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AN 
 
 ABRIBGMEP^T 
 
 OF THS 
 
 HISTORY OF IRELAND, 
 
 FROM 
 
 THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS 
 
 TO THE 
 
 PRESENT TIME, 
 
 ON THE PLAN 
 
 OF DE. GOLDSMITHS HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 
 For the use of Schools and Private Education, 
 
 WITH EXERCISES AT THE F.ND'OF EACH CHAPTER, AND RECAPITULATIONS 
 AT THE END OF EACH BOOK. 
 
 WITH A 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
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ir?T5»T, .''-».'. IP'i.'"^PW».V*- ■""■.■ '■■■■■f^y k',.. . •'"■■-"LWw.'iH^ <J™*'' . -■''-rT-. 
 
 >-v' 
 
 hi- 21 
 
 PREFACE, 
 
 While the Press, every day, offers to those who 
 are engaged in the education of youth, some addi- 
 tional assistance, to enable them to give to their 
 pupils a competent knowledge of the History of 
 other parts of the British Empire, no attempt has 
 been hitherto made to facilitate the study of the 
 History of Ireland. 
 
 To supply this want, the -following "Abridged 
 History of Ireland, from the Earliest Accounts to 
 to the Present Time," has been prepared for the 
 use of Schools and private Education. The Author 
 has carefully excluded from this Work all occur- 
 rences, the narration of which is incompatible with 
 the culture of that moral sense, whose delicacy 
 should never be unnecessarily invaded ; and con- 
 ceiving that the events farthest removed from the 
 piesent scene of action, are those of which age has 
 the least chance of acquiring a knowledge, when not 
 
 4S6271 
 
 / 
 

 • IV PREFACE, 
 
 r 
 
 learned in youth, he has dedicated the greater pait 
 of the History to transactions prior to the acces- 
 sion of his present Majesty,-^ while no important 
 event of his reign has been omitted. 
 
 Tlie Work is divided into Books and Chapters ; 
 ^ to tlie end of each Chapter, is subjoined a number 
 of questions arising out of the Chapter ; at the close 
 of every Book, there is a Recapitulation of questions 
 relating to all the Chapters in the Book, but con- 
 lined to the more important events of the History, 
 and passing by the less interesting details, which 
 are noticed in the Exercises of each Chapter. 
 
HISTOBY OF IRELAND. 
 
 BOOK THE FmST, 
 
 C5HAPTE.R I. 
 
 Obscurity of early History — Division of Irish History into 
 Periods — Arrival of the Partholanian* —Netnediam—' 
 Belgians — Danouiant, 
 
 THE same obscurity which involves the or'igia of 
 almost every nation, covers the early History of Ireland 
 with much uncertainty ; and, although it caa be traced 
 to a very ancient date, still fableaad inconsistency are, 
 in the 6rgt accounts, so mixed with truth, that it is 
 impossible to separate facts from falsehood. 
 
 In tracing the History of Ireland, it will be found 
 convenient to divide it into the following periods : — 
 First, from the earliest accounts to the introduction of 
 Christianity ; second, from thence to the invasion of 
 Henry II, ; 4:hirdf from the landing of Henry to the 
 arrival of Sir Edward Poynings, A. B. 1494?; fourth, 
 from lAt9Af to the surrender of Limerick ; fifth, from 
 the surrender of Limerick to the Union ; sixth, from 
 the Union to the present time. 
 
 / 
 
 FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 The only tnaterials from which the history of the 
 first period can be collected, are of very questiooabie 
 
* HISTORY" OF 
 
 authority, commencing with an account of the Pariho- 
 lanians, who are said to have landed in Ireland in the 
 year of the world 1 969. ^These adventurers were soon 
 followed by others, who attempted the subjugation of 
 the first settlers, but were defeated in a sanguinary 
 battle, in which so many were slain, that a plague, pro. 
 duced by the putrefisiction of the dead, carried off all the 
 inhabitants, after the first colony had been in possession 
 thirty years. 
 
 After a desolation of thirty years, Ireland was 
 next visited by a colony under Nemedius, from 
 the Euxine Sea. This leader had in his train, 
 some African pirates, called Fomorians, between whom, 
 and the Nemedians, a long contest for dominioa was 
 maintained, which ended in the expulsion of the latter, 
 after having kept possession of the island for 217 years. 
 The Belgians, called by the Irish Firlbogp, 
 and said to be descendants of the Nemedians, 
 now arrived with five thousand men, under 
 five brothers, who divided the kingdom into five parts ; 
 in each of these, one of the brothers reigned, under the 
 title of king : and Slangey, king of Leinster, was monarch 
 of the whole kingdom. 
 
 This colony kept possession for 80 years, during the 
 greater part of which fitictious broils gave rise to many 
 bloody contests ; but under the last monarch of this race, 
 the island enjoyed peace and plenty. 
 - A swarm of Danoniahs coming, probabiy, from 
 
 ' * Great Britain, sailed to Irehmd ; and/ on their 
 arrival, set fire to their ships, that retreat being 
 iitiposslb}e, they might, with the grearter determination, 
 prepare to win the island from the present inhabitants. 
 A bloody battle was fought on the plains of Moytura, in 
 which the Belgians were defeated with the loss of 10,000 
 men and their monarch :. (he vanquish^ disdaining to 
 lire in sabjection, retreated t^ the islands of Aran, Ila» 
 
IRELAND* 
 
 Man, and some of the Hebrides. During a space of 
 i9i years, the History of Ireland furnishfes no parti- 
 culars that are capable of excidng any interest. 
 
 ^ 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Intpwiiat periods is this History divided? ^Who are said to hare 
 been the first inhabitants ? In wliat year did they settle ? How 
 long did t!ie first colony exist, and what destroyedit ? Who succeeded 
 the BirthplaniaiM ? By whom were the Nemedians expeUed, and 
 how long did tbey remain in Ireland? How did the Belgians divide 
 the kingdom ? By whom were the Belgians conquernl ? What 
 means (Ud the Danoniaus take to ctit ofTall pmaibility of retreat ? 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Invasions of the Milesians— 'Reign of OUam Fodla — 
 Kimbaih — Pentarchy abolished— Restored — Disgrace of 
 the Fileahs — Feidlim — Nial of the nine Hostages, , 
 
 A Spanish colony called Milesians, from being 
 ' commanded by Heremon, Heber, and Amergin, 
 •^ * the sons of Prince Milesius, having landed in 
 Ireland, overpowered the Danonians, and firmly estab- 
 lished themselves in the island. These brothers at first 
 divided the kingdom ; but disputes soon arose, which 
 brought them into the field ; and Heremon having de- 
 feated and slain his brothers Heber and Amergin, re- 
 mained sole monarch. From Heremon, the monarchy 
 passed through several princes, of whom little more is 
 known, than that they were murdered. In this interval, 
 gold was found near the river Liffey, and colours were 
 made the distinguishing marks of different ranks. 
 . The reign of 011am Fodla, who maintained 
 
 -* ' his sovereignty forty years, contributed greatly 
 to the improvement of the kingdom. This 
 a2 
 
♦ IILSTORY OF 
 
 monarch instituted a triennial assembly of the states, 
 and made many wise and wholesome laws, by which 
 he governed his kingdom in peace : but the descend- 
 ants of Ollara Fodia renewed the scenes of factious 
 hostility, which had proved so fata)^ before his time, 
 and all again was anarchy, until Kimhath as- 
 ' cencTed the throne. He restored the institutions^ 
 S590. ^p oiiam Fodia, built the palace of Eamania in 
 Ulster, abolished the pentarchal division^ and partitioned 
 the kingdom among his twenty- five children: he was, 
 however, murdered. 
 
 In the reign of Achy III. the Pentarchy was 
 restored. At this time the Fileahs, who ex- 
 pounded the laws, abused their power so much,, 
 by arbitrary and unjust determinations, that, the popular 
 indignation against them rising to a great height, they 
 were driven out of Munst'er and Leinster, and took 
 refuge with Connor king or Ulster. 
 
 This Prince, dreading the consequence of the total 
 expulsion of such a body, many of whom were innocent 
 of the crimes attributed to all, and perceiving the dif> 
 ference between reforming the abuses of an institution 
 and its total overthrow, ordered these lawyers, who were 
 also the poets and historians of the age, to reduce the 
 whole body of laws to such simple rules, that every man 
 might become competent to form a probable opinion on 
 his own case : haviog executed this, they were restored 
 to favor. 
 
 Feidlim, surnamed the Legislator, enacted a 
 
 law of retaliation, by which every offender was 
 
 punished according to his crime : In cases of 
 
 robbery, restitution was made accorduvg to the value 
 
 stolen ; in personal injuries, limb for limb was the rule 
 
 of this law. 
 
 From this period to the reign of Nial, of the nine 
 Hostages, an almost unvarying scene of contention for 
 
 iSzlLi:. -'> ' ' "' mkt I i-i' - 
 
 -~i 
 
the diffinrent thfoties, and aMassinations of rival candi- 
 datet»» U presented to «u) hy the. Irish records. 
 
 Nial, . called, of the nine Hostages, from having re- 
 ceived hostages fpofn so many different countries, in 
 concert «ith the Scots, carried his arms into Franca 
 with considerable success ) but yfm treacherously slaia 
 on the Jbatika of thfe Loiilp, by a prince of Leioster. In 
 one of N-ial's eitpeditions, St^Patric^r then a youth of 
 sixteen, was takeiii, and kept for many years in Ireland 
 as a slave..; . , i . ■; 
 
 EXERCfSES. 
 
 Why were the Mileskns so called? How did the brothers .fiitt 
 divide, the kinsdom ? Who became sole monarch? When was 
 gold discovered? What was made the distinguisliiBg marks of dif- 
 ferent ranks? How long did OUsm Fodla reign? What did he 
 institute? How did he govern the kingdom ? Were his institutions 
 observed a/tcr his death ? Who restored them? What did Kimbath 
 do in his' retgn ? When'' was the pentareby restoicd ? What daas 
 of the pe<^le became obnoxious in the reign of Achy III. ? Hctw wei« 
 they restored to favour? By whose advice did they act? What law 
 did Fcrdlidn institute? What was tlie sCMe of die kfngdom be- 
 tween his reign and Nial ? Why was he called of the Nine Hos- 
 tages? Where was he killed..' Whom did be make prisoner? 
 
 CHAPTER JU. 
 
 Introduction of Christianity— -St,. Patrick- — Danes and 
 NorxvegianS'—Turgesius — Normans^'^Malachy-^Deaih 
 of Turgesius — Second Invasion by the Danes— ^Brien 
 Boiroimhes great Defeat of the Danes — Consequence of 
 the Danish Invasions. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 430. 
 
 PERIOD U. 
 
 The exact time at vrhich Christianity was firsfe> 
 preached in Ireland, is not accurately known ; 
 it is however certain that, at a very early period, 
 
 A3 
 
 r'l """i ,^i^< 
 
1 
 
 • HISTORY OF 
 
 attempts were made to conveft its inhabitants fron 
 paganism, in aid of which, a bishop, named Palladius, 
 was sent from Rome with twelve assistants. They w«re, 
 however, driven out of the country ; though, at the same 
 time, a few native ecctesiastics were making some incon- 
 siderable progress in diSisrent directions. > . . 
 
 At length, in the reign of Laogaire, St. Patrick ar- 
 rived, and, after some unsuccessful attempts, succeeded 
 in establishing a bishopric in the north of Ireland. 
 
 , Although, after the arrival of' St. Patrick, the pro- 
 fession of Christianity spread very rapidly, it does not 
 appear that any great moral improvement was effected ; 
 aod we find the same factious and ambitious feelings 
 operating with as much violence as beftjre : contentions 
 for tribute, founding of churches and religious houses, 
 persecution from pagan princes, still unconverted, and 
 perpetual struggles for power, present a busy scene in 
 Irish history, though, without any striking events, until 
 the invasions of the Danes, which began in the eighth 
 century. 
 
 At this period, large bodies of Danes and Nor 
 wegians, sometimes called O^tmen and Easter- 
 lings, had adopted a regular system of piracy, 
 by which t>uch wealth was gained, that the chief men of 
 those states were induced to take a part in their expedt. 
 tions, and share their booty, l^rom plundering ships, 
 they advanced to making descents on the sea-coasts of 
 different countries, in large bodies and in different divi- 
 sions. The state of Ireland, at this time, distracted and 
 divided by its civil broils, offered a particularly favorable 
 scene for these wandering pirates. 
 
 The Danes and Norwegians, tho' sometimes severely 
 chastised by some of the Irish monarchs, continued to 
 repeat their acts of plunder, burning and desolating 
 wherever they came, but always retreatipg to their ves- 
 sels, until Turgesius, a Norwegian prince, landed with a 
 
 s^s^t ■*"<r-"' 
 
 .d 
 
JR£LAND. 7 
 
 greater number of his countrymen than had hitherto 
 acted in concert. Several smaller parties, who vrere 
 pillaging in different parts of the kingdom, flocked to hit 
 standard ; and these free.booters now determined to es- 
 tablish themselves in this country. 
 
 The Norwegian fixed himself at Armagh, from which 
 the clergy were driven ; and such was the infatuation of 
 the Iri^h leaders, that although it was evident they might 
 by uniting, have expelled the invaders, they only ex. 
 posed themselves, by their own divisions, to his attacks. 
 
 A descent was made by the Normans in numen^ 
 
 AD 
 
 * ous bodies, who, if possible, exceeded the Danes 
 
 in cruelty and rapine. The Danes becoming 
 
 alarmed^ and dreading that the natives might, by the 
 
 assistance of these new invaders, deprive them of their 
 
 conquests, Turgesius collected all bis forces, and, after 
 
 a desperate and bloody conflict, succeeded in driving the 
 
 Normans out of the kingdom. 
 
 Animated by this success, the Danes determined on 
 extending their acqubitions, and prepared to fortify 
 some strong holds, to secure themselves from both na- 
 tives and invaders. Reused, at length, by the sight ot 
 these prep'arations, Malsechlin, or Malachy, king of 
 Meath, marched against a body of the Danes, whom he 
 defeated ; but Malsechlin was not supported : and 
 Turgesius, having received reinforcements, assumed the 
 title of monarch, and kept the whole km^dom in a state 
 of subjugation. 
 
 After having held Ireland in a state of cruel bondage 
 for some years, he was, by a stratagem of Malachy's, 
 made prisoner and put to death, together with a number 
 of his chief officers : a general slaughter of the Danes 
 followed. 
 
 A fresh body of Norwegians now arrived and made 
 th^naselves masters of the sea>ports ; these were followed 
 by some Danes^ who dispossessed their brother pirates; 
 
 
9 HISTORY OF 
 
 From this, until the reign of Brien Boiroirobe, the llis> 
 tory of Ireland presents an uniform scene of plunder 
 and oppression on the part of the Danes and Norwe. 
 gians, with occasional resistance, and desperate efforts, 
 void of system or perseverrace, op. the part of tlie natives, 
 to free themselves from the galling yoke of kheirin- 
 vaders, rendered more secure by the. hlpody feuds of the 
 Irish chieftains. Brien Boiroimbe, after having signal- 
 ized himself, in several engagements, both against the 
 naitivc chiefs, while establishing himse)! on the throne of 
 Ireland, and also against the Danes, fought a pitched 
 battle with the invaders at Clontarffe» in which the, 
 Danes were so severely beaten, that, although not driven 
 entirely out of the kingdom, their power was so broken, 
 they never after were able to resume their long sup- 
 ported superiority. 
 
 But, although a single day was sufficient to destrc^ 
 their power, the effects which it had produced were not 
 so easily overcome ; they had pHlaged add destroyed al- 
 most all the churches and monasteries In the kingdom ; 
 they had interrupted that progretfs toward civilization, 
 which was then making over Europe; by supporting, 
 at diflerent times, one or other of the petty chieftains, 
 against the nominal monarchs of the kingdom, they pre- 
 vented those monarchs from realising the sole dominion, 
 which, when centred in one person, could have directed 
 the strength and resources of the country to such Objects 
 as true policy 4)rould point out ; and so slowly did the 
 country recover from the consequences of the Danish 
 yoke, that, in the following century, when the English 
 established themselves, few trices remained either of 
 the learning, which had attracted students from every 
 nation in Europe, and -had educated the celebrated 
 At^d; or, of the arts, of which the buildings, particu* 
 lariy the round towers, whose rains lie scattered over 
 the country, prove the existence. 
 
 '"'"'inriliii'^' 
 
 ^^ 
 
XRELANP^ 9 
 
 EXERCISES, ' 
 
 Who w^ Balladius ? What wm he sent to IreUnd for ? Did he 
 sncceed ? 'In whose nig« did St Patrick arrive to preach Christi- 
 anity ? Where did he establish a bishopric ? When did the invasions 
 of the Danes and Norwegians ttegin ? Who was their chief con^ 
 mander? Where did Turgedus fix himself ? Wlien did the Nor- 
 mans lantl ? Who conquered them ? Wt)at induced the king of 
 Meath to attempt the expulsion of the Danes ? Why did be &il ? 
 By whom was Turgesius at length ctmq^ered ? Who subdued tb« 
 Danes? 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 State of Ireland- — Dermod M'Murchad carries off' the 
 Wife of 0*Ruarc— -Henry II.—'BvUof Adrian — Dev 
 mod M'Murchad^ 
 
 At this period, Ireland was under clie dominion 
 of five petty monarcbs^ who ruled in Meath, 
 '^ ' Munster, Ulster, Leinster, and Connaught ; 
 within their territories were several septs, or clans, each 
 subject to its own immediate chieftain^ who always led 
 ihem in battle, and by whom they were ruled during 
 peace. The whole kingdom was subject to one monarcby 
 who did not, however, owe this exaltation to any law of 
 inheritance, but generally to that of arms ; and as almosi 
 every monarch had to win the sceptre by his sword, and 
 the favour of some of the petty kings,, so few of them 
 wielded it with any great power, and none as^ absolute 
 sovereigns of the island. 
 
 The succession to the minor thrones was not estab*. 
 lished on any firmer foundations; the successor was 
 elected in the life-time of the reigning prince, by the 
 law of Tanistry, which directed the election to be de» 
 cided by those warlike qualities, so necessary for the 
 leader of a people c«nsitantly engaged ia arms : but this 
 
 --^^ -^ - -.>■ ^- 
 
10 HISTORY OF 
 
 election was not considered yery binding, and few as- 
 cended any throne in the kingdom, without wading 
 to it through the blood of one or more rival princes. 
 Each -of the»e petty Icings madie wiur or peace, without 
 consulting the chief monarch ; and as almost every event 
 gave vise to some dispute, an4 every quarrel was decided 
 in the 6eld, one part or other of the interior of the 
 island was always the theatre of war, in which diiFerent 
 parties engaged as they were led by treaty, connection, 
 or the love of plunder. The sea-ports were in general 
 chiefly inhabited by Danes and Ostmen, who bene- 
 fited the country by their commercial pursuits. At the 
 same time, that the possession of such posts by men who 
 Iiad not a common interest with the oitheir inhabitants, 
 served to expose the kingdom to the attacks of an 
 invader. 
 
 Fur some years, the power of two princes, 
 ' Turlogh O'Connor and OXochlan, was so 
 
 equally balanced, that although O'Connor was 
 generally acknowledged king of Ireland, still O'Lochlan 
 possessed an influence which greatly diminished the au- 
 thority of his rival. 
 
 During the strfiggle between these candidates, 
 * ' Dermod Mac Murchad, king of Leinster, had 
 * ^^' carried off the wife of O Ruarc, prince of Breff- 
 ney. The injured husband applied to Turlogh for assist. 
 ance, in revenging this insjilt ; and, in return, promised 
 to aid the king of Connaught in supporting his claim 
 against O'Loghlan. Turiogh consented, led his forces 
 into Leincter, and restored his wife to O'Ruarc; who, 
 with the assistance of his new ally, was often enabled, 
 during his lifetime, to make the Leinster monarch feel 
 the efects of that renoatment he had so unjustifiably 
 provoked. Bat the death of O'Connor gave Dermod, in 
 tarn, an opportunity of wreaking bis vengeance on the 
 Brefnian : Dermod was the first to acknowledge 
 
 ^ .M>..Mi^iMi 
 
IRELAND* - 11 
 
 O'Lochlan, who supported him against the ally of his 
 former riv;al. . ., yy •. 
 
 Henry 11. an ambitious and enterprising prince, 
 ^' now filled the throne of England, to which he 
 
 anxiously wished to annex the kingdom of Ire- 
 land ; and to give strength to any opportunity that might 
 occur, he obtained from Pope Adrian IV. a buU, invest- 
 ing him with the kingdom of Ireland, giving him autho- 
 rity " to reduce the people to obedience unto laws," for 
 the purpose of propagating the christian faith, and secur- 
 ing to^^he church of Bqme the yearly pension, called, 
 « Peter's Pence." To this Adrian was induced by a 
 double motive : he wished to oblige Henry, and also tq 
 secure to the see of Rome the same ecclesiastical domi. 
 nion wlii^h was then exercised by. th'ePbpe 6ver $p' 
 many countries.- Hitherto, the clergy of Ireland had 
 been in the habit of managing their own religious con- 
 cerns, and regulating the church government of the 
 kingdom without any reference to the opinion of the 
 Roman Pontiff, or without contributing to support his 
 see* 
 
 The continuation of the quarrel between Dermod and 
 O'Ruarc, gave Henry the oppbrturiity be hid so long 
 desired. O'Loghlan had not long enjoyed his 
 sovereignty, when he perpetrated a horrid cru- 
 elty on a prince with whom he had concluded 
 a treaty, and whose eyes he then put out. This raised 
 so powerful a combination against lum, that he was de- 
 feated and slain in a battle fought with hir tributaiy 
 chieitains. Roderic, son to the late king of Connaught, 
 was now r^iised to the supreme power. 
 
 Roderic, as soon as he found himself firmly estab- 
 lished, led his forces into Leinster, accompanied, by 
 O'Ruarc. Dermod, whose savage character bad reo* 
 dered him as detestable at home as he was abroad, find« 
 log that his tributaries were deserting to the enemy, 
 
12 HISTORY OF 
 
 fled in dismay ; while the victorious Roderic, having re- 
 ceived the submission of Leinster and Munster, returned 
 in triumph to Meath, where he held an assembly of the 
 states, which was most numerously attended, and in 
 which he exhibited such magnificence and grandeur, as 
 seemed to indicate the possession of greater wealth and 
 Authority than was enjoyed by his predecessors. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 How was Ireland divided ? How wore the. kings elected ?* Vfhm 
 were rivals for the title of king of Ireland ? What crime did Dermod 
 M'Murdiad commit? To whom did O'Ruarc apply for assistance ? 
 "What offer did he make ? Who supported Dermod against O Riiarc ? 
 Who was at that time king <^ England? What a«th<»a^ had Heniy 
 for invading Ireland? Wliy did the P<^ grant Henry's request ? 
 Of what cruelty was O'Loghlin guilty? Who defeated U'lrf^hUaf 
 Who sucoeeded him in the supreme powor? 
 
 RECAPITULATION, 
 
 What makes it difficult to ascertain the true "history ot Ireland hi 
 the first period ? At what year does it commence ? Who wera the 
 fint colonists ? Who the second ? Whom did the Belgians find in , 
 possession ? Who were in possesion when the Milesians arrived ? 
 In what year is the Spanish invHioD >fixed ? By whmi was the 
 poitarcfay abolished?-' Who were the fileahs ? How did they abuse 
 their power? How was this abuse corrected? AVhatwas the nature 
 <^the law enacted by Feidlim ? When does the name of St Patrick 
 first occur in Irish history ? What was the state of Christianity in 
 Ireland before the arrival of St. Patrick, in the reign of Laogaire ? 
 What fore^ monarch was educated n Irdand ? How elsie is the 
 learning of Ireland {nroved ? What pecidiar remains have we <^ the 
 arts of that period ? What was the nature of the expeditioiK which 
 the Danes were making in the eighth century? What made Ireland 
 a favourable scene for thdr attacks ? Which of them est-iblisbed h^ 
 power permanently in Ireland? ,What enabled the Danes to main- 
 tain their supertcinty ? By whofh was their power broken ? What 
 influence had the Danish yoke on Ireland ? What was the nature 
 of the Irish, government in 1 150 ? By what law was the succession 
 to the diffnent thrones r^tilatcd? What<ga»e rise to the etpuhioa 
 cf DcsnMd Mac Mnrdiad ? What means bad Henry II. taken to 
 sanction his Tiews on Ireland ? What prevented Dermod from mak- 
 >(^ resistance H> his ovm kingdom ? What were Boderic's proceedings 
 after eapelling Dermod ? What appearances did bis court exhibit ? 
 
 J 
 
/ JUEiAND. 15 
 
 BOOK THE SECOND. 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Dermod applies to^enrjf'—Obtams succour in England-^ 
 Jleturns to Irethud — Attacked by Roderic — Makes 
 Peace — Arrivalqfthe English — Wexford taken — Grants 
 to the English Barons — Dermod reinstated-^-Aspires io 
 Jhe whole Kingdom — Arrival of Slrongboxo, 
 
 PEEIOD IIL 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1168. 
 
 In the mean time, Dermod was seeking in -exile 
 the means of reinstating himself in his domini- 
 ons, and applied, in his distress, to Henry, 
 tiien in Giiienne, for his assistance in recovering his 
 throne, which he offered te hold in vassalage under the 
 crown of England. 
 
 Henry was prevented, by his continental affarrs, from 
 embarking personally in the enterprise ; but gave Der- 
 mod letters, which authonsed «u<ih of his subjects as 
 might wish to volunteer their services, to aid the exiled 
 prince. 
 
 Under the authority ^f Henry^s letters, and by the 
 aid of liberal promises, Dermod engaged Richard Earl 
 of Pembroke and Chepstow in England, and in Wale8« 
 ^Robert Pitzstephen, and Maurice Fitzgerald, to lend 
 him their support : he then retivned, privately, to hjs^ 
 kingdom, to conceal himself in the monastery of Ferns, 
 which he had founded, until spring, when his English 
 succours were -to arrive. 
 
 Dermod's arrival was not long concealed from Roderie, 
 who, with O'J^uerc, again marched into Leinster ; Der- 
 mod, being strongly posted, offered «ome resistance, but 
 yfa.s soon overpowered and made peace, resigning to 
 Roderic the kingdom of Leinster, with the eXcepUoa oC 
 ten cantreds, and giving to O Ruarc 100 ounces of gold. 
 
 
I* HISTORY OP 
 
 At length, however, the arrival of Dermod's 
 
 ' ^ * aUies gave him an opportunity of shewing, that 
 ' * his abdication was only nominal. Fitzstephea 
 landed near Wexford with 30 knights, 60 esquires, 300 
 archers, and was soon joined by Maurice de Pendergast, 
 with 10 knights and SOO archers : with their united 
 forces they laid siege to Wexford, inhabited chiefly by 
 Danes. After an assault, which was bravely and sucess- 
 fully resisted, Fitzstephen set fire to his fleet, to shew 
 his men, that they must rely on their valour. The de. 
 termined spirit displayed by this act, had such an effect 
 OQ the garrison, that the town surrendered ; and Der. 
 mod, who had before joined the besiegers, entered in 
 triumph. 
 
 Dermod now invested Fitzstephen, and Fitzgerald, who 
 was hourly expected, with the lordship of this city and 
 its domain; Hervey of Mount Morris, uncle to Strong- 
 bow, who accompanied Fitzstephen, was granted a large 
 tract between W^exford and Waterford ; and it is remark. 
 able, that the 6rst British colony which was planted here, 
 retain to this day, after a lapse of nearly 700 years, such 
 peculiarities of language and manners, that they are 
 strongly distinguished from the surrounding inhabitants. 
 
 Fitzgerald next arrived witli 10 knights, 30 esquires, 
 and 100 archers, and joined the other adventurers, with 
 whose aid Dermod was enabled to bring an army into 
 the field, by which Roderic was defeated in several 
 battles. 
 
 The Prince of Ossory, who was particularly hostile to 
 Dermod, was obliged to submit ; and Dermod recovered 
 i^early the whole of his kingdom. 
 
 Not content with these advantages, Dermod became 
 ambitious of dethroning Roderic, and bringing the whole 
 island into subjection under his own sceptre. Accordingly 
 he dispatched a messenger to the Earl df Strigul, who 
 bad not yet come over, to hasten bis departure, and re- 
 
 J 
 
XjICSLAND. 15 
 
 presented the conquest which might be effected, if his 
 promised reinforcement should arrive. 
 
 Richard, not choosing to rely on the written per- 
 mission given by Henry, had a personal interview with 
 him in Normandy, to obtain his licence for invading Ire- 
 land ; and though he received from the Engli^ monarch 
 only a cold consent, prepared to fulfil his original promise 
 to Dermod. Raymond Le Gross, with ten knights and 
 70 archers, were first sent over by Strongbow ; these 
 troops landed near Waterford, and defeated a body of 
 Irish of superior numbers, by whom they were attacked. 
 Shortly after, the Earl, with '200 knights and 1000 an- 
 chers, followed his victorious vanguard, apd making him. 
 self master of Waterford, marched to DuMin, which was 
 taken by assault. 
 
 Dermod now married his daughter Eva to Strong- 
 bow, and dying soon after, was succeeded in his king- 
 dom of Leinster by his son in law, who made preparation 
 for subduing the whole kingdom. To check this at- 
 tempt, Roderic, and the other Irish princes, besieged the 
 Earl in Dublin with a numerous army, which was routed 
 by Strongbow, who, at the head of bis knights and their 
 followers^ made a desperate sally. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What did Dermod do when driven into exile ? What assistance 
 did Henry give him ? What use did he make of Henry s letters ? 
 Where did Dermod conceal himself on his return to Ireland ? On 
 what terms did he makepeace with Roderic? In what year did the 
 English first arrive ? By whom were the first detatchments com- 
 manded ? What was their first enterprise ? How did they intimidate 
 the garrison,? How did Dermod reward the English? What is 
 remarkable of the first colony ? What Englishman arrived next ? 
 What was the success of Dermod and his allies ? Why did Dermod 
 press Strongbow to come over ? Where did Strongbow land ? ^Vhere 
 did he march to after taking Waterford? How was Dublin taken ? 
 How did Strongbow rescue himself when besieged ? To whom was 
 he raarriedk.? Who.succeedtfd Dermod? 
 
 B. 2 
 
16 iiisrouY oi 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Henry recalls his suhjccts — Visits Ireland — Submission ,y' 
 the Irish Chieftains — Division of the Vale inio v.imn- 
 ties — English Laxv — Brehon LatV" Council nominated^ 
 — Grants conjirmed, 
 
 Henry, alafmed at the progress made by the Earl, 
 whose cncreasc of ponder might soon enable bhn to be. 
 come a traublesome nci<r,hbour, issued a mandate, re- 
 calling all his subjects from Ireland, and prepared in 
 person to finish the conquest they had commenced. 
 Before his arrival, the adventurers satisfied the Englisb 
 monarch of their allegiance ; and having offered him all 
 the strong posts they possessed, were allowed to keep 
 the remainder of their acquisitions in vassalage to the 
 English crown. 
 
 Henry landed at Waterford, with 500 knights 
 and other soldiers ; from thence, he marched to 
 different parts of the kingdom, and received the 
 submission of several of the Irish chieftains. 
 
 Henry next marched to Dublin, where he feasted his 
 new tributaries in a magnificent manner. 
 
 The English monr.rch, during his residence in Dublin, 
 made such regulations as were necessary for the future 
 govei;!iment of his newly acquired dominions. 
 
 The lands in the immediate occupation of the English 
 barons to whom they were granted, were divided into 
 counties, in which sheriffs and other ofticers were ap- 
 pointed : the English subjects living within this district, 
 called the Pale, were to be governed i)y the laws and 
 constitution of England, while the natives remained still 
 siibject to their code, the Brehon law, the distinguishing 
 feature of which was, the commutation of punishment 
 for fines: courts of justice were established in Dublin, and 
 a council nominated, who should, with the consent of the 
 
 
IRELAND. J 7 
 
 nobles, elect a successor, in case of the death o£ the chifef 
 governor. 
 
 This council with the nohlen, for many years exercised 
 tlio power ol'n pnriianicnt, mid was no called, though there 
 (lid not exist then any distinction of lords and commons ; 
 and it was several years before the parliaments assumed 
 that regularity of form and proceeding, which they lat- 
 terly adopted. 
 
 Having confirmed to Strongbow, and the other barons, 
 their possessions,^ and made grants to sever^iL English' 
 lords, Henry departed. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 TVIjy did Henry recal his subjects from Ireland? How did the 
 adventurers satisfy him ? When did he land ? Where ? What forces 
 had he ? Wliat did he first do ? How was he occupied in Dublin ? 
 What was the Pale ? By what laws were the settlers to be governed ? 
 What was the nature of the Brebon law ? What provisions were made 
 in case of the death of a chief governor ? 
 
 Irish Chie/lains taketm^f^^*^State of English Afnti/r' 
 Stronjr/ipw made chief Governor. — Expedition of Ray,, 
 nard Lfi Grqss-^Rptires in disgxist — Engagement near 
 Thurles — Strongbow retreats to Waterford — Roderic 
 takes the Field — Distress of Strongbow — Return, of 
 Raymond — Capture of Limerick, 
 
 The Irish chieftains,, not conceiving their submission 
 to Henry to be of a very binding nature, and perceivings 
 that several' petty disputes, between their own subjects- 
 and the settler^s, made the latter impatient of the Englisb 
 power, took thei oppprtunity of the absence of Earl- 
 Kichard, and of other English lords, to- Uirow off the.' 
 
 b3 
 
 iWimirli r«-irii%riiiTi "'i< i>irTi»i i 
 
18 HISTORY OF 
 
 mask. At this time, the English wrtny vras in a mutinous 
 itftte, and its coinmnndcr, Hcrvcy, of Mount Morris, and 
 his second in comnmnd, Raymond Lc Gross, were of such 
 opposite opinions, as to afford a favourable opportunity of 
 putting an end to the English power in Ireland. To 
 remedy these evils, Henry reluctantly entrusted the 
 sole direction of affairs in Ireland to Strongbox, who im- 
 I mediately returned with his commission to Dublin, and 
 
 I dispatched to Henry's aid, in Normandy and England, 
 
 i several English commanders, together with the garrison 
 
 I of Waterford. Thus the Earl's forces were greatly 
 
 i weakened, and those whom he retained were so discon- 
 
 \ tented with their commander, that Strongbow was 
 
 I obliged to remove Mount Morris, and appoint Raymond 
 
 i to the command. 
 
 I Raymond, leading his troops to chastise the defection 
 
 I of some petty chieftain, overran a great part of the coun* 
 
 I try, from which he collected a large booty ; and having 
 
 \ successfully resisted an attack, made by the inhabitants 
 
 \ of Cork to recover the plunder, entered Waterford in 
 
 ! friumph. 
 
 I In return for these services, Raymond demanded from 
 
 the Earl the hand o\ hrs ??Stcr Basilia, together with some 
 posts of honour, which wcro refused wiUi great coldness 
 by Strongbow, jealous perhaps of Raymond'* growing 
 influence; who, mortified at this refusal, retired into 
 Wales, and the command of the army was restored to 
 Mount Morris. 
 
 At this period, the principal opposition to the English 
 power, was in Munster. To this point. Mount Morris, 
 ^nxious to emulate the succetses of Raymond, prevailed 
 on Strongbow to turn his attention, and both marched to 
 Cashel with a considerable body of troops. Having as- 
 certained the position and force of the enemy, the Earl, 
 at Harvey's request, sent orders to Dublin for a reia- 
 
 i' II 'ill' i Biiillifcli 'V '(-■■'•i.fcl-.-Jta.J.i^i-k.-t.i^iW- '^■^'^"--' - 
 
 id 
 
t -. 
 
 f IIIELANO. 19 
 
 1 fbrcemcnt from tlie garrison, which consisted of Ost- 
 
 men then in the English service. 
 
 This detachment reached Thurles on its rout to Casheli 
 
 j and having encamped carelessly, were attacked by O'Hricn 
 
 I of Thomond, who, falling on .them suddenly, killed 400 and 
 
 the principal commanders. Richard, on hearing of the 
 
 defeat of this detachment, retired with precipitation into 
 
 Waterford. - 
 
 t 
 
 '*. Encouraged by this success of O'Brien, several of the 
 
 Leinster ChieAiains disclaimed the submission which they 
 had lately made to Henry. Donald Cavanagh^son^ef the 
 ■ late Dermot Machmorrough, who had hitherto adhered 
 j to the English, now declared against them, and laid 
 ' claim to the throne of Leinster, and Roderic, who 
 * had never submitted, united the Princes of Ulster and 
 } other Chiefs to act against the common enemy^ Strong- 
 f bow, aware of the consequences of being obliged to act 
 on the defensive, and afraid of a mutiny of his own troops, 
 ; sent to entreat the return of Raymond to whom he of. 
 I fered those terms which were formerly rejected. Ray- 
 mond instantly collected thirty leaders of his own kin. 
 dred, 100 horsemen, and 300 archers, and embarking 
 them in twenty transports, arrived ia Waterford at a 
 very Critical moment. 
 
 The townsmen had planned a massacre of the garrison, 
 and the time fixed for its execution, was that of Ray. 
 mond's appearance. On his landing, Strongbow and Le 
 Gross, ignorant of the conspiracy, agreed to march to 
 Wexford, as a spirit hostile to their interests was ma- 
 nifesting itself in Leinster. 
 
 The garrison left in Waterford was soon after sudderUy 
 attacked, many were slain, and the rest driven into the 
 citadel, from which in a short time they recovered pos- 
 session of the town. In Wexford, Raymond received 
 the hand of Basilia, the office of constable, and stan- 
 
lit 
 
 20 HISTORY OF -^ 
 
 dard bearer of Lelnster, but was in the midst of his fes< 
 tivities called into the fieljLbY the advan ce of Roderic 
 into Meath/ at the bead of a large army] which Henry 
 ad granted to Hugh DeLacy, where he disturbed the 
 English settlers and committed extensive devastation. 
 
 The Irish Chieftains, contented with their success ia 
 plundering, refused to meet the English army, and the 
 Irish monarch thus deserted was obliged to retire,— 
 while the &11 of Donald Kavanagh in another quarter, 
 so disheartened his followers as to give the Earl leisure 
 to resume his operations in Munster. 
 
 Limerick was in the possession of the Prince of Thow 
 raond — this city is surrounded by the Shannon. Ray- 
 mond undertook the siege with 600 men, and finding the 
 bridges broken, threw himself into the river, and being 
 followed by his troops, made himself master of the place 
 after a slight resistance. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 How did the Irish Chieftains act after Henrjr's departure ? What 
 was the state of the English army? How did Henry remedy these 
 evils? Onwbatoccasson was Raymond attadted by the citizens of 
 Cork ? What occaiiioned his retirement ? Who took the command 
 of the army then? What expedition did he advise ? Row^d it 
 end ? What did Strongbow do then ? What obliged Roderic to 
 xetiie ? What city did ]^ymond beaege i How did he take it? 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Roderic sends his submission to JfMKry— Henry hecomes 
 SMspkioHS of the sdtlers — Commissioners sent over, to 
 wder Raymond to England— -Distress of the ^arrjson g^ 
 Limerick — Raymond sent to relieve it-^eatjt of Slronj^- 
 it w ■ Raymond eleetedby the councik 
 
 RoDKRic BOW convinced that no reliance could: foe 
 placed on his^ subordinate Chieftaiits, resolved to submit 
 
IRELAND* 2^i 
 
 to the English yoke ; but disdaining any submission excej^ 
 to a king, overlooking Strongbow* dispatched to Henry 
 the Archbishop of Tuam, the Abbot of St. Brando», 
 and his own Chancellor, to offer from him homage and 
 tribute ; on these conditions the Irish monarch retained 
 the uncontrolled administration of his kingdom. Th« 
 annual tribute was fixed at every tenth merchantable 
 hide from every part of the kingdom, not under the ira* 
 mediate dominion of Henry and his Barons, whose pos> 
 sessions then lay nearly between a line drawn from 
 Drogheda to Dungarvaa, and the southern coast. 
 
 The English interest seemed now strengtiiened, but 
 the jeatonsy which Henry entertained towards his Baronsj 
 and their own divisions, again threatened them with des-^ 
 truction ; by several intermarriages, the old Englislv ad- 
 venturers became so closely connected, as to alarm their 
 monarch ; and the envy of Mount Morris, instigated him 
 to make such representations of Raymond's ambitious 
 views, as induced Henry to send to Dubh'n four Com- 
 missioners, Robert de Poer, Osbent of Hereford, VVilliara 
 Bendegar, and i^dam of Germany ; two to conduct Ray- 
 mond to the king; two to ascertain the views of Strong* 
 bow and his fdlow adventurers. 
 
 A Tx Raymond wisely complied with Henry's orders, 
 
 but while he waited a favourable wind, intelligence 
 
 arrived that the indefatigable O'Brien of Tho* 
 
 mond had besieged Limerick, and reduced the garrison 
 
 commanded by Meyler of St. Davids to great distress. 
 
 Strongbow, though ill prepared to relieve the garrison 
 In person, as he was deprived of his favourite general, 
 but the soldiers obstinately refusing to march except ua- 
 der Raymond, the Conunissioners agreed to wait the 
 issue of the expedition, and Raymond with aiiected re- 
 luctance taking the command, marched with 80 knights, 
 200 horses, 300 archers , and some Irish troops under the 
 
 A-^ir^-^:' ■-'^~'-1^^:i^.^ 
 
S2 HISTORY or 
 
 commend of the Prince of Ossory. On the approach of 
 Raymond) O'Brien raised the siege, and awaited near 
 Cashel the enemy's approach) where he was attacked in 
 kis entrenchments, and defeated. 
 
 O'Brien, disheartened by his unequal conquest, made 
 peace, and gave hostages as a security for his allegiance. 
 At this time Cormac, eldest son of Mac Carty, Prince 
 (>f Desmond, had dethroned and imprisoned his fHther, 
 who, as he had swern allegiance to Henry, applied to 
 Raymond for assistance : he marched into Desmond, and 
 reinstated the father on his throne, who in turn impri- 
 soned his son, and chen put him to death, and rewarded 
 Raymond with a grant of land. Raymond now received 
 intelligence of Strongbow's death, which the English 
 thought it prudent to conceal from the Irish, until his 
 successor should be elected. Raymond instantly with- 
 drew his troops from Limerick, and entrusted its posse&- 
 sion to O'Brien, who, as soon as Raymond had crossed 
 the Shannon, burned the town, declaring it should no 
 longer be a nest for foreigners. 
 
 On Rajrmond's arrival in Dublin, the funeral of the 
 late Earl was performed with great pomp. Strongbow 
 was of tall stature, but slender make, of an even temper 
 in prosperity and adversity : submissive in peace, cauti- 
 ous in council, and undaunted in action. The council 
 nominated Raymond as Strongbow's successor, and the 
 Commissioners satisfied with his conduct, agreed to his 
 election, and made a favourable report to Henry of his 
 intentions. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What determined Roderic to submit ? To wbom did he do ho- 
 mage ? AVhat power did he retain ? Vi^hat tribute did he paj ? 
 What was die extent of the pale? What alarmed Henry? For 
 what did be send Commissioners ? What suspended Raymond's de- 
 parture ? Where did he engage O'Brien ? Who conquered ? Who 
 applied to Rajrmond for assistance ? Why did he give up Limerick ? 
 What did O' Brien do on Raymond's departure ? What was Strong- 
 bow's character ? Whom did th« council elect to succeed bim? 
 
 - ~ -'-■■ 
 
IRELAND. 3S 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Fitzandelm chief governor — Irruption into Ulster—-' 
 John made Lord of Ireland — Administration of De- 
 Lacy — John's arrival-— -Conduct of his courtiers — Hit 
 recall — State of the country — Moderic dethroned— 
 Henry dies. 
 
 „ Henry, whose apprehensions of Raymond Le 
 
 Gros's intentions were not yet removed, sent over 
 
 ^^''' as chief governor William Fitzandelm, who was 
 
 attended by some ecclesiastics, bringing a brief from 
 
 Pope Alexander, confirming the Bull of Adrian. 
 
 During the administration of Fitzandelm, who ap« 
 peared full of the same fears of the adventurers as ope- 
 rated on his sovereign, the English power was greatly 
 weakened. The English lords, discontented with the 
 state of aflairs in ths east, made under John deCourcey, 
 an irruption into Ulster with indifferent success ; and a 
 similar one in Connaught under Milo Decogan. Com- 
 plaints against Fitzandelm at length effected his recall, 
 and De Lacy was appointed his successor. 
 
 Henry now constituted his son John, lord of Ireland, 
 under which title but subservient to his father, John 
 exercised supreme power in Ireland. 
 
 The administration of De Lacy was both vigorous and 
 equi1;able, well calculated to advance the English interest, 
 and to conciliate the Irish. But his popularity soon 
 alarmed Henry, who recalled him from Ireland, but res- 
 tored him to his office in three months. 
 ^ jy Laurence O'Toole, Archbishop of Dublin, died 
 and was succeeded by John Corny n, an English- 
 man. Henry now recalled De Lacy once more, 
 «nd replaced him by Philip De Braosa, who during a 
 
 
^4 HISTORY OF 
 
 short adm inistratton gave many shocks to the security 
 
 De Lacy had establrshed, 
 
 . ^ John, attended by a -numerous train, Glenville 
 
 a lawyer, and Geraldus Cambrensis the historian, 
 US? ^ » 
 
 sailed for Ireland. His arrival, however, gave ho 
 
 strength to the English power ; his courtiers treated the 
 Irish Chieftains with such indignities as united them 
 firmly in their common cause, while the arrogance and 
 rapacity of John's attendants estranged the earlier Eng- 
 lish settlers ; several sanguinary tumults were the conse- 
 quence, aud the assassination of .De Lacy, gave an addi- 
 tional blow to the English power. 
 J. jy To repair these disasters, Henry recalled John, 
 and entrusted the chief government to John De 
 Courcgr, who prepared by desperate valour, his 
 best quality, to repair the fortunes of the first adventur* 
 ers. He soon succeeded, for the Irish Chieftains never 
 had patience for a regular campaign, and disregardii^ 
 the enemy, when removed from their immediate tcrrito* 
 ries, returned to those desultory broils to which their 
 own quarxels were continually giving rise. 
 
 JEncouraged by ihese divisions amongst his enemies, 
 De Courcey advanced incautiously into Connaught, and 
 afler a desperate struggle, escaped with considerable loss 
 from the united forces of Connaught and Thomond. The 
 Ulster chiefs took this opportunity ot attacking the Eng- 
 lish settlements in the north, but De Couroey succeeded 
 in re-establishing tranquillity, receiving no -opposition ' 
 from the people of Connaught, -who w€re involved in 
 theconfusion occasioned by their own dissensions. Ro- 
 deric's sons had deposed their father, one of whom was 
 murdered by an assassin hired by his own brother for the 
 purpose. The unfortunate monarch took refuge in the 
 monastery of Cong. 
 
 j^^ £)^ Henry did not long survive the degradation of 
 1189. thelrisbmonarch, and died in 1189. 
 
IRELAND. ^5 
 
 EXERCISES^ 
 
 Why did Henry remove Raymond ? Who succeeded him ? Wliat 
 attempts were made by the English to extend their possesttions ? Why 
 was Fitzandelm removed? Who succeeded him ? Who was made 
 Lord of Ireland? Of what kind wtu De Lacy's administration? 
 Why was he recalled ? By whom wju he succeeded ? In what year 
 did John visit Ireland ? What liistorian accompanied him ? What 
 effect bad John's visit on the Irifih Chieftains and the Settlers ? Who 
 was Governor after John's recall? What Berolution todi place ia 
 Connau^t? When did Henry II. die? 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 What return did Dermod -oflTer to mak« Henry II. for his assis- 
 tance ? What occasioned the increase of Englidi troops after Dermod 
 had recovered his kingdom ? What circumstance gave Strongfoow a 
 peculiar influence in Ireland? How did Henry act on hearing the 
 success of the first adventurwt? How did the Irish 'Chieftains act 
 on Henry's arrival ? What provision did he make for the Govern- 
 ment of the settlers ? What was the x;onsequence df lUymond Le 
 Gros's retisement ? On what occasion did Roderic make an attempt 
 to espel the English ? Why did it fail ? What city in the south 
 did Raymond take ? How did Roderic act when determined to sub- 
 mit? What was his tnbute? What were Heniya feelings towards 
 the settlers ? Which of the Oiief Governors participated in those 
 feelings? What were their effects? What occasioned De Lacy's 
 recall ? What was the natm-e of John!s power over Ireland ? What 
 effect had his presence in Ireland ? What occurred in the fanaily of 
 ihe king of Connaught ? What was Sbfongbow's character ? Ia 
 what was the conduct of Fitzstepben ^and the J)aiiODUQ8 the sua»i 
 In Avhat year did Henry land ? 
 
 laLL 
 
86 HISTORY OP 
 
 BOOK THE THIRD. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 John's gffverninent of the Kingdom —Cathal, the Uoodif 
 handed — Conduct of Armoric vnd hi$ Detachment-^ 
 William, Earl Marhaly chief .Governor — Surrender of 
 Cork— 'Death qfJtoderic* 
 
 RjcHARD, the feldesi son and successor of Henry, 
 devoted his life to the holy wars, then raging in the east, 
 and never interfered with his brother John's authority in 
 Ireland. John assumed the title of Earl of Moretoa 
 and Lord-^f Ireland. His first act was, to remove De \ 
 Courcey from the government, and a|)pt)int Hugh De 
 Lacy, the younger, to succeed him. De Courcey, en- 
 raged- at this slight, retired to Ulster; and, detaching 
 himself from the new deputy, betrayed the weakness of 
 his power. 
 
 Among the mrvivors of the bloody house, of Roderic, 
 the most conspicuous was Cathal, the bloody handed : 
 He formed an extensive alliance with the Munster chiefs, 
 who were anxious to be led by him against the Englisli ; 
 and the lords of Thomond and . Desmond agreed to a 
 treaty of peace, in order to aid with their forces the in- 
 tentions of Cathal. De Courcey, dreading that the 
 gathering storm would burst on his head, prepared for 
 his defence; and recalled a detachment which, under 
 Armoric, of St. Laurence, was engaged in some petty 
 enterprize. Armoric, and his detachment, were sur- 
 rounded on their retreat by Cathal's troops ; and, finding 
 it impossible to avbid an engagement, which offered no 
 hope of conquest, the cavalry killed their horses to place 
 themselves on the same level with the infantry. The 
 
 #1 
 
IRELANP. 27 
 
 whole body then, having dispatched the two youngest 
 to De Courcey, marched into the njidst of their enemies, 
 and were, after committing dreadful havoc, slain on the 
 field of battle. 
 
 These transactions alarmed John, and, to encrease hit 
 distress. Dublin was at this time nearly destroyed by an 
 accidental fire. De Lacy was recalled, and William 
 Petit substituted for him, and he again wiis soon sue. 
 ceeded by William, Earl M?r«hal of England, the hus- 
 band of Isabella, daughter o^ Strongbow and Eva; a 
 connection which pointed him out as one likely to be 
 acceptable to both the natives and the English settlers. 
 
 During the administration of the Earl Marshal, Cathal, 
 the prince of Thomond, and Mac Arthy of Desmond, 
 kept the English constantly in the field. The prince of 
 Thomond beat the English at Thurles ; but his death, 
 accompanied by the usual contests among the Irish 
 chieftains for his sovereignty, overbalanced his success. 
 Cathal drove the Englii^h out of Munster, but, retiring* 
 allowed them to occupy it again, when they were . at- 
 tacked by Mac Carty, and drivra out of Limerick. 
 
 At this conjuncture, a reinforcement was sent to the 
 English in the south, to relieve the city of Cork, then 
 ; closely pressed ; the detachment was, however, met by 
 ; the united arms ^f Connaught and Desmond, and totally 
 defeated : their discomfiture was followed, after a short 
 interval, by the surrender of Cork to the prince of 
 Desmond. 
 
 The loss of this important post manifested the weak- 
 ness of ttie English ; and though they made attempts to 
 re-establish their interests in Munster, these shewed only 
 the superiority «i€ their enemies. 
 
 When Hamo De Valois succeeded William, all 
 Munster was evacuated by the English ; De 
 h^iQy s^ad De Courcey acted in their own pro- 
 A2 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1197. 
 
 "^ -*. 
 
28 HISTORY OF 
 
 vinces independent of the English government, which 
 with difficulty, retained the province of Leinster. 
 
 To provide for the exigences of his government, Valois 
 seized on the property of the see of Dublin ; this pro- 
 duced, between him and Comyn the archbishop, an acri- 
 monious and protracted quarrel. Comyn appealed to 
 John and Richard, without effect. After a lapse of some 
 years, however, Valois made compensation to the see of 
 Dublin for his former usurpation of its property. 
 
 Roderic died at an advanced age in the monas- 
 tery at Cong, which had been his retreat for 
 ' many years. 
 
 In the succeeding year, the death of Richard 
 gave John the united power of Lord of Ireland 
 ^^^^* and king of England. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 WIio managed Ireland in Richard s reign? What was John's first 
 act? How did De Courcey act ? Of what family was Cathal? What 
 ^did he do ? What detachment did his troops surround ? How did 
 Armoric and his men act? Why was William, Earl Marshal, made 
 Deputy ? What city was closely pressed ? What became of the detach- 
 ment sent to relieve it ? To whom did Cork surrender? Who suc- 
 ceeded Earl Marshal? Wfiat was the state of the English then ? How 
 did Valois give oifence ' What year did Roderic die in ? 
 
 CHAPTER ir. 
 
 Johns neglect of Ireland — Independence of t^e English 
 Barons — Their Con/entions — Join tvith the Irish Chief- 
 tains-'Flaguein Dublin — 300 Citizens murdered — John 
 prepares to visit Ireland. 
 
 The cares attending his English kingdom, left John 
 little leisure to attend to Ireland, further than renewing 
 
 :.:j 
 
IRELAND. 29 
 
 grants, and removing De Valois : Meyler Fitz Henry, 
 natural son to Henry I. and distinguished among the 
 original adventurers, was his sui:ces8or, but bad not a 
 force sufficient to support his government under existing 
 circumstances. De Courcey and De Lacy acted as in. 
 dependent of the English monarch. De Courcey, though 
 he obtained little respite from his chief opponent, 
 O'Nial, of Tir-Ow^n, still maintained his acquisitioni. 
 In the south, William De Burgo, of the family of Fitz- 
 Andelm, taking advantage of the viceroy's weakness, 
 added the possession of Limerick to his other settle* 
 moots, and threatened to raise in Munster, an independ- 
 ent power, encreased by bis alliance with Garragh 
 O'Connor whom he successfully supported in dethroning 
 Cathal. The exiled monarch fled to O'Nial, who en- 
 gaged De Courcey and De Lacy to unite their forces 
 in his ca-jse. De Burgo and the usurper met the in- 
 vaders ; a desperate conflict ensued, in which De 6.urgo 
 was again the victor. This defeat so alienated O'NJaI'b 
 subjects, that another chieftain was substituted ; and he 
 soon falling in battle, his territory became the scene of 
 fresh factions, usurpations, and massacres. 
 
 Notwithstanding the active part De Burgo had taken 
 against Cathal, the fallen monarch engaged him by mag- 
 nificent promises, to change sides; and Cathal, after 
 dethroning his late ally, found himself restated iniiis 
 sovereignty ; but, rejecting with disdain De Burgo'a 
 claims, the English baron was preparing t» punish 
 this perfiJy, when a more formidable enemy demanded 
 his attention. 
 
 The viceroy, having collected a formidable force, 
 moved towards Limerick to destroy De Burgo. The 
 Irish chieftains, dreading Meyler and hating De Bilrgo, 
 o^ered their services to the former, who, thus placed at 
 the head of the native Irish, reduced the latter to make 
 
 c3 
 
V 
 30 HISTORY OF 
 
 offers of submission, which were accepted. Cathal sur- 
 rendered two parts of Connaught to John, who invested 
 Meyler with the issues and profits of bis portion to 
 fortify and improve it. 
 
 The disaffection of the English barons to their 
 monarch, had now reached the settlers in Ireland, many 
 of whom participated in the same sentiments of hostility. 
 De Courcey was among the number ; and, at the private 
 instigation of De Lacy, he was summoned to appear 
 before John. De Courcey treating the mandate with 
 contempt, De Lacy and his brother received a com- 
 mission, to send him by force to the king. The brothers 
 having defeated De Courcey, he submitted, appeared 
 before John, and was condemned to perpetual imprison- 
 ment ; the earldom of Ulster was conferred on Hugh J 
 De Lacy, to the prejudice of De Courcey's issue. 
 
 The state of affairs in England, obliged John to 
 
 * * call De Lacy and Meyler Fitz Henry across • 
 
 the channel, while the government of Ireland , 
 
 was entrusted to Walter De Lacy and the Archdeacon '■ 
 
 of Stafford. I 
 
 Between this period and the next visit of John to ) 
 Ireland, he was engaged with Pope Innocent the third, . 
 in a sharp contest for the right of ecclesiastical patron- ; 
 age in Ireland. On a vacancy of the see of Armagh, | 
 John nominated Humphrey De Tickhuel to fill it : 
 Eugene was elected by the clergy of the diocese, and 
 the election confirmed at Rome. The king forbad the 
 clergy -to admit him: Eugene, who was very popular, 
 was, however, after a protracted quarrel, allowed to fill 
 the see. • , 
 
 ^Dublin was aow visited by a severe plague, which 
 raged over all Leinster, and drove the necessitous and 
 the desperate, to commit several outrages ; the most me- 
 lancholy of which was, an attack made on the citizens of 
 
 >.v'l^flKi::^>^^i> 
 
1R£LAND. $1 
 
 Dublin on Easter Monday, in which 300 Jost their 
 lives. Their loss was soon replaced, by a colony from 
 Bristol. 
 
 The dissensions between John and his English barons, 
 made the king anxious to maintain a larger army than the 
 barons would readily consent to. John, therefore, made 
 his Irish affairs a pretext for assembling his troops ; but, 
 as his power in Ireland was never more firmly supported, 
 owing tu the good management of Meyler, he made the 
 conduct of the Lacys, who had protected an obnoxious 
 baron, William, of Brecknock, the ostensible motive for 
 his expedition. 
 
 William, who held considerable grants in Munster, 
 was applied to, among other English barons, for hostages ,* 
 his wife decked that her children should never be en- 
 trusted to him, who had murdered his nephew. To 
 revenge this insult, the arrears due from William's lands 
 in Munster were demanded ; and, in default of paymenl, 
 John issued an order, to seize his land and person : 
 William, dreading his cruelty, fled into Ireland, and put 
 himself under the protection of De Lacy. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What prevented John from attending to Ireland ? How did De 
 Courcey and De Lacy act ? Who chieifly opposed O'Nial ? What 
 did William de But^o do ? What increased his power ? What was 
 Cathal's fate ? How did he act when defeated ? What stopped De 
 Burgo's career ? Who aided the Deputy ? What sacrifice of his 
 kingdom did Cathal make ? Who was summoned to appear before 
 John ? Why ? How did De Courcey act ? What was his fate ? 
 What was the cause of dispute between John and the Pope ? What 
 happened to the citizens of Dublin ? Under what pretence did Johu 
 assemble an anny ? How did the De Lacys oiTend ? 
 
 *'- TT*%T*- 
 
32 HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 Artival of John — Code of Lava deposited in the Exche- 
 quer-^Neut diviiUms of the Pate — Return of John- 
 Different disturbances — Phelims application to Henry, 
 
 . — John landed in June at Dublin, where twenty 
 Irish Chieftains attended ti^ do homage. The 
 1210. jjg Lacys and William De Braosa, leaving his 
 family concealed, fled into France. 
 
 John deposited in the Exchequer of Dublin, a Code 
 of Laws for the use of the settlers, the nature of whose 
 tenure and serviees were not hitherto accurately de- 
 fined. 
 
 The Pale was divided into the counties of Dublin, 
 Lowth, Carlow, Kilkenny, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, 
 Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, to each of which, sheriffs 
 and other officers were appointed. 
 
 John having reduced the forts belonging to the De 
 Lacys, he restored them to their possessions, on their 
 paying a fine, at the mediation of the Abbot of St. 
 Taurin;9nd then, after a visit of three months, departed. 
 John de Grey, Bishop of Norwich, was the next chief 
 governor; he coined money equal in weight with the cur- 
 rency in England, and maintained the English power so 
 well as to be enabled to send John, when threatened with 
 a French invasion, a company of knights, and 300 well 
 appointed infantry. 
 
 De Grey was now succeeded by (fepry de Loo.dres, 
 Archbishop of Dublin, in whose administration the Castle 
 of Dublin was finished, for .building wjhicb, Meyler Fitz> 
 Henry had obtained a grant. The place of the* Archbishop, 
 who constantly attended on John, was filled, during his 
 absence, by Geoffry de Maurisco. This Prelate is t<t be 
 
 -7*.." 
 
IRELAND. 33 
 
 found steadily adhering to John in all his contests with 
 
 his Barons and the Pope ; and when the English mo. 
 narch did homage to Pandolf, warmly expressed hw m- 
 
 dignation at the transaction and the legate s insolence. 
 
 . ^ John died and was succeeded by Henry III. 
 Henry on his accession to the English throne, 
 received an application from Ireland, requesting, 
 that either the queen mother, or his brother should be 
 sent to that kingdom, as its governor. Henry's answer 
 informed Geoffry De Maurisco, that he would consider 
 of this request, and that he granted to his subjects in 
 Ireland the same liberties which had been secured to 
 his English subjects. 
 
 The extension of the English settlements had now 
 considerably weakened the power of the Irish Chieftains, 
 when the death of the great Earl of Pembroke in 1219, 
 deprived Ireland of a powerful patron ; while the English, 
 who had large possessions in Ireland, asserted and jsup« 
 ported their claims in the field, and often gave their owa 
 government as much annoyance as the native chieftains* 
 Hugh de Lacy claimed some lands possessed of ^e late 
 Ear], whose son came into Ireland to defend his posses- 
 sions: thus were Leinster and Meath exposed to the 
 calamities of war, while the governor was obliged to 
 march into Desmond against the Mac Cartys. On the 
 other hand, Donald O'Brien obtained a grant of his 
 kingdom of Thomond for one hundred pounds a year, 
 and a fine of a thousand marks. To Richard de Burgo 
 Henry granted the reversion of the kingdom of Con- 
 naught after the death of Cathal. 
 A jj On Cathal's death, his subjects proceeded to 
 elect a successor. Tirlaugh, Cathal's brother, was 
 ' elected through the influence of O'Nial, who sup. 
 ported him against the claims of De Bargo. This oppo- 
 sition induced Geoffry de Maurisco to march into Con- 
 qaught, whence he expelled Tirlaugh, and without sup- 
 
S4 HISTORY OF 
 
 pwtiDg De Burgo, established ^dlb, » son of Cathal, in 
 his room. Some iDcroaobmeats of the English soon 
 brought ^dlh into the field, where he captured a son of 
 Geoffry, but was himself soon after killed in a riot. 
 . *v His uncle now reassumed the sovereignty, but wal 
 quickly deposed by Richard de Burgo, who had 
 succeeded De Maurisco as governor, and Phelim 
 son of Catha^, obtained the throne of Connaught. But 
 De Burgo, on finding that Phelim refused to accede to 
 his demands, marched against and captured his lately 
 created king. 
 
 Phelim, however^ escaped, brought fresh forces into 
 the field, and though his rival was supported by De 
 Burgo, defeated and slew him. 
 
 ^ 1^ De Burgo having been removed, Maurice Fitzge* 
 raid was appomted governor, Phelim took the op. 
 * portunity of iqpplying to Henry on the subject of 
 his grievances,, and requested porraisaion to wait oa him 
 in England. Henry addressed his . answer to his new 
 governor, and ordered bim to give Phelim. a safo conduct 
 to England, as soon as the Castle of Melick should be 
 wrested from De Burgo, and Connaught restored to a 
 state of tranquillity. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 In wfaat year did John rtyiaH Irdand ? Haw -man^ Xnsh Chief- 
 tuns <Ud homage ? What did he do rejecting laws ? What division 
 was made of the Pale ? How did he act towards the De Lacys ? 
 How long did John stay ? Who was the n«ct governor? What aid 
 did he send John ? Who was Henry de Londr«? How did be act 
 when John did homage to Pandolph ? What request was ouule on 
 tiie accession of Henry III. ? What did he grant his subjects in 
 Irclaad? What Earl connecled with Ji«land, died in 1219? On 
 what terms did Donald O'Brien obtain a grant of Tbo^ond ? ■ What 
 was granted to Richard de Burgo on Calhal's death ? Did De Burgo 
 enjoy this grsnt ? Who itps . placed qq tiie dir^e of Connaught by 
 De Burgo ? How did be act ? What was Henry's reply to Phelim ? 
 
