THE ROMANTIC ELEMENTS IN THE LIFE AND WORKS OF 
 JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU 
 
 BY 
 
 MARGARET EBERT JFOLEY 
 A. B. Ohio Wesleyan University, 1919 
 
 THESIS 
 
 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the 
 
 Degree of 
 
 MASTER OF ARTS 
 
 IN 
 
 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 1921 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
m\ 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 
 
 191 
 
 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY 
 
 SUPERVISION BY . Margaret Ebert Foley 
 
 ENTITLED 
 
 in t he Life and Works of Jean 
 
 Ja cques Rousseau 
 
 BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR 
 
 THE DEGREE OF faster of Arts 
 
 
 
 In Charge of Thesis 
 
 
 Head of Department 
 
 Recommendation concurred in* 
 
 
 Committee 
 
 on 
 
 Final Examination* 
 
 ^Required for doctor’s degree but not for master’s 
 
 CV'G'C JL 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2015 
 
 https://archive.org/details/romanticelementsOOfole 
 
Table of Contents. 
 
 Chap. page. 
 
 I Introduction 1 
 
 II Classic and Romantic 3 
 
 III Early Years (1712-1728) 7 
 
 IV Youth and Wanderings 15 
 
 V Life at Chambery and Charmettes (1732-1741) ... 29 
 
 VI Paris (1741-1756) 32 
 
 VII L'Kermitage and Mont Louis (1756-1762) 39 
 
 VIII Last Years and Death (1762-1778) . 51 
 
 IX Conclusion . 55 
 
T 
 
 Chapter I 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Before pointing out the romantic elements in Rousseau, 
 which is the aim in writing this thesis, we shall begin by giv- 
 ing a short account of the beginnings of Romanticism as a move- 
 ment, which had as its leader Jean Jacques Rousseau; the causes 
 for this movement and the conditions leading up to it. This 
 will naturally involve us in a discussion of the eternal con- 
 flict between Classicism and Romanticism. In this discussion 
 some consideration will be given to the exact meaning of the terms 
 Classic and Romantic. 
 
 Keeping the definitions of Romanticism in mind, we shall 
 then point out the romantic elements in Rousseau, which consti- 
 tute the germs of the romantic ideas and ideals to be found later 
 in the Romantic School at the time of Victor Hugo. If an author 
 be an objective writer his works can be criticized or analyzed 
 apart from his personality, although this is not the best of meth- 
 ods. In the case of Rousseau, however, a method of this sort is 
 impossible. Rousseau, is the most subjective of writers. His 
 works are so closely bound up with the events of his life and the 
 emotional responses to these events that they cannot be separated 
 one from the other. Going back to one of our definitions of ro- 
 mantic style, we find it to be a self-reflection of the author- 
 subjectivity. Since self— ref lection is one of the features of 
 romantic style and since we are dealing with the romantic elements 
 in one, who is characterized as the father of the French romantic 
 style, we shall not be able to overlook the events of Rousseau’s 
 

 % 
 
 
2 
 
 life} for it is the emotional responses to these events which are 
 reflected in his writings* Certain things made deep impressions 
 on him and caused deep emotions, which had an outlet in his writ- 
 ings. To understand these outlets, we must first understand the 
 causes for them. In short, had Rousseau never lived a romantic 
 life, we should have no romantic writings from him. Thus the ro- 
 mantic elements will be pointed out not in his works alone but in 
 his works as they are linked up with his life. 
 
 In undertaking to give an account of Rousseau's life, we 
 have made more use of his Confessions than any other biography. 
 Histories or biographies are most likely to be objective and im- 
 personal,. whereas confessions such as those of Rousseau, the out- 
 pourings of his inmost thoughts and desires, are more subjective 
 and, from the nature of the case, better suit our purpose in deal- 
 ing with romantic elements. 
 

 
 
 
3 
 
 Chapter II 
 
 CLASSIC AND ROMANTIC. 
 
 The word Classic is derived from the Latin c lassicus , 
 which in the singular means "relating to one of the classes of 
 Roman citizens*" In the plural classici we have the meaning citi- 
 zens of the first class. By extension classici scriptores indi- 
 cates writers of the first class. The word classical applied to 
 literature today may mean the best of a particular kind of writing. 
 To the European mind however the Classics have meant the litera- 
 ture of Greece and Rome. It is with the latter conception of the 
 term that w.e shall deal here., for the former is but a popular use 
 of it. Since it in no way implies the opposite of Romanticism, it 
 will have no place in this definition, for we are dealing with Clas- 
 sicism only as it concerns Romanticism. 
 
 Modern Classicism had its beginning with the Renaissance. 
 The Renaissance brought about a desire for an intelligent study and 
 imitation of antiquity. From this study of the ancients there grew 
 up a great love of form and of conformity to rules. To write as 
 Plato or Cicero was the ambition of all writers of this time. Most 
 of them were concerned only with imitating the style, not wishing 
 to go into antique thought. Some, however, went so far as to imi- 
 tate ideas and even philosophy of the ancients. 
 
 The Classic School, as an outgrowth of this, began in 
 France with la Pl^iade, which aimed to found French literature on 
 Greek and Latin., Ronsard and his disciples were desirous ol trans- 
 planting the antique forms on French soil and imitating them in the 
 
 French language. From the middle of the sixteenth through the 
 
4 
 
 eighteenth century France was largely under classical rule. The 
 seventeenth century, however, was the only truly classical epoch. 
 
 At this time there was real comprehension of the classical spirit. 
 The brilliant spirit of the Renaissance was felt at this time, but 
 toward the end of the century we begin to see the formal side dom- 
 inating. That is to say, the imitation and close adherence to rule 
 was slowly smothering the classical spirit. We see evidences of 
 this as early as 1674 in Boileau’s Art Foetique . He tells us to 
 give much attention to form. To attain perfection the author must 
 rewrite constantly. Three out of every four words should be erased 
 after they have been written.. His theory of literary art is best 
 shown in the following quotations: 
 
 Quelque sujet qu'on traite ou plaisant ou sublime, 
 
 Que toujours le bon sens s’accorde avec la rime. 
 
 Aimez done la raison: Que toujours vos Merits 
 
 Empruntent d’elle seule et leur lustre et leur prix, 
 
 Hatez-vous lentement ; et sans perdre courage, 
 
 Vingt fois sur le metier remettez votre ouvrage . 
 
 Polissez-le sans cesse et le repolissez, 
 
 Ajoutez quelque fois, et souvent effacez,^) 
 
 To sum up what we need to remember about Classic, we may 
 say that it consists in love of form and in. the following of rules, 
 hence conventionality and formality; but with true classic spirit, 
 
 (1) Boileau, Art Poetique, Vol. II, page 286 
 
 (2) ib., page 288. 
 
 (3) ib., page 305. 
 
5 
 
 the style being only a means to attain an end. The Classic is the 
 clear, the orderly and the definite; it appeals to reason, seeks pro- 
 portions and harmony. A Classicist may have the most intense pas- 
 sions, but delights in controlling them. His satisfaction is in self 
 control, poise, calmness. The Classicism of the eighteenth century, 
 known as Pseudo-Classicism, differs from that of the truly Classic 
 period of the seventeenth century in emphasizing solely the imitative 
 elements. The brilliant spirit of the Renaissance, which was still 
 present in the seventeenth century and which we see beginning to die 
 av/ay at the time of Soileau, had its death blow in the eighteenth 
 century. 
 
 The Romantic movement was not so clear cut as the Classic. 
 Classicism is as clear and definite as its individual traits, where- 
 as Romanticism is as vague and indefinite as its traits. Romantic 
 elements have been present in all literatures in all ages, many ro- 
 mantic elements being found even in the Classic writers. There were 
 romantic wri tings among the Greeks and Romans, and classical tenden- 
 cies in the Middle Ages. The' Odyssey was more romantic than the Ilia 
 it being in fact a romance rather than a hero-epic. Throughout Frenc 
 literature we find different authors in different periods showing ro- 
 mantic tendencies, and even in the eighteenth century, Prevost in his 
 Manon Lescaut was treating passions of love with some tendency toward 
 melancholy. But lacking the emotional temperament to back his out- 
 pourings, these did not ring true.. With Rousseau the romantic ele- 
 ments were assembled and for the first time took form in a movement. 
 This movement which, in its beginnings, was simply a reaction against 
 eighteenth century Classicism, was successful for two reasons. First 
 society was ready for it. As we have said eighteenth century literature 
 
6 
 
 had become somewhat stilted. By this time society was probably 
 tired of such polished works as were produced, and was reacting to 
 them unconsciously, waiting for something to appear to cause a con- 
 scious reaction. Second, Rousseau with a true romantic temperament 
 came on the stage at just the proper time to start this reaction- 
 He appeared with the idea that the world is organized for the joy 
 of all individuals, and set out to prove it. With his emotional 
 disposition to back him, he started out by portraying passions in so 
 true and sincere a manner and with such depth of feeling that he 
 awoke in society the slumbering romantic traits. It was such an 
 awakening that writers continued to folloWjin his foot-steps^ for a 
 century afterward. Thus we see how powerful was Rousseau in being 
 able to head a movement. We do not exaggerate in the least when we 
 call him the father of French Romanticism. 
 
 The word romantic indicates tendencies opposite to those 
 of the Classic in Art.. The Romantic is the vague, the indefinite - 
 It is a dim longing, a reaching out for something vague and unde- 
 termined. It appeals to the imagination to the exclusion of reason. 
 It has no regard for proportion, seeks suggestion rather than clear 
 and full expression, melody rather than harmony, the individual 
 rather than the typical. It is abnormal rather than normal, morbid 
 rather than healthy. The ego also plays a large part in Romanticism. 
 Other elements are, a love of solitude connected with love of naturej 
 and uncontrolled emotions, of which the most characteristic is mel- 
 ancholy, at times becoming a feeling of despair. Last but not least, 
 it is a reactionary spirit. That is, reaction to that which has 
 gone before. It is in this last that Rousseau figures primarily. 
 
7 
 
 Chapter III 
 
 EARLY YEARS (1712-1728) . 
 
 Jean Jacques Rousseau, son of Isaac and Suzanne Rousseau, 
 was born June 28, 1712. We get a first romantic touch by using 
 Rousseau’s own words concerning his entrance into this world. "Je 
 coutai la vie a ma mere et ma naissance fut le premier de mes mal- 
 heurs.^' He was born we ak and sickly and had to be nursed with the 
 utmost care in order that his life might be saved. This tender care 
 was given him by an Aunt, who was devoted to him during his early 
 years. As regards the sources of the traits of character, which we 
 are to see appear in Rousseau as he grows from childhood to manhood, 
 we may say that his mother is described to us as being pretty and 
 somewhat coquettish, but without strongly marked characteristics 
 which appear later in Rousseau. His father on the other hand exer- 
 cised a great influence over him. Not only did he hand down certain 
 traits but created an atmosphere in which they would naturally thrive 
 Isaac Rousseau, the father, was highly emotional, irritable and in- 
 clined to be quarrelsome, had a very restless disposition, lofty am- 
 bitions, but no strength of character, no patience or perseverance 
 to help him realize them. He was always shirking responsibility. 
 
 One pronounced fault of his was always to desert the matter in hand, 
 when on the eve of success, and pass on to something new r and unex- 
 plored. Money went as fast as he could earn it. These traits just 
 enumerated were handed down almost in their entirety to Jean Jacques.. 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 1, page 7 . 
 
