical Courts. If I content myself with a few brief remarks on this point, it is not because I do not consider the subject of primary importance, but because it may be re- garded for the moment as in abeyance. When I delivered my Charge four years ago, the Commission was still sitting ; and the hope was then expressed that it might lead to the reconstitution of our courts 68 A Charge. oil a basis which would command the coiifideuce of all who are directly coiicevned. The Report has since appeared. It was issued with the signatures of a much larger proportion of the Commissioners than might have been anticipated, considering the compo- sition of the Commission and the controversial matter with which it dealt. It was favourably received, if I rightly interpret public opinion, by the large body of the clergy and laity, and would probably have been accepted by many more as a legitimate compromise terminating a painful period of disturbance and suspense. But in all such cases the voices of the contents are only feebly heard, while the cry of the not contents rings sharply and loudly. It was severely attacked from two oj^posite quarters. From the one side the Bishop's veto was vigorously assailed, as a device for defeating the ends of justice. Yet under the two existing modes of procedure, the Clergy Discipline Act and the Public Worship Regu- lation Act, a veto is accorded to the Bishop ; and this power of interposition has been more than once exercised beneficially in the maintenance of the peace of the Church. From the other side the proposed Final Court of Appeal was not less severely handled, as if the secular power were therein consti- tuted the supreme judge of heresy. Yet n gainst this interpretation the Report carefully guards itself in its recommendations ; and meanwhile it seemed to be forgotten by assailants that, wherever property is involved, the very idea of the State requires that the A C/iargc. 09 State must have the last word. In this cross fire the Eeport t>f the Commissiou stood but little chance, and it was not thought prudent to press for immediate legislation. This result was perhaps inevitahle, but it is deeply to l)e deplored. Let us hope that longer reflexion niny lead to a ealmei- ami more favourable judgment. i. 77/ A' cur EC If llOl'SE. Before I close. 1 desire to recommend one other matter to vour attention. The t'hurch of England is at present without any central liome. Almost every other oreat Christian community has such a hx^al centre, whither all its diverse activities and interests converge, as to their natural meeting-point. It would be a great advantage to the Church of England to possess sucl\ a house. It is a reproach to her that this want has lieen so long unsupplied. The ju1>ilee is fast approaching of a reign which will be memorable for ever in our national history, and which has witnessed a development of manifold energy and life in our English Church almost, if not wholly, without a parallel in the previous centuries. What memorial more appropriate than the erection of such a Intilding as a thank-otlerino; of English Churchmen for the signal blessings which this reign has brought alike to the nation and the Church ? I am cpite aware that alternative schemes have Ijeen suggested — schemes admirable in themselves, but hardly appropriate to the occasion. AYe need some visil»le memorial which 70 A Charge. will attract the eye and appeal to the imagination of future ages. But I did not broach this subject with any intentimi of discussing rival plans. I would only submit, that all true Churchmen, whatever may have l)een their [)r('fer(Mi('(' in the fii'st instance, should join heartilv in the promotion of tliis object, that a memorial may l»e raise(l wliicli shall l>e worthy alike of the signal event which it commemorates and of the srea,t Church in whose name it is reared. There are many among us — I confess that I am one — who yearn for the time when the Church of England as a whole shall possess a general representative assembly. The erection of this Imilding will be a fit prelude, as we trust it may prove an uneri-ing augury, of such a Convocation of the Church. j/uutL I would gladly have said a few words on other matters of real moment for the effective administration of the Church, sucli as Superannuation Pensions and Clerical Life Assurance; Imt it is time to bring this address to a close. AVliat has been the true spiritual growth of the Dioc(^se during these four }'ears, only the last day will re^■eal. I have Ijcen aide to lay before you merely the external signs, more or less deceptive, of progress. But surely this record, inadecpiate as it is, must suggest to us a twofold lesson, of encouragement and of humiliation — of encouragement that the tide of Church work in our day has been steadily and visibly rising — of A C/iarge. 