 
 -n-r-- 
 
 -.J 
 
IRELAND. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 si 
 
 Richard, Earl Marshal, comes t» Irdand — His Death — 
 Phelim arrives*at the Court of Henry — Hts graUtwU 
 to Henry^^Phelim driven from hi* Kingdom, 
 
 On the death of William, Earl Marshal, hu 
 ^' ^* estates and honours devolved on his brother 
 1231. nidiard, whose bold and independent spirit 
 rendered him particularly obnoxious to Henry, by whom 
 he was driven out of England, without being allowed to 
 take possession of his estates. 
 
 Earl Richard came to Ireland, where the descendant 
 of Strongbow andJDermod was most favourably received. 
 The Earl having collected a considerable force, passed 
 into England, and intimidated Henry so, that he gave , 
 him possession of his rights, and accepted his homage :{ 
 but the remonstrances of the Earl against the Bishop of 
 Winchester, brought on him again his sovereign's ven- 
 geance — he was declared a traitor, and banished; and 
 a mandate sent to the viceroy, and the other lords, au- 
 thorising the arrest of Richard, if he should land in 
 Ireland ; and, in return for him, offering his great ^- 
 tates in Ireland. 
 
 The prospect of such prey was too tempting. Rich- 
 ard, after his landing in Ireland, was treacherously in. 
 vited to a conference with the other barons, on the plains 
 of Kildare ; where, finding himself basely betrayed, he 
 took an affecting leave of his young brother, and then, 
 disdaining to fly, was foully murdered by the followers 
 of his opponents. 
 
 The intelligence of Richard's death effected in Eng' 
 land what his arms did not — the expulsion of the 
 Biriiop of Winchester ; and the ezpressi<His of resentment 
 
 ■IHiM I .^ ^.l.-.r:: 
 
96 HISTORY OF 
 
 at this deed, both in Ireland and England, were so 
 Strong, that Henry was obliged to address a letter of 
 conciliation to the citizens of Dublin. 
 
 The English barons in Ireland now proceed&d to divide 
 the late earl's lands, until his brother, who for some time, 
 lay under Henry's displeasure, sued for a reconciliation, 
 which he obtained. This served to check the depreda- 
 tions on his Irish estates ; and Maurice Fitzgerald was 
 so alarmed at his restoration to royal favour, that he 
 went to London, and, through the king's mediation, a 
 formal reconciliation took place, Fitzgerald having first 
 exculpated himself by oath, from any concurrence in 
 the death of Earl Richard. He also proposed to found 
 a monastery, with a reverend conventual body, to offer 
 up constant prayers for the soul of the deceased. 
 
 While Fitzgerald was at Henry's court, Phelim, the 
 prince of Connaught, arrived ; and, having obtained 
 audience of Henry, pleaded successfully against the re- 
 peated aggressions of De Burgo, but wisely avoided to 
 inculpate Fitzgerald, who had lent his assistance to 
 Phelim's oppressors. Henry ordered the governor to 
 restrain the outrages of De Burgo, and reinstate bis liege* 
 man, Phelim, in his possessions. An opportunity soob 
 occurred for Phelim's shewing his gratitude to Henry. 
 
 This monarch sent orders to Fitzgerald, to lead into 
 Wales such forces as he could collect in Ireland, from 
 both English and Irish lords : Phelim alone obeyed this 
 summons. Fitzgerald was now removed from the chief 
 government of Ireland, on the ground of his having de- 
 layed to bring his succours into Wales. He retired to 
 his possessions in the south of Ireland, where, assuming an 
 independent authority, and resisting the control of the 
 English monarch, he filled that part of Ireland with new 
 commotions. The death of Richard De Burgo, Hugh 
 De Lacy, and Geoffrey De Maurisco, was the cause of 
 other disturbances : and, in the north, the arms of Tir- 
 
IRELAND. 37. 
 
 eonnel employed the new viceroy, «on to Maurisco, dur- 
 ing his administration, in subduing this chief, who, at 
 last, fell through the treachery of his own people. 
 
 In the west, Walter, successor to Richard de Burgo» 
 and in right of his wife, the daughter and heiress of Hugh 
 de Lacy, Earl of Ulster, presuming on this great acces- 
 sion of power, asserted the claims of ^ his family in 
 Connaught. Phelim was again driven from his territory, 
 but had the spirit to regain and keep it by force of arms 
 against the English, now encouraged by the rising dis- 
 orders in England, to despise the royal authority. 
 
 The distractions of Ireland were, at this period, con- 
 siderably aggravated by the suspension of the English 
 laws, which were formally extended only to the English 
 settlements, and were, even there, constantly trampled 
 on by the English lords, who ever refused to see the 
 country governed under the system of the English code. 
 So early as 1228, remonstrances were made to Henry 
 on this subject, and renewed in 124/6, but his most press- 
 ing mandate, that they would permit the land to be 
 governed by the laws of England, had no effect on the 
 English barons ; while Henry granted to several Irish 
 lords, letters patent, entitling them and their vassals to 
 the benefits of the English laws. " 
 
 The distresses of the English monarch allow^ him to 
 take no other means of redressing these grievances, 
 than by sending to the government, Englishmen, uncon- 
 nected with the settlers, who were, however, too powerful 
 for those deputies ; and, with this view, Alan De La 
 Zouch, Stephen Longespee, William Den, Richard de 
 Capella, David Barry, Robert de Uffbrd, Richard de 
 Exeter, and James Audley, were sent over in rapid 
 succession. 
 
 D 
 
 L 
 
58 HISTORV OF 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Who succeeded William Earl Marshal ? Why was he driven out 
 , of England ? Why was he "favourably received in Ireland ? What 
 happened on his return to England ? What was his fate on his return 
 to Ireland ? What ef&ct did the intelligence of his death produce ? 
 How were the Irish barons prevented from dividing his estates? 
 WTiat Irish prince visited Henry's court ? How was he received by 
 Henry? How did Fhelim shew his gratitude to Henry ? Who created 
 disturbances in the west of Ireland ? What aggravated the disturb- 
 ances in Ireland? What patents did Henry grant? What means did 
 he take for redressing grievances in Ireland ? 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Grant of Ireland t0 Prince Edward— -Contests in Munster — 
 Geraldines defeated — Imprison the Deputy — Exactions 
 of Henry and the Pope — Dispute about Patronage — 
 Citizen^ of Dublin excommunicated— Accession 9f Ed. 
 tuard the First. 
 
 Prince Edward, on his marriage with the infanta of 
 Spain, was invested by his father with the whole of Ire- 
 land, except the cities and counties of Dublin and 
 Limerick, the town of Athlone, the lands of the church, 
 and the custody of vacant benefices, to be held by 
 Edward and his heirs by a delegated authority, but 
 never to be separated from the crown of England. AH 
 lands in 'ilj'eland were now called the lands of Lord 
 Edward, the o£Scers and ministers held under him, and 
 all writs ran injiis name. Soon after this grant, Prince 
 Edward was ordered to repair to Ireland ; but, unfortu- 
 nately for that kingdom, the misfortunes of the early 
 parts of his father's reign, and the prince's passion for 
 crusading, prevented her feeling the presence of a gover- 
 nor, with power sufficient to control the oppressors, 
 and relieve the oppressed, while Ireland continued to 
 suffer under all the effects of a feeble government, neg- 
 lected laws, a factious-nobility, and local feuds. 
 In the south; the death of Maurice Fitzgerald encou- 
 
IRELAND. S9 
 
 raged the Mac Cartys to rise against the Geraldines, 
 over whom they obtained a decided victory, in which 
 Thomas Fitzgerald and his son, 18 barons, 15 knights, 
 and several of inferior note wcFe slain. 
 
 At first, the Mac Cartys acted as men defending their 
 rights, but still subordinate to the English government ; 
 and, at the moment of their success, received, with re- 
 spect, a new deputy, who landed on their coast, and was 
 permitted to pass unmolested to the seat of government. 
 The progress, however, of their arms, against some 
 native septs, called Walter de Burgo into the field : he 
 defeated the Mac Cartys and slew their leader, when the 
 Geraldines, profiting by this defeat of their enemies, 
 rose again into power. They were now opposed by de 
 Burgo, and the country became distracted by their 
 bloody feuds. The deputy interposed, but the heads of 
 the Geraldine party, seized him at a conference, and 
 sent him, with Richard de Burgo, son of Walter, and 
 other lords, prisoners, to one of their own castles. 
 This outrage raised a general alarm : an assembly- 
 was convened at Kilkenny, to consider the state of 
 the kingdom : the captives were released, and 
 Henry commanded the rival lords no longer to dis* 
 turb the public peace. The deputy Barry restrained 
 the Geraldines ; but de Burgo raised fresh commotions 
 in Connaught, by his claims on that territory. Mth 
 O'Connor, successor to Phelim, resisted his encroach- 
 ments, and gave him a signal defeat : similar scenes were 
 acted in other quarters, while famine and disease aggra- 
 vated the misfortunes of the kingdom. To heighten these 
 calamities, Henry and the Pope made severe exactions 
 from both clergy and laity : to the clergy, Henry gave 
 great offence, by bestowing on foreigners and English, 
 men the patronage of the church ; and the Irish clergy 
 made an ordinance against the admission of any of the 
 
 D 2' 
 
 %-'■-' •• ':.:V_! 
 
4© HISTORY OF 
 
 English nation into a canonicate in any of their churches. 
 Against this the king was obliged to call to his aid the 
 authority of the Pope, who annulled the ordinance. 
 
 To repair the losses they sustained by the seve- 
 ^ ' * ral sums levied off them, the clergy increased in 
 * their demands on the laity: the citizens of Dub. 
 lin resisted these demands, and were excommunicated. 
 They remonstrated in vain, and were at last reduced to 
 submit to a degrading composition, 
 
 Edward I. now ascended the throne of England. 
 
 From a monarch of his abilities, already well 
 
 acquainted with Ireland, much might have been 
 expected for the improvement of its political state ; but 
 the wars which Edward carried on in Scotland and 
 AVales, gave him no leisure to attend to its concerns. 
 
 Maurice Fitzgerald, the present deputy, marched to 
 repress an inroad of the natives into the English settle, 
 ment, but the governor's force was too weak : he was 
 betrayed by his own people, captured, and thrown into 
 prison. 
 . y. Glenvil, son-in law to de Lacy, succeeded 
 
 him, and had as little success : the capital was 
 
 1273 ' 
 
 ' insulted, and Glenvil defeated in attempting to 
 
 repress the enemy. Ulster was torn by the contentions 
 of its own chiefs, English and Irish, and infested by 
 Scottish free-booters. Fitzraaurice, when released from 
 confinement, retired to his own lands, and, in conjunction 
 with lord Theobald Butler, added fresh commotions to 
 disturb the public peace They made an attack on the 
 Irish of Munster, forcing the O'Briens, who had lately 
 shewn pacific dispositions, to take up arms against their 
 invasion. The power of the Geraldines had been con- 
 siderably encreased by the marriage of Juliana, daugh- 
 ter of Maurice, with Thomas de Clare, son of the 
 Earl of Gloucester. Edward granted considerable lands 
 
IRELAND. 41 
 
 in Thomond, to de Clare, who novir led into Ireland a 
 numerous train to take possession. These grants pro- 
 voked the pride and sometimes the just resentment of 
 the natives. The O'Briens exglaimed loudly against the 
 encroachments of this new colony; the young lord treat- 
 ing their remonstrances with disdain, the contest was 
 soon brought to the decision of the sword ; the Geral- 
 dines were overthrown, and the O'Briens acknowledged 
 sovereigns of Thomond. 
 
 De Clare, now in great distress, made a most pathetic 
 representation to Edward of hi» losses and injuries ; Ed- 
 ward had lately transmitted his mandate to the Irish 
 prelates, to interpose their spiritual authority for com- 
 posing the public disorders ; and now, together with the 
 account of the civil war in Munster, arrived intelligence 
 of an alarming commotion in Connaught, and the slaugh- 
 ter of the Irish prince of this province by a rival chief- 
 tain; provoked by such a multiplicity of vexatious ac- 
 counts Edward passionately recalled Ufford to England, 
 who left Fulburne, a friar, to fill his place. This encou- 
 raged the disaflFected in Leinster, and information of 
 fresh outrages followed. Ufford quickly satisfied Edward, 
 and was remanded to put down the commotions, which 
 his absence had encouraged, 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 On what occasion was prince Edward invested with a gtant of 
 Ireland ? What was reserved in this grant? What prevented princ» 
 Edward from taking the command in Ireland ? What encouraged 
 the Mac Cartys to rise against the Geraldines ? Which party was 
 defeated, and with what loss ? What were the dispositions of the Mac 
 Cartys at first? How is this proved? By whom were they defeated? 
 How did the Geraldines treat the deputy ? What took place in Coo- 
 naught? What aggravated the distresses of the kingdom? What 
 demands did Henry and the Pope make ? What ordinance did th^ 
 Irish clergy make ? What prevented Edward I. from atten£ng to the 
 affairs of Irelar.-l ? Who was Thomas de Clare ? How did he become 
 entitled to possessions in Ireland ? How was he reduced to distress ? 
 Why was de Ufford recillled ? What reception did he meet with' ' 
 
 d3 
 
 1: ' '■, •■■ .^"it-^ _,^ , *>-r.'^' :'r^'^ ' : ■ 
 
♦8 HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Irish apply for the English latv — Chieftains unite under 
 Daniel Roadh — Edward asks aid Jrom the Clergy — 
 Arrival of Sir J. Wogan — Calls a Parliament, 
 
 The Irish who lived within the pale and those 
 immediately on the borders, saw in the midst of 
 
 * these unhappy contentions, the superior advanta- 
 ges enjoyed by their new neighbours living under the 
 English law, while they experienced the disadvantages 
 of their own« institutions ; they had now given up all 
 hopes of expelling the English, and became anxious to 
 enjoy their rights and privileges, by exchanging the stale 
 of vassals and tributaries to the English monarch for 
 that of English subjects ; they applied therefore to de 
 Ufford, and offered 8,000 marks for the free enjoyment 
 of the English law. Edward was ready to comply with 
 their wislies, and in answer to de Ufford, after desiring 
 him to get as " high a fine of money as he could," or- 
 dered him to take the opinion of the ** Commons, Pre- 
 lates and Nobles," and with their consent grant this re- 
 quest to the Irish, on condition " that' they should hold 
 in readiness a body of good and stout footmen for one 
 turn only, to repair to us when we shall thinlc fit to de- 
 mand them." But the king's desire was counteracted 
 by those whose rapacity it would have restrained ; an 
 immediate compliance was promised, but every subter- 
 fuge and artifice were employed to prevent it. 
 
 The Irish renewed their application, and Edward 
 
 ' issued a peremptory mandate for holding the as- 
 sembly he had ordered to meet 2 years before ; 
 bat again were the king's intentions frustrated. This 
 opposition to their reasonable demands, so irritated the 
 
IRELAND, 43 
 
 Irish, that they took up arms in several districts, where 
 acting without union or order, they were soon put down. 
 In Desmond, however, they formed a regular plan of 
 opposition ; secret assemblies were held by the . Mac 
 Cartys, and a prince, Daniel Roadh, elected, under 
 whom they marched against the English, seized several 
 castles, and drove their enemies from some of their set- 
 tlements. Their neighbours, the O' Prions, were at. the 
 same time ready to draw the sword against each other 
 on the usual subject, the succession to the. sovereignty 
 of the province ; when Mac Carty passed secret- 
 • • ly into Thomond, and shewed his countrymen that 
 instead of contending among themseives, they 
 should unite against the common enemy, who would by 
 their own dissensions soon give them an opportunity of 
 vindicating their native rights. By such representations 
 Mac Carty succeeded in reconciling the hostile chiefs ; 
 and indeed the innumerable broils of the settlers unno- 
 ticed or at least unrestrained by the viceroys, seemed 
 likely to offer the opportunity promised by Mac Carty. 
 Edward who had already obtained from the Irish cler- 
 gy a 10th of their revenues, now demanded an addition- 
 al 1 5th ; the clergy appealed to the see of Rome, and 
 humbly represented te the king their inability to comply 
 with his demands ; Edward next applied to the laity, 
 who were more complying, and after some delay, granted 
 a fifteenth of their effects. William de Vesey, 
 now made chief governor, seemed well fitted for 
 his post, but after some time he became involved 
 - in a quarrel with one of the Fitzgeralds, and was 
 
 succeeded by Sir J. Wogan, who with temper and 
 discretion unknown to his predecessors, eagerly 
 laboured to compose the dissensions of the great lords by 
 kindness and conciliation. He also summoned a parlia- 
 ment in a more regular manner than had yet been done, and 
 from the acts of this assembly, it is, easy to collect what 
 
 .^iz^ 
 
4* HISTORY OP 
 
 were then considered as irregularities and abuses. It 
 enacted that the county of Dublin should be subdivi- 
 ded into Meatb, Ulster, and Kildare, hitherto a liberty^ 
 and that each should have a sherifiP; that the lords mar. 
 chers should maintain necessary wards on pain of forfei. 
 ture ; that tenants of every degree should provide ac- 
 cording to their rank, towards a military establishment, 
 and that absentees should assign a competent portion of 
 their Irish revenues for this necessary purpose. That in 
 cases of particular incursions of the natives, individual 
 sufferers by wilful neglect of their neighbours, should be 
 reimbursed by them ; that no person of any degree 
 should entertain more retainers or kerns, than he could 
 himself maintain ; in case of any violent depredation by 
 such followers, their lords were to pay the damages, and 
 the kern to be imprisoned until he found security for his 
 good behaviour ; that no partial truce should be made ; 
 that in case of sudden attack, the county or liberty at- 
 tacked should rise in arms, till the enemy should be re- 
 duced or the chief governor interfere, and every lord 
 was directed to repair and clear high-ways, path-ways> 
 &c ; that no Englishman should wear the garb of the 
 Irish ; and lastly, two lords were appointed to every 
 county and liberty in which Irishmen resided, to make, 
 in the absence of the English governor^ such stipulations 
 as might be necessary. These ordinances had at 
 first 8ome good effects, but when several of the English 
 lords went to attend Edward in Scotland, old feuds were 
 revived, and the country once more desolated in every 
 
 direction. 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 "What request did the Irish of the pale make ? Why did they mak» 
 this request ? What was the king's answer ? Were his orders execu- 
 ted ? What was the consequence ? What was the advice of Mac Carty 
 to the rival chieftain:* of Thonkond ? What demands did Edward, 
 make on the clerfty and laity? What was done by Sir J Wogan ? 
 What was enacted by parliament ? What ettect bad these ordinances ^ 
 
IRELAND. 45 
 
 RECAPITULA TION. 
 
 Who succeeded Henry II.? What interest did Richard take in 
 Irish affairs ? What Irish chieftain was conspicuous in Richard s 
 roign ? What was the conduct of Armoric of St. Lawrence ? Wliat 
 deputy was selected by John, whose connexions pointed him out as 
 a desirable person to fill that office? How was die weakness of thv 
 English power shewn during his administration? Wliat was the state 
 of the English power in Ireland when Hamo de Valois succeeded 
 earl Marshal in 11 97 ? In what year did Roderic die? In what year 
 did Richard ? Did John on his accession attend to Ireland ? Why 
 did he not ? What difficulty did Meyler Fitz Henry labour under when 
 governor ? What examples occur about the year 1 'JOO of the English 
 barons mixing in the disputes of the Irish chieftains? How was the 
 deputy supported in reducing an English baron at the same period ? 
 What surrender did Cathal make? For what was de Courcey im- 
 prisoned ? What dispute occurred between John and pope Innocent 
 III. rtlative to Ireland? What loss did the citizens of Dublin suffer, 
 and how was it replaced ? Why was John anxious to assemble a large 
 army ? Under what pretence did be do it? How did the de Lacys 
 fall into disgrace? In what year did John revisit Ireland? Hoir 
 was he received by the Irish ? Wha^ fl-egulations did he make for tlie 
 pale ? How is it proved that the English power was well maintained 
 under tlie bishop of Norwich ? When did John die ? What request 
 was made from Ireland on th« accession of H«nry III.? What grant 
 did he make to his subjects in Ireland ? What was the conduct of the 
 English barons in Ireland at this time ? On what terms did Donald 
 O'Brien obtain a grant of Thomond ? What was the cause of conten- 
 tion between de Burgo and Phelim ? How did Phelim seek re- 
 dress ? When did William earl Marshal die ? What is the history of 
 his successor ? What was Henry's conduct to Phelim ? How did Phe- 
 lim repay Henry s attention to him ? What was the conduct of the 
 English barons with respect to the administration of justice in the 
 pale ? How is the anxiety of the Irish chieftains to be governed by the 
 English law shewn ? What means did Henry take to repress the dis- 
 orders of this country? On what occasion was Ireland granted to 
 Prince Edward? What was the nature of the grant? Did he 
 come to Ireland ? What was the consequence ? What occurred in 
 JMunster ? What in Connaught ? What regulation was made by the 
 Irish clergy about 1250? What occasioned disputes between the cler- 
 gy and laity ? When did Edward I. ascend the English throne ? How 
 was the power of the Geraldines increased ? When did the Irish ap- 
 ply for the extension of the English law to them ? MTiat did they of- 
 fer for it ? What was Edward's answer ? What was the result ? 
 When did they renew their application ? What was the issue ? WTiat 
 was the nature of Sir John Wogans administration ? when was he 
 appointed ? What laws were then made ? When did parliament begiu 
 to assemble with regularity ? 
 
*t» HISTORY 0^" 
 
 BOOK THE FOURTH. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Gaveston appointed Chief Governor — Dispute bettueen the 
 Archbishops — Robert Bruce gains the battle of Bannock- 
 burn — Applied to by the Ulster chieftains — Proposal 
 to his Brother — Edward lands — is defeated— Second 
 attempt opposed by Earl of Ulster and Phelim — Phelim 
 dethroned — Carrickfergus taken. 
 
 On the death of his father, Edward II. succeed- 
 ' * ed to the throne, and appointed his unworthy 
 * favourite Gaveston, chief governor of Irieland. — 
 This selection of his favourite might have been useful 
 to Ireland, if the bad qualities of Gaveston had not en- 
 tirely overbalanced the advantages his influence gave 
 him. Gaveston, on his arrival, put down all who at- 
 tempted to insult his government ; but the envy of the 
 great lords, and his own insolence, threatened to in- 
 terrupt his progress, when he was suddenly recalled. 
 Sir John Wogan, his successor, was chiefly employed in 
 holding assemblies, to ordain laws which the subject 
 would not obey, and he could not enforce; and in hear- 
 ing a dispute between the archbishops of Armagh and 
 Dublin, whether a bishop should have his crosier borne ' 
 erect or depressed in some particular districts — The 
 earl of Ulster and the Geraldines renewed their contests, 
 when, after the defeat and capture of the Earl, the in- 
 termarriage of Maurice and Thomas Fitz John, after- 
 wards heads of the houses of Desmond and Kildare, with 
 the earl's daughters, effected a union between these 
 families which promised some tranquility to the king- 
 dom. But new enemies and new disorders broke in on 
 its peace. Robert Bruce of Scotland had, by the victory 
 
 < ^ 
 
IRELAND. 47 
 
 of Bannockburn, given to the Scots a hope of being 
 able to free themselyes from the yoke of Edward, who 
 feebly kept what his father had won. The intelligence 
 of this victory created great joy among the Irish, who 
 considered themselves allied to the Scots : this joy was 
 accompai)ied with feelings of regret, that they alone had 
 not seized the opportunity, afforded by Edward's reign 
 of indolence, for throwing off the yoke. The chieftains 
 of Ulster therefore addressed themselves to Robert, re- 
 presented their grievances and readiness to acknowledge 
 as their sovereign any warrior who could rescue them 
 from slavery. Robert advised his brother Edward to 
 
 lay hold of this offer, promising-him such support 
 ' ' as would place him on the throne of Ireland — Ed~ 
 
 ward consented and landed on the Irish coast ; he 
 was however too precipitate, and failed, but did not 
 abandon his enterprise ; and on the 25th May 1315, land, 
 ed again with 6000 Scots on the North-east coast — ^the 
 Irish lords of Ulster flocked to his standard, and the 
 united forces marched on without opposition, devastating 
 the country and slaughtering the English settlers. Rich- 
 ard, earl of Ulster, rose with such forces as he could 
 collect to defend his possessions. He was joined by Phe- 
 lim O'Connor, Prince of Connaught ; at the same time 
 Butler, the lord deputy, collected the troops of Leins- 
 ter and hastened to the earl, who haughtily declined 
 his aid, and declaring himself a match for the Scots, ad- 
 vised the deputy to return to the seat of government. 
 Bruce, notwithstanding the earl's promises, marched in- 
 to Meath. Finding himself harrassed by the earl, he re- 
 treated, by the the advice of O'Nial of Tirowen, to Uls- 
 ter. The Earl followed, and was defeated in a general 
 battle fought near Coleraine; still he kept the field ; and 
 now Bruce began to tamper secretly with Phelim to de- 
 tach him from Richard. While Phelim was absent from 
 
48 HISTORY OF 
 
 Connaught, a kii^sman, Roderick, endeavoured to sup- 
 plant him, and applied to Bruce for aid, offering in re- 
 turn to support his claim to the throne of Ireland. Bruce 
 readily accepted his services, at the same time he cn> 
 deavoured to represent to him the folly of division, and 
 advised him to suspend the discussion of all claims, until 
 the common enemy was subdued; but without effect ; 
 Roderick persisted, and obliged the different septs to ac- 
 knowledge his power. 
 
 In order to subdue his rival, Phelim now proposed to 
 the earl to march into Connaught. Bruce was too strong 
 to allow the earl to comply, but he dismissed the chief- 
 tain, who gave many assurances of return, to watch over 
 his own interests. Phelim in his march, was pressed so 
 severely by the northern Irish, ignorant of his secret 
 understanding with Bruce, that on reaching a place of 
 safety he found his followers so weakened and dispirited, 
 he was obliged to dismiss them. He was soon followed 
 by the earl, who was compelled to retire, by the superior 
 force of the enemy, Bruce, prevented by famine from 
 following this advantage, retreated into Ulster, where, 
 unmolested, he assumed all the parade of royalty. On 
 the arrival of the earl in Connaught, Phelim's partisans 
 assembled with confidence ; an engagement took place 
 in which Roderick was defeated and slain. But no 
 sooner was Phelim reinstated in his dignity and posses- 
 sions, than he declared in favour of the Scottish interest, 
 and turned his arms against his late allies : his example 
 was followed by O'Brien of Thomond and other Irish 
 chieftains of Munster and Meath. In the mean time, 
 Bruce was crowned at Dundalk ; to enable him to sup- 
 port his dignity, his brother Robert landed with a pow- 
 erful army, but the famine which prevailed in Ireland 
 obliged him to return before he could do any thing de- 
 cisive. He left a body of forces with his brother, who 
 
IRELAND. 49 
 
 t 
 
 was further strengthened by several discontented Irish 
 and English, ampng whom were the de Lacys, who 
 flocked t« his standard. The town of Carrickfergus, 
 which had long resisted the Scottish troops, now surren- 
 dered, and Bruce leaving his exhausted quarters in UU< 
 ter, marched to the Soutli ward. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Who was appointed governor by Edward II. ? What prerented his 
 administration from being useful ? Who succeeded him ? How 
 was he employed ? Wbatintennarriage had influence in preserving 
 the tranquillity of the kingdom ? How did the Irish receive the in- 
 telligence of Robert Bruee's success ? What did they -do in conse* 
 quence? Who invaded Ireland ? With what success? What farce 
 had he when he made his 2d attempt ? Who first opposed bis progress ? 
 How did the earl of Ulster receive the deputy's offer of assistance ? 
 Who conqueredin the battle ■ of Coleraine? What took place in Con- 
 naught ? What was Bruee's advice to Roderick ? What became of 
 Hidim ^hen he returned to Connaught ? Where did Bruce mardi 
 to ? How did Fhelim recov«r his throne? How did Fhdim act then ? 
 Wliat prevented Kol)ert Bruce from staying in Ireland when he came 
 to Edward's Assistance ? Wliat town surrendered to Bruce ? 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 'League to support fcing Edward — Fhelim dejkated — Bruce 
 marches to Dublin — Ravages Kildare — Retreats to UlS' 
 ter — King Edward's enemies excommunicated — Battle of 
 Dundatk. 
 
 Bruce's success at length roused the English lords, 
 becoming alarmed at the danger which threatened their 
 own possessions, they entered into a league to support 
 tlie interests of king Edward. To encourage this spirit 
 of loyalty, some ofthe tnost deserving received marks of 
 the royal favour. John Fitzthomas, baron of O'Phally, 
 was created earl of Kildare, and Edmund Butler, earl 
 ©f Carrick. While every possible exertion vas waking 
 
 E 
 
 .vJj-.yrfVviii^iJtaA.' ..,^.-':_.w :■■'..■. ■ -■■- ->->**^-^--.. --..J - ■ ■ iriilrifeti 
 
50 HISTORY OF 
 
 to repel the Scots, an army was dispatched into Con- 
 naught, under William de Burgo, brother to the earl of 
 Ulster, and Richard de Bermingham, to punish the de- 
 sertion of Phelim O'Connor. 
 
 He advanced with spirit to meet his enemies. A bat- 
 tle was fought at Athenree which was, af\er a desperate 
 contest, gained by the English. Phelim, after losing 
 many of his troops, was slain. 
 
 The loss of his ally did not prevent Bruce from 
 marching to the very walls of Dublin, where his old an- 
 tagonist, the earl of Ulster, lay a prisoner ; he had been 
 seized by the chief magistrate of that city, on his re- 
 tiring to it before the Scotch army. He was suspected 
 of disloyalty, on account of his fcurmer inactivity and 
 his connection with Robert Bruce, Vho had married his 
 sister, and a)l the influence of the English government 
 could not obtain his release. The citizens of Dublin 
 fired the suburbs of the town, and made such prepara- 
 tions for defence, that Bruce thought it advisable to turn 
 aside into Kildare, which he devastated under the di- 
 rection of Walter de Lacy, who had just before dis. 
 avowed all connection with the invader, and had re- 
 newed his oath of allegiance to the English monarch. 
 Traversing the territory of Ossory, they penetrated into 
 Munster,and spread destruction and dismay over the coun- 
 try- It was with great difficulty that the government was 
 enabled to stop the progress of Bruce ; at length an army 
 was collected at Kilkenny, consisting it is said, of 30,000 
 men, when Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, arrived as 
 chief governor ; — Bface retraced his steps into Ulster, 
 but the English forces were not able to follow him thro' 
 a county completely exhausted; the new governor, there* 
 fore, dismissed his army, and convened the nobles in 
 , Dublin to deliberate on the state of affairs ; with the as* 
 sistance of this assembly he prevailed on the magis- 
 
. ' . ■ ■^, » " '•' 
 
 IRELAND. 51 
 
 trates to release the earl of Ulster, and then proceeded 
 into Meath, to compose the disorders of that district. 
 The de Lacys were cited to answer a charge, of hold- 
 ing treasonable correspondence With the king's enemies, 
 but instead of obeying the sammons, they looked on it 
 as an indignity, and slew the messenger who delivered 
 it. Their lands were thtn ravaged and seized, and they 
 themselves driven into Connaught. 
 
 The English interest seemed now prosperous, while 
 the affairs of the invaders became every day more des- 
 perate ; the Pope excommunicated all the enemies of 
 King Edward, and Robert and Edward Bruce were ex- 
 communicated by name ; the same sentence was de- 
 nounced against all the Irish clergy, who had by their 
 preaching excited their countrymen to insurrection. 
 The clergy had foreseen this, and had the precaution to 
 dispatch a remonstrance to Home in the name of O'Nial, 
 complaining that by the severity of their sufferings 
 under the English government, they bad been obliged 
 to withdraw their allegiance from it, and invite another 
 power to govern them — this remonstrance was forwarded 
 by the Pope to King Edward; meanwhile Bruce and his 
 troops were in the greatest distress ; disease and famine 
 destroyed his men, vvho were reduced to feed on the 
 dead bodies of their comrades. 
 
 In other parts of the kingdom where agriculture had 
 not been interrupted, the return of a fruitful season 
 brought relief to the English, who were enabled to re- 
 sume their hostile operations. On the return of Mor- 
 timer to England, the archbishops of Armagh and 
 Dublin had successively the chief management of af- 
 fairs ; the latter prelate assigned the command 'of the 
 forces to Sir J. Bermingham, who marched into Ulster 
 with several distinguished officers, and 1500 men. Bruce 
 
 iiad still an army more than double that number, and 
 
 e2 
 
 LIBRARY 
 UNIVERSm OF lU-'HOIS 
 
.'i2 HISTORY OF 
 
 though weak and disordered, their leader still continued 
 to prosecute his enterprise with unabated vigour ; and 
 so anxious was he to have the honor of deciding tbe 
 contest by his own valour and skill, that he hastened his 
 march on hearing that hi& brother Robert was about to 
 join him. 
 
 . Y< The armies met at Dundalk ; th& Fcots luiimated 
 with a hope of putting an end to their distresses, 
 the English impatient to exterminate invaders 
 who had harrassed the whole nation. The- archbishoj^ 
 of Armagh went through the ranks exborting the troops 
 to display their usual valour, distributing benedictions, 
 and pronouncing absolution on all who should fall. In 
 the conflict which followed, each side fought with de- 
 termined bravery; the Scots received a total defeat. 
 The body of Maupas, an English knight, who had 
 rushed into the ranks to encounter Bruce, was found 
 on that of bis antagonist ; Robert Bruce arqved only to 
 hear of his brother's defeat, and then instantly retired^ 
 The death of Edward put an end to tiiis invasion, rashly 
 undertakea and wildly pursued, by which the people 
 he came to govern, were plunged into distress^ of every^ 
 kind. 
 
 In the reign of Edward II. which now drew to a 
 close, the Irish parliamentary proceedings, as printed, be- 
 gin. Of his reign, we have five laws passed in one session.. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What effect had Bnice's success on the settleis ? What means di'd 
 the king take to encoutage the settlers to resist Bruce? Who com- 
 manded the army sent against Phehm ? Where did the two armies 
 meet ? What was the issue of tli« battle ? What progress did Bruce 
 make ? Why was the earl of Ulster imprisoned ? Who joined 
 Bruce before Dublin ? Where was the army collected that. stopped 
 Bruce ? Wlio^«rrived as chief governor ? What steps did he take ? 
 What psut did the Pope take during this invasion ? What was the 
 stale of Bruce's army after retreating into Ulster? ^\^lat enabled 
 tbe English to reassemble their army ? Who commanded the £n- 
 gUsh troops? Where did the armies. meet, and what was the issue? 
 
I 
 
 » - , ^ ■ .'.'>■■ ^: 
 
 IRELAND. 53 
 
 ♦ 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Attempts to establish an University — King 'writes to the 
 refractory barons — Desmond offended by La Peer — 
 Disturbances in Leinster — Roger Outlaio, chief gover- ' 
 nor—Jrish of the Pale apply for English laws. 
 
 From the overgrown power of the English nobles, 
 settled in Ireland, their contempt of a government too 
 weak to control them, the number and the vices of their 
 retainers, and the contentions for power and possessions, 
 the kingdom was filled with crimes and disorders of every 
 kind. 
 
 . -. To remedy this state of things, some prelates 
 
 were labouring with zeal to establish an univer> 
 
 ' sity for the study of theology, and of civil and 
 
 canon law ; and archbishop Bricknor modelled and 
 
 formed an academical body, which conferred degrees. 
 
 This seminary was aided by Edward HI. in 1358 ; he 
 enlarged the original endowment, and by special writ 
 granted his protection and safe conduct to the students 
 of this institution ; nevertheless this valuable attempt 
 for the cultivation of letters was defeated by the scenes - 
 of anarchy and confusion which followed. 
 . y. On the accession of Edward III. the English and^ 
 Irish chieftains were pursuing their own ambiti« 
 ous objects without paying any regard to the au- 
 thority of the king or his viceroy. 
 
 Thomas Fitz John, earl of JCiidare, then Lord Justice,, 
 represented to the king, the distress to which he was 
 exposed in his administration by the insolence of some 
 distinguished subjects who paid, no respect to his author 
 rity. This produced a.letter from the king ta Maurice 
 of Desmond, the earl of Louth, James Butler, Maurice 
 
 £ 3 
 
 ..J.A.L 
 
54 HISTORY OF 
 
 Rochford, and John de la Poer, enjoining them on their 
 allegiance, and at their peril, to obey the governor, and 
 assist him in preserving the peace and interest of the 
 crown. But Maurice of Desmond was not to be pre<. 
 vented by a royal mandate from avenging in the field a 
 personal insult he had received from de la Poer, who had 
 called him the Bymet. Kildare interposed in vain; the par- 
 ties armed, and de la Poer was defeated, driven out of the 
 kingdom, and his lands exposed to the vindictive rage 
 of the conqueror. The king commanded Maurice and 
 his associates, Butler and Berminghiam, on pain of for- 
 feiture, to lay down their arms ; alarmed at this threat, 
 they complied, but not before they had encouraged the 
 old septs of Leinster, under one of the family of Mao 
 Murchad, to rise against a divided pet^le; they in- 
 sulted the government, and were not defeated until they 
 had reached the neighbourhood of Dublin. Imraedi- 
 ately after, Kildare died, and the government was trans- 
 ferred to Roger Outlaw, prior of Kilmainham. The 
 new governor effected a reconciliation between de 
 Burgo, de la Poer, the Geraldines, and the Berming- 
 hams, which added considerably to the strength of the 
 government, and also intimidated the septs of Leinster. 
 
 The Irish of the pale took the opportunity, afforded by 
 the tranquillity which followed the union of the English 
 lords, to seek once more from the throne, a participa- 
 tion in the English laws, without obliging individuals to 
 sue for special charters. 
 
 Their petition was referred to the chief governor 
 Darcy, to be referred to the Irish Parliament, where it 
 met with the usual fate. 
 
 A well concerted insurrection bow broke out, under 
 O'Brien of Thomond. From Leinster, the flames of 
 war spread into Meath and Munster, and while it raged, 
 dreadful excesses were comn^ed; aiMMs the rest a 
 
IRELAND. 55 
 
 priest was murdered, and his church and congregation 
 reduced to ashes. 
 
 The horror produced by such terrible destruction 
 roused those most exposed, to a desperate defence. The 
 citizens of Wexford repelled the enemy with considera. 
 ble loss. James Butler, lately created earl of Qrmond, 
 actively defended his own territories ; the lord Justice 
 Darcy took the field, but his forces were unable to cope 
 with the Irish, and he was obliged to call to his aid Mau- 
 rice of Desmond, with whom he treated q» an ally, and. 
 who was now become so necessary to the support of go- 
 vernment, that he was created earl of Desmond, and 
 obtained a confirmation of his royat liberties in, Kerry. 
 The. earl of Ormond in the same year obtained a similar 
 grant of liberties, and converted his royal domains 
 into a county palatinate. This made the ninth of those 
 mischievous grants ; Carlow, Wexford, Kilkenny, Kii- 
 dare, and Leix, the portions of the five co-heiresses of 
 the family of earl Marshal, and iho-ie of Meath, Ulster,. 
 Desmond, and Ormond. These absolute palatines had 
 the privilege of making barons and knights ; held, crimi- 
 nal and civil courts, and made their own judges, sherifis, 
 and other officers; so that the king's writs did not run ia 
 those countries, which now occupied more than two 
 parts of the English pale< Many evils followed from 
 this creation of numbers of rival independent chiefs, 
 whose interest it was that the government to which they 
 owed allegiance, should be weak and distressed. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 By v>bat means did the Prelates endeavour to improre tbe pec^le? 
 Were their attempts successful ? What aid was given by Edward III? 
 "What was the state of the pale on the accession of Edward III.? 
 What offence was giren to Maurice of Desmond? By whom? 
 
Wr 
 
 56 HI8T0RV OF 
 
 What was the consequence ? What did the Irish of the pale do on 
 the restoration of tranquillity ? What was the fate of their applicati- 
 on ? Under whom did thu Irish now attack the English ? Who 
 first repulsed them ? On whom did the deputy call for assistance ? 
 What return was niadc to Desmond for his support ? What was the 
 nature of a county palatine? How many were now made? What 
 was the efl'ect of these grants. 
 
 CHArTER IV. 
 
 Sir Anihoni/ Lucy seizes several English Lords^-Edward 
 proposes to visit Ireland — Earl of Uhter murdered— 
 Measures taken by Edward against the English settlers — 
 Earl of Desmond calls a parliament at Kilkenny — Re- 
 monstrance to the king -—His answer. 
 
 Sir Anthony Lucy, who was now chief governor, sus- 
 pected from the little progress which was made in repres- 
 sing O'-Brien, that he was secretly abetted by some of 
 the English lords, and having obtained sufficient cvi- 
 dence of the fact, seized on the earl of Desmond, Man- 
 deviile, de Burgo, and his brother, with Walter sand 
 William Bermingham, the latter of whom was condemned 
 and executed. Several circumstances combined to ena- 
 ble the governor to act this spirited and impartial part. 
 Edward, in order to obtain supplies for prosecuting his 
 projected invasion of Scotland, was now amusing his- 
 parliament with proposals of visiting* Ireland, and bring- 
 ingthe whole of it into subjection to the English throne. 
 Several salutary ordinances were transmitted for the more 
 regular and effectual execution of the English laws ; Ed- 
 ward next resumed all the grants made in his reign, du- 
 ring the power of Mortimer, and soon after ordered the 
 attendance in England, of the Earls of Ulster and Or- 
 roond, Sir William and Sir Walter de Burgo, and all 
 the Barons of the realm of England, who held lands in 
 
IRELAND. 57 
 
 Ireland, to advise him on his voyage, »nd acconspany • 
 him to Ireland. An order was issued to seize and send 
 to Holy-head all ships in the Irish ports ;. and another 
 tor impressing a body of Welsh infantry ; and all officers 
 were ordered to their posts in Ireland. But at length 
 |1 Edward discovered his real object, and marched mta 
 Scotland. Nothing more was done for his Irish interests 
 than could be effected by precarious treaties, vhich dis- 
 covered to his enemies their power, but added no secu^ 
 rity to his government. 
 
 An event now occurred which filled the kingdomi with 
 consternation,, and involved it in fresh commotions. The 
 earl of Ulster was murdered at Carrickfergus by his owa 
 servants : the Countess fled into England with her infant 
 daughter, and left her immense possessions without de- 
 fence. By llie law oC England, the late earl's landa 
 should have been taken into the king's protection ; but 
 the O'Nlals did not acknowledge this law, and seizing 
 so favourable an opportunity of regaining their ancient 
 possessions, suddenly passed the Bann in arms, fell furi- 
 ously on the settlers, who were, after a desperate resis- 
 tance, nearly ex.tctminaLed.. Two of the most powerful 
 of the younger branches of the de Burgo family, ob« 
 tained possession of the late earl's iands in Coonaught ;. 
 and knowing that the 4aw of England would defend the 
 claim of the young heiress, they rejected the English, 
 law, renounced their own names, adopted the language^ 
 manners, and apparel of the Irish, and thenceforward 
 transmitted their posstssions ia the course of Tainistrjc 
 and gavel kind. 
 
 These commotions and successes- eneeuraged others^ 
 and while the governor had to watch the open enemy in 
 the field, he had also to guard against a number of secret 
 enemies of the English race ; he seized and confined twa 
 of the house of de la Poer: Nicholas Fitzmaurice, of 
 
 "TT 
 
 
"-WWl^F ■ 
 
 SB HISTORY OF 
 
 Kerry was made prisoner by Desmond, while Kildal** 
 chastised those who disturbed the peace of Leinster. In 
 the mean time, the measures of Ed\\ard served to in- 
 flame the discontents of the English lords : obliged to 
 seek every where for money to supply his wants, he had 
 applied to Ireland, and on being disappointed, resolved on 
 the most violent and offensive measures against his sub- 
 jects there. He declared void all suspensions or remis- 
 sions of debts due to the crown, either in his own or in 
 his predecessors time, except such as had the sanction 
 of the great seal : he resumed all grants made not only 
 by himself but by his father ; he dismissed the justices 
 of the king's bench, and common-pleas, Mountpesson, 
 and Baggot, and obliged the treasurer of the exchequer, 
 who claimed a privilege of disposing of small sums with, 
 out vouchers, to account from the commencement of his 
 reign. • 
 
 But the act most offensive and unjust, was an ordinance, 
 enjoining, that all who were in the king's service in Ire- 
 ]ind, and had not possessions in England, should be im- 
 mediately removed from their offices ; among the des- 
 cendants of the old English settlers, this act of Edwards 
 produced a most formidable combination ; insulted and 
 ij)jured, they made common cause, and the governor, 
 dreading some violent measures, summoned a parliament 
 to meet in Dublin. He had, hdwever, soon the mortifi- 
 cation to find that Desmond, supported by Kildare, had 
 convened a most numerous and respectable assembly at 
 Kilkenny, who stiled themselves the prelat.es, nobles and 
 commons, of the land. They prepared a remonstrance 
 to the king, in which they urged in the strongest manner 
 the irregularities in the administration, and the grievan- 
 ces which had for some time inflamed the public mind. 
 The king's answer was gracious and condescending ; he 
 made good former grants, and allowed the pardons for 
 
IRELAND. 
 
 59 
 
 debts to be valid, until the causes for those pardoo^ 
 should be tried. The ferment in Ireland was not how- 
 ever allayed ; dissensions multiplied between the descen. 
 dents of the old settlers, and those English who had 
 lately come into Ireland. The natives took advantage of 
 those dissensions and harrassed the pale in every direc- 
 tion. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What suspicions did Sir Anthony Lucy entertain of the English 
 Earons ? How did he act ? What enabled the governor at thi* 
 time to act so'spirited a part ? What .means were taken to secure 
 the peace of the pale, when Edward instead of going to Ireland, 
 marched into Scotland ? What nobleman was murdered in Uls- 
 ter ? What became of his property ? What conduct did Edward 
 pursue towards Ireland ? Which of his ordinances was the most of- 
 fensive and unjust? How did the Settlers act on its being made? 
 What did the governor do ? W'hat was the result of the assembly 
 at Kilkenny? What was the king's answer to the remonstrance? 
 How did the Irish act during these dissensions? 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Sir Ralph de Uffhrd, Governor — Desmond Summonses an 
 assembly at Catlan — 7* forced to submit — Earl of KU- 
 dare Imprisoned — Desmond seeks redress JromEd-oMrd-— 
 His Success — Fail of Kildare Knighted — Ordinances 
 against the degeneracy of the English -Lionel sent into 
 Ireland - State of Parties — Lionets Difficulties. 
 
 Sir Ralph de Ufford, a man of spirit and activity, was 
 now entrusted with the chief power iu Ireland. On his 
 arrival he took active steps to repress the inroads of the 
 Irish ; and then turned his attention to the discontented 
 English ; Desmond was summoned to attend a parlia- 
 
 
 ■jv^f**i»*-*^r'.' 
 
 "^-^is^e; 
 
60 HISTORY OP 
 
 mentin Dublin-, the earl proudly slighted the mandate 
 and called an assembly of his own at Callan. Sir Ralph 
 issued a proclamation, declaring this assembly unlawful, 
 and forbidding the nobles and commons to attend it ; and 
 then collecting his troops, marched into Munster, and 
 i«rced the refractory earl to submit. 
 
 The earl of Kildare was next attacked, taken, and 
 imprisoned, to the great aatonishment and terror of those 
 of the English race, who had so often insulted govern* 
 tnent with impunity. The death of UiFord soon de 
 prived the country of a governor, whose integrity and 
 spirit would have essentially served its interests, and th« 
 government passed into the hands of Sir John Morris, 
 who released Kildare from prison. In consequence of 
 ; an insurrection in Ulster, Morris was removed to make 
 way for Roger Darcy, and Walter de Bermingham was 
 soon substituted for him. Desmond took this opportu' 
 nity of remonstrating against the wrongs which he al- 
 leged he had received from UfFord ; he was warmly se- 
 conded by Bermingham. Edward was then about to em- 
 bark for France ; he received the earl in the most gra- 
 cious manner, promised to restore his lands, and took 
 him to the continent ; Kildare was encouraged by the 
 carl's success to take the same part, and he was -so dis- 
 tinguii^hed at the siege of Calais, that he received the 
 iionor of knighthood from the king's hand. By some 
 judicious enactments, and the favor shewn the earl of 
 Desmond, the peace of the English territories was for 
 some -tinre preserved, and the deputies had leisure to 
 summon parliament, and devise means for correcting 
 -abuses. 
 
 » -pv Sir Thomas Rokeby, governed with an equity 
 and integrity unknown to many of his predeces- 
 sors; the Irish, however, became so troublesome, 
 that Edward was induced to make Desmond chief go- 
 
^tH^xiy^ 'J« r-^r 
 
 >'^.'i^».-.A^^*'l 
 
 i'lffi^f" W" "•NK;;J.;':.!,[''-..W!IR||I^. ^>M"!*.":"f#?'' •y!-'«l««t''-Wj-^y*f7r 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 vernor. His connections and dependencies gave him 
 considerable advantages in the present state of affairs, 
 but his death soon restored the administration to 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1356. 
 
 Bokeby ; his power was confined to procuring 
 useful ordinances, directed chiefly against the 
 degeneracy of the old English; appeal to the English par* 
 liament was declared unnecessary, and was referred to 
 the Irish parliament. Another ordinance prohibited the 
 Don residence of incumbents ; and now the Irish par- 
 liaments were regulated according to the constitution of 
 England. But while the royal authority was applying 
 a remedy to one disorder, others broke out too powerful 
 to be restrained by a weak government ; and the quarrels 
 of the English, together with the inroads of the Irish, 
 covered the country with desolation. Edward ac- 
 customed to success and glory, grew impatient at this 
 scene, and determined to take some vigorous means of 
 subduing his Irish, and reforming his English subjects. 
 His second son-, Lionel, had been in his youth affianced 
 to the daughter of the late> earl of Ulster, and claimed 
 the earidom and iordsHiip of Connaught in her right. 
 Edward, therefore, consulting both the interests of his 
 . y. Irish dominions and his son's, sent him with 1500 
 men, into Ireland — he was attended by Ralph, 
 earl of Stafford, James, earl of Ormond, sir 
 John Carew, and sir William Windsore. With such a 
 force, and judicious management, Lionel might have 
 realized his father's expectations, but his first act shewed 
 how unfit he was to hold the reins of government. Two 
 parties had lately grown up in the country, one formed of 
 those who were English by birth, another, of those who 
 were English by descent. The contentions of these two 
 parties added In no small degree to the distractions of the 
 country, and their jealousies prevented that union which 
 
 p 
 
 
'^^F:" 
 
 G2 HISTORY OF 
 
 would have strengthened the government of the different 
 deputies. 
 
 Lionel, surrounded by the faction of English by birth, 
 listened to their suggestions, and forbade by proclama- 
 tion all the old settlers, or any of the king's subjects 
 of Irish birth to approach the camp. The insulted party 
 thus thrown off, the prince advanced against O'Brien 
 without guides or intelligence, and advised by men ut- 
 terly unacquainted with the nature of the service they 
 were on. The enemy hovered about his camp, suddenly 
 disappeared, and again reneived their attacks ; an ad- 
 vanced party was surprised and suffered great loss, and 
 many deserted to the enemy; th6 prince was obliged to 
 change his conduct ; the old settlers were invited to his 
 standard, while his father issued a proclamation, stating 
 the distress of the prince, now created the duke of 
 Clarence, and ordering all those nobles of the English 
 race who had not obeyed his Brst order, to repair im- 
 mediately to Ireland on pain of forfeiture. 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 Who was appointed deputy ? To what did he turn his atten- 
 tion ? What was the conduct of Desmond ? How did Ufford act 
 then ? Who was next atUcked ? What opportunity did Desmond 
 take of applying for redress ? What reception did he meet with from 
 Edward? Who followed his example? In what manner did Sir 
 Thomas Rokeby govern ? Why was he removed ? Wlien was he re- 
 storefl ? What ordinances were enacted during his administration ? 
 "V^liat means did Edward take to subdue the Irish and reform the 
 settlers? What was the first act of Lionel? Which were the two 
 I>arties then among the English ? What was the consiequence of his 
 conduct? What order dickthe king make to afford him assistance ? 
 
 EV' 
 
 iSM.^. 
 
IRELAND. G3 
 
 CHAPTER Vr. 
 
 Clarence recalled — Returns to Ireland — Statute of Kil- 
 kenjiy — -Sir William JVindsore's Administration, 
 
 By the assistance of the old settlers who crowded to 
 his standard, the duke gained many advantages over 
 the enemy ; after some successful expeditions, he re- 
 turned to the seat of government, and such favorable 
 opinions were entertained of his administration, that the 
 king's subjects, both clergy and laity, granted him two 
 years value of their revenues to defray the expenses of the 
 war. The duke, however, was soon recalled.and left Ireland 
 in a state of dissension. English by birth, and English by 
 descent, were become terms of odious distinction, and 
 produced violences, which called for a mandate froia 
 the king, commanding that no English subject, born ia 
 England or Ireland, should use opprobrious language, 
 under a penalty of two years imprisonment. 
 » jx Clarence was succeeded by the earl of Ormond, 
 
 who again, resigned to the Duke ; and he as 
 1S64< o ' B ' ^ 
 
 suddenly left the administration to sir Thomas 
 
 Dale, an English knight of too little consequence to 
 suppress the dissensions of theEnglish, much less to unite 
 them in any service of moment. 
 
 . pv Clarence was again sent over to stem by his au- 
 ^ thority the torrent of corruption and disorder, 
 
 and knowing from experience-the necessity of 
 reforming the £)nglish settlers, applied himself to this ob- 
 ject with energy. A parliament was summoned to meet 
 at Kilkenny, and was more numerously and respectably 
 attended than any convened in Ireland : the prelates of 
 Dublin, Cashel, Tuam, Lismore, Waterford, Killaloe, 
 Pisory, Leigblin and Cloyne, attended ; both estates sat 
 
 F 2 
 
64 HISTORY OP 
 
 together, and the result of their deliberations was the 
 famous statute of Kilkenny. It was by this enacted, that 
 marriage, nurture of infants, and gossipred with the Irish, 
 should be considered high treason — also, that any mah 
 of English race who should use an Irish name, or the 
 Irish language, or apparel, or any Irish custom, should 
 forfeit his lands, until he gave security to conform to the 
 English manners. The Brehon law was pronounced to 
 be a pernicious custom, lately introduced among the 
 English subjects-— the English were expressly prohibited 
 from making war on the Irish without special warrant 
 from the state — it was made highly penal to the English 
 to permit the Irish to graze their lands, present them to 
 benefices, or to entertain their bards, or news-tellers-— 
 it was made felony to impose or cess any forces on the 
 English subject against his will — express power viras gia 
 ven to the king's sheriffs to enter into all franchises, and 
 there to apprehendall felons or traitors. 
 
 This statute, together with the severe discipline en- 
 forced by Clarence, had some effect in reforming the old 
 English — This appeared from the improvement in the 
 revenues, and the suspension of petty hostilities among 
 the nobles. Still, however, the administration had not 
 sufficient strength to strike a lasting awe into the proud 
 and turbulent ; and on the young earl of Desmond's 
 succeeding the royal duke, the state was again embroil, 
 ed by the feuds of the families of Bermingham, which the 
 chief governor was unable to suppress, and was at length 
 reduced to treat with those disturbers as with a foreign 
 power. The Irish chieftains of Thomond and Con naught 
 formed a confederacy which threatened considerable 
 dangers. This alarming prospect produced an order 
 from the king, that all who absented themselves from 
 their Irish lands should return. A parliament was sum- 
 moned to deliberate on the measures most effectual for 
 
 "• > 
 
 m 
 
iheland. 65 
 
 the security of the king's Irish dominions, and sir Wil- 
 h'ana Windsore, who had served under Clarence, was ap« 
 pointed the king's h'eutenant» In the parliament which j 
 
 he convened at Kilkenny a subsidy of three thousand 
 pounds was granted, and one of two thousands in a fol- \ 
 
 lowing session, to carry ou the war against the Irish. 
 But while this assembly was thus providing, the forces 
 of O'Brien and O'Connor Were in the field without aa 
 army to oppose them. The earl of Desmond was the 
 first to oppose their progress ; his inferior numbers, how- 
 ever, were soon defeated, and he himself was slain ; and 
 when Windsore at length took the field; he was unable 
 to find the enemy m ho had retreated to haunts inacces* 
 sible to their opponent. The governor was now reduced 
 to the expedient of employing some of the Irish to act 
 against the rest, and several were engaged and paid to* 
 watch the motions of their countrymen. 
 
 . EXERCISES. 
 
 How did tlie people show their sense of the duke's services ? What- 
 was the state, of the pale after the departure of the duke o( Clarence ? 
 What measures did' Clarence take on his return to Ireland? How 
 was the meeting at Kilkenny attended ? What were the previsions 
 of that statute ? What effect had it? How did this appear ? Who 
 was appointed govemor.after Clarence? What grants did parliament 
 make under him? What took place while this parliament was utv 
 ting ? How did Windsore act against the Irith? 
 
 CHAPTER Vir. 
 
 Opinions in England of Irish qffuirs — Nicholas Dagtoortk' 
 sent into Ireland — Irish members summoned to the 
 English parliament. 
 
 Windsore was now removed : to him succeeded the 
 Earl of Kildare, and to him sir Robert Ashton. At 
 
 p 3 
 
66 HISTORY OF 
 
 this time the tumults in Ireland were so magnified in 
 England, that sir Richar^ Pembridge refused to execute 
 the commission of chief governor. The administration 
 therefore of Irish affairs was again assigned to sir Wil- 
 liam Windsore, who was allowed ta dictate the terms 
 on which he would accept the ofBce. Much was ex« 
 pected from this governor, but he was not able to do 
 more for the security of the English settlements, than ta 
 hire some of the Irish Chieftains to oppose their coun- 
 trymen : but whenever the stipulated price was delayed, 
 they rose in arms to exact payment. The same system 
 was pursued under the earl of Ormond who succeeded 
 Windsore. The English parliament, dissatisfied at being 
 obliged to support the king's Irish dominions, solicited 
 that enquiry should be .made into the deficiencies of the 
 royal revenues in Ireland ; the king too, was impatient 
 at finding any part of his supplies diverted into such a 
 channel from his military services. 
 . y. Nicholas Dagworth was therefore dispatched to> 
 
 Ireland, to state the kine's necessities, and the 
 
 1376 . . . 
 
 deficiencies in the Irish revenue,, and to have a 
 
 parliament convened for the purpose of granting a libe- 
 ral subsidy. The parliament met, pleaded poverty, and 
 refused. Edward was provoked, and issued writs of sum- 
 mons to both clergy and laity; the bishops were com* 
 manded to send two of the clergy from each diocese, 
 the commons, two laymen from, each county, the cities, 
 two citizens, ~ to the king in England, to treat, consult 
 and agree with him and his council, as well on the go- 
 vernment of the land of Ireland, as on the aid and sup- 
 port of the king's war. 
 
 The archbishop of Armagh and the county of Dublin, 
 in their answers declared that, *' they were not bound to 
 send persons into England to attend parliaments;" how- 
 ever they complied out of respect to the king and his 
 
'.•'■■ ■'■ ' "" ' .■•'■■ ■ ."*"'■■ ■ ' . ■ • .'^ 
 
 IRELA'ND. 67 
 
 necessities, but gave their deputies no power to accede 
 to the grants of any subsidy ; this restriction produced 
 another controversy. The result of this extraordinary 
 dispute is not exactly knovvn, but it appears that the re- 
 presentatives from Irdand, sat at Westminster, and that 
 their wages were levied off the respective places which 
 had elected them. Edward died ia ia77. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What was the opinion in England of the state of affairs in Ireland ? 
 What instance is given of this opinion ? What steps did Sir William 
 Windsore take to secure the English settlements? Who succeeded 
 Windsore ? What was the English parliament dissatisfied at? What 
 was done in consequence ? What was the conduct of the Irish parli« 
 ament? What steps did the king then take? What is known con- 
 cerning the parliament summoaed to England ? When did Edward 
 die ? 
 
 RECAPIT ULA TION. 
 
 In what year did Edward II. succeed to the throne ? Who wa» 
 appointed chief governor by him ? Wliat was his character ? What 
 impressions did the progress of the Scottish arms make in Ireland ? 
 What effect did these impressions produce? When did Edward 
 Bruce land ? What are the principal circumstances of that invasion 
 and how did it terminate ? What was the conduct of the Prince of Con- 
 naught during that invasion ? What pvt cBd the Pope take? What dis- 
 tressed Bruce besides the English forces ? With respect to acts of parlia- 
 ment, what is remarkable of this reign ? What steps were taken by the 
 prelates to remedy the disorders of those dmes ? When did Edward 
 III. ascend the throne ? What was the state of parties then, and 
 what was the insult offered to Desmond? The Irish of the pale made 
 a request at this time, what was it ? What was the result ? What 
 reward did Desmond receive, and what effect had it and similar gnmts 
 on the country ? How did Sir A. Lucy act towards the English, 
 lords? What circumstances enabled him to act so ? What nobleman 
 was murdered in Ulster? What was the consequence? The king 
 applied to his English subjects in Ireland for aid, what success did 
 his application meet, and what was the king's conduct afterwards? 
 What consequences did the king's conduct produce? What answer 
 was giveu to the remomtrance from the assembly at Kilkenny Wh«t 
 
 
 1 III ■miiiirTiT'i 
 
68 HISTORY OP 
 
 was the conduct of Desmond during the administntioit of Uflbrd ? 
 What occurred on Desmond's application to the king ? What regu< 
 lations were made during the administration of Kokeby in 1356 ? In 
 what year did Edward send over his son Lionel, and why ? What 
 parties then prevailed in the Pale? How did Lionel act towards 
 those parties? What was the result of this conduct? When was the 
 statute of Kilkenny passed ? What were the provisions of it ? 
 What effect had it ? Who was Sir Richard Pembridee, and how 
 is his name connected with the state of Ireland ? What measures 
 did Sir William Windsore take on bis reappointment to preserve the 
 public peace ? In what year was Nicholas Dagworth sent into Ire- 
 land and on what occasion ? Where was an Irish parliament sum- 
 moned to on his return ? 
 
 BOOK THE FIFTH, 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 Complaints of the English parlit^ments — Of the Irish 
 subjects — Sir Nicholas Dagworth tent to inspect the 
 revenue — Richard II. lands at Waterfbrd.. 
 
 ^ y. The accession of Richard II. made no altera- 
 tion in the affairs of Ireland ; in the remote dis- 
 
 1377 
 
 ' tricts, hostilities were renewed or suspended, as 
 
 the interests of parties directed, and tlie royal territo- 
 ries were confined within very narrow bounds ; the Eng- 
 lish parliament continued to express their uneasiness 
 at the expense attending the maintenance of the king's 
 Iri^ dominions ; on the other hand, the subjects of 
 Ireland complained of the number of the nobility and 
 gentry, who abandoned, their Irish lands, and left the 
 residents unequal to the charge necessary for the public 
 A jx cause. A law was in consequence passed, in- 
 flicting heavy penalties on absentees ; at the same 
 ' tiftie the king gave a liberty to his Irish subjects 
 
 ■ i-iiit i T^-f'Hl'ifiirilli 
 
IRELAND. 69 
 
 to work mines, paying him a ninth, to coin money, and 
 to hold a free trade with Portugal. As the Englisk 
 treasury was now greatly exhausted, while the exigen* 
 cies of the state required supplies, Sir Nicholas Dag- 
 worth was sent to Ireland to survey the possessions of 
 the crown, and to enquire into the conduct of the king's 
 officers, to whom the revenue was entrusted. To add 
 dignity to the administration, Edmund Mortimer, Eari 
 of Marche and Ulster, son to Lionel, Duke of Cla- 
 rence, was appointed vice<gerent, and on his death, the 
 same dignity was conferred on his young 8<m» Roger, 
 and the government administered by his uncle, Thomas 
 Mortimer, as lord deputy. The Irish coasts were so in- 
 fested by the galliesof France and Spain, that the Eng- 
 lish navy was called out to oppose them : the hostile 
 fleets met in the harbour of Kinsale, and the French 
 aud Spaniards were defeated. Notwithstanding this be- 
 nefit, the Irish parliament did not grant any considero 
 able supply, and the young vice gerent was recalled, to 
 make room for Philip de Courtney, who was invested 
 with great powers, and had a patent to ho}d hia office 
 for ten years ; but his violence and oppression were so 
 great that he was not only superseded, but arrested to 
 answer the charges made against him. Richard II. now 
 gave an extraordinary proof of his weakness and folly ; 
 he created his favourite the earl of Oxford, marquis of 
 Dublin, and by the same patent granted to him the en- 
 tire dominion of Ireland, to 4>e held of the crown by 
 liege homage, excepting those lands and cities, formerly 
 reserved to the crown, and those hereditary to the no- 
 bles and barons of Ireland ; for which the earl was 
 bound, as soon as he could complete the conquest of 
 Ireland, to pay into the Englbh exchequer, 5000 marks 
 annually during his life. In every olher particular he 
 had the entire government, with power to appoint all of- 
 
 
 ._iijSSi..i.. :: i^. 
 