8 
 
 As to the atmosphere, which the father created, we have first of all 
 his emotional side in the presence of his son. He seemed to take 
 great joy in weeping, often arranging sorrowful settings in order 
 that he might indulge in this pleasure. A favorite means of doing 
 this was to speak with Jean Jacques about the latter's mother, and 
 as Jean Jacques tells us, the conversation was always accompanied by 
 showers of tears. 
 
 It was such a common occurrence that in his boyish mind 
 the mention of his mother's name came to be connected with his fa- 
 ther's tears. 
 
 Quani il me disait Jean-Jacques, parlons de ta mere, je 
 lui disais, He bieni. Mon pere nous allons done pleurer; et ce mot 
 
 seul lui tirait deja des larrnes. 
 
 CD 
 
 Rousseau's early childhood was spent almost entirely with 
 his aunt and father. He never went to school and had no companion 
 his own age. It was probably because of his lack of companions and 
 his close association with older people that he was a precocious 
 child. We find him at the age of seven not only reading novels but, 
 what is more remarkable, seeming to understand them. However . marvel- 
 ous this novel reading may seem, it was very dangerous for one so 
 young. Rousseau thereby gained a knowledge of passions at too early 
 an age. His senses were stimulated before his intelligence or rea- 
 soning was strong enough to hold them in balance. Thus this boy, 
 frail in body and developed beyond his years in mind, was early swept 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 1, page 6. 
 
s 
 
 in a tide of emotion. Needless to say he was affected both physi- 
 cally and mentally. As regards the mental side there grew up from 
 this reading strange, distorted notions of life, which make them- 
 selves felt later. His father did not seem to realize the harm this 
 extensive romantic reading could do. Instead of forbidding him this 
 sort of reading and turning his boyish curiosity into other and 
 safer channels, he used to read and discuss these books with him. 
 Rousseau tells us how they used to take turns reading night after 
 night, and how their enthusiasm would grow sometimes to such an ex- 
 tent that they would read on with no regard for the passing hours, 
 until with the chirping of the birds they would suddenly realize 
 that morning had come.. Then the father, for an instant probably, 
 feeling his responsibility would say, "Let us go to bed. I am more 
 of a child than you."^-^ This early life in the home was a very 
 happjr and care free one for the boy. The extremely sensitive nature 
 of Rousseau is shown at this early stage, demanding that he be in 
 harmon 3 ^ with his surroundings. This life with his father, aunt and 
 nurse satisfied the demand. He loved them and was loved and cared 
 for tenderly by them. That was all that was necessary for happi- 
 ness says Rousseau.. He was a very clever child and his father and 
 aunt were quick to see it. They responded, as all doting parents 
 respond to the clever child, by petting him and overlooking his 
 faults. While these two people were being the kindest to Jean Jac- 
 ques they were unconsciously doing him the most harm. He was al- 
 ways allowed to do as he liked, was never taught self-denial and 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 1, page 8.. 
 
10 
 
 scarcely knew the meaning of a scolding. If some attempt at disci- 
 pline was made he usually thwarted it by some childish cleverness 
 
 for which he was complimented as in the following case: 
 
 / / / 
 
 Un soir . . . etant condamne pour quelque espieglerie 
 
 a m f aller coucher sans souper et passant par la cuisine je vis et 
 flairai le roti tournant a la broche. On etait autour du feu: il 
 fallut en passant galuer tout le monde . Quand la ronde fut faite, 
 lorgnant du coin de 1‘oeil ce r3ti qui avait si bonne mine et qui 
 sentait si bon, je ne pus m'abstenir de lui faire aussi la reverence, 
 et de lua dire, d' un ton piteux, Adieu, roti. Cette saillie de 
 naivete parut si plaisante, qu r on me fit rester a souper. ^ 
 
 The intended scolding thus ended always in a petting, and 
 the fault which it was meant to correct went on grov/ing and develop- 
 ing unhindered. This pleasant home life was suddenly interrupted 
 when Isaac was forced to leave the country on account of a serious 
 quarrel. He left his son, then ten years of age, in the care of 
 Gabriel Bernard, an uncle of the boy. This uncle placed Jean Jac- 
 ques together with his own son, in the home of a minister named 
 Lambercier. This minister lived with his unmarried sister at Bos- 
 sey, a village near Geneva. Here the two boys devoted themselves to 
 
 study, and in spare moments worked in the garden and enjoyed other 
 
 O 
 
 outdoor activities. The countryside was a novelty to Rousseau. 
 
 Here was born his passionate love for nature and the joys to be de- 
 rived from the simple country life. The following quotation shows 
 what an impression his surroundings at Bossey made on him. 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 1, page 46. 
 
11 
 
 La campagne etait pour moi si nouvelle, que je ne pouvais 
 me lasser d’en jouir. Je pris pour elle un gout si vif, qu*il n'a 
 jamais pu s’eteindre. 
 
 ( 1 ) 
 
 Rousseau and his cousin spent two years in the home of M. 
 
 Lambercier. At the end of that time an incident occurred which, 
 
 says Rousseau, made further stay impossible * He was accused one day 
 
 of a fault which he had not committed and for which he was severely 
 
 punished. This seems to have made a deep impression on him. To 
 
 his boyish mind, this unjust treatment at the hands of those he had 
 
 loved took the proportions of a tragedy- It put an end to his 
 
 childish existence so he says. His innocent faith in people was 
 
 (3; 
 
 shattered, and in its place was a sullen pessimism. He no longer 
 took pleasure in his outdoor sports. His time was now spent nurs- 
 ing his grievances. His reaction was not the reaction of a normal 
 child but that of an abnormally emotional person for whom trifles 
 assume immense proportions. From then on life was so unbearable at 
 Bossey that he returned to the home of his uncle. 
 
 Rousseau tried to prove that this was a turning point in 
 his life; that his disposition was changed entirely by this episode 
 at Bossey. He says that until then he had had an innocent child* s 
 outlook on life. Everything was ideal, he had a simple trust in 
 everyone and knew nothing about the ways of life or man. When we 
 take into account his early novel-reading, through which he learned 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 1, page 16 
 
 (2) ib., Partie 1, Livre 1, page 25 
 
 (3) ib. , Partie 1, Livre 1, page 28 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12 
 
 much about people and life, and add to this his own account of the 
 awakening of his sensuality at Bossey, we feel that he did not 
 have the serene naive childhood he would have us believe. Rousseau’ s 
 whole life, as v/e shall see, was influenced by his environment in 
 both his good and bad traits. Previous to the episode at Bossey, 
 his surroundings had been calm and peaceful; he had reacted accord- 
 ingly by being happy and showing a calmness and gentleness of spir- 
 it. Kis unjust treatment at the hands of M. Lambercier served only 
 as a stimulus to bring out some of the bad traits which had up to 
 this point lain dormant. 
 
 After leaving Bossey he was apprenticed by his uncle to 
 an engraver, Abel Ducommum. This man had a very violent temper and 
 was brutal in his treatment of Jean Jacques. Here we observe to a 
 greater extent the kind of response we get when Rousseau is out of 
 harmony with his surroundings. In this new position he became lazy, 
 grew restless and careless, lost all self-respect and even stooped 
 to stealing and lying. He soon learned that his childish clever- 
 ness, which had saved him from many scoldings, was of no use with 
 this hard master. Thus he was forced to endure all his scoldings 
 and beatings and became, because of them, sullen and vicious. His 
 only joy was in secretly reading licentious books which he got from 
 a circulating library.. These stimulated his already aroused pas- 
 sions, and things went from bad to worse. In reading these books 
 he always put himself in the place of the characters and mentally 
 acted out their parts. From this early practice came later his 
 
 (1) Confessions, Fartie 1, Livre 1, p. 19, 20, 21, 22, 25. 
 
13 
 
 ability to portray emotions realistically. He was absorbed so en- 
 tirely in his book world that he longed to get away by himself from 
 all material surroundings and live in the world of his imagination. 
 During the years of his apprenticeship his childish gentleness and 
 sensitiveness passed away making place for some of the traits which, 
 developed arid acted on later, classify him as a Romanticist. In the 
 following words he gives evidence of these romantic elements. 
 
 J’atteignis ainsi ma seizieme annee, inquiet , mecontent de 
 tout et de moi , sans gout de mon etat, sans plaisirs de mon age, 
 devore' de d^sirs dont j'ignorais l'objet, pleurant sans sujet de 
 larnes, soupirant sans savoir de quoi , enfin caressant tendrement 
 
 « A 
 
 mes chimeres faute de rien voir autour de moi qui les valut.^-^ 
 
 Every Sunday evening Rousseau and his companions used to 
 take walks outside the city walls. The gates closed at a certain 
 time in the evening. Twice Rousseau was locked out and forced to 
 spend the night outside the city. On his return home next morning 
 he was cruelly treated by his master, who threatened to punish him 
 even more severely should the event take place a third time. When 
 Jean Jacques was locked out the third time, he spent the night in 
 great anxiety and fear and when morning came he had not the courage 
 to return home to the punishment which he knew awaited him. So, 
 when his companions took the road to the city, he went in the oppo- 
 site direction, resolved never to return to his master. 
 
 Rousseau justified this step and its consequences by put- 
 ting the entire burden on fate. He would have spent a peaceful 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 1, page 61. 
 
14 
 
 life, would have been good, industrious, persevering, all the things 
 which he was not, had he fallen into the hands of a better Master. 
 
 Avant de m'abandonner a la fatalite de rna destinee, qu’on 
 me permette de tourner un moment les yeux sur celle qui m'attendait 
 naturellement si j'etais tombe dans- les rnains d’un meilleur rnaitre. 
 Rien n'etait plus convenable a mon humeur, ni plus propre a me 
 rendre heureux, que l’etat tranquille et obscur d'un bon artisan..^ 
 
 . ..J’aurais passe dans le sein de rna religion, de ma 
 patrie, de ma famille, et de rnes amis, une vie paisible et douce, 
 telle qu'il la fallait si mon caractere, dans 1 1 unif orrni te, d’un 
 travail de mon gout et d'une societe selon mon coeur. 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 1, p. 64, 65 
 
 / 
 

 
15 
 
 Chapter IV 
 
 YOUTH AND WANDERINGS * 
 
 The grief and anxiety which Jean Jacques experienced as 
 he saw the gates closing gave way to happiness and content as he 
 went on his way, feeling himself far from the dreaded master. Now 
 he was master of himself, free to wander where he wished* 
 
 Libre et maftre de moi-meme, je croyais pouvoir tout 
 faire, atteindre a tout: . . . J 1 entraisjavec securite' dans la.. vaste 
 espace du monde ; mon merite allait le remplir, a chaque pas j'allais 
 trouver des festins, des tresors, des aventures, des amis prets a 
 me servir . . . 
 
 Rousseau was in his element here* Many of his romantic 
 traits were having full play in his imagination and were growing 
 and ripening with each step^ preparing for a day when they should 
 burst forth in definite form. 
 
 For several days he wandered about aimlessly, begging 
 meals here and there from the peasants. He finally came to a little 
 village, Confignon, near Geneva. There he met M. de Pontverre, a 
 priest, who took him in and kept him over night. Rousseau was 
 greatly influenced by this priest, who set out to convert him. Be- 
 fore the evening was over this boy, who had been brought up on pro- 
 doctrineSj 
 
 testant^ signified his willingness to adopt the Catholic religion. 
 
 As regards this sudden change J. Jacques says, n M. de Pontverre was 
 so splendid a host that I could not oppose him.“ 
 
 Whether his action was due to being flattered that the 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 2, p. 66. 
 