71 liumiliatioii that (lod lia.s cruwiicd our fccljle ettorts with blessings so disproportionate to their deserving. May He so endow you all with the spirit of self- devotion and love and with the power of a blameless life, that at the great ami final Visitation you may present 3'ourselves fearlessly and joyfully l)efore the throne of Grace, there to give an aeoount of vour stewardship and ministry. NOTES. Note 1, p. 10,1. 18. Grants from the SrEciAL Church Building Fund to Churches and Mission Eoojus, from Feb. 1884, TO Dec. 31, 1886. No. Name of Place. << o 252 go H < o 1 Deaf Hill (concluding expenses) 2000 & 100 2 S. Paul's, Stockton - - - - 417 3876 500 3 S. Paul's, AVest Hartlepool 755 6000 850 4 S. John's, Sunnybrow 508 4200 600 5 All Saints', Eppleton 820 5200 700 6 S. Paul's, Low Teams 501 7800 600 7 S. John the Evangelist's, Dipton 418 3300 600 8 S. Aidan's, Blackhill 430 3800 500 9 All Saints', Haiton - - - - 322 2815 300 10 Van. Bede's, Gateshead - 634 5000 250 11 S. Aidan's, Herrington 540 3780 500 12 S. Jude's, South Shields - 615 5000 700 13 S. Matthew's, Newbottle - 568 6715 500 14 S. John's, Hebburn 550 4800 500 15 S. Aidan's, South Shields (for site) - 150 16 S. Andrew's, Hartlepool - 218 5903 300 17 Mission Chapel, Pelton Fell 222 3000 50 18 Seamen's Church, South Shields 300 250 19 Mission Chapel, Felling - 550 7545 250 20 Do. S. Edmund's, Gateshead 350 7795 100 21 Do. Waldridge Fell i 200 1400 100 22 Do. Benshani 1 300 8000 150 23 Do. Trimdon 194 2000 150 24 Do. Langley Park 246 1600 150 25 Do. Stranton 250 2655 75 26 Do. Haswell 120 4200 80 Notes. 73 Of the buiklings included in tliis list^ fifteen Cliurclies and ten Mission Chapels or Rooms (including the Seamen's Mission Church, South Shields) have been either completed or are in course of erection. The following summary shews the money raised from January, 1884, to January, 1887, together with other sums contributed locally for the Erection of Churches, aided by the Fund. These last comprise grants by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, by Societies, and value of sites so far as could be ascertained. SUMMAllY. Direct Subscriptions, Appropriated Do. Unappropriated Offertories - - Appropriated Do. - Unappropriated Local Contributions (Estimated) Ecclesiastical Commissioners - Other Societies . . - . A'alue of Sites (Estimated) There is reason to believe that the Local ContributioiiS have been considerably larger than the estimate here given. £ 8. d. £ s. d. 232 1G2 U o}^t),395 10 87 564 14 11 J ^■-'^ 9 7 - - 2.3,000 - - 7,000 - - 2,000 - - 7,000 £82,047 19 7 Note 2, p. 14, 1. 11. List ok Chukches Conseckated and Distkkts Eoemed since the last visitation. 1. Churchejs Consecrated : Blackhill, S. Aidan's. Darlington, S. Luke's. Deaf Hill cum Langdale. Dipton, S, John the Evangelist's. Eastgate, All Saints'. Gateshead, Yen. Bede's. Hebburn, S. Oswald's. Herrington, S. Aidan's. Low Teams, S. Paul's. Newbottle, S. ^Matthew's. Sedgefield Asylum (Chapel). South Shields, S. Jude's. 74 Notes. Stockton, S. Paul's. Sunnybrow, S. John's. Tudboe Grange, S. Andrew's. Wateibouses, S. f'aul's. West Hartlepool, S. Paul's. 2. Districts Formed : Eppleton. v^outh Shields, S. Jude's. Dipton, S John the Evangelist's. Blackhill, S. Aidau's. Tudboe Grange, S. Andrew's. Herrington, S. Aidau's. iJarlington, S. Luke's, k^outhwick, S. Columba's. Hebburn, S. John's. Gateshead, Ven. Bede's. South Shields, 8. Aidau's. Eastgate, All Saints'. Greenside, S. John's. West Hartlepool, S. Paul's. Note 3, p. 15, 1. 5. Cemeteries and Additional Churchyards Consecrated SINCE the last visitation. Auckland, S. Andrew's. Brandon. Darlington, Addition to West Cemetery. Eldon, Churchyard. Ferryhill and Chilton Cemetery. Gateshead Fell. Greatham. Medomsley. Penshaw. Sadberge. Seahaiu Harbour Cemetery. Shildon. Shincliffe. Shotton. Silksworth. Southwick Cemetery. Stockton, Addition to Cemetery. Sunderland, Addition to Cemetery. Trimdon. Nofct; 7o C5 m a o S <^ o 3 o i4 f— 1 X 01 .