70 HISTORY OF 
 
 ficers of state and justice ; the English parliament, anxi- 
 ous perhaps to separate this favorite from the king, con. 
 firmed the grant, and gave the marquis a debt of 30,C 10 
 marks, due by the king of France, provided he went into 
 Ireland, and suppressed the insurrections which raged 
 in many of the English counties. Five hundred men at 
 arms, and one thousand archers, were granted to him 
 for the conquest for two years ; great expectations were 
 formed from the presence of a nobleman so dignified and 
 attended. The king accompanied him into Wales on 
 his journey ; but when about to part from him, found 
 his affection was too strong to bear a separation, and the 
 marquis returned to London, leaving the government of 
 Ireland to his deputies. The favorite was, however, 
 ^ y. soon banished by the nobility of England, his 
 grants revoked, and the government entrusted to 
 sir John Stanley first, aflerwards to the earl of 
 Ormond, who acted with vigour and some success. 
 O'Nial surrendered himself to Stanley, and consented 
 to restore the duties he received from Ulster, to tlie fa- 
 mily of the earl of Ulster ; Ormond was chiefly employ- 
 ed in the south, and gained a victory of some conse- 
 quence near Kilkenny. Notwithstanding these partial 
 successes, the country was still a prey to all the evils of 
 war, and the subsidies demanded from the English par- 
 liament for the use of Ireland, produced continual re- 
 monstrances. Gloucester, the king's uncle, offered to 
 repair in person to Ireland, and labour for its general 
 pacification ; the ofier was accepted, some forces were 
 prepared, and the duke was ready to embark, when his 
 nephew countermanded his departure, apprehensive per- 
 haps, of the danger arising from a powerful and popular 
 prince, invested with high authority, and commanding 
 a considerable force. 
 
 The king now determined to go in person ; prepara- 
 
IRELAND. 71 
 
 tions were made accordingly ; sir Thomas Scroop was 
 
 sent to prepare for his reception ; and in the month of 
 
 . J. October, Richard landed at Waterford with 4000 
 
 men at arms, and 30,000 archers, attended by 
 
 1394) 
 
 the duke of Gloucester, the earls of Notting- 
 
 liam and Rutland ; Thomas lord Piercy, and other dts« 
 
 tinguished personages. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What effect had the accession of Richard II. on Irish afiBurs? 
 What law was passed in 1379? What liberties did he grant to his 
 Irish subjects? Why was Nicholas Dagworth sent into Ireland? 
 What naval engagement took place? What mark of favour did the 
 king shew the Earl of Oxford ? What grants did the parliament 
 make to him ? What was the issue of his appointment ? Who of- 
 fered to come over as chief governor? Why was he prevented ? When 
 did the king arrive ? 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Transactions after Richard's Arrival — His departure- 
 Death of Earl Marche — Richard's Return — Accession 
 of Henri/ IF. 
 
 Attended as Richard now was, with a force sufficient 
 to ensure obedience, much might have been done, had 
 the king any idea of what system of policy he ought to 
 have acted on towards Ireland • instead, however, of 
 adopting any means which might have laid the founda- 
 tion of lasting peace, by assimilating the whole body of 
 the people ; he contented himself with the ceremonial, 
 of receiving homage from those who knew it was not in 
 their power to resist. Seventy-five Irish chieftains, each a 
 despot in his own dominions, made their submissions. 
 The king entertained them with great magnificence, and 
 
 
72 HISTORY OF 
 
 offered to confer the honor of knighthood on O'Nial, 
 O'Connor, O'Brien, and Mac Murchad, who at first re- 
 fused, not conceiving that it could be any accession of 
 dignity to them — the only stipulation of any consequence 
 made, was with the Irish of Leinster, who bound them- 
 selves to evacuate the province. After a residence of 
 nine months, Richard departed, leaving Roger Morti- 
 mer^ earl of Marehe, vice-gerent ; the stipulations with 
 respect to Leinster, now came to be enforced, the royal 
 army was, however, gone, and the requisitions of go- 
 vernment treated with contempt. During the hostilities 
 which ensued, the earl of Marche fell io the county 
 * jy Wicklow, and his army was defeated by the 
 Byrnes. Richard, d^ermined to avenge bis 
 death, made preparations for a «econd expedi- 
 j. jy ^'<^°> *^"^ landed at Waterford« on the 13th of 
 May ; six days were spent in Waterford, fourteen 
 in Kilkenny, waiting the arrival of the duke of 
 Aumerle, who was to follow with reinforcements. Richard 
 at length marched against Ar. Mac Murchad, who re- 
 treated to his woods on the enemies approach, and com- 
 pletely foiled all his attempts. Richard after receiving 
 the submissions of some other chieflajns, was forced to 
 retreat. Mac Murchad thought this was a favourable 
 opportunity for making terms, and proposed a confer- 
 ence, in which he was met by the duke of Gloucester; 
 hut Mac Murchad refusing to be bound by any condi- 
 tions, though he consented to submit, the conference 
 was broken off; the English monarch vowed, never to de. 
 part from Ireland until he was in possession of Mac 
 Murchad, dead or alive ; but having afVer a stay of six 
 weeks in Dublin, received intelligence of his having 
 been dethroned, he departed. No acts of parliament 
 oji his reign, are to be found in the statute book. 
 
 
IRELAND. 73 
 
 The accession of Henry IV. laid the founda> 
 lion of the bloody contests between the houses 
 1399. ^j. yyj.j^ gj^jj Lancaster ; these were severely felt 
 in Ireland, and for many years interfered with the im- 
 provement of the country. Under the administration of 
 Stanley and .Scroop, disorders multiplied, and the arch, 
 bishop of Ai^agh was sent by an Irish parliament to 
 lay the state of the country before the king. This 
 prelate was graciously received, and Henry's second 
 «on, ThomaSt duke of Lancaster, was sent into Ireland 
 as vice-gerent. On Henry's accession, the Scots had 
 declared war against him, and now made several descents 
 on the Irish coasts, led by Donald of the Isles, and his 
 brother John, and defeated a fleet fitted out by^e citi- 
 zens of Dublin. 
 
 , -Q The arrival of the duke of Lancaster, accompa- 
 nied by a strong force, promised Bome tranquillity ; 
 several wholesome and equitable regulations were 
 made ; many chieftains renewed their submissions, and 
 a parliament was convened at Castledermot, to devise 
 means for repelling the Scottish invaders. The county 
 of Dublin granted a subsidy, troops were collected, and 
 the war carried to the -coasts of Scotland. Mean time 
 ^ Q the duKe of Lancaster returned to England, and 
 Mac Murchad bid defiance to th* deputy Scroop. 
 A parliament assembled at Dublin, and tlience 
 adjourned to Trim to concert measures for restraining 
 him : the deputy, aided by Ormond and Desmond, 
 marched against liim, and he was defeated after a well 
 disputed battle. He was not reduced when the victors 
 were called off to another quarter. 
 A. D. ^''® *^"^® ^^ Lancaster new returned to Ireland, 
 1408 ^'^^^^ ^^^^ additional powers, but except reduc- 
 ing the earl of Kildare, whose allegiance was im- 
 peached, did nothing remarkable. After having been 
 
 
 11 
 
 i_. 
 
 ^HSU 
 
74 HISTORY OF 
 
 defeated and wounded under the walk of Dublin, he re- 
 turned to England, leaving as his deputy, Butler, the 
 prior of St. John of Jerusalem. 
 
 The power of the Irish was now so great, that the 
 English were obliged to pay an annual stipend, afterwards 
 called black-rent, to purchase the protection of the Irish 
 chieflains. None of the acts passed in the reign of 
 Henry IV. are in the statute book. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What was tlie king's conduct on his arrival ? On whom did he offer 
 to confer knighthood ? What stipulation of consequence was made? 
 'Where was die earl of Marche killed? What means did Richard 
 take of avenging his death ? What took place after his arrival ? \yhat 
 vow did the king make respecting Mac Murchad? How was the 
 foundation laid of the feuds between the houses of York and Lan- 
 caster? What effect had they on Ireland ? How did the Scots act 
 towards Ireland ? What occurred after the arrival of the duke of 
 Lancaster? Who assisted the deputy against Mac Murchad? What 
 proves the weakness of tlie English government in Ireland at this 
 period? 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Parliament refuses to grant supplies.-^ State of the English 
 settlers — Parliament petitions the king — Bishop of 
 Meath appointed depvAy. 
 
 . J. During the reign of Henry V. little attention 
 was paid to Ireland by a monarch whose ambition 
 and love of glory were entirely occupied by his 
 continental wars. Sir John Stanley was again appointed 
 to the chief command, to the utter dissatisfaction of those 
 he waste govern ; but an end was soon put to his rapa- 
 city by his death. The Irish council appointed Crawly, 
 archbifihop of Dublin, to succeed him ; but though pi- 
 
IRELAND. 75 
 
 ous and learned, he was not qualified either by his pro- 
 fession or temper to govern a turbulent people. 
 
 Parliament refuse^ to grant supplies, though the enemy- 
 was in arms, and the kingdom seeoned ready to sink un- 
 der the calamities of war and faction, when sir John 
 Talbot, lord Furnival, a man distinguished by his mili- 
 tary talents, was sent from England to assume the reins 
 of government. Sir John, unaccompanied by any force, 
 was obliged to rely on his own exertions for raising 
 troops in Ireland, but he acted with so much vigour, that 
 he struck terror into the Irish chieftains, and even Mac 
 Murchad was forced to give hostages for his peaceable 
 conduct. 
 
 But Furnival, though he defended the pale, gave lit- 
 tle satisfaction in other respects, and the exactions for 
 the support of the soldiery were as severe as under the 
 government of any of his predecessors. The descen- 
 dents of the old English settlers were now reduced to a 
 most mortifying condition; they were looked upon by the 
 native Irish, as aliens and intruders, and by their fellow 
 subjects in England, who formed their opinions from 
 magnified reports of their degeneracy, with horror and 
 contempt. Many of the most profligate of the Irish had 
 passed into England to seek relief for their wants or re- 
 fuge for their oflfences, and from these outcasts a judge- 
 ment was formed of the whole race. In the beginning of 
 the present reign, the English parliament had enacted, 
 that all such should be obliged to depart ; and to such 
 an unjustifiable extent was the execution of this law 
 carried, that students, though expressly exempted in 
 the statute, were excluded from the inns of court. Those 
 who were sent from England to the government or to 
 any office of trust or confidence, came full of those pre- 
 judices, and consequently were tempted to exercise 
 their authority with insolence. The old English race 
 
 G 2 
 
 ■^a 
 
T6 HISTORY OF 
 
 were thus irritated to the utmost, and in the 4th of 
 Henry V. a parliament was convened at Dublin, to lay 
 all their grievances before the throne ; but Merbury, the 
 chancellor, refusing to affix the great seal, the petition 
 could not be transmitted. 
 
 . y, Furnival was removed, and was succeeded by 
 the earl of Ormond, whose appointment to the 
 '* vicegerentcy was peculiarly acceptable to his 
 countrymen of the English race. A subsidy was granted 
 in parliament of 1000 marks, accompanied with a repre- 
 sentation of grievances. The petition to the throne was 
 now revived, and passed through th^ proper forms ; the 
 archbishop of Armagh, and sir Christopher Preston, 
 were appointed to present this petition, in which the 
 kin^x's personal appearance in Ireland is entreated, and a 
 pathetic representation made of the distresses of his sub- 
 jects there, harrassed on the one hand, by the injustice 
 and extortion of his majesty's ministers, and on the other 
 by the incursions of the Irish, whose conduct they be- 
 seech his highness to lay before the pope, and to prevaL' 
 on the lioly father to publish a crusade against thenu 
 The petiUon further prayed,^ that Merbury might be 
 cited before the king, to answer for his former insolent 
 opposition to them, ami represents the unreasonable ex* 
 elusion of their students from the innsof court, and the 
 number of absentees ; and also prays that their commerce 
 might be defended, and their coin regulated; but above all 
 they urgently entreat that commissioners may be appoint- 
 ed to inspect the conduct of officers sent into Ireland. 
 Though it does not appear what particular attention was 
 paid to this petition, there is reason to suppose that the 
 complaints of his Irish subjects were not entirely unno- 
 ticed by the king ; for soon after Merbury was removed 
 and Fitzthomas, prior of the hospital of St. John of Je- 
 
 
IRELAND. 77 
 
 rusalem, substituted for him. The Earl of Ormond was 
 contmued in his administration ; but while he defended 
 the pale, the security enjoyed gave rise to internal di, 
 visions between the parties of English by birth, and £ng- 
 lish by descent. 
 
 - j^ Henry V. died and was succeeded by his infant 
 son. No acts passed in his reign are in the Irish 
 ^^^^' statute bobk 
 
 . j^ While the Irish in different quarters attacked the 
 English pale, a parliament convened at Trim, 
 under the archbishop of Dublin, could vote no 
 more than 60 archers, and 12 men at arms for 40 days ; 
 and while their borders were thus infested, the English 
 by descent found leisure to pursue Merbury with all the 
 virulence of party spirit. 
 
 To repel the enemy and put an end to those civil dis- 
 sensions, the English regency thought it sufficient to use 
 the name of Edmund earl of Marche and Ulster, who 
 disdaining to do the duty in person, deputed the bishop 
 of Meath to govern in his absence. This prelate's rank, 
 and his being English by birth, ju-oyoked the nobles, who, 
 when assembled m council, observed that his commission 
 was sealed with a private sea) ; the archbishop of Dub- 
 lin protested against the mode of his appointment, and 
 refused to administer the oaths. After a long discussion,^ 
 however, he was received, to prevent the inconvenience 
 which might arise from the suspension of government; 
 Such was the violence of party, that the bishop was a 
 little after maliciously accused of stealing a chalice* 
 . p. This prelate summoned a parliament, which, 
 among other provisions, voted a contiauance of 
 the pension of 80 marks a year to Gerald Kave- 
 nagh, successor to Mac Murchad, for his services in keep- 
 ing the peace. The bishop was succeeded by the earl 
 of Urmond ; he seems to have been appointed for the 
 
 « 5 
 
78 HISTORY OF 
 
 purpose of suppressing some commotions in the nortTi : 
 several parties from Scotland liad passed into UUter, 
 where they were retained by the Irish Chieftains, whom 
 they assisted in ravaging the English seitlementst The 
 earl of Marche and Ulster now found it necessary to 
 repair to Ireland to defend his own lands from those 
 inroads, but died suddenly at Trim. 
 
 Talbot, lord Furnival, was appointed to succeed him as 
 lord justice, and soon after the earl of Ormond was 
 made lord lieutenant. Nothing remarkable is known 
 of the administration of these two noblemen : it is how. 
 evet certain, that their operations intimidated the Irish 
 chieftains, many of whose indentures remain in very 
 submissive terms, in which the tribute called black-rent 
 is relinquished ; several of the old English race also were 
 reduced to submission At this time a remarkable in. 
 stance occurs of the poverty or oeconomy of those days.. 
 It was agreed in council, that as the hall of the castle 
 of Dublin, and the windows thereof were in a ruinous 
 state, and *' that tiiere was in the treasury a certain an« 
 cient silver seal cancelled," which was of no use to the 
 king, the said seal should be broken up and sold, and the 
 money laid out on the said hall and windows. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 How was Henry V. occupied during his reign ? What was the 
 conduct of the Irish parliament while Crawley was governor ? Who 
 succeeded him ? What was Sir J. Talbot's character ? How did he 
 manage affairs ? How were the descendents of the settlers looked on 
 by the people of England ? What was the cause of this ? What acts 
 were passed in England in tonsequence? What offence did 
 Merbury give ? What party was pleased at the appointm^it of Or- 
 mond ? What were the grievances complained of in the petition to 
 the king ? What proof is there that the petition was attended to ? 
 What aid was voted by the parliament at Trim ? What occurred on 
 the apointment of the bishop of Meath ? What remarkable act of 
 founcil passed at this time ? 
 
IRELAND. 79 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 State of the Pale — Complaints against Ormond — Duke of 
 York Vice gerent. 
 
 Ireland novr enjoyed some tranquillity, but it did not 
 continue long, and it appears by the representations of a 
 
 parliament, that the pale was so greatly straitened, 
 
 that the county of Dublin was alone entirely free 
 1*30. lY^j^ ^Yie power of the Irish: the neglect shewn 
 by the Lancastrian princes to- the earls of Desmond and 
 Kildare, and the favour shewn to the earl of Ormond, 
 were the cause of jealousies and animosities, which were 
 suspended until a favourable opportunity should occur of 
 giving way to their suggestions— .the nephew of the pre- 
 sent earl of Desmond had, while he enjoyed the title, 
 married Catharine Mc'Corraack, the daughter of one of 
 his dependfints, a beautiful and virtuous woman. This 
 unequal match was looked upon as a great degradation 
 by his followers. His uncle, James, took advantage of 
 this circumstance, and at the head of his adherents, thrice 
 expelled his nephew from his country, and obliged him 
 to make a formal surrender of his estate and dignity, 
 which James had confirmed to him. Under a pretended 
 grant, he possessed himself of an extensive district, call- 
 ed the kingdom of Cork, which he held in defiance of the 
 legal claims of the Carews and Courceys. Having join- 
 ed with Ormond in a quarrel between the houses of 
 Butler and Talbot,, he obtained, by the influence of the 
 former, several important favours ; he was by patent go- 
 
 vernor of Waterford, Cork, Limerick and Kerry ; 
 
 and, under pretence that his services were ne. 
 
 cessary in the remoter districts, and that his 
 journeys to parliament were inconvenient, and dangerous 
 
 ,1 
 
80 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 to one hated by the Irish, on account of his attachment 
 to the crown, he was h'cenced to absent himself from all 
 future parliaments, and allowed to send a proxy. Thus 
 he was left to exercise a sovereij^nty in his own territories, 
 detached from the English government, in all the state 
 of an independent chieftain. In consequence of some 
 private quarrels, Ormond was obliged to lead his forces 
 against Desmond, who bid defiance to that government 
 which had given him so much consequence. He was so 
 powerfully supported that the viceroy was forced to treat 
 with his antagonist ais with an independent sovereign. 
 A truce concluded for a year, gave Desmond an op* 
 portunity of intriguing with the enemies of the governor. 
 And now Ormond, hitherto so popular, found hia influence 
 every day declining, and himself insuUed with impunity. 
 Representations were made to the court of England with 
 so much effect, that the king was induced to send a spe- 
 cial mandate, ordering the earl to repair to his presence, 
 and explain the* causes of those discontents which had 
 been conveyed to the throne. Ormond summoned the 
 nobility and gentry of the pale to attend him at Drog. 
 heda ; he informed them of the royal mandate, and that 
 after a government of three years, administered with 
 fidelity and success, he was called on to render an ac. 
 count of his conduct at the foot of the throne. " The 
 English agents" said he, " who bring the royal orders are 
 here before you, and in their presence I boldly appeal 
 to my most inveterate enemy — if any such there be in 
 this assembly, let him boldly stand fortb<-->let him declare 
 in what I have offended ; let him point out the single in- 
 stance in which the subject hath suffered by my injus- 
 tice, or the state by my neglect. Here \et me be brought 
 to the severest scrutiny, not insidiously maligned in my 
 absence." The power of conscious inBoceoce wan irre- 
 
IRELAND. $1 
 
 sistible, — the most honourable testimonies were borne to 
 his integrity and services, and the order for his depar- 
 ture was countermanded. His enemies were not, how- 
 ever, defeated, and succeeded in carrying an address in 
 parliament of a different nature, which was transmitted to 
 the king ; and, notwithstanding his majesty received from 
 the bishops of Cork and Cloyne several temporal lords, 
 and some corporations, the amplest testimonials in the 
 earl's favour, his enemies succeeded ; and Talbot, earl of 
 Shrewsbury, now created earl of Waterford, was sent in- 
 to Ireland to take the administration of government into his 
 
 bands. Talbot was- attended by 700 chosen men : 
 
 AD • • 
 
 * he first reduced the Irish chieftains^ and then 
 
 1445 
 
 ' turned his attention to the hostilities among the 
 
 English, some of the most obnoxioBS of whom, particu- 
 larly of the Berminghams, were seized, condemned, and 
 executed. The public peace being:thus restored, a par- 
 liament was convened at Trim>: ia this assembly it was 
 declared highly penal to conform to the Irish fashr 
 J ion of the hair and beard ; it was enacted, that 
 '' the denized Irish, guilty of rohbery or homicide, 
 should forfeit their privilege and be treated as enemies^ 
 It was forbidden to receive clipped or counterfeit coin ^ 
 it was also enacted that no person should use gold trap- 
 pings, horse furniture, or gilded harness, except knights 
 or prelates ; and to discourage the transportation of bul. 
 lion, a custom of twelve pence was imposed on each 
 ounce of silver so transported. — Talbot resigned himself 
 entirely to the faction which opposed the earl of Orroond ; 
 he even went so far as, on his returu to England,^ t» ac- 
 cuse him of treason before the duke of Bedford.. But 
 the king, either from bis own indulgent temper, or the 
 policy of his minister, interposed his authority, and stop- 
 ped the prosecution of this charge. The prior of Kil- 
 
82 HisTony of 
 
 xnainham renewed the charge, which was to be supported 
 by combat ; but the king again interposed, and this re- 
 peated favour shewn to the earl of Ormond seems to 
 have laid the foundation of that lasting attachment 
 which his family afterwards discovered to the house of 
 Lancaster. — The petitions sent to every English parlia- 
 ment, describing the hostile disposition of the Irish in 
 aggravated terms, seem to have afforded a pretence for 
 appointing Richard, duke of York, vicegerent of Ire- 
 land. He stipulated to hold his government for ten 
 years: to receive the whole revenue of Irdand, an an- 
 nual pension of 2000 marks from England, and an im- 
 mediate advance of 2000 marks ; to be empowered to let 
 tlie king's lands, to dispose of all offices, to levy forces, 
 name his deputy, and return at his pleasure. 
 
 His arrival and appearance was splendid and nmg- 
 nificent. He entertained every pairty with equal 
 kindness, and the Irish subjects, whose jealousies 
 had too often been awakened by the neglect of former 
 governors, and their indignation roused by contempt,^ 
 were captivated by a prince who treated them agreeably 
 to their ideas of their own consequence and meritfi.>— 
 Ormond, though he was known to be remarkably attach- 
 ed to the reigning prince, was nevertheless received by 
 the new governor wfth the respect and attention due te 
 his rank. His intercourse with the English court, which 
 had formed him to the manners of rank and station, taught 
 him to value the civilities of the duke, and return them 
 by an exterior of respect and deference. Desmond, who 
 lived retired, rather with the port of an Irish chieftaia 
 than an English subject, being less experienced, was 
 captivated by the obliging demeanor of the duke of 
 York, who soon after his arrival had an^pportunity of 
 shewing an impaftial attention to these great rivals.-— 
 
IRELAND. 83 
 
 His son, afterwards George duke of Clarence, was born 
 in the castle of Dublin. Oroiond and Desmond were 
 chosen sponsors, a circumstance which had its effect on 
 Desmond, who was strongly possessed witli the Irish ideas 
 of gossipred and its ties, and was thus con6rmed in his 
 attachment to the duke. The son of a northern chieftain 
 named M'Eochaghan, either to avenge some wroogs, or 
 from the impetuosity of youthful valour,hadmadean inroad 
 into Me^th. This gave occasion to the duke to press for 
 the stipulated remittances from England ; but when the 
 duke ma>'ched against M'Eochaghan, the danger was 
 found to be very trifling ; a treaty was concluded, and the 
 young chieftain returned, boasting that he had given 
 peace to the king's lieutenant. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What excited jealouses l>etween the Geraldines and Butlers ? How 
 did the nephew of the earl of Desmond lose his estate and title? How 
 did Desmond obtain several important favours ? What were these 
 favours ? In what manner did he act towards Ormoad ? How did 
 Ormond act when summoned to England ' What effect had his con- 
 duct ? Who succeeded him ? What force had Talbot ? What steps 
 did he take to restore tranquility ? What was enacted by the parlia* 
 ment held at Trim ? To what faction did Talbot resign himself ? How 
 did the king act when Ormond was accused ? On what conditions did 
 the duke of York accept the office of vicegerent ? How did be act 
 during his administration ? What means «|id he emplc^ for reconcil- 
 ing Ormond and Desmond ? What Irish chieftain made on inroad 
 into Meath ? What triumph did he boast of ? 
 
84) HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 JItuke of York's administration — Generous contest between i 
 O^Connor and his son — Duke of York's debate — Des- 
 mond chief governor. 
 
 The duke of York took every opportunity of recom- 
 mending himself as well to the native Irish as to the Eng- 
 lish subjects, and enforced all the institutions which were 
 calculated to remedy and repress the disorders and abuses 
 wJhich were then the subjects of popular complaint. — 
 A n A law was enacted by a parliament convened in 
 
 Dublin, to restrain the number of idle followers 
 1450> 
 
 kept by the lords Marchers, another to declare 
 
 it lawful to kill every man found robbing a subject, and 
 entitling the person who performed such a service, to a 
 reward to be levied of the district where it occurred. 
 
 While the duke of York was thus acquiring popular 
 favour in this kingdom, and increasing the number of 
 his adherents, he was in England accused of raising the 
 insurrection headed by Cade, and orders were given to 
 the sheriffs of the counties along the English coast, to 
 oppose his landing. He, however, found meansto elude 
 their vigilance, and return to England, leaving the earl 
 of'Ormond his deputy. The earl summoned a parliament 
 at Drogheda. He was soon after appointed lord lieu- 
 . y. tenant by the king, and on being obliged to go to 
 England, he named as his deputy the archbishop 
 of Armagh. The government of an ecclesiastic, 
 however, not suiting the turbulence of the times, the earl 
 was soon commanded to return to Ireland, where he in 
 . Tx a short time died. The administration now de- 
 volved on Sir Edward Fitz -Eustace, who was 
 1452. • . 
 
 well fitted by his warlike qualities for a govern- 
 
IRELAND. 85 
 
 ment which required vigour and activity. O'Connor, 
 the chieftain of O'Fally, made an inroad into the district 
 of Kildare ; he was surprised by Fitz-Eustace, and his 
 troops routed. Thechieftain, in endeavouring to escape, 
 fell from his horse ; his son who accompanied him, stopped 
 and remounted him. Unhappily the father feU a second 
 time ; a generous contest was now begun between the 
 fnther and son, which of them should be left to the mercy 
 of the pursuers. The son pressed his father to take bis 
 horse and to escape. The father refused, commanded his 
 son to fly, and was quickly taken prisoner. But as it 
 appeared that his object was only plunder, he was soon 
 released without injury. 
 
 . j^ During Fitz-Eustace's administration, several 
 iaws were passed, calculated to promote the ease 
 ^*^*' of the subject. 
 
 The duke of York, now protector of the realm, re- 
 moved Fitz-Eustace, and replaced him by the earl of Kil. 
 dare, who was warmly devoted to his interests. When Ri- 
 chard was defeated at Bloreheath, York fled intolreland, 
 and was followed by many of his party, who were received 
 with open arms in Ireland, while they were declared 
 traitors by the successful side in England. 
 
 Writs were issued against the duke's followers, but he 
 evaded their execution by prevailing on the Irish parlia- 
 ment to enact a law declaring that it had ever been the 
 custom in Jreland to entertain strangers with all hospita- 
 lity, and that it should be deemed high treason for any 
 person, under any authority, to disturb persons so sup- 
 ported. An agent of the earl of Ormond, who ventured 
 to act under the king's writ, was executed accordingly 
 as a traitor. 
 
 The Irish Parliament now confirmed the duke's patent, 
 constituting him lieutenant of Ireland for ten years ; 
 and enacted that compassing his death should be high 
 
86 
 
 HISTOllY OF 
 
 treason— that Ireland was to be governed only by laws 
 passed by its own parliaments — that no persons should 
 be bound to answer any appeal or other matter out of 
 Ireland. 
 
 ^ p The victory gained by the Yorkists at North- 
 ampton, recalled the duke from Ireland ; he was 
 
 1460. 
 
 attended by a great number from Ireland ; l)ut 
 
 was soon after defeated, and slain at Wakefield. 
 
 The natives considered this action as the termination 
 of the English power, and proceeded, each to possess 
 himself of the lands which the settlers had abandoned or 
 : could not defend. As the government had no force to 
 oppose the chieftains, it was reduced to the necessity of 
 purchasing its security, and several chieftains received 
 annual tributes; this satisfied their pride, and while they 
 continued to keep up their own broils, the English, as a 
 sept, were. allowed to live unmolested. 
 
 When the king's council recovered from the panic 
 occasioned by the battle of Wakefield, they proceeded 
 to exercise their ancient right of electing a governor, un- 
 til 'the royal pleasure should be known. Their choice 
 shewed their attachment to the house of York. Thomas, 
 j^ y. earl of Kildare, was appointed, and in virtue of 
 his appointment summoned a parliament at Dub- 
 lin. It was however, prorogued in consequence 
 of the deposition of Henry, and the accession of Edward 
 IV. The new king confirmed Kildare's appointment ; 
 but his commission was soon superseded by the appoint- 
 ment of George duke of Clarence, to the lieutenancy 
 of Ireland for life. Sir Rowland Fitz-Eustace was ap- 
 pointed his deputy. 
 
 The earl of Ormond was attainted and executed, and 
 
 . jx the Irish parliament passed an act for the attain. 
 
 der of several of the family of Butler, for adher- 
 
 • ing to the king's enemies. Sir John, brother to 
 
IRELAND. 87 
 
 the late earl, fled from his persecutors into Munster, 
 with a number of followers from England. The name 
 of Ormond was still powerful in Monster, and so many 
 dependants flocked to him on his arrival, that he conceiv- 
 ed himself strong enough to defy the deputy. 
 
 Fitz-Eustace might have found it difficult to repel these 
 hostilities, hadihe not been aided by the earl of Desmond, 
 who was anxious to take arms against the enemies of his 
 master, and the rivals of hb house. A pitched battle 
 was foughl, in which the Butlers sustained a signal de- 
 feat. In reward for his services, Desmond was appoint- 
 ed lord deputy, an exaltation which provoked the ene- 
 mies ef his house, who watched his conduct with severity, 
 and industriously whispered their jealousies and com- 
 plaints of his administration. He was soon engaged in 
 hostilities with the sept of Melachlin, in the course of 
 which he was defeated and taken prisoner. The son of 
 O'Connor, who had displayed so generous a concern for 
 his father's safety, was among the victors, and embraced 
 this opportunity of shewing bis gratitude for Desmond's 
 indulgence to his parent, by conveying that nobleman 
 to a place of safety. 
 
 The pale was now attacked by the O'Briens on the side 
 of Leinster, and Desmond, weakened b^ his former de- 
 feat, was obliged to treat with O'Brien. Though Des- 
 mond's popularity was diminished, he was supported by 
 . jy the king and the parliament. It was now enacted, 
 that the Irish residing among the English should 
 wear the English garb, be sworn liege men to the 
 king, and assume English surnames. 
 Tiptoft, earl of Worcester, on resigning the post of lord 
 high constable to lord Rivers, was made lord deputy of 
 Ireland, with very extensive powers. On his arrival, 
 the enemies of Desmond crowded to him, and inveighed 
 bitterly against the former deputy. It was alleged that 
 
 M 2 
 
 I 
 
88 HISTORY OF 
 
 he intended to make himself independent sovereign of 
 Ireland. Tiptofl became alarmed, and listened to these 
 accusations with great attention. 
 
 In order to throw disgrace on the treaties made by 
 
 A T\ Desmond, a parliament, which was convened at 
 
 Dublin, enacted, that the tallage calledblackrent, 
 
 hitherto paid to the Irish, should in future be paid 
 
 to the deputy for the support of the army. 
 
 This parliament was adjourned to Drogheda, and pass- 
 ed an act for attainting the earls of Desmond and Kil- 
 dare, and Edward Plunket. Kildare was taken, hut es- 
 A. D. caped ; Desmond repaired to the deputy to jus» 
 HQ8, tify his conduct, and was instantly beheaded. 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 Hjw did the duke of York conduct himself in his administration ? 
 %^'hat laws were enacted in 14 JO ? What was the cause of the duke s 
 leavinsT Ireland? Who was his deputy ? Who succeeded him ? What 
 was the contest between O'Connor and his son ? Who was appointed 
 deputy when the duke of York was protector ? Why ? What became 
 of the duke of York after the battle of BIcnre heath ? What means 
 did he take to protect his followers? What law did the Irish parliament 
 enact to protect the duke ? On what occasion did he leave Ireland 2 
 Wliere was he killed ? What opinion prevailed in Ireland after that 
 action ' In what state were the English settlers at that time? Who 
 was elected chief governor ? What acts were passed after the accession 
 of Edward IV. ? Who was beheaded ? Who resisted the deputy's 
 power? By whose means was the earl of Ormond's bi other reduced ? 
 How was he rewarded ? By whom was he taken prisoner ? How did he 
 escape ? What law was passed in 1 465 ? Who succeeded Desmond ? 
 What steps did his enemies take ? What became of the earl ? 
 
IRELAND. 89. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 ^rl ofKildare invested with the government of Ireland — 
 Institution of the fraternity of St. George— Refuses to 
 resign to Lord Grey. 
 
 Some attempts made to revenge the earl's death, were 
 
 ineffectual ; the enemies of his house, however, did not 
 
 long eajoy their triumph. The earl of Kildare boldly 
 
 went to the kii^, was favourably received and pardoned. 
 
 The same parliament which condemned him, reversed his 
 
 attainder, and he was soon after appointed lord deputy 
 
 in room of Tiptoft, who suffered in Elngland under the 
 
 A r\ same isentence he had executed on Desmond. 
 A. D. 
 
 The Geraldines thus became once more the rul- 
 
 ^ ing family among the Englbh subjects. 
 
 The new depuly summoned a parliament^ in which he 
 had such acts passed as he wished, and by which he was 
 able to repay to his enemies the persecution he and his 
 friends had suffered. 
 
 On the restoration of Henry VT. the duke of Clarence 
 was created by patent lord lieutenant of Ireland, for 
 twenty years ; there was not, however^ any change made 
 in the Irish administration by that short-lived revolu- 
 tion. We have printed, thirty -six acts of the reign of 
 Henry VI. during which there were eleven sessions. 
 . -^ The earl of Kildare now raised a company of 
 160 archers> and 64 spearmen, for the protection 
 of the pale, and parliament provided for their 
 si^port. He also instituted a fraternity of arms con> 
 sisting of thirteen persons of the highest rank, who as- 
 sembled in Dublin annually on St. George's day, and 
 were thence called the fraternity of St- George. This 
 body consisted of the earl of Kildare, lord Portlester, 
 Kir Rowland Eustace, for the county Kildare ; lord 
 
 H 3 ' 
 
 
80 HISTORY OF 
 
 Howth, mayor of Dublin, sir Robert Dowdal, for 
 Dublin; lord Gormanston, Edward and Alexander Plun- 
 ket, Barnabv Barnwal, for meath, mayor of Drogheda, 
 Sir Laurence Taaf, Richard Bellew, for Argial now 
 Louth. 
 
 While the earl of Kildare was thus exercising his go- 
 vernment, his enemies were watching an opportunity 
 of supplanting him. 
 
 Since the execution of the earl of Ormond, this house 
 had remained in a state of obscurity , until John, the 
 elder of the surviving brothers, who had escaped into 
 England, obtained his pardon from Edward: and so 
 much admired was he by that prince, that he said of him, 
 "he is the goodliest knight, and finest gentleman in 
 ohristendom ; and if good breeding, nurture, and liberal 
 qualities were lost in the world, they would be found in 
 John earl of Ormond." 
 
 The favour shewn to him by the king, gave spirit to 
 his partisans in Ireland, who now braved their rivals, 
 and threatene4 to revive the whole fury of private and 
 political feuds. They represented, through Ormond 
 the conduct of Kildare, as it suited their purposes : at 
 length Kildare was removed, and Sherwood, bishop of 
 Mcath, the old enemy of his house, succeeded him : the 
 . jj new deputy summoned a parliament which re- 
 pealed the act of attainder formerly passed against 
 * John, and declared him fully restored to his es- 
 tate and dignity. 
 
 The animosities which were now revived, threatened 
 to involve the whole kingdom in discord, when the earl 
 of Ormond undertook a pilgrimage to the holy land, and 
 the earl of Kildare died. These two events suspended 
 for some time the hostilities of the rival families. New 
 commotions however, were soon produced by fresh com* 
 petitions for authority. The bishop of Meath was re- 
 
IRELAND. 91 
 
 quested by parliament to lay the state of tire kingdom 
 . j^ before the king ; the Geraldines prepared counter 
 addresses. The struggle ended in the appoint- 
 raent of the young earl of Kildare, lord justice lo 
 tlie king. But scarcely had he been appointed, when 
 lord Grey was made deputy to the duke of Clarence,. 
 and sent into Ireland", with SOO men at arms, and a com- 
 pany of archers, as the surest means of giving weighb toi 
 his government. 
 
 The deputy, notwithstanding, was most unfavourably; 
 received ; some informality was pretended or discovered 
 in his commission. Kildare refused to resign; the chan. 
 cellor withdrew with- the seal, and the prior of Kilmain- 
 ham fortified the C&stle of Dublin, of which he was con* 
 stable, and refused to admit Grey. The deputy, on the 
 other hand, took measures against his opponents, when 
 the death of the dtike of Clarence, by which the place of 
 lord lieutenant became vacant, served to increase these 
 contests. 
 
 Edward conferred the vacant office on his infant son, 
 George, and Grey was appointed his deputy by a new 
 commission. An assembly^ purporting to be the king's 
 council, elected Kildare. Thus was the flame rekindled 
 between rival governors, contending- parliaments, and 
 opposing privy councils. Such representations were 
 made to Edward of the confusion occasioned by these 
 factions, that he summoned Kildare and several others 
 to England, to inform him. of the causes of these disor. 
 ders. At the same time lord Grey retired, and Preston, 
 lord Gormanston, was appointed his successor; he soon 
 resigned to the earl of Kildare, who on his return from 
 England was entrusted with the government as deputy 
 to Richard duke of York who became lord lieutenant on 
 the death of .prince George. 
 
 Kildare was commissioned to hold his office for four 
 
$2 HISTORY OF 
 
 years, to have a standing force of 140 horsemen ; and if 
 the Irish revenue should prove unequal to this establbh- 
 ment, he #as to be supplied from England. 
 
 Kildare now enjoyed bis preeminence unrivalled,, and 
 his influence among the Irish was greatly increased hy 
 the marriage of his sister to Con. O'Nial, son to the 
 chieftain of the north, the first in pride and power 
 aoi«iig the Irish lords. The husband was, on this occa- 
 sion, declared a liege subject of the king, and invested 
 with all the rights annexed to this character, by an act 
 of parliament. 
 
 The influence of the eart was now so great, that it was 
 considered adviseable to continue him in office during the 
 remainder of this reign, and through those of EdWard V. 
 and Richard HI. a period during which nothing interest- 
 ing occurs in Irish history — There are in the statute* 
 book, twenty three laws of Edward IV. passed during, 
 nine sessions. None of Edward V. or Richard IIL 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 "What means iiA the earl <tf Kildare take to obti^ his pardon.?" 
 Who succeeded Tiptoft ? Whidi waa now the ruling family in Ire- 
 land? How many acts of Henry VI. are printed? What forces 
 did Kildare raise fn the protection af the pale ? What firatemity did 
 he institute ? By whesa mwani did the family of Orm^md recover its 
 power ? What did king Edtward say of John earl of Ormond ? By 
 what means was the earl of Kildase brought into disgMoe ? Who suc- 
 ceeded him ? What suspended the quarrek bttween the Butlers and 
 the Geraldines? For what purpose was the bishop <^ Meath sent 
 into EngUmd 7 Mliat steps did the GeraUinea take ? Which of the 
 pkrties was then sueowsful ? What force, did lord Gtty take' to Ire* 
 land ? What occured on his arrival ? What means did the king take 
 of putting a stop to the confusion that followed ? What force was 
 given to Kildare on his being again made deputy^' How did he 
 strengthen his influence with the Irish ? How many laws of Edward 
 IV. arejn the statute book ? How many of Edward V. and lUch- 
 ardllL? 
 
IRELAND.' 93 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Accession of Henri/ VII. — Lambert Simnel. 
 
 A T> The restoration of the Lancastrain line in Henry 
 VII. was very unacceptable to the greater num- 
 ber of noble families in Ireland, who were zeal- 
 ously attached to the house of York. The ofBce of lord 
 lieutenant, the title and emoluments of which, had for 
 a long time been given to some prince of the blood, was^ 
 now conferred on the earl of Pembroke, uncle to the 
 king ; and to the astonishment of all who was acquainted 
 with Irish affairs, the earl of Kildare was continued 
 lord-deputy, and all other officers, many of whom were 
 zealous Yorkists, retained their places. 
 
 The great influence of Kildare, and big attachment to 
 his party, soon appeared in the conduct of one of biff 
 adherents, Keating, prior of Kilmainham having alie- 
 nated the revenues, and sold the ornaments and reliques^ 
 of his house, he was deprived by his principal, the grand 
 master of Rhodes ; and Luraley, an Englishman, was* 
 appointed to succeed him ; on Lumley's landing, he 
 was seized by Keating, and forced to resign the instru- 
 ments of his appointment ; Lumley complained to the 
 king and the master, and Keating was excommunicated ; 
 provoked by this, he again seized Lumley and cast him 
 into prison, where he died unredressed, while Keatmg 
 kept possession of his benefice. The power of the earl 
 received additional strength from the absence of the 
 earl of Ormond at the court of England ; while the earl 
 of Desmond, proud of the privilege by which he was ex- 
 empted from attending parliament, lived at a distance 
 from the seat of government, in a state of rude magnifi- 
 cence. 
 
9'i HISTORY OF 
 
 The king soon had reason to repent of the confidence 
 be had reposed in Kildare; several reports were circula- 
 ted of the attachment of the English settlers to the house 
 of York, and Kildare was represented to the king, as 
 one who particularly £dvoured some secret designs to 
 revive the claims of that family ; Kildare was summoned 
 to attend the king in England, under the pretence of 
 consulting him on Irish affairs ; the earl, unwilling to 
 comply, summoned the lords spiritual and ten^poral of 
 the pale, to whom he communicated the mandate ; they 
 transmitted an address to the kmg, in which they ex- 
 pressed their sense of the danger which might fLow from 
 the deputy's absence. Kildare relying on this address, 
 deferred his journey, and the king affected to be satis- 
 fied. 
 
 The managers of Simnel's imposture, a youth who 
 was instructed by Richard Simon, an ecclesiastic, tO; 
 personate the earl of Warwick, chose Ireland as the 
 first scene of their operations, as the true earl was known 
 by few there, and the majority were friendly to the claims 
 of his family. 
 
 On his arrival, Simnel waited on the deputy, repre- 
 sented the hardships he had sustoined, aqd claimed his 
 protection and assistance in prosecuting his claim to the 
 throne of England. The earl, prepared probably for 
 this application, communicated this extraordinary event 
 to the officers of state, who received the adventurer with 
 every mark of respect, and announced the arrival of the 
 earl of Warwick. The citizens caught the flame of par- 
 ty zeal ; the intelligence spread, and almost all declared 
 in favour of the son of Clarence. Simnel was now pro* 
 claimed king by the name of Edward VI. and his rights 
 disputed by none but the citizens of Waterford, the 
 Butlers, the Berminghams, and some prelates. 
 
 Henry now ordered the real earl of Warwick to be 
 
IRELAND. 95 
 
 taken from the tower, and shevrn in London, to con- 
 vincc the people of England of the imposition practised 
 in Ireland. 
 
 Neither this, however, nor the promulgation of papal 
 
 bulls, denouncing the dreadful sentence of excommuni. 
 
 cation against all Henry's enemies, had any effect oo 
 
 his subjects in Ireland ; and on the arrival of the earl of 
 
 Lincoln, viscount Lovel, and other malcontents from 
 
 . -ny England, with two thousand troops from Flan- 
 
 * ders, commanded by Swaart, a valiant and ex. 
 
 perienced general, the partizans of the adventU' 
 
 rer were filled with the utmost confidence. 
 
 Simnel was conducted in state to Christ Church ; his 
 right explained and enforced in a sermon, by the bishop 
 of Meath, and a crown placed on his head ; he was then 
 conducted to the castle of Dublin in pomp, on the shoul- 
 ders of Darcy, the head of an English family in Meath: 
 a cereuiuny probably adopted from the custom of the 
 native Irish. 
 
 The young king now summoned a parliament, in which 
 laws were enacted, and subsidies granted, and the ad- 
 ministration of affiiirs conducted in the name of Edward 
 VI. 
 
 It was now determined to carry the war into England, 
 and dethrone Henry. 
 
 Simnel embarked, attended by several of the settlers, 
 numerously attended by their Irish adherents. 
 
 The earl of Kildare remained in Ireland to attend to 
 the affairs of government ; but his brother resigned the 
 place of chancellor to follow the fortunes of his new 
 sovereign. 
 
 . jj Henry was prepared to oppose the invaders. 
 
 The two armies met at Stoke in Nottingham, 
 
 where, ailer a desperate and bloody battle, in 
 
 which ithe valour of the Irish troops was particularly con- 
 
©6 HISTORY OP 
 
 spicuous, the rebels "Were defeated; the principal leaders 
 were slain in the battle, and Simnel, who was captured, 
 obliged to exchange the prospect of a crown for a post 
 in the royal kitchen. 
 
 To avert the storm which was now to be apprehended, 
 the earl of Kildare, and other lords, dispatched some of 
 their adherents to the king, to acknowledge their fault, 
 and promise for the future, the most dutiful attachment 
 to his government ; Henry thought it expedient to be 
 satisfied, and the earl was continued in his government. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 How was the accession of Henry VIT, received In Ireland? 
 Who was appointed lord lieutenant? Who was his deputy? 
 'Wliat was the conduct of Keating? What was Lumley's fate? 
 'What contributed to strengthen the power of Kildare ? Why did 
 the king call Kildare to England? What did the earl do when 
 summoned ? Who personated the earl of Warwick 7 Where did 
 he first practise his imposture? How was be received? What 
 means did Henry take to prove him an impostor ? What part did 
 the pope take ? What city opposed Simnel ? When was he crown- 
 ed ? In whose name was the country governed then ? Where in 
 England did he meet Henry's army ? What was the issue of the 
 battle of Stoke ? What became of Simnel ? How did Henry act 
 towards the earl of Kildare ? 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 King takes measures to secure the Allegiance of his Irish 
 Subjects — Feuds of the Chieftains — Perkin Warbeck — 
 State of the Kingdom. 
 
 Notwithstanding this appearance of reconcilia- 
 tion between the king and his English subjects in Ire- 
 land, he thought it necessary to send sir Richard Edge- 
 
IRELAND. 97 
 
 combe into Ireland, with 500 men, to oblige the sub- 
 jects to renew their oaths of allegiance, and to tender 
 the royal pardon on such conditions, as might assure 
 the king of their future loyalty. On his arrival at Kin- 
 sale, he at first refused to land, and obliged Barry, a 
 principal lord, to attend him' on board, to take the 
 oath of allegiance. He afterwards landed and received 
 the oath and homage of lord Courcey. At Waterford 
 be commended the citizens for their loyalty, and then 
 proceeded to Dublin, where the magistrates received 
 him with submission. Kildare, however, with great 
 difficulty consented to an interview, in which he re- 
 turned the haughty severity of the commissioner with 
 cold civility. * 
 
 At length the earl agreed to do homage, and take 
 the oaths : several other noblemen followed his exam- 
 ple ; they were all absolved from the sentence of ex- 
 c nmunication, and Kildare was presented with a chain 
 from the king. 
 
 Keating, the prior of Kilmainham, was alone ex- 
 cepted from the^ general pardon, and was obliged to save 
 himself by flight. 
 
 It was not, however, easy to allay all the jealousies 
 and animosities of the rival lords ; and such represen- 
 tations were made by one party, that the king found it 
 necessary to summon into England Kildare, and some 
 other nobles. They attended the king, and after some 
 expostulations, received a confirmation of the royal 
 pardon and confidence. At an entertainment given 
 them by the king, Simnel officiated as a butler, and 
 after this mortification, they were dismissed with pro- 
 mises of favour, equal to their future loyalty. 
 
 The English power in Ireland was now strengthened, 
 by the contentions of some chieftains in Munster, where 
 O'Carrol of Ely, and Mac Arthy fell in different bat- 
 tles, fought with the earl of Desmond. 
 
 1 
 
98 HISTOllV Of 
 
 III the North, a bloody feud was long kept up be- 
 tween O'Niftl and a neighbouring chieftain, from whom 
 O'Nial demanded the recognition of his authority, by 
 paying tribute, which was then demanded : " send me 
 tribute, or else" — this was answered by, " I owe you 
 none — and if" — . At length the murder of O'Nial, and 
 the infirmities of his rivals, suspended hostilities. 
 
 Perkin ,Warbeck, a new pretender, now s^t up his 
 claim, and Henry, afraid of another attempt in Irel^md, 
 removed the old officers of state, for whom others, in 
 whom he had greater confidence, were substituted; aroh- 
 . p. bishop Walter was appointed deputy. . This pre- 
 late now convened his parliament, «nd nothing 
 * that could mortify his opponents was neglected. 
 An i^ct of resumption of all grants, since 1st Henry V^L 
 was passed ; this was the usual instrument •of revenge, 
 made use of by every faction. 
 
 During the commotions to which this change of ad- 
 . j^ ministration gave rise, Perkin Warbeck landed 
 on the Southern coast, and. appeared in the city 
 l*y3. p£. c^rk, in the character of Richard Planta- 
 gonet, who had escaped from the tower; he was re- 
 ceived by the chief magistrate with due honour. Hence 
 he sent letters to Desmond and Kildare, entreating their 
 assistance for the recovery of his rights; Desmond de- 
 clared in his favour at once, Kildare was not explicit 
 in his manner of receiving this invitation ; but before 
 any thing could be done, Perkin was called into France 
 by king Charles. 
 
 Short as Warbeck's residence was in Ireland, it was 
 long enough to inflame the violence of faction, to ex- 
 cite rumours and jealousies, and to afford occasion for 
 interested reports and accusations at the court pf Eng- 
 land. The pale had been lately visited by a fatal dis- 
 ease, and famine had succeeded. Still theise calamities 
 did net suspend the rivalry of the great lords. 
 
IRELAND. 99 
 
 Harrassed by repeated accounts and complaints of 
 the state of his subjects in Ireland, Henry dispatched a 
 mandate to the archbishop of Dublin, to repair to Eng- 
 land, and lay a full statement before him of the circum- 
 stances of bis Irish government. The archbishop obey- 
 ed this order, and left Preston, lord Gorriianston, in 
 his room ; the appointment of this partizan of the Ge- 
 raldines, gave offence to the, opposite party, who re- 
 fused to attend his parliament, and fresh glamours were 
 excited. ' 
 
 In the mean time Walter attetided on the king, to 
 whom it does not appear that he was able satisfactorily to 
 account for the state in which Irish affairs were. He 
 was however, so favourably received by the king, that 
 Kildare, dreading that his representations to the king 
 might be prejudicial to himself, went into England, and 
 pathetically represented to- the king the indefatigable 
 malice of his enemies. Henry was by this time fully pre- 
 possessed against hirn ; he was told that various charges 
 were urged against him. but that they must be enquired 
 into in Ireland, where he must make his defence ; and 
 that for this purpose he must attend a new deputy about 
 to embark, 
 
 Henry now determined to begin with an entirely new 
 administration of Irish government, composed of men 
 of approved attachment to the throne, and unconnected 
 with any of the diiFerent factions, which had raised such 
 commotions in Ireland. Sir Edward Poynings was ap- 
 pointed deputy, with a force of lOOO men : an English 
 lord chancellor accompanied him, as did English lawyers, 
 to replace the" former judges who were removed; all oa— 
 their arrival were sworn of the privy council. 
 . Q At this time the English interest in Ireland was 
 at a very low ebb. There were no less than 60 
 distinct districts, governed each, by its own Irish 
 I 2 ^ 
 
 159^, 
 
 I 
 
 ^ir.. 
 
100 HISTORY OF 
 
 chieflain, according to the ancient laws, and customs of 
 the kingdom f And besides these, several English pro- 
 prietors had adopted the customs and manners of the 
 country. Obedience to the English law was confined 
 within the limits of half the counties of Uriel, IMeath, 
 Kildare, Dublin, and Wexford, and in these districts the 
 settlers hdd conformed to the Irish language and 
 habits. 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 WTiy was Sir Richard Edgecombe sent into Ireland ? What forte 
 was given him? At what place did lie first arrive? What was his 
 conduct there ? What city did he then visit ? How was he received 
 by Kildare ? Wlio was excepted from the general pardon ? Who 
 w ere summoned into England ? How did the king mortify them ? 
 What took place in Munster ? What in Ulster ? Why did Henry 
 change the officers of state in Ireland ? What act of parlidjaaent was 
 then passed? Where did Warbeck land? Who declared in his fa- 
 vour? Why was the Archbishop of Dublin summoned to England ? 
 Wliat occurred in his absence? How did Kildare act ? How did 
 they determine to govern the kingdom ? Who was. sent over chief- 
 (Tovernor ? What changes were made? What was the state of the 
 kingdom? 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 In what year did Richard 1 1, ascend the throne ? What complaints 
 ^id the En^lisli parliament make respecting Ireland? What com- 
 plaints were made by the Irish parliament ? What law was passed in 
 consequence ? What steps were taken to improve the revenue ? What 
 proof of folly did Richard give with respect to the kingdom of Ireland? 
 What were the particulars of the grant made to the earl of Oxford ? 
 What offer Hid Gloucester make ? In what year did Richard II land ? 
 What occurred during his stay ? How many chieftains made their 
 submission to him ? On what occasion was the earl of Marche killed ? 
 What produced Richard's second visit, and in what year did he com^ ? 
 What was the result of liis campaign against Mae Murchad ? . When 
 did Henry II. ascend the throne? What effect had his accession on 
 Ireland ? What proves the weakness of the English of ihe pale dur- 
 ing Henry IV. reign? When did~Henry V. begin to reign ? What 
 
IRELAND. 101 
 
 attention did he pay to Ireland ? What was the state of Uie kingdom 
 when Sir John Talbot arrived ? What opinion prevailed in England 
 at this time respertiiig the English oTthe pale ? What gave rise to 
 this opinion? What eif^ls did it produc«?, What occurred respect- 
 ing a petition to the king ? What w(ere the objects of that petition ? 
 In what year did Henry III. die ? What followed from the appoint- 
 mcnt of the Bishop of M eath ? When was the tribute called black- 
 rent relinquished ? What proof of the economy or poverty of those 
 times remains? What enabled the earl of Desmond to deprive his 
 nephew of his title and estate ? What proof is given of his ^wer ? 
 What return did Ormond receive for his services ? What was enacted 
 in the parliament held at Trim in 1447 ? What attached the earl of 
 Ormond to the house of Lancaster ? What stipulations did the duke 
 of York make on coming to Ireland ? When did he arrive ? What 
 was the nature of his administn^on ? What means did he take to 
 shew to Ormond and Desmond impartial attention ? In what way 
 did the duke of York conduct himself while vicegerent ? Why did he 
 leave Ireland ? What is the account given of O'Connor and his fii> 
 tiier? What did the duke of York do when protector to secure his 
 interest in Ireland ? At what time was that ? On what occasion 
 did he return to Ireland ? How did he protect bis adherents ? What 
 law was then, passed respecting the govenmentof Ireland ? On what 
 occasion did : the duke return to England ? In what year ? What 
 battle followed and what was thought of it in Ireland ? In what way 
 were the English locked on by the Iri«h chieftains ? Why was the 
 earl of Desmond appointed deputy ? What law respecting ihfi native 
 Irish Was passed ia 1465? What law was passed respecting black 
 rent and why ? In 1473 who was chief governor and yrhat did he 
 do ? By whose means was the house of Ormond revived ? In what 
 year was lord Grey made deputy? What occurred on his arrival? 
 How did Kildare strengthen his influence wid> the Irish ? Hirough 
 what reign was he continued governor and why i What was the coa- 
 ^ct of Keating prior of Kilmainham when ' his successor was ^>- 
 pointed ? Why was Ireland sdected as the pUtx for first trying 
 Smnel's imposture ? What receptioa dut be meet ? What foreign 
 troops came to his aid ? Where in England and in what year did he 
 engage Henry, and what was the result? How did Kildare and his 
 party -act on this occasion ? What means did the king take to assure 
 himself 6f,theur loyalty? What impostor most disturbed Heniy'a 
 reign ? When cUd he land in Ireland ? By whom was he joined ? 
 .What was the. king's determination with resp^t to Ireland iivl493 ? 
 What was then the state of Ireland? 
 
 im 
 
102 HISTORY OF 
 
 BOOK THE FIFTH, 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Hostilities of 0' Hanlon—^Parliament summoned-^Kildare 
 tried before Henry. 
 
 PERIOD IV. 
 
 . -J Sir Edward Poynings's plan was a general re- 
 
 form of the state, but before he could make any 
 
 progress in civil matters, he was called mto the 
 
 fieM by the hostilities of O'Hanlon, a northern chreftaih. 
 
 The deputy was accompanied by Sir James Ormond, 
 and also by the earl of Kildare, who, to regain the royal 
 favour, appeared zealous in the English interest. His 
 enemies, however, assured Poynings that he was in se- 
 cret correspondence with O'Hanlon. Poynings became 
 alarmed ; other circumstances concurred to strengthen 
 his suspicions of the earl, who was arrested and confined. 
 The deputy then hastily concluded a treaty with the Irish, 
 whose peculiar mode of warfare, suddenly issuing from 
 morasses and mountains, and as suddenly retiring, offer- 
 ed to the deputy little chance of acquiring military 
 fame by pursuing the war. 
 
 He then marched to besiege the castle of Carlow, of 
 which James, brother to Kddare, had possessed himself, 
 in defiance of the royal authority ; the c^le capitulated 
 in a few days. 
 
 ^^ jj The deputy now summoned a parliament which 
 
 met at Drogheda, in which a number of laws were 
 
 ' passed, calculated to reform the pale, and relieve 
 
 the subject from the oppression of the great lords. In 
 
 place of the severe impositions of coyne and livery for 
 
IRELAND. 105 
 
 the support of the soldiers, a tax of twenty six and eight 
 pence, was laid on every six score acres for five years—* 
 pensions which had been paid to the lords marchers and 
 other lords, for the pretended purpose of securing their 
 possessions, were annulled. It was also enacted, that 
 no citizen, burgess, 05 freeman of any city, should re- 
 ceive pay or wages as the follower of any gr^t lord—, 
 and that no lord, or other persons, not connected with 
 corporate towns, should be admitted into their councils. 
 
 It was forbidden to make war or peace without the li- 
 cense of the deputy—all compulsory alienations of church 
 lands were revoked ; it was forbidden to keep hand guns 
 or great guns without licence — militdt'y cries and words 
 of distinction used by different factions, were declarefl 
 seditious and illegal. It was forbidden to prosecute mur- 
 der, which was now^dec-hred to be high treason, in the 
 Irish way of compelling the sept to pay k fine— the sta- 
 tutes of Kilkenny were revived and confirmed, except 
 that against the use of the Irish language. It was or-o 
 dained, that all former statutes " be enquired of," and . 
 for the future carefully enrolled. An act was passed en- 
 trusting the government to the lord treasurer in case of 
 the death or surrender of a chief governor, and the coun. 
 cil was deprived of the power of election. 
 
 In consideration of tlie inconvenience experienced 
 from patents for life, which had emboldened officero to 
 misuse their authority, it was enacted that the chanceL 
 lor judges, &c. should have no authority by patent, but 
 only at the king's pleasure. It was provided that none 
 but men of English birth should hold the principal places 
 of strength throughout the kingdom, particularly the 
 priory of St. John of Jerusalem. But the two acts most 
 celebrated, are those which enacted that all statutes, 
 " lately made within the realm of England, belonging to 
 the public weal of the same," should be in force in Ire- 
 
104 HISTORY OF 
 
 land ; and that no parliament be holden in Ireland un- 
 til the Acts be certified into England. The object of this 
 latter act was to prevent different parties, as they were in 
 power, to make parliaments an engine of annoyance and . 
 persecution, by paJ^singacts to the prejadice of the inter* 
 ests of individuals, without any reference to the further- 
 ance of the public good. This parliament passed an act 
 of attainder against the earl of Kildare, who was now 
 sent by Poynings to answer his accusers before Henry. 
 
 Perkin made a second attempt on Ireland, and 8up« 
 ported by the earl of Desmond, had besieged Waterford, 
 and when the siege was raised by the Ormondaand other 
 opposers of the G^raldines, retired to the king of Scots» 
 This gave rise to a- suspicion that the earls of Kildare 
 and Desmond were in correspondence with this prince.. 
 
 Poynings now returned to England, and for his services 
 received the honour of the. garter, and Kildare was after 
 some delay, allowed to confront his enemies in the king's 
 presence ; when Henry found, instead of a subtle and 
 dangerous conspirator, a man of even awkward simplicity, 
 confident apparently of his own innocence. 
 
 On being, told by the king to provide hinHieif with the 
 ablest counsel, " Yea," replied the earl, « the ablest in 
 the realm," seizing Henry by the hand, ♦* Your highness 
 I take for my counsel against these false knaves " The 
 king smiled at this uncouth compliment to his equity and 
 discernment. He soon perceived that the allegations of the 
 earl's enemies were dictated by private resentment, and 
 was not displeased to see Kildare treat them as a superior) 
 still in power. One of the accusations was, that the earl 
 had burned the church of Cashel to thq ground. •* Spare 
 your evidence,'* was the reply, " I did set fire to the 
 church, for I thought the bishop had been in it." The pro- 
 seeutors closed their charge with a declaration, ** That, 
 all Ireland could not govern thisearK" *' Well," relied 
 Henry « this ear! shali govern all Ireland." 
 
IRELAND. 105 
 
 The triumph of Kildare was now complete ; he was 
 restored to his estate and dignity, and consulted -abou 
 the affairs of the kingdom ; and by his advice, Desmond 
 and others who had favoured the cause of Perkin, were 
 pardoned. 
 
 \ T\ As the late act of parliament had greatly cir- 
 cumscribed the power of the chief governor, Hen- 
 ry had now no difficulty in entrusting the earl of 
 Kildare with that office. 
 
 The administration of the earl was in the highest de- 
 gree rigorous and politic ; he attacked the disturbers of 
 the pale in every direction, and secured its peace. By 
 marrying his sister to one of the Butlers, and supporting 
 his aspiring brother-in-law against his rival, he divided 
 and broke the power of that family. He married one of 
 his daughters to Uliac of Clanricarde, one of the great 
 lords of Cohnaught. The ill-treatment of bis daughter 
 by her hus\)and produced a cavil between th'e deputy and 
 his son-in-law, which ended in the total route of Clanri- 
 carde, at the battle of Knocktow, near Galway ; and this 
 victory, which was produced by private quarrels, tended 
 very much to strengthen tlve English interest, and Henry's 
 favour to the earl was amply repaid by his administratioa 
 during the remainder of his royal master's reign. 
 A. D., Henry died in J 507 ; of his reign we have 
 1507. twenty six laws passed in four sessions, 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What first occurred after Sir Edward Poynings's arrival ? By whom 
 was he aceonipanied when he took tlie field ? What infonnatioa did 
 he receive respecting the earl of Kildare ? How did the deputy act 
 in consequence of the information he received ? What castle did he 
 besige and why ? Where did he summon a parliament ? Whatjviis 
 the object of the laws passed tliere ? What were those laws ' Which 
 of those acts are most celebrated ? What act yas passed relative to the 
 earl of Kildare ? Where was the earl sent ? What city was besi^ed 
 by Warbcck ? Who openly assisted tim ? By whom was he opposed^ ? 
 To whom did he retire ? What honour was conferred on Poynings 
 for bis services ? What occurred between Henry and the earl of Kil- 
 dare? What was the issue of his trial ? What was his conduct oa 
 being made chief governor ? . . 
 
106 HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Death of Kildare — Earl of Surrey Lord Deputy — Fran- 
 cis I. applies fo Desmond-— Insurrection of Lord Tfio- 
 nias Fitzgerald, 
 
 On the accession of Henry VIII. the earl of 
 
 Kildare was continued in the government, and 
 
 1509. acted with his usual vigour, in repelling attacks, 
 
 quieting commotions, and deciding contests in different 
 
 parts of the kingdom ; and of such consequence was he 
 
 . y^ in Ireland, that his sudden sickness and death 
 
 produced a general consternation among the 
 
 friends, and a dangerous commotion among the 
 
 enemies of the English government. 
 
 In this emergency the council and nobles elected Ge- 
 rald,* son to the late earl, lord deputy, and their nomina- 
 tion was afterwards conlirmed in England. The name 
 of Kildare was sufficient to check the enemy, and the 
 new deputy soon had leisure to repair to Henry and con- 
 fer with him and his ministers on the state of Ireland. On 
 his return a parliament was held, aiul subsidies granted 
 to t!ie king. 
 