16 
 
 priest should engage him in such deep conversation or to timidity, 
 fearing to displease the priest by opposing him, we cannot sayj but 
 in either case his action shows clearly the beginning of his insta- 
 bility of character, his wavering tendencies. 
 
 Jean Jacques says he never really meant to change his 
 religion, that he only made a temporary decision to satisfy the pries 
 but the latter, taking advantage of this opportunity sent him to 
 Mme . de Warens, a recent convert at Annecy, before he should have a 
 chance to change again. On his arrival at Annecy he found Mme. de 
 Warens not old as he had expected, but a charming young woman of 
 twenty eight who received him very kindly. This reception by such 
 a pretty woman added to the fact that she too was a recent convert, 
 appealed to the romantic boy. Whatever doubts and regrets he had 
 had, at changing his religion, no doubt left him when he found him- 
 self in her presence. At any rate he made no outward objection and 
 at her suggestion, went to a monastery at Turin where he should re- 
 ceive the training necessary for becoming a Catholic. Once instal- 
 led in the monastery, away from the flattering remarks of the priest 
 and the charming presence of Mme. de Warens, Rousseau began to regret 
 what he had done. His stay at Turin was unhappy. At the end of 
 several months he was received into the Church, after which he was 
 dismissed from the monastery and again put out into the world. His 
 first move was to secure a position as servant to the Comtesse de 
 Vercellis. Here he was not happy, complaining that he was treated as 
 an inferior. With his ideal system he could not seem to understand 
 why the Comtesse should never take him into her confidence, never 
 treat him as an equal. Soon after his arrival she died and during 
 the confusion, which followed in the household, Rousseau stole a 
 
17 
 
 little ribbon which struck his fancy. The crime in itself w as not 
 so disgraceful had he not, upon being accused, laid the blame on a 
 young servant girl. The remorse following this crime was ever pres- 
 ent in his mind throughout his life, the thoughts of i t always caus- 
 ing great emotion. He rehearsed the details of it over and over and 
 like the incident at Bossey each time it assumed greater proportions 
 He seems to find a kind of morbid fascination in picturing the re- 
 sults it may have brought to the girl. He speaks of the great dan- 
 ger to which he exposed her. 
 
 Qui sait, a sonilge, ou le decouragement de 1* innocence 
 
 Here he is creating a dramatic effect, just as his father 
 had done before him, for the sake of arousing his own emotions. 
 
 He next went into the service of the Comte de Gouvon. 
 
 In this household he was treated very kindly and shown every con- 
 sideration- He was on the point of obtaining a settled position as 
 secretary and confidential servant when his restlessness again as- 
 serted itself and caused him to move on. His insatiable thirst for 
 freedom and his desire for novelty were upon him again. In vain he 
 tells us that all he wished was to have a peaceful habitation and 
 steady occupation. We see him too often rebelling against routine 
 of any sort to accept this statement. He seems happy only when free 
 from all restraint and sense of duty. To be wandering about care- 
 free with but a few francs in his pocket not knowing whence his next 
 meal would come, constituted for him a pleasant existence. 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 2, p. 130. 
 
18 
 
 Thoughts of Mm©. de Warens came to him at this time and, 
 desirous of seeing her again, he went back to Annecy. She appeared 
 to be very glad to see him and received him into her household. He 
 entered into this new life with a content hitherto unknown to him.. 
 
 A tender intimacy grew up between the two. He used to call Ivlme. de 
 Warens Maman, she called him Petit. He regarded her as a mother 
 and had the reverence of a son for her. Theirs was an ideal rela- 
 tionship says Rousseau. His world was a world of ideals and it was 
 only when living in this world that he approached a state of hap- 
 piness. Life at Annecy fulfilled his ideals to a certain extent. 
 
 He was happy and content because of it. Mme, de Warens seemed to 
 care very much for him but at times she seemed to gro w tired of his 
 shiftless ways and wished that he would do something for himself, 
 assume some responsibility. With this in mind she placed him in a 
 seminary where he could follow some definite line of work. She was 
 disappointed in this, however, for he was dissatisfied there and soon 
 returned to her. After this he took a few music lessons of a M. 
 Nicoloz but his lessons soon came to an end for M. Nicoloz was ob- 
 liged to leave Annecy. At Mine, de Waren's request Rousseau accom- 
 panied him. He went as far as Lyons then abandoned his Master and 
 rushed back to Annecy only to find that in his absence Mine, de War- 
 ens had gone to Paris leaving no word of explanation or information 
 concerning her whereabouts in Paris. This was a sad home-coming for 
 Rousseau. He spent days hanging around Annecy in the hopes of her 
 return or of receiving some word from her. In spite of his disap- 
 pointment at Ivlme. de Waren's absence, he managed to enjoy himself. 
 
 He was care-free, therefore happy. He idled his time awajr by wand- 
 ering about either in the company of Mile. Merceret, the chamber— 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U i'J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19 
 
 maid of Mine, de Warens, or in solitude, enjoying the beauties of 
 Nature. He was so delighted at seeing the sun rise one morning 
 that, as he says, he could not refrain from writing about it. 
 
 L'aurore un Matin me parut si bellej que m'^tant habille* 
 precipitamment je me hatai de gagner la campagne pour voir lever le 
 soleil. Je goutai ce plaisir dans tout son charme ; ... La terre, 
 dans sa plus grande parure, e^tait couverte d' herbe et de fleurs; 
 les rossignols, presque a la fin de leur ramage, semblaient se plaire 
 \ le renforcer; tous les oiseaux, faisant en concert leurs adieux au 
 printemps, chantaient la naissance d'un beau jour d'ete . . . 
 
 To be so impressed by a spring morning as to be able to 
 describe it in detail years later is a sure proof of a sensitive, 
 romantic nature. It cherishes things indef ini telyj whereas the calm 
 nature, without ernoti on ; soon forgets, although it may have enjoyed 
 intense^ for the moment. Emotion is the force which drives things 
 into the memory, causing them to be retained. 
 
 Days passed and still no word, from Mme.de Warens. Mile. 
 Merceret decided to go home to her father. Rousseau accompanied her 
 to her home at Fribourg and went on from there to Nyon, a short dis- 
 tance away, where his father was located. The reunion, says Rous- 
 seau was a very touching one. They embraced and shed tears of 
 
 ( 2 ) 
 
 joy, too overcome with emotion to speak. Rousseau's emotion in this 
 case seems to have been an outward show and not deepseated. After 
 all these years of separation we would expect to see him settle 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 4, p. 206. 
 
 (2) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 4, p. 223. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
20 
 
 down with his father and continue the happy home life which he re- 
 gretted having missed* but to our surprise he bids his father good- 
 bjre the same day and with very little reluctance starts out on his 
 way.. 
 
 There was now no reason why he should go back to Annecy, ! 
 and having no definite place to go he wandered about until he came 
 to Lausanne.. His funds were low by this time, so he was forced to do 
 something to earn a living. The idea of giving music lessons came 
 to him and he set out to do this although he knew very little about 
 music.- To carry out his plans he assumed the name of Vaussore and 
 established himself at Lausanne as music teacher and composer. His 
 work brought him in contact with a certain M. de Treytorens, a great 
 music lover who used to give concerts at his home. Rousseau was very 
 much impressed by him and wishing to please him promised to render 
 one of his own compositions at Treytoren's next concert. As usual 
 he is not thinking of consequences but plunges boldly in in the hopes 
 of gaining favor in the eyes of his new acquaintance. It is onl^r wher 
 the first moments of excitement are over that he begins to think of 
 the magnitude of the thing he has done. To prepare for this concert 
 Rousseau worked fifteen days on his composition, growing more uneasy 
 as the time for its execution drew near. At last the night arrived 
 and as is to be expected his composition was a miserable failure. 
 
 Quoi qu’oneut pm penser de mon prltendu talent, l'effet 
 fut pire que tout ce qu’on semblait attendre. Les musiciens etouf- 
 faient de rire ; les auditeurs ouvraient de grands yeux et auraient 
 bien voulu fermer les oreilles. . . J*eus la .Constance d*aller tou- 
 jours mon train, suant, il est vrai , a grosses gouttes, mais retenu 
 

 
 
 
 
 
21 
 
 par la honte , n l csant m'enfuir et tout planter la. 
 
 CD 
 
 Such is the trick the romantic temperament plays on its 
 possessor, pulling and drawing him into precarious situations, then 
 departing abruptly and leaving him to flounder about and suffer alone 
 in his predicament. The possessor of this temperament lives con- 
 tinually in the land of dreams. Unfortunately for hirn, however, 
 there is always the awakening. As regards this incident of the con- 
 cert, Rousseau probably pictured himself as being a wonderful com- 
 poser, dreaming that his composition would be successful, that he 
 would be complimented by great men and petted by charming women. 
 
 But he awoke, in the depths of despair finding himself not the com- 
 plimented hero but the town fool. Days of extreme melancholy for 
 Rousseau followed this humiliating episode. It may be that he has 
 something of this in mind when he has his hero in La NouvelleHe- 
 loise say with such depth of feeling: 
 
 Oh Julie, what a fatal present from heaven is an emotional 
 soul. One who has received it must prepare for sorrow on earth. 
 
 After this failure his pupils withdrew, and people shunned 
 him or poked fun at him. He was without friends in his distress and 
 had only his imagination to turn to for comfort. He spent hours in 
 solitude dreaming about Mine, de Warens and wondering if he should 
 see her again. Her birthplacej Vevey, was not far from Lausanne, and 
 one day Rousseau conceived the idea of going there for consolation.. 
 He would seek comfort in inhabiting her country, in passing the 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 4, p. 229 
 
22 
 
 streets where she had passed, before the houses where she had lived. 
 To reach Vevey it was necessary to travel for two or three days along 
 Lake Geneva. On the way Rousseau gave himself up completely to the 
 melancholy which had been pursuing him since the night of the con- 
 cert- But it was a different kind of melancholy; where it had been 
 grief mixed with bitterness, shame and remorse it now became calm 
 and resigned. In the former Rousseau suffered keenly, in the latter 
 he found keen enjoyment. That is to say he discovered the pleasure 
 to be derived from being miserable. In the former his tears came 
 from bitterness and despair, in the latter he wept for the sheer joy 
 of weeping- In the following passage we see Rousseau's enjoyment 
 and love of the beautiful in Nature. His ddlight, however, is not 
 in the scene alone but in the effect produced by it. 
 
 L ''Aspect du lac de Geneve et de ses admirables co^tes eut 
 toujours a mes yeux un attrait particulier que je ne saurais ex- 
 pliquer, et qui ne tient pas seuleinent a la beaute 1 2 ^ du spectacle, rnais 
 a je ne sais quoi de plus interessant qui m'affecte et m' attendrit^) 
 
 Quand 1' ardent desir de cette vie heureuse et douce qui 
 me fuit et pour laquelle j t etais ne vient enflammer mon imagination, 
 c'est toujours au pays de Yaud, pres du lac, dans des campagnes 
 charmantes, qu'elle se fixe. II me faut absolument un verger au 
 bord de ce lac, et non pas d'un autre; il me faut un ami sur, une 
 femme aimable, une vache , et un petit bateau. Je ne joutrai d'un 
 bonheur parfait sur la terre que quand j'aurai tout cela. 
 
 (1) Confessions, Fartie 1, Livre 4, p. 233 
 
 (2) ib., Partie 1, Livre 4, p. 234 
 

 
 
 
23 
 
 And again concerning his return from Vevey we get a des- 
 cription of the effect of the Lake on Rousseau. 
 