—1 1- r— T 1—1 o C>1 Tf r— ( 1—" > p ^ CT lo CO 1 — 1 o* <: 00 00 s CO o -^ (M CO 1—1 s r— 1 o I— I I— ( (M H >■ o o 1—1 01 •^ <5 1^ 00 r— 1 ^ 1—1 1— t O^l X w CI 2 ^ (M 1—1 H ^ ^ I—* 'tl I— I 1—1 f— ( ^^ c^' <: GO 00 2 r^ CO -H 1 — 1 Ol r- I— ( X X " ^_l I- 1—4 1—1 fH 1 1 1 " r~ ■Ji 1 1 I 1 (U 1—1 c3 to ^ o -2 3 _ = § ^' To ««^ o i >< ^5 ~ s '7Z -; -t-> o O Q M o c-t y-A 7(S Notes. Note 5, p. 27, 1. 21. The following rules are reprinted from tlie report of the Lay Helpers' Association, published in the Durham Dlocestn Gazette, Vol. 1, No. 2, Feb. 1887, where further iuformatiou will be found. Lay Evangelists. The Rules of the Body, as approved by the Bishop, are as follows : 1. That a body of Laymen be formed for the Deanery of for the purpiise of takint:f, regularly or occasionally, Mission Room and Open-air Services, and such other Evangelistic Work as may be found advisable. 2. That a Committee, consisting of the Rural Dean (ex-nfBcio Chairman), with an equal number of Clergy and Laity, elected annually by the Ruridecanal Conference, be empowered to take oversight and guidance of this bod}', and that all appointments be made through this Committee, and that any Bye-laws of such Committee receive the sanction of the Bishop. 3. That this body of Lay men be divided into two sections — (1) Evangelists ; (2) Probationers or Assistant Evangelists. 4. That any Communicant may by application, subject to the approval of the Committee, become a Probationer; that during his probation lie shall receive some special training, where possible, under the sanction of the Bishop, before admission to the office of Evangelist ; and that his duties be chiefly to assist the Evangelists. 5. That the Evangelists shall comprise men who are recommended by the Committee to the Bishop as fit and proper persons — (1) For the present, godly men wishing to undertake the office, who are communicants of the Church of England, and have worked as Lay Preachers for not less than two years^ and are highly recommended ; (2) for the future, men who either (a) after twelve months' service as Probationers pass a definite examination, which has been ap- proved by the Bishop, or (b) in sjiecial cases of long or exceptional service as Probatiuners, are recommended by the vote of at least two-thirds of the members of the Committee. 6. That every Evangelist be admitted to his office by the Bishop at a special service, at which a license, renewable on the recom- mendation of the Committee at the end of each year, be given him ; Notes. 77 and that the Evangelists and Piobatiauers be recognised by the Bishop as a body of Lay Workers in connection with the Diocesan Lay Helpers' Association. 7. That all Incumbents desiring the services (either occasional or regular) of Evangelists be required to make application to the Committee, 8. That the Committee meet at least quarterly, and at each quarterly meeting draw up a plan and appoint to each Evangelist the services he is required to take during the quarter. Any Evangelist unable to keep his appointment must obtain an approved substitute. 9. That necessary expenses, authorised by the Committee and incurred by working this scheme, be defrayed from voluntary sources and by collections made in those parishes where help is given. "With reference to the training of the Evangelists, and testimonials necessary for their admission to the office, the Bishop has issued the following [Memorandum : I. Ttstiiiioniah — Together with recommendation of the Committee, satisfactory Testimonials from one Clergyman and two Laymen (being regular Communicants) to be submitted to the Bishop. II. Examination. — The Bishop to keep the Examination in his own hands, and to appoint Examiners from year to year. Subjects (i) General knowledge of Holy Scripture, (ii) General knowledge of the Prayer Book. (iii) Special knowledge of the Xicene Creed and Church Catechism. The Examiners shall also satisfy themselves as to the Candidate's belief in the main doctrines of Christianity as taught by the Church. Encouragement shall be given to the study of other subjects (e.y., English Church History) besides those named above, whether by examination or in some other way. The following is a plan of work carried out in the Deanery of Auckland during the first quarter. The abbreviations E and A stand for Evangeli.-:ts and Assistant Evangelists respectively: and the numbers represent the different members of each order. 78 Notes. 