 \ Y^ A fresh commotion soon recalled Kildare to the 
 field. A prophecy had prevailed that the Irish 
 would at this time recover their ancient power 
 and splendour ; considerable numbers in consequence 
 took arms, but were by the vigour and activity of Kil- 
 dare soon reduced. The progress of the deputy was 
 notwithstanding soon checked by those. family feuds 
 which ever subsisted among the noble houses of Ireland. 
 The Ormonds, unequal to cope with him openly, prac- 
 tised secretly against him in England, and prejudiced 
 
IRELAND. , J 07 
 
 Wolsey, then the minister of Henry VIII. so much 
 against him, tliat he was ordered into England to an- 
 swer the charges brought against him, and the govern- 
 ment was entrusted to sir Thomas Fitzgerald, one of his 
 own family. 
 
 While the earl was detained in England, neither ac- 
 quitted nor condemned, Wolsey advised the king to 
 entrust the management of Ireland to some one entirely 
 unconnected with, the contending parties there. In pur- 
 1^ suance of this advice, Thomas, earl of Surrey, 
 son to the duke of Norfolk, was selected and sen t 
 '' over with 100 guards, and lOQO forces of inferior 
 rank. In the mean time Kildare was acquitted and set 
 at liberty, and accompanied Henry to Calais when he 
 went to meet th6 king of France. 
 
 The earl of Surrey proceeded to a spirited and vigor- 
 ous administration, which was one continued course of 
 military exploits, except a short interval t>f holding a 
 parliament. While moderate, just, and magnificent, he 
 was zealous for the interests of his sovereign, and atten- 
 tive to the circumstances of the country in which he was 
 stationed* After a government of two years, he returned 
 to England with the prayers and acclamations of all the 
 Irish subje<jts. He was succeeded by Piers, earl of 
 Ormond, the inveterate enemy of Kildare. 
 
 Kildare on his return~to Ireland, affected to co-ope. 
 rate with the deputy, yet practised secretly to raise op- 
 position to his government, which he soon openly repro- 
 bated. The disputes of these rivals were examined into 
 in England, where Kildare had made powerful connec- 
 tions by his marriage with the daughter of the marquis 
 of Dorset. The contest at length ended in the removal 
 of Ormond, and the appointment of Kildare in his room> 
 Kildare had not long enjoyed this honour, when the 
 ambition of his kinsman Desmond threatened to involve 
 
 1 
 
 -_..i. 
 
108 HISTORY OF 
 
 . ^ him in danger and disgrace. Henry had declared 
 war against France, and the French king, to em- 
 barrass him, endeavoured to raise commotions in 
 Ireland. For this purpose he applied to Desmond, whose 
 vanity he flattered, by affecting to regard him as an in-, 
 dependent prince : a negotiation was entered into and 
 conducted on each side with all the forms of sovereign 
 dignity; and they mutually agreed to an alliance ofien-^ 
 sive and defensive. Henry discovered this transaction 
 and orders were issued to Kildare to seize Desmond ; but 
 the earl, from partiality to his kinsman, was unwilling to 
 . rk execute these orders. He marched into Muns. 
 ter; Desmond retired but was not pursued. Some 
 ' disturbances broke out in the north, and Kil- 
 dare was more anxious to aid his kinsman, Con O'Nial, 
 than to make Desmond a prisoner. 
 
 His enemies did not let this opportunity pass of exhibit- 
 ing charges against the earl, who witli difficulty escaped 
 after a long imprisonment in i)ngland, where he had 
 been called to answer the charges brought against him. 
 
 Ireland was Jo^ow exposod to all the evils of short-lived 
 feeble and disorderly administrations ; at length, sir Wil- 
 liam Skeffington was appointed deputy ; he was directed 
 to regard the earl of Kildare now restored to favour as 
 his chief adviser, but in such a manner as to prevent all 
 feuds between the Geraldiaes and Butlers. At first 
 Kildare co-operated with the new deputy, liut proud 
 and accustomed to govern, he could not long support the 
 mortification of acting an inferior part ; he took every 
 opportunity of thwarting the deputy, and when by the 
 death of Wolsey, all apprehensions of his old and power- 
 ful enemy were taken away, he proceeded without re- 
 serve, until he succeeded in persuading the king to're- 
 call his deputy, and once more to intrust t|ie administra- 
 tion into bis own hands. To preserve dn appearance ef 
 
IRELAND* I0& 
 
 impartiality, lord Butler, son to the earl of Ossory, was 
 niade lord liigh treasurer .; this apfioiatmeat, however 
 had little weight in forming a balance against the power 
 of Kildare, who managed at the same time to have 
 the archbishop of Dublin, a favourite of Wolsey's, deprived 
 of the seals, which were committed to a creature of his 
 own, the archbishop of Armagh. 
 
 Tlie extravagant length to which the earl now car-> 
 ried his^nmit^ to. the Ormohd family, together with the 
 disorders which attended the feuds of those &milies, Koon 
 worked the destruction of the earl's £uniljr. Represen- 
 tations of the state of affairs in Ireland were made to the 
 king, and urged with so much earnestness, that the earl 
 was ordered to entrust the government to &ome person for 
 whom he could be responsible, and to repair to the king 
 without delays The eacl endeavoured to evade Jthis or- 
 . jy der, but was forced to comply, and uxMrisely en- 
 trusted the government on his departure to his 
 soa Thomas, then scarcely twenty otwo years -old. 
 The difficuMes of procuring accurate intelligence from 
 En^and, rendered it for some time uocectain what had 
 been the earl's fate, after bis interview with Henry ; re- 
 ports were industriously circulated by the enemies of the 
 Geraldines that -h,^ bad been committed to the tower and 
 put to death, aad measures were taken to convince the 
 lord' deputy that his father w^as no more. He consulted 
 with bts Irish associates, whp advised him to revenge the 
 injuries of his family ; they prombed their assistance, and 
 he at once embarked in a desperate rebellion. Attended 
 by l^O well armed cavalry, he rushed into the midst of the 
 council then ^tting in Mary'^^bey ; the lords were 
 alarmed; but the deputy cahned their apprehensions ; he 
 assured them, that though he had taken arms to aitenge 
 his father's death and defend himself against his enemies, 
 he .would proceed with the generosity of a soldier; that he 
 
 "^'i^' 
 
llO HISTORY OF 
 
 resigned the sword of state, and would depend on his 
 own force. He warned them to avoid him as an enemy, 
 no longer' the deputy of Henry, but his mortal foe. 
 
 Cromer, the primate and chancenor, took him by the 
 hand, and patheticairy represented to him the rashness, 
 weakness, and iniquity of his present attempt. After 
 expatiating on the consequences, personal and natioinal, 
 that must follow such conduct, he conjured Kim to desist, 
 before his offence should become too great for the royal 
 clemency to pardon. This speech, delivered with emo^ 
 tion, in a language unknown to lord Thomas's Irish foU 
 lowers, was interpreted by them according to their own 
 wishes ; they understood the prelate to encourage him in 
 his enterprise; and one of their own bards #ho attended 
 in his train, that he might not be out-done in- his own 
 profession, began to sing tlie praises of youog- Thomas* 
 chiding his delay, and calling him to the field. Tlie eSa- 
 eions of the bard, overcame the counse;ls of the prelate, 
 and the young Geraldrne rushed forth at the head of his 
 train ; the In^ septs readily Joined hiis standard, he tra- 
 versed the pale without opposition, exacting of the iaha. 
 bitants an oath of fidelity, and dispatched emissaries 
 to the pope and the emperor to solicit assistance. 
 
 Lord Thomas now^^ laid waste Firigal the granary of 
 Dublin : the city was attacked with fire and sword, and 
 the citizens, to save the town from destructicm, were 
 obliged to allow lord Thomas to besiege the castle in 
 which the lords and officers of the state had Miken re- 
 fuge. 
 
 The archbishop of Dublin, in attempting ta escape by 
 «ea, was taken and murdered; Lord< Thomas now pro- 
 posed to the earl of Ossory to bury all animosities, and 
 to unite in one common cause,:^ t6 rescue the kingdom 
 from a foreign yoke, and then to divide Ireland between 
 A* two families. This proposal was rejected with dis- 
 
IRELAND. Ill 
 
 i 
 
 dain, and Thomas, leaving a force to carry on the siege, 
 marched to chastipe the earl, whose lands became ex. 
 posed to the ravages of the enemy.' 
 
 At length, a mkssenger who had been dispatched to 
 Henry, returned \jrith assurances of immediate succour. 
 The citizens immediately shut the gates and enclosed the 
 party that had by compact been permitted to assail the 
 castle ; a few esc^ed bv swimming through the Lifiey. 
 Lord Thomas, on receiving this intelligence, marched to 
 Dublin and demanded his men> and on his being refused, 
 formed the siege^ for which his numbers had neither 
 «kill nor provisions ; his troops were routed in a despe-^ 
 rate sally fftade by the besieged. - Lord Thomas now 
 raised the siege, having effected the release of his men 
 for whom he exchanged some children of the citizens, 
 «rho had been removed to avoid a plague which had 
 taged in^the city, and had fallen into his hands. 
 
 His next attempt was to oppose the landing of the 
 troops from England ; at first his opposition was success • 
 fill ; but on sir Willam Brereton having effected a land- 
 ing with 500 men and reached the city, his only re^ 
 source was to retreat to Connaught.^ 
 
 Sir William SkefiSogton arrived soon after as deputy, 
 with additional troops, but the severity of winter sus- 
 pended all military operations. In spring, the castle of 
 Maynooth held by the rebels, was beseiged ; 14 days 
 were consumed in vain, when the castle was betrayed by 
 one of the garrison. 
 
 Lord Thomas had assembled a tumultuary army to re- 
 lieve this castle, but his troops on hearing of its surrender, 
 deserted in great members ; their leader still venturned 
 to seek the deputy in the field, 'thp with diminished 
 numbers ; 14<0 of his Gallowglasses had the misfortune to 
 I be made prisoners ; and as intelligence was received that 
 
 the mala body advanced to give battle, Skeffington, with 
 
 K 2 
 
 h h' ii r I > ■! ■ » iii» m .^jii4^| 
 
112 *" HISTORT OF 
 
 a barbarous precaution, ordered them to be slaughtered, 
 and one only escaped the carnage. The event shewed 
 that this cruelty was unnecessary, for the Irish who had 
 not before abandoned lord Thomas, shrunk at the first 
 discharge of the English artillery. 
 
 This unhappy young lord, now found himself reduced 
 to the state of a wretched outlaw, by his own folly. 
 Through various scenes of wretchedness he made his 
 escape into Munster. He was followed by lord Leonard 
 Grey, ohe of the most active attendants on the lord de- 
 puty ; after ^ome inconsiderable skirmishes, he ehtered 
 into a treaty with lord Grey, in which he stipulated for 
 his personal safety ; he then dismissed hi» troops, and 
 attended Grey to Dublin. 
 
 The suppression of this rebellion closed the adminis- 
 tration of Skeffington, who died near Dublin. Lord 
 Grey was chosen by the council to succeed him| and 
 their nomination was confirmed by the kipg. *- 
 
 Meanwhile, lord Thomas was sent into England, and 
 on his way to Windsor was arrested and sent to the tow- 
 er, where he had the mortification to find that the ru- 
 mour on which he had acted was false, and that his 
 father had lived to hear of his rebellton. Henry now 
 breathed the most furious revenge against the whole fami- 
 ly of Kildare ; he submitted to his council, whether he 
 had not now acquired a right to seize at once on all es- 
 tates spiritual as well as temporal of the kingdom of Ire- 
 land ; thus considering thelsuppression of this rebeliioit 
 as a conquest of the island. 
 
 Lord Grey received orders to send over five uncles of 
 lord Thomas's : of these, three were known to have en- 
 tirely disapproved and opposed the insurrection. They 
 were invited to a banquet by the deputy, entertained 
 with "every appearance of amity, and then made prison- 
 ers ; they were conveyed to London^ where, with their 
 
IRELAND. 113 
 
 nephew, they were condemned, a^ suffered the puauh. 
 meat of high treason. 4^ brother of lord Thomas's, a boy 
 of 12 years of age, was with difficulty saved from Hen- 
 ry's fury, and after many escapes, was protected by 
 Cardinal Pole, who gave him an education suitable to 
 his birth ; and by his favour and support, preserved him 
 to regain the honours of the family of Kildare. 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 What effect had the earl of Kildare's death ? Who succiMsded bim Y 
 What induced the Irish to take arms? How did the enemies of 
 Kildare act against bun ? What was the' consequence of their accusa- 
 tions ? What advice did Wolsey give the king respecting Irdand ? 
 Who was appointed depu^ ia consequence ? What becainc of the 
 earl of Kildare ?' What was Surras character? Who succeeded 
 him? What was the issue of the contest between him and Kildare ?, 
 T.O whom did the king of France apply in Ireland? How did K0» 
 dare act when ordered to seize Desmond ? What was the conscr 
 quence? What directions did sir W. Skeffington receive? Why 
 was he recalled? Who succeeded? What diahges took place on 
 his appointment ? What orders did the deputy receive and why ? 
 To whom did he iatrust the govrrmnent'^ What induced lord Hio- 
 znas to rebel? Whajt occurred afrtlic-coandl? What proposal did 
 he make to the earl 6£ Ossory ? What stejis did Thomas take on 
 receiving his answer ? How was the siege of Dublin raised? What* 
 castle was taken firom lord ThAnas ? Of what crueky was Skeffingr 
 ton guilty? How did ttiis eebellion end? 
 
 Mii 
 
 GHAPTER III. 
 
 Reformatien-^Pttrliarnentary furoceecUngs-'^ExecuiUin', ^ 
 Lwd Girey--^B^nry made 1^ 
 
 Whils these events were passing in Irdaad, die sect 
 
 of Europe was agitated by the doctrines of Luther, and* 
 
 K 3 
 
 •v*-< 
 
 -•«f«««P-«i 
 
114 HiSTOtty 01" 
 
 Henry having successflilly prosecuted the reformation ii> 
 England, determined to extend it to Ireland. Ctmimrs- 
 sioncrs were sent to confer with the nobility and clergy 
 find to procure a general acknowledgment of the king'» 
 supremacy. 
 
 When the commtssioners had explained their instruc- 
 tions, Cromer, primate of Armagh, an Englishman, who 
 had once held the office of Chancellor, declared against 
 so impious a design. He summoned the suffragans and 
 clergy of his province, exhorted them to adhere inviolably 
 to the apostolic chair, and deaounced a tremendous curse 
 on all who should sacrilegiously acknowledge the king's 
 supremacy. ^ 
 
 Th|s opposition of the most eminent among the Irish 
 prelates, enlivened the zeal of those who adhered to the 
 see of Eome. The commission was treated with neglect,. 
 if not with contempt. It was therefore deemed advisable 
 to summon an Irish parliament, which, like the English 
 legislature, might by law enforce a general acknowledge- 
 ment of the king's supremacy. 
 
 jk Y^ A parliament was accordingly convened at Dub< 
 •*' / ' lin and, probably to {Prevent delay, the law of Poy- 
 
 njngs requiring the transmission and certification, 
 of bills, was suspended with-the king's assent. This par>- 
 Hament. passed an. act; of attainder against the late earl of 
 Kildare and his soq!s associates. The right of succession 
 to the crown of England and lordship of Ireland was ad- 
 justed. They pronounced the king's marriage with Ca- 
 tharine of ATragon,.to be ni^l and void ; they declared 
 the inhesitance of the crown to be in the king, and his 
 heirs by -queen Anne, and prooouQced it to be bigl^.tfeasoi^ 
 to oppose this succession, and appointed ha o^th of a^e- 
 giance to be taken for the establishment of it. This act. 
 bad acarcel]^ beep- passed when intelligence arrived ■ of, 
 
 ■-*r4.- 
 
 '>L<Jtui^.i4')} '!tL- 
 
IREIAMD. Its 
 
 the condemnation and death lof Anne Boleyn, and the 
 marriage of the king with the lady Jane Seymour. With 
 the same compliance with the king's wishes as the English 
 parliament had shewn, they instantly repealed the recent 
 act, and passed sentence of attainder on the late queen 
 and all who had been accused as accomplices ia the sup. 
 posed guilt of this unhappy lady. 
 
 The former marriages were by this act declared null 
 and void, and the succession now confirmed to the heirs 
 of the king by queen Jane-,; and in default of such, the 
 king was empowered to dispose of the crown of England 
 and the lordship of Ireland by letiera patent or by wilh 
 The king was declared to be supreme head on earth, of 
 the church of Ireland ; all appeals to Rome were forbids 
 By another act, the authority of the bishop of Rome was 
 more solemnly renounced, and the abettors of it in Ire- 
 land made subject to premunire. 
 
 All the laws passed, except those relating to ecclesias* 
 tical jurisdiction, were received without opposition. The 
 Romish- party was prepared for « vigorous contest. The 
 two pfoctors, from eaeh diocese, usually summoned to 
 parliament) formed a formidable. body of ecclesiastics, 
 zealous for the holy see. They claimed to be members of 
 the legislative body, with, a- fiUl right to .vote on every 
 question. Before the act of supremacy w^s proposed,^^ 
 it was declared by. a previous act, that their claims wero 
 preeumptuous and groundless- ; ■ that they were sttmnw>n- 
 ed. merely as counsellors and assistants, whose assent 
 was not necessary to aay parliamentary transaction. 
 
 But although the opponents of the act were thus depriv- 
 ^ of the assistance of a powerful i)ody, yetj when it came 
 to be proposed, lords and commons joined in expressing 
 their abhorrence of the spiritual authority assumed 
 '^y the king, while the other party w^ equally de* 
 
1 16 HISTORY OF 
 
 termined in their defence of it. Browne, who was 
 lately created archbishop of Dublin, and w«8 a strenuous 
 advocate for the reformed doctrines,, took the lead in 
 Supporting the king's spiritual authority. He declared 
 that he freely and conaciQptiousIy accepted the king's 
 highness as supreme m, both realms in ecclesiastical as 
 well as civil affairs. ; ' 
 
 Those who w«uld not be convinced, now thought it 
 prudent to reserve themselves for clandestinely opposing 
 a law which they could not prevent from being passed.—- 
 Objections, founded on anambiguity of expression in the 
 act passed for the suspension of Foyning&'s law, were urg- 
 ed against the validity of the, offensive acts. But as these 
 objections were started before the parliament was dissolv- 
 ed, care was taken to remove the grounds on which they 
 were urged, and to declare the validity of all acts of the 
 present parliament. By sue act twelve religious houses 
 were suppressed. Other acts were passed for the inter- 
 nal regulation «£ the pale. All pensions paid by subjects 
 to any Irish sept, were abolished, as the king's forces 
 were declared to be sufficient for their protection. It 
 was provided that no ecclesiastical prefevnient in the gift 
 of a subject should be conferred on any but those who 
 spoke the English l^pguage, unless upon repeated pro- 
 clamation, none such could be found. And . that an 
 English school should be kept in every parish. 
 
 The deputy, during the intervals of the sitting of -par- 
 liament, was actively and successfolly employed, in pre« 
 serving the peace of the pale ; sevenal chicftains,^ Irish 
 and English, were compelled to treat and submit. 
 ^ jy Meanwhile, the government was threatened 
 with additional commotions, a^sing. out of reU- 
 * gious controversy. Archbishop Browne found 
 the utmost difficulty, even in ,the seat of gover«* 
 ment, to counteract Cromer and his party, several in* 
 
 „■.,... .J 
 
IRELAND. 1 17 
 
 cumbents of the diocese of Dublin chose to resign their 
 benefices, rather than acknowledge the king*« supre- 
 roacy. 
 
 A commission arrived from Rome, to Cromer and his 
 associates, enjoining them to persevere boldly in sup^ 
 port of the papal authority. They were empowered to 
 absolve those who had taken thep^th of supremacy, and 
 to declare all those accursed, who held any power, ec- 
 clesiastical or civil> superior to that of the holy mother 
 church. While the bead of the northern clergy was, in 
 virtue df this commission, exhorting spiritual resistance 
 to the innovations on popery, a confederacy, beaded by 
 O'Nial, was formed and induced to take arms fur the 
 suppression of heresy. The governor having been rein- 
 forced by some troops from England, marched against 
 the forces of Ulster, and came up with a detachment 
 of the Irish, at Bellahoe, on the borders of Meath. — 
 After a desperate resistance, victory declared for the 
 deputy ; the Irish detachment gave way, and flying in 
 dismay, communicated the panic to the main body, which 
 lay at some distance, and the whole dispersed precipe 
 tately. 
 
 This victory closed the administration of lord Grey, 
 who was suddenly recalled to England ; and soon had to 
 answer charges brought against him by his enemies, of 
 oppression, bribery, correspondence with the king's ene- 
 mies, and the sacrilegious destruction of churches.— 
 Instead of waiting the issue of a trial, he sought mercy 
 by an abject submission of his life and honour, to a 
 prince incapable of shewing mercy. He pleaded guilty 
 to bis indictment, and was beheaded. 
 
 The removal of this unfortunate deputy, gave new 
 courage to those who opposed the governmrat^ The 
 Irish chieftains of Ulster, once more resolved to draw 
 
 -Mm 
 
118 
 
 HISTORY OP 
 
 the sword against the abettors of heresy. They were 
 joined by Murrough O'Brien, who had just succeeded 
 to the Irish sovereignty of Thomond. But sir William 
 Brereton, to whom Grey had entrusted the government, 
 marched to meet their united forces, assembled in West- 
 raeath, and the enemy dispersed. 
 
 These repeated defeats, produced a general despon- 
 dency among the Irish. Several monasteries were re> 
 signed into the king's hands, and the prior of Christ 
 church consented to have his commufiity changed into 
 that of a dean and chapter. \ 
 
 O'Brien of Thomond made his submi8»ian> The ear] 
 of Desmond renounced the privileges hitherto claimed 
 by his family, consented to attend parliament, and ab'- 
 jured the authority of the pope. Some other English 
 lords followed his txample ; and sir Anthoqy Saint Le« 
 ger, who was now made deputy, assttnie4 the -reins of 
 government, at a time when the executive power was 
 more respectable than ever. 
 
 The Irish parliament now conferred on the 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1541. 
 
 king, the title of king of -Ireland, for Iiitherto, 
 the English raonarchs had only assumed the title 
 of lord of Irelandk On the part of the king, a number 
 of peerages and promotions were granted with unusual 
 favour. 
 
 The deputy had now only to concert measures for 
 governing the new subjects. In Munster and Connaught, 
 which had formerly been divided into counties, and in- 
 habited in a great part by English settlers, but where 
 thd laws bad .been disused for 200 years, the authority 
 of government was immediately asserted. Some ordi- 
 aances were made by parliament for the regulation of 
 these districts, not entirely consonant to English law, 
 but such as might tend to the gradual refornjation of 
 
:*-C*OM/-*S ^ j,^ .'.3i>-'#«aW'— T ■ . f. . ..'. , 
 
 'ITIELAND. 119 
 
 those, " who as the act expresses it," were not so per- 
 fectly acquainted with the laws, that they could at once 
 live and be governed by them ; the most material of those 
 were, that laymen and fooys should not be admitted to 
 ecclesiastical preferment ; that murder and robbery be 
 punished by a fine, half to be paid to the king, and half 
 to the chieflain Qf the district ; that wilful murder be 
 punished capitally ; that noblemen be allowed no more 
 than 20 cubits, or bandies of linen in their shirts ; and 
 that perspDS of inferior rank, be limited, in proportion ; 
 that none be allowed to dye their shirts with saffron, 
 under a panalty of 20 shillings ; that those into whose 
 country a theft is traced, must trace it thence or make 
 restitution. ' 
 
 No attempts were as yet made to introduce a new 
 system of jurisprudence into all parts of the island, but 
 a number of commissioners were appofnted for each pro- 
 vince, to exercise the office of tlie ancient Brehons. 
 
 The earl of Desmond,- Uliac de Burgo, Murrough 
 O'Brien and O'Nial now repaired to Henry's court, re- 
 newed their declarations of obedience and allegiance^ 
 and were most graciously received ; de Burgo was made 
 earl of Clanricarde ; O'Brien, earl of Thomond ; and 
 O'Nial, who promised to assume the English habit, man- 
 ners, and language, and obey the English law, was 
 created earl of Tirowen. 
 
 An unusual degree of peace seemed now to have 
 spread over the kingdom, and all thepractises of Francis I. 
 to seduce the Irish into revolt, were ineffectual. On the 
 other hand, Henry was attended to Calais by a consL 
 derablebody of Irish forces; arid to such lengths was 
 loyalty carried, that when a ison of Fitzpatrick. baron 
 of Upper Ossory, had committed some treasoniAle of- 
 fence, he was delivered up to public justice by his own 
 father. 
 
 ^oe: 
 
120 HISTORY OP 
 
 Fifty-fi4r« laws passed in eight .sessions, of the reign 
 sf Henry VIII. are printed. 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 What was agitating the rest of Europe at this time ? What means 
 were taken to introduce tlie reformation into Ireland ? What success 
 attended its introduction ? By xirhom was it principally advocated, and 
 by whran opposed ? What proceedings did parliament take ? Who 
 were declared incompetent to sit in parliament ? What was the nature 
 of the comniission sent over by the pope ? Who took up arms to de- 
 fend the pope's claims? Where and how were the Irish defeated? 
 What was lord Grey's fate ? What occurred in Ireland on his removal ? 
 What followed ur William Bseretoo's dispersion of the Irish ? WiMt 
 title was conferred by the Irish parliament on the king ? What return 
 did the king make ? What measures were taken for the improvement 
 of the kingdom ? Who of the English and Irish chieftains repaiKd 
 to die king ? What was now the state of the kingdom ? What in- 
 stance is given of its loyalty? 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Chieftains of Leix and 0' Folly reduced — Measures taken 
 to extend the use of the liturgy—' Accession of Mary, 
 
 . 1^ Otr the accession of Edward VI. the English 
 council sent over Belliagham, an experienced 
 commander, with 600 horse and 400 infantry, 
 to support the government in Ireland ^ his arrival was 
 very opportune, for O'Moore of Leix, and O'Connor of 
 O'Fally had appeared in arms, and spread disorder 
 through the province of Leinster ; .their forces, however, 
 were quickly routed, and their chieftains, after having 
 been for some time reduced to the xumditionjof fugitives, 
 were taken and thrown into prison, their lands were de- 
 
JRELAND. 121 
 
 clared to be forfeited, and were conferred on English 
 proprietors. 
 
 Beilingham was now entrusted with the government, 
 and while he was actively employed in repelling the at> 
 tacks of the Irish chieftains, chose of the English race, 
 who envied his power, or disliked his administration, 
 formed factions against him, and he was removed. On 
 the death of his successor, Sir Francis Bryan, Brabazon 
 was chosen deputy by the council, but as the English 
 . -pv council was resolved to extend the use of the 
 reformed liturgy into Ireland, Sir Anthony 
 * Saint Leger, as a man of abilities and experience^ 
 was made lord deputy, with instructions to convene a 
 parliament ; this, however, was postponed, and the roy- 
 al proclamation was addressed to the clergy, enjoining 
 the acceptance of the new liturgy ; this was violently 
 opposed by Dowdal, archbishop of Armagh ; he v was a 
 native of Ireland, and had on the death of Cromer been 
 appointed by Henry, in defiance of the pope's nomination 
 of Robert Wauchop ; he was supported in this opposition 
 by almost all his suffragans, while Brown, archbishop of 
 Dublin, with the bishops of Meath, Kildare, Leighlinand 
 Limerick, declared their acceptance of the king's order,and 
 . jv the liturgy was soon after read in Christ church in 
 the presence of the deputy, magistrates, andcler- 
 ' gy. The steady opposition of Dowdal and his cler- 
 gy on the one hand, and on the other the perseverance of 
 the reformers under the auspices of royal authority, raised 
 apprehensions of disorder, which necessarily induced a"^^ 
 cautious and vigilant administration of civil affairs ; and 
 such was the comparative tranquillity of the whole king- 
 dom, that there appeared a prospect of establishing tlie 
 reformed religion, if the court of England had been suf- 
 ficiently attentive to this object, and the king's govern- 
 
 L 
 
 ^■. 
 
 .-■-..rt:.^^ . ..^ 
 
122 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 mentin Ireland strong enough to abolish the Brehoa law, 
 and to extend the English code through every part of 
 the kingdom ; urgent representations were naaJe to the 
 English minister of tlie necessity of this measure. For what- 
 ever were the overtures of the Irish in former neigns, when 
 the settlements of the English were evidently spread 
 through tlieir country, yet on the revival of their power in 
 the retgns. of Edward II. & III. they became con^rined in 
 thfir attatohment ta their ancient manners^ of which 
 tl^ey were now particularly tenacious. This adherence 
 to- the^r ancient manners, and institiutiona, was the great 
 ol^stacle the Iriftb vicegerent, had to overcome in. his at< 
 t^mpts^ to preserve the different inhabitants within the 
 bounds of peace and submission. On the death of the 
 earl of, Clanricarde, his^ follawers proceeded to elect a 
 ca{)tain q£ their sept, under pretence ofi the illegitimacy 
 of the earl's son, while tl)e young lord chose to assert 
 his right by force of arms, rather than by a tedious ^d 
 precarious appeal to the lord deputy. In like manner, on 
 the (}&ith of the earl of Thoroond, his legal successor, 
 the baron of Ibracken, was, by the turbulence of bis 
 brotbers/Daniel and Turlogh, and the factious clamours of 
 his s^pt, c(»QpeUed to nominate a. tanlst according to 
 ancient usage, and Daniel O'firien was raised to this 
 dignity. 
 
 But the j^rincipal distress of the English government 
 in this reign, arose from the factious disorders of the 
 great northern family of O'Nial, who kindled in Tirowen 
 a. flame of war, which, though it subsided at intervals, 
 wa$ not extinguishcid for many years. 
 
 In the mean time, the death of Edward VI. 
 ••nfounded all the efforts which had. hitherto 
 been made to introduce the reforaiation into 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1553. 
 Ireland. 
 
 .■.:^'i--> 
 
 "/^visaalJaiii 
 
IRELAND. 12^ 
 
 The officers of state \vere, on the accession of Mary, 
 confirmed in their sqyeral departments. No violent 
 changes were as yet attempted in the religious estabHsh. 
 ment, a lk;ence only was publislied, as in England, for 
 the celebration of mass without penafty ; and among the 
 royal titles, that of supreme Tiead on earth, of the 
 church of Ireland, continued to be inserted in the acts 
 of state. 
 
 Mary restored the family of Kildare to all its estates 
 and honours, in the person of Gerald Fitz Gerald. Char. 
 ies Kavanagh was created a peer by the title of baron 
 Balyan, and was by the same patent nominated captain 
 of his sept, so that though he was made a lord of 
 parliament, iStiil be was to exercise the ancient jurisdic- 
 tion over his followers. O'Connor, chieftain of O'Fatly, 
 was set at liberty, and returned to Ireland. Dowdal, 
 who had ia the reign of Edward VI. abandoned his dio- 
 cese, was new rest'ored ; for ages the qaestioh of prece- 
 denco had beeti agitated between the eees of Dublin and 
 Armagh ; whetlier appeals"bhould be brouglit in ecclesi- 
 astical causes from one^ diocese to another, or wheretbe 
 final sentence sfhould be pronounced, were points of less 
 moment, than whether the prhuatie of Armagh should 
 have his crosier carried erect within the jursdiction of 
 his riva^. The decisions of popes and councils had been 
 pleaded by both parties ; at length it had been decided 
 that each should be entitled to a primatial dignity, and 
 erect his crosier in the diocese of the other ; but that 
 the archbishop of Armagh should be stiled primate of 
 alt Ireland, while the archbishop of Dublin should be 
 contented with the title of prin»ate of Ireland. This had 
 been reversed in the last reign, in favour of Browne arch- 
 bishop of Dublin ; but Dowdal now resumed the dignity 
 of primateof a// Ireland. 
 
 Sir Aiithony Saint Leger, who had been employed to 
 
 L 2 
 
124 HISTORY or 
 
 introduce the reformation, was now the deputy, under 
 whose auspices it was to be abolished, 
 
 Dowdal was the chief agent on this occasion; and by 
 his zeal and activity, those clergy who had in the for- 
 mer reign, been the warm advocates of the reformation, 
 and such as had, under the sanction of law, renounced 
 a life of celibacy and married, were removed from their 
 preferments. 
 
 When religious ordinances were settled, Saint Leger 
 and his successor, Fitz Walter earl of Sussex, had leisure 
 to repress those disorders which were perpetually arising 
 in one part or other of the kingdom. The old Irish 
 inhabitants of Leix and OTally could not patiently sub. 
 mit to the claims of the new settlers. Having taken up 
 arms, numbers of them were cut off in the field or exe- 
 cuted in cold blood ; and the whole race would have 
 been extirpated, had not the earls of Kildare and Or- 
 mond interceded with the queen, and by becoming 
 fiuritics for their peaceable behaviour, rescued a few 
 from impending danger. 
 A fi Persecution was now raging in England, and 
 
 Sussex was ordered to coBvene a parliament, for 
 
 1556 • 
 
 the purpose of giving a legal sanction to the 
 
 overthrow of the reformation. On the meeting of thjs 
 
 assembly, the deputy presented it with a bull firom 
 
 Cardinal Pole, which was read aloud by the chancellor, 
 
 kneeling, and received by the lords and commons in the 
 
 sanae humble posture. This bull represented the sepa> 
 
 ration of Ireland from the papal see as the effect of fear 
 
 rather than free will : it pronounced absolution to all for 
 
 this offence: it ratified all ecclesiastical proceedings, 
 
 during the schism ; it secured the possession of church 
 
 lands to Uiose who had been invested with them, but gave 
 
 a gentle admonition to restore what might be necessary 
 
 for the support of parsonages and vicarages, and enjoined 
 
 
IRELAND. 125 
 
 the parliaraent to abrogate kW laws enacted against the 
 
 fiupremapy of Rome. 
 
 Tke parliament began w^ith dec\mag t3«t the qiittctt 
 had been born in lawsful wedlock, and repeided all former 
 acts to her prejudice ; 4hey ratified all the pTOvisions of 
 the bull transmitted by Pole, repealing all acte made 
 against the tioly see since the 20th of Henry Vill. 
 
 BeeidQS the acts relating to eccUsiasticsd raattersy 
 others were passed for the cinl government, one grant* 
 ing a subsidy for tlie special purpose of enabling the 
 queen to expel the Scottish- islanders, whose numbers 
 were so foniiidable, and outrages so dangerous, tbtft 
 ir was declared high treason to invite them into Ireland 
 or to entertain them, and felony to intermarry with them. 
 In compllmeBt to the queen and her consort, Leix ami 
 O ' Fal ly were denominated the king'* aitd ijueens' cowstieS, 
 and were vested for ever, in the crown ; and Sussex w»i 
 empowered to grant estates or leases in theai>at his plea^ 
 sure i the chancellor was empowered on the pforogatiori 
 or dissolution of parliaraent, to direct a comrmissjon nn-> 
 der the great' seal, for viewing all the towns, villages, atiA 
 waste grounds of the kingdom, and< reducing them m- 
 to counties. 
 
 A law was also passed for the explanation of the- 
 famous act of Poynings — it was enacted, that no parlia- 
 ment should be held or summoned in Ireland; until the- 
 chief governors and councils should certify the causes 
 and considerations, and soch acts and ordinances as they 
 judged proper to be enacted ; tliat when these were ap- 
 proved and returned under the great seal of England, a 
 parliament should then be »ummened foe the purpose of 
 passing such acts, and none other ; but- as eyetits might 
 happen during the sitting ofparliament^. necessary to be 
 provided for, the chief governors and council were au« 
 
 tliorised to certify such other causes and provisions; af- 
 
 I. 3 
 
 '•• • ir""iriiiii"iiliiitriiinfiiii<iiin'[i 
 
126 
 
 Hisi'OBY or 
 
 ter the summons and meeting of parliament, as they 
 shall think good to be enacted ; which, and no othera, 
 shall be passed in every such parliament, if agreed to by 
 ihe three estates. This was the act which finally deter, 
 mined the usage of holding parliaments and enacting laws 
 'n Ireland. 
 
 During the remainder of Mary's reign, the O'Nials 
 carried on a civil war uncontrolled by the deputy; in 
 the west the Scottish adventurers were driven with great 
 slaughter cut of the kingdom. In Thomond, the violen- 
 ces of Daniel O'Brien iu endeavouring to dispossess his 
 nephew, and hol^l his possessions in right of tainistry, 
 were so great, that the deputy was obliged to interpose ; 
 the nephew was declared earl of Thomond, and consent- 
 ed to hold his lands as an Englisli subject; he. and all his 
 freehoKlers swore allegiance to the king and queen in the 
 most solemn mahner, and renounced the name of O'Bri- 
 en to the utter mortification of his Irish adherents. " He 
 accepted the title of earl," say the Irish annalists, " but 
 gave up the dignity of Dalcais, to the astonishment and 
 indignation of ail the descendants of Heber, Herumon, 
 and Ith." 
 
 The laws of Philip and Mary, are 15 passed in one 
 s^sion. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What force did Bellingham bring over? What took place vi 
 Leix and O Tally ? For what purpose was sir A. Saint Leger sent 
 over? yfho principally opposed the introduction of the liturgy? 
 'Where was the liturgy read ? What would have enabled tlie deputy to 
 have established the reformation generally ? What was the chief obstacle 
 the deputy had to overcome in preserving the public peace ? What occur* 
 ed on the deaih of the earl of Clanricarde i" What principally distress- 
 ed the govemoaent at this time ? What occurred on the accession of 
 
v'c^yf^y 
 
 IRELAND. 127 
 
 Mary? What no>)le family was restored ? What archbishop ? What 
 was tlie dispute between the archbishops of Armagh and Dublin ? 
 What occurred in Leix and O'Fally? What orders were given for 
 the overthrow.of the refonnation ? In what manner was the bull from 
 Cardinal i'ole received? What proceedings were uken in parlia- 
 ment ? What law was passed relative to the Scott? What relative ■ 
 tb Foyning> law? How did O'Brien of Thomond mortify bia ad- 
 herents ? 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Accession of Elizabeth — Conduct of John CNial — Re. 
 storation by Parliament of the reformed vsorship^^ 
 Transactions in Ulster. 
 
 A y. On the accession of Elizabeth, Sussex, who 
 ha^ retained Ireland in comparative quiet, with 
 a small force, was continued in his office. 
 Daniel O'Brien still prosecuted his claims to the chief- 
 taincy of north Munster, and incessantly annoyed the 
 earl of Thomond ; while the earls of Ormond and Des- 
 mond lived in a state of rivalship and enmity, danger- 
 ous to the public peace. The west was harrassed by the 
 feuds of the de Burgos. In Leinster, the survivors of 
 the old families of Leix and O Fally watched every fa- 
 vourable opportunity of assailing those new inhabitants! 
 amongst whom their lands were distributed. 
 
 In defiance of the letters patent, which had created 
 his lather a peer, and by which his lands were confirmed 
 to his illegitimate son Matthew, John O'Nial had been 
 acknowledged chieftain of this extensive district, and 
 claimed the sovereignty of all Ulster. Sir Henry Syd- 
 ney, who governed in the absence of Sussex, marched 
 Jiorthwardiai to terrify this chieftain, and from Dundalk 
 
128 HISTORY OF 
 
 summoned him to appear and exptam hts conducU- 
 O'Niftl considered, tbat obedience to tliis summons 
 Would be looked on by hh fdllotrers as a mark of ab- 
 ject subrnkision ; he therefore returned a message fuO 
 df duty to tiie queen, and respect to her governor, and 
 requested that Sydney would honour him with a visit, 
 and be sponsor to his child. Sydney thought it expe- 
 dient to comply, and attended John O'Nial, who enter- 
 tained him in rude magnificence. He acknowledged 
 that he had opposed the succession of Matthew^s chil- 
 dren, but he added, it was well known, that this Mat- 
 thew was illegitimate, and that if he resigned his pre- 
 Jtensions to such a son, still, more than one hundred 
 persons of the name of O'Nial would assert the honour 
 of their family against the usurpation of any spurious 
 race ; that the letters patent, on which the claim was 
 founded, were in effect vain, for his father Con, by 
 the ancient institutions of 'bis country, could claim no 
 i^ight in Tirowen, but during his own li£e; and could not 
 change his teonre, without consent of all the lords and 
 inhabitants of this territory. Or if the cause should be 
 determined by English law, it is the known, course of 
 this law, that n& grants can be made by letters patent, 
 until an inquisition be previously held of the lands to be 
 conveyed ; but ne suchanqnisition had beeti held in Ti- 
 jrowen, which had not known the English law, nor had 
 ever been reduced to an Englisli courity^ Were it in- 
 sisted, that the iiAeritance shouhl descend in succession 
 to the rightful heir, he was that heir, as eldest of the le- 
 gitin»te sons of Con. But bis pce^eminence was de- 
 rived from^an origin more glorioos, the free election of 
 bis countrymen ; an election even practised, without any 
 'application, to the English governBaent^ and thus in- 
 vested, he claimed only those rights which, a long train 
 of predecessors had enjoyed, and which were so ascer- 
 
■ "'V ■ '-™ r^'^y.iW^'W'v ' 
 
 IRELAND. 129 
 
 tained as to render the interposition of the English go- 
 vernment unnecessary. 
 
 Sydney consulted his counsellors, who were silenced 
 by this reasoning. By their advice he replied, that the 
 points now stated were of too great consequence to re- 
 ceive an immediate answer ; that, they were first to be 
 communicated to the queen. In the mean time, he adp 
 vised O'Nial to persevere in a peaceable demeanour, and 
 to rest assured of receiving from the throne whatever 
 should be found right and equitable. The chieftain pra. 
 mised obedience, and the)^ parted in perfect amity. 
 
 Sussex now returned to Ireland, with special instruc- 
 tions for establishing the reformed religion. A parlia^ 
 . j^ ment was assembled, which met on the Uth day 
 of January, the commons were composed of de< 
 * puties, summoned from ten counties only, the 
 rest, which made up the number seventy-six, were citi* 
 zens and burgesses of those towns in which the royal 
 authority was predominant. In a session of a few weeks 
 the ecclesiastical system of Mary was entirely reversed^ 
 and the reformed religion established by a series of sta- 
 tutes, but not without considerable opposition. Sussex 
 was so alarmed by the opposition he had enconntered in 
 this parliament, that he dissolved it in a few weeks, and 
 repairing to the queen, entrusted the Irish government, 
 by her directions, to sir William Fitz William, a person 
 too inconsiderable to enforce his authority among a peo- 
 ple who were only to be managed by a deputy of power 
 and consequence, and who were now particularly pro* 
 voiced by the violence offered to their religious opinions. 
 The opposers of the reformatioQ inveighed against the 
 queen and her ministers ; many recusant clergy abandoo- 
 ed their churches, which remWning unsupplied by re- 
 formed ministers, fell to ruin; the statutes lately made 
 were either evaded or neglected with impunity; the 
 
 
ISSb HISTORY of 
 
 people w^re exhortfed to assert their religioti, and were 
 assured of effectual support from the pope and the king 
 of Spain ; the latter of Hhom ^was particularly offended 
 at Eliiaabeth. In the mean time, the chieftain of Ti- 
 rowen acted in the most extravagant manrter; asserting 
 the ancient right of his family to the dominion of Ulster, 
 he ravaged the territories of the neighbouring Irish 
 ■chtef^, while at the same time, he breathetl the most 
 rancorous hatred of the English ; one c{ his followers 
 was hanged on suspicion of being a spy for the govern- 
 ment, and he condemned another to the same fate, only 
 ibr feeding on Eaglish biscuit. 
 
 Sussex collectted troops, and marched into the north ; 
 -but before hostilfties had proceeded to any length, over- 
 tures wwe •nv'oie on each side fol" an a'ccommodation. 
 On O'Nial'-s proimse of subniission, it was ogrecd that 
 •he should be acknowledged dynast of Tirovven, until 
 pariiaraent should decide on the validity of t&e;l alters 
 patent ; that if they were declared invalid, Jie slmuld be 
 created earl of Tirowen, and hold kk country by Eng- 
 lish tenure, still maintaining the ancietit prescriptive 
 iitithority over all those who should be found to owe him 
 vassailage. When the treaty was concluded, he swore 
 Allegiance, and then repaired to the queeii to renew his 
 submissions at the foot of the throne. 
 jL j\ He appeared in London, attended by a guard 
 ■of gallowglasses, arrayed in the habiliments of 
 their country, armed -widi the battle^ax, their 
 iieaids bare, their hair "flowing on their shoulders, their 
 iinen vests dyed with saffron, with long and open sleeves, 
 and surcharged with their short miiitary harness; he 
 ^as most graciously received by the queen, and di's- 
 nilssed with presents ttad assurances of favour. This 
 transaction was regarded by O^Nial's follow^s as a 
 treaty «f peace fffid atnity hatween two potentates ; and 
 
IBELA.ND. 161 
 
 the gracious reception of which John boasted on hig re« 
 turn, they considered aS: an acknovrledgment of bis dig- 
 nity. On his return, John encountered the Scots, de- 
 , y. feated qnd slew their leader, and so favourable 
 were the reports transmitted, to England of his 
 conduct, that a noember of the privy-council 
 was appointed to execuJ;e articles of agreement wjth him, 
 upon the terms originally proposed ; but as the nprthera 
 chieftain still continued to train his followers to arms 
 and increase his forces; Sussex expressed his appr^hon. 
 sions to the queen, that he meditated some design agQinsft 
 her government. " Be not dismayed," said Elizabeth, 
 *' tell my friends if he arise, it will turn to their advan-^ 
 tage ; there -will be estates for them who want. ; from me 
 he must expect no further favour." But the deputy 
 more alarmed, prepared to defend the northern, borders 
 of the pale. 
 
 Sussex was succeeded by Arnold, who was soon.found 
 incapable of governing ; and sir Henry Sydney was 
 made governor. To assist "?iim, sir William Saint Le- 
 ger was stationed in Munster, with the title of lord pre- 
 sident, to maintain the public peace. To awe O'Nial, 
 Randolph, an English officer, was stationed at Derry, 
 with a strong and well provided garrison. 
 
 The civil and eccl&siastical state of the kingdom was 
 in the most alarming disorder ; but the most pressing 
 danger was from the restless O'Nial. 
 
 He razed several castles on the borders of the pale, 
 burned the church of Armagh, ravaged the whole dis- 
 trict of Fermanagh, and expelled the chieftain, who re- 
 fused to acknowled^ his superiority ; endeavoured to. 
 prevs^il on,Desmo94 and the Connwgbt losrds tQ unite 
 with him, and sent ambassadors to Rome and Spain. 
 
 To oppose him, Sydney spirited up all the ^orthera 
 Irish who had been injured by O'Nial. Hc-was^thas^sur* 
 
 
 ■ ■*■*;£■- 
 
132 HISTORY OF 
 
 rounded by enemies, and his forces were defeated with 
 great slaughter ; rendered furious by disgrace, he treat- 
 ed his followers with a barbarous sererity ; they de- 
 serted, and at length O'Nial resolved to throw himself 
 on the mercy of Sydney. He was prevented by one of 
 his attendants, who expressed his fears of the event, and 
 advised him to make overtures to the Scots now en- 
 camped in Clanhuboy,who,however they "might resent his 
 €ormer conduct, were still enemies to theEnglish, and by 
 their aid, he might be enabled to make terms. O'Nial 
 abandoned his first intention. By the persuasion of an 
 English officer, named Piers, who practised on the 
 Scots, O'Nial's proposal was received with seeming sa- 
 tisfaction ; he was invited to an entertainment, where in 
 a quarrel intentionally raised, he was assassinated. Piers 
 sent his head to the deputy, and was rewarded with 
 1000 marks. 
 
 By the queen's authority, the deputy Bomioated Tur- 
 lagh Lynnaugh O'Nial, grandson to the O'Nialwhohad 
 married into the family of Kildare, successor to John. 
 He was a man of peaceable dispositions, and was bound 
 by indentures, to renounce the sovereignty claimed by 
 JTohn over the neighbouring lords, and to suffer the 
 sons of Matthew to enjoy their dominions Ainmolested. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Who was depu^ oa the accession of Elizabeth? Who daimed 
 Ihe chieftiuncy of north Munster ? How vras Leinster disturbed ? 
 Whochdmed the soTordgntj of Ulster? How cBd O'Nial evade 
 Sir Henr;^ Sdney's summons? What reaswis did O'Nial give for 
 maintaining his pre-eminence ? What e&ct had his reasonings on 
 iSdney ? What steps were taken to re-establish the reformed wonhip ? 
 Who assembled a parliament for this purpose ? How many counties 
 
."■ '.■'■- ■■"■■*.■-■.- ' . ■"* ■"-■f " ■-■ A'- ■'■' '-■-.*^;- 
 
 ZRELANU. 1^3 
 
 eeut deputies ? Why was this parliament dissolved ? Who succeeded 
 Sussex ? Who offered to assist the opposers of the refomuition ? How 
 did O'Nial shew his hatred of the English ? What compromise was 
 made between him and Sussex? How did be appear in London? 
 What account did he give of his reception ? What reply did Eliza- 
 beth make to Sussex ? Who succeeded Su*sex ? Did O'Nial remain 
 quiet? What means did Sidney use to oppose him? Why did 
 O'Nial join the Scots ? What was the conseijuence ? Who wai his 
 successor ? On what terms did he hold his lands ? 
 
 CHAPTER Vr. 
 
 Feuds between the Butlers and the Ormonds — Parliw 
 mentary proceedings — James Fitzinaurice-^EngHsh cO' 
 lonies. 
 
 In Munster the feuds of the houses of Desmond and 
 Ortnond gave the deputy constant occupation in en- 
 deavouring to restrain their excesses. Gerald, the pre- 
 sent earl of iiesmond, or wnom tHe queen wrote, that 
 he " was not brought up where law and justice had beea 
 frequented," engaged ia a petty war with the Butlers^ 
 I which ended in his being defeated, wounded, and made 
 prisoner; as the Butlers conveyed him from the fi Id, 
 stretched on a bier, his supporters in triumph exclaimed, 
 " where is now the great lord of Desmond ?" he replied, 
 " where, but in his proper place, still on the necks of the 
 Butlers." 
 
 These disputes were referred to the queen, who ef- 
 fected an accommodation between the rivals ; but new- 
 difficulties and controversies arose. The deputy found 
 it necessary to seize the earl of Desmond, who was ob- 
 liged to attend the queen ; he and his brother were com- 
 mitted close prisoners to the tower, and thus confirmed 
 
 M 
 
IS* HISTORY OF 
 
 in a rancourous hatred to the English government, which 
 ended only with their lives. : 
 
 A parliament was now convened ; the constitution of 
 Xhe commons wa's particularly offensive to one party ; it 
 was alleged that members not resident in towns where 
 they were chosen, had been returned, and members for 
 towns not incorporated ; that sheriffs and magistrates had 
 returned themselves. Afler four days spent in clamorous 
 altercation, the judges were consulted,who decided, that 
 those returned for towns not incorporated, and the ma- 
 gistrates who had returned themselves, were incapable 
 of sitting, but that the non resident members were, and 
 that the penalty of electing them should alight on the 
 sheriiSs. 
 
 This decision left the government a majority, but in- 
 creased the violence of the opposite party, who were led 
 by sir Christopher Barnewal. 
 
 The introduction of a bill for the suspension of Poy- 
 nlng's law was violently opposed, and some days elapsed 
 before any business was transacted ; at length the suspen- 
 sion was agreed to, but it was afterwards provided, that 
 no bill should ever be certified into England for the re- 
 peal or suspension of this law, until it had been first 
 agreed on, by a majority of lords and commons in the 
 Irish parliament. 
 
 An act of attainder was passed against John O'Nial, 
 and his possessions in Ulster vested for ever In the 
 crown. 
 
 Munster was now made the scene of civil war ; sir 
 Peter Carew laid claim to some lands In the possession 
 of sir Edmond Butler. In this proceeding he was jus- 
 tified by the sentence of the deputy. Butler armed his 
 followers and repulsed the intruder. Several of Butler's 
 neighbours, who had been harrassed by his violence, 
 complained to the deputy; commissioners were appointeei 
 
 
IRELAND, J 35 
 
 to hear their cause, but he alleged that no justice could 
 be expected from his mortal enemy, and disdained to ap- 
 pear before them. This insolence was the more alarm- 
 ing, as intelligence was received that the king of Spain 
 was practising in Ireland by his agent, Juan Mendoza, 
 to excite insurrections, and that James Fitz Maurice, 
 with others of the Geraldines of Munster, provoked at 
 the imprisonment of the earl of Desmond and his bro- 
 ther, and affecting great zeal for their religion, had been 
 joined by the eari of Clancarthy, taken arms,aad sent to 
 the king of Spain to desire assistance. Butler was said to 
 have united with these enemies of his house. Sir Peter 
 Carew was ordered to reduce him, which order he pre- 
 pared to obey with particular alacrity, and leading hit 
 troops against them, at one vigorous onset put them to 
 flight, and pursued them with terrible execution. James 
 Fitz Maurice now prepared to take the field ; he first in. 
 vested the city of Kilkenay, but being repulsed by the 
 garrison, and resisted by the citizens, he turned his fury 
 on the adjacent villages which he plundered, and so little 
 opposition did he meet, that he conceived hopes of over- 
 throwing the English power ; with this view he endea- 
 voured to engage Tirlough O'Nial, to make a diversion 
 in his favour, on the northern borders of the pale ; and 
 also sent messengers to the courts of Spain and Rome, 
 with assurances, that the enemies of Elizabeth had 
 risen in every part of Ireland, and that some foreign aid 
 only was required, to root out all the adversaries of the 
 holy see. 
 
 The alarm, however, of this insurrection, was greater 
 than the real danger, and was soon suppressed by the 
 earl of Ormond, and sir John Perrot, an austere, spirit- 
 ed, and vigorous officer, who was appointed president of 
 Munster. To this province he gave an universal appear- 
 ance of peace and industry, by enforcing a strict exe- 
 
 M 2 
 
 ■i;- 
 
"136 HISTORY OF 
 
 eution of English law ; for this purpose he held courts 
 in different quarters, where he heard and redressed 
 grievances. The queen had such confidence in this of- 
 ficer, that on his first appointment to the command in 
 Ireland, she permitted sir Henry Sidney to return to 
 England, and entrust the government to his brother, sir 
 . ^ William Fitz William. At this time a great spirit 
 of colonization prevailed in Ireland ; sir Thomas 
 "^ ' ' Smith, secretary to the queen, obtained a grant 
 of Irish lands for his natural son. Young Smith led a 
 colony into a district in Ulster, called Ards, where he 
 was soon put to death by the O'Nials, and the hopes of 
 the colony blasted. This failure, however, did not deter 
 other adventurers, and Walter Devereux, lately created 
 earl of Essex, offered to plant a colony in Clan-hu-boy, 
 on condition that he should be invested with a moiety 
 of the country, thus planted; and be commander in chief 
 for seven years. 
 
 . j^ Fitz W^illlam, who foresaw danger from the 
 presence of a nobleman vested with an inde- 
 pendent authority, and attended by a consider- 
 able force, warmly remonstrated against the commission 
 granted to the earl, but the enemies of Essex were anxi- 
 ous for his departure. Leicester the chief of them, pre- 
 vailed on the queen to quiet the jealousy of Fitz Wil- 
 liam, by proposing that Essex should receive his com- 
 mission from the lord deputy of Ireland. This commission 
 was, however, affectedly delayed, and when the earl 
 landed, he found himself harrassed by the northern na- 
 tives, who received secret intimation, that they might 
 oppose him with impunity. Essex pathetically repre- 
 sented to the queen the distresses of his situation, and 
 was on the point of being recalled, when his enemies at 
 court found new pretences for detaining him in Ireland, 
 to aid the lord deputy, as they alleged, against the 
 
IRELAND. 137 
 
 queen's enemies. Essex, after assisting to put down some 
 commotions in the south, returned to the prosecution of 
 his schemes in Ulster, when he was involved in a series 1 
 
 of perplexities, by the turbulence of the natives, and 
 the insidious practices of Leicester. Vexation and dis^- 
 pointment soon put a period to his existence. Sir Wil- 
 liam Fitz William had repeatedly requested to be re- 
 called from the Irish government ;. the queen at length 
 determined once more to entrust the management of . 
 Irish affairs to sir Henry Sidney ; he well knowing the 
 difficulties of this office, would gladly have declined the 
 charge ; to conquer his reluctance, he was invested with 
 the most honourable and extensive powers, and assured 
 of an annual remittance of je20,000, in addition to the 
 ordinary revenues of Ireland. 
 
 . j^ His presence was sufficient to suppress all com- 
 motions ; and without drawing a sword, he . put 
 ' ' down every disorder, executed the laws, and ad- 
 ministered justice even with severity. Sir William Drury 
 was appointed lord president of Munster, in the room of 
 Perrot, where he acqukied iMBMelf with great reputa- 
 tion, and without regard to ancient patents, extended 
 his jurisdiction into every district, without control or 
 opposition. 
 
 The great disproportion between the revenue of Ire- 
 land, and the charge of maintaining the English power 
 in this country, was a cause of constant complaint in 
 England ; to remedy this, Sidney conceived the design 
 of creating a regular revenue, by substituting a com- 
 position for a certain rate of provision (or the rojal 
 garrisons, and the maintenance of the governor's house- 
 hold, furnished by the English districU. This proposi- 
 tion was steatlily resisted by the lords and gentlemen of 
 the pale ; a remonstrance was sent to the queen, but 
 witliout effect ^ the agents who presented the renon- 
 
 M 3 
 
 

 138 
 
 HisTony OF 
 
 strance, were committed to the fleet, as contumacious 
 opposers of the royal authority. At length the opposition 
 to this measure gave way, and a composition was settled 
 for seven years. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 ■VVTiat did the queen say of Desmond ? Wliat became of bim ? 
 What did he say tu the Butlers ? What complaint was made of the 
 constitution of parliaments ? Hovr did the judges decide ? What 
 bill was proposed in parliament ? Who was attainted ? What caused 
 dissentions in Munster? What alarmed the deputy ? Who was the 
 king «f Spain's agent? Who attacked the city of Kilkenny ? What 
 was the result? Who suppressed the insurrection ? How waa peace 
 secured in Munster? Who attempted to colonize in the north? What 
 offer did the earl of Essex make ? Did he fail ' Who succeeded sir 
 William Fitz William ? On what terms ? Who was appointed pre- 
 sident of Munster? What means did sir Henry Sidney lue to encrease 
 the revenue of Ireland? 
 
 RECAPITULATION, 
 
 In what year did sir E. Poynings arrive ? What interrupted the 
 progress of his reform of the state ? How did his campaign against 
 the Irish end ? Where did he hold a parliament ? Which are the 
 laws most celebrated that were then passed ? What was Uie issue of 
 Warbeck's second attempt ? What was the issue of the earl of Kil- 
 dare's trial ? What effect had Poynings's law on the appointment of 
 Kildare to the office of chief governor ? What was the nature of the 
 carl's administration ? In what year did Henry VII. die? What 
 advice did Wolsey give respecting the government of Ireland ? Who 
 was sent to Ireland in consequence ? What proof did the people give 
 of their opinion of his administration ? How did Francis J. endea- 
 Tour to emfoarrsss Henry ? At what time ? How did Francis's at- 
 tmapt involve the earl of Kildare ? What gave rise to the rebelUod 
 
-■•^.-rT-^.^spr^^wt^gll^ll^lflfl^ff^ir^rw-'r 
 
 IREtAND. 
 
 13d 
 
 of lord Tliomas, son to the earl of Kilddre ? How did the Ortnond 
 family shew its loyalty during it ? What are tlie principal events of 
 tliis rcl)cllion ? How did it terminate ? What was occui>jring the 
 attention of the rest of Europe, while this rebellion raged in Ire- 
 land ? What means were taken to establish the reformation in Ire- 
 land ? In what year was the sanction of parliament called for to 
 aid the reformation? How did this parliament shew its subser- 
 viency to the king's wishes ? What means did Cromer use to oppose 
 the reformation ? Who took up arms to support the Catholic cause ? 
 What was lord Grey's fate? What was tlie state of Irisli affairs when 
 sir A. Saint Leger was made deputy ? When was the title of king 
 of Ireland conferred ? To what extent were the English laws used 
 in the reign of Henry VIII ? Who succeeded Henry VIII,' In 
 what year? When was the reformed litur^'y introduced into Ireland? 
 What' representations were sent to the English government respecting 
 the reformation at this time? When did Edward VI. die? Who suc- 
 ceeded him ? What changes took place in ecclesiastical affairs ? la 
 what year was parliament called on to sanction this change ? How ia 
 the name of Cardinal Pole connected with those proceedings ? What 
 explanation did Puynings law receive ? Who succeeded Elizabeth and 
 when ? What Irish chieftain proved troublesome at this time ? What 
 arguments did O'Nial urge in support of his claims ? Who governed 
 Ireland at that time? What occurred in the parliament summoned 
 in 1569 ? When did O Nial appear in London? How was he at- 
 tended ? What opinion did the Irish entertain of tiiis interview ? 
 What was the end of O Nial ? On what occasion were the judges 
 consulted by the house of commons ? What effect had their decision 
 on the house ? Who was James Fitz Maurice ? What was hk con- 
 duct ? Who attempted to plant colonies in Ireland, when and with 
 what success ? What offers were made to sir H. Sydney, to induce 
 him to take the office of chief governor of Ireland ? What proposal 
 t)f his gave great offence in Ireland ? 
 
J ■.'•'. 
 
 140 HISTORY OF 
 
 I 
 
 ■X 
 
 ■ ■ I . 
 
 BOOK THE FOURTH. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Project of Stukeley — Spanish .Invasion— Death of Des- 
 mond, 
 
 The enemies of Elizabeth novf attempted to subvert 
 her power in Ireland. An English adventurer, Thomas 
 Stukely, disappointed in his hopes of obtaining prefer- 
 ment in Ireland, to which he was obliged to retire in the 
 reign of £dw£lrd VI. went to Rome, and insinuated him. 
 self successfully into the confidence of Gregory XIII. and 
 persuaded him of the practicability of making his son, 
 Jacob Boncompagna, king of Ireland. The pope prac 
 tised with Spain, and amused Philip with the design of 
 expelling Elizabeth from all her dominions, by first in. 
 vading Ireland. Eight hundred Italians, whom Philip 
 undertook to pay, were raised, and Stukely, who was to 
 command, created by the pope marquis of Leinster, earl 
 of Wexford and Carlow, viscount Murrogh, and baron 
 of Ross. 
 
 At the same time, James Fitzmaurice, who had, on be- 
 ing released from his confinement, retired to the conti- 
 nent, was endeavouring to obtain from France or Sp^in, 
 assistance to invade his native country. 
 
 Elizabeth was informed of her danger, and made pre- 
 parations both by sea and land to meet it ; she was, how- 
 ever, soon relieved from the danger of Stukely's arma- 
 ment. On his arriving at the mouth of the Tagus, he 
 found don Sebastian preparing for his African expedition, 
 and was prevailed on by the Portuguese to join him, pro- 
 mising on his return to accompany the Italians tolreland 
 ia this expedition, Stukely fell with don Sebastian, and 
 
IRELAND.. 141 
 
 as this event turned the attentron of the Spaniard from 
 
 his design on Elizabeth, she withdrew her navy from the 
 
 coast of Ireland, and permitted Sir H. Sydney 
 
 'to resign his government to Sir William Drury 
 
 ^^'^' lord president of Munster. 
 
 Fitzmaurice had in the mean time, obtained the incon- 
 siderable succour of four score Spaniards, with whom 
 and some fugitives of England and Ireland, he landed 
 at Smerwick, in Kerry. ♦ A ship of war which lay in the 
 harbour of Kinsale, on the first intelligence of the inva- 
 sion, doubled the point of land, and destroyed the trans- 
 ports ; thus cutting off the power of retreat or relief by 
 sea. 
 
 They were immediately joined by sir John and James, 
 brothers to the earl of Desmond, with their followers.— 
 The earl himself, though equally disaffected, yet for the 
 present acted with caution mnd reserve, and pretended 
 to assemble his forces for the service of government.— 
 He summoned to his assistance the earl of Clancarthy, 
 who instantly obeyed the summons, but after his arrival, 
 finding every scheme of operations objected to, he retired 
 in disgust. 
 
 Fitzmaurice, however, not satisfied with this duplicity, 
 did not suppress his vexation at his disappointment in not 
 meeting with an open declaration. He expressed also 
 his suspicions of sir John, who, to prove his sincerity* 
 murdered in the town of Tralee bis most intimate 
 friend, Henry Davels, an Englishman by birth, with all 
 his attendants but one. 
 
 This brutal assassination, however, was of little ser- , 
 vice to the invaders, whose cause soon became more des- 
 perate, by the loss of Fitzmaurice, who was slain by a 
 son of Sir William de Burgo's, in a petty skirmish, in 
 which his antagonist also fell. 
 