 Dans ce voyage de Vevey, je me livrais, en suivant ce beau 
 rivage, a la plus douce melancolie: mon coeur s'elancait avec ardeur 
 a mille felicites innocentes; je m' attendri ssai s , je soupirais et 
 pleurais comme un enfant. Combi en de fois, m'arretant pour pleurer 
 a mon aise, assis sur une grosse pierre, je me suis amuse a voir 
 tomber rues larmes dans l'eau. 
 
 CD 
 
 These impressions are interesting and important^ for this 
 is a scene which remains longest in Rousseau's memory and which ap- 
 pears later in La Nouvelle Heloise . 
 
 From Lausanne he went to Ueufchatel where he again attempt- 
 ed to teach music. This time he was more successful, for he was 
 beginning to understand music and have a taste for it. He was only 
 moderately happy at Neufch&tel. As he says, "an ordinary man would 
 have been contented, but my restless heart demanded other things." 
 
 He hated to be hemmed in in the city and longed to get into the open 
 country where he could dream at leisure. 
 
 Les dimanches et les jours ou j'etais libre, j'allais 
 courir les campagnes et les bois des environs, toujours errant, r£- 
 vant, soupirant; et quand j'etais une fois sorti de la ville, je 
 n'y rentrais plus que le soir.^g) 
 
 One evening on returning from one of his walks, Rousseau 
 stopped to rest at a little inn at Boudry. There he met an old man 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 4, p. 23.4 
 
 (2) ib., Partie 1, Livre 4, p. 236 
 

 
 
24 
 
 in Greek costume, w ho told a story to the effect that he was travel- 
 ing through Europe collecting money for the restoration of the Holy 
 Sepulchre Anything out of the ordinary always appealed to Rous- 
 seau, and this was not without its appeal. He was immediately drawn 
 toward this old man. The two ate dinner together and became friends 
 Rousseau was so impressed with the idea of restoring the Holy Se- 
 pulchre that he volunteered his services as secretary and prepared 
 to leave Neufchatel. Here again is a proof of Rousseau's impetuous 
 nature. He is too ready to take everyone at his word and becomes 
 so filled with enthusiasm for future possibilities that he complete- 
 ly forgets the present* 
 
 The two started off on their mission, traveling through 
 Fribourg, Berne and Soleure. The ambition to reach Jerusalem was 
 never realized, for at Soleure Rousseau's companion was arrested for 
 fraud. The French ambassador realizing that Rousseau had been a tool, 
 pardoned him and offered to start him on the right path by sending 
 him to Paris. There he was to enter the service of one of the am- 
 bassador's friends* Rousseau accepted immediately for it had long 
 been his desire to see Paris, the city of his dreams where all am- 
 bitions are realized and a state of happiness attained. 
 
 He set out enthusiastically for Paris but on arriving 
 there he was doomed to disappointment* Here again the ideal turned 
 suddenly into the real. In the following we get his first impres- 
 sion of Paris not as his dream city but as a disagreeable reality* 
 
 En entrant par le faubourg Saint-Marc eau, je ne vis que 
 de petites rues sales et puantes, de vilaines Maisons Noires, 1'air 
 de la mal-proprete 7 , de la pauvrete^ des mendiantes, des charretiers, 
 

 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25 
 
 des ravaudeuses, des crieuses de tisane et de vieux chapeaux. Tout 
 cela me frappa d’abord a tel point, que tout ce que j'ai vu depuis 
 \ Paris de magnificence r^ele n' a pu detruire cette premiere impres- 
 s i on . ^ -j ^ 
 
 He was neither pleased with his surroundings at Paris 
 nor his occupation; accordingly, as we should expect from his tem- 
 perament, he left immediately. 
 
 He had learned that Mme . de Warens was no longer living 
 at Paris. Thinking she had gone back to Annecy, Rousseau decided 
 to go there to join her. He started out on this journey on foot. 
 
 He had very little money and would have to endure what to the aver- 
 age man would be the greatest hardships; to Rousseau, however, these 
 hardships were merely pleasant adventures. He went along from day 
 to day free from worry or care. It mattered not to him how long 
 the journey was, provided he eventually reached Annecy. In the 
 meantime he would enjoy nature and entertain himself by his thoughts 
 and dreams which he says were abundant when he was in solitude. 
 
 r t / 
 
 Jamais je n f ai tant pense, tant existe tant vecu, tant 
 et4 moi , si j‘ose ainsi dire, que dans ces voyages que j’ai faits 
 seul et a pied. . .La vue de la campagne, la succession des as- 
 pects agreables, le grand air, la bonne sante que je gagne en mar- 
 chant, . . . 1 1 eloignement de tout ce qui me fait sentir ma de— 
 pendance de tout ce qui me rappelle a ma situation, tout cela de- 
 gage mon anie, me donne une plus grande audace de penser, me jette 
 en quelque sorte dans l'immensite des etres pour les combiner, les 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partiel, Livre 4, p. 245. 
 

 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
26 
 
 One day as Rousseau was walking along he lost his way and 
 
 wandered about for hours until he came to a peasant's hut.. He en- 
 tered and asked for food. The peasant offered him nothing but coarse 
 bread and milk, but later, becoming interested in him and convinced 
 that he was not spying, went to the cellar and brought out meat, 
 wine and other good foods. This surprised Rousseau, who upon ques- 
 tioning the peasant learned that he pretended poverty and kept his 
 food hidden to escape paying duties and taxes on it. It was to his 
 advantage to be dying of hunger. Rousseau was greatly impressed by 
 this episode. This man, sensitive to his surroundings, did not fail 
 to respond here. He put himself wholly in the position of the peas- 
 ant , suffering and revolting as much as the latter^ Rousseau was 
 struck forcibly by the umyjustness of this treatment and as he went 
 on his way again he meditated and pondered over the question of this 
 injustice, — Why should the peasant be mistreated and kept in con- 
 stant fear of being punished? The thoughts of this burdened the 
 liberty-loving Rousseau. The following shows the impression it made 
 on him, — such a strong impression that it remained alive in his mem- 
 ory for years and finally took form in L es Discourg. sui I'inegalite . 
 
 Ce fut la le germe de cette haine inextinguible qui se 
 developpa depuis dans mon coeur contre les vexations qu'eprouve le 
 Sialheureux peuple et contre les oppresseurs. Cet homme, quoique 
 ais£, n’osait manger le pain qu'il avait gagne a la sueur de son 
 front, et ne pouvait eviter sa ruine , qu'en montrant la rneme ndsere 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 4, p. 250 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
27 
 
 qui rlgnait autour de lui . Je sortis de la maison . . . deplorant 
 le sort de ces belles contrees a qui la nature n'a prodigue ses dons 
 que pour en faire la proie des barbares publicains . 
 
 Upon reaching Annecy he found that Lime, de Warens had 
 moved, to Chamb^ry. Rousseau had scarcely any money left but was de- 
 termined to reach Chamb^ry. Before he arrived there his money gave 
 out entirely and he was forced to spend his nights in the open. But 
 instead of complaining about this he says it is his most beautiful 
 adventure.. He gives us a striking description of one night thus 
 spent and we see that he is. not exaggerating when he tells us he 
 really enjoyed this life of a vagabond. 
 
 Je me souviens meme d* avoir passe une nuit delicieuse 
 hors de la ville. Des jardins eleves en terrasse bordaient le chem- 
 j_n du cote oppose. II avait fait trks-chand ce jour- la, la soiree 
 etait charmante ; la rosle humectait l r herbe fletrie; point de vent, 
 une nuit tranquille; l'air etait frais sans etre froid; le soleil, 
 aprls son coucher, avait laisse dans le ciel des vapeurs rouges 
 dont la reflexion rendait l'eau couleur de rose; les arbres des 
 terrasses etaient charges de rossigno]s qui se repondaient de l’un 
 a 1* autre, je me promenais dans une sorte d’extase, livrant rnes sens 
 et mon cosur a la jouissance de tout cela . . . absorbe 7 dans ma 
 
 douce reverie, je prolongeai fort avant dans la nuit ma promenade, 
 
 / 
 
 sans m'apercevoir que j'etais las . . . Je me couchai voluptueuse- 
 ment sur la tablette d’une esp^ce de niche ou de fausse porte enfonci s 
 dans un mur de terrasse; le ciel de mon lit etait forme par les tetes 
 des arbres; un rossignol etait precisement au-dessus de moi : Je 
 
 (1) Confessions, Fartie 1, Livre 4, p. 253. 
 
28 
 
 ra'endormis a son chant; mon sommeil fut doux, mon r4veil le fut 
 davantage. II etait grand jour: Ivies yeux, en s'ouvrant, virent 
 
 l'eau, la verdure, un paysage admirable. . , J'etais de si bonne 
 
 humeur, que j'allais chantant tout le long du chemin. ^ 
 
 In the following we get a description which shows another 
 romantic trait, — not only the love of nautre but the love of the 
 rugged in nature. 
 
 La vie ambulant est celle qu'il me. faut. Faire route a 
 pied par un beau temps, dans un beau pays, sans etre pressd, et 
 avoir pour terme de ma course un ©bjet agreable ; voila de toutes les 
 manilres de vivre celle qui est le plus de mon gout. Jamais pays 
 de plaine , quelque beau qu'il fut, ne parut tel a mes yeux. II me 
 
 faut des torrents, des rochers, des sapins, des bois noirs, des 
 
 montagnes, des chemins raboteux a monter et a descendre, des preci- 
 pices a mes cotes qui me fassent bien peur.^g) 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 4, p. 260 
 
 (2) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 4, p. 266. 
 
Chapter V 
 
 LIFE AT CHAMBERY AND CHARMETTES (1732-1741). 
 
 After many days of wandering he finally arrived at Cham- 
 bery and was received by Mme . de Warens, who was delighted to see 
 him again. Rousseau's restless desires were satisfied for a time, 
 and he settled down into a calm, peaceful life with Mme. de Warens, 
 which lasted eight or nine years. During this time he was clerk of 
 the surveys, and music teacher. At the beginning of his stay an 
 incident occurred which affected his whole life at Chambery, an in- 
 cident not important in Itself but as it involves a later consider- 
 ation of a similar incident in La Nouvelle Heloise . Mme. de Warens 
 had living at her home a young botanist named Claud Anet, with whom 
 she had the most intimate relations. She offered Rousseau the same 
 privileges which he accepted. The strange thing to be noticed here 
 is that she continued in her former manner with Claude Anet without 
 provoking the least sign of jealousy in Rousseau^ In fact he goes 
 into detail in a very frank way about the life of these three people. 
 He tells how they all lived happily under one roof without thinking 
 of being jealous. All their wishes, cares and hearts were in com- 
 mon 
 
 About the third year of his stay at Chambery he was tem- 
 porarily blinded by an accident and had a serious illness because 
 of it- Mme. de Warens nursed him carefully and brought him safely 
 through it but he was only a shadow of his former self, weak;, ner- 
 vous and melancholy. The old house in which they lived was a gloomy 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 5, p. 312 
 
30 
 
 sort and it had its effect on the nervous, irritable invalid. Ke 
 didn’t gain strength as he should and was becoming more and more 
 melancholy. The sight of the city oppressed him and he yearned to 
 be out in the country. Mme . de Warens, to humor him rented a beauti- 
 ful country place just outside the city. They took possession of 
 this place, known as Les Charmettes, in the fall of 1736. Rousseau 
 was delighted as soon as he saw it. His sadness passed away in an 
 instant and his old care-free, lighthearted spirit returned and with 
 it his sensitiveness to beauty which had been repressed for some 
 time. In speaking of "Les Charmettes" he says — 
 
 J'etais transport^ le premier jour que nous y couchames. 
 