00 00 irj »ft •* 5^ !X> !g 00 "^s 'o'S"^ W H O M H !zi M «} M H 'A O W o <1 ec 1^ "51 ^-5 o Ph n3 ooe25 o W d ^ eo •73 pq T3 1^ P-H nS" J J f^pq 02 o o o CZ2 .-I o O O n3 CO 33 '73 Notes. 79 C :3 i! to "si^ M H S< 1- eo N 1-c w •>. o "ft S aj S «j t< ^ O 1) ^ m o ^^■g ? ?'^ p ? OJ ««.^ ^^ o ■/ '' >!-= 3 ai§ aj f.^"^ M e.:4 IS CO c -^ - >- r-i a i-i w <: o c^2 o o — C i. -tJ o>n« C-M'* is ^ <: o 5 C'S ^ 3 •-» 51- CO.-' coeoo !-*<<• r-l W < 5 I--P CO r— a 3 ;^ -- o a) ^ o :3 I'^Z's'i c cs - ;i — > OJ - ^ , o ^_..„ 2 ,^^ •^""^ 1^ ■u ^-^ jr g r3 — s >--+^ ^ o ^ & "2 O TS CO ■2 5. To c . TS CO O o 3 and Assis s attcndei of each ni services a Batts, Bishop Aucklai Thursday, 7 Railway Gates, Sliild Sunday, T) Adelaide (On Tuesday, 7 Toronto (Out Tuesday, 7 -si .2 3 c5 Club Room. Adelaide St Wednesday, S aj o >^ ■/. >'. o o H ■r. ■y. Evangelists meeting the end Outdooi 80 Notes. Note 6, p. 29, 1. 3. The following is a summary of the first year's work of the Church Army iu S. John's Parish, Sunderland^ as given by the Incumbent. From Nov. 29, 18S4, to Nov. 28, 1885. Total number of hours spent in open air work - - - 340 (Processions, street preaching, and open air services.) Total number of hours spent in in-door work - - - 820 Total - - 1,160 Number of hours spent by Captain in visiting - - - 650 Number of visits made by Captain ----- 3,000 (Exclusive of a large number by Soldiers themselves.) Moderate estimate of total attendance at Army services (exchisive of services in Church) - - . . 27,000 to 32,000 (This is really a good deal under the mark judging from the results of the last 2 months.) The Church Army Brass Band, 22 members and 20 instruments, play round the Parish at the head of the Army processions, 5 times in every week, and very many short addresses and testimonies are given by the Soldiers in the course of the work, both inside and outside — often 8 or 10 or more in the course of an evening. The following is the present arrangement of the Army work, which is fully carried out every week. Sunday. — 7-30 a.m., Prayer meeting. 8 a.m.. Holy Connnunion. (Last Sunday, 43. Sunday before, 52.) 10-15 a.m.. Open air work. 10-50 a.m.. Morning service. 2-30 p.m.. Men's Bible class. Others besides Church Army attend, but it is a Church Army Bible class. Women's Bible class. Church Army only. Bagged Sunday school. Do. 5-45 p.m.. Open air work. 6-30 p.m.. Evening service. 24 Soldiers are told ofl' in weekly divisions of 8 each (two Sundays off duty and one on duty) to keep order at the children's service held at the same hour. 8-15 — 9-30 p.m.. Short open air and evangelistic meeting in the Mission Hall. Always well attended. Monday. — Extended open air procession fur an hour, with lanterns and portable pulpit. Temperance concert and speech. Chairman generally a public man. Average attendance upwards of 400. A very large number of pledges taken in the year. Tuesday. — Vicar's instruction on the Prayer Book, Confirmation, Holy Coiumunion, etc. Excellent attendance, Nofcj^ averaging the last 8 weeks from 130 to 150. Open to congregation as well. Wednesday. — Open air work and evangelistic meeting. This meeting, with the 8-15 Sunday evening meeting, much blessed with real results of those coming forward professing repentance and faith. Thursday. — G p.m.. Children's procession and service. From 300 to 350 always present. 7 p.m., Church service. 8 p.m., Choir, ilaiiy Soldiers attend the practice to learn Church hymns and chants. Friday. — Church Army meeting for Soldiers alone alternating with one open to oihers. Both are meetings for prayer and deepening of the spiritual life. Generally the smallest of the meetings in the week — from 50 to 70 — but always earnest and helpfuh Many testimonies given at this meeting. Saturday. — Prayer meeting or social gathering. Sometimes we march in procession to the temperance meeting held in the Assembly Hall in Fawcett l?treet. There was an enrolment service on Nov. 21st, when Canon Body enrolled 38 Soldiers. The number of enrolled Soldiers is now 98 ; but the total from the beginning would be considerably larger, several having left the neighbourhood and others the town. This is the total of those who actually wear the Bed Cord as the Church Army badge. A great many more attend the meetings and are much in sympathy with the work, but have not yet decided to be enrolled. There are as well an increasing number of probationers, who will come on for the next enrolment. There is a great spirit of earnestness in the Army, and I think the Parish cannot be too thankful for the introduction of its work. It is really good and true. Note 7, p. 31, 1. 