 Under thie guidance of sir John Desmond, who now 
 
 [ 
 
142 HISTORY OF 
 
 took the command, the Spaniards left Smer^vick, and 
 were distributed in, different quarters id Kerry, where a 
 desultory warfare was carried on against sir William 
 Drury. Nine weeks of constant exertion were spent in 
 vain, in endeavouring to bring sir John Desmond to a 
 regular engagement ; two hundred of the deputy s troops 
 were surprised and cut off ; and the arrival of six hun« 
 dred men from England proved a most seasonable rein- 
 forcement, while sir J. Perrott, with six ships of war 
 was stationed on the coast, to cut off all assistance from 
 the rebels. 
 . 1^ On the deputy's first marching against the Spa> 
 niards, he wasioiaed by the earl of Desmond, but 
 ' such suspicions were entertained of this nobleman, 
 that he was arrested ; he was however, soon aiter libe- 
 rated, having made the most solemn protestations of his 
 fidelity. On his release, he withdrew with bis troops, 
 refused again to join the deputy, and secretly en- 
 couraged the insurgents. 
 
 The deputy having retired on account of ill health, 
 the command of the army, now consisting of 900 foot, 
 and 160 horse, devolved on sir Nicholas Malby. He 
 left 300 infantf-y, and 50 horse, in garrison at Kilmal- 
 lock, and with the remainder of his troops,marched to at- 
 tack sir J. Desmond,who lay in a plain near the abbey of 
 Monaster Neva with 2000 men. The dispositions of 
 the rebel army were made by the Spanish officers, and 
 the attack of the Irish was vigorous and well maintained, 
 but at length the English army prevailed, and the rebels 
 were routed and pursued with great slaughter. 
 
 The earl of Desmond now wrote a congratulatory let- 
 ter to Malby and advised him to withdraw from his 
 present position ; but some papers seized in the baggage 
 of the rebels confirmed the suspicions entertained against 
 the earl, and Malby answered by a severe expostulation ; 
 
 J 
 
 l'«»*1ilFS-*T-«5.ir--. 
 
'»'^W^IS'PWW»ST™»rW'pwi'crT'WP'P™»'™^i^|f(!*|!"^ 
 
 IRELAND. 143 
 
 which proving fruitless, he moved to Rathkeal, a town 
 belonging to the earl, who in return attempted to sur- 
 prise the English camp: Malby having once again en- 
 deavoured by expostulation to retain the earl in his al- 
 legiance, was preparing to reduce his castles, when the 
 death of sir WiUiam Drury put an end to his authority; 
 he distributed his forces into different garrisons, and 
 returned to his own government in Connaught. 
 
 The council in Dublin elected sir William Pelham 
 chief governor, who instantly made preparations for re- 
 newing the war in Munster. After many ineffectual at- 
 tempts to reclaim Desmond, he was declared a traitor, 
 if he should not submit within twenty days ; and his ter- 
 ritories having been made the seat of war, were exposed 
 to the ravages of a necessitous army. The earl made 
 himself master of the town of Youghal, and cut off a 
 detachment sent by the earl of Ormond to recover the 
 town ; elated by this success, he sent a letter to sir Wil- 
 liam Pelham, signifying that he and his brethren had en- 
 tered into the defence of the Catholic religion under the 
 protection of the pope and the king of Spain, and invit- 
 ing him to join in that cause ; he also addressed similar 
 letters,'with more success, to lord Baltinglass and other 
 lords both of the English and Irish race. The success of 
 the earl was however of short duration, and he soon found 
 himself like an abject outlaw, compelled to take shelter 
 in his woods, while his miserable vassals were exposed to 
 daily slaughter and the horrors of famine. 
 
 The earl's castle of Carrick^a-Foyle was taken by 
 storm, and other forts were abandoned by his fol- 
 lowers. He and his brother John quarrelled, each 
 condemning the other as the cause of their calami- 
 ties, and De$imond's overtures to government were re- 
 jected ; in this desperate state he obtained some respite 
 by the arrival of a new governor, Arthur lord Grey, who 
 
 
■ 4 ■ ' 
 
 144 HISTORY OF 
 
 waited impatiently at Dublin to receive the sword' of go* 
 vernment, and Pelham was accordingly recalled. 
 
 Grey, who had received orders to shorten the Irish 
 war by vigorous measures, impatient to signalize 
 himself, gave orders even, before he was sworn into office, 
 for the attack of a body of the enemy, who under the Fitz< 
 geralds and lord Baltinglass, with a chieftain of the 
 O'Briens, had taken post in the county Wicklow. The 
 enemy occupied a steep and marshy valley, perplexed 
 with rocks, and winding through hills thickly wooded . 
 in this situation they received and routed ihe deputy's 
 troops, and he returned to his seat of government ce^^ 
 vered with confusion and dishonour. In the mean time 
 700 Spaniards and Italians landed at Smerwick, with 
 arms and ammunition for 5000 men, and a large sum of 
 money. The earl of Ormond who commanded in Muns- 
 ter, marched against the invaders ; he was after some 
 minor operations, joined by lord Grey with 500 men, 
 and sir William Winter arrived with his fleet : the fort 
 in which the invaders had fortified themselves was sum* 
 moned, and a bold and peremptory answer returned by 
 its garrison, that they were sent by the pope and the king 
 of Spain, to extirpate heresy, and to reduce the land to 
 obedience to king Philip who was invested by the holy 
 father with the sovereignty of Ireland. A vigorous sally, 
 in which the Spaniards were repulsedjfsllowed this reply, 
 the next night Winter landed the artillery, and a battery 
 was completed before morning ; the fort was again sum- 
 moned with offers of mercy, but the same answer was 
 returned. The batteries now opened, and in a few days 
 the fort offered to capitulate, but lord Grey refused to 
 grant any terms, to men whom he considered traitors, 
 and the garrison at length surrendered at discretion. 
 
 The garrison now found that the refusal to grant them 
 
 - ..--i.-'^L.J'-'.K'fir. r^;* ,-a<*_->. 
 
IRELAND. 145 
 
 terms was something more than nominal severity ; the 
 whole were murdered in cold blood : the execution of 
 this barbarous service was entrusted to the celebrated 
 sir Walter Raleigh. 
 
 Disastrous as was the issue of this invasion, it served 
 to encourage a spirit of disaffection in other quarters, 
 . -pv and the deputy was obliged to leave the affairs of 
 Munster to inferior officers. Repeated complaints 
 of the dreadful severity of hisgovernmentjnduced 
 the queen to recall him soon after, and grant a pardon to all 
 rebels who wouldaccept it, exceptDe8mond;this wretched 
 nobleman, with half a dozen attendants, was pursued with 
 f indefatigable vigour, reduced to the greatest want, and 
 i dependance on his followers for his daily subsistence. In 
 the utmost extremity of distress, his followers seized 
 some cattle for his use; the owner exclaimed at thisvio* 
 lence, and a few soldiery of an l&nglish garrison pursued 
 the prey ; they came to the opening of a valley, in which 
 was a small grove, and here determined to repose, when 
 seeirig a light at some distance, their leader, Kelly of 
 Morierta, a man of Irish birth, ordered one of his party 
 to advance, cautiously and discover how many were 
 here posted : he was informed that six persons only 
 were concealed in this retreat. Kelly and his partv 
 rushed forwards, but on entering the hut, found the 
 rebels fled, except one man of venergtble aspect stretched 
 languidly before a fire. The leader assailed and 
 wounded him ; he exclaimed, " spare me, for I am the 
 earl of Desmond." Kelly smote off his head, and brought 
 it to the earl of Ormond, by whom it was conveyed to 
 the queen, and impaled on London 4)ridge. Thus was a 
 family extinguished which had for four centuries flou" 
 rished in rude magnificence, and had often proved too 
 powerful to be governed. The earl's enormous domaifts 
 were now forfeited to the crown. 
 
 N 
 
146 HISTORY OF 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 How did Elizabeth's enemies attempt to overthrow her power in 
 Ireland ? What did the pope expect to accomplish ? What titles did 
 he confer on Stukely ? How did James Fitzmaurice employ himself 
 on being released ? What prevented Stukely firom pursuing his de- 
 sign? Who succeeded sir Henry Sidney? What assistance did 
 Fitzmaurice obtain ? Where did he land ? What became of his trans- 
 ports? Who joined him? Who pretended to oppose him ? By what 
 conduct did sir John Desmond shew his zeal in James Fitzmaurice's 
 cause ? What became of James Fitzmaurice ? Who opposed sir 
 John Desmond ? On whom did the commafad of the army devolve ? 
 What conduct did the earl of Desmond pursue ? Whom did he de- 
 feat at Youghall ? What message did he send to sir William Pel- 
 ham ? Was Desmond successful ? Who succeeded sir William Pel- 
 ham ? Who defeated the deputy in Wicklow ? Where did the Spani- 
 ards land ? What answer did they make when summoned ? What 
 followed this reply ? What became oC Desmond ? 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Sir John Perrot chief governor — Descent of the Scots — 
 Armada — University Jbunded — Conduct of Tirone. 
 
 The fall of the earl of Desmond left Ireland 
 
 AD 
 
 free from any considerable disorder. The ao- 
 
 1 eOA^ ' " 
 
 vernment was now entrusted to sir John Perrot, 
 a man universally esteemed for his impartial administra- 
 tion of justice, one who had long studied the interests of 
 Ireland, and whose policy was liberal and benovelent. 
 He published a general amnesty, and assurance of par* 
 don and protection to all who should return to their al. 
 legiance. He marched into different parts of the king, 
 dom, and was every where received with professions of 
 submission ; he divided several districts into counties, 
 and appointed sheriffs and other officers for them ; he 
 proposed to the English council an extensive plan for 
 the improvement of Ireland, but he did not receive the 
 necessary support for its execution. 
 
IRELAND. 147 
 
 ^ j^ He convened a parliament in Dublin, By this 
 time it seemed to be a mark of confidence in the 
 looa. jjjjjgf governor for parliament to consent to the 
 suspension of Poynlngs's law, and which it was in some 
 sort disreputable not to obtain. This was, however, 
 strongly and successfully opposed by a party who appre- 
 hended some scheme of extraordinary taxation. 
 
 The deputy was now called into the north by a de- 
 scent of the Scots ; they were soon defeated and their 
 captain, who had formerly sworn^ allegiance, was exe- 
 cuted as a traitor. Perrot returned to Dublin, atttended 
 by Sorleboy the old Scottish chieftain, who submitted and 
 renewed his engagements to government. An English- 
 man meanly insulted this old manj on the misfortune of 
 his son, who had been executed, and poiuted exultiogly 
 to his head placed on a pole ; the S :ot viewed the 
 spectacle with stern composure, and turning to his in- 
 sulter, said : *' My son hath many heads." But all Per- 
 rot's efforts for the reformation of the kingdom, could 
 not secure him from the attacks of the discontented* 
 As the establishment of an university had become a fa- 
 vourite object, he proposed to dissolve the cathedral of 
 St. Patrick's, and convert its revenues to this purpose. 
 This scheme kindled the implacable resentment of Lof- 
 tus, archbibhop of Dublin. The deputy's enemies repre- 
 sented his conduct m the most exceptionable point of 
 view, and were heard with two much attention in Eng- 
 land. He, however, continued to administer his govern- 
 ment with zeal and fidelity, until at last, after a variety ' 
 of mortifications, he petitioned the queen to be recalled 
 and relieved from a burthen, which the perseverness of 
 her subjects of the English race had rendered intolera- 
 ble, and whom, by restraining their oppressions of the 
 natives, he had provoked beyond all possibility of recon- 
 
 ciliation. Elizabeth censented to appoint a successor ; 
 
 N 2 
 
 1 ,T .1 , 
 
148 HISTORY OF 
 
 but as the Spanish invasion was now threatened, Perrot 
 took care before his departure to sumraon to the capital 
 a number of lords and chieftains, who might be suspec. 
 ted of favouring a foreign enemy, and exhorted them to 
 give the fullest assurances of loyalty by delivering hosta_ 
 ges to government ; being convinced by him of the pro, 
 priety of this measure, they consented : he then resigned 
 the government to sir William Fitz William, and em- 
 barked for England, with the cordial acclamations of the 
 lower orders of the people — old Tirlaugh of Tirowen, 
 bathed in tears, followed him to the water side. 
 . y. The corrupt, ignorant, and illiberal policy of the 
 _ new governor, soon destroyed the seeds of tran- 
 quillity, confidence and good order which had 
 been sown by his predecessor. On the defeat of the 
 Spanish armada, seventeen ships of that fleet, containing 
 about 5400 men, were driven by storm on the nor th and 
 north-west coasts of Ireland, where they were received 
 as kinsmen by the Irish — the earl of Tirowen was sus. 
 pected of having entered into a formal treaty with the 
 Spaniards ; others of the Irish lords avowed their at- 
 tachment to the cause of Spain with less reserve* 
 O'Ruarc the chieftain of BrefFrey, pressed Don Antonio 
 de Leva, who, with 1000 Spaniards, were cast on his ter- 
 ritory, to remain and declare war against Elizabeth : 
 the Spaniard declined engaging in such an enterprise, 
 and set sail, but his ship foundered within sight of the 
 Irish coast, and the whole crew perished. O'Ruarc fled 
 into Scotland, was delivered to Elizabeth and executed. 
 Mean while, reports were circulated that vast treasures 
 brought by the Spaniards into Ireland, were secreted in 
 the places where they had been entertained. The d e- 
 puty, fired with the hopes of making himself master of 
 this wealth, tried every means without effect, of disco, 
 vering the place of its concealment. — In the vexation of 
 
r 
 
 inELAND. lis 
 
 disappointment, he imprisoned and treated with great 
 severity some chieftains in whose possession it was sup- 
 posed this treasure lay. This conduct of the deputy* 
 together with other circumstances of injustice, which 
 were practised on different families, confirmed the Irish 
 chieftains in their aversion from the English government. 
 They combined to oppose the admission of sheriffs and 
 other officers into their respective counties. When Fitz 
 William intimated to the chieftain of Fermanagh that he 
 intended to send a sheriff into that district, Macguire 
 answered, " your sheriff shall be welcome, but let me 
 know his erick, (or fine) that if my people should cut 
 off his head, I may levy it upon the country." The con- 
 duct of the earl ofTironehad been in many instances 
 such as to make government very suspicious of his in- 
 tentions ; still, however, he dissembled so well, as to allay 
 the jealousies entertained of him: he allowed his country 
 to be divided in counties and baronies. A composition 
 for purveyance was established in Munster for three 
 years ; thus the queen had the satisfaction of finding 
 every province of Ireland disposed to contribute to the 
 augmentation of her revenue. 
 
 During the interval of tranquillity which followed, the 
 university of Dublin was founded, into which students 
 were first admitted on the 9th of January, 1593. 
 • 1^ A strong spirit of dissaffection to the English go- 
 vernment sQow manifested itself among the nor- 
 thern chieftains ; some petty hostilities took place ; 
 still Tirone thought it prudent not to declare himself 
 openly. On the other hand, O'Donnel proceeded to 
 acts of open hostility, and declared that he would consi- 
 der Tirone as his enemy, if he hesitated any longer to 
 join his countrymen. On the death of Tirlaugh O'Nial 
 who had governed his sept as an Irish chieftain, Tirone, 
 who had secured Tirlaugh's sons, assumed the title of 
 
 » 3 
 
 i- "-^- n"iMiiilMM*Wllk*Baiir— '■ i-iiai'~ r~~'JJL^ 
 
150 illSTORY OF 
 
 O'Nial ; this he justified, by declaring that he did it to 
 prevent any of the sept, less favourably disposed to the , 
 English government. 
 
 Fitz William having been recalled, he was succeeded 
 by sir William Russel, son of the duke of Bedford— on 
 his arrival Tirone repaired to Dublin, pretending that 
 the injustice of Fitz William had hitherto prevented his 
 appearance in the capital, complained of the injuries he 
 had received from the malicious representations of his 
 enemies, and made the most zealous professions of devo- 
 tion to the queen ; some of the council who knew the 
 earl, proposed to arrest him ; this was, however, over-ruled 
 and he was dismissed, to the great dissatisfaction of 
 the queen's ministers in England. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 "What conduct did sir John Perrot adopt to restore peace ? How 
 did parliament act ? Why was the leader of the Scots executed ? 
 "What was his father s reply to the .Englishman ? How did sir John 
 Perrot exasperate the arch-bishop of Dublin? Why did sir John 
 Perrot petition to be recalled ? What measures did he take to insure 
 the fidelity of the lords of the English race, and the native chieftains ? 
 By whom was his departure regretted ? Who was the next governor ? 
 What was his conduct ? How did the Irish receive the Spaniards 
 When driven on their coast by storm ? What did O'Ruarc ui^e An- 
 tonio de Leva to do ? What was the fate of O'Ruarc ? Why did 
 the deputy imprison the Irish chieftains ? What was Mc'Guire's re- 
 ply ? When were students first admitted into the university ? Who 
 appeared in hostility in the north ? What was the conduct of Urone ^ 
 Wl o succeeded sir William Fitz William ? What complaint did Ti- 
 rone make ? What was proposed by some of the council ? Was the 
 proposal agretd too ? 
 
IRELAND. 151 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Military operations - - 1 'irone -proposes a truce — Hostilities 
 renewed — Sir J. Norris removed. 
 
 The deputy now proceeded to relieve an English 
 garrison, which was besieged in the castle of Ennis- 
 killen by O'Donnel ; he soon learned that his expedition 
 was too late ; that the troops detached to the relief of 
 the castle were defeated by O'Donnel ; and that the 
 garrison had surrendered and were put to the sword. — 
 The English garrison of Beleek met the same fate ; and to 
 complete O'Donnel's triumph, he was enabled to es- 
 tablish his associate, one of the de Burghos, chieftain of 
 a district in Connaught, by the title of Mac William : 
 while Bingham, the lord president of Connaught, had 
 no military force to oppose these outrages. 
 
 The queen's ministers were now convinced that it was 
 necessary to act with vigour in Ireland. The deputy re- 
 ceived directions to detach O'Donnel from Tirone, if it 
 was possible. — 2000 veterans, and 1000 men lately 
 raised in England, were sent to Ireland, as was also sir 
 John Norris, an officer of distinguished reputation, to 
 conduct the military operations. Tirone, alarmed by 
 these preparations, and knowing that his countrymen 
 were to be retained only by the appearance of activity 
 . -pj and yalour, on pretence of some injuries received 
 
 from the English soldiers at Blackwater, attacked 
 1595 , 
 
 that fort, and expelled the garrison. He next 
 
 wrote letters to the earl of Kildare, endeavouring to ex- 
 asperate him against the government, and dispatched 
 eti^issaries into Spain to solicit aid : on the other hand, 
 when the English forces were advancing, he wrote let- 
 lers to the deputy, professing his submission and attach- 
 ment to the crown ; imputing his late conduct to neces- 
 
152 " HISTORY OP 
 
 sity, for self-defence. But Bagnal, his brother-in-law, 
 and inveterate enemy, by intercepting his letters, gare 
 him a pretence for continuing his hostilities. 
 
 Tirone invested the castle of Monaghan, in which 
 there was' an English ^garrison ; the attempts of Norris 
 to relieve it brought on some skirmishes, in one of 
 which Tirone was in great danger; he was unhorsed by 
 Sedgrave, an English ofBcer. Tirone when falling, 
 caught his antagonist, and brought him to the ground. 
 Sedgrave, who had still the advantage, prepared to dis- 
 patch him, when the earl thus prostrate and incum- 
 bered, saved himself by plunging a dagger into the body 
 of his opponent. 
 
 The temporising policy of the queen, who was im- 
 patient to disengage herself from the disorders of Ire- 
 land, suspended these petty hostiUties: a commission was 
 sent over, empowering Wallop, the secretary at war, 
 and Gardiner, the chief justice, to treat with Tirone 
 and his associates. The northern Irish refusing to at- 
 tend the commissioners at Dundalk, a conference was 
 held in the open field ; Tirone first, and then his asso- 
 ciates explained their grievances, and what they re- 
 quired ; some of their allegations were allowed to be 
 just ; but on their being required to lay down their arms, 
 repair the forts they had demolished, receive sheriffs into 
 their districts, discover on oath, their transactions with 
 foreign princes, and beg pardon for their present re- 
 bellion — discerningthe weakness of government inmaking 
 these overtures, they rejected them with disdain, and 
 broke up the congress, consenting only to a truce for a few 
 days. This conduct, and the emissaries of the northern 
 chieftains, aow kindled the flame of war in the other 
 provinces. 
 
 To oppose so many enemies, the English army, though 
 lately reinforced, was quite inadequate, and was badly 
 
IREIAND. 153 
 
 provided ; their general was mortified at finding himself 
 so ill supported, engaged in a country to which he was 
 a stranger, and in a species of war to which he was un- 
 accustomed ; while the lord deputy betrayed the most 
 dishonourable envy of his character and authority, and 
 studied to distress and control him. 
 
 Though Norris was of opinion that the hostilities of 
 the Irish had been provoked by several instances of 
 oppression, and was inclined to lenient and conciliating 
 measures, yet at the expiration of the truce, he march- 
 ed with the deputy to the borders of Tirone, with a 
 force so terrifying to the enemy in that quarter, that the 
 earl abandoned the fort of Blackwater, set fire to the 
 town of Dungannon, and without sparing bis own house, 
 destroyed the adjacent villages, and then retired into 
 the woods. Tirone and his principle associates, ifC^ere 
 condemned in a regular procedure, and proclaimed 
 traitors, but the distress occasioned by their having laid 
 waste the country, obliged the lord deputy to return ; hav- 
 ing first stationed garrisons at Armagh and Monaghan, 
 the latter of which had been reduced, and was now 
 abandoned by the enemy ; sir John Norris was left with 
 part of the army to prosecute the war. 
 
 Winter now approached, and the Irish covered them, 
 selves in their retreats ; no enemies appeared, and Norris 
 kept his post without seeking , them out. The northern 
 Irish now reflected calmly on their enterprise ; Spain 
 had not sent any succours, and an able general with a 
 considerable force opposed them ; they determined, 
 therefore, by dissimulation to gain time, until foreign 
 assistance should arrive. The most penitent letters were 
 dispatched to the queen. Tirone made sucb represea. 
 tations to Norris, as confirmed him in his former senti- 
 ments of moderation, and he even felt compassion for 
 this apparently injured lord. 
 
 L' %.'-La:tk.^-~jL^ 
 
154 m STORY OF 
 
 The queen, pleased at any prospect of composing thfr 
 disorders of Ireland, empowered Norris, and sir Geoffrey 
 . ^ Fenton, his Irish secretary of state, to pardon all 
 rebels, who should with due humility seek her 
 royal mercy. At a congress held at Dundalk 
 Tirone implored the queen's pardon. ** upon the knees 
 of his heart," as he expressed it, and confirmed his sin- 
 cerity by the most solemn imprecations. The terms 
 formerly offered were accepted. O'Donnel, Macguire, 
 O'Ruarc, and others, agreed to similar articles, and made 
 the same submissions. 
 
 This treaty bad been but just concluded, when the 
 chieftains repented of it. The king of Spain, though he 
 could not spare a force to invade Ireland, was yet anxi* 
 ous to encourage opposition to Elizabeth there. 
 
 Three pinnaces arrived from Spain with ammunition, 
 and letters from Philip to the Irish chieftains, exhorting 
 them to persevere in their opposition to the English 
 power, and assuring them of immediate support. Tirone 
 transmitted his letter to the lord deputy and council, to 
 demonstrate his fidelity ; and at the same time, con* 
 veyed assurances of a speedy invasion toPheaghMacHugh, 
 chieftain of the sept of O'Birne, and to the principal 
 leaders among the disaffected in Leinster and Munster ; 
 all of whom were exhorted to take arms, and unite with 
 the northerns, for the assistance of the Catholic religion. 
 
 Meanwhile, Norris marched into Connaught,> where 
 several English forts had been seized, and Bingham 
 foiled in all his attempts to recover them ; he was joined 
 by the lord deputy, and the enemy was soon reduced ; 
 one castle only made any shew of resistance, where the 
 Irish gallantly replied to Russel's summons, that they 
 would not surrender, though his whole army were lord- 
 d^uties ; and accordingly obliged him to force it by 
 storm. Many pleaded in their justification, that the op* 
 
IRELAND. 155 
 
 pression of Bingham had driven them into rebellion ; 
 these charges were received with so much attention^ that 
 Bingham, impatient to justify his conduct, hurried into 
 England without licence. The queen refused to hear 
 him, and committed him to prison ; from thence he was 
 conveyed to Connaught, in custody of sir Conyers Clif- 
 ford, who was appointed to succeed him, as lord presi- 
 dent of this province. Commissioners were appointed 
 to hear his cause,, where his accusers had an opportunity 
 of proving their allegations. He was, however, ac- 
 quitted and restored to favour. 
 
 Tirone now recommenced hostilities, and Norris 
 marched towards Ulster — but again a commission ar- 
 rived for treating with the earl ; he renewed his profes- 
 sions at another conference, a report of which was made 
 to the English ministry, and while the commissioners 
 waited for instructions, hostilities were suspended. la 
 the mean time, Tirone trained and exercised his men, 
 augmented his forces, and concerted schemes of insur- 
 rection with *other septs. Every day gave him fairer 
 prospects of success : so that when instructions arrived 
 for holding a final conference, he started new difficul- 
 ties ; complained of breach of promise on the part of 
 goverment. When pressed not to reject the last offers 
 of mercy the queen would deign to make, he replied 
 that he had little hope of the performance of any arti- 
 cles ; that the intentions of the geiierai had been ever 
 just and honourable, but had been fatally counteracted 
 by the deputy ; and as sir John Norris was to be speedily 
 removed, and the grievances of the northerns to be sub- 
 mitted to a new chief governor, whose character was en- 
 tirely unknown, he had the less reason to expecf a fa- 
 vourable conclusion of their differences. 
 
 The earl's intelligence was correct, the English mi- 
 nisters, ignorant of the difficulties Norris had to encoun- 
 
 ^ _ j,i 'iB''«lMriiriir ,, . 
 
156 HISTORY OP 
 
 ter/*were astonished that such a commander had not 
 gained more important advantages in Ireland. The earl 
 of Essex, the queen's favourite, had been the rival, and 
 was the enemy of Norris. By his practices, a new lord 
 deputy, lord Burgh, was sent to Ireland, with full powers, 
 both in civil and military affairs. On his arrival, sir 
 John Norris was abruptly ordered to his government 
 in Munster, where he sunk under the anguish of dis- 
 appointment, and disgrace, and died suddenly in two 
 months. 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 'Who'bedeged the castle of Enniskillen ? Was it taken ? What 
 directions did the deputy receive ? What troops were sent to Ireland ? 
 WTio commanded them ? How did Tiroue act ? Who intercepted 
 his letters? What danger was he in? How did he save himself ? 
 How did the queen act ? Where was the conference held ? What 
 were the demands of tlie English commissioners ? Were they re> 
 jected ? Was sir John Norris supported by the deputy ? What was 
 Tirone's conduct ? Where did he retire to ? What caused the 
 deputy to return ? Where did he place garrisons ? ^VTiat was the 
 conduct of the northern Irish ? Where was theconference held ? What 
 was Tirone s expression ? Who submitted ? Did they repent ? Who 
 encouraged them to oppose the queenS government ? How did Urone 
 act ? How was Norris employed ? What was the answer of the Irish 
 garrison to Russel ? Who was accused of oppression ? What became 
 of Bingham ? 'WTiat was the earl of Tirone s reply to Norris? Why 
 was sir John Norris recalled ? Whto was appointed governor? What 
 became of Norris? 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 MUitary Operations — Retreat of Clifford — Tirone par- 
 doned — Bagnal defeated — Appointment of Essex. 
 
 Lord Burgh had been instructed, and was resolved, 
 to prosecute the war with vigour. He granted, how 
 
^\T!'^ . '.'iWjpj'-'lVf 'ii.» ''11 !"^, 
 
 'C^T 
 
 IRELAND. , 
 
 157 
 
 ever, at the instance of Tirone, a truce of arms for one 
 month ; this interval he employed in collecting his forces, 
 and concerting his operations ; several lords of the pale 
 attended his standard with their followers, and sir Con- 
 yers Clifford was ordered te march his forces through 
 Connaught, and meet the deputy at Blackwater. 
 
 Tirone acted on his part with equal vigour ; he lay 
 with his main body strongly entrenched near Armagh. 
 Tyrrel, an Englishman by descent, his associate, was 
 sent into Leinster with 500 men, to incite the disaffected 
 septs to make a diversion in that province ; while his 
 emissaries in Connaught animated the malcontents t9 
 oppose the progress of Clifford. 
 
 The commencement of hostilities was favourable to 
 the Irish. A son of lord Trimbleston's was detached 
 with 1000 men to attack Tyrrel. The experience of this 
 leader supplied his deficiency in numbers ; he defeated 
 the royalists, and sent their commander, a prisoner to 
 O'Nial, as Tirone was now called. 
 
 Clifford, with a body of 700 men, was surrounded on 
 his march by 2000, and was obliged to retreat ; this he 
 did with so much judgment, that, though incessantly 
 harrassed in a march of 30 miles, he regained his 
 quarters without any considerable loss. 
 
 Burgh, undaunted by these disasters, marched into 
 Ulster, and, after an obstinate resistance, drove the 
 enemy from their entrenchments, forced his way to 
 Blackwater, ^nd took the fort. The enemy again ap- 
 peared and renewed the attack; and were not repulsed 
 without loss and danger. The deputy having placed a 
 garrison in the fort, resolved to pierce to Dungannon, 
 the chief residence of Tirone. But the sudden death of 
 lord Burgh relaxed all military operations. The earl of 
 Kildare,who succeeded to the command of the army, 
 deemed it expedient to secure the ground already gain- 
 
 
 
158 HISTORY OF 
 
 ed : he did not long survive tlie deputy ; his two foster- 
 brethren had been killed in rescuing him from the enemy . 
 he pined with affliction for their joss, and died lamenting 
 their fall. 
 
 The council appointed sir Thomas Norris, lord pre- 
 sident of Munster, a^ a temporary successor to lord 
 Burgh. But at sir Thomas's request, the queen formed 
 a new administration. Tlie civil government was com- 
 mitted to Loftiis, archbishop of Dublin, and chancellor, 
 and to sir Robert (jardiner, chief justfce. The military 
 was entrusted to the earl of Ormond. So alarming were 
 the disorders of Leinster, that Ormond remained in 
 that province ; while sir Henry Bagnal was detached to 
 the boi%fers of Ulster, to awe the northerns, and support 
 the garrison^ of Armagh and Blackwater. 
 
 But Tirone had recourse once again to negoci^tions 
 and professions : and after many conferences and stipula- 
 tions, his pardon passed the great seal ; at the same time 
 O'Ruarc, the principal insurgent in Con^iaught, submit- 
 ted to ClifFordj and promised for himself and his follow- 
 ers, the most faithful allegiance to the crown. The 
 queen had soon the mortification to find that O'Nial's 
 submission was merely nominal ; he now attacked the 
 fort of Blackwater, but tKe place being obstinately de- 
 fended, he determined to reduce it by famine.' Bagnal 
 received orders to relieve the fort, and marched tdwards 
 it with 4500 foot, and 600horse. At the distance of three 
 miles from Blackwater,he encountered the northern army 
 consisting of 4500 foot and 500 horse. The generals on 
 each side Were enflamed with the greatest enmity against 
 each other. In the heat of the engagement, an explosion 
 of some powder threw the English into confusion : this 
 was immediately succeeded by the death of Bagnal who was 
 ahot through the forehead. Tirone obtained a complete 
 victory, 1500 soldiers and 13' officers of the royal army 
 
■i. '■ ' . ■ ■ '.,•■'''; ''■'ir- . ■ ■ '■;■,-■''■ . . ' 
 
 'IRELAND* J 59 
 
 were slain on H)e field of battle. . The Irish '|had 200 
 killed add 600 woapied, and became ittasters of ay the 
 _ artillery, afmnuriiittoo, arni», and provisions of the 
 van«(ui!}hed, Blackwater kntiiediately surrren- 
 ^"^^' dered ; and the royalVste, ^'ho fled for shelter to 
 Armagh, were obliged to evactt«te that tdwil. 
 
 This victory produced effe«|s (vhich threatened to put 
 an end to the finglidii power^ The (Uustrious (XNial was 
 every where extolled ; the spirit c€ dissaSection and re- 
 sistance spread over the kingdom ; and O'Nial dispatched 
 emissaries to the king of Spaio^ txtagnifying his successes, 
 and requesting succours. It wa» bow believed that Phi- 
 lip intended to invade England, afid that he destined 
 12^)00 men for Irelwid; the queen's 6ouneil^ therefore, 
 determined on sending an experienced general, with a 
 formidable army, to recover, her iaa|esty's power la Ire- 
 Hrnd. The earl of Essex was appmnted lord lieutenant 
 with more than usual powers, and was furnished with 
 20000 men, a force greater than had ever beea sent in- 
 to Ireland, and such as was conceived by those who 
 were strangers to the country, to be irresistabJe. These 
 preparations, however, did not dismay the insurgents ; 
 and Tirone made his dispositions for carrying on the 
 war. Essex begaa his administration in such a manner 
 as to raise a suspicion that his object was to strengthen 
 his own influence. Contrsuy to the queen's directions 
 and remonstrances, he made his friend, the earl of Sout- 
 hampton, general of horse, and continued him in this 
 command ; he lavished the honour of knighthood, then 
 highly esteemed, on all whom he thought worth pur- 
 chasing to his party. His instructions were to strike di- 
 rectly at the northern rebels, and to plant garrisons at 
 Loughfoyle and Ballyshannon, so as to surround them 
 with his forces ; but he marched to the south. Tirone 
 was, in the mean time, indefatigable ; he stationed par- 
 
 ^ »«^j*' 
 
 ' -oi-"iliiflin iliaiii' "~" i'iir*'' 
 
' 16f HISTORY OP 
 
 ties at Loughfoyle and Ballysbannoin ta oppose the Bog. 
 lish; he received am munition from Spain; and in con. 
 junction with 0'Donnel> hired a body of Scots to 
 titrengtheik their forces, nevf amounting to 9000 foot and 
 liO&hene^ When Essex returned with his enfeebled 
 and diminished army, he had the mortification to find 
 that 600 of the quern's troops, had in his absence been 
 sbamefuUy defeated by the sept of O'Birno. The re- 
 port the earl now naade of the state of Ireland, afforded 
 the most melancholy prospect ; he represented the dis* 
 affection as g^eral, arising from an aversion to both the 
 reUgion and government of England ; and that, though 
 the arms of England should in the end prove successfult 
 the contest must be the work of great care, expense, and 
 time, 
 
 CHfford was ordered to draw his> forces to Beleek, m 
 order to make a diversion on that side, while Essex, now 
 reinforced with two thousand men from England, made 
 bis grand attack. Clifford marched with 1500 foot and 
 200 horse ; but O'Ruarc issuing - suddenly from an am. 
 bush in the mountains, attacked the party ia a difficult 
 situation, threw them into confusion^ and killed one bun* 
 dred and twenty, among whom Clifford and some offi- 
 cers fell at the first onset. (VRuarc pursued the victory 
 untU driven back into the woods by the horse. The loss 
 in this encounter was trivial compared to the impression 
 it made on the minds of the soldiers : the English levies 
 shewed the utmost reluctance to march through a strange 
 country where they were liable at every step to be sur- 
 prised by the enemy, and deserted in considerable num- 
 bers ; while the Irish loyalists, despising an unsuccessful 
 general, united with their countrymen. 
 
 Essex now wrote to England, that the whole number 
 df forces under his immediate command, amounted to no 
 more tbaa 4000 effective men ; that all his intended en* 
 
' 
 
 ' - -V'Vij '"v •'^''-*'^'' -y-;T '''r^^-*'T^* ^ "* '■■■" .- ■ r 
 
 IRELAND. 161 
 
 terpriMS must necessarily be suspended ; and that, there- 
 fore, he could draw towards the borders of Ulster only 
 3500 foot and 800 horse. With this force he marched ; 
 but Tirone, who beside bis expectation of assistance 
 from Spain, knew that the most effectual mode of ruining 
 his opponent's army was by protracting the vfar, pro- 
 posetl a parley, and after sonac difficulty, obtamed an 
 interview with the earl. A ford, near the principle town 
 in Louth, was the place appointed. While Essex, with 
 the statelines of a superior, stopped on the bank, the 
 chieftain plunged into the river, as if impatient to- cast 
 himself at the feet of this illustrious commander. For a 
 long time their interview was private, during which it b 
 supposed that O'Nial, who was a man of great address^ 
 flattered the extravagant schemes of ambition of Essex, 
 -^particularly as one Thonras Lee, an intimate of Tirone's, 
 ^ was busily employed the night preceding the conference, 
 in passing between the two generals and holding private 
 interviews with each. 
 
 When witnesses were called up on both sides, the 
 conference was opened in form ; the conditions on which 
 Tirone said the northerns would return to their allegi- 
 ance were, a general amnesty, a free exercise of religi- 
 on, the restoration of their lands, and an exemption from 
 English government. Essex promised to transmit their 
 demands to the queen.; and a truce was agreed on for a 
 week. 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 What were hmi Burgh's instroctions ? Hn* di<i faeemaloytfae 
 
 ii^ m'"^'- -^^'^ "" ^^ ^°°y«" Clifford oiderSt LS 
 h.m ? Where was Tirone stationed ? Who was his associate ? 6a 
 what missrtn was Tyrrel sent? Who attacked him? With what 
 success? What checked Clifford? What was hT^U^^o £^? 
 
 o 3 
 
 
162 HISTORY OF 
 
 'What were lord* Burgh's proceedings? What fort did be take? 
 What put a stop to bis success ? Who succeeded him ? What were 
 the earl of Kildare's measures ? What caused his death ? Who suc- 
 ceeded lord Burgh ? What did sir John Norris request ? What ap- 
 pointments were made in consequence ? Where did. Ormond remain? 
 "Where was Bagnalsent? Who subpiitted to CUfFord? How did 
 Tirone try to reduce the fort of Blackwater? Who attempted to re- 
 lieve it? Did Bagnal fail? How did Tirone act after this victory? 
 What were supposed to be the intentions of the king of Spain ? How 
 did Elizabeth act? Who was appointed lord lieutehant?' What 
 force was sent to Ireland? How did Essei proceed? Wlio joined 
 Tirone ? What troops did he hire ? What report did Essex make ? 
 Who checked Clifford? What was the consequence? What did 
 Essex write to England? How did Essex and Tirone meet? What 
 conditions did Urone demand ? What truce was agreed to? 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 QfieerCs disjpleasure — Appointment of Mountjoy — Capture 
 of Ormond — Issue of base coin*. 
 
 This accommodatron with aa enemy who had so oftea 
 proved unfaithful^, was extremely mortifying to the 
 queen : she did not impute the earl's conduct to any defi. 
 ciency of spirit, but apprehended some scheme not yet 
 unravelled ; before she had heard of the truee^ she ad- 
 dressed a letter to the Irish governor and council, in 
 which she enlarged on the misconduct of the war in terras 
 of resentment and indignation, which made a deep 
 impression^ on Essex : as he attributed the queen's anger 
 to the practises of his enemies, he burst into the most 
 extravagant menaces- of revenge^ His intention,^ which 
 he had entertained some time, was to march into Eng« 
 land with hiis army, and execute his vengeance by force 
 of arms ; the temperate counsels of his friends restrained 
 his violence, and he suddenly departed with a few gen- 
 tlemen only in his train. 
 
 ■.^s>j 
 
f 
 
 IRELAND. 165 ' 
 
 Scarcely had Essex returned to England when fresh 
 supplies of money and •ammanition arrived from Spain, 
 accompanied with assurances of a powerful reinforcement 
 from that country. With these supplies arrived don 
 Mattheo Oviedo, a Spanish ecclesiastic, on whom the 
 pope had conferred the titlie of archbishop- of Dublin • 
 he was the bearer of a hallowed plume from the Roman 
 pontiff to the prince of UUter, as Tirone was called. 
 Animated with this flattering mark of attention, Tirone 
 declaredhimself the champion of the holy faith. After 
 the expiration of the first period ofthe truce, he recom^ 
 menced hostilities, and published a manifesto, exhorting 
 his countrymen to forsake the oause of heresy, and to 
 unite with him in that, of die liberty of their coun< 
 try and the catholic religion. 
 
 1 T^ - To opposean active and general spirit of resis- 
 tance to the English power, with. a dispirited and 
 shattered army, Charles Blunt, lord Mountjoy> 
 was appointed deputy. This selection was very agreea< 
 ble to Tiroae and his associates, who mistook the refine- 
 ment of Mountjoy's manners for efieminacy. His in- 
 structions were the same as those given to Essex, to 
 plant garrisons at Loughfoyle and Ballyshannon, and 
 at other poste in the north. But the very day after bis 
 arrival, intelligence was received from the earl of Ot- 
 raond, that Tirone lay with a considerable force in. the 
 western part of Munster, and was so surrounded by the 
 royalists, that he could not possibly escape except by 
 the western borders of the pale ; so that if the deputy 
 should march to that point he would have an opportunity 
 of bringing him to an engagement with advantage, 
 Mountjoy marched to Mullingar, where after expecting 
 the enemy for some time, he learned that Tirone had 
 contrived to pass the river Inny^ and Bed inta the north 
 
 
-TV ; 
 
 164 HISTOKY OP 
 
 with a precipitation which she,wed his terror of the royal- 
 ists. 
 
 This unexpected escape raised suspicions in the mind 
 of the deputy, of neglect,, if not of treachery. It was 
 reported that Tirone had practised with the earl of Clan, 
 ricarde in particular; a circumstance, however, soon 
 occurred which turned those suspicions on a more dis. 
 tinguished character. Sir George Carew,. in passing to 
 his government in Munster, accompanied by the earl of 
 Thomond, was informed by the earl of Ormond at Kil> 
 kenny, that he was on the next day to have a' conference 
 with O'Moore the principal insurgent of Leinster ; both 
 were invited to accompany him ; they consented, but 
 could not prevail on Ormond to take with him as strong 
 a force as they thought necessary. Leaving his troop of 
 horse two miles in the rear, he advanced with only 17 
 men to meet O' Moore, who awaited him with a com- 
 plete band of pike-men, leaving his chief body, consisting 
 of 500 foot an<l 20 horse, in an adjacent wood : Carew, 
 disliking the place and the behaviour of the enemy, press- 
 sed Ormond to retire; after a^ long and fruitless con> 
 ference with O'Moore, and while he was engaged with 
 one Archer, a Jesuit^ O'Moore's troop gradually sur- 
 rounded his company, and seized the earl; Carew 
 and Thomond with difficulty escaped. Ormond remain, 
 ed a prisoner, nor could bis' troop be prevtailed on to at- 
 tempt his rescue. As Ormond had always acted with 
 great circumspection, this incautious conduct gave rise 
 to suspicions, that he had formed a scheme of delivering 
 iiimself into the hands of the rebels. 
 
 Mountjoy having sent detachments into different qua<r« 
 ters, and supplies to several garrisons, marched north-, 
 wardi>, where he found Tirone entrenched between New- 
 rj and Armagh ; be attacked the northerns vigorously, 
 and, after some resistance, drove them into their woods. 
 
 
 V 
 
 -t 
 
'-y ■ ■:■:.:' - , r-^'^V'-^^ : '^r^■r^■ 
 
 _ ■,-• ... ,^. ■ . ^, 
 
 IKELAKD. 165 
 
 At the same time intelligence was received that sir Hen- 
 ry Dowkra, who commanded 4000 men sent to Lough- 
 foyle, had made good his landing, and was fortifying the 
 city of Derry ; these reverses made a great impression 
 on the minds of the Irish ; numbers joined Dowkra, and 
 m&py of the principals applied to the deputy for pardoM 
 and protection. The progress of several dissaffected 
 septs in Leinster recalled Mountjoy to that quarter, 
 where he made successful excursiqfns egarast the enemy^ 
 and in order the more effectually to reduce them, the 
 fields of corn were destroyed in every direction, by 
 which means, those who survived the sword, became ft 
 prtfy to faihine. 
 
 On the approach of winter, the deputy reappeared om 
 the borders of Ulster^ again drove O'Nial from his en- 
 trenchments, and destroyed his works. On the return 
 of Mountjoy, the earl made a last effort to oppose him 
 at Carlingford, but here he was repelled with considera« 
 ble loss, and his reputation among his countrymen en« 
 tirely overthrown. 
 
 The expense of maintaining the Irish war had grada. 
 ally encreased to the< annual amount of five hundred 
 thousand pounds, and as the army was paid in sterling 
 money, England was drained of a considerable sum, a 
 great part of which passed into the hands of O'Nial and 
 his associates, either taken by force ofarms, or received 
 in exchange for provisions : with this money the Irish 
 procured from the continent regular supplies of arms 
 and ammunition, and thus carried on war against the 
 qaeen with her own treasure. To remedy this, and to 
 reduce the expense of maintaining the army, the queea 
 ordered base coin to be sent into Ireland, and there to 
 be taken as sterling money ; strictly prohibiting the im- 
 portation of any other species into Ireland, and decrying 
 those already current there: this bad the desired effect 
 
166 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 in distressing the rebels, but it also, created great mur- 
 muring aruoog the soldiers, as all traders took care to 
 raise the prices of their commodities, and a great quan- 
 tity of spurious coinage flowed in from every quarter. 
 
 At the fu'st intimation of this n>e88nre, Mountjoy, who 
 dreaded its eifects, marciied the army to the northern 
 borders ; and without engaging in any enterprise of mo> 
 ment, kept Tironc in perpetual alarm. But new incidenta 
 toon called him into the south. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Was queen Elisabeth satisfied with the accomtnodation with the 
 Irish chieftain ? What did Eswx do ? Who sent supplies to Urone ? 
 Who came Trom Spaia? Wkh what suithMiiy from the Pepa 7 B; 
 what title was Tirone called? What did he assert was his object? 
 Who succetided Essex? Why did this appointment please Urone ? 
 What (vere the deputy's instructionB ? W^ intelligeDce did be r»- 
 ceivefrom Ormond ? tlow did Tirone escape ? Who did the depu- 
 ty suspect ? Were his suspicions well founded ? Who accompanied 
 Ormond in his conCerence with Q' Moore? What was tlie event? 
 Wliere was Tirone cntrenclied ? What was the result of Mountjoy's 
 attack? Who landed at Lough foyle? Was he successful? What 
 effect bad this upon the Irish ? Where did Moun^y piarch ? By 
 what means did he conquer ? What did he do on his return to Ulster ? 
 At what expense did the queen carry on the war in Ireland? In 
 what way wai this expenditure most injurious to England? What 
 means were used to remedy this evil ? What was the effect ? - 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 State of Munster-Spanisk invation — Caret* marches 
 against O'Donnel — Heinforaements arrim to each side. 
 
 When sir G. Carew had entered on the presidency of 
 Munster, he was furnished with only 3000 foot and 200 
 horse, a force greatly disproportloned to the numbers of 
 
 • j6** . '-. r^y.- I _' V 
 
IREIANO. Y67 
 
 Ii!« enemlei , had they aeced with unibn and in concert — 
 Carew, taking advantage of the diffet^nt views and inte- 
 rofits of their leaders, eoon succeeded by representations 
 and promises, to fieutraliisd one, and to -bring over ano- 
 ther. The titular eal<l of Desfnond, ' alone refused to 
 come to any accontodation ; h« would not resign hi« 
 clain)s to the title and estates of Pesmond, and these 
 the queen was determined not to grant ; to secure his 
 person, the president tampered with O'Connor, the son* 
 in law of the late earl of Desmond, and by his means, 
 the titular earl was actually seized ; but before he could 
 be delivered into Carew's hands, he was rescued. The 
 lord president fraihed several other plots for securing 
 the jperson of the earl, and the assassination of his bro- 
 ther. 
 
 But Carew did not confine his operations to plots and 
 negociations ; he took the castle of the knight of the 
 valley, as one of the Geraldines was fantastically called » 
 and in Kerry, the castle of the lord of Lixnaw, who 
 died of grief in consequence ; all his excursions were at- 
 tended with the miSt dismal havoc. 
 
 Taking advantage oi the tranquility thus obtainedt 
 courts were held and the laws administered with justice 
 and regularity. 
 
 Assurances were now spread through Ireland, that 
 the long expected Spanish succours were speedily to em- 
 bark; and that Monster was to be the scene of their 
 invasion. O'Nial, who at the same time received a flat- 
 tering letter from the pope, renewed his exertions with 
 fresh vigour, and dispatched emissaries in every direc- 
 tion. These reports received little credit in England^ 
 until intelligence was received, that the' Spani.-h fleet 
 consisting of 50 sail, 17 of which were ships of war, 
 were seen to the north of cape Finisterre, steering; for 
 the coast of Ireland. Two thousand troops were then 
 
168 HISTORY OF 
 
 sent from Eugland, and 3000 more were prepared, A}r' 
 the service of Munster. 
 
 On this alarming occasion, the lord president and 
 deputy met in Leinster to concert their operations. 
 Carew^ had always resolved to maintain Cork, and now 
 received intelligence from sir Charles Wilmot, who 
 commanded there during his absence, that the Span- 
 ish fleet had appeared before the mouth of the harbour ; 
 another express informed him, that the wind slackening, 
 the fleet had tacked about, and were now at anchor 
 in the harbour of Kinsale. It was suggested that the 
 deputy should return to Dublin, to collect his forces, 
 and expedite the necessary -supplies of amunition and 
 provisions for the southern war ; But Carew urgently 
 represented, that the betraying a consciousness of weak-^ 
 ness by retreating before the invaders, might encourage 
 the dissaffected to revolt ; that the forces could be col- 
 lected by the deputy's officers, and that the magazine of 
 Cork could supply the army for three months ; this ad- 
 vice prevailed, and Mountjoy marched to Cork, as if 
 fully prepared to meet the Spaniards. While one part 
 of the Spanish forces was driven by storm into Balti- 
 more, the main body, commanded by don Juan d'Aquila, 
 general of the expedition, entered Kinsale without re- 
 eistance, the English garrison retiring at their approach. 
 Dispatches were sent to Tirone and O'Donnel, the 
 two leaders who had invited the Spaniards, pressing 
 them to join their allies ; while Oviedo and other eccle- 
 siastics encouraged the southern chieftains to declare 
 for the invaders. The provincials of Munster were, 
 however, so reluctant to engage in fresh hostilities, that 
 several waited on the deputy, with the strongest assuran- 
 ces of their loyalty, while others in a state of neutrality. 
 Seemed to await the issue, and be decided by it. 
 The Spaniards/ who had come with the hope of find-^ 
 
IRELAND. 169 
 
 ing the whole kingdom ready to join them, now found 
 themselves without aid, in an inconsiderable town, and 
 besieged by a regular force. The invaders had occupied 
 the castle of Kincorran, standing on the river of Kin- 
 sale half a mile distant from the town — this was 
 violently assaulted, and after an obstinate defence, sur- 
 rendered. Intelligence was now received of the approach 
 of the northern army, that O'Donnel with his troops had 
 already penetrated into the territories of Ormond, and 
 was followed by O'Nial with the flower of the Ulster 
 army. It was instantly resolved to divide the royal ar- 
 my. The deputy continued the siege with one body, 
 while tlie lord president marched against O'Donnel with 
 
 another Qarew engaged in this service contrary to his ' 
 
 own judgment ; he foresaw what happened. — Taking ad- 
 vantage of a hard frost, his enemies, who had kept them- 
 selves concealed from him in woods and morasses, pass- 
 ed rapidly into Munster over a mountain, otherwise im- 
 passable, and the president returned to Kinsale after a 
 fruitless expedition — To console Mountjoy for this dis- 
 appointment, sir Christopher St. Laurence came to his 
 assistance with some forces of the pale; the earl of Clan, 
 ricard also arrived with a troop: the earl of Thomond, 
 who had been sent into England, returned with 1000 
 men ; 2000 infantry and some cavalry were landed at 
 Waterford ; and admiral sir Richard Leviston arrived at 
 Cork with 10 ships of war, 2000 infantry and military 
 stores. ^ 
 
 Nothwithstanding this reinforcement, it was deter, 
 mined not to attempt the town by storm until the be. 
 sieged should be further reduced. Castlepark, another 
 adjacent fort, was attacked, and taken, and the be- 
 siegers advanced in their approaches, defeating every 
 attempt of the Spaniards to oppose them. 
 
 -iv-- ^•L-'ffji!-^:^T: 
 
 — "-^^i^'- ■" - -' --^^^■^'^^--— ^' - =*" 
 
170 HISTORY OF ■ 
 
 Hitherto, the- chieftains of Munster had looked on 
 without interfering ; but now six Spanish ships arrived 
 at Gastlehaven and landed 2000 troops with stores, ord. 
 nance and ammunition ; six other vessels, ihey declared* 
 had sailed with them, and had been separated from thera 
 in a storm, and that additional troops were preparing 
 for embarkation — O'Donnel immediately joined these 
 new invaders ; Tirone had penetrated into munster; all 
 the Irish, and several of the English race in Kerry and 
 Desmond, all from Kinsale and Limerick westward threw 
 off the mask of submission, and declared for the Spani- 
 ards ; several forts of great military importance were put 
 into the hands of the invaders, and O'Nial fey within six 
 miles of the besiegers camp, and cut off all intercourse 
 with Cork. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What force had sir George Carew ? What means did he adopt to 
 promote tranquillity? Who refused to come to any accommodation ? 
 Who seized the titular earl of Desmond ? Was he put into Carew's 
 power ? What plots did Carew form ? Whose castle did he take ? 
 What assurances were now sent from Spain ? What part of Ireland were 
 the Spaniards expected to invade? What reports were now spread? 
 What was the number of the Spanish fleet? What troops were sent 
 from' England ? Who met in Leinster ? For what purpose ? Where 
 did the Spanish fleet anchor ? What advice did Carew give the depu- 
 ty ? Was this advice followed ? What dispatches were sent to Tirone 
 and O'Donnel ? What part did the southern chieftains take? How 
 were the Spaniards situated ? What intelligence did they receive from 
 Tirone and O'Donnel? Who continued the siege? Who marched 
 against O'Donnel? Did he fail ? Who (nought forces to assist the 
 deputy ? What plan was adopted to insure conquest ? What forts 
 were taken ? What induced the southern chieftains to join the 
 .Spaniards? How did Tirone and O'Donnel act? 
 
IRELAND. 171 
 
 CHAPTER Vir. 
 
 Desperate state of the queen s army — Defeat of the confede- 
 rates — Surrender of Kinsale — Submission of Tirone — 
 Death of the queen. 
 
 The besiegers were now surrounded by enemies, and 
 prevented from foraging, while their men, weakened by 
 hunger, and the toils of a winter siege, were dying on 
 their posts — numbers of them deserted, and their Eng- 
 lish supplies were slowly and scantily furnished ; thus 
 circumstanced, nothing seemed necessary for their com- 
 plete destruction, btit that their enemies shouldconti- 
 nue obstinately in their present situation. Tirone, 
 aware of this, strongly opposed giving the chance of a 
 battle to an enemy, who was only to be saved by some 
 desperate act of valour ; but Don Juan, captivated with 
 the brilliant prospect of victory, sent the most pressing 
 instances to his associates to advance, and Tirone having 
 reluctantly consented, the united Irish and Spanish 
 trooj- 3 marched against the English camp. 
 
 Whije the president remained to conduct the siege, 
 Mountjoy, with 1200 foot and 400 horse, marched 
 against the allies ; and as the besieged Spaniards did not 
 suspect that the English would make so bold an attempt 
 they kept within their walls, leaving the besieged only 
 one enemy to encounter. The first division of the Irish 
 which met the English troops retired ; they were pur- 
 sued, halted, and offered battle ; but were, after a short 
 resistance, put to flight : the next division commanded by 
 Tyrrel made some resistance, but was also soon broken ; 
 and the Spaniards were left to the swords of the enemy ; 
 they, however, after an ineffectual resistance, fell in the 
 field, except a few, who with their general, Ocampo, were 
 
 made prisoners. The main body, commanded by 0'Ni|U 
 
 E 2 
 
 J-'- 
 
172 HISTORY OF 
 
 was discomfited with equal ease ; and the rere, in which 
 O'Donnel was stationed, fied without striking a blow. 
 
 By this victory, obtained with little loss, the storm 
 which threatened the English was at once entirely dis- 
 sipated. Tne Irish forces sought safety in flight, and 
 Don Juan, conceiving himself to be betrayed by men 
 who could be so easily routed, desired a parley, and 
 capitulated — the town of Kinsale, and all posts held by 
 the Spaniards were ceded ; but when Dunboy, the fort 
 of Berehaven, was on the point of being delivered up, 
 Daniel O'Sullivan, who had resigned it to the Spaniards, 
 provoked at their capitulation, and disdaining to ac- 
 knowledge their right to divest him of his ancient proper- 
 ty, surprised the fort, disarmed the Spanish garrison, 
 and resolved to defend it against the English. Don Juan 
 shocked at this obstacle to the fulfilling his engagement, 
 ofiPered to reduce Dunboy before his departure ; but 
 this offer was declined, and Carew made himself master 
 of it after an obstinate resistance : after the English had 
 gained the upper part by storm, the governor, Maga- 
 ghaghan, when mortally wounded, made a desperate at- 
 tempt to fire sopie barrels of powder, and at once to 
 destroy both friends and foes ; but this attempt was de- 
 feated and the castle was demolished by the assailants. 
 
 In the south, the expectation of another Spanish In- 
 vasion, kept alive for some time the spirit of resistance ; 
 but the dispositions of Carew were so judicious, that 
 this province was soon reduced to a state of tranquillity. 
 
 In the northern province, Mountjoy prosecuted the 
 war against Tirone with unremitting vigour ; so closely 
 was the earl pursued, that he set fire to his town of Dun- 
 gannon, while the deputy, by building two new forts, 
 excluded the chieftain from his own territories. The 
 vicinity of the royal army prevented the Irish from pro- 
 curing provisions, and thousands became a prey to fa- 
 
IRELAND. 173 
 
 mine. Reduced to the lowest state of distress, O'Nial 
 made overtures of accommodation, to which Mountjoj', 
 dreading another war and invasion, listened favourably. 
 The manner in which the earl should be treated, became 
 a matter of debate in the English cabinet ; several dis- 
 patches arrived to Mountjoy, each ordering different 
 terms to be offered to Tirone ; but while Mountjoy was 
 distracted by this variety of instructions, he received 
 private assurances of the queen's death; by this he was 
 determined to cut off all delay-s, and conclude an ac- 
 coraniodution with the earl. On receivin^j a safe con- 
 duct, tlie chieftain attended the deputy, and subscribed 
 his submission, which was conceived in the amplest forraJ 
 he renounced the name of O'Nial, with all its distinctions 
 and authority, abjured all foreign power and dependency 
 but on the.cro'vvn of England : the deputy on the part of 
 the queen, promised a full pardon to .him and his follow- 
 ers ; to himself, the restoration of his blood and honor, 
 with a new patent for his lands, except some reserva- 
 tions, to which the earl consented, for certain chieftains, 
 and the use of English garrisons,. 
 
 After this accommodation, Tirone accompanied Mount- 
 joy to. Dublin, where, on hearing of the queen's death, 
 he burst into a- flood of tears ; this emotion he attributed 
 to sorrow for a princess who had treated him with so 
 much clemency ; it arose more probably from regret at 
 his own precipitate submission. 
 
 Had he persevered a few days longer, he raighc have 
 renewed the w-ar with advantage, or made a merit with 
 the new sovereign, of freely submitting on his accession. 
 As it was impossible to recede, he renewed his submission 
 to the king— No one now remained in arms professing 
 hostility to the English government, which had thus, af- 
 ter a perpetual struggle for four centuries and a half, re- 
 duced the whole kingdom to its swfiy. The following tj- 
 
 r 3 
 
i74« HISTORY OF 
 
 l)le of prices for the year 1602, authenticated by the sig- 
 nature of John Tirrel, mayor of Dublin, shews what dis- 
 tress as must have been suffered under the famine pro- 
 duced by these civil commotions. 
 
 Wheat had arisen from 36 shillings, to nine pounds the 
 quarter. — Barley-malt from ten shillings to forty three 
 shillings the barrel. — Oat-malt from 5 shillings to 22 
 shillings the barrel. — Pease from 5 shillings to 40 shil- 
 ings the peck — Beef from 26 shillings and 8d. to eight 
 pounds the carcase. — Mutton from 3 shillings to 26 shil. 
 lings the carcase. — Veal from lOs. to 29s. the carcase — a 
 lamb from 1 2d. to 6s — pork from 8s. to SOs. 
 
 Of the reign of Elizabeth 49 laws passsed in 10 ses- 
 sions are printed. 
 
 EXFJICISES. 
 
 ■\VIiat was now the situation of the besiegers? What was Tirone's 
 opinion? Who opposed his plan ? Who remained to conduct the 
 siege ? Who roarrhed against the Irish and Spanish troops ? Which 
 -w-as first attacked? Were they defeated? What became of the 
 Spaniards ? Who fled ? On what terms did Don Juan cajiitulate ? 
 Wliat was the conduct of O'Sullivan? What offer did Don Juan 
 make ? What attempt did Magaghagan make ? What became of the 
 fort of Dunhoy ? Who conducted the war against Tirone ? What 
 town did 0*Nial burn ? What induced him to make overtures for an 
 accommodation ? What caused delay ? What terms were granted ? 
 WhiU did O'Nial renounce ? What w as promised him ? What was 
 his conduct on hearing of the death of the queen ? To what was it 
 attributed ? How is the distressed state of t)ie kingdom proved ? 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Who was Thomas Stukely, and what was his project for the invasion 
 of Ireland ? What was the issue of it? Why was sir Henry Sidney 
 permitted to retire and in what year? Who did invade Ireland, with 
 what force, and where did he land ? By whom was he openly joined, 
 and by whom was be secretly encouraged ? What became of Fitz 
 
IRELAND. 175 
 
 Maurice? How did the deputy treat the earl of Desmond? Where 
 was a battle fought ? Who commanded the English troops, and what 
 was the issue ? What took place between Desmond and sir Nicholas 
 Malby ? How did sir William Pelham become deputy, and what 
 were his operations against IXesmond? What was lord Grey's first 
 futerprize, and how did it end ? Against what enemy did lord Grcf 
 next march ? What are the particulars and termination of the siege 
 he carried on ? \Vhat was the earl of Desmond's fate ? When was 
 sir John Pcrrot made lord deputy ? What was his character and con- 
 duct? What did he propose to the Englibh council? How was it 
 customary for parliament to shew their confidence in the chief gover- 
 nor ? Wh^t i)roposal of Perrot's displeased the archbishop of Dub- 
 lin ? Why did he resign, and what was the popular feeling on his de- 
 parture ? What was the character of his successor, and what occurred 
 during his government? What effect had his conduct on the Irish 
 chieftains ? When was the university of Dublin founded ? What 
 was the state of afTairs in Ulster? What steps did tire English minis- 
 try take in conse(juence of O'Donnel's success ? What was the earl of 
 Tirone's first act of hostility ? What system of policy did tlie quet-ii 
 act on towards^ Tironc ? What was the state of the English army and 
 the opinion of sir John Norris? What circumstance occurred which 
 induced the Irish chieftains to repent, having entered into a treaty with 
 Norris ? What was the system on which Tirone now acted ? Why 
 was sir John Norris recalled ? What were the first military operations 
 on lord Burgh's taking the field ? What occurred on the deatii of lord 
 IBurgh? Wliat was the particulars of the engagement between Tirone 
 and Bagnal? In what year did they fight? What were the conse- 
 <]uences of this battle? What steps did the English ministry take to 
 remedy the ronsequonces of this defeat? What suspicions did the 
 conduct of Essex create pn his first arrival in Ireland? \\1iat were 
 the instructions of Essex and how did he commence his operations ? 
 How did he close the campaign against Tirone ? How did the queen 
 act on learning the particulars of the campaign, and what step did Es- 
 sex take in consequence? What occurred in Ireland on the retirement 
 of Essex ? In what year was Mountjoy sent to Ireland ? What were 
 his instructions and what prevented his immediately fulfilling them ? 
 What occurred to make the carl of Ormond suspected by government ? 
 With what success did Mountjoy conduct the campaign ? Wliat indu- 
 ced the queen to issue base coin ? Who was at this time lord president 
 of Munster? What was its state when he took the command? In 
 what state was it at the time of the Spanish invasion ? Wliat was the 
 strength of the Spanish fleet ? When did the main body of the Spani- 
 ards land ? How did the Irish chieftains of the south act ? What 
 military operations commenced ? How did the chiefuins of the north 
 act? Whatare the particulars of the expedition undertaken by Carew 
 against O' Donnel ? What reinforcemeuts arrived to the deputy and 
 how did he intend to coriduct the siege? What reinforcements did the 
 invaders receive? What was now the situation of the queen's troops, 
 and how did they extricate themselves from their diflSculiies ? How 
 did Don Juan act after his defeat ? How did the war conclude ? 
 When did the queen die? 
 
176 HISTORY OP 
 
 BOOK THE FIFTH. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 m ■ ■ 
 
 State of the country — Opposition to acJcnoxuledging James— ' 
 Remonstrance of the pale — Plantation of Ulster. 
 