 0 Mamanl dis-je a cette chere amie en l'embrassant et l’inondant de 
 larmes d' attendrissement et de joie, ce sejour est celui de bonheur 
 et de cl* innocence . 
 
 Ici commence le court bonheur de me vie; ici viennent les 
 paisibles mais rapides moments qui m’ ont donne le droit de dire que 
 j l 2 ai vecu. . . . Je me levais avec le soleil, et j'etais heureux; 
 je me promenais et j’etais heureux; Je voyais Maman et j’etais 
 heureux; ... Je parcourais les bois, les coteaux, j’errais dans 
 les vallons, je lisais, j'etais oisif, je travaillais au jardin, je 
 cueillais les fruits . . . et le bonheur me suiivait part out., 
 
 Here hex had nature, freedom, idleness, everything that 
 suited his disposition. To use his own words, "I did what I wished, 
 
 1 was what I wanted to be." 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 1, Livre 5, p. 3.4S 
 
 (2) ib., Partie 1, Livre 6, p. 351 
 
31 
 
 This happy and care free existence was unexpectedly inter- 
 rupted. Rousseau had a sudden attack of what he diagnosed as heart 
 trouble. Upon being persuaded by Mine, de Warens, he went to Mont- 
 pellier for a consultation. In a short time he felt much improved 
 and hastened back to Les Charmettes hoping to take up his happy life 
 where he had left it, but to his surprise and chagrin he found that 
 in his absence Lime, de Warens had filled his place with a young man 
 named Wintzenried. She pretended to be glad to have Rousseau back 
 home again, but he detected a change in her manner, a coldness and 
 indifference formerly foreign to her.. When she proposed another 
 three-fold relationship he declined. He tried to. stay on at Les 
 Charmettes; tried to bury his grief in his books and in solitude; 
 but the presence of Wintzenried and the changed attitude of Lime, de 
 Warens were more than he could endure and he felt forced to leave. 
 
 For a year he tutored in a private household then returned to Les 
 Charmettes, hoping that Lime de Waren's infatuation for Wintzenried 
 would have worn off and that he, Rousseau, would be in favor again. 
 Such was not the case and after a short period of grief, Rousseau set 
 out for Paris. 
 
 In this circumstance Rousseau shows another strange trait 
 of character. Without doubt he suffered much because of this break 
 with Lime, de Warens, but his sorrow, although extreme, was only mo- 
 mentary. After the break with her he indulged in violent spells of 
 grief and despair followed by melancholy then suddenly without warn- 
 ing he rises up, shakes the burden off his shoulders and as though 
 nothing had happened, starts for Paris, making plans and dreaming 
 dreams for the future. 
 
32 
 
 Chapter VI 
 PARIS (1741-1756) . 
 
 In 1741 Rousseau reached Paris with little money in his 
 pocket but full of ambition and dreams of success.. This success he 
 hoped to obtain t hrough Narcisse, a comedy, and through a new sys- 
 tem of musical notation. Ke went to live in Hotel St. Quentin in 
 Paris- It was located in an undesirable part of the city and was 
 very unattractive in itself, but none of this could affect Rousseau 
 now for he. was too busy living in the future, in his imagination, to 
 be concerned with the present. Everjrthing depended on his new sys- 
 tem of music, the success of which he did not doubt for an instant. 
 
 It was, however, a complete failure. Rousseau was disappointed over 
 the outcome of it, but never doubted his own ability. He said, by 
 way of consoling himself, that the decision on it was just because of 
 the fact that those who passed judgment didn't know enough about 
 music to appreciate anything of value. Rousseau's temperament and 
 care-free attitude, aided by his egotism, helped him over many dis- 
 appointments. As we have said, he is overcome for an instant but 
 never fails to rise again and to attempt with zeal some new activity. 
 The remarkable thing is that he never seems to weary or be discour- 
 aged over his past failures; he never feels that they are a result of 
 his inability but rather that they are brought about by fate. 
 
 About the time his system of musical notation failed, Rous- 
 seau- met a Jesuit named Castel who advised him to try his success 
 with women. Castel explained how influential they were and how much 
 could be gained by courting their favor. 
 
33 
 
 Rousseau fell in with this plan and presented letters of 
 introduction to three influential ladies who succeeded in getting 
 for him a position as secretary to the Comte de Montaigu in Venice- 
 As usual Rousseau did not find the position to his liking. He could 
 not get along with the Comte, who was a man of quick temper arid dis- 
 agreeable disposition and who refused to treat Rousseau as an equal. 
 He very soon abandoned this position and went back to Paris full of 
 disgust for the nobility and resentment toward them. On his return 
 to Paris he found that the Hotel St. Quentin had fallen into the 
 hands of new people, who were very rough and vulgar and offended 
 Rousseau's aesthetic sensibilities. Only one among them showed any 
 refinement; this was the maid of the new landlady, Therese Le Vas— 
 seur- She stood out in contrast to the others and Rousseau was im- 
 mediately drawn to her. He had had several affairs since his break 
 with Mine . de Warens b.ut they were affairs only. Not since his de- 
 parture from Les Charmettes had he felt toward any woman as he had 
 toward Mme . de Warens. He now felt the need of just such a relation- 
 ship and thought he saw in Therese his need fulfilled. ^ He pick- 
 ed her out because she was quiet, refined, ignorant and inferior to 
 him- He wished some one who would depend on him entirely, follow 
 out his wishes to the letter, care for him and be sensitive enough 
 to reflect his moods. He found just these things in Therese. She 
 was very ignorant, never being able to tell the months of the year or 
 even to tell time by the clock. In talking she always used the wrong 
 words; but what did that matter if she could sit and weep with him 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 2, Livre 7, p. 90 
 

 
34 
 
 over the reading of some mournful selection or go into ecstasy with 
 him over the contemplation of a beautiful landscape. Their emotional 
 natures were in harmony. 
 
 Rousseau never married her and never led her to expect that 
 he would marry her.. In fact in making the bargain he told her frank- 
 ly what their relationship was to be. 
 
 Je lui declarai d'avance que je ne 1 ‘ abandonnerai s ni ne l’lpou- 
 serais jamais. ^ 
 
 That he should refuse to marry Therese when he had the intention of 
 living with her always and being loyal to her, is strange; but it 
 fits in with all his other bizarre notions. He was happy with her* 
 She gratified his desires and supplied domestic peace, which was all 
 that was essential to him. No marriage was needed for that. To 
 live with an inferior is one thing, to marry her is another. Prob- 
 ably had he married her he would have noticed her faults and would 
 have complained of her ignorance. He accepted from a mistress what 
 he might have found disgusting in a wife. Then too the problem of 
 responsibility very likely arose in his mind. Marriage was binding 
 and Rousseau in no way wished to be bound not even to a woman he 
 loved. Closely allied to this shirking of responsibility was another 
 much more serious. Rousseau tells us that, in all, five children 
 were born of this union and that one by one they v/ere disposed of in 
 an orphan asylum. With the birth of the first child Rousseau per- 
 
 suaded Therese that it was the thing to do to save her honor. 
 
 ( 2 ) 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 2, Livre 7, p. 89 
 
 (2) ib., Partie 2, Livre 7, p. 111. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
35 
 
 Later he justified his act by saying, — 
 
 . . En livrant ines enfants a l'education publique, faute de pouvoir 
 qes elever moi-mene, en les destinant a devenir ouvriers et paysans, 
 plutot qu' aventuriers et coureurs de fortunes, je crus faire un acte 
 de citoyen et de p^re ; et je me regardai comme un rnembre de la r£- 
 publique de Platon. 
 
 / 
 
 Such was the author of the Erni 1 e , that well known treatise 
 on education, in which Rousseau, the unnatural father in reality, 
 idealizes a situation in which the child is brought up altogether 
 under the guidance of its parents. This gives added proof that Rous- 
 seau lived completely in the imagination. He was continually pic- 
 turing to himself what he would like to be and how he would act in 
 certain circumstances.. In his imagination he was a success as a man, 
 lover and father; in reality he was a miserable failure. In the 
 
 Emile some of Rousseau's own early influences take form. He is un- 
 doubtedly thinking of his own haphazard education, his early novel 
 reading and the harmful knowledge derived from it when he says, "Ed- 
 ucation should be purely negative from the j^ears of five to twelve." 
 Nothing should be given the child which is bejrond his comprehension. 
 The period of innocent childhood should be prolonged and not pushed 
 into manhood before the proper time. 
 
 From this he goes into his pet theory that it is inherent 
 in the child to be good and that the corruption of society does him 
 harm. Therefore he must be carafully educated to ward off these evil 
 influences.. The Emile is usually considered as an intellectual piece 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 2, Livre 8, p. 133. 
 
36 
 
 of work, being a product of the reason only. But after making a 
 careful study of Rousseau's life we can show that the points he 
 makes in the Smile are simply the results of some past experience 
 accompanied by emotion. This work is also subjective, Rousseau 
 being felt throughout. We therefore include it in our discussion 
 of the romantic. His theory that all nature is good, that it is in- 
 herent in us to be good until we are polluted by ci vilization, is an- 
 other romantic touch. By this he implies that nature is God, civil- 
 ization is man and as man becomes more civilized he gets farther 
 from God. 
 
 It was in the summer of 1749 that an incident occurred 
 which suddenly made Rousseau famous*. His friend Diderot had been 
 publishing certain of his opinions on matters of morals and religi- 
 on, and for this reason he was arrested and confined in the chateau 
 at Vincennes. Friends were permitted to visit him and Rousseau was 
 one of these. He used to go almost dail 3 ^ carrying with him parts 
 of unfinished works for Diderot to read. One day as he was on his , 
 way to Vincennes he happened to read in the Me r cure de France an an- 
 nouncement of the question proposed for a prize essay by the Academy 
 of Dijon.. The influence of the Progress of the Arts and Sciences 
 upon Morality. A sudden inspiration came to him. One idea after an- 
 oth er took form and almost overwhelmed him. He was so overcome with 
 emotion that he had to sit down under a tree to recover. He says 
 he passed a half hour in such agitation, that without realizing that 
 he was weeping, he had moistened the whole front of his vest with 
 tears* He hurried on to Vincennes and told Diderot what had happen- 
 ed. The latter urged him to write on the subject. Rousseau took 
 the side that society was becoming corrupt through the Arts and 
 

 
 
37 
 
 Sciences, or to make it more general, through civilization. He at- 
 tacked this subject with much sincerity and great depth of feeling. 
 All his pent up emotions were for the first time finding an outlet 
 
 in real expressions. Intoxicated with this inspiration he went deep- 
 
 er and deeper into the subject making somewhat rash statements, car- 
 rying his views to extremes, But it was this very boldness and orig- 
 inality in his writings which attracted the attention of the Dijon 
 Academy to him, won for him the prize and made him one of the most 
 popular men in Paris- Rousseau' s next work was his Pi scours sur 
 
 1 'infealit^ the theme of which is an enlargement of that of his first 
 
 Pi scours . Once having started pouring out his thoughts he could not 
 repress them and they continued to flow gaining force as they went. 
 ■Very likely as he wrote, thoughts of past events, which had impress- 
 ed him, c ame to an< ^ demanded expression; his servitude with 
 Abel Ducommum, his being treated as an inferior at the home of the 
 comtesse de Vercellis, his misery in the service of the comte de 
 Montaigu, and especially the impressions which he received the day 
 the peasant told him how the poor suffered at the hands of those 
 higher up. 
 