20. The statistics of the Confirmations during the last four years are as follows : Yeab. No. OF COXFIRIIA- TIONS. Males. Females. Total. 1883 38 2,208 2,962 5,170 1884 49 2,401 3,240 5,641 1885 40 2,341 3,220 5,561 1886 58 3,188 4,315 7,503 82 Note^ A comparison of the ages of those who were confirmed in the year 188(5 presents the following result ; Under 15. Between 15-20. Between 20— 3J. Between 30-40. Between 40-50. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. .392 .107 1,928 2,529 339 554 232 315 142 165 Between 50-CO. Between 60-70. Above 70. Age not Recorded. Total Confirmed. M. F. M. F. M. 4 F. M. F. M. F. 40 89 18 33 93 127 .3.188 4,315 Note 8, p. 32, 1. 23. The following is a list of parishes in which more than £2,000 has been spent on building, enlargement, and restoration of Churches, Mission Chapels^ Parsonage Houses, etc , since the last Visitation : 1. Aucldand, S. Andrew's 5,230 2 Benfieldside 3,200 3. Bhickhill - - - - 3.500 4. Chester-le-Street 3,367 5. Collierley - - - - 2,147 G. Darlington, S. Luke's 2,268 7. Dipton . . - . 2,900 8. Felling . - - - 2,332 9. Gateshead, S. Cuthbert's 2,007 10. J, S. Paul's 3,954 11. „ Venerable Bede's 3,515 12. Gateshead Fell - 2,814 13. Grindon - . - - 2,535 14. West Hartlepool, S. Paul's 7,510 15. Hebburn. S. Oswald's 4 575 16. Herrington 4,420 17. Hetton-le-Hole - 2,090 18. Houghton-le-Spring - 2,752 Nofe^. 83 19. Hunwick ----- 2,054 20. Jiirrow Grange - - - - 8,640 21. Newbottle - . - - 3,180 22. Eyton ----- 4,804 23! hJeaham Harliour 3,589 24. South Shiolds, S. IJiKla's - 4,411 25. Holy Trinity 2,152 26. ,, South Westoc 2,120 27. ,, S. Jade's 5,165 28. Stockton, Holy Trinity 2,928 29. S. Paul's - 3,700 30. „ S. Peter's - 2,120 31. Sunderland, S. .John's 4,200 32 Sunnybrow - - . . 3.000 33. Towlaw 2,902 34. Washington - - - . 2,171 35. Wearmouth, S. Barnabas', Hendou 3,100 36. S. Mark's, Millfield 2,730 Note 9, p. 36, 1. 2. At a meeting of the Conference Committee on Thursday, November 18th, 1886, the following resolutions were adopted : 1. The Diocesan Institutions to be aided by the Fund shall be those connected with the Church, the School, and the Ministry — that is, the Church Building Funds — General and Special ; the Education Board — General Purposes, Training Colleges, and Eeligious Inspection ; the Sons of the Clergy Society, the Clerical Insurance Fund, and Clergy Pensions Fund. 2. The General Fund for other Diocesan objects shall include provision for Mission Clergy, Lay Helpers, and Evangelists in l)ressing cases j the Augmentation of small Benefices, and assistance in building Parsonage Houses in poor parishes : the Diocesan Conference, and tlie Diocesan Gazette ; and shall meet the expense of any other Diocesan Work, at the discretion of the Committee. 3. The existing Institutions named in section 1 shall be governed and administered as at present. The Diocesan Fund Committee will not interfere with their work, but will receive subscri[)tions for them and, as occasion serves, make grants to them. 4. The Fund shall be governed and administered by the Bishop of Durham as President, with a Committee of not more than twelve ]jcrsons (including a Secretary and three Treasurers), who shall be named by the Committee of the Diocesan Conference and hold office for four years. 84 Notes. 5. The Diocesan Fund Committee shall present to the annual business meeting of the Conference a report with full statement of its funds. This report will include, with the consent of the Societies concerned, the reports of the Church Building, Education Board, and Clergy Funds ; so that the work and funds of the Diocesan Institutions will be presented to the Diocese in a Combined Eeport. 6. The reports of other Institutions in the Diocese, which with the consent of the Bishop are called Diocesan, may, if it be wished by the Societies themselves, be given space in the Combined Beport on payment of the proportional cost. The following specimen of a subscription paper in accordance with the foregoing scheme was adopted : a H- gag , cU <£" u Z X a < H 1 ' Special Flwds appropriated by Subscf IBER. ° 3 Church Building. Education Board. Provision for ( 'lergv. Z o ■' cr 3 >> . c3 . ;:: ."^ = =^ ■SI ^ H P^ 7:<5 ^<1a;Oa2-^;^'So e+-l t4_i t+H t4_i 'ts '^ tjH VH t*-! tJ-l «*-• <*-! 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