 A r. HiTHERTO,the hostilities which had disturbed the 
 pe^ce of Ireland, since the invasion of Henry II. 
 were either the petty broils of rival septs, or the 
 struggles of a people not entirely conquered, to throw 
 off the yoke of their invaders. These struggles, how- 
 ever, were not uniformly between the Englishman and 
 the Irishman ; while the deputy of the English sove- 
 reign, aided by the native chieftain and his followers, 
 oftea marched to battle to assert the authority of his 
 monarch, he was still more often opposed by his coun- 
 trymen by descent, who naturalized to the soil, the 
 customs, and the language of their adopted country, 
 renounced all allegiance to that from which they were 
 descended. Towards, the conclusion of the coiitest, 
 which terminated in the final establishment of the Eng- 
 lish power, religious prejudices had been called to the 
 aid of national feelings ; and when the latter ceased to 
 produce hostility and opposition, the former remained 
 m full activity, to embroil and disunite the inhabitants. . 
 On the accession of James I. the opinion that he se-; 
 cretly favoured the Romish religion, induced the Ca- 
 tholics, in defiance of the penal laws, to restore the 
 Romish worship in its full splendour, in many cities of 
 Leinster, and in all Munster. In Cork, the magistrates 
 refusing to proclaim the king, Mountjoy marched into 
 Munster at the head of an army ; the citizens of Wa- 
 terford refused to open their gates to him, pleadiijg, 
 
IRELAND. 177 
 
 that by a charter of king John, they were exempt from 
 quartering soldiers; but on the deputy's threatening to 
 «' draw king James'* sword, and cut the charter of king 
 John to pieces," he was admitted ; they inhabitants 
 swore allegiance, and renounced all foreign jurisdic- 
 tion. The other cities of the south followed the ex- 
 ample of Waterford ; and Mountjoy returned to per- 
 form the last act of his administration. An act of state 
 was published, called an act of oblivion and indemnity, 
 by proclamation under the great seal. All offences 
 against the crown, all particular trespasses between sub- 
 jects, committed at any time before the* king's acces- 
 sion, were pardqned, and utterly extinguished, never 
 to be revived op called in question ; and the whole 
 body of the Irish yeomanry, who, in former times, were 
 left under the despotic power of their chieftains, with- 
 out defence or justice from the crown, were now re- 
 ceived into the king's immediate protection. 
 
 Mountjoy, now made lord lieutenant, appointed sir 
 George Carew his deputy, and returned to England, 
 accompanied by the earl of Tirone and Roderic O'Don- 
 nel. Both chieftains were favourably received by the 
 king. Tirone was confirmed in his honors and posses- 
 sions ; and O'Donnel created earl of TirconneU 
 
 During the administration of Carew and sir Arthur 
 ^ -p. Chichester, the government proceeded in the ex- 
 tension of the law,, and the establishment of pub- 
 lic justice. Counties were formed, sheriffs ap- 
 pointed., and circuits established. Tanistry and Gavel- 
 kind were abolished, and estates made descendible ac- 
 cording to the course of the common law of England. 
 Thus in exchange for the Hrehon jurisdiction, the na- 
 tive Irish were invested with all the priviledges of sub- 
 jects, and admitted to all the benefits of the English 
 law. 
 
 ■-^" -■ iri • I ii'liiili 
 
17S HISTORY OV 
 
 To ascertain the rights of individuals, and settle the 
 possession of all the inhabitants was the next object. 
 A commission of grace, as it was called, issued under 
 the great seal of England, for securing the subjects of 
 Ireland against all claims of the crown. The chief go- 
 vernor was empowered to receiv* the surrender of those 
 Irish lords, who held estates by a precarious tenure, 
 and to re-grant them on a more permanent security. 
 Many embraced^ the opportunity of converting their pre- 
 sent tenure for life, to an estate in fee, which descend- 
 ed to their children. Every lord, by his new patent, 
 was invested only with the lands foun^ to be in his 
 immediate possession ; and hh followers were confirmed 
 in their tenures, on condition only of paying him the 
 annual reiit, at which his duties were rated, in the place 
 of all uncertain and arbitrary exactions. 
 
 Meanwhile, the popish clergy repaired abbeys, mo- 
 nasteries, and churches ; and also arraigned the civil 
 administration, and reviewed causes determined in the 
 king's courts. Whatever tenderness James expressed 
 for the tenets of the church of Rome, he abhorred all 
 who maintained the supremacy of the papal jurisdic- 
 tion. He had published a proclamation in England, 
 commanding all Jesuits and other priests, having orders 
 from any foreign power, to depart from the kingdom : 
 by a similar proclamation was the popish clergy of 
 Ireland commanded to depart within a limited time, 
 unless they conformed to the laws of the land. This 
 . j^ produced such a fermeiit among the recusants, 
 that the governor and council determined on re- 
 viving the penal statutes ; several were fined and 
 committed to prison : all the old English families 
 of the pale remonstrated against those proceedings. 
 Their remonstrance and petition for the free exercise of 
 religion was presented, by an unusual concourse, to the 
 
IRELAND. 1^ 179 
 
 council, on the same day that intelligence was received 
 t>f the gunpowder plot; this circumstance excited a sus- 
 picion in the king's ministers, of some concert between 
 the conspirators in England, and the recusants in Ire- 
 land. The chief petitioners were confined in the castle 
 of Dublin, and sir Patrick Barnewell, their principal 
 agent, was, by the king's command, sent to England in 
 custody. 
 
 A letter found in the council chamber, intimated a 
 scheme of rebellion, formed by the earls of Tirone and 
 Tirconnel, with other Irish lords and gentlemen of the 
 north. This letter is looked on by many to have been 
 a forgery. It is certain, however, that on the first alarm, 
 Tirone and Tirconnel fled to the continent, and aban- 
 doned their vast possessions to the crown ; the lands 
 thus placed at its disposal, were further increased by an 
 insurrection, maintained for some time by O'Dogherty 
 . pv of Innishowen, in the course of which that chief- 
 tain fell, and his property escheated to the 
 
 1608. 
 
 crown. 
 
 As James affected to derive all his glory from the arts 
 of peace, he resolved on disposing of these lands in such 
 a manner, as might introduce all the happy conse- 
 quences of peace and cultivation. Aware of the errors 
 in the plantation formed in Munster, on the forfeiture of 
 Desmond, he proceeded with deliberation, and encou- 
 raged men of experience and ability to propose their 
 plans; but relied particularly on the counsels of sir 
 Arthur Chichester, a man, whose intimate knowledge 
 of the lands to be disposed of, and the feelings and cha- 
 racters of the old inhabitants, was particularly useful 
 on the present occasion. The Ulster lands were divided 
 among three classes — 1st. English or Scotch undertakers, 
 who were confined to English or Scottish servants and 
 under-tenants. — 2d. Servitors, or men who had served 
 
180 HjISTORY OP 
 
 for some years In Ireland ; they were allowed to employ 
 British or Irish under them, provided they were not re- 
 cusants — 3d. Native Irish, who were allowed to re- 
 tain servants and under-tenants, without any restriction 
 as to country or religion : the natives were allotted the 
 open and accessible parts of the country ; to the British 
 adventurers were assigned places of strength and com- 
 mand, while^ the servitors were placed in, stations of 
 most danger. 
 
 As e:q)erierfte had shewn the inconvenience of enor- 
 mous grants to particular persons, the forfeited lands 
 were divided into three different proportions, one of 
 2000 English acres, the next of 1500, and the last of 
 1000, which were distributed by lot; different condi- 
 tions were attached to each, according to their size, to 
 secure their cultivation, and the residence of the under- 
 takers. The city of London engaged largely in this 
 plantation, on which they were to expend ^620,000, and 
 build the cities of Colerain and Derry. To support a 
 military force, the order of baronets was instituted, 
 each of whom on passing his patent, was to pay jnto the 
 exchequer, such a sum as would maintain 30 men in 
 Ulster, for three years, at eight-pence per day. The 
 see lands which had in former times been usurped, were 
 restored ; glebes were assigned to the different parishes ; 
 the bishops were obliged to resign all their impropria- 
 tions, and the tithes paid out of parishes to the respec- 
 tive incumbents ; churches were allotted to each parish ; 
 free-schools were endowed, considerable grants made to 
 the university, together with the advowson of six pa- 
 rishes ; and several towns were incorporated, so as to 
 give them a right of representation in the Irish parlia- 
 ment. 
 
IRELAND. 181 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 What was it eonstantlj disturbed Ireland, siAee tbe iiiTasien of 
 Henry II.? What aided these disturbances? What was the 
 opinion of tbe Irish on king James's accession ? What was (heir 
 conduct ? On what grounds did the inhabitants of Waterford refuse 
 to admit Mountjoy ? What was Mountjoy's threat? Did they ad- 
 mit him? What act was now passed? Who accompanied Mountjoy 
 to England ? How were they received ? What title was conferred ? 
 Who was left deputy on Mountjoy's return to England? What 
 regulations were now made ? What customs and laws were abolished? 
 How was the commission of grace to act ? What power was given 
 to the chief governor to grant lands? How were the catholic 
 clergy now acting ? What command was issued by king James ? 
 What was tbe consequence of this oMer ? What circumstance excited 
 suspicion in the king's government? Who was taken into custody? 
 Who was detained and sent to England ? What letter was found ? 
 Who fled to thi- continent? Whatbecameof their possessions? How 
 were the Ulster lands disposed of? Into what proportions were the 
 forfeited lands divided ? How was a military force niaintaimed ia 
 Ulster ? How were the estates of the church regulated ? What other 
 regulations were made concerning the university, towns, schools, &c . 
 &c. &c. 
 
 ' CHAPTER IL 
 
 Parliament summoned — Lords of the pale address the 
 king — Parliamentary proceedings. 
 
 Twenty-seven years of tumult and distraction had 
 elapsed, since parliament had assembled ; it was now 
 deemed necessary to hold one. Seventeen additional 
 counties, and a number of newly cre^ed boroughs, which 
 the deputy was every day encreasing, indicated a scheme 
 of general representation, in which the old English 
 settlers, the new British adventurers, and the original 
 Irish, should meet together, to consider of provisions 
 for the public welfare. The recusants apprehended that 
 
 L 
 
 I aiiifitfi Bi - 
 
182 HISTORY Of 
 
 the object of this parliament must be either to enact ad- 
 ditional penal statutes, or to revive those which had 
 already passed, and from the number of borough^:, they 
 dreaded a majority for the measures of administration. 
 Six lords of distinguished consequence in the pale, Gor- 
 manstOD, Slane, Killeen, Trirableston, Dunsany, and 
 Lovvth, addressed a letter to the king, in which they 
 expressed their apprehensions, from a design of con- 
 vening a parliament, without any communication to 
 them or others of the nobility ; they prayed that the crea- 
 tion of boroughs might be ' suspended, till time and 
 traffic should make places fit to be incorporated, and 
 assured his majesty, that if he shall be pleased to repeal 
 the penal laws, he shall settle their minds in a firm and 
 faithful subjection. 
 
 The terms of this petition were too bold not to of- 
 fend a prince, habituated to the most abject flattery ; 
 |ie pronounced it to be rash and insolent. The deputy 
 continued to increase the boroughs. The recusants now 
 bboured to procure a return of those who were favour- 
 able to their party ; and from their success in the coun- 
 ties, anticipated a decided superiority in the commons; 
 but on the meeting of parliament, they had the morti- 
 iication to find themselves out-numbered ; of 232 mem- 
 bei[9, 6 were absent, of the remainder ; lOl formed the 
 recusant party; 125 were protestants; the lords con. 
 sisted of 25 temporal peers, and 25 protestant^relates ; 
 of this number, a large majority were friendly to the ad-> 
 ministration. After the usual speech from the throne, 
 the commons were directed to elect their speaker. The 
 candidates wer& sir John Davis, the attorney -general, 
 and sir John Everard, a recusant, who had been a jus- 
 tice of the king's bench, and having refused to take the 
 oaths, had retired on a pension. It was contended by 
 the recusants, that several members having been illc- 
 
IRELAND. 18 
 
 o 
 
 galiy elected, the right of election should be first de- 
 termined ; then to proceed to choose a speaker, 
 by the real and constitutional members of the com- 
 mons; on the otjier hand it was contcuded, that the con- 
 stant usage was first to elect a speaker, that committees 
 were then to be appointed, and elections examined. On 
 a division bting called for, those who voted for sir John 
 Davis, went out to the lobby ; the recusant party re- 
 fused to be numbered, and while thehr opponents were 
 withdrawn, proceeded, as the majority of legal mem- 
 bers,<to choose a speaker, and placed Everard in the chair. 
 The other party on their return, exclaimed against this 
 proceeding, declared Davis duly elected, and seated 
 him in Everard's lap. 
 
 This scene of tumult ended in the secession of the 
 recusants. Their, brethren in the upper house adopted 
 a similar plan, and refused to attend, until the con- 
 troversy subsisting among the couunoas should be de- 
 cided. Tim deputy finding all attempts to allay the dis- 
 contents oi the oppositi. n fruitless, prorogued the par- 
 liament,' that the animosities of the opposite sides might 
 have time to subside. The puritans condemned Chi- 
 chester, for not exercising his authority with necessary 
 vigour ; but he felt little alarm at these complaints, as 
 he knew that pacific measures were most agreeable to 
 the king. 
 
 The recusant party, now dispatched agents to the 
 English court, to enforce an application they had made 
 at the time of their secession, on the subject of their 
 grievances. These agents were the lords Gormanston 
 and Fermoy, sir James Gough, Hussey, Lutterel, and 
 Talbot , the deputy on his part, sent over the earl of 
 Thoraond, sir John Denham, chief justice of the king's 
 bench, and sir Oliver St. John. James received their 
 
 tt 2 
 
184 HISTORY OF 
 
 complaints with such temper and professions, as inspired 
 them with the greatest confidence. They no longer 
 confined themselves to the late transactions in parlia- , 
 ment) but presented nineteen articles of grievances, in 
 the military and civil administration, and entreated the 
 king to send impartial commissioners to enquire into the 
 several particulars. He acceded to this request ; and 
 while the commissioners were with a party of the agents 
 on th^ir way to Dublin, sir James Gough, who had tra-' 
 veiled separately, arrived, and reported, that the king 
 had commanded him to assure the Roman Catholics, 
 the enjoyment of the free exercise of religicH), provided 
 they entertained no priests who should preach the de- 
 posing power of the pope. 
 
 Chichester, knowing the king's sentiments, gave no 
 credit to Gough's intelligence, and by the advice of the 
 council, committed him to prison. But the recusants 
 expected speedy redress, and were confirmed in this 
 opinion, by the deputy's receiving a summons to attend 
 the king. James, after consulting with Chichester, ad- 
 mitted the recusants to plead their cause before the 
 council ; of fourteen returns, of which they complained, 
 two were found to have been illegal, and the burgesses 
 of Cavan and Kildare, declared incapable of sitting. 
 In other particulars, their allegations were pronounced 
 groundless ; the king then made a speech, magnified 
 his own equity and impartiality, censured the whole pro- 
 gress oi the opposition of the recusants, and commend- 
 ed the conduct of the deputy. 
 
 . y^ ' Parliament now assembled peaceably ; and 
 owin? to the moderate conduct of Chichester 
 
 1 Al/L 
 
 on one hand, and Everard on the other, all ob- 
 stacles to public business were got over, and no bill 
 was proposed that was not passed unanimously ; several 
 statutes formerly passed against the native Irish, were 
 
IRELAND* J 8/) 
 
 repealed ; aii set of oblivion was passed ; and the pro- 
 ceedings closed with a bill of subsidy, granting to the 
 king and his successors, from every personal estate of 
 the value of three pounds and upwards, two shillings and 
 eight-pence in the pound, from aliens twice the sum ; and 
 out of every real estate of twenty shillings and up- 
 wards, four shillings in the pound ; a grant so bounti- 
 ful, that James returned thanks in a letter to the de* 
 puty. Chichester was now created baron of Belfast^ 
 A j^ recalled to England, and succeeded by sir Oliver 
 St. John. The new deputy enforced the penal 
 laws, with more vigour than his predecessor. 
 Having opposed the usurpations of church lands, by 
 some leading men, complaints poured in against him 
 from all quarters ; and the king was requested to ap- 
 point commissioners to inspect the state of Ireland, and 
 the irregularities of administration. 
 
 About this time Diggs, Crew, Rich, Perrot, and 
 other members of the English house of commons, had 
 made themselves obnoxious to the king, who took this 
 opportunity of mortifying and removing them, by ad- 
 dressing a commission to them to repair to Ireland. 
 
 The enemies of St. John, insisting that the commis- 
 sion could have no effect while he continued in the go- 
 vernment, lord Falkland was nominated his successor ; 
 and the deputy was obliged to resign to two lords jus- 
 tices, until the new governor should arrive. 
 A T\ Falkland soon found himself in an unpleasant 
 
 situation, without a sufficient military force to 
 
 1622 ' . • 
 
 awe a faction, rendered confident by the dis- 
 mission of St. John ; and irritated by an inquiry into 
 titles which rendered the property of *very man inse- 
 cure, while the greatest abuses were practised in invali- 
 dating old claims. But all bis representations were 
 
186 HISTORY OF 
 
 vaiD,the king's finances were very low, and the charge of 
 the government in Ireland far exceeded the Irish revenue. 
 To supply this deficiency, was a principal object of the 
 commissioners ; they proposed many projects for raising 
 supplies, which were impfacticable. Considerable alarm 
 was given by the discovery, that some legal informalities 
 had been omitted in enrolling patents rthe whole province 
 of Con naught was affected by this defective state of titles, 
 and adjudged to be still vested in the crown. James 
 listened favourably to a proposal for disposing of it in 
 an extensive plantation, and although every thing could 
 have been proved to have been fair on the part of the 
 proprietors, they judged it to be more prudent to con- 
 sult ihe necessities of the king,than to rely on his justice; 
 they therefore offeced to purchase a confirmation of their 
 grants, and were about concluding a treaty with James, 
 when his death prevented the king from seeing it carried 
 into effect. 
 
 In his reign were two sessions, ia which ten laws 
 were passed.. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 How many years had elapsed since a parliament iiad been held ? 
 What addition was made to the places capable of returning members ? 
 What apprehenaons did the Eeciisants entertain on this account? 
 Wliat was their representation to the king ? What receptiou did it 
 meet? What were the numbers of each party returned ? What took 
 place on the house of commons proceeding to elect a speaker? Why 
 was parliament prorogued? What steps did the recusants take on 
 the prorogation ? What reception did their deputation meet ? Why 
 was sir James Gough imprisoned ? How was the objection to the 
 returns disposed of? Who in the opposition assisted Chichester in 
 getting through the public business in parliament ? What acts were 
 passed ? What subsidy was granted ? Who succeeded C'hichester ? 
 How did St. John make himself obnoxious to some leading men? 
 What was the king requested to-do in consequence ? Whom did he ap- 
 point commissioners, and why ? Who succeeded St John ? In what 
 state did Falkland find Ireland ? What was the chief object of the 
 commissioners? What .discovery was made respecting Connaught? 
 How did the proprietors propose to supply the defect in their titles? 
 
IRELAND-. 1-87 
 
 CHAPTBR III 
 
 Mihlary establishment increased — Voluntary contribu- 
 tions — fVentworth lord deputy — Parliamentary proceed- 
 ings — Union bettioeen the church of England and Ire- 
 lands 
 
 A T\ On the accession of Charles I. the recusants^ 
 were elated with the hope of receiving greater 
 * indulgence than they had hitherto enjoyed ; and 
 as the government of Falkland was mild and concilia- 
 ting, the Roman Catholic religion was more openly pro- 
 fessed. This was highly offensive to the puritanical 
 spirit which was every day increasing ; and such repre- 
 sentations were made to the English court, that it was 
 deemed necessary to increase the military establish- 
 ment to 5000 foot, and 500 horse. As the revenue was 
 unable to support such a force, the king had recourse to 
 prerogative ; he ordered this army to be quartered on 
 the several towns and counties, where the inhabitants 
 were to supply them with all necessaries for three 
 months at each time ; promising at the same time, such 
 favours as should, -amply compensate for their present 
 burden. 
 
 These promises produced instant submission ; and 
 still farther to recommend themselves, both parties pro- 
 posed on certain conditions, lo raise a sum of jf 120,000, 
 to be paid by quarterly instalments in three years, for 
 the support of the army. The king granted those terms 
 under the name of graces. These were principally a 
 suspension of the penal statutes, and the removal of le- 
 gal disabilities affecting the recusants; limiting the 
 
188 HISTORY OF 
 
 king's title to sixty years, admitting the inhabitants of 
 Connaught to make a new etiroUnnent of their patents. 
 For a further security to all proprietors, their estates 
 were to be confirmed to them by tfaie next parliament^ 
 to be held in Ireland, in which, to remove all apprehen* 
 sions, an act was to be passed for a general pardon. 
 
 But in this capital article, which was to have given 
 these graces the same force and stability, with the pe- 
 tition of rights, granted about the same time in Eng- 
 land, the king's sincerity appeared at least suspicious. 
 Charles explicitly named the third oi' November, for 
 the Irish parliament to assemble. Writs were issued 
 accordingly, but the formalities required by Poyning's 
 law for certifying the causes, were not observed ; the 
 judges pronounced the writs illegal and void. This ir- 
 regularity could have been easily- corrected, yet no new 
 writs were issued, nor any other time assigned for a le- 
 gal convention of tlie Irish parliament. 
 - J. The puritans having efiected the recal of Falk- 
 land, the government was entrusted to viscount 
 1630. £jy^ ^g chancellor, and the earl of Cork, lord 
 high treasurer. These ministers pursued the recusants 
 with great severity ; but were soon informed that their 
 rigour was not acceptable to the king. Considerable 
 embarrassment was now felt in the English councils 
 with respect to Ireland. _ There were no hopes of main- 
 taining ^the authority of the crown without a military 
 force ; and the time was fast approaching, when the 
 voluntary subsidy would cease. In this situation of af- 
 fairs, Charles determined on entrusting the govern> 
 ment of Ireland to viscount Wentworth, afterwards earl 
 of Strafford, the title by which this nobleman is best 
 known. By skilful management of both parties, a re- 
 newal of the voluntary grant was obtained for another 
 
\< 
 
 IRELAND. 18§ 
 
 year, until the new deputy should arriTe, and concert 
 means for the permanent support of the army. 
 . y. Wenthworth, who had offended many in Eng- 
 land, arrived in this country with strong prepos. 
 sessions and prejudices ; entirt^ly devoted to the 
 J^ing, and ready to carry into execution, with any degree 
 of severity, whatever measures was esteemed necessary 
 for his master's interests. His first act was to advise the 
 council to make an offer of the voluntary contribution 
 for -another year, and to petition the king to have a par- 
 liament called. The hope of a parliament to confirm 
 the graces, induced a ready compliance; Charles had 
 an habitual horror of parliaments, and no^ feared that 
 the Irish parliament .would insist on a confirmation ^>f 
 the graces, with which he had no inclination to comply; 
 But Wcntworth quieted his apprehensions, and it was 
 resolved to yield to the request of the nation. 
 . jx The object of Wentworth was to obtain a liber- 
 al supply, and to evade a confirmation of the 
 graces. By great exertions, the deputy pro- 
 cured such a return as he wished, in which protestants 
 and papists were so equally mixed, that neither party 
 appeared predominant i he proposed that |two distinct 
 sessions should be held, one tor providing for the debts 
 of the crown and the army, and the other fur enacting 
 laws and graces for the benefit of the subject : to obtain 
 the supply, he represented to the recusants the. necessity 
 there would be of recurring to the weekly fines on the' 
 absentees from the established mode of worship, if some- 
 thing was not done before the expiration of the V()iuntary 
 contribution ; to the protestants he observed, that until 
 a regular provision should be made for the exigencies of 
 the state, the king could neither refuse the bounty of 
 the recusants, nor enforce the penal statutes. 
 
3 90 HISTORY or 
 
 V 
 
 The commons unanimously voted a grant of »ix sub • 
 sidies, to be applied entirely at the discretion of the 
 deputy ; the lords were not so complying ; still the depu- 
 ty carried his measures with a high hand, refused to 
 confirm the most material of the graces, and after an act 
 of free and general pardon was passed, dissolved the par- 
 liament. '' 
 
 At the same time with the parliament, sat a convoca- 
 tion of the clergy ; they grartted eight subsidies to the 
 king ; many grievances under which they laboured were 
 redressed, and a complete union formed between the 
 church of England and Ireland by estabhshtng in the 
 latter kingdom the English articles and canons as the 
 rule of doctrine and discipline. As the policy of Went- 
 worth led him to discour»gi the woolkn manufacture) 
 he in return made tiie firsL attempt towards introducing 
 from Holland the linen manufacture, which has «ince 
 proved so beneficial to the country. His grand object, 
 however, was a western plantation ; for this purpose he 
 had opposed the canfirmabion o^ the graces, and to ac- 
 complish it, used every means to procure juries in the 
 different counties oT Connaught to find for the right of 
 of the crown ; he succeeded in every county but Galway, 
 where the jury refused to find for the crown, and was 
 accordingly severely fined, as was the sheriff for return- 
 ing such a jury. The severity of this sentence, and vio- 
 lent persecutions of some respectable individuals, were 
 laid hold on by the enemies of the deputy, and such re- 
 presentations were made in England of his conduct, that 
 his friends were scandalized, and trembled for the con- 
 sequences. 
 
 But Wentworth, relying on the favor of his royal mas- 
 ter, appeared in London ; before the king and council 
 he expatiated on the services he had performed in Ireland ; 
 his care of the revenue, the army and the church ; the 
 
IRELAND. ]91 
 
 exceUentiaws he had procured, and his schemes for the 
 advancement of commerce ; he lamented some particu- 
 lar grievances under which the Irish laboured, with re- 
 spect to high duties, and the king immediately redressed 
 them ; but when he attempted to apologize for the rig- 
 our of his administration, Cliarles interrupted him with 
 a warm approbation of his conduct ; he desired him to 
 proceed in the work so happily begun, and assured him 
 that it must be acknowledged as the best service which 
 the crown had ever received in Ireland. 
 
 The deputy now returned with the same principles, 
 and pursued the same conduct ; individuals suffered se- 
 verely under his unjust severity in particular instances ; 
 but the country enj.oyed unusual tranquility, and the 
 revenue was contiiderably augmented. Heavy fines wece 
 raised on defective titles, though the plan of the western 
 plantation was abandoned. The puritans were offended, 
 at tho indulgence shewn to recusants. Industry and com- 
 merce encreased in an unprecedented manner. 
 A y. Charles had now deeply embroiled himself with 
 the Scots, . which in no slight degree encreased 
 the difficulties which the Irish deputy had to en. 
 countef. The Scots who had been transplanted into Ul- 
 ster, sympathized with their countrymen in their hatred 
 of the established mode of church government and wor- 
 ship — several of them had taken the covenant and passed 
 secretly into Scotland ; the less active were persuaded 
 that the hour was at hand ,when their own disciph'ne 
 should be AilJy established, and resisted the attempts 
 made to reduce them to conformity — in addition to this 
 was the reasonable apprehension of the original natives 
 taking advantage of the present disorders. Weutwcirth 
 perceived the gathering storm and omitted no means of 
 averting the danger. At the firt alftrm of the Scottish 
 insurrection, 30,0001. were remitted to the king from 
 
192 HISTORY OF 
 
 £he Irish exchequer. The army was reviewed, regulated, 
 and strengthened by an augmentation of 400 cavalry : 
 a body of 500 men carefully disciplined, and well ap- 
 pointed, were at the king's request sent into England 
 to garrison Carlisle, SOO more were destined for Dun- 
 barton, but were anticipated by the covenanters in secu- 
 ring that post. 
 
 The earl of Argyle, who commanded for the male- 
 contents in those parts of Scotland which were contigu- 
 ous to Ulster, opened a communication with the Irish 
 Scots, and sent emissaries to excite them to take arms, 
 but his ships were seized; a plot to deliver up the castle of 
 Carrickfergus to the Scots, was discovered and defeated ; 
 detachments were stationed in every place of danger ; 
 and magazines provided with arms and amunition for 
 ^en thousand foot and one thousand horse. 
 
 The king was highly pleased by this conduct of Went« 
 worth, and the judicious advice he frequently gave him ; 
 which was not however always followed by Charles. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What was the consequence of the mildness of Falkland's govern- 
 ment ? Who were oflended ? What caused the increase of the mili- 
 tary force ? How were they supported ? What promise was made ? 
 What sum was offered ? How was it to be paid ? What were 
 the terms called graces ? Was the king believed to be sincere ? What 
 was said to be illegal ? Was parliament assembled ? Who effected 
 the recal of Falkland ? To whom was the government entrusted ? 
 What was their conduct ? What emiiarrassed the £nglish council ? 
 To whom was the government now entrusted ? With what determi- 
 nations did Strafford come i o Ireland ? How did lie advise the council P 
 What induced them to comply ? W hat did Charles apprehend ? 
 What was Strafford's object ? By what representations did he suc- 
 ceed ? How many subsidies were granted ? What other body as- 
 sembled at the same time ? What union was formed ? What did 
 
inELAND. 195 
 
 tlie deputy discourage ? What nuinufacture did he introduce? What 
 was he anxious to accomplish in the west ? Why were the sheriff and 
 jury of Galway fined ? What alarmed Strafford's friends in England ? 
 What did he rely on ? How did he defend his conduct ? For what 
 did he attempt to apologize' What was the king's answer? What 
 was the consequence of the deputy's vigour ? What offended the pu- 
 ritans ? What encreased the deputy's difficulties ? What means did 
 he pursue to avert the danger ? What sum was sent to the king from 
 Ireland ? What number of men ? With whom did the earl of Ar.- 
 gyle communicate ? What did he try- to excite them to ? What 
 became of his ships ? What plot was discovered ? What magazines 
 were provided ? Was the king pleased with the conduct of the de ^ 
 puty ? 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Embarrassments of Charles in England — Parliamentary 
 proceedings — Prosecution of Strafford. 
 
 In the mean time the affairs of Charles became so em- 
 barrassed, that Wentworth was directed to commit the 
 government of Ireland to two lord justices, and repair 
 himself to the king. Charles, to mark his confidence and 
 approbation of this zealous servant, created him earl of 
 Strafford, and Knight of the garter ; and confirmed him 
 in the government of Ireland, by the more honourable 
 title of lord lieutenant. — As the necessities of the king 
 required a more liberal supply of money than he 
 could obtain in England, Stra&rd offered to return to 
 Ireland, where he assured the king no inconsiderable 
 sources might be found ; this offer was accepted, direc- 
 tions were given for convening a parliament, and the in. 
 defatigable earl arrived at Dublin two days after it as- 
 sembled. 
 ^ jA ^^'' assembly outran the expectations of Straf. 
 
 ford ; the puritans, tho' numerous, were not as 
 1640 . 
 
 yet encouraged by their friends in England to 
 
 gi?e much approbation ; the recusants, whaterer were 
 
 R 
 
 ?T- 
 
194; HISTORY OP 
 
 their grievances and complaints, by no tneans favoured 
 the cause of the rovenaufers, and professed the most 
 zealous loyalty and attachment to the king, Strafford 
 liad nothing more to do than to levy the parliamentary 
 grants, and raise a new army ; but as his presence was 
 necessaiy in England, he committed to Wandesford, his 
 friend and deputy, the chaise of raising the subsidies; 
 to the e&rl of Ormond he entrusted the affairs of the 
 army ; eight thousand foot, and one thousand horse 
 were quickly raised and appeared at Carrickfergus, the 
 place of rendezvous, in good order; the officers and 
 one thousand men, drafted from the old army, were pro- 
 testants, the rest roman catholics. 
 
 But notwithstanding the zealous professions of the 
 Irish parhament, the subsidies by which this army was 
 to be supported, were reluctantly and stantily supplied ; 
 every thing now seemed to breathe the spirit of hostility, 
 cjuite opposite to that manifested in the proceedings* of 
 parliament. The English parliament had met, and shown 
 great reluctance to supply the necessities of Charles, 
 and was therefore speedily dissolred. The Irish per- 
 ceived that attachment to the king was unpopular ; the 
 puritan party became every day more powerful and confi- 
 dent, and held a free correspemdence with their bre< 
 thren m Ireland ; the ever vigilant Strafford was ab- 
 sent; and the recusants saw the prospect of a favourable 
 opportunity of forcing some attention and indulgence to 
 their civil and religious claims. 
 
 In this temper was the Irish parliament on its second 
 meeting ; the mode of assessing the subsidies, granted 
 in the last session was particularly obnoxious ; from a 
 regard to the king's pressing wants, they appointed the 
 first subsidy to be levied agreeably to the deputy's in- 
 structions for that purpose ; but declared that the three 
 ether subsidies granted, and all future subsidies, should 
 
 '"'*iti7-i.--"'^ -> .;• V - - — •' :" ^"•.-«**-'" 
 
IRELAND. 195 
 
 be raised in what they called a moderate and parliamen- 
 tary way. The conduct of the ecclesiastical courts, their 
 fees, their commutation money, the demands of the 
 established clergy for christenings, marriages, &c. were 
 fixed on as a grievance striking and obvious, and equally 
 offensive to all parties ; they presented a bold remon- 
 strance to Wandesford on this subject, and they were 
 too formidable, and their demands too reasonable to be 
 discouraged ; while in other matters they conveyed the 
 most determined opposition in terms of apj^arent duty 
 and loyalty* , . ^ 
 
 To clieck this rising spirit of opposition, it was resolved 
 that Strafford should resume the reins of government in 
 Ireland ; he was made captain general of the Irish forces, 
 with power to lead them into Scotland. He transmitted 
 to Ormond the necessary orders for this expedition, and 
 prepared for his own voyage ; when on the illness of 
 the earl of Northumberland, the king found it necessary 
 to keep him in England ; Strafford was very anxious that 
 the Irish army should be employed; he had equal con- 
 fidence in their bravery and loyalty, but as the insurgents 
 particularly excepted against him, he deemed It im- 
 prudent to increase their rancour by directly proposing . 
 this measure to the king ; other measures were adopted ; 
 a cessation of arms was agreed to ; and as those who 
 favoured the Scots expressed their abhorrence and ap- 
 prehension of the popish army raised in Ireland, order* 
 were transmitted for disbanding it ; but this could not 
 immediately be done, as there was no money to discharge 
 the arrears due to the soldiers. 
 
 In the mean time the Irish commons assembled, with 
 passions still more violent, and a more systematic scheme 
 of opposition ; the puritans, encouraged by theif friends 
 in England, and animated by the example of the Scots ; 
 
 the recusants smarting with the remembrance of their 
 • B 2 
 
196 HISTORY OF 
 
 mortifications ; those who had experienced the severity of 
 Strafford, those who wished to restore the pomp of the 
 romish religion, or establish the simplicity of the pres- 
 byterian model, all conspired to oppose the king and 
 persecute Strafford ; they began with complaints of those 
 acts which the earl had procured for civilizing the nation; 
 such as the laws which forbade plowing by the tail, 
 burning corn in the straw, or tearing wool from living 
 sheep ; a representation was made of the grievances at- 
 tending such statutes ; it was moved that the deputy 
 should exercise a dispensing power, and suspend the 
 penalties annexed to these laws ; in explanation oi* their 
 former declaration relative to the assessnient of subsidies, 
 they resolved that no subject should be taxed more than 
 a tenth of his estate; knowing that three of the subsidies 
 were thus reduced to an inconsiderable sum, they affect- 
 ed a serious attention to the king's urgent wants ;- they 
 ordered the third subsidy to be paid along with the se« 
 cond, six months earlier than it had been made payable 
 by the original grant ; the king provoked at this affecta- 
 tion, ordered the leaf in which this order was inserted to 
 be torn from their journals. But the commons were not 
 to be intimidated by this exertion of royal power, their 
 spirit of opposition was cherished by their friends and 
 partisans in England ; there the ruin of the earl of Straf- 
 ford was the favourite object of the popular party ; he 
 was already accused ; measures were conserted for sup- 
 porting the accusation ; and as Ireland was the scene 
 where this obnoxious governor had been principally dis- 
 tinguished, his prosecutors naturally looked to thi» 
 kingdom. Here they found a numerous party ready to 
 second their designs ; a remonstrance of grievances sus- 
 tained by the Irish subjects, during the administration of^ 
 the earl, was hastily prepared and presented to the 
 bouSfe of commons ; no discussit)n was allowed, nor ques- 
 
 I ■■«**&-•.— --^ -> .:■■ 
 
IRELAND. 1S7 
 
 tlon put ott the separate articles ; all were collected into 
 one question, and voted to be grievances ; the remon-' 
 stranc* concluded with a petition to the deputy, that if 
 he should not think fit to afford relief, he would permit 
 a select committee to-repair to the king. Before an answer 
 could be received, this committee was nwninated; the de- 
 puty, tO' evade giving an answer, recommended a confe- 
 rence with a committee of the lords, on the articles con- 
 tained in the remt)nstrance ; they rejected this proposal 
 with disdain, and while their committee and agents em- 
 barked secretly for England, the deputy prorogued the 
 parliament. The Irish committee wert? received in Lon- 
 don with particular favour by the popular party, who 
 expected considerable assistance from, thenv in working, 
 the ruin of Strafford : their public instructions were to 
 apply to the king, but the appointment of a committee 
 of the commons, to take into consideration the grievances 
 of Ireland, prepared the way for their favourable recep- 
 tion with a greater power than the king's, that of the. 
 English house of commons : to this committee the agents 
 readily communicated the remonstrance, which, with a 
 petition from several of the knights, citizens and bur- 
 gesses, was presented to the house. Strafford, contrary to 
 his own sentiments and the urgent admonitions of his 
 friends, relying on the king's promise, repaired to Lon- 
 don ; be was impeached, seq^mestered from parliament, 
 and committed to custody. 
 
 The sudden death of Wandesford, lord deputy of 
 Ireland, afforded the Irish committee an opportunity 
 of proving their power. Strafford recommended with 
 particular earnestness that the earl of Ormond should 
 succeed him; the committee, aided by the earl of Arundel 
 who claimed some lands possessed by Ormond, opposed 
 this nomination with so much vehemence>that the king re- 
 linquished the design of employing Ormond, and declared 
 
 a 3 
 
198 HISTORY OF 
 
 his resolution of comtnitting the Irish government to two 
 ^ords justices, equally chosen from the contending par- 
 ties j lord Dillon of Kilkenny 'west, a steady royalist, 
 and sir William Parsons, a distinguished puritan. But 
 the committee were too well instructed not to take ad- 
 vantage of the king's condescension ; they remonstrated 
 against lord Dillon's appointment ; the king again yield- 
 ed, and abandoned the government of Ireland to sir 
 William Parsons, and sir John Borlase, two violent pu- 
 ritans. The committee now rose in their demands, and 
 obtained his compliance with their wishes in some other 
 particulars; having thus far experienced the weakness of 
 the king, they at length presented their remonstrance 
 ^n due form: an answer prepared by Sir George RatclifFe 
 was soon after read in council ; they protested agains' 
 the king's consulting on their affairs either with Straf- 
 ford, Ratcliffe, or Sir Philip Mainwaring ; they were 
 called to make their reply ; the discussion of particulars 
 was difficult and hazardous ; they agreed to entrench 
 themselves in a general declaration of the sense of the 
 Irish house of commons concerning the grievances al- 
 leged; it was prepared; Strafford on his part solicited an 
 enquiry into every particular of the remonstrance seve- 
 rally and distinctly ; the committee were not without 
 their apprehensions of such a discussion, and declined 
 presenting their declaration to the king. 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 Why was Wentworth recalled to England ? What marks of favour 
 did he receive from Cliarles? Why did he return to Ireland? In 
 what disposition towards the king did he find the parliament ? To 
 whom did he entrust the management of afiairs on his return to En- 
 gland? What troops were raised ? How were the subsidies paid ? 
 What resolution did parliament come to at its next meeting, with re- 
 spect to the levying those subsidies ? Of whai did the parliament com- 
 plain as grievances ? Who was made captain general of the Irish 
 
mELAND. 19& 
 
 forces, and why did he not take the command? Why was Strafford 
 anxious that the Irish army should be employed by the king? For 
 what reason were orders given for disbanding the Irish army ? Why 
 were not those orders executed ? With what sentiments did parlia- 
 ment assemble at its next meeting ? What statutes did they remon- 
 strate against ? What resolutions did they come to respecting sub- 
 sidies ? Hpw did the king shew displeasure at their vote ? What 
 was the object of the popular party in England at this time ? Where 
 did Strafford's prosecutors Itfok for assistance against him ? How 
 did the Irish commons act on this occasion ? Who was recommended 
 by Strafford as successor to Wendesford ? Why was he not chosen ? 
 Who were ? What occurred on the Irish committee presenting their 
 remonstrances to the king ? 
 
 CHAPTER V, 
 
 Parliamentory proceedings — Impeachments preferred — 
 Transactions between the king and the committees —Irish 
 troops disbanded^ 
 
 The Irish parliament again assembled, and with spirits^ 
 still more elevated— not content with demanding a re- 
 dress of former grievances, they aspired to new privile- 
 ges, advantages and securities. Among other articles,, 
 they instructed their agents to obtain an explanation of 
 Po}wings's law which should be more favourable to their 
 own views. The lords had now caught the spirit of the 
 other house ; they nominated some Irish pears already 
 resident in London, a committee of their house for tlie 
 purpose of conveying their grievances to tlie throne. A 
 catalogue of those grievances was prepared and present- 
 ed to the lords; some articles related to their own privi- 
 leges ; in others they echoed the remonstrance of the 
 commons— these articles engaged the peers in a long 
 discussion. The bishop of Meath moved that in the resolu- 
 tion concerning those grievances, the name of the lords 
 spiritual might be omitted, as tiiey had unanimously voted 
 against it The judges declared that the act of the majo- 
 rity must be considered as the act of all the orders of the 
 house of peers, and the motion was negatived. The com< 
 
 \ 
 
200 HISTORY OF 
 
 mons were at the same time engaged in critically exa- 
 mining into various instances of iliegal practices during 
 the administration of Strafford ; to condemn them with 
 greater solemnity, the house framed a number of ques* 
 tions to be considered and decided, by the judges, rela. 
 tive to the power of the chief governor and privy coun. 
 cil in hearing civil causes, the legality of monopolies, 
 the legal force of proclamations or acts of state, the ex- 
 ecution of martial law in time of peace, the jurisdiction 
 of the exchequer, castle chamber, and other courts, the 
 censures and punishments of jurors, and other articles 
 of grievance. These questions were presented to the up- 
 per house, and although the lords were moved, and con- 
 sented to add one question more, yet they discovered 
 no great alacrity in referring them to the judges ; the 
 carl ofOrmondjin particular, was zealous for prerogative: 
 attached to Strafford, and alarmed at the violence of the 
 commons, he prevailed on the lords to resolve, that the 
 judges should not be compelled to answer such of the 
 queries as concerned his majesty's prerogative, and that 
 they should have time until caster term to give answer 
 to the rest. The commons, unembarrassed by this delaj',. 
 had them transmitted to their committee to be pre- 
 sented to the parliainent of England to have a declara- 
 tion of the law on the several queries. 
 
 The commons proceeded to an impeachment of 
 sir Richard Bolton the chancellor, doctor Bramhal, 
 bishop of Derry, sir Gerald Lowther, chief justice 
 of the common pleas, and sir George Ratcliffe, men 
 of known attachment to the earl of Strafford ; Ratcliffe 
 had been already accused by the commons of England,, 
 and rendered incapable of giving evidence in favour 
 of his friend. They were charged with high treason, 
 for exercising an illegal and. tyrannical government in 
 Ireland with the countenance and assistance of the earl of 
 
'W 
 
 IRELAND. 201 
 
 jStrafford; of assuming a regal power over the properties, 
 persons and liberties of the subjects ; pronouncing un- 
 just decrees and extra-judicial opinions, and subverting 
 the privileges of parliament. This vague and general 
 charge was not universally well received by the lords ; 
 a variety of questions and points of diflSculty were sug« 
 gested, little suited to the impetuosity of the commons 
 After a long discussion on many points connected with 
 the charge, it was resolved that Bramhal and Lowther 
 should be comihitted to custody; before the other points 
 were arranged, a prorogation suspended the contest be- 
 tween the houses. The trial and attainder of Strafford 
 was a consummate triumph to the discontented party : to 
 have been discountenanced or treated with severity by 
 him, was now considered as the most effectual recom- 
 mendation to honours. and employments. 
 
 The lords Justices declined to hear any causes in 
 council ; the high commission and the presidential courts 
 of Munster and Connaught were afraid of exercising their 
 wonted jurisdiction; the judges in the law courts were ter- 
 rified, and a scrupulous adherence to the exact line of 
 law, served to render the administration contemptible to 
 a people hitherto accustomed to a government rigorous 
 and severe. The Irish committee still resident in London* 
 repeatedly solicited the king to grant an answer to their 
 remonstrances, and to redress the grievances which they 
 had laid before the throne. Charles at length consent- 
 ed that they should be considered in the privy council ; 
 to most of the articles he gave a favourable answer ; he 
 consented that the grievances should be considered by 
 the lords justices and council, and to have a bill prepared 
 for the confirmation of such as aj^ared most beneficial 
 to the kingdom. A few points were rejected, and he par.^ 
 ticularly refused that any part of the law of Poynings 
 should be repealed. -3. 
 
 '— —'■■'^^■•'•i'^^-^-'''-" ..^amsimtmiimmiLL.-...M^i„i. 
 
^02 HISTORY OF* 
 
 The committee, not depending on the royal favour, de- 
 manded the security of a legal and formal declaration of 
 the rights they claimed. The powers which Charles 
 promised not to exercise, they required to be annulled, 
 lleplies, explanations, dispatches sent to Ireland, and 
 answers from the council, caused great delay ; without 
 waiting the proceedings of the Irish committee, the 
 king addressed a letter to the lords justices, declaring 
 his pleasure, that the Irish subjects should enjoy the 
 benefit of all his graces, and directing that bills should 
 be transmitted for securing their estates, limiting the 
 crown s title to sixty years, annulling all proceedings- 
 •gainst the proprietors of Connaught, and securing the 
 estates of that province from all claims of the crown. 
 
 Thanks were returned to the throne, but both lords 
 and connnons showed that they were still firm and de- 
 termined. They prayed that all the graces should be 
 established by law, and that the present parliament 
 should not be prorogued or dissolved until they were 
 confirmed, and every grievance redressed. The procla- 
 mations issued for regulating linen yarn, which were the 
 acts of Straflford, were now declared grievances. Every 
 questionable deraajid of the protestant clergy, a body 
 ^equally obnoxious to the puritans and papists, was at 
 once pronounced a grievance, with so little discrimina- 
 tion, that the house was afterwards (^liged to qualify the 
 rigour of its own resolutions. They next proceeded to 
 consider the university -, a committee was empowered to 
 inspect its statutes, and to make a compilation of such 
 laws as they should judge necessary for the government 
 of the college^ But in the next session, public disor- 
 ders became too violent to allow any attention to 'be 
 given to the government of a college. 
 
 In the impeachments, the house proceeded with less 
 violence than before ; Strafford had been deprived of any 
 
IRELAND. 203 
 
 advantage from the evidence of the impeached lords. 
 Each of the accused exhlhited an answer to the articles 
 of their Impeachment : but no replication was prepared, 
 or further prosecution atteropted. 
 
 The Ir4sh forces raised by Strafford for the service of 
 Scotland, had long continued an useless burden to Ire- 
 land, and an odious and alarming object to the English 
 commons ; the king was unable to discharge their ar- 
 rears ; to disband them unpaid would have been hazard- 
 ous. The repeated remonstrances of the English parlia- 
 ment made it necessary to disband them; and to pre- 
 vent any danger, Charles determined on sending them, 
 into some foreign service. For this purpose he made 
 arrangements with the Spanish ambassador — orders were 
 transmitted for disbanding them, and Ireland was left to 
 provide the money necessary for this purpose — a sum 
 was raised by the king's friends, not sufficient to dis- 
 charge their arrears, but such as at present satisfied 
 the soldiery, and the whole body was dismissed without 
 any immediate inconvenience or disorder. Preparations 
 were now made for transporting those forces into Spain, 
 when on a sudden, both the Irish committee in Lon^ioo, 
 and the commons in Ireland, inveighed against this mea- 
 sure — they urged that thoise forces might be sent back 
 from Spain to raise insurrections in Ireland; that altho' 
 the present king of Spain was in amity with his majesty, 
 yet his grandfather had been too successful in exciting 
 the Irish to rebellion ; that many heads of families, at- 
 tained in the late reign, were now in the Spanish court, 
 honoured with titles taken from places ia Ireland. They 
 might hereafter be appointed to cummand the Irish 
 troops, and at their head assert their ancient claims, and 
 regain their forfeited inheritances. The parliament, 
 insensible or indifferent to the consequences, adopted 
 the sentiments of the Irish commons, and stopped the 
 
204« HISTORY OF 
 
 transports provided by the Spanish ambassador : Char, 
 les then addressed himself to the lords, but parliament 
 was inexorable. 
 
 A session of considerable heat and violence was pro- 
 tracted in expectation of the Irish committees returning 
 with the promised bills ; at length they arrived with the 
 bills, for which parliament had so repeatedly and strenu- 
 ously petitioned ; by which the possessions of the sub- 
 ject were insured, and all their capital grievances re- 
 dressed, so as to give real satisfaction to those who had 
 asserted the rights of the Irish subject with sincerity and 
 integrity. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Wlsat were tlip demands of the Irish parliament on their meeting ? 
 What particular instruction did the commons give their agents ? What 
 proceeding of -he commons did the lords adopt ? What did the bishop 
 of Meatb move ? What questions were framed to be decided by the 
 judges ? How did the lords act when those queries were sent up 
 from the commons ? To what other body did the commons send those 
 queries ? Who were impeached, and on what charge ? What tri- 
 umph did the discontented party obtain ? What occurred between the 
 king and^the Irish committees in London ? What orders did the king 
 give to the lords justices ? What demands were made in parliament ? 
 What became of the impeachments ? How did Charles intend to dis- 
 pose of the Irish troops ? By whom was this intention opposed ? 
 What reasons were given for this opposition ? Why was the sitting of 
 parliament protracted ? 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Intentions of parliament — Compiracy formed — Commence- 
 ment of rebellion, 
 
 A Yi The Irish parliament had separated with a firm 
 
 determination of pursuing their schemes of re- 
 
 * formation in a future meeting j but the interval 
 
 auuttiii^ 
 
IRELAND. 205 
 
 of their recess proved an important period, distingtlished 
 by a desperate conspiracy and insurrection. 
 
 The principal agent in fomenting this plot, was 
 Roger Moore, Ihe head of a once powerful Irish family 
 in Leinster. He engaged in his project a kinsman, 
 Richard Plunket, a man vain and indigent; among the 
 northern Irish he practised successfully with Connor 
 Macguire, baron of Inniskillen, Mac Mahon, Philip 
 Riely, and Turlotih. brother to sir Phelim O'Nial. the 
 most considerable of his name and lineage now resident 
 in Ulster. " Under pretence of making levies pursuant 
 to the king's permission for the service of Spain, Plun- 
 ket, Hugh Byrne, and sir James Dillon, were particular- 
 ly active in raising troops ; sir Phelim O'Nial. a more 
 dangerous partizan then the rest, now embarked with 
 them : after some delay and disappointments, they 
 made their final arrangements for the 23rd of October. 
 Some of the leaders, with a few chosen men, were to as- 
 semble in Dublin and seize the castle with the arms and 
 stores, and on the same day operations were to com- 
 mence in the country, where the different leaders had 
 distinct posts marked out, which they were to attack 
 and take; and then, if necessary, detach aid to their 
 associates in Dublin. The 22nd of October arrived, and 
 the lords justices remained ignorant of the state of the 
 country. At length, at the moment of execution, they 
 were made acquainted with the scene about to be acted. 
 Mac Mahon imparted the secet to Owen Conolly in Dub- 
 lin, on the 22nd, and apprehensive of a discovery from 
 the manner in which Conolly received the information, 
 detained him till a late hour, drinking to the success of 
 the enterprise. Conolly having contrived to elude the 
 vigilance of his host, proceeded in a state of intoxica- 
 tion to sir William Parsons, and informed him of the 
 design, his author, and the principals concerned. 
 
 s 
 
 ir- -" — '^«»*»*a-»-— -A-rim. 
 
 ^v«.„'„,^^.'J^^.,.-*- 
 
200 HISTORY O*' 
 
 Parsons, prejudiced against his appearance and the 
 manner of I) is discovery, paid little attention to hi$ 
 story ; but on his departure, he becatno apprehensive of 
 danger; ordered the castle and city gates to be guarded, 
 and conritnunicated to his colleague the mformation he 
 had received. Borlase, struck with the narrative, sum- 
 moned the privy council, and sent messengers in search 
 of Conolly, who was found in the hands of the town 
 watch, by whom he had been seized as a suspicious 
 character: after being permitted to take some repose, he 
 gave a clear and particular account of what he knew • 
 Mac Mahon and Macguire were taken ; Moore, Byrne, 
 and other leaders escaped. Sir Francis Willoughby, go- 
 vernor of the fort of Galway, an experienced soldier, 
 arrived at Dublin on this important evening ; he assured 
 the council that through his whole journey from Galway, 
 tne country seemed in a state of profound composure ; 
 but that an unusual number of strange horsemen had ali 
 night been pouring into the suburbs, and though denied 
 admittance, still hovered about the city. The council 
 appointed Willoughby to the custody of both the castle 
 and the city ; the castle, in which were deposited fifteen 
 hundred barrels of powder, arms for ten thousand men, 
 thirty-five pieces of artillery, with all their equipage, 
 was defended by eight infirm warders and forty halber- 
 diers. Willgughby lost not a moment in securing a place 
 of such consequence, and did not venture to let down 
 his draw bridge without the attendance of his whole 
 insignificant guard, until reinforced. 
 
 In the mean time the defenceless citizens of Dublin 
 were alarmed at midnight with the clamour of treason 
 and insurrection; some affirmed that the Irish were 
 collected at Tarah to the number often thousand, others 
 that they were actually in view. Many of the ^nglish^ in- 
 habitants abandoned all hopes of defence, and suddenly 
 
IRELAND. fO? 
 
 prefparcd to escape to their natlvfe coantry. A "fleet 6f 
 Scottish fishermen olPjred to detach five hundred of 
 their crew to the service of the state ; but scsffcely had 
 the overture been accepted, when a-false alarm of dan> 
 ger drove them from the coast ; four hundred soldiers 
 Embarked for the service of Spain, but detained in the 
 harbour by order of the English pariiament, were pro- 
 hibited from lailding until tirey were on the point of pe- 
 rishing by famine ; and then were suffered to disperse 
 through the country. A few days allayed the confusion 
 of the capital ; no intelligence of hostilities had been 
 received but from the northern counties ; dispatcher 
 were sent to the lords- president of Munster and Con- 
 naught, directing them to provide for defence ; the ear] 
 of Ormodd was required to repair to Dublin with his 
 troop : commissions were sent by sea to several gentlemen 
 of Ulster, empowering them to prosecute the rebels and 
 to receive those who should submit to the* king's mercy- 
 To prevent ^ny dangerous concourse in the city, 
 the parliament appointed to assemble in Novem- 
 ber was still further prorogued, and the courts of 
 law adjourned, except that of the exchequer, which re- 
 mained open to receive the king's rents; the slieriffs of 
 the pale were oi'dered to provide for the security of this 
 district, where the power and numerous dependants of 
 the great lords attached to the romish religion, were 
 suspected and feared by government ; nor were these 
 fears allayed, though the lords Gormanstown, Nettervil, 
 Fitzwilliam, HovvtK", Kildare, Fingal, Dunsafty, and 
 Slane, appeared before the council, expressing their 
 surprise dnd abhorrence of the conspiracy. All, romish 
 and protestant alike, gave solemn assurances of- their 
 loyalty, and declared their readiness to concur in the 
 defence of the realm ; but as they were entirely destitute 
 of arras, required to be provided for their own security, 
 
 s 2 
 
 "V^ 
 
208 HISTORY OF 
 
 as well as for the annoyance of the enemy ; the justices in 
 a time of danger when the enemies of government and 
 the extent of their designs were not yet discovered, na- 
 turally regarded most of these lords with jealousy and 
 di>trust : to arm- them might be to enable them to join 
 the rebels with greater strength ; yet to deny them arms 
 would be to avow a suspicion of their loyalty ; a middle 
 way was deemed the safest : the council assured them, 
 that they had every reliance on their loyalty, that they 
 would gladly supply them with arms, but did not know 
 what number could be spared ; that some however should. 
 Accordingly a small quantity of arms and ammunition was 
 given to tiose lords most exposed to danger ; in a few- 
 days th.se lords appeared again ; they expressed a deep 
 concern at the proclamation issued by the state, pur. 
 porting, that a detestable conspiracy had been formed 
 by ''some evil affected Irish papists"; they apprehended 
 that this expression mi^ht be interpreted so as to extend 
 to them ; by a second proclamation it was declared that 
 the words Irish papists were only intended to include 
 the mere Irish of Ulster. 
 
 To give intelligence to the neighbouring kingdom, 
 eir Henry Spotswood was charged with dispatches to 
 the king, now resident in Edinburgh ; Conolly was 
 the bearer of a letter to the earl of Leicester; the judges 
 and council declared, that as the lives and fortunes of 
 his majesty's su»)jects in Ireland, as well as his regal 
 authority are at stake, they must deviate from ordinary 
 proceedings, and urge the necessity of the lord lieute- 
 nant's presence in treland, or that he should appoint a 
 lieutenant-general to command the army ; they request 
 /that the English parliament should be moved to grant 
 an immediate supply of money for the service of Ire- 
 land, the only means to prevent the expence of blood 
 and treasure m a long continued war. 
 
IRELAND.- ?CS 
 
 Meanwhile the confederates ros6 at the thne appointed 
 in different places. Sir Phelim O'Nial, on the evening of 
 the 22nd of October, surprised the castle of Charlemont, 
 then a place of consequence ; he ransacked the castle, 
 and made tlie garrison prisoners, from hence he flew to 
 Dungannon and seized the fort, while some of his ad- 
 herents possessed themselves of the town and castle of 
 Montjoy. Tanderagee was surprised by the sept of 
 O'Hanlon, and Newry betrayed to air Conn Maginnis : 
 here the insurgents possesed themselves of a great quan- 
 tity of anus and ammunition. Almost all Fermanagh 
 yielded to Roger, brother to lord Macguire. Every 
 place of strength in Monaghan was seized by the sept of 
 MacMahon ; but Derry, Golerane, Lesburn, and Carrick- 
 fergus were maintained against the assaults of the rebels ; 
 Enneskillen was secured by sir William Cole. 
 
 In the County of Cavan both the members, O'Riely 
 and his brother the sheriff", were deeply engaged in the 
 rebellion. Forts, towns, and castles were surrendered 
 to them. Bedel, bishop of Kilmore, was compelled to 
 draw up their remonstrance of grievances, to be pre- 
 sented to the chief governors and council ; in this they 
 declare their apprehension of persecution on account of 
 religion ; express their regret, at being forced to seize 
 the king's forts for his majesty's service, and profess - 
 their readiness to make restitution for any outrages com- 
 mitted by their followers. In the county of Longford, 
 the sept of O'Ferghal seized every «astle, house, and 
 plantation of the British inhabitants. Leitrim followed- 
 this example. 
 
 The English inhabitants, instead of flyin^^ to places of - 
 strength, or acting in bodies, fell single and unsupport- 
 ed in attempting a feeble defence of their property and 
 dwellings. The alarm of war, and hopes of plunder 
 quickly allured the Irish septs to the standard of O'Nu^, 
 
 s 3 
 
 ^^ka.aaM«£iitfiir 
 
210 HISTORY OF 
 
 SO that in one week he became the leader of many thou- 
 sands. 
 
 In the castle of Charlemont he found a patent of lord 
 Caulficld's, and affixed the seal of it to a forged commis* 
 sion; this appearance of acting under the royal authori- 
 ty served to encourage his adherents, while it confound- 
 ed the opposite party. 
 
 A manifesto w'as now published by the rebels, in 
 which they professed the greatest loyalty to the king» 
 to protect whom, themselves and the protcstants of the 
 realm, by whom they meant the members of the estab- 
 lished church, from the dangers threatened equally to 
 all, by the puritans, they had taken arms ; the insurgents 
 of Longlord transmitted to the state an oath of allegi- 
 ance which they had taken, together with their list of 
 grievances, and propositions for redress ; they proposed, 
 that a general act of oblivion should pass ; that the penal 
 laws of Elizabeth should be repealed, and an ample 
 charter of denization granted to the mere Irish ; the 
 Ulster rebels did not enter into particulars, and left 
 themselves at liberty to prolong the war by a perpetual 
 alarm of new dangers, fears and jealousies. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What Was the determination of the Irish parliament on separating ? 
 Who was the first insurgent ? What was his descent ? Wlio did he 
 «ngage to join him ? Under what pretence did iliey raise troops ? 
 What day were thty to begin the attaclc ? What was their plan ? 
 Who discovered the plot ? Who were taken ? Who escaped ? Who 
 arrived in Dublin? What assurance did he give the council ? To 
 what was Willoughby appointed ? How many men had he to defend 
 the castle ? What were the rumours ? What proclamation was is- 
 sued ? What became of the troops which had been embarked for the 
 Spanish service ? What lords appeared before the council? What 
 professions did they make? What did they rtquire ? How did the j 
 council act ? What remonstrance did the lords make wheu they next^ 
 
IRELAND. 211 
 
 appeared before the council? Who was sent to Uie king ? What did 
 tliey request of the English parliament ? How did sir Phclim P'Nial 
 proceed V Who surprised I'andefagee ? Who took Newry ? Who 
 conquered Fermanagh? What places held out? How did the 
 members and sheritf of Cavan act ? To what did they compel the 
 bishop? What was their remonstrance andoftlr? What did the 
 English inhabitants attempt to do ? What made the Irish so anxious 
 to join O'Nial ? By what stratagem did he appear to act under the 
 king's authority ? What manifesto did tlie rebels publish ? What 
 professions were made by the insurgents of Longford? Wluit were 
 their demands ? 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Charles applies to the Scotch parliament- — Rebels repulsed— 
 Conduct of the English parliament. 
 
 The English in Ulster, having recovered from the 
 first surprise, prepared to defend themselves. Carrick- 
 fergus was the great northern asylum for those who 
 escaped the rebels, or were driven from their habita- 
 tions. In other towns which were not surprised, mea- 
 sures were taken for defence, and the friends of go- 
 vernment ventured to march out against the enemy. 
 A messenger dispatched by Chichester to the king, re- 
 turned with assurances of speedy relief. Charles had 
 communicated the state of Ireland to the Scottish par- 
 liament ; but his expectations from their zeal for reli- 
 gion, and abhorrence of popery were not realized. They 
 affected to apprehend that the English parliament might 
 be offended, should they prepare for the relief ef Ire- 
 land without their concurrence, and determined in the 
 first place, to treat with the parliament in London. 
 
 Charles, however, contrived to collect 1500 men, 
 and dispatched them to Ulster, with arms, aramuoi- 
 
2J2 HISTORY OF 
 
 tion, and some money. This supply, though email, 
 animated the northern gentry. Having received com- 
 rriissions from the king, they were now legally autho- 
 rised to command those whom before they could only 
 exhort to delence. Wherevfer the English inhabitants 
 were embodied, their success shewed the error of their 
 former conduct. In Fermanagh, they forced the rebels 
 to raise the siege of Enniskillen ; and lord Macguire's 
 own castle was taken by storm. In Tyrone, sir Phelim 
 U'Nial was obliged to abandon the siege of Castle- Der- 
 rick ; in Donnegal he was again defeiited ; his forces 
 were foiled in many other attempts, and their leaders 
 returned to his camp at Newry. Undismayed by those 
 defeats, he resolved to invest Carriclffer^us. It being 
 necessary first to reduce Lisburn, he detached for this 
 purpose 4000 men. The town had already sustainetl a 
 violent assault, yet O'Nial was now confident of suc- 
 cess ;• but sir Arthur Tyringham had reinforced the 
 garrison, and at the very moment of danger, was as- 
 sisted by sir G-eorge Rawdon, a gallant officer. The 
 fierceand repeated efforts of the rebels, were sustained 
 ond repelled with firmness and spirit ; and this body of 
 rebels, the first that bore the appearance of a regular 
 exiAy, was in the end routed with great lo^s. 
 
 A series of massacres and cruelties now commenced, 
 ■which throw over this melancholy andfeventful Contest, 
 tJ gloom, frbm which war is in general freed by those 
 customs, usually observed among ( civilized nations.' 
 Scenes occurred, from detailing which, the mind na- 
 turally shrinks, in which thousands became victims to 
 fear, revenge, and prejudice, whenj neither age, rank, nor 
 «ex, the valour of the soldier, no^ the unoffending con- 
 duct of the peasant, could rescue the unhappy suf- 
 ferers from the fury of the most malignant passions. 
 
IRELAND. 2! 3 
 
 To blot those scenes from the pa^e of history, would 
 be more desirable than again to stain it by their repcti. 
 tion. 
 