 In this Pi scours he is still complaining against civili- 
 zation but his remarks are directed to those high up in the society, 
 which constitutes civilization. In this work he starts by giving 
 a detailed account of primitive man. In the age of primitive man 
 there did not exist any inequality. All enjoyed and partook of com- 
 mon pleasures. Rousseau says that wrong began with private property; 
 gradually one individual acquired more than his fellows and with this 
 acquisition came power. From this, civilization built up little by 
 
\ 
 
 
38 
 
 little bringing with it unhappiness and useless strivings. This 
 would never have happened could man have remained in his primitive 
 state. As he was writing this he became so imbued with the ideas 
 that he was setting forth that in his imagination he began to live ! 
 in the past with primitive man and to enjoy his peaceful existence. 
 These imaginary pictures of peace aroused in him an even greater 
 hatred of the city than he had had before, and he conceived the Idea 
 of publicly denouncing society and living the simple life; to con- 
 form his life as nearly as possible to the things he had been preach- 
 ing. Kis first step was to give up fancy dress discard his watch, 
 lay aside his fine linen and in their place to put on very simple 
 attire and live simply. He was not able to do this in Paris, where 
 he was the center of attraction, so he moved from there to a place 
 
 near Montmorency in a pretty little cottage known as L'Hermitage, 
 
 / 
 
 which was given him by an old friend, Lime. d’Epinay. He w as over- 
 joyed to be once more in the quiet of the county and away from the 
 mad rush and corruption of the city. 
 

39 
 
 Chapter VII 
 
 L ‘HERMITAGE AND MONT LOUIS (1756-1762) . 
 
 Rousseau took up his abode at L‘Hermitage in April 1756. 
 Although it was quite cold, he says the violets and spring flowers 
 were beginning to bloom and the sight of them filled him with peace 
 and calm. He spent the first days exploring his surroundings and 
 speaks of the delight they brought him. 
 
 Enfin tous mes voeux sont accompli s. Mon premier soin fut 
 de me IDvrer a 1* impression des objets champetres dont j'etais en- 
 tour£. . . . il ^i»eut pas un sentier, pas un taillis, pas un bos- 
 quet, pas un reduit autour de ma demeure, que je n’eusse parcouru.. . ^ 
 
 He tells us that from time to time he had visited the 
 country homes of the rich ; but these places failed to appeal to him or 
 to satisfjr him. The nature was a cultivated nature, too keenly did 
 he feel the hand of man in the symmetrical, formal gardens. He long- 
 ed to be surrounded by rugged nature in some lonely spot where only 
 the hand of God could be felt. To the former he reacted to a great 
 extent, not being able to be inspired by it or even to enjoy it; in 
 the latter the irregular, rugged aspects of nature suited his moods 
 and inspired him with romantic thoughts. A classicist might be in- 
 spired in a symmetrical, garden, a romanticist never. I 1 Hermitage 
 was just the place Rousseau needed as a stimulus to his romantic 
 traits. He says of it: 
 
 Plus j ‘examinais cette charmante retraite plus je la sen- 
 
 (1) Confessions, Partie 2, Livre 9, p. 207 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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40 
 
 tais faite pour moi. Ce lieu^ solitaire plutot que sauvage, me trans- 
 portait en idee au bout du monde . II avait de ces beautes touchantes 
 qu'on ne ttrouve gu&re aupres des villes.^-jj . . 
 
 He benefited by this life both physically and mentally. 
 
 He grew stronger in body, calmer in mind. Away from the city he be- 
 gan to lose the bitterness he had felt for society; and for weeks 
 his life was one of calmness and contentment. His days were spent 
 rambling about through the woods, sometimes alone, sometimes with 
 Therese who continued to reflect his moods. Happiness and content 
 seemed, however, to be always shorWlived for Rousseau. A disappoint 
 ment always followed his periods of happiness. He was never able to 
 steer a middle course, he was either on the heights or in the depths. 
 His trouble at l^Hermitage came in the person of Mme . Le Vasseur, 
 mother of Therese who, while accepting the hospitality of Rousseau 
 and pretending friendship for him, was doing all in her power to 
 turn her daughter against him. At this time Rousseau began to de- 
 tect a change in Therese* s attitude.- She began to have an aversion 
 for him. Rousseau was all too conscious of this growing estrange- 
 ment and bitterly* complained of it. Now that her affection for him 
 was altered, she was no longer his emotional companion and he found 
 that outside of her emotional nature there was nothing of interest 
 in her character. For the first time he noticed her faults, her lack 
 of wit and intelligence and he began to tire of the very ignorance 
 he had so desired in her.. 
 
 Rousseau was oppressed by this turn in affairs and again 
 (1) Confessions, Parti© 2, Livre 9. p. 207 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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41 
 
 sought comfort in solitude and in his imagination. He used to spend 
 entire days wandering about in the woods and meditating. His thought 
 turned to the past and his imagination surrounded him with the forms 
 of all the women he had loved. He became forgetful of the present 
 and lived completely in the imagination with these dream creatures. 
 Each one of these he reviewed and analyzed, stopping longest with 
 Lime, de Warens and Therese. But as he meditated on his past love 
 affairs he realized that something had been lacking, for in none of 
 them had he been really satisfied. The longing for complete satis- 
 faction still remained with him.. He felt in need of loving and be- 
 ing loved by a woman who would understand him completely and give 
 him such happiness in love that the longing in his heart would be 
 quieted. He complained that he had never yet found a woman who coulc 
 
 do this. Mme . de Warens and Therese had done much for him, but they 
 
 had been able neither to give nor to inspire the type of ideal love 
 for which he yearned. 
 
 Comment se pouvait-il qu'avec une ame nature llement ex- 
 pansive, pour qui vivre c'etait aimer, je n'eusse pas trouv^ jusqu'a- 
 lors un ami tout a moi un veritable ami, moi qui me sentais si bien 
 fait pour l'^etre. Comment se pouvait-il qu'avec des sens si combus- 
 tibles, avec un coeur tout p£tri d'amour je n'eusse pas du moins une 
 fois brule de sa flamrne pour un objet determine? Devore du besoin 
 
 d' aimer, sans jamais 1' avoir pu bien satisfaire; je me voyai s attein— 
 
 dre aux portes de la vieillesse, et mourir sans avoir vecu. Ces re- 
 flexions tristes, mais attendri ssantes me faisaient replier sur moi- 
 meme avec un regret qui n'etait pas sans douceur. II me semblait que 
 la destinee me devait quelque chose qu’elle ne m'avait pas donne . 
 A'quoi bon m' avoir fait na^tre avec des facultes exquises, pour le s 
 
- 
 
 
 
 
 
42 
 
 laisser jus qu'a la fin sans eraploi? Le sentiment de mon prix in- 
 terne en me dormant celui de cette injustice m’en dedommageait en 
 quelque sorte, et me faisait verser des larmes que j'aimais a laisser 
 couler . 
 
 He was disappointed at not having found any evidences of 
 the ideal love in real life. Since he couldn’t experience it, he 
 determined to enjoy it in the imagination. Thus he surrounded him- 
 self with imaginary persons whom he made to look and act as he will- 
 ed. At first this was somewhat objective, that is to say, Rousseau 
 stood on the side directing his personages, but with a sentimentalist 
 such as he was a method of this sort was not possible for long. He 
 soon became affected by the emotions he put in his dream people. He 
 could no longer be an outsider, so he entered into the imaginary 
 play, identifying himself with his hero, putting traits of some of 
 his friends in his other characters, putting them in situations sim- 
 ilar to some in his own life and finally laying the scene in Switz- 
 erland, at Vevey, on Lake Geneva, where he had spent such melancholy 
 days. Thus the picture became completely subjective and was pervad- 
 ed with Rousseau's emotional experiences both past and present, with 
 even a few yearnings in the future. 
 
 In the following quotation we have his own account of his 
 dream characters. 
 
 Je me figurai 1 ’ amour^ 1' ami tie , les deux idoles de mon 
 c oeur, sous les plus ravissantes images. Je me plus a les orner de 
 tous les Charmes du sexe que j'avais toujours adore. J'imaginai deux 
 amies. . . Je les douai de deux caracteres analogues, mais different?; 
 de deux figuresj Non pas parfaites, mais de mon gout, qu'animaient li 
 
 Ul C°nfe ssions, Partie 2. Livre 9. -p. 244. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
43 
 
 bienveillance et la sensibilite. Je fis l'une brune et l'autre blonde, 
 I'une vive et l'autre douce, fune sage et l'autre faible; mais d'une 
 si touchante faiblesse, que la vertu semblait y gagner. Je donnai a 
 l'une des deux un amant dont l'autre fut la tendre arnie, et merne quei- 
 que chose de plus; mais je n'admis ni rivalite, ni querelles, ni 
 jalousie . . . l^pris de raes deux charmants modules, je m' identifiai s 
 avec 1' amant et l'arni le plus qu'il m'etais possible; mais je le fis 
 aimable et jeune, lui dormant au surplus les vertus et les defauts 
 que je me sentais. 
 
 ( 1 ) 
 
 At first, he did not conceive of the idea of writing a 
 novel; but, with his dreaming, his passion increased to such an ex- 
 tent that it had to have an outlet. It was then that he began to 
 write down what had been dwelling in his imagination.. This was the 
 beginning of l a Nouyelle Heloise . During the winter that followed 
 he wrote tt wo parts of it. With the coming of spring an incident oc- 
 curred which had a marked effect on Rousseau and incidentally on his 
 
 / 
 
 work. Mine . d'Houdetot, a sister in law of Mme. d'Epinay, paid him a 
 visit. Mme. d'Houdetot was married, to a man of disagreeable temper- 
 ament, who neglected his wife for another woman and did not care in 
 the least when she formed a liaison with M.. de St. Lambert. She was 
 now living at Eaubonne, a short distance from 1' Hermit age. It was 
 in the absence of her husband, and lover, when she was very lonely, 
 that she had the idea of making a visit to Rousseau, whom she had 
 once met in Paris* 
 
 After this first visit she came again. Both enjoyed walk- 
 
 (1) Confessions, Part 2, Livre 1, p.251 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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44 
 
 ing, and spent many happy hours together strolling around the woods, 
 Jean Jacques fell madly in love with her; she played the game, pre- 
 tending to be ill love with him but never for an instant did her real 
 affection turn from St. Lambert. During a period of nine months 
 Rousseau and Mme . d'Houdetot met every day secretly in the woods, and 
 spent hours there. Mme. d'Houdetot now began to realize the magni- 
 tude of Rousseau's passion; that as a lover he wished the privileges 
 of a lover. Not having any deep love for him, her problem was to 
 save herself and spare his feelings to the best of her ability. She 
 thought of a plan which she put in action. She wrote to Rousseau 
 commenting on the beauty of their friendship, which she said, nothing 
 should mar.- She told him that she loved St - Lambert but considered 
 Rousseau her best friend and wished to keep him so. Should he be 
 carried away by his passion he would bring her great unhappiness and 
 their beautiful friendship would be ruined. Shortly after this St. 
 Lambert returned. She confessed to him her relations with Rousseau. 
 Ke forgave her and for her sake even pretended friendship for Rous- 
 seau. The three met several times after this, but the friendship 
 soon broke up. 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 As we remember, Rousseau was writing la Nouvelle Keloise 
 when he first met Mme . d'Houdetot. His writing did not cease during 
 his love affair, but was greatly intensified by it. Rousseau now 
 put into his work not the passions felt for dream personages but an 
 absorbing passion for a real woman. This woman had come to be em- 
 bodied in his dream heroine, Julie, as Rousseau the real lover was 
 
 embodied in his hero St. Freux. Thus Rousseau had a double passion 
 for the real and for the ideal, the one intensifying the other. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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45 
 
 The plot of la Nouvelle Heloise is a simple one. — St. 
 