 To oppose the northerns Qrmond, who was appoint^ 
 ed lieutenant-general of the army, proposed to march, 
 instantly with such troops as could be spared from the 
 defence of Dublin, but the lords justices contented 
 themselves with sending sir Henry Tichburne, with his 
 regiment, to secure Drogheda from any attempts of the 
 rebels, 4000 of whom lay at Athirdee, seven miles 
 distant from this town, Irish insurrections had often 
 been suppressed by such nifmbers as coold now be em-, 
 ployed, when danger was met with piomptitude and 
 spirit. But agamst any spirited measure, the lords jus- 
 tices urged the most frivolous > pretexts, and such as 
 justly cast strong doubts on their sincerity. 
 
 Their chief xlependance was on the English parlia- 
 ment, to whom Charles had recommended the attains of 
 Ireland. This was a charge readily undertaken, and 
 which they determined to accept in the must extensive 
 sense ; fifteen years of contest had now existed between 
 Charles and his subjects ; during which'their monarch 
 was every day losing ground. The Irish rebellion 
 proved to the popular leaders, a most useful engine for 
 carrying on their attacks ; and by a skilful combination, 
 the puritans had now rendered popery, prelacy, and 
 monarchy, equally odious in the minds of a fanatical 
 mob- It was their interest to raise money, levy troops 
 and nominate officers, but to employ them at once to 
 put down the Irish rebellion, was quite foreign from 
 their intentions ; every proposition made by the king 
 for its suppression, was an insidious scheme of exhaust- 
 ing England of its arms and treasure; every measure 
 of their own was absolutely necessary for the recovery 
 of Ireland. 
 
 ^^. ---^c^..,^^^^-^^. . r -in I 111 
 
ftl* HlsToUT or 
 
 Whilfe the Ibrds justices waited for supplies from 'tlhg*. 
 tand, the insurrection was spreading in every direction. 
 In Leitrim, the Irish followed the example of ih& 
 fltirtherns. The sept of the O Byrnes in the County 
 Wicklow, uniting with their neighbours in Wex- 
 ford and Carlow, drove the protestants from their'forts- 
 ftnd dwellings, and extended their ravages to the walls 
 of Dublin. Munster, though the lord presirtent, sir 
 William St. Lt^ger, couid not obtain either arms or sol- 
 diers sufficient even for a time of peace, was as vet 
 j^reserved from any material disorder, by the strength 
 of the English protestants, and the loyalty of the Irish 
 gentr}'. In Connairg'tt, though cqu ihy neglected, and 
 particularly irritated by the plan of the western planta- 
 tion, the torrent -of rebCiKon was stemmed by the good 
 affections of the principal inhabitants; Jones, lord 
 Ranekgh, the president, vras effectually assisted by lord 
 t>illon^of Costello, and lord Mayo. But the most u<e. 
 fUl friend to gOTemment in the west, was the earl of 
 Clanricarde, who with the Irish, enjoyed the conse- 
 quentie of a chieftain, and with the English, all the 
 dignity of a great English nobleman^. To allay tha fears 
 of the inhabitants, that the present commotions might 
 be uSfed as a pretence for withholding the long pro- 
 mised confirmation of their estates, he procured a de- 
 claration from the king, that his former promises should 
 be fulfilled to every loyal subject. He raised troops, 
 strengthened the fort of Gal way, encouraged the loyal, 
 and terrified the disaffected, but being a roman catho- 
 lic, he was hated and suspected by the state. Every 
 assistance was denied him, and every occasion taken to 
 mortify and- disgust him. 
 
 The assurances of support which they received from 
 England, not only induced the lords justices and tneir 
 puritannic adherents, to reject the aid of all who were 
 
not of their own party, but to recall the artns whicl^ 
 had been distributed in the pale. Notwithstanding theif 
 having received instructions frojn the English pairlia- 
 tnent, to publish a proclamation, offering a general par- 
 don to all who Bhould submit within a certain tinje ; qq 
 such proclamation was issued, under the pretence that 
 those published before, had not produced any good ef« 
 feet ; but these did not contain that general offer of par- 
 don ordered by the English parliament. 
 
 The catholics who were impatient for those lawf. 
 which were to confirm them in their lands, were highly 
 offended at the delay in the meeting of parliament. 
 It was suggested, and the judges seemed to favour thif. 
 opinion, that unless the houses should hold a meeting 
 on the day to which they had been adjourned, parlia> 
 ment would be really dissolved. The earl of Ormond, 
 lord Dillon, of Costello, and others of approved loyalty, 
 though no favourers of the justices, contended for an im- 
 mediate session, and a continuance of the parliament. 
 The justices declared for the prorogation : but ^fwar 
 considerable discussion, acceded to a meeting for one 
 day, on the condition of parliament pi^bIi^hing a pfQ- 
 testation against the rebels, and that they should havC/ 
 liberty to depute some of their own mepabers, to trejaltr 
 about an accommodation with them. 
 
 On the meeting of parliament, the hpui;es procee49(j( 
 directly to frame their protestations against the r^bek. 
 This appellation was highly o^ensiye to t^e insurgent 
 leaders ; those raeofiberiS who either feared or favoufed; 
 them, declared against describing them by any mon> 
 offensive appellation, than tJiiat of disconteot^gentltt* 
 men. But the opposite party prevailed ; they next no- 
 minattd some members of each house to treat with the 
 rebels. These proceedings could not be completed in 
 one day, a second was therefore allowed ; they petitioa- 
 
 
 L. 
 
 &^&aiiiaaixau^Mii^^uiiiMUiti^&asfiSa 
 
 1 
 
21G HisToiiy OF 
 
 ed for a longer session, but the lords justices were ia- 
 exorablc. Thoujjh men of every party clamoured 
 against this conduct of the ' governors, parliament cm- 
 powered them to collect forces, and levy money for their 
 support. At the same time, a considerable party «ent 
 lord Dillon with a memorial to the king, praying him 
 to reoiove the lord*, justices, and to substitute Ormond 
 in heir room, To counteract this memorial, the lords 
 justices sent an agent to the earl of Liecester, and re- 
 presented lord Dillon's mission in such a manner that 
 on his arrival near London, he was seized by order of , 
 the English commons, and confined until it was too late 
 to present the memorial. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 To what town did the English of Ulster retreat? AVhat assurances 
 were received fiom the king? On what grounds did the Scottish par- 
 liament refuse their assistance ? flow many men wer»- sent to Ire- 
 land ? With what success did they oppose the rebels ? Where was 
 sir Phelim O'Nial defeated ? What town did he invest "* With what 
 success ? What did « >rmond propose ? Was his proposal acceded to ? 
 Why did the English parliament readily undertake the charge of 
 Irish affairs? Hid they make any eHbrt to suppress the disturbances' 
 What were no« the proceedings of the rebels? What preserved 
 Mnnster.from equal disorder? Was Connaiight peaceful? How 
 did the earl of Clanricarde act ? What promise did he obtain from 
 the king? Was he aided by the state ? Why did the lords justices 
 recal the arms ? What reason did they give for not issuing the pro- 
 clamation ? Why were the catholics displeused at the adjournment of 
 parliament? What did they allege? Did parliament meet ? What 
 did they do ? By what name was it proposed that the rebels should 
 be recognized ? How long did parliament sit ? What memorial was 
 «ent by lord Dillon ? How did the justices act ? What became of 
 Dm«n? - 
 
 ^_ i 
 
"^r- 
 
 IRCLAND. 217 
 
 CHAPTER Vlir. 
 
 Deputation tvait on the rebels — Expedition of Coote^-'PrO' 
 gress of the rebellion. 
 
 In the mean time the deputation of the parliament ad- 
 dressed themselves to Boger Moore and his associates, 
 who lay near Dundalk with 2500 ill- armed men: he re- 
 ceived them with coldness and disdain. Affecting great 
 indignation at the terms in which the order of the houses 
 for the treaty with the rebels was expressed, he tore it 
 'n pieces, and rejected every overture to an accommo- 
 dation. He now gave his followers the name of the Ca- 
 tholic army, and published an oath of association to be 
 taken by the insurgents, calculated to give the nation a 
 favourable impression of their cause and motives 
 
 At length the depredations which were committed all 
 round the capital, forced the chief governors to some ex- 
 ertion. Sir Charles Coote was sent to relieve the castle 
 of Wicklow, which was invested by the rebels : he suc- 
 ceeded, and drove the Irish to the mountains ; this expe- 
 dition was closed with the most wanton cruelties. Not- 
 withstanding their disgraces in the north, the rebels pre- 
 pared to form the siege of Drogheda with a considerable 
 army : 600 foot and 50 horse, both undisciplined and in- 
 experienced, were detached from Dublin to reinforce the 
 garrison of Droghedji. About three miles from the towa 
 they were surprized by 2500 of the rebels, and defeated, 
 though without any great loss, except of arms and ammu- 
 nition. This was called the battle of Juiianstown-bridge, 
 and had a great effect in adding to the reputation and 
 numbers of the rebels. Whole companies and regiments 
 of the royal army deserted to them. The English inha- 
 bitants of Dublin were in the greatest alarm, andtbejus- 
 
 T 
 
 --•«rr3S.&^ .. 
 
218 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 tices recalled sir Charles Coote from Wicklow to Dublin. 
 He forced his way through 1000 of the sept of O'Toole, 
 was made governor of Dublin, and applied himself to se- 
 cure it against the enemy. 
 
 • Hitherto the rebellion had been confined to the pro- 
 vince of Ulster, a few counties in Leinster, and Leitrim 
 in Connaught, and carried on entirely by the Irish ; but 
 in the beginning of December it was rendered more for- 
 midable by the defection of the inhabitants of the Eng- 
 lish pale — they were determined to this step by the ar« 
 guments of Moore, who addressed himself particularly 
 to lord Gorroaoston, a nobleman of great power and in- 
 fluence — a meeting was concerted ; the lords Fingal, 
 Oormanston, Slane, Lowth, Dunsany, Trimbleston, Net- 
 tcrville, and some hundred of the principal gentlemen as- 
 sembled on the hill of Crofty; they were met by Moore 
 and other rebel leaders, attended by some of their forces. 
 Lord Gormanston ask€d for what purpose they entered 
 the pale in arms; Moore answered, that they had taken 
 arms to maintain the king's prerogative, and to make the 
 subjects of Ireland as free as those of England. He was 
 again required to declare whether these were his real 
 motives, without any private or sinister views. On an- 
 swering in the afHrmative, Gormanston and his party 
 declared, that they would unite with them for these pur- 
 poses, and consider all those as enemies who should re- 
 fuse to assist their cause. ' 
 
 The lords justices and council now summoned the 
 nobles of the pale to attend in Dublin, to confer on the 
 state of the kingdom, and, as they added in their letters^ 
 "for no other end." The nobles answered, that hitherto 
 their advice for the safety of the kingdom had been so 
 unfavom'ably received that they had reason to think their 
 loyalty was suspected, and that they were now deterred 
 from waiting on the council, &s they had received infor- 
 
 t-=:-ir 
 
IRELAND. 219 
 
 niation that sir Charles Coote had uttered speeches at 
 that board, tending to a design of a general massacre of 
 the catholics. This answer was followed by a proclama. 
 tion denying that Coote or any cthor person had made 
 any such speeches, disclaiming so horrid a design as that 
 of massacre, and repeating the summons with assurances 
 of safety and protection. 
 
 These lords, however, had now proceeded too far to 
 retract ; and sorae severities of Coote *s in the neighbour, 
 hood of Dublin, gave them an opportunity of complaining 
 of the cruelties practised on them , these complamts were 
 followed by another proclamation, justifying the conduct 
 of the state. The Roman Catholic lords/having determined 
 to 'take arms, prepared an apology for their revolt to be 
 transmitted to the king — in this they enumerated the in- 
 juries, they had received froai his governors; they en- 
 treated him to grant a free pariiamynt, in which their 
 grievances might be redresse/l, and in the mean time to 
 command a cessation- of arms ; they expressed tlic utmost 
 respect for the state, retracted their former charge 
 against Coote, of his having expressed an intention of . 
 massacre, but insisted that they had reason to appre- 
 hend the worst consequences from his cruelty — they de- 
 clared their readiness to attend such commissioners as 
 the lords justices should appoint at any place, removed 
 from tlie power of Coote, to confer on the means of res- 
 toring the peace of the kingdom. 
 
 They now proceeded to raise troops ; lord Gorraanston 
 was declared general in chief; the earl of Fingal general 
 of horse; measures were taken for proctiring supplies, 
 and every avenue to the capital blockaded — The justices 
 in their dispatches to Leicester, treated the defection of 
 the pale with contempt, as an event which a ded nothing 
 to the strength of the rebels ; but as the rebels had origi- 
 nally pleaded the king's commission, and as they now 
 
 Ij^ilfl'" — ^ 
 
 
220 HISTORY OF 
 
 professed such zeal for his service, they proposed that a 
 proclamation bhould be issued immediately against them, 
 but in such terms as might not at once wipe away their 
 offence by laying down their arms ; and that twenty co- 
 pies of this proclamation, signed by the king and scaled 
 with his privy signet, should be sent over. This procla- 
 mation pronounced the insurgents to be rebels, and trai. 
 tors against the king, and enemies to the crown of Eng- 
 land and Ireland, and forty copies were returned to the 
 lords justices without delay. 
 
 A y. The rebellion now became general ; manifestos 
 were published by the rebels, professing the 
 greatest loyalty, and dwelling on the dangerous 
 conjunction of the Irish governors with the popular 
 party in England. The contagion spread through Con- 
 naught, and it required all the power and credit of Clan- 
 ricarde to preserve the county Galway untainted. In 
 Munster the first symptoms of commotion were met by 
 the |ord president, with exemplary severity — lord Mount- 
 garret seized Kilkenny ; Waterford was yielded to his 
 son. Nearly all the relations of the earl of Ormond 
 were implicated, and reports wer6 spread that the earl 
 would soon declare for the rebels. Almost every fort in 
 the counties of Kilkenny, Waterford, and Tipperary, 
 were reduced, while the O'Brians overran Clare in defi- 
 ance of their chieftain, the earl of Thomond. But the dis* 
 sension of the insurgents gave leisure to Saint Leger to 
 collect such forces as saved the province. 
 
 During these transactions in the south, the Ulster and 
 Leinster rebels, with a numerous but ill appointed body, 
 pressed the siege of Drogiieda. The town was gallantly 
 defended by sir Henry Tichburne, under all the disad- 
 vantages of a weak post, a small garrison, great defi- 
 ciency of supplies, and little exertions made by the state 
 to assist him. A party of the besiegers was admitted by 
 
ItlELAND. 2 21 
 
 the treachery of some of the inhabitants, but they were 
 ''epelied— -the lords justices were in the mean time.engaged 
 in a different pursuit, the legal conviction of the lords 
 and gentlemen concerned in the rebellion. On the arri- 
 val of sir Simon llarcourt with 4000 men, Coote was 
 sent against a party of rebels stationed in the village of 
 Swords; in a skirmish with them, sir Lorenzo Gary, young- 
 est son of lord Falkland, fell. — The rebels were routed 
 and the adjacent country wasted by fire and sword. — 
 Ormond was detatched with ■^000 foot and 300 horse 
 against the town of Naas, where the rebels of the adja- 
 cent counties had collected their chief force, and held 
 their councilf. Though he executed his orders with more 
 humanity,, lord Gormanston remonstrated by letter 
 against the cruelty of. his conduct, and threatened the 
 earl, that his wife and children should answer for a con- 
 tinuance of it. Ormond returned a spirited reply, shew- 
 ing the baseness of the threat, which, however, he said, 
 should not deter him from doing bis duty to the kmg. 
 
 After along interval, a second leinforcement of 1500 
 foot, and 400 horse, arrived from England, command- 
 ed by sir Richard Grenville, and Colonel George Monk. 
 They brought neither money nor provisions, and the 
 country in the neighbourhood of the capital had beea 
 so wasted, that it was impossible to provide for this 
 increase of numbers ; many of the English soldiers de- 
 serted, and to prevent a mutiny, it was determined to 
 employ them. . Ormond was detached against some re- 
 bels, stationed seven miles from Dublin. The military 
 men were now of opinion^ that the royal army was suf- 
 ficiently strong to raise the siege of Drogheda, The 
 justices . were averse from any vigorous measures, but 
 as they could not deny the necessity of giving the sol- 
 diers an opportuaity of seeking provisions in the quarters 
 
 T 3 
 
 _ll_^lg 
 
222 HISTORY OF 
 
 of the enemy» they resolved, instead of making a for- 
 mal attempt to relieve Drogheda, to try the effect of a 
 diversion. Ormond was commissioned to lead 3000 
 foot, and 500 horse towards the Boyne, to pursue the 
 rebels with fire and sword ; eight days were allowed fj^^r 
 the expedition, and he was strictly enjoined not to pass^ 
 the river. 
 
 The first intelligence of Ormond's march determined 
 sir Phelim O'Nial to raise the siege ; he retired preci- 
 . pitately, northward. Ormond reported this circum- 
 stance to the justices, and requested permission to pur- 
 "" sue the rebels ; but they repeated their injunction, that 
 he should not pass the Boyne. On his arrival at Dro« 
 gheda, he, with the concurrence of the officers of the 
 garrison, made another application for permission to 
 confirm the overthrow of the insurgents, but without 
 effect. The rebels soon recovered from their conster- 
 nation, and regained the places they had abandoned ; 
 so that sir Henry Tichburne had great difficulty in saving 
 Drogheda from being again invested, after the retreat of 
 Ormond, He detbated a 'strong party of the enemy 
 near Aihind^e, and, strengthened by a detachment of 
 500 men from Ormond's army, marched to Dundalk, 
 and drove the rebels from that town. 
 
 The sudden flight of the northerns on the first ap- 
 pearance of danger, made a strong impression on the 
 insurgents of the pale. Several gentlemen resolved to 
 submit ; they addressed themselves to Ormond on his 
 march to Drogheda^ The earl in his dispatches, desired 
 to be instructed how he was to treat those who sur- 
 rendered; some had not engaged in actual hostilities, 
 some were only accused of harbouring or paying con- 
 tributions. Pacific measures, however, would not have 
 promoted the great object, extensive forfeitures. The 
 English commons had early petitioned the king not to 
 
 BwiiM 
 
 !t>^MMMMfeak...<iiK«ita 
 
IRELAND; 223 
 
 alienate any of the escheated lands, and had lately pro- 
 ceeded in a scheme for raising money on the lands thus 
 expected to escheat. A bill was framed for repaying 
 those who should advance certain sums for suppressing 
 the rebels, by vesting them with proportional estates 
 in Ireland. The king foresaw how much this would 
 exasperate the discontented, but he was obliged to cott-- 
 sent. The lords justices favoured the views of their 
 English friends, and directed Ormond to make no dis- 
 tinction ; to receive those who should surrender, only 
 as prisoners of war ; all were sent to Dublin and closely 
 confined. 
 
 The war between Charles and his parliament was 
 now on the point of breaking out. It was the interest 
 of his adversaries to alienate the affections of his sub- 
 jects ; and as he had frequently expressed his determi- 
 nation of marching in person against the Irish rebels, 
 an effort was now made to revive the rumour, that he. 
 had granted a commission to them, and thus to efface 
 the impressions made by his zealous declarations. The 
 governors, ever ready to second the views of their par- 
 tisans in England, put some gentlemen to the torture, 
 to extort confessions which would have been injurioOs 
 to the king, but in vain ; and they would not submit the 
 examinations of the prisoners fairly to the public, or 
 ev€n trf the king's secretary. Charles now declared his 
 resolution of going with all convenient speed to chastise 
 the Irish rebels, of raising a guard for his person, and 
 if necessary, selling and pledging his parks and houses.. 
 To deter him from this undertaking, the governors made 
 the most discouraging reports of the state of the army 
 and the country ; but these representations had not as 
 much weight with the king as the opposition shewn to 
 this measure by English parliament. 
 
 mtmimaiiSSMBmmmibtmmmmtm^^ 
 
224 HISTORY OF 
 
 The last hopes which jhe gentlemen of the pale en- 
 tertained of an accommodation, on the king's coming to 
 Ireland, were now at an end, and their sole reliance was 
 on their arms. Abandoned by their Ulster confederates, 
 they united with lord Mountgarret and his associates — 
 Ormond was detached with 3000 foot and 500 horse into 
 the county of Kildare, to' destroy the possessions of the 
 rebels, to relieve the castles invested by their parties, 
 and to strengthen the royal garrisons. On his return to 
 A thy, he learned that Mountgarret, Moore, and other 
 leaders, with 8000 foot and some horse, were advantage- 
 ously posted at the distance of four miles. A council of 
 war was called by Ormond, in which it was resolved not 
 to attack the enemy with such inferior forces, except 
 their march to Dublin was'opposed. They, therefore, 
 proceeded on their march, but were so closely pressed 
 by the rebels that an action became unavoidable. The 
 onset of the Irish was desperate but ill maintained : their 
 left wing was broken by the first charge, the right sup- 
 ported the contest for some time, but was at length bro- 
 ken. When the English commons received the account 
 of this action,, called the battle of Kilrush, they ordered 
 the earl of Ormond a jewel of the value of 500/. and that 
 the lords should be moved to unite with them in request- 
 ing "his majesty to create him a knight of the garter. 
 
 . EXERCISES. 
 
 How did Mo4»re receive the deputation of patluunent ? Where was 
 sir Charles Coote sent ? What place did the rebels besiege ? What 
 troops were sent to reinforce Drogheda ? Were they defeated ? Who 
 was recalled from Wicklow ? To what parts of Ireland was- the re- 
 bellion confined ? Who induced the inhabitants of the pale to join 
 the rebels ? What was lord Gormaniston's declaration ? What sum- 
 mons w^ s*at by the lords justices to the lords of the pale ? What- 
 
IRELAND. 225 
 
 was their answer ? What apology and demand was sent to the king 
 by the lords of the pale ? What did they retract ? . Who was ap- 
 pointed general in chief of the insurgents ? What report did the jus- 
 tices make ? What proclamation was issued ? Did the rebellion 
 become general ? What reports were 'spread of Ormond? HowVas 
 Munstcr preserved ? Who defended Drogheda ? What are the 
 particulars of that siege ? How were the justices employed ? Where 
 was sir Lorenzo Cary killed ? Where was Ormond sent ? How was 
 he threatened ? Who brought a second reinforcement ? What were 
 the orders .given to Ormond? Why did Ormond retreat ? How did 
 the justices receive the offers of submission ? What was their motive ? 
 What rumour was now raised to annoy the king ? What did the 
 king declare to be his intentions? Who joined lord Mountgarret ? 
 Where was Ormond detached ? Where did he meet the rebels? 
 What was the issue ? How was Ormond rewarded ? 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 In what year did James the 1st ascend the throne ? With respect t« 
 the English crown in what state did he find Ireland ? What opinion 
 prevailed, with respect to his religious sentiments ? What was the last 
 act of Mountjoys government ? What was the nature of the civil 
 regulations made for improving the country ? What produced a re- 
 monstrance from the English families of the pale in i 605 ? What 
 afforded an opportunity of making the plantation in Uhter ? Under 
 what regulations was this plantation made ? 1 o what extent did the 
 cily of London engage in it ? How was tlie military force for its 
 support raised ?• What' was dene respecting the church, univei'sity and 
 corporate towns ? How many years had elapsed &ince the meeting of 
 parliament, until the first held in the reign ut James ? What objec- 
 tion was made to the holding of this parliameM, and why ? How 
 many members were returned, and of what parties were they Scom- 
 posed ? What occurred on the election of a speaker ? W hy was the 
 parliament prorogued ? How did the recusants act on the proroga- 
 tion ? In what year did parliament re- assemble, and how whs business 
 conducted ? On what occasion was the king requested to send com- 
 missioners 'into Ireland ? In what year did lord Falkland con;e to 
 Ireland ? What discovery was made respecting estate^ in '..i/unaught 
 during his administhition ? Who succeeded James and in what 
 year ? What had Charles recoiu-se to for the support of his army ? 
 What voluntary contribution was given, and on wliat condition ? 
 What circumstance throws a doubt on the king's intention of calling 
 « parliament according, to his promise ? In^what year was Falkland 
 recalled ? What difiSculties were at that time experienced with 
 respect to the administration of Ireland ? In what year did Went- 
 worth arrive in Ireland ? By what means did he procure a renewal 
 
9.26 HISTORY OF 
 
 g( the voluntary, grant ? By what management did he evade the 
 confirmation of the graces by parliament ? What body sat at the same 
 time with the parliament ? What were Wentworth's proceedings 
 with respect to Connaught, and what was his object ? How did the 
 dissagrceraents of Charles with the Scots encreasc the difficulty of 
 governmg Ireland, and wliat measures did Wentworth adopt ? Why 
 was Wentworth recalled froui the government of Ireland ? On what 
 occasion did he offer to return? In what disposition did he find the 
 parliament wluch assembled in 1640 ? ~ When was the earl of Ormond 
 first employed ? What troops assembled at Carrickfcrgus ? What 
 occurred to diminish the<ettadimcnt to the king, shew n by the parlia- 
 ment, on its first meeting, and what were its proceedings on the second 
 meeting ? What prevented the carl of StraObrd from resuming the 
 government of Ireland? What embarrassment was exi>erienced from 
 the army which had been assL-mbled in Iceland? What effect had 
 the prosecution of Strafiurd on ..he Irish parliament, and how did they 
 shew their enmity to hiin ? How did the Iribh committee in Lon- 
 don, shew their power on the death of Wandesfwrd ? How did Char- 
 les intend to dispose of the Irish forces on their being disbanded? 
 What prevented him from putting this design into execution ? What 
 occurred in the year 1641 ? Who was the chief fomenter of the rebcU 
 )ion ? What was the plan of the conspirators ? When was the plot 
 communicated to government ? What success had the rebel* in 
 Ulster ? When did tlie protestants begin to recover the places they 
 had lost? What did the rebels state to be their object in taking arms ? 
 What imposition did sir Phelim O'Nial practice to gain adherents 
 to his cause ? What occurred between government and the roman 
 catholics of the pale ? How'did the Scutch parliament act on being 
 applied to by Charles for aid against tlie rebels? What use did the 
 £ngligh parliament make of this rebelliou ? What line of conduct 
 did the lorJa jui>tices purnue ? What took place respecting the as- 
 sembling of parliament ? What difference of opinion existed respect- 
 ing the designation of the rebels ? How did lloger Moore receive 
 tiie deputation from parliament ? When did the roman catholics of 
 tl>e pale join the rebels ? What passed between t!iem and the lords 
 justices immediately after their defection? When did the robellion 
 become general ? With what success was the siege of Drogheda 
 prosecuted? Under what restrictions was Ormond allowed to raise 
 the siege of Drogheda ? What was the issue of the expelition ? 
 What effect had the retreat of sir Plielim O'Nial from before Droghe- 
 da, on the gentlemen of the pale ? What are the particulars of the 
 battle of Kilrusb ? 
 
IRELAND. 227 
 
 BOOK THE EIGHTH. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Arrival of Scottish troops — Reiriforcements arrive to the 
 rebels from Dunkirk — Assembly at Kilkenny — Commis- 
 sioners sent to Ireland, 
 
 . ^ The battle of Kilrush had given the pow- 
 er of the rebels a severe shock ; still they were 
 
 1642 . . • 
 
 able to maintain themselves against the intermit- 
 ting and insulated attempts made to put a period to 
 the contest. Troops arrived from England in small 
 bodies without money or provisions, acted with lit- 
 tle energy or concert, and became mutinous and insolent. 
 In this state of affairs, an Irish parliament sat for three 
 days in Dublin; by expelling the members actually in 
 rebellion, and by excluding those who refused to take 
 the oath of supremacy, they were reduced to an incon- 
 siderable number ; they declared for a rigorous execu- 
 tion of penal statutes, and urged both to the king, and 
 English parliament, the necessity of new and severe 
 laws against recusants ; the English parliament echoed 
 these sentiments ; such bills were prepared for transmis- 
 sion as if their sole object was to exasperate the insur- 
 gents to the utmost, or as if tliey had already been com- 
 pletely reduced. 
 
 The state of parties in England had protracted the 
 treaty for sending Scottish forces into Ireland. At 
 length, however, it was resolved to accept the assis- 
 tance of Scotland ; 2500 men were destined for the im- 
 mediate service of Ulster. On tlieir arrival, the town 
 and castle of Carrickfergus were to be surrendered to 
 
 ^MSm 
 
223 HISTORY OF 
 
 tliem, and when the residue of the stipulated numbers, 
 10,000, should land, they were to be invested with the 
 town and castle of Colerain, and the northern war was 
 to be committed entirely to the Scottish generals. These 
 were conditions to which the king submitted with great 
 reluctance. 
 
 In the month of April, the first detachment landed at 
 Carrickfergus under Robert Monroe ; their commander 
 was instantly joined by some provincial forces, amount- 
 ing to 1800 foot and seven troopis of cavalry. They ad- 
 vanced; the rebels abandoned the town, and the castle 
 was soon reduced. Carlingford was given up to Tich- 
 burne, and the rebel leaders found their tuipultuary 
 levies shrinking on the first appearance of danger. Sir 
 Phelim O'Nial, finding it necessary to abandon Armagh, 
 set fire to the town, and retired to Charlemont, but 
 without ammunition to maintain that poHt. His foIIovr> 
 ers dispersed, and several leaders retired to different re- 
 treats — Monroe was pressed to pursue his success, but 
 was prevented by his instructions. The inactivity of 
 their enemies encouraged the rebels to take the field, 
 and sir Phelim appeared again at the head of an army. 
 As the Scots were employed in ravaging the country and 
 sending larg-e herds of cattle into Scotland, the task of 
 opposing them devolved on the English. They were 
 routed with considerable loss, by sir Robert and sir 
 William Stuart. 
 
 So dispirited were the rebels now become, that they 
 had determined to abandon their enterprize, when intel- 
 ligence was received of the arrival from Dunkirk of 
 Owen O'Nial with one hundred officers and a considera- 
 ble supply of arms and ammunition. This officer had 
 served in the imperial and Spanish armies with great re- 
 putation, and was long expected by the rebels, as he 
 had from the first, promised to assist their undertaking. 
 
IRELAND. 229 
 
 To the great mortification of his kinsman, sir Phelim, he 
 vfas unanimously declared by the northern Iri«h head 
 and leader of their confederacy. 
 
 The new general began by expressing his detestation 
 of the barbarities practised by sir Phelim and his follow- 
 ers ; be dismissed all the prisoners in safety ; and then 
 began to prepare for the defence of Charlemont, to col- 
 lect troops and discipline his men. In his operations, he 
 received no interruption from the Scots or the English. 
 At length, in the month of August, the earl of Leven 
 arrived, and increased the Scottish army to 10,000 men. 
 The whole force of the province was now 20,000 foot 
 and 1000 horse, a force infinitely superior to any the 
 rebels could muster. ' Leven, at the head of this army, 
 crossed the Bann and advanced into the county of Ti- 
 rone ; hence he addressed a letter to Owen O'Nial, ex- 
 pressing his concern, that a man of his reputation should 
 have embarked in such a cause. Owen replied, that 
 he had better reasons for coming to the relief of hit 
 country, than his lordship could plead Tor marching into 
 England against his king. Leven then retired, deliver- 
 ed up the command to Monro, assured him he 
 might expect a total overthrow if Owen O'Nial should 
 once collect an army, and then returned to Scotland. 
 
 Monro remained inactive, and O'Nial continued to 
 form his forces ; while the army which should oppose 
 him was neglected by England and left without sup- 
 plies of cloathing or provisions. While the rebels were 
 thus allowed to strengthen themselves in every province, 
 two vessels arrived from Dunkirk to them with arms and 
 nmmunitioii. Colonel Thomas Preston, brother of lord 
 Gormanston, an officer of reputation, followed in a ship 
 of war attended by two frigates and six other vessels 
 laden with ordnance, military stores, 500 officers and 
 
 several engineers. Twelve other vessels soon arrived with 
 
 u 
 
 ^^ ■ I i«J— fcM Ml I .-.^JWi&k> 
 
230 HISTORY OF 
 
 arms, artillery and ammumtion, and a number of Irish 
 officers and soldiers discharged from the French service by 
 Cardinal Richelieu, amply provided and assured of fur- 
 ther succours. To increase the distress of the English, the 
 enemy were masters of the sea, and cut o(f their supplies 
 from England ; some activity in military operations was 
 now dreaded ftom tlie rebels, hut they were occupied in 
 executing a plab for giving a form of authority to their 
 proceedings, so as to unite their associates in the dif. 
 fv;rent provinces) ftnd to enforce submission and obediemce. 
 For this purpose, the authority of the clergy had been 
 already employed. The Roman catholic prelate of Ar' 
 ^agh had first summoned his clergy to a synod, then a 
 general synod was conrened of all the Romish ecclesias. 
 tics of Ireland, at Kilkenny^ where tbey sat in the month 
 of May. Each of those synods opened with a declaration, 
 that the war maintained by the catholics against sectaries 
 and puritans, for the defence of the Roman cathoilc 
 religion, the prerogative of the kbg, and the rights and 
 liberties of Ireland, was lawful and necessary. It di- 
 rected, that all their confedenrates should be united by an 
 oath of association : and denounced sentence of excom- 
 municfdion against all who should refuse io take it ; a- 
 gainst all who assisted the enemy ; ^1 who should invade 
 the possessions of any Roman catholic; and against all who 
 should stand neuter. The ntibility and gentry, then re- 
 sident ill Kilkenny, united in Naming an oath of associa- 
 tion, and m appointing a general assembly of the nation 
 to meet in that city in the ensuing month of October. 
 
 The time for holdic^ this assembly was now arrived 
 catholiclorda, prelates and clergy, with Roman oatholic 
 deputies from counties and towns of every province, met 
 at Kilkenny, and formed an assembly on the plan of a 
 parliament, but both lords and commons sat in the same 
 chamber. They began wkh declaring their detercaina- 
 
irela.no. 231 
 
 tion to mt^intain the rights of their church. They 
 declared their acceptance, as the rule of government, 
 of the commoB-law of England and the statutes of Ire- 
 land, so far as they were consistent with the church 
 and the liberties of their country. They commanded all 
 persons to bear allegiance to the king and maintain his 
 just prerogatives. They renounced the authority of the 
 Jrish government administered io Dublin, by a ♦•malig- 
 nant party, to'his bighnesses's great dissservice, and in 
 compliance witli their confederates, the malignant party 
 in England."^ The administration of public justice they 
 assumed to themselves. They assigned a council of 
 twelve, to each county; from these lay an appeal to 
 provincial councils, consisting of two deputies from 
 each county. From these there lay an appeal to what 
 was called the supreme council of the confederate catho" 
 lies of Ireland, consisting of twenty-four persons chosen 
 by the general assembly. — The provincial generals were 
 next chosen ; Owen CNial, for Ulster ; Preston, for 
 Leinster ; Garret Barry, for Munster ; colonel John 
 Burke, for Connaught, with the title of lieutenant gene- 
 ral, as they hoped that the earl of Clanricarde would 
 unite with them, and accept the chief command of this 
 province. They next proceeded to regulate the coia 
 and raise its value ; and to dispatch ambassadors to 
 foreign courts to solicit succours ; and they prepared 
 petitions to the king and queen with representations of 
 their grievances. 
 
 The appointment of o£Scers to the different provinces 
 was the cause of great dissensions and mortifications ; 
 the more moderate wished to obliterate the memory of 
 those barbarities which had marked the commencement 
 of the insurrection, and to have it considered that the 
 civil war was commencing with the convention. Oo this 
 
 account sir Fhelim O'Nial and Roger Moore were passed 
 
 u 2 
 
 :( 
 
 
- ,*^-" •■' 
 
 232 HISTORY OF 
 
 over ; Clanricarde steadily rejected all overtures made to 
 shake his loyalty, but they gained a new associate of 
 great consequence, Touchet, earl of Castlehaven ; and 
 baron Audley of England, on the first intelligence of 
 the rebellion, offered his services to government ; as 
 he was a Roman. catholic they could net be accepted : he 
 desired a passport to go to England, this was also re- 
 fused ; he returned to one of his seats in the county 
 of Kildare ; after residing there some time, he was em- 
 ployed by the confederates as a mediator between them 
 and the justices, and was severely reprimanded fov hold- 
 ing correspondence with the rebels. He had lately heen 
 indicted on a charge of high treason ; relying on his in>^ 
 nocence, he hastened to Dublin ; withoufbeing heard, he 
 was committed to close custody: having effected his 
 escape, he fled to Kilkenny and joined the confede- 
 rates. 
 
 The progress of the civil war in England had produced 
 corresponding parties in Ireland ; the justices were zea- 
 lous adherents of the parliament ; Ormond was at the 
 head of those who remained stedfast in their loyalty to 
 the king. To gain the army was the great object of 
 each party, and while all were intriguing to accomplish 
 this object, the rebels were left to pursue their own 
 measures without molestation. The army was in want 
 of every necessary, and the prospect of receiving their 
 arrears of pay from the parliament, operated as a strong 
 counterpoise to the influence which Ormond had over 
 them, and which he used in keeping them steady to the 
 cause of royalty. Charles had little means of gaining an 
 influence over the soldiers, except by his favours to their 
 general, whose commission he enlarged, while the justices 
 took every opportunity of mortifying Ormond, lately 
 created a marquis, ami thwarting his measures. Tire 
 English commons sent two commissioners to Ireland, 
 

 IRELAND. 2SS 
 
 Reynol4s and Goodwin, to gain the direction of the 
 affairs of the whole kingdom, and every means were 
 taken to preyent the king from learning the true state of 
 affairs ii> Ireland ; but this policy was defeated by the 
 spirit and firiqness of the royalists. 
 
 EXERCISES* 
 
 Pld tbeir defeat at Kilrush entirely destroy the power of fhe rd>cls ? 
 Wbat was the conduct of parliament ? Where did the Scotti^ troops 
 land ? On what conditions did they undertake the war ? Who com- 
 manded them? What town did sir Pbelim O'Nial burn? By 
 whom was he defeated ? What encouraged the rebels to continue 
 the war? W^ho was chosen their leader? What measures did 
 Owen O'Nial adopt? What message did the earl of Levensend? 
 Whut was O'Mial's reply? What reinforcements arrived to the re- 
 bels ? What steps did the Romish clergy- take ? What was the de- 
 claration of the synod ?• When was the assembly held ? What did 
 they declare ? Whose auth<»-ity did they renounce ? What were 
 their regulations ? Who were the provincial generals ? Did their 
 appointment cause dissention ? Who was passed over? What was 
 the conduct of Clanricarde ? What induced the earl of Castlehaven 
 to revolt ? Why were the rebels left unmolested ? Why did the 
 justices annoy Ormuod? What commtsHOBeis were sent to Ireland? 
 For- what purpose ? 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The king issues a commission to treat ttdth the rebels— Sir 
 Wittiam Parsons removed — Commissianers meet at Castle 
 Martin — Treaty concluded. 
 
 Tub affairs of Charles in England were now in such 
 a state, that he was obliged to risk the unpopularity of 
 accepting the services of papists ; the parliament in- 
 veighed against this impiety, and declared their 
 
 inten^oa of inviting the Scots to assist them against the 
 
 u S 
 
 
 f 
 
23't HISTORY OF 
 
 enemies of the protestant religion. Charles saw the ne- 
 cessity of strengthening himself against such an union ; 
 for this purpose he turned his attention towards Ireland. 
 Could the rebellion be suppressed, the parliament would 
 be deprived of a popular pretence for raising men and 
 money, and an army of royalists might soon join the 
 royal standard from Ireland. The insurgents had fre- 
 quently solicited for liberty to lay their grievances before 
 the king, and for a cessatipn of hostilites, until tlieir 
 complaints could be heard and discussed ; Charles there- 
 fore issued a commission under the great seal of England, 
 to the marqyis of Ormond, the earl of Clanricarde, the earl 
 of Roscommon, viscount Moore, sir Thomas Lucas, sir 
 Maurice Eustace, and Thomas Burke esquire, to meet 
 the principal recusants, and to transmit their propo- 
 sitions. 
 
 , This overture was provoking to the justices, and 
 alarming to Reynolds and Goodwin, who were called 
 the committee of parliament ; they solicited the army 
 and the citizens of Dublin to sign a remonstrance against 
 the commission, but with little success; Parsons doubted 
 whether he should not prevent its execution ; the king 
 was informed of their proceedings; he wrote to the 
 lords justices in terms of great severity, and transmitted 
 his warrants to there and Ormond, for securing Good- 
 win and Reynolds, but these agents had already fled. 
 Charles now proposed to make Ormond lord lieutenant, 
 leavmg it to his own choice, either to accept or decline 
 this station ; he declined accepting this offer, and pro- 
 ceeded to the treaty. 
 
 In conjunction with the other commissioners, be sent 
 a summons to the lords Gormanston, Mountgarret, 
 Ikerrin, and seven others, who had signed the peti- 
 tion requiring them to send a committee of thfrty lay- 
 men to meet the king's commissioners at Drogheda, 
 
 ^1 
 
( IRELAND. 235 
 
 with due respect to the king's authority. The supreme, 
 council returned an answer,in which they expressed their 
 surprise that a commission founded on an application 
 made by them in August, should be concealed until the 
 succeeding February, and declared it necessary for them 
 to have a view or copy of it; they F£sentedthe indignity 
 of supposmg them ignorant of the respect due to the 
 king, but above all they were offended at the expressioa 
 in the safe conduct granted by the justices to their com- 
 mittee, in which the recusants were stiled actors or abet- 
 tors in an o<iious rebellion, which expressions they sup- 
 posed were inserted by the justices without authority, 
 and declared their resolution to abandon all thought of 
 accommodation, until the imputation of rebellion should 
 be retracted. The commissioners doubted whether they 
 should proceed any farther in their negociations, but their 
 zeal for accomplishing & treaty so essential to the king's 
 interest, induced them to send an answer, and enclose a 
 copy of their commission, in which the king expressed his 
 extreme indignation at the odious rebellion which the re- 
 cusants of Ireland had, without ground or colour, raised 
 against his person, crown and dignity ; this proved 
 the justices had but^copied his majesty's words At the 
 game time the earl of Castlehaven laboured to inspire 
 his associates with greater moderation, and at his re- 
 quest they wrote in humbler terms to the commissioners^ 
 whose second letter brought them into a still more 
 tractable disposition ; at length it was agreed that six 
 agents of the council, all laymen, should attend th2 king's 
 commissioners at Trim. . 
 
 It was proposed in council, that a cessation of hosti- 
 lities should take place during the negociation, this was 
 opposed by the lords justices ; they determined on era- 
 ploying lord Lisle to reduce the towns ot Ross and Wex. 
 ford, an enterprise livhich Ormond had frequently re- 
 
 iad^ 
 
956 HISTO&Y OF 
 
 cpramended before the arrival pf Preston ; great pre- 
 perations and exertions were made to support Lisle in 
 this expedition: but Ormond informed the justices, 
 that as the army was particularly entrusted to him, he 
 deemed it necessary to take the command of this expe- 
 dition; as the army was ready, and the command could 
 not be denied to the marquis, he was suffered to marph,. 
 but the supplies necessary for his operations were with- 
 held. He droTe the rebels from several posts, and 
 formed the seige of Hoss, expecting to receive stores 
 by sea ; no stores arrived, and after an unsuccessful 
 assault, Ormond found himself with only three days pro- 
 visions, A hasty retreat was his only resource ; but 
 Preston, with 6000 foot, and 650 horse, occupied a de- 
 file, through which be must pass in his retreat to Pyblin. 
 Had Preston remained in his position, tlie ruin of the roy- 
 alists was inevitable but he rushed into the plain con- 
 fident of an easy victory ; Ormond attacl^d him with 
 spirit ; the Irish army received a total defeat, and 
 might have been entirely destroyed, but the English 
 cavalry under Lisle, after defeating the Irish horse, never 
 returned to the field. 
 
 In the mean time the agents of the confederate^ at- 
 tended on the king's commissioners at Trim, and pre- 
 sented their r«mon«trance of grievances, and petitioned 
 for redress. Ormond transmitted this remonstrance to 
 the king. In opposition to it, the lords justices, in a 
 long letter, endeavoured to dissuade his majesty from any 
 accommodation. Ormond considered the propositions 
 of the confederates as inadmissable, at the same time 
 he condemned the representations of the lords justices, 
 and accused them of concealing the true state of Ireland 
 from the king ; they however, proceeded in their own 
 course, and every thing was done that could irritate 
 , the confederates; and make them hoples? of a- successful 
 
 - -'<•» S -V^-T 
 
 ^i 
 
IRELAND. 237 
 
 issue to the treaty. It was now evident that during the 
 continuance of the present government of Ireland, no 
 accommodation could take place which diight enable th^ 
 king to draw any assistance from that kingdom, but as any 
 violent change might raise a clamour among bis enemies 
 in England, Borlase was continued, and sir Henry 
 Tichburne substituted for Parsons, and the Irish privy 
 council. was commanded not to pay obedience to any 
 orders, or execute any warrant without the king's spe- 
 cial approbation. ^ 
 
 As a final treaty of peace required more time than 
 the urgency of affairs could allow, Ormond received an 
 order to treat about a temporary cessation of hostilities. 
 At this time, the kingdom was in the most melancholy 
 state ; the English soldiers could with difficulty obtain 
 provisions enough to preserve them from famishing ; 
 while the rebels extended their excursions in every di- 
 rection ; cut off many detachments, and made themselves 
 masters of some places of importance. The applications 
 of the new lords justices and council to the English par- 
 liament were not attended with any considerable effect. 
 As the last effort to keep the army Irom disbanding or 
 perishing, they had recourse to an Expedient, of which 
 the commons in England had set the example. Without 
 consulting, or receiving any warrant from the king, they 
 established an excise. But although the tax amounted 
 to half the value of the commodity, such was the 
 poverty of the kingdom, that the money thus raised, 
 proved utterly inadequate to the necessities of the 
 state. 
 
 Ormond now proceeded to bring about the treaty. 
 For the honour of the king, it was necessary that the 
 first overture should come from the other side ; for this 
 purpose, his agents were employed; to confer with the 
 assembly at Kilkenny. The Romish clergy saw in tho 
 
S3S HitTomr of 
 
 present confusion the prospect of power and wealth, and 
 were averse from any measure tending to restore the 
 public peace; but the majority of the assembly weve 
 more consistent and temperate: they considered that to 
 decline a cessation, would be to refUte all their prefes- 
 lions of loyalty, and their pretences of a necessity for 
 taking arms, and agreed to a cessation for twelve months, 
 on certain conditions to be proposed by their agents to 
 the marquis of Ormend. As a preliminary, the confe- 
 derates deman'ded a new and free parliament : to this it 
 was dangerous to accede, while they were masters of 
 roost of the great towns and counties, could control 
 the elections, and thus might make laws, and decide on 
 their own actions. Ormond, therefore, refused this pro- 
 position, and demanded as a preliminary, on his part, 
 that if the cessation took place, the confederates should 
 contribute in some reasonable proportion to maintain the 
 king's forces in Ireland. After some debate and delay, 
 the confederates consented to recede from their expec- 
 tations of a new parliament, and agreed to the proposi- 
 tions of a supply, leaving the particular sum to be ascer- 
 tained by their agents now commissioned to attend the 
 marquis, at such time and place as h« should appoint. 
 
 Ormond was aware of the odious Ught in which this 
 treaty would be looked on by the parliamentarians of 
 England, and how severely his conduct would be scruti- 
 nized by their partizans in Dublin. He, therefore, ap- 
 plied to the privy council and moved, th^ if the mem- 
 bers were of opinion that a cessation could be dishonor- 
 able to the king, or dangerous to his protestant subject^ 
 of Ireland, they should signify it to hia majesty, and 
 propose some other mode for preserving the kingdom, 
 and he would proceed no farther. When no other naode 
 could be devised, he moved th^t if lO.OOOl. mi^ht be 
 raiMd, he would continue the war and endeavour to re- 
 
 ^1 
 
IKCLAMD. 239 
 
 duce Wexford ; to raise such a supply vraa declared im- 
 possible. The marquis therefore proceeded to meet the 
 Irish agents at Castle Martin in the county of Kildare ; 
 they required that the free exercise* of their religion 
 should continue during the cessation, and that a free par* 
 liament should be called. Ormond rejected these de- 
 mands ; they demanded liberty to act against the king's 
 enemies, and that a way might be prescribed of distin- 
 guishing between the royal party and that of the malig> 
 nants. On these points he declined giving an explicit an- 
 swer ; to some propositions be consented with some re- 
 strictions ; but above all things, he demanded a supply 
 previous to the cessation. They remairked that this de- 
 mand was not warranted by the king's commission, and 
 refused to be bo^tnd by any previous stipuhition; bat 
 declared their intentions of granting « fr«e gift on con- 
 cluding the truce. 
 
 Ormond conceived that their present confidence arose 
 from the prosperous state of their armies, and particu- 
 larly from the progress of Preston. He therefore de- 
 termined to suspend his negociations, and if possible 
 force Preston to an engagement. This Preston avoided, 
 and the dread of famine forced Ormond to return to 
 Dublin more strongly confirmed in his opinion of the ne- 
 cessity of a cessation. For this event the king was im- 
 patient. To silence all opposition to this ineasure, Par- 
 sons, and other partizans of the English parliament, 
 were accused of high treason, and committed by his 
 order to close custody; a commission passed under 
 the great seal of Ireland, empowering Ormond to treat 
 for a cessation for one year, on such terms as he might 
 think proper ; and giving him a full indemnity trom all 
 trouble on account of this transaction. 
 
 Notwithstanding the successes of the rebels in every 
 quarter, and the zealous interference of an emissary from 
 
 aii^jiii 
 
 Mi.-im-ni ■■i-i^a^MaiiaMlMa. " ■ -■■^^ 
 
240. «- HISTORY OF 
 
 i 
 
 A T> the pope: Ormond, at length, concluded a treaty 
 
 on the I5th of September, for a cessation : the 
 164<3 
 
 • confederates agreed to grant the king SO,OOQl. 
 
 one half in money, to be paid at different periods, the 
 
 other in cattle. This treaty was received with great dis- 
 
 content and clamour in England and Ireland. ' 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What Induced Charles to desire assistance from the Irish ? Who 
 >vasiippointed to receive the propositions of the recusants ? Who did 
 this proceeding provoke ? How did Charles act ? What offer did 
 he make to Ormend ? Whom did Ormond summons ? What wus 
 their reply ? How did the commissioners act? Where did thoy 
 meet the recusants ? What was proposed in council ' Why was this 
 proposal rejected ? Who attacked Ormond ? Wliy was not Ormond 's 
 victory complete ? Of what did Ormond accuse the justices ? Which 
 of the justices was removed ? What orders were given to the privy 
 council ? What was the state of the army ? What measures were 
 taken to relieve their necessities ? What were tlie preliminaries pro- 
 posed on each side, as the basis of the treaty? Where did he meet 
 the Irish agents ? What were their demands ? Who was accused 
 of high treason ? Wliat were the terms of the treaty at length agreed 
 upon ? 
 
 CHAPTER in. 
 
 Ejects of the treaty-^Teruis of a peace referred to Ormond 
 — Mission of Glamorgan — Arrival of the pope's nuncio. 
 
 Notwithstanding Charles's expectations, he de- 
 rived from this treaty little advantage. No more than 
 4000 royalists were sent into England. The supply 
 promised by the confederates, was slowly and irregular- 
 ly paid; the terms of cessation were infringed; and; he 
 
IRELAND. 2ii 
 
 Scots under Mdoro and tlie English who sided with the 
 parliament, were encouraged to disregard it altogether. 
 The solemn league and covenant was introduced and 
 taken by the Scottish troops, while the English soldiers 
 were with difficulty kept in their allegiance to the king. 
 The. confederates shewed little disposition to rescue 
 Charles from his parliament, hoping to extort from his 
 distresses more important conoessions. Ormond, in 
 vain, endeavoured to shew them, that if the parliasient 
 succeeded, they must yield to that power which could 
 overcome the king. 
 
 The increasing perplexities of Charles made him so 
 anxious to effect a peace, that he became every day less 
 disinclined to make greater concessions to Uie Roman 
 catholics, from whose promises he had great expecta- 
 tions of assistance, if this object was once accomplished* 
 Charles was attended at Oxford by agents from both 
 the Reman catholics and the protestants of Ireland. — 
 But he and bis ministers found themselves utterly inca- 
 pable of attempting any accommodation between the ex- 
 travagant demands of one party, and the violent remon- 
 strances of the ether against any concessions to their an. 
 tagonists. The king, anxious to escape the trouble and 
 responsibility of this negociation, threw the weight off 
 himself by sending a commission to Ormond, now lord 
 lieutenant; of Ireland, to make a definitive treaty with 
 the Roman catholics, on such terms as he should think 
 best calculated to promote the public welfare. 
 ^ jrj^ Ormond was well aware of the difficulties and 
 
 fi44 6*nb»'"''^sment8 which attended this undertaking ; 
 he resolved, however, to obey the king, and he 
 was attended by the commissioners of the confederates, 
 on the 6th of September. — There was no difficulty in 
 agreeing to a continuance of the cessation, but the con- 
 ferences about peace proved more perplexing. At 
 
242 HisToiiV o» 
 
 length the king 6mpowrered Orrtibnd to make peace on 
 any terms ; but this nbbTehian, anxious to relieve him- 
 self froth the responsibility thus thrown on hint, ten- 
 dered his resijghatibh on the ground thit the corifederates 
 expected from a countryman in his station, more than 
 could with propriety be gririted. 
 
 _. Orihohd, however, was a mart too valuable to be 
 " lost in the present state of the king's affairs ; ahd 
 to recbhcile liirn to 4 post from which he could 
 not be removed, Charles loaded hitn with such favours as 
 he could in his present circumstances bestow. In the 
 mean time the Irish employed every means to strengthen 
 their confederacy. The anxiety of Charles to corttlude 
 a peace induced him, instead of relying entirely on Or- 
 mond to bring the negociation to a successful issue^ to 
 repose a vain dependance on secret counisels and private 
 agents. — Among his most tekloi^s ^artizans, was Edward 
 Somerset, lord Herbert, eldest son of the marquis of 
 Worcester.— He was created earl of Glamorgan> and on 
 his coming to Irdand on some real or pretended business, 
 received secret powers from the king to bring about an 
 accommodation with the confederates. Charles recdm- 
 raended him to Ormond, informing him that he had en- 
 gaged this nobleman to forward the peace by every pos- 
 sible means ; exprelBsing the greatest confidence in his 
 integrity and affiection ; but at the same time hinting 
 some suspicion of his judgement. As Glamorgan was a 
 Roman catholic, and connected with mkny Of them by 
 his marriage with the earl of Thomond*s sister, his arri* 
 val was looked for with greiit earnestness by the confe> 
 derates. 
 
 Every obstacle was at length got over with the laymen 
 
 who composed the general assembly, except the repeal 
 
 of the penal statutes, when the clergy started a new 
 
 difficulty, and declared against any peace, which would 
 
not giv» thero the churches wl^jph |I^py then ppssPjBsp^i, 
 and their prelates a right to sit in parli^iffpnt. Though 
 the sentiments of many of tf^e ppnfeder^tps were more 
 moderate, the i^sue of thp battle of In^aseby, so f^tal to 
 the cause of Charle^j instead of incl^piai; ^hem to make 
 common cause with the king against the puritans, from 
 whom they could eitpep^ no concession, encopragedthem 
 to rise in th^ir dpinand^. Orn^pnd now rt^ceived fresh 
 instructions ; he thep hripfly stated the sum of the con- 
 cessions, which th{e copfederates might expect ; he con- 
 sented to the repeal of the penal statutes, and to shew 
 his majps.ty's intention of employing equally all his sub- 
 jects in Ififffl^ndf oflTered that a body of Roman catholics, 
 consisting of 4000 foot ^nd 600 horse^ should be added 
 to the king's army pn perfecting t][ie articles of peace. 
 
 An answer to these propositions w^s delayed, as the 
 arrival of iGrlamorgan w^ every dj^y expected ;.at length he 
 arrived and entered on a private treaty with the confe- 
 derates. Abbate Scarampi^ agent to the pope^ opposed the 
 plan of m^jiiug peace publicly with the m^rq^is and private- 
 ly with the earl ; and of separating the religious from the 
 civil articles, yet within cn^i month after the earl's arrival 
 the treaty was concluded. On the king's part it was agreed 
 by Glamorgan, that Roman catholics should enjoy the 
 public exercise of their religion, possess a*! the churches 
 not ajCt,ually enjoyed by >protest$mts, exercise their own 
 jurisdiction, ajqid be exempted from thax of the protestant 
 .clergy ; that an act of pariiament should be passed to 
 confirjcn these concessions, ^nd to render Roman catholics 
 capable of all o^ces of trust and dignity. On the part of 
 the confederates it was stipulated that 10,000 men should 
 be sent by ordjcr of their general assembly to serve thp 
 king, in England, Scotland, or Wales, under the earl, 
 and such fAher officers, as the confederates should 
 appoint ; and that two thirds of the revenues of the cler- 
 
 X 2 
 
 
244 HISTOBY OF 
 
 gy sheuld be appropriated for the miuntenance of this 
 body for three years. 
 
 In explanation of these articles, the confederates for 
 the present, recigdedfrom the demand of an act of par- 
 liament for securing the concessions to the clergy, as 
 difficult and prejudicial to the king, Glamorgan engaging 
 that they should be settled in another way. As it was 
 still necessary to continue the public treaty with the lord 
 lieutenant, Glamorgan, who was impatient for the honour 
 of leading such a reinforcement as 10,000 men into Eng- 
 land, solicited the marquis tu make all the concessions 
 he was authorised to grant, and for the rest to appeal ta 
 his majesty. On the renewal of the treaty with Ormond 
 every article relative to the civil interests of the confe- 
 derates was debated with temper, and adjusted without 
 di£Bculty. When Ormond opposed the demands of a le- 
 gal establishment, not *onIy of the Romish worship, but 
 of the papal jurisdiction, the Irish agents, conscious of 
 the transactions with Glamorgan, proposed that no clause 
 in the treaty should preclude the Roman Catholics from 
 such farther graces as his majesty might be pleased to 
 grant. This proposal was acceded to ; lord Digby now 
 arrived in Dublin, and laboured to conciliate the Irish 
 and expedite their succours. It was mutually agreed, 
 that all propositions relative to religion, the great obstacle 
 to an accommodation, should be referred entirely to the 
 king. The peace seemed on the point of being finally 
 •ettled : the king every moment expected the embarka- 
 tion of his Irish succours, when new difficulties arose and 
 defeated the views of thii: unhappy prince. 
 
 During the whole of the negociation a numerous par- 
 ty of the confederates was anxious for the' restoration 
 •f the public peace ; they saw the necessity of support. 
 iBg the king ; were willing to accept of moderate terms, 
 aifed contented to enjoy the free exercise of their religion 
 
IR£L^ND. S45 
 
 without requiring a public establishment. The clergy 
 inveighed against this desertion of the church ; their 
 agents at Rome represented the danger of peace being 
 concluded without due proxision for the intexests of ^- 
 ligion : to avert this, John Battista Rinunccini, arcbbi^ 
 shop of^erflao, vas sent in quality of nuncio to Ireland; 
 he arrived at Kilkenny on the I2lh of Islovember. 
 
 On his arrival the supreme council communipated to 
 him the articles they had agreed pn> and Glamorgan, 
 communicated his powers and instructions. The nun- 
 cio objected to the terms of both the public and the 
 private treaty ; he observed that there was no security 
 for the performance of the religious articles, and that 
 there was no mention oPa Roman catholic lord lieutenant, 
 no provision for catholic bishops and universities, and no 
 stipulation for a continuance of the supreme council, or 
 government of the confederates. The council endeavoured 
 to obviate those objections ; Various papers were drawn 
 up, discussed, and answered^ without efiec^. When 
 the nuncio found it was impossible to make them amena- 
 ble to his opinions, h6 summoned the Romish bi- 
 shops then at Kilkenny, to a private meeting ; eight at- 
 tended, and joined in a protestation against the peace. 
 At length Glamorgan yielded to Rinunccint's demands ;' 
 impatient to remove every obstacle to his appearing at 
 the head of an Irish army> he signed an instrument, by 
 way of appendage to the former treaty, by which he 
 engaged that wh$n ten thousand Irish should be sent 
 into England, .the king should oblige himself never to 
 employ any hut a Roman catholic lord lieutenant ; to 
 allow the Roman catholic bishops to sit in parliament^; 
 universities to be erected under their jurisdiction, an)d 
 that the power of the supreme council should exin 
 
 lu^^il all the private article? were ratified. 
 
 X 3 
 
 •'-.•' >%.*fi 4. 
 
 
*?46 HISTORY or 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 Was the treaty advantageous- to the Icing? What did the rebels 
 kope from Charles's distresses? What did Ormond represent to them? 
 What made Charles so anxious to makv peace ? What induced him 
 to empower Ormond to conclude a treaty ? Why did Ormond tender 
 his resignation ? Wm it- accepted ? What private measures did 
 Charles take to forward the peace? Whom did he send to Ireland? 
 What did the Itomish clergy demand? What concession did the king 
 make ? What did the confederates agree too? What prevented the 
 peace from being concluded ? What objections did the nuncio make ? 
 Why was Glamorgan impatient to conclude the treaty ? What terms 
 did he grant privately ? 
 
 CHAPTER IV, 
 
 I'ransaetions at Sli^o — The king disavotos ike treaty of 
 Glamorgan — Peace proclaimed, the nuncio opposes it. 
 
 A new mcideDt now occurred, which once more sus- 
 pended the final adjustment of this treaty. Monro and 
 his Scots, and the old British troops, finding themselves 
 entirely neglected by the English parliament, showed 
 some disposition to unite with Ormond, and adhere to 
 the king's service ; to prevent this union, the parliament 
 determined on sending them money and necessaries, and 
 in the meantime they dispatched their partisan, sir C. 
 Coote, whom they had lately commissioned to command 
 in Connaught, with a requisition to the British generals 
 of the nortli, to assist him against the rebels in his go- 
 vernment, and particularly to reduce the town of l^ligd 
 their principal place of strength. After s^me hesitation 
 4500 foot, and 500 horse were detached from the Scot- 
 tish and English forces, and Siigo surrendered^ the 
 lord lieuteiMnt ord^r?41<v4 Xaafe to restrain those who 
 
IRELAND 24T 
 
 violated the cessation ; at the same time the confederates 
 of Kilkenny directed sir James Dillon, one of (heir 
 officers, to march with 800 men to the assistance of the 
 popish archbishop of Tuam, who was collecting forces 
 for the recovery of Sligo. In the attempt to retake the 
 town this prelate had nearly succeeded, when a reinforce> 
 ment coming to the aid of the garrison, an action en> 
 sued, in which the archbishop felt ; in his baggage was 
 found a coinplete and authentic copy of the private trea- 
 ty with Glamorgan, and in which was recited the earl's 
 commissicm, and his oath to the confederates. 
 
 This important acquisition was inomediately trans^ 
 mitted to the English parliament ; it was printed, and 
 industriously circulated to the dishonour of the-kiog,. 
 fhe confusion of his protestant adherents, and the tri- 
 umph of his enemies. The protestants were astonished 
 and dismayed, and the ministers had before them the 
 prospect of a general revolt of this whole party ; it was 
 necessary to do something, and this so speedily, as ta 
 manifest an impatience to vindicate the king's honour. 
 Lord Digby seduced Glanrargan to Dublin, charged hiia 
 before the privy council, of a suspicion of high treason, 
 and moved that his person might be secured. Glamor- 
 gan was accordingly taken into custody, but after a 
 confinement of a few days, was released and returned ta 
 Kilkenny. The king publicly disavowed the religious 
 articles granted by Glamorgan, while he privately con- 
 veyed to him assurances of bis confidence and friendship. 
 Thus fresh difficulties were thrown in the way of the 
 peace, but the chief obstacle arose, from the opposiUoa 
 af the nuncio f o any accommodation but on terms of 
 great advantage to the Romish church* He produced 
 a p^n of a treaty said to be framed by the pope, which 
 consisted of extraordinary provisions for the church, 
 and prevailed on several of the clergy, to Ei^n a dec!ar 
 
2*8 HiSToay of 
 
 ration in favour of (his treaty. At length after a pro* 
 tracted negociation, the impatience o£ Qlamorgan to 
 lead the Irish succour-s into Ekigland, overc^ine every 
 obstacle, and he signed an inatruoient, by whic^i he 
 engaged in the king's name to ratify such articles as sa- 
 tisfied the nuncio. 
 