 Preux is a tutor to Julie, daughter of baron d'^tange. St. Preux 
 falls madly in love with Julie, but does not know that his love is 
 returned. He writes letters to her of his passion, and begs her to 
 send him away as he cannot stand being near her without speaking of 
 his love. Finally, in a letter she confesses her love for him. Un- 
 known to her parents this mutual passion increases, until, acting on 
 a sudden impulse, Julie yields to her passion. Then follows a per- 
 
 I 
 
 iod of bitterness and remorse for her, in which St. Preux tries to 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 console her by telling her she has given herself for love and that 
 is as it should be. The real nature of their relations is still un- 
 known to the parents, but they realize that St. Preux wishes to marry 
 Julie. The baron is very angry, and forbids Julie to see her lover 
 again. St. Preux gees to Paris. Letters full of grief and despair 
 at parting are then written. Julie's mother discovers the letters; 
 realizing the true nature of the relations which have existed between 
 Julie and St. Preux, she receives such a shock that she dies soon 
 after.- Shortly after this Julie is seriously ill with small-pox- 
 St. Preux in a frenzy rushes to her bedside and catches the disease; 
 but both recover. Then Julie accepts a suitor, M„ de Wolmar, whom 
 her father proposes. She does not love him and intends to be faith- 
 ful to St. Preux only, but at the altar she is taken with a religi- 
 ous fervor and solemnly swears to herself to remain faithful to her 
 marriage vows and to give herself entirely to the fulfillment of her 
 new duties as the wife of M- de Colmar. 
 
 Six years pass in which St. Preux spends the life of a 
 wanderer; Julie spends the calm life of a married woman doing her 
 household tasks and caring for her children. St. Freux then returns 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
46 
 
 from. his wanderings. Julie tells Wolmar all about the past, and he, 
 having the utmost faith in her writes to St. Preux asking him to 
 come to their home to live. St. Preux accepts. When he realizes 
 the generosity of Wolmar and the confidence he has in the tv/o former 
 lovers, St. Preux determines to be worthy of this confidence. Then 
 follows a struggle for the lovers. Both are pursued by memories. 
 
 To further show the confidence he has placed in them, Wolmar goes 
 away for a time leaving them alone. In this period oo* Preux almost 
 gives in to his passion, but Julie restrains him. With the return 
 of Wolmar the danger passes, and the three again live happily under 
 one roof. So the story goes on until it is brought to a close by 
 an accident which causes the death of Julie. One of her children 
 falls into the lake. Julie saves him but dies from the shock and 
 exposure . 
 
 La Nouvelle Heloise is the most important romantic work 
 of Rousseau.. Here all his romantic traits are seen in full develop- 
 ment. The whole work is filled with his own emotional experiences; 
 the emotions of the characters being his own emotions, the events 
 being a repetition of some of the events of his life. This strange 
 idea of having Julie, St. Preux and Wolmar live together peacefully 
 and happily comes from an early experience, when Mme . de Warens, 
 Claude Anet and Rousseau lived just such a life; and, again, from 
 the idea of Mme. d'Houdetot, St. Lambert and himself in such a re- 
 lationship. When he makes Julie so faithful to duty that she over- 
 comes her passion for St. Preux, we see Rousseau's experience with 
 Mme. d'Houdetot, when at her request he controls his passion in or- 
 der to preserve their friendship. Some of the romantic traits, out- 
 side of subjectivity, which are clearly shown, are 
 
 unbridled emo— 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
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 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
47 
 
 tion, passionate love, sentimentality, melancholy, tears and despair; 
 and throughout the whole production we see Rousseau’s great love of 
 nature and his ability to bring nature into harmony with the emotions. 
 
 In the following passages we have good examples of unbridled 
 passions, overwhelming grief and sentimentality. The first is the . 
 anger of baron d’Etange on finding that his daughter loves her tutor. 
 
 II remarqua ma contenance basse, eperdue, humili^e, in- 
 dices de mes remords. S' il n'en tira pas la consequence de ma faute, 
 il en tira celle de mon amour; et pour m’en faire plus de honte, il 
 en outragea l’objet en des termes si odieux et si m£pri sants que 
 je ne pu . . . le laisser poursuivre sans 1 ' interrompre . . . Au 
 nom du ciel, lui dis-je, daignez vous apaiser; jamais un homme digne 
 de tant d' injures ne sera dangereux pour moi . A 1’ instant mon p^re, 
 qui crut sentir un reproche \ travers ces mots, et dont la fureur 
 n'attendait qu'un pretexte, s’elan^a sur ta pauvre amie: (Julie) pour 
 la premiere fois de ma vie je rejus un soufflet qui ne fut pas le 
 seul ; et , se livrant a son transport avec une violence €gale a celle 
 qu’il lui avait coatee, il me maltraita sans management, quoique ma 
 m&re se fut jet&e entre deux, m'e.ut couverte de son corps, et eut 
 repu quelques-uns des coups qui m’etaient portes. En reculant pour 
 les eviter, je fis un faux pas, je tombai, et mon visage alia donner 
 contre le pied d'une table qui me fit saigner. 
 
 The following passage is a good example of unbridled emo- 
 tion and romantic grief. It occurs where St. Preux has been forced 
 to leave Julie. 
 
 (1) La Nouvelle Heloise, Partie 1, Lettre 63, p. 245. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
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48 
 
 J»ai vu 1* insense se Jeter a genoux au milieu de 1‘escalier, 
 en baiser mi lie fois les marches, et M. d’Orbe pouvoir h. peine l‘ar- 
 racher de cette froide pierre qu'il pressait de son corps, de la tete, 
 st des bras, en poussant de longs g£mi ssement s . ^ ^ 
 
 When St. Preux goes to the bedside of Julie, who is very 
 ill, we get a romantic illustration of emotion, grief and sentimental- 
 ity. 
 
 II te vit, et se tut; il l’avait promis: mais quel silence! 
 [1 se jeta a genoux; il baisait tes rideaux en sanglotant ; il elevait 
 les mains et les yeux; il poussait de sourds ge mi ssement s ;’ il avait 
 peine a contenir sa douleur et ses cris. Sans le voir, tu sortis 
 nachinalement une de tes mains; il s'en saisit avec une espece de 
 fureur; les baisers de feu qu’il appliquait sur cette main malade 
 b ’ evei llerent mieux que le bruit et la voix de tout ce qui t'environ— 
 
 lait '(2) 
 
 The most beautiful and most romantic touch in la Nouvelle 
 leloi se is the following nature description. In the absence of LI. 
 de Wolmar, Julie and St. Freux walk along the lake and re-visit scenes 
 loved by both of them. 
 
 L’occasion de visiter ce lieu si cheri dans une saison plus 
 agreable, et avec celle dont 1' image l'habitait jadis avec moi , fut 
 le motif secret de ma promenade. Je me faisais un plaisir de lui 
 nontrer d'anciens monumens d’une passion si constante et si malheur- 
 ause . Nous y parvinmes aprbs une heure de marche par des sentiers 
 
 (1) La Nouvelle Reloise, Partie 1, Lettre 65, p. 265. 
 
 (2) La Nouvelle Heloise, Partie 3, Lettre 14, p. 487, 488. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 .. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
49 
 
 tortueux et frais, qui , montant insensiblement entre les arbres et les 
 rochers, n’avaient rien de plus incommode que la longueur du chemin. 
 En approchant et reconnai ssant mes anciens renseignements , je fus 
 
 A \ 
 
 pret a me trouver mal ; rnai s je me surmontai , je cachai mon trouble, et 
 nous arrivames. Ce lieu solitaire formait un r^duit sauvage et de- 
 sert, mais plain de ces sortes de beautes qui ne plaisent qu'aux ames 
 sensibles, et paraissent horribles aux autres. Un torrent forme' par 
 la fonte des neiges roulait a vingt pas de nous une eau bourbeuse, et 
 charriait avec bruit du limon, du sable et des pierres. Derri^re 
 nous une chaine de rochers inaccessibles separait l'esplanade o"u nous 
 etions de cette partie des Alpes qu‘on nomine les Glacieres, parce que 
 d ( enormes sommets de glaces qui s’ accroissent incessament les couv- 
 rent depuis le commencement du monde... Des forests de noirs sapins 
 nous ornbragea-i ent tristement a droite. Un grand bois de chdne </tait 
 a gauche au dela du torrent ; et au-dessous de nous cette immense 
 plaine d’eau que le lac forme au sein des Alpes nous separait des 
 riches cotes du pays de \aud, dont la cime du majestueux Jura cour- 
 ronait le tableau. Au milieu de ces grands et superbes objets, le 
 petit terrain ou nous etions etalait les charmes d'un sejour riant et 
 champetre ; quelques ruisseaux filtraient a travers les rochers, et 
 roulaient sur la verdure en filets de cristal; quelques arbres fruit- 
 i ers sauvages penchaient leurs tetes sur les hotres; la terre humide 
 et fraiche etait couverte d'herbes et de fleurs. En comparant un si 
 doux s'ejour aux objets qui 1 ‘ environnaient , il semblait que ce lieu 
 desert cfut £t re l*asile de deux amants e'chappe^s seuls au bouleverse- 
 rnent de la nature. 
 
 (1) La Nouvelle Heloise, Partie 4, Lettre 17. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 An example of nature being in harmony with the emotions is 
 shown by St* Preux. When he is melancholy and overcome with passion, 
 he sees around him in nature the same gloom, melancholy and sadness 
 which he experiences within.. The landscape is gloomy, the sky cloudy 
 and the song of the birds is mournful. But when he is happy and full 
 of the joy of living, nature is filled with charm; the country is 
 delightful, the sky serene and the songs of the birds full of tender- 
 ness and cheer. 
 
 Before the Nouvelle Heloise was quite finished, new trouble 
 arose for Rousseau; Mine. d’Epinay turned against him and under the 
 circumstances he could no longer live at 1' Hermitage . From there 
 he went to Mont-Louis. There he finished the Nouvelle Heloise in 
 1760, which, when published, took Paris by storm. 
 
 This work was followed by nmi le in 1762. But this, in- 
 stead of bringing him success, caused him unceasing difficulty.. At 
 this time in France it was a dangerous thing to publish works about 
 religious and political questions. Rousseau took the risk, and spent 
 the rest of his life suffering the consequences. Immediately after 
 its publication he was warned of his danger and excape d from Mont— 
 Loui s . 
 
. 
 
 
 
 
 
51 
 
 Chapter VIII 
 
 LAST YEARS AND DEATH (1762-1778) . 
 
 We have taken up the events of Rousseau's early life in 
 detail, for it was in connection with these events that his roman- 
 tic traits developed. Thus his early life was analyzed with this 
 development in mind. Some of, his romantic traits appeared with his 
 Pi scours in 1750 but they were showing themselves for the first time 
 and were somewhat immature and as yet had no definite form. At this 
 time he seemed to have been testing his romantic wings and not until 
 later in 1760, when, driven by melancholy and suppressed passion, he 
 wrote la Nouvelle Heloise , w r ere they ready for flight. In this 
 work all his romantic traits burst forth fully developed. At this 
 point a climax is reached. All his romantic traits appear with the 
 writing of la Nouvelle Hel o ise . The works that appear after it have 
 the same traits rearranged to create different effects. The arrange- 
 ment is new, but the traits remain the same.. Since no new traits are 
 developed after this, it is of no use to our present purpose to an- 
 alyze the rest of his life; therefore we shall touch upon it only 
 briefly. 
 