 It now remained to make the final settlement with 
 J. pv Ormond, which was effected on the 28th march 
 
 in defiance of a stipulation with Rinunccini that 
 
 1646 
 
 no peace should be concluded before the 1st of 
 
 May ; there was added to it a conditional article, by 
 which the .king was absolved from all his concessions, 
 unless those succours were obtained, which were his 
 great object : the coprederates engaged to transport 
 6000 foot, well armed ^pd provided, by the Ist day of 
 April, and 4'QOO more in a month -after. In the mean 
 time the treaty was to be di^posited in tl^e hands of 
 Clanricacde, as an instrument of no validity, uptil the 
 troops should besept^way. . ' 
 
 Thu^ near to its final conclusion was this t-r^^cy 
 brought, at a moment when it could nolongerbe of any 
 use to Charles: Ormond» as yet unacquainted with ttie 
 extremity of th&jking's distress, g^ve orders f(|^r the.era- 
 barkation of the jfirst body of 6000 men ; but Glamorgan 
 was unable to pnocure transports, according to ,his, en- 
 gagement, at tbe^ appointed <iii;ne. The confederates 
 therefore employed their troops against the pacli^menta- 
 rJansin Munster, observing to Ormond that it was more 
 for the^ king's interest, to cle^r one kingdom .of his 
 enemies, then to make a de^per^te attenppt to assist him 
 ( in England. The depredations of Coote an^his parlia- 
 mentarian forces in Ulster became so great^ that the 
 confederates pressed Orrqond. \o declare against ^|iem ; 
 they required him to admit, that the obstructions to the 
 embarJiation were sufficient to justify them againjst a 
 
IRELAND* 249 
 
 charge of violatiiig their engagements, and represented, 
 that any immediate publication of his treaty ivith them, 
 must be attended by a like publication of Glamorgan's 
 secret articles ; to prevent it they required him instantly 
 to unite his forces with theirs, and act with vigour 
 against the common enemy. 
 
 Ormond had just received intelligence that the king 
 had entrusted himself to the Scottish army, and after 
 some deliberation answered, that he could not unite with 
 those who did not derive their authority from the king ; 
 he was ready to accept the assistance of any of the king's 
 subjects, and oh publication of the peace might be more 
 explicit'; he admitted that it might have been impracfei- 
 table to send their forces into England, but the sums 
 which they had engaged to supply were not yet remitted. 
 As Glamorgan's articles had been disavowed by the 
 king, he premptorily insisted on their being suppressed, 
 and that the treaty of Dublin should be instantly pub- 
 lished ; and he declared that if these overtures were 
 iiot accepted, he must seek some other way of recover- 
 ing his authority in Ireland. 
 
 The confederates, now perceived the possibility of 
 Ormond being driven to join the parliament, and in- 
 stantly agreed to all his demands ; the articles concluded 
 with Ormond were immediately to be published by mu- 
 tual consent, when a letter was received from the king, 
 forbidding the lieutenant from concluding a treaty with 
 the Irish on any conditions. Suspence and confusion 
 followed ; tho' Ormond might be persuaded that this let^ 
 ter had been extorted from Charles, it was not so easy 
 to persuade others ; during his embarrassment lord 
 Digby arrived from the continent, and confirmed Or. 
 mond's opinion. The prince of Wales assured the mar- 
 quis by a letter, of his concurrence : these declarations 
 satisfied both parties ; copies of the treaty were ex.* 
 
 ;■ ■ ■1.4_lM.^i— t. 
 
250 UlSTQl^Y OP 
 
 ^ jy ehaiiged on the27Hi of Juljr: the council issued 
 a proclamation, ratifying the articles, and ail 
 person^ were, enjoined to receive it with due res- 
 pect an4 submission. 
 
 This peace however bad as little influence in settling 
 the affairs of the kingdom, as it had in restoring the faU 
 len fortunes of Charles; so repugnant was it to the 
 views of the prevailing faction in England, that lord 
 Lisle was already appointecV chief governor of Ireland 
 by the parliament : the covenanters in Ulster despised 
 the wHole negociation, as did the p^^FUjamentari^ns of 
 Hunster-T-rth^rough the whdle course of i^e negociation, 
 ninunccini h4d proteste4 against aiiy peace, J^ut ojae 
 framed by tb^} pope, or to any civil treaty separate frpti} 
 the ecclesiastical ; biH as a powerful party of tjie confede- 
 rates was earnest for a final accQmmodatioR, ^d were 
 supported by general Preston and his troops ; the nun- 
 cio perceived that neither his own exertions nor the op. 
 position of the clergy could prevent the pe^ce, without 
 an army to support them against the supreme councik 
 He therefore addressed himself to Owen O'Nial, now at 
 the head of a formidable body, which subsisted chi/afly 
 on plunder ; their depredations in Leinster had proves! 
 so oppressive, that the council of Kilkenny issued orders 
 for opposing them ; his application was so successful 
 that Owen declared against the peace, and the Ulster 
 Irish were induced to call themselves the nuncio's sol- 
 diers-^ About the end of May, Owen had as&e^ibled 
 5000 foot, and 500 horse, and marjched At their head 
 against Armagh. 
 
 Monro, alarmed at this moveipent^ onade a forced 
 march to Armagh with 6000 foot, land 800 horse, to 
 surprise O'Nial ; here he learned that th,e Irish 
 army lay seven miles farther at JBenburb, strongly 
 posted between two hills, with a wood in its rear^ and 
 
lit ELAND. £51' 
 
 on its right tlie rive^ Blackwater ; liext morniag Mon. 
 TO marched on, th^ oth^ side o£ the river in lull vievr 
 of the Jrish army, to meet a reinforcement he expected ; 
 finding a ford une^pjectedly, he crossed the river, and 
 advanced on O'Nia). Instead of coming to a general 
 engagement, the Iristi genemi contrived to coiisume the 
 day in skif:mis|ung ; in the evening, a detachment which 
 he had sept i(o, oppose, the reinforcement eitpected by 
 Monro, and had been foUed, was returning, and was^ 
 tor some tinie jtiist^ken by Monro for his own men ; at 
 length alarmed at, seeing the enemy reinforced by so 
 considerable a troup^ he prepftfed to retreat, «nd in the 
 same moment was furiously ftttaicked by the Irish : nn 
 English regiment commanded by lofdBIaney kept iteir 
 ground until tie and most of his men were cut to pieces ; 
 the Scottish cavalry which Was soon broken, threw 
 the infantry into disorder, and a general rout fbtiowed. 
 More than three thoiisaqd of the British forces fell in 
 the field-: the Irish lost only seventy; Monro fled, wais vi- 
 gorously-pursued, and Ulster was on t^ie point of b^ing 
 entirely reduced by O'Nial, when he was suddenly called 
 into Leinster by the nuncio, to oppose the peace : he 
 instantly mareliied with 10,000 men, the victory of Ben- 
 burb having increa(sed bis forces to thiat number. 
 
 Encouraged by thfr prospect of this powerful support, 
 the adherents of the nuncio openly opposed the peace in 
 Limerick, and Waterford ; the comt^issioners and all 
 who were instrumental in the treaty were excommunL 
 cated ; in these circumstances the jiupreme coundl 
 earnestly pressed Ormond to repair to Kilkenny, to as^- 
 sist them in maintaining the peace against the violence 
 of the nuncio, and to . concert, measures for checking 
 the progress of iord Inchiquin, who at the head of the 
 parliamentarians overran the southern province, in de- 
 fiance of the proclamation of peace. Ormond accepted 
 
 -.^Q-.^.:.--. . .- ■.^■^.Ij^ 
 
252 HISTORY OF 
 
 this inTitatloni and attended by 1500 foot; and 500 
 hone, the marquis of Clanricarde, and lord Digby, re- 
 paired to Kilkenny ; he was received with every demon- 
 stration of joy, but he soon learned that the nuncio had 
 at length seduced Preston from the supreme council, 
 and that this general and O'Nial were concerting mea> 
 sures for cutting off his retreat ; there was now no time 
 for expostulation, and Ormond with some difficulty re- 
 gained the capital, where he prepared against a siege 
 with little prospect of success from his present re- 
 sources. 
 
 To those, on whom the whole power of the Roman 
 catholics had now devolved, he could not submit, and at 
 length sought relief from the parliament at London ; he 
 required an immediate reinforcement SOOO foot, and 500 
 horse, three month's pay for the army thus augmented, 
 security for the persons and estates of his adherents, of all 
 unoffending Roman catholics, and all such rebels as should 
 by the lieutenant and council, with the consent of the 
 English parliament be admitted as adherents to the king's 
 protestant. subjects ; on these conditions he engaged te 
 carry on the war as he should be directed by the En- 
 glish parliament. It was also intimated by his agents, 
 that rather than the supplfes should .not be sent, the 
 lieutenant and council would, with the king's permission, 
 resign their patents, provided that their persons and 
 estates were secured, and that they were indemnified 
 from their public engagements ; tlie latter overture only 
 was accepted : commissioners were named to treat with 
 Ormond for the surrender of his government and garri- 
 sons, and in the mean time £000 foot, and 300 horse, 
 were ordere,d for the immediate^relief of Dublin. 
 
IRELAND. 253 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Why did Ihe English parUament send supplies to the Scottish 
 troops ? Who was sent t« reduce Sligo ? Who was directed by the 
 confederates to assist in the recovery of Sligo ? What became of 
 the archbishop of Tuana ? What was found in his baggage? 
 What use was made of it? How did the king act ? What nutde 
 Glamorgan sign the treaty with the nuncio ? What was the addi- 
 tional article ? With whom was the treaty deposited ? On what 
 terms ? What orders did Ormond give ? Why did not Glamorgan 
 employ the confederate troops ? What observation did the confUe- 
 rates make to Ormond ? What did they require of him ? What was 
 Ormond's reply ? What induced the confederates to comply with his 
 demands ? What caused delay ? Who was appointed governor by 
 the parliament ? Why did the nuncio apply to Owen ONial ? What 
 was his reception ? When did the Ulster troops march ? Who en> 
 eountered them? With what success? Why was O'Nial summoned 
 by the nuncio f Why did the supreme council invite Ormond to 
 join them ? Who accompanied him to Kilkenny ? What caused him 
 to return precipitately ? Why did Ormond apply to the English 
 parliament? What did he demand ? What w&s granted? 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Triumph of the nuncio — Dublin besieged — Parliamentart/ 
 troops arrive — Ormond treats with the parliament'-^ 
 Transactions in Munster. 
 
 RiNUNCciNi now entered Kilkenny in triumph.— In a 
 moment the power of the confederates and their council 
 was at an end ; all affairs civil and ecclesiastical were re- 
 signed to the direction of the nuncio^ who ordered the 
 members of the supreme council into custody, and Pres- 
 ton executed his commands — Glamorgan resigned him- 
 self entirely to this Italian prelate, who promised to 
 make him lord lieutenant, when Ormond should be 
 driven from Dublin ; an event oa which he reckoned 
 
 ^i^^^^i^n^ 
 
S54 HISTORY OF 
 
 with so much certainty, that he wrote to Rome for in- 
 structions about adjusting the ceremonial between the 
 papal minister and the new chief governor. The nun- 
 cio now prepared to reduce the capital ; he chiefly relied 
 on, and reposed all confidence in O'Nial and his troops, 
 who were looked upon by the Qther Roman catholics 
 and the protestanta with nearly equal dread and horror. 
 This partia,lity eacouragcd lord Digby'to Attempt an ac- 
 commodation between Ormond and Preston, and to de- 
 tach the latter from the nuncio. This failed, and 
 Preston and O'Nial marched towards Dublin with 16000 
 foot and 1600 horse. 
 
 Proceeding with due forinality, they sent Uieir propo- 
 sitions to Ormond ; but these were such, that distressed 
 as he was, he refused to answer them. The agent? of 
 the parliament residing in Ulster refused him any suc- 
 cour except he resigned Drogheda into their hands; 
 The Scots were so weakened by detachments sent home, 
 and by the defeat at Benburb, that they could send him 
 no assistance. He wished to remove his wife and chil- 
 dren to the Isle of Man, but a ship was refused, except 
 to take them to some port in the power of the parliament: 
 rather than qxcept this offer, he determined that they 
 should share his danger, and relying on the winter as 
 the. last hope of dispersing the besiegers, prepared for 
 the worst. 
 
 The besiegers took up their positions, but the jea- 
 lousies a,nd animosities of the leaders interfered with all 
 their oper^ti^ns. The officers of each adopted the feel- 
 ing of ,th#ii* leaders ; those of Leinster expressed con. 
 tempt and MoTor Pf t^e^ northerns, who in return insult- 
 ed the otherf with the appellation of Englishmen Thus 
 
 were the two armies ready to draw their swords against 
 each other. This gave Dighy and Clanricarde another 
 opportuiiity of preventing the necessity of a submission 
 to the parlianaent, whom they as well as Ormond, heartily 
 
IRELAND. ^55 
 
 disliked : but the marquis bad little expectation from the 
 i#su0 of the treaty now commencred. The nuncio object- 
 ed to the propositions made by Cl&nricarde as in. 
 sufficient. They were warmly supported by the nnodc- 
 rate part of the confederates. In the midst of their de- 
 bates, intelligence arrived that the forces of the English 
 parliament were landed in Dublin : all started from the 
 council; O'Nial decamped in the night; the sapreme 
 council repaired to Kilkenny, and were followed by the 
 nuncio; while Preston continued the negociation with 
 Clanricarde ; promising on security for the conditioHS 
 he proposed, to observe the late peace, to obey the king 
 and unite with Ormond against all his enemies. 
 
 The marquis had now to treat with the commissioners 
 of the parliament: they concluded that he must pur- 
 chase his supplies on any terms ; but as he found him- 
 self free from the difficulties n hich hud lately threatened 
 him with immediate danger, he objected to the indefinite 
 terms in which they expressed their proposals, and de. 
 clared it necessary to retain tiie charge entrusted to him. 
 They proposed that their soldiers should be distributed 
 into garrisons^ until the king's pleasure should be known, 
 and their instructions from parliament enlarged ; these 
 propositions were rejected ; the troops were' re-embarked, 
 and conveyed to Ulster, where the Scots with difficulty 
 consented to receive them. 
 
 Clanricarde at length succeeded in effecting an accom • 
 modation between Ormond and Preston : the latter 
 undertook to act under the marquis, and by his orders 
 marched on Kilkenny, where he was soon to be joined 
 by the lord lieutenant and his forces. When Preston 
 had begun his march, some agents of the nuncio sudden- 
 ly appeared, commanded him to stop and disperse his 
 troops, and, in case of disobedience, denounced sen- 
 ence of excommunication against him and all his follow- 
 
 y 2 
 
 uiiaadiiMMMIi^MHatlil 
 
256 HISTORY OF 
 
 ers. The threat succeeded, and Preaton joined the 
 nuncio, and abandoned his newly formed alliance. Or. 
 mond was on his march to Kilkenny, when Clanricarde, 
 who accompanied him, received a letter from Preston 
 communicating his defection, and advising that Ormond 
 should advance no farther, but wait the issue of a gene- 
 ral assembly at Kilkenny. In three days Preston pub- 
 lished a formal renunciation of his treaty, on pretence that 
 the articles were not performed on the part of govern- 
 ment. From the propositions, however, of this assem- 
 bly, Ormond found it in vain to expect any succours; 
 with which he could support the cause of Charles, with- 
 out making sacrifices, which he deemed incompatible 
 with the safety of his protectant subjects ; he determin- 
 ed, therefore, to deposit the rights of the crown with 
 the English parliament. The privy council concurred 
 in this measure and it was approved by a parliament held 
 in Dublin. He wrote to the commissioners of the par- 
 liament, offering to resign his government to them on 
 their own terms. 
 
 A j^ To avert this decisive step, the confederates 
 renewed their overtures. On one side they were 
 pressed by lord Inchiquin, who at the head of 
 5000 foot, 1500 horse and some reinforcements lately 
 sent to him by the parliament, had taken several places 
 from them, and threatened Waterford with a siege* 
 On the other side, they entertained no slight apprehen- 
 sions from O'Nial and his followers, who looked on the 
 other Roman catholics as intruders, and claimed the 
 whole island' as the property of the old Irish ; still the 
 influence of the nuncio and the clergy, who were go- 
 verned by him, prevailed: and Ormond rejected their 
 overtures again. 
 
 The lord lieutenant now concluded his treaty with 
 the parliament. His second son, lord Richard Butler, 
 afterwards earl of Arron, the earl of Roscommon, colo- 
 
IRELAND. 2.57 
 
 nel Chichester, and sir James Ware, were sent to Enfl;- 
 land as hostages for the fulfilment of his engagements. 
 Troops marched from Ulster to DubUn, and reinforce- 
 ments sent from England were admitted into the city. 
 Ormond engaged to deliver up Dublin, anddll the king's 
 garrisons, together with the sword of state, on the 21th 
 of July, or sooner, on receiving four days notice. On 
 the o\ther side it was promised, that protestants should 
 be protected ; that all who chose might attend the mar- 
 quis out of Ireland: that popish recusants, who had not 
 engaged in the rebellion, might rest secure in the favour 
 of parliament ; and to secure to Ormond the sum of 
 14,000/. which they acknowledged he had expended in 
 the king's service. The treaty was signed on the J9tli 
 of Juns. 
 
 No sooner was the treaty signed, than the connais- 
 sioners forbad the use of the liturgy, for which they sub- 
 stituted the directory. On the 16th of July, Ormond was 
 summoned to remove from the castle and deliver tlie re- 
 galia in four days. He resigned the castle to their own 
 guards, but was allowed to defer giving up the sword 
 until the day named in the treaty. The conffederates 
 dreaded the turbulence of the nuncio, and that O'Nral 
 would make some desperate attempt on the departure of 
 Ormond. Some of tlie most eminent of them, in a pri- 
 vate conference with Digby, requested that the marqi^is 
 should continue some time longer in Ireland : but on 
 the day appointed he embarked, and landed at Bristol. 
 ~ The anarchy and confusion which now prevailed ia Ire- 
 land, were scarcely less than what the kingdom had ever 
 before experienced. Colonel Michael Jones was appoint- 
 ed governor of the capital by the parliament, and com- 
 mander of their forces in Leinster. His soldiers plundered 
 th« inhaL.itants with impunity, for it was not m the power 
 
 of Jones to preserve discipline among men wliose necessi- 
 
 y3 
 
 - -^^^jLj^jgUl^,^ jjj- .^^...-^^ .-. ---... T^' I 'il I "-I^BMil 
 
268 HISTORY OF 
 
 ties he could not supply. Three different armies of 
 Roman catholics were stationed in different quarters.— 
 Owen O'Nial and his followers were enemies equally to 
 the king and the English parliament, professing obedi- 
 ence only to the pope and his nuncio. Preston and his 
 army wished for the return of Ormond, and were de- 
 cidedly opposed to the parliament. The Scots in Ul- 
 ster, were offended at the late proceedings in England, 
 and averse to the present government. In Munster, 
 lord Inchiquin, mortified by some attempts to remove 
 him from his command, was disposed to abandon the 
 parliament on the same principle he had deserted the 
 king. 
 
 Lord Digby, who still remained in Dublin, lost no 
 opportunity in practising against the parliamentarians, 
 and effecting the return of Ormond. — His chief reliance 
 was on the armies of Leinster and Munster, and with 
 their leaders he formed his plans. The Munster army 
 was commanded by lord Taafe, the Leinster, consisting 
 of 7000 foot and 1000horse,.by Preston ; with this force 
 he advanced into the Elnglish quarters, reduced Naas, 
 and repelled Jones in two skirmishes. On Preston's in- 
 vesting Trim,^ Jones marched out of Dublin ; when 
 Preston, by the advice of Digby, attempted to surprize 
 Dublin by a forced march, he was pursued by Jones, 
 and at Dungan hill the armies came to an engagement. 
 The numbers on each side were nearly equal, for Jones 
 bad been lately reinforced by some troops from Ulster. 
 The English gained a decided victory ; Jones became 
 roaster of the enemy's arms, cannon, baggage, and 
 a number of prisoners ; Preston fled to Carlow with his 
 hoi'se, and there collected the remains of his infantry. 
 As the nuncio and his party were apprehensive, that 
 Preston would, if he became master of it, give up Dub- 
 lin to Ormond; they were not displeased at his defeat. 
 
IRELAND. 259 
 
 They recalled O'-Nial from some petty hostilities he car- 
 ried on in Connaught, and entrusted him with the de- 
 fence of Leinster ; Preston was ordered by the supreme 
 council to resign the greater part of his remaining forces 
 to his rival. O'Nial extended his depredations to the 
 walls of Dublin, but cautiously avoided coming to a ge- 
 neral engagement. 
 
 In the south, Inchiquin acted with vigour both to 
 obtain supplies, and to allay the suspicions of the par- 
 liament. The army commanded by Taafe, being now 
 of great consequence, he did not like to risk it in a ge- 
 ral battle. Inchiquin took the castle of Cahir, and 
 marched to Cashel without opposition ; the inhabitants 
 fled to Uieir cathedral, seated on a rock, well fortified 
 and furnished with a strong garrison. Inchiquin pro- 
 posed to leave them unmolested, on condition of their 
 advancing him three thosand pounds and a month's pay 
 for his army ; this ofier was rejected ; the place was 
 then stormed, and taken with considerable slaughter of 
 both citizens and soldiers ; aniong the slain were twenty 
 ecclesiastics. Inchiquin became master of a valuable 
 booty ; but still unprovided for keeping the field, on. 
 the approach of winter he dispersed his army into gar- 
 risons. The nuncio now inssited on the necessity or 
 avenging the fall of the clergy at Cashel ; he imputed 
 the inactivity of Taafe to treachery, and ascribed to him 
 all the calamities of the Roman catholic cause ; he was 
 joined by his whole party, and lord Taafe was obliged to 
 takethefieldinNovember — Inchiquin collected his forces. 
 The armies met at Knocknoness : Taafe was defeated 
 with the loss of 3000 of his best troops. Inchiquin got 
 possession of six thousand arms, and all the enemy's 
 baggage and artillery. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 - liiiliiMIIMllM^l— II nf III I . . . ., . .Z '■ t .v-j^— :»»:■■ ■ ■ I. iiiiiimi 
 
?60 HISTORY OF 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Wlio did the nuncio order into custody ? Wliy did he write t« 
 Rome ? On whom did he depend ? Why did lord Digby attempt 
 an acrommodatiun between Ormond and Preston ? Who marched to 
 attack Dublin ? Did Ormond reject their proposals ? Why would 
 not the parliamentary agents support him ? What did he apply for ? 
 Was he refused? On what grounds did lord Digby renew his at- 
 tempt of accommodation ? What intelligence dispersed the l)esiegers ? 
 Why, did, not Ormond accept the supplies? When were the troops 
 received ? What did Preston undertake to do ? What prevented 
 him ? Wliat did he publish ? What was Ormond at length forced 
 to do ? Why did the confederates renew their overtures ? Who 
 were sent to England as hostages ? On what terms did Ormond re- 
 sign the government ? What was the first order of the commisUoners ? 
 What did the confederates request ? What enemies bad the parlia- 
 ment In Ireland ? What did lord Digby try to effect ? ' On whom 
 did he rely ? Where did Preston engage Jones ? Who conquered ? 
 Where did Preston retreat to ? Why did his defeat please the nun- 
 cio ? To whom was Preston ordered to resign his command ? Why 
 did not Taafe oppose ihe progress of Inchiquin ? What posts were 
 taken by Inchiquin ? What proposal did he make to the inhabitants 
 of Cashel? What induced lord Taafc to give battle to Inchiquin? 
 Where did they engage and what was the issue ? 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Fyoceedings of the general assembly. — Nuncio Jlies to 
 ^ (XNial — Ormond rHurns. 
 
 A CONSIDERABLE number of the confederates were 
 determined by these disasters to abandon the counsels of 
 the nuncio, and make another effort for peace. It was 
 first necessary to secure a majority in the general assem> 
 bly now summoned to Kilkenny. To counteract their 
 designs, Rinunccini prevailed on the supreme council to 
 
IRELAND. 261 
 
 issue writs to eleven persons whom he had recommended 
 to Rome to be made bishops. Ir was contended in vain 
 by the lawyers that they could not sit until they were 
 consecrated. The nuncio bore down all opposition. 
 Ulster had' usually sent sixty-three members to the ge> 
 neral assembly ; nine only attended now» The nuncio 
 contended that these nine should have sixty- three votes. 
 This proposition was, however, rejected, and the assem- 
 bly almost unanimously declared for peace : they resolv- 
 ed to send agents to France, to the queen of England, 
 and the prince, who had long before retired to that king, 
 dom, the only persons with whom they could open a treaty. 
 It was also resolved, at the instance of the nuncio, to 
 send agents to Rome and Madrid. These agents, 
 were all publicly instructed to insist on those terms 
 .which were so often rejected by Ormond. But Mus- 
 kerry and Browne who were to wait on the queen, pri- 
 vately agreed not to press those articles which would 
 ensure the rejection of their overture. 
 
 The marquis of Ormond had, on leaving Ireland, been 
 permitted to wait on the king at Hampton Court : be 
 was graciously received by Charles, and consulted with 
 confidence. On learning that a warrant had issued for 
 his apprehension, he retired to France, and on the arri- 
 val of the Irish agents, assisted the queen in her negoci- 
 ations with them. 
 
 . j^ Mean time the confederates saw the necessity of 
 coming to an understanding with some of their 
 enemies, to enable them to oppose the parliamen- 
 tarians. The nuncio recommended a truce, either with 
 the Scots of Ulster or with lord Inchiquin — The latter 
 was prepared to meet their wishes : he had shewn some 
 symptoms of disaffection to the parliament, and though 
 he still acted against the confederates, he held a secret 
 correspondence with Ormond. Lord Broghill, his se- 
 
262 HISTORY, OF 
 
 cond in comtnatid, had conceived 8tfme diiipleasure 
 against this nobleiflan. Ormond effected a reconciliation 
 between them> and engaged Broghill in their design. 
 An emissary was dispatctxcd to the confederates to treat 
 about a cessation. Taafe and Preston bound themselves 
 to support the king's rights, and, obey his lieutenant; 
 Inchiquin entered into the same .engagement. Tlie Scots 
 of Ulster gave assurances of uniting with Ormond, not 
 only against O'Nial, but against the parliament. Some 
 ofBcers of Inchiquin's having ^liscovered his design, he 
 was obliged to avow his return to liis allegiance, before 
 measures were sufficiently advanced; and particularly 
 before the cessation with the Irish was concluded. As 
 the nuncio perceived that all his views would be destroy- 
 ed by the union about to be formed, he and some of 
 the clergy protested against the cessation- It was, how- 
 ver, at length resolved on by the supreme council, with a 
 clause of mutual assistance, against all who should op- 
 pose it by hostilities. 
 
 Ainuncini now fled from Kilkenny to O'Nial, and 
 pressed him to march against the betrayers of tht church. 
 He next excommunicated ail who favoured tne cessation ; 
 in this, however, he was supported by very few of the 
 clergy, and it was not attended with the same effects 
 as his former censures. — Still he influenced a strong 
 party, many of whom acted on private views also, 
 and war was. declared by O'Nial against the supreme 
 council. Finding himself in a little time unable to cope 
 with the forces of Preston, Inchiquin, and Taafe, he made 
 overtures to Jones, who readily consented to an accom- 
 modation, and allowed him to march through Leinster 
 to attack their common enemy. He formed a design of 
 surprizing Kilkenny and seizing the supreme councd ; 
 his design, however, was discovered and defeated! by 
 Inchiquin.— A general assembly now met at Kilkenny, 
 
IRELAND. 263 
 
 declared O'Nial a traitor, and bj their president request- 
 ed Rinunccini to quit the kingdom. 
 
 A£Pairs were in this state when the marquis of Ormond 
 arrived at Cork. He was received with all the respect 
 due to a chief govenor ; his obect was to unite all roya. 
 lists protestants and catholics, the only means now left 
 of rescuing Charles from impending ruin. It was in the 
 first place necessary to conciliate the munster army com- 
 manded by Inchiquin. Having been disappointed by 
 France, he had brought no supplies, and bad recourse f 
 promises, which for the present satisfied the soldiers.-— 
 He was in the next place to treat with the assembly at 
 Kilkenny. His commission as lord lieutenant still sub- 
 sisted, but that for concluding a peace had determined 
 on the treaty made in 1646. The queen and prince had 
 given him power to treat, but in such a transaction he 
 required immediate instructions from the king. Charles, 
 among his other concessions to the parliament commis- 
 sioners, had just agreed that an act should pass, rescind- 
 ing all treaties made with the Irish, and authorising the 
 houses to prosecute the war m Ireland. He instantly 
 informed Ormond of this, but desired him to take no no- 
 tice of his public commands, during his present state of 
 restraint, but to obey those of the queen. He had 
 therefore now an additional authority to satisfy those 
 who might object to the insufficiency of his powers from 
 the queen and prince. — Negociations were accordingly 
 commence'd ; and, after some interruptions from a muti- 
 nous spirit among Inchiquin's army, and several protract-^ 
 ed discussions on different articles, were still pending, 
 when the remonstrance of the army to the parliament of 
 England, requiring that the king should Be brought to 
 justice, was received by lord Inchiquin and sent to Kil- 
 kenny ; this silenred all objection^ in the protestant ar- 
 my ; the confederates, alarmed at the king's danger and 
 
864< HISTORY OF 
 
 their own, acceded to the terms proposed by Ormond ; 
 the treaty was concluded, and peace proclaimed ; the 
 Romish clergy expressed their satisfaction, and by 
 declarations, and circular letters recommended the strict 
 observance of the peace. 
 
 In civil affairs, the articles were generally copied 
 from those of the year forty .six ; in religion, the marquis 
 conceded some points he had hitherto refused-i^all the 
 penal statutes were to be repealed, and the Roman catho- 
 lics left to the free and secure exercise of their religion ; 
 they were not expressly allowed their ecclesiastical ju- 
 risdiction, nor the grants of churches, and church 
 livings, nor were they expressly restrained in those 
 points; they were secured in the possession of such 
 churches as they then held, until the king's pleasure 
 should be freely and authentically declared. The marquis 
 also consented to divest himself of the full power of his 
 qfBce, and to hold it in common with twelve persons 
 called commissioners of trust ; without the approbation 
 of a majority of these commissioners, he could neither 
 levy soldiers, raise money, nor erect garrisons. 
 
 Before intelligence of this treaty reached London, 
 
 the English commons had put a period to the contest 
 
 between them and Charles, by beheading their king. 
 
 Ormond immediately proclaimed the prince of Wales 
 
 . p. king, and caused the same proclamation to be 
 
 made in all places subject to his authority ; he 
 
 was confirmed in his government by the new 
 
 king, and endeavoured to reconcile if possible, some 
 
 of the many enemies by whom he was surrounded. 
 
 He first applied to O'Nial who still declared for the nuncio 
 
 against the royalists, but he consented to a treaty; it was 
 
 however broken off by the commissioners of trust, who 
 
 hated and dreaded him : he next applied to Coote, who 
 
 held Derry for the parliament ;_ he returned vague and 
 
IRELAND. 2q5 
 
 general professions ; in the last place he attempted to 
 practise with Jones, but he declared his firm resohition 
 of adhering to his principles and party — on the other 
 nand the British forces in Ulster declared for the king, 
 and blocked up sir Charles Coote in Derry. 
 
 Ormond's difficulties, hovrever, did not arise solely from 
 the opposition of his enemies; the want of money and 
 necessaries to enable him to bring an army into the field, 
 was what pressed on him most severely, the commission- 
 ers of trust taking little care to provide magazines or 
 money. Prince Rupert had arrived on the soutbera 
 coast with the fleet, and from him the marquis expected 
 some assistance ; in this too he was disappointed. Rupert 
 endeavoured to raise a party for the king, in opposition 
 to Ormond ; he refused to block up' the harbour of 
 Dublin, which the marquis intended to invest ; refused 
 to aid the blockade of Derry, or pay Ormond the money 
 which the king had ordered him to give his lieutenant 
 for the public service. Ormond now earnestly pressed 
 the king to come into Ireland, and he, prepared to com. 
 ply with this request ; but so much time was wasted on 
 the tontinent that Ormond was obliged to take the fields 
 depending on his own resources— his chief object was 
 to reduce Dublin. After some minor operations, in 
 which the royalists were successful, the' unable to take 
 advantage of their successes, Ormond with 7000in&ntry, 
 and 4000 horse, formed the blockade of Dublin. Lord 
 Dillon, with 2500 men, took up a position on the north 
 side of the city; Ormond, with the remainder of the army, 
 encamped at Rathmines. Coote had now, with the assis- 
 tance of O'Nial, rescued himself from his dangerous 
 situation in Derry ; Jones received a strong reinforce- 
 ment, a considerable quantity of money, and various 
 
 necessaries— by the ships which brought these succo urs, 
 
 z 
 
 — -^::^^.a.:,^,A.«B.,i^-.. ..J ■ ._^J5^.^..^.,- ■-•-■^^J^^i^^M 
 
266 MISTORV OF 
 
 Ormond received intelligence, that Dublin was coa- 
 sidered to be nov^ sufRciently secure ; that CrornvreU 
 lay at Dristol with a large army, and that he intended 
 to land in Munster. — As many in this province were de- 
 voted to the ruling power in England, and the royal 
 garrisons were weak, it was resolved that Inchiquin 
 should march to the so(*th with three regiments of horse ; 
 it was at the same time determined to continue the 
 blockade, but as their diminished numbers required 
 greater caution, it was the opinion of a council of war 
 that the marquis should retire to a more secure positron 
 than his present ; this however was opposed by many, 
 who objected to a movement which bad the appearance 
 of ft retreat. They observed that by gaining the castle 
 of Bag got-rath, which might be fortified in one night, the 
 enemy's horse would be cut off from forage, and the be- 
 siegers works could be advanced with security to the river, 
 so as to cut off the garrison from farther succours — this 
 plan was adopted. At the close of day an officer 
 named Purcel, was detached with 1500 men to secure 
 the castle, but the night was consumed in traversing 
 the country, before he reached the castle and began his 
 works: iu the morning it was discovered that the garrison 
 had advanced some parties : a general engagement was 
 brought on, in which Ormond was defeated, with the loss 
 1500 privates and £K)0 officers made prisoners, and 600 
 tlain, many after they had accepted quarter, and laid 
 down their arms ; together with his arms and ord- 
 nance. 
 
 On the 15th of August, Cromwell landed .in Dublin 
 with 8000 foot, 4000 horse, 20,000/. in money, a train 
 of artillery, and all other necessaries of war. 
 
IRELAND. ^67 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What eSeet had these disasters on some of the confederates? What 
 means did the nuncio take to prevent a majarkjr against him in the 
 general aasembly ? What resolutions were adqited by the assembly ? 
 What were the public instructions given to die agents sent to the 
 queen ? What the private ? Where did the marquis of Ormond 
 go on leaving Ireland ? How did the confederates oppose the par« 
 iiamentarians ? Whom did Ormond engage to second his design ? 
 Which of the confederate generals bound tfiemselves to support the 
 king? What assurances -did the Scots of tJlster give? What 
 obliged Inchiquin to declare himself sooner than be intended ? How 
 did the marquis act? To whom did O'Nial make overtures? What 
 resoladen did the general assembly come to with respect to O'Nial ? 
 What did Ormond proceed to do on his return ? To what act had 
 Charles publicly consented ? What private instructions did Ormond 
 receive from the king ? What made ail parties agree to the treaty ? 
 What concessions did Ormond laska to. the Roman Catholics ? 
 What occurred in England to end the contest ? How did prmond 
 act on the death of Charles the first ? Who confirmed iiiin io hli 
 government ? Whom did he try to conciliate ? How wa$ his treaty 
 Mith O'Nial broken off? Who blocked up sir Charles Coote in Der- 
 ry ? From whom did Onnond expect assistance ? Wliat was re* 
 fused ? What did Ormond want the king to do ? What was Or< 
 mond's chief object ? How did he attempt it ? What intelligencs 
 did he receive ? What castle did he attempt to take ? How was an 
 engagement brought on prematurely ? What was the result ? 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Military operations — Marquis of Antrim attempts io se- 
 duce Ormond' s soldiers — Protestants ofMumter declare 
 Jor Cromwell — Ormond retires — General submission- 
 Division of forfeited lands. 
 
 Cromwell having regulated all civil and military af- 
 fairs ip Dublin, prepared to reduce Drogheda. Ormond 
 foreseeing that this town would be his first inject, had 
 repaired the fortifications, and strengthened the gar. 
 
 z 2 
 
268 HISTORY OF 
 
 rison, expecting that the numbers of the enemy nrould 
 be diminished by the severities of a seige ; but Crom- 
 well, rejecting the slow operation of regular approaches, 
 assaulted the town three times ; he was repulsed twice ; 
 placing himself at the head of the troops the third time, he 
 carried the town : quarter was promised to all who should 
 lay down their arms ; this promise was observed till all 
 resistance was over. The garrison was then put to the 
 swurJ,with the exception of thirty, who were transported 
 as slaves toBarbadoes. The object of this barbarous policy 
 was to deter other garrisons from resisting the arms of 
 the regicide. Trim, Dundalk, Carlingford, Lisburne, 
 Belfast, and Colerain were speedily subdued ; and sir 
 George Monro was driven by sir Charles Coote front 
 the counties of Down and Antrim. 
 
 Mean time Ormond, with only 1500 foot, and 700 
 horse, could attempt no enterprise of moment ; jealou- 
 sies between him and the commissioners of trust, pre- 
 vented any cordial co-operation against the common 
 enemy ; when on the approach of winter, it was neces- 
 sary to put the troops into garrisons, Wexford, Water- 
 ford, and Limerick peremptorily refused either to obey 
 orders, or to receive soldiers. Ormond now pressed the 
 king to repair to Ireland, as the only means of restoring 
 his cause in that kingdom ; Charles consented, and ships 
 were prepared to convoy him from Jersey, but he listened 
 to other councils, and accepted the proposals of the 
 Scottish commissioners. 
 
 Notwithstanding the advanced season of the year, 
 Cromwell did not suspend his operations ; with 9000 
 men he marched towards Wexford : hitherto the inhabi- 
 tants had neglected all means of defence, and at first 
 proposed to open their gates to the enemy. At length 
 Ormond succeeded in persuading them to receive suc- 
 cours ; 2000 men were thrown into the town, and Or- 
 
IRELAND. 269 
 
 nond marchfid to Roes there to umtai the event. The go- 
 vernor of the cMBtie betrayed it to Cromwell on the fir«t 
 fire; iJie citizen*, oo finding tlieir ovrn guns turned on the 
 town, i>egan a treaty with the enemy, but the soldiers 
 deserting the walls, the enemy rushed in and the gar* 
 rison experienced the fate of their fellow sufferers ii» 
 Drogheda. Cromwell proceeded to besiege Ross, which 
 soon surrendered ; Ireton invested Duncanon which 
 wan bravely defended by the governor, Wogan. Lord 
 Inchiquin attempted to intercept a reinforcement sent 
 from Dublin to Cromwell, but he failed. Ormond had 
 concluded a treaty with O'Nial, who soon after died; 
 on being joined by some of Owen's troops, the marquis 
 prepared to dispute with Cromwell t^e passage of the 
 Barrow ; finding that he was too late to oppose this pas- 
 sage, he retired to Kilkenny before the superior aum- 
 bers of the enemy ; being joined there by the remainder 
 of O'Niar^ army, he again advanced to give battle tp 
 Cromwell, who had marched to within five miles of the 
 city : but this general had suddenly passed the Suir, and 
 was marching against Waterford ; this city had hitherto 
 rejected the assurance of lord Castlehaven, who had 
 been sent with some troops to provide for its security. 
 While Inchiquin was detached to recover Carrick, which 
 Cromwell had surprised, Ormond moved towards Wa- 
 terford; the citizens at length accepted of 1500 of the 
 Ulster troops ; Ormond then r^ired to Clonmel, where 
 he joined the detachment undec Inchiquin, which bad 
 failed in its attempt on Carrick. Finding it necessary to 
 throw additional troops into Waterford, he again march- 
 ed to that city ; discovering that the enemy were pw. 
 paring to raise the siege in confusioa, he proposed to 
 fall on their rear, but the citizens of Waterfor-d refused 
 to supply boats for ferrying Jtis troops over the river, un- 
 til the opportunity^ .of destroying the^eoefny was lost* 
 
 z8 
 
 ^itaa3M.,..^-_-;..^>:.j^U.........,^..t^ifeL>.-i^a^^:.^^ 
 
270 HISTORY OF 
 
 Fresh disappointments awaited the marquis on his re- 
 turn to Clonmel. The marquis of Antrim, who had 
 been one of the agents sent by the supreme council to 
 the queen, and once expected to be ma^e lord lieutenant 
 of Ireland, was detected in tampering with Ormond's 
 troops. Cromwell, before his departure from London, 
 had engaged lord Broghill to disavow the cause of Char, 
 les. This nobleman now arrived in the south, and at 
 his instance, the Munster protestants abandoned the 
 confederates and declared for Cromwell. Thus this 
 general found repose in the chief garrisons of Munster 
 for his harrassed troops, without the necessity of making 
 a difficult march to Dublin. 
 
 It was necessary that the troops of Ormood should 
 now receive some respite; but except Kilkenny and 
 Clonmel, no city would receive them ; they were there- 
 fore dismissed by Ormond to provide for themselves in 
 the best manner they , could. In the mean time, the 
 parliamentarians bad made themselves masters of the 
 iihole northern province, except Claremont and En- 
 niskillen. Distrust and jealousy occupied the place 
 of union and concord among the royalists. Ormond 
 requested the king's permission to withdraw from this 
 scene of disorder ; Clmrles consented, whenever it be- 
 came unavoidable : but as his treaty with the Scots was 
 to produce a diversion in England which might have an 
 influence on his Irish interests, Ormond remained. 
 Cromwell resumed his operatioBS, and subdued Kilken- 
 ny and Clonmel in succession : each of these towns 
 was gallantly defended, but receiving no succours from 
 ■without, were obliged to yield. Cromwell then resign- 
 ed the command of the army to Ireton, and returned to 
 England. 
 
 In order to prosecute the war with effect, Ormond 
 particularly wished to put Limerick in a state to 
 
■■Wirft 
 
 IRELAND. 271 
 
 sustain a siege. Accordingly he represented to the 
 citizens the necessity of receiving a strong garrison, 
 but^his proposal was rejected. Ormond seemed now to 
 have lost all authority. The Roman catholic bishops 
 held an assembly at Jamestown, in which they required 
 the marquis to withdraw from the kingdom ; they enjoin, 
 ed the people to obey no orders but those of the con- 
 gregation of clergy, until a general assembly should be 
 convened. The forces of Clanricarde, who was march- 
 ing to protect Athlone, were discharged from all obe- 
 dience to government, by a sentence of excommunica- 
 tion against all who should adhere to the lord lieutenant. 
 The commissioners of triist, the nobility, and many of 
 the clergy, pressed the congregation to support the go- 
 vernment, but with little effect ; and at length Ormond, 
 having appointed the marquis of Clanricarde lord depu- 
 ty, embarked at Galway for France. 
 
 Clanricarde accepted this office with difficulty ; he 
 doubted on what principles it was that obedience was 
 promised to his orders, and how far they were founded 
 in attachment to the king : after some negociation with 
 the assembly, and several explanations, he consented to 
 act. When Ireton learned that Ormond had quitted the 
 kingdom, he sent agents to the< general assembly to en- 
 gage them to treat with the parliamentarians. This propo- 
 sal, was, after some opposition, rejected* — ^The Roman 
 catholics then applied to the duke of Lorrain, and a ne- 
 gociation was opened for the of putting the kingdom un- 
 der the protection of that prince. This design, how- 
 ever, was abandoned by the duke after a treaty had 
 been executed, investing him with the sovereignty of 
 Ireland under the title of protector royal. 
 
 Ireton having resolved to besiege Limerick, sir Char- 
 les Coote was ordered to advance on Sligo. The Irish 
 fl-epared to relieve this town, when Coote suddenly 
 
 
272 H18T0BY OP 
 
 passiag over the Curlew mountaiiu, invested Athlone^ 
 end before Clanricarde could collect hia forces to oppose 
 jiim, the town was taken. Coote pursuing hia advan. 
 tage, marched against Galwey. The deputy, anxious to 
 preserve this important post, summoned Castlehaven to 
 his assistance, but scarcely had thia lord marched a few 
 miles, with a detachment of 4000 men, when a party, 
 which he had left to defend a pass over the Shannon, 
 fled precipitately. His whole army caught the panic 
 and dispersed. At the same time, an officer who had 
 been stationed at Killaloe abandoned his post ; Limerick 
 ■was thus exposed to the enemy on every side, and Ircton 
 commenced the siege in form. The deputy offered to 
 shut himself up in the city and share its danger, but this 
 offer was refused by the citizens, who entrusted the de- 
 fence to Hugh O'Nial, the officer who had so bravely 
 defended Clonmel : with the same bravery he now ex- , 
 erted himself, but in vaiu. The city was betrayed to 
 Ireton. Twenty four persons were 'excluded from mer- 
 cy ; O'Nial was tried and condemned, and he was with 
 difficulty saved from tiie fury of the republican. 
 
 Gal way, the only considerable post which now held 
 out, was the next object. The death of Iretoo encoura- 
 ged for some time a resistance in this city, but the ex- 
 emplary severities, practised under the commands of 
 Ludlow, en all who bad joined the Irish since the arri- 
 Tal of Cromwell, produced an universal dismay. Sub- 
 mission was offered to Ludlow in the name of the nati<m, 
 by an assemliiy held in Leinster, and another in Gal- 
 way ; but no general treaty of submission would be ad- 
 mitted. During the consternation which followed 
 this answer, Preston, the governor of Galway, fled, aod 
 the town surrendered. Clanricarde maintained a h.opele6s 
 struggle for some time longer, when he accepted con- 
 ditions from the jepublicaas. He was. allowed to retire 
 
 :iSJ 
 
"^'^^m^^ 
 
 IRELAND. ^'7$ 
 
 with 3000 men into tlie service of any prince in amity 
 with England. 
 
 J. j^ Fleetwood, son in-law to Cromt^ell, was sent 
 to Ireland by the English parliament, as com- 
 mander in chief of the forces, while this body 
 debated two acts relative to this kingdom — one for the 
 confiscation of all lands belonging to rebels ; another for 
 adjusting the claims of adventurers, and vesting them with 
 their Irish estates. Mean while, Fleetwood found the in- 
 habitants of all orders submitting to the terms which 
 had been imposed : if accused of any murders committed 
 in the beginning of the rebellion, they were to be tried ; 
 if convicted, they were to be incapablo of pardon and 
 their lands confiscated. Those who had only assisted 
 in the war, were to forfeit two thirds of their estates, 
 and to be banished. The marquis of Ormond, lord 
 Inchiquin, Bramhal, the protestant bishop of Derry, and 
 the earl of Roscommon, were especially excepted from 
 pardon of either life or estate. 
 
 Commissions'issued in the several provinces for the 
 
 erection of an higU court of justice, for trying those 
 
 accused of murder. In Connaught, lord Mayo was 
 
 condemned ; in Munster, Colonel Willi^m^agnal ; and 
 
 in the north, sir Phelim O'Nial. While Fleetwood had 
 
 the sole command of the army, Edmund Ludlow, Miles 
 
 Corbet, John Jones, and John Weaver, were united 
 
 with him in the civil government, under the title of 
 
 commissioners of parliament. These zealous asser- 
 
 tors of civil and religious liberty now proceeded to 
 
 divide Ireland according to their principles of repub- 
 
 . p. lican justice. To satisfy the arrears due to the 
 
 English army, a moiety of lands forfeited in 
 
 nine counties were assigned to the soldiers 
 
 who had served since the arrival of Cromwell ; the other 
 
274 HrSTORY OF 
 
 moiety was accepted by the adfenturers in discharge of 
 their dernands The claims of those who had served 
 against the rebels before the arrival of Cromwell, were 
 flot considered sufficiently strong to obtain any other 
 recompense than a small portion of lands in Wicklow 
 and the adjacent counties, inadequate to a fourth part 
 of their arrears. Connaught was reserved entirely for 
 the Irish, and to it they were exclusively confined. 
 After these assignments were made, the counties of Dub- 
 lin, Kildare, Carlow, and Cork remained still unapropri- 
 «ted, and were, with the lands of the bishops, deans and 
 chapters, reserved by parliament^ to be hereafter, dis- 
 posed ef at their pleasure. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What town did Cromwell first beei^e ? What preparations hmi. 
 Ormond made for its defence ? How did Cromwell attack the town ? 
 Wliat became of the garrison ? What was the object of this cruelty ? 
 What other towns yielded to the republicans ? NVhat prevented Or> 
 mond's acting against the enemy ? What occurred when he wished 
 to put the troops into garrisons ? WTiat advice did Ormond give to 
 Charles ? What occurred at the siege of Wexford ? What reinforce- 
 ments joined the marquis ? What did he attempt then ? What 
 occurred at Waterford ? What was the conduct of the marquis of 
 Antrim ? Who induced the Munster protestants to abandon the 
 confederates ? Wliat advantage did this procure to Cromwell ? Why 
 did Ormond dismiss his troops? Why did he request the king's Itiare 
 to quit Ireland ? When did Cromwell venture to England? What 
 reception did Ormond's proposal to garrison Limerick meet with ? 
 What assembly was held at Jamestown ? Whom did Ormond appoint 
 Ms depu^ on leaving Ireland ? Whirt step did Ireton take on Or» 
 mond's departure ? Wliat enabled Ireton to commence the siege of 
 Limerick? What offer did Clanricarde make to the citizens of 
 Limerick and how did they act ? What effect did Ireton 's death 
 produce ? What offers were made to Ludlow by the assemblies of 
 Leinster and Galway ? What conditions did Clanricarde make with 
 the republieaas ? Who was apptnnted commander in chief by the 
 oarliament ? What acts relative to Ireland were d£kated in the 
 £nglish parliament ? On what conditions did the Inhabitants submit ? 
 Who were condemned by the high courts of justice ? How were the 
 forfeited lands disposed of? 
 
IRELAND. 27S 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Cromwell declared protector — His death—Restoration of 
 
 Charles IL 
 
 Meantime, another revolution was going on in £ng« 
 land : Cromwell, discovering the incooveniencj of acting 
 on those republican principles on which he had raised 
 himself to power, had dissolved the parliament, and was 
 declared by a council of his officers, protector of the 
 commonwealth of England, Irelsmd, and Scotland* 
 The intelligence of this change was variously received 
 in Ireland ; by the army, who were dissatisfied with the 
 commissioners, with great satisfaction ; by Ludlow and 
 the zealous republicans, with abhorrence and indigna- 
 tion. The proposal to proclaim tlie protector, was car- 
 ried by a majority of one voice. Ludlow resigned his 
 place as commissioner, but kept his post as lieutenant- 
 general. 
 
 A T^ Cromwell sent his son Henry to Ireland to re- 
 concile men's minds to the usurpation, and to 
 prepare the way for his future government of 
 the kingdom. Henry soonjdiscovered that the commis- 
 raissioners had done little more than make orders for the 
 distribution of lands, reserving large proportions to 
 themselves. He endeavoured to reconcile Ludlow and 
 gain him to bis father's interest, but without effect. 
 
 The instrument of government required that a parlia. 
 ment should be summoned for the three nations, new 
 united in one commonwealth : thirty members were to 
 be chosen for Ireland: the commissioners were desired 
 to transmit their advice relative to the election of these 
 members. They were of opinion that an election should 
 
276 HISTORY OF 
 
 not be attempted, as persons might be chosen in somt 
 places not well affected to the English interest, and that 
 the protector should call the thirty members by wri( to 
 the parliament. Ludlow on this occasion interfered, and 
 exhorted the commissioners not to resign the form, as 
 well as the reality of liberty, and observed that the influ- 
 ence of government could procure the return of the very 
 persons desired ; Fleetwood complied, the commissioners 
 agreed on the persons to be returned, and the elections 
 were in general conformable to their wishes. 
 
 Notwithstanding this service, Cromwell put an end 
 to the authority of these commissioners, and appointed 
 Fleetwood lord deputy for three years : this change was 
 looked on by many as too near an approach to a regal 
 form of government ; the army became mutinous, and 
 Ludlow was active in inflaming the discontented. Crom- 
 well directed Fleetwood to obtain the surrender of his 
 commission. Ludlow refused to resign a commission 
 he had received from the parliament ; he promised how- 
 ever to appear before Cromwell, but it was considered 
 to be more judicious to keep him in Ireland. To diminish 
 his influence, his regiment was disbanded. 
 . j^ Henry Cromwell was again employed in Ireland, 
 first as a military officer, and then as lord deputy 
 in the room of Fleetwood ; he found the army 
 discontented and refVactory ; one party petitioned for the 
 restoration of. their former deputy, another petitioned 
 in favour of Henry, and the equitable spirit of his admi- 
 nistration soon established him so firmly in the hearts of 
 all, that they became entirely reconciled to his fathers go- 
 vernment ; addresses were transmitted from every part ^ 
 of the kingdom, declaring the resolutions of the in- 
 habitants to support the protector against all his op- 
 pontots. ' 
 
IRELAND. 277 
 
 A jj On the death of Cromwell, the same assurances 
 of support were renewed to his son Richard, 
 who continued his brother in the government of 
 Ireland, by the title of lord lieutenant ; the English 
 parliament afterwards changed this form of government, 
 entrusted it to commissioners, recalled Henry Crom- 
 well, apd made Ludlow commander of the forces. 
 
 The royalists of Ireland had conceived strong hopes 
 that the restoration of the king would follow the abdi. 
 cation of Richard Cromwell ; the majority of the En- 
 glish race, and many of the Irish, were devoted to bis 
 interests. — The Scots of UUter were so dreaded by 
 the usurpers, that the severest ordinances had beea 
 made for excluding their countrymen from Ireland, and 
 the greatest jealousy was entertained of the intentions 
 of lord Broghill; these dispositions in favour of the king 
 were encreased by the severity of the commissioners. 
 Lord Broghill, sir Charles Coote, and more than two 
 hundred officers were dismissecb from the army ; thus 
 those who before were wavering, were confirmed in 
 their determination of attempting the restoration of the 
 king. 
 
 Ludlow had been recalled, and colonel John Jones, 
 one of the late king's judges, was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the forces — a number of the royalists at length 
 assembled in Dublin, under the pretence of petitioning 
 for a general council of officers, to consider the present 
 state of affairs ; their petition was rejected, bu4 they 
 suddenly seized the castle, secured Jones, and two of his 
 colleagues, and declared for a free parliament. Sir 
 Charles Coote secured the town of Galway, changed 
 the governor, surprised Athlone, and then marched to 
 Dublin, and impeached Ludlow and the commissioners 
 'of high treason, Youghal, Clonmel, Carlow, Limerick, 
 
 and Drogheda, next fell into the hands of the royalists, 
 
 2a 
 
278 HISTORY OF 
 
 and in one week most of the considerable garrisons o£ 
 of the kingdom, declared for a free parliatn ent. 
 
 Charles was now invited to repair to Ireland, and 
 take advantage of the favourable seniiments that were 
 manifested towards him, but it was conceived to be 
 more prudent for hira to await the issue of affairs in 
 England ; as the proceedings of Monk gave rise to the 
 greatest expectations, a council of officers now assumed 
 t1i« government of trelai^d ; on a petition from the ma- 
 gistrates of Dublin, they summoned a convention of 
 estates ; the council of state in England ordered this 
 convention to be dissolved, but no attention was paid to 
 those orders — Ludlow now arrived in the port of Dub- 
 lin : the council of o/Hcers attempted to seize him, 
 but he, instead of landing, proceeded to Dancanon, 
 Jind endeavoured to inflame several commanders against 
 the proceedings in I)ub'lin. But the English parliament, 
 now under the influence of Monk, recalled him and their 
 other c6mn)issioners — sir Hardress Waller was then the 
 only dangerous opponent to the king ; he had sat as one 
 of the king's judges, and was averse from the restoration; 
 he wac, however, soon secured and sent in custody to 
 iBngland. 
 
 iTie convention and council of officers now openly 
 
 avowed their intention of restoring the king, and the 
 
 only point debated was, whether he should be restored 
 
 unconditionally, or whether they should stipulate for a 
 
 con6rmation of estates to the soldiers and adventurers ; 
 
 h was after some debate determined, to submit all 
 
 their interests implicitly to the king; a very few only 
 
 opposed the restoration. The declaration of Breda was 
 
 readily accepted. Charles was proclaimed in ftll the 
 
 great towns of Ireland with eviery manifestation of joy ; 
 
 the convention voted a present of 20,0001. to the king, 
 
 40001. to the duke of York, and 20001. to the duke of 
 
 Gloucester. 
 
IRELAND. g79 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 How was the news »f Cromwetl's t>eing prodalned prntoctor r*. 
 reived in Ireland ? Was he prodaimed in IrelaT>d ? Whom did 
 Cromwell send to Ireland ? How did tbe eomnMssioners peofosa 
 calling a parliament? Was their proposal #graed to? Who wa« 
 appointed lord deputy? For what term of rear^t? What did Lud< 
 low refuse? How was his influeoee lessened? Wko sacoeadad 
 Fleetwood ? What was tlie conduct of Henry Cvomwell ? What did 
 the English parliament do ? What bopfek did tbe Irish n^alists eater* 
 tain ? What determined them to attempt Ae restoration of tbe king ? 
 Who was appointed ta command tbe forces ? Under what prdtenae 
 did the rt^atists assemble in Dublin? What was their eoDduct? 
 Who impeaciied Ludlow? Who assumed the govemmeat ? What 
 orders were sent from England? Were they attended to ? Who was 
 seized and sent to England ? What did the eonvention opcoly avow ? 
 What was diseussad ? What was the issue ? What sum was rotad 
 io the king? What to tiie duke of York? Whitt to tbe duke of 
 C^loucester? 
 
 9BBe 
 
 RECAPITULATION* 
 
 What i««as«ha«tate of tfaarriicb after (ha baMlearKflntsh? Wbyt 
 effect did the landing of the Scots produae ? What prevented iWr 
 antirely subduing the rah^ ? When the rebdc had sem^ int^ntioos 
 of abandoning tliair entcrpriie, what oceuned to prercnt them? What 
 part did lord L^ren take in Irish affiiivs? From, what foreign ecwataf 
 did tha rebels receive assistance I What plan «f gorcmmaat did tfa^ 
 xebels form for theBaaehres ? What declaration was made by the a«* 
 sembly at Kilkenny? What act of the ^sacoobly 0u»ed d j asai m inn 
 «mong the leaders ? What wen the partias in Ii»laa4» Wo4 be^r 
 were th^ piwdiwed ? Whom did Ham ■nawians of Sag^apdrawd <P 
 Irdand, and for what purpose ? In Charles's distress whose senricea 
 did he determine to aoeapt ? By what anaans did Charles hope tp 
 jreoeiveaMtstaacefrom Irelaod? What 4id the mhcU o^i^ to «t the 
 <ir9t opening a aagaciatien with tlmm ? What nppoairion d>4 the jw- 
 ticas gira to a eessation of iioctililjes ? Vhat vas the iisw cf Pr- 
 afMmd's e^edition againat Rosa and WeiloBdf Why WW 0«e of 
 the lords justices removed, anfl why were nat bpth ? What onpun- 
 staaecprovesthcpoveityef the ku^gdom at this period? When die 
 aubjaet of a tamporary c ea sa t iop of hertiKriia was dimtawrd, whj(t 
 SKere the praiamioariea propeaed an eadiaide? Whi« pDaposal di|d 
 Ormoad vuk» is tfa^ pnry «auBctt^ rdUtiva ta tiie aimatkm? Whyt 
 
 .— ».^^ 
 
280 HISTORY OP 
 
 %Tere the propositions made at Castk Martin ? Wliat opinion (lid 
 Ormond form from the conference at Castle Martin, and how did be 
 act ? How did the king shew his anxiety tor the treaty 1 When 
 was it concluded ? How was it received ? What benefit did Charles 
 derive from this treaty ? What was the result of the conference at 
 Oxford between the king and the agents of both parties ? Why did 
 Ormond wish to resign ? By whose agency did Charles now en« 
 dcavour to eflect a peace with the confederates ? What were the tenons 
 of the private treaty made with Glamorgan ? Whose arrival inter- 
 rupted this arrangement ? What objections did the nuncio make ? 
 What terms were at Jength agreed on ? Wliat incident interrupted 
 the final adjustment of the treaty ' What steps were t^ken to disavow 
 the treaty made by Glamorgan ? When and on what conditions 
 was the treaty at length concluded ?' What was the state of the parties 
 after this treaty was published ? By. whom was the battle of Benburb 
 fouglit, and «>hu gained the victory tliere? Why was Ormond 
 requested by the supreme council to repair to Kilkenny ? Why did 
 he quit Kilkenny ? How did the nuncio act after Ormond left Kil- 
 kenny ? How did O'Nial and Preston carry on the siege of Dublin ? 
 How was the siege raised ? What negociations did Ormond now carry 
 on and what was the result ? What prevented Preston's continuing to 
 ro-operate with Ormond ? On what conditions did Ormond surrender 
 to the parliament ? What did the commissioners of parliament do as 
 soon as the treaty was signed ? What was the state of parties after 
 Ormoud's departure? What operations le^ to the battle ci Dungaa- 
 hill ? What operations led to the battle of Knocknoness ? What 
 occurred in the general assembly now convened at Kilkenny? 
 With whom did Ormond carry on a correspondence after his departure 
 from Ireland ? What vras the state of affairs when tlie marquis of 
 Ormond returned ? What did he then endeavour to accomplish ? 
 What hastened the conclusion of the peace ? What were the terms 
 of the peace, and when was it concluded ? - What part of the treaty 
 particularly obstructed Ormond's subsequent operations ? How did 
 prince Rupert act? What led to the battle of Rathmines? When 
 did Cromwell land ? Where did he commence his operations ? How 
 did he treat the garrison of Drogheda ? How did some of the towns 
 act when Ormoud wished to put his troops into winter quarters? 
 What did Ormond now propose to the king ? How did Cromwell 
 obtain possession of Wexford ? By whose means were the protestants 
 of Munster induced to declare for Cromwell ? What benefit did he 
 derive from this ? When did Cromwell return to England ? How 
 did the citizens of Limerick receive Ormond'e application ? With 
 what foreign prince did the negociation open after the departure of 
 Ormond? What occurred after the surrender of Limerick? Who 
 was made lord lieutenant by the parliament ? What parliamentary 
 proceedings took place with respect to Ireland ? What change took 
 place in the form m government in England ? When the thirty Irish 
 members were to be elected,->hDw did the commissioners propose to 
 act ? Which of Cromwell's family nude himself accept^le to the 
 Irish pec^Ie ? What was debated in the Irish convention respecting 
 he restoration of Charles ? What was voted by the conventioD to the 
 oyal family. 
 
 .-^-H 
 
IIIEL4N0. 2B\ 
 
 BOOK THE NINTH, 
 
 CHA>TEEI. 
 
 State f^ Ireland-,— King'4 dfQhrfdioth^PxfHiamentory pro- 
 xefiiagf-^Prw^edings relative tg ihf kill of utthnettt. 
 
 . Q Althouoh the restoration of Charles IL was 
 an event generally well received !a Ireland, still 
 H was to many a circumstance whick excited no 
 inconsiderable anxi^y. Some were ia:)patieni to be re- 
 stored to their old possessians, other«. to be confirmed 
 in their new acquisitions i some were solicitous fur par- 
 don, others for reward, ff ence arose various disorders^ 
 which, even before the king was proclaimed, called for 
 the interference of the convention. Some outrages were 
 represented" in England by the new English jiettlers, as 
 the commencement of another rebellion ; and this so ef- 
 fectually that before the landing of the Iting, the act of 
 Indemnity was «o prepared as to exclude ail who had ta* 
 Jcen any part in the late rebellion in Ireland ; by this 
 means the whole body of the Roman catholics was exclu- 
 ded; and when it was provided that the act«houid not 
 extend to restore tlie estates disposed of by any paHia. 
 ment or convention, it was with difficulty that an ex> 
 ception was obtained in favour of " the marquis of Or- 
 mond and other protestants." 
 
 When the Icing arrived in X>endon^ the houses uniled 
 in expressing their apprehensions of ;the violences in Irc<> 
 Jand, and the Icing issued a proclamation for prosecutixig 
 all Iri{(h rebels; and commanding tliat no persons -should 
 t>e distui'bed in their possessioas^ until legsdly evicted, 
 «r his inajesty should, whb the concurrence of parlk-* 
 
 2 A 3 
 
 V^ •—";-* 
 
 "^^^.^^ry^ 
 
282 HISTORY OF , 
 
 ment, make further provisions for the purpose. But 
 this proclamation was not sufficient to remove all doubts* 
 and the king was eagerly pressed to convene an Irish 
 parliament, by which the interests of the soldiers and 
 adventurers might be secured. It was necessary, how- 
 ever, to make many arrangements before this request 
 could be granted. The convention had requested that 
 all church property in the king's dispoiial might be 
 granted to the clergy ; and that all escheated lands now 
 exempted from ecclesiastical dues, might be made liable 
 to the same To this request Charles made no objection i 
 but all were not agreed, who were the ministers that 
 should reap the benefits of it. Many divines of the 
 pre^byterian persuasion were in possession of some 
 churches in and about Dublin, and governed themselves 
 by^ the directory. On the king's landing they had peti< 
 tioned to hAve their model of church government esta- 
 blished ; and a petition to the same effect was promoted 
 in the army of Ireland. 
 
 Against these proceedings the clergy of the establish- 
 ed church protested ; and were ably supported by Or- 
 jnond. He proposed, that instead of trusting to a new 
 parliament composed of the adventurers and soldiers of 
 Cromwell's army, the king should first fill, up the eccle. 
 siastical preferments with men of worth and learning of 
 the established church. Charles accordingly filled up 
 tlie four archbishoprics, and twelve epiitcopal sees, with 
 the most eminent of the Irish clergy. Soon afler this 
 the