 From Montmorency Rousseau fled to Yverdun to seek refuge 
 at the home of a friend, Roguin.. Here he hoped to have peace and 
 
 rest and be far out of reach of the many disagreeable letters and 
 
 / 
 
 threats from his enemies which the publication of Emile had produced. 
 When he reached Yverdun, however, he found that news of this book 
 had preceded him and he feared that there would be no rest for him 
 there. He was right in this for scarcely had he established himself 
 
 in the home of M* Roguin when he received orders to leave that re— 
 

 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ■ r ' “~o!r 
 
 gion immediately. From Yverdun he went to Neufchatel, then to Meti- 
 ers, He was publicly attacked everywhere he went and was still pur- 
 sued by hostile letters from his enemies,. This soon had a disastrous 
 effect on him. He began to suffer from an extreme nervous disease 
 which caused him great mental torture. He imagined that everyone was 
 his enemy and that he was surrounded by spies who were forming plots 
 against him. He leftMoi tiers and went to the island of St. Pierre 
 in Lake Bienne, Here he had rest and peace, but only for a short 
 time, for he was again ordered to leave the territory. This upset 
 him very much and in desperation he went to England. There he was 
 received by David Hume who did everything he could to make Rousseau 
 contented, but contentment was not for him now. His restlessness 
 could not be calmed. It was, however, no longer the restlessness of 
 youth seeking adventure but that of a man in despair driven from one 
 place to another. Hume continued to be very hind to him but in time 
 Rousseau began to suspect even him. Their friendship ended when 
 Rousseau openly accused Hume of treachery. There se continued to ac- 
 company Rousseau, but he complains that she was not the same There se 
 
 he had loved. She no longer cared for him, she only tolerated him. 
 
 This ever increasing restlessness would not permit him to stay long 
 in England and he was soon on his way back to France. After arriving 
 there he wandered about half crazed, seeking repose. He went to 
 Amiens, Fleury-sur-Mendon, Tyre, Lyons, Grenoble and again visited 
 Chambery but in none of these places was he contented. In 1770 he 
 went back to Paris where he spent the last eight years of his life. 
 
 As soon as he was settled there in the midst of familiar surroundings 
 
 the memory of the injustice he had suffered came to him and he was 
 
 seized with the mad desire to exonerate himself before society, he 
 
53 
 
 began by giving readings from his Confessions hoping to show the real 
 motives for some of his wrong doings. These readings were stepped but 
 he tried another means, — that of writing a kind of analysis of his 
 romantic character, telling how his temperament drew him into situa- 
 tions against his will and how he was powerless against it- This worl 
 is known as Rousseau ,juge de Jean Jacques . He worked .un-ceasingly on 
 it for three years inspired by the idea that at last he would be undei 
 stood and pardoned. When he had finished he feared to have it pub- 
 lished lest some of his enemies should destroy it. He then had the 
 strange notion of entrusting his manuscript to Providence by putting 
 it on the Altar of Notre -Dame. He pictured the excitement this would 
 raise in society and that it might even come under the notice of the 
 King. He took his manuscript to the church but on arriving there he 
 found the door to the altar locked against him- This was the final 
 stroke which unbalanced completely his already disordered mind. He 
 no longer had any reason and rushing from the church in a frenzy he 
 bemoaned the fact that now even heaven had turned against him. He 
 was no douijt temporarily insane, but he recovered from this soon after 
 and we find him somewhat normal mentally except for a state of re- 
 signed melancholy which lasted until the end of his life. It was 
 
 during this period that he wrote his Reveries d*un Promeneur Solitair e 
 In May 1778 he moved into a cheerful little cottage at Ermenonville 
 near Paris and there passed his last days. Now although his mental 
 trouble was improving his health began to fail rapidl}". He felt that 
 the end was near. When he received news of the death of Voltaire he 
 said: "I shall soon follow him." Just about a month later, on the 
 
 second of July, he died. He was buried at Ermenonville but later 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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54 
 
 taken to Paris and placed beside Voltaire. This ends the unhappy 
 history of an unhappy man. 
 
55 
 
 Chapter IX 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 To sum up the romantic traits in Rousseau’s life and works 
 and to show their connection to Romanticism, we may say first of all 
 that his whole life was made up of a series of strange incidents 
 which, added to his native tendencies, developed his romantic traits 
 and caused them to appear in his works. He was born sickly, inherit- 
 ing from his father many we ak characteristics which were allowed to 
 develop instead of being controlled. His early life was free from 
 any sort of repression. He did not comprehend the meaning of self- 
 denial, self-sacrifice or self-control. These tendencies in early 
 childhood appear in such things as lying and petty thefts. Later 
 they grow into hatred for routine and for restraint of any kind. 
 
 In this period we see the impetuous youth leaving one po- 
 sition after another on some pretext, but in reality because he 
 could not endure being under authority. His only joy was in living 
 a care-free life. To wander about each da}r, free from restraint, to 
 go into ecstasy over some of nature’s beauties, to dream in solitude 
 or to give himself up to melancholy and the pleasure of tears, meant 
 happiness to him. Finally these tendencies reach a state of full 
 development and we see them in his works in the forms of: a tendency 
 to be influenced by his environment, originality of style, novelty 
 of ideas and sentiment, passionate love , unbridled emotion, subjectiv- 
 ity, sentimentality, love of nature both for itself and for the mood 
 it inspires. 
 
 As we have said ; the prevailing classical or pseudo-class- 
 ical literature of the eighteenth century was somewhat stilted, or 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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56 
 
 to use a better term, conventional. Society that produced this liter- 
 ature had the same characteristics; it was an elegant and worldly 
 society, interested in perfection. To attain this state it spent its 
 time going from one (.celebrated salon to another, hearing and dis- 
 cussing the polished imitations of classic authors. The whole period 
 was somewhat superficial; emotions were masked, thoughts followed the 
 course marked out for them. All originality was smothered. It was at 
 this time that Rousseau came to the front with his novel ideas and 
 style, and with one stroke, so to speak, caused a literary revolution. 
 In his first works, Les Pi scours , is shown his first reaction, one of 
 revolt against society, which he condemns as the root of all evil. In 
 a detailed description of primitive man he shows how contented this 
 individual was before civilization came to take from him his rights 
 and privileges. This idea being entirely new to French society, caus- 
 ed much comment, both hostile and friendly. Originality, in an age 
 
 m 
 
 where it had been repressed, suddenly made its appeal and won favor ^ 
 Having reacted to society, Rousseau now reacted to its literature. 
 
 That is to say, he reacted by discarding, the. old idea that definite 
 rules preside over literary productions. Rousseau's works were not 
 influenced by the Classics. They were purely original, not imitations. 
 He did not know Greek, and had but little knowledge of Latin. There- 
 fore he did not come under any direct influence of the Classics. To 
 be sure he did read Plutarch's Lives and some other Classical w orks, 
 but only in translation. Then too these, we must remember, were react 
 at such an early date and he received from them such strange notions 
 of life, that if anything was stimulated by this reading it was his 
 romantic tendencies rather than any tendency toward the Classic style. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
57 
 
 Rousseau wrote about what interested him, and this was usually him- 
 self, his moods, emotions and aspirations. 
 
 After Les Pi scours appeared la Nouvelle Heloise . With this 
 all barriers were broken down in French society which now enjoyed 
 and became quite enthusiastic over this new literature. In it they 
 found a poetry of love and nature previously unknown to the eighteen- 
 th century. To be sure, there was love in the literature of the cen- 
 tury but its typical form was cold-blooded . libertinage . Rousseau 
 brought to love a fervor and passion and a wholesomeness, which did 
 not fail to make its appeal to society. La Nouvelle Heloise was 
 stamped with Rousseau’s own emotional experience; unbridled emotion 
 runs throughout- He magnified the emotions and sufferings of his 
 characters, giving them the same degree of emotion that he himself 
 f elt . 
 
 As regards nature, he brought it for the first time to the 
 attention of society and made people understand and feel the beauty 
 of country sights, the wonders and majestic beauty of mountains. In 
 making nature fit in with moods and emotions he touched a responsive 
 chord in society whose emotions he had now awakened. Rousseau was 
 weak in his own moral character, but strong in influencing other 
 people.. His .importance as a leader and reformer cannot be overlook- 
 ed. We may not admire his personal characteristics, — his lack of 
 
 i 
 
 moral sense, his fickleness his inability to control his emotions or 
 adopt a consistent line of conduct, but we cannot help admiring his 
 contribution to literature for as the father of French Romanticism 
 he gave to French literature a new literary school, whose highest 
 
 importance consisted not so much in what it produced in the way of 
 literature, as in the new modern spirit of freedom from the doinina- 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Bibliography. 
 
 A. Works. 
 
 Rousseau, J. J.. Oeuvres Completes. 25 vols. Paris, 
 
 Dupont, 1823-26 
 v. I-II Les Di scours 
 v. III-IV Emile 
 
 v. VIII-IX La Nouvelle Heloise 
 v. XIV-XVI Les Confessions 
 
 Rousseau, J. J. Collection Complette des oeuvres. 30 vols. 
 Deux Ponts, 1782-84 
 v. XX Reveries du Promeneur. 
 v. XXI -XXII Rousseau juge de Jean Jacques 
 
 B. . Criticisms 
 
 Abry, E., Audic, C., Crouzet, P. Histcire illustree de 
 la Litterature Franchise. Paris, Didier, 1918. 
 Albert, P. La Litterature Franpaise au Dix— Huitieme 
 Siele. Paris, Hachette, 1904. 
 
 Babbitt, I.. Rousseau and Romanticism. Boston, Houghton 
 Miff in Co., 1919. 
 
 Barni , J. Histoire des Idees Morales et Politiques en 
 France au Dix<- Huitieme Siecle. 2 vols. Paris, 
 Bailliere, 1867. 
 
 Chuquet, A.. J. J. Rousseau. Paris, Hachette, 1901. 
 Compayre 7 , G. J. J_ Rousseau and Education from nature. 
 New York, 1907. 
 
 Faguet, E. Les Amies de Rousseau. Paris, Lecene, 1910. 
 Gribble, F. Rousseau and the Women he loved. New York 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 *v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Scribners, 1908. 
 
 Hudson, Wm. Rousseau and Naturalism in Life and Thought. 
 New York, Scribner, 1903, 
 
 MacDonald, F. J. U. Rousseau, a new criticism. 2 vols. 
 New York, Putman, 1906. 
 
 Macdonald, F. Studies in the France of Voltaire and 
 Rousseau. London, Unto/ln, 1895. 
 
 Morley, J. Rousseau. 2 vols. London, Chapman, 1891. 
 Nisard,' D. Iiistoire de la Langue et de la Litterature 
 Fran^aise. 8 vols. Paris, Colin, 1909. 
 
 Texte, J. J. J. Rousseau et les origines du Cosmopoli- 
 
 ✓ 
 
 t anisine Litteraire. Paris, Hachette, 1895. 
 Wright, C.. H. A History of French Literature. New York, 
 Oxford Univ. Press, 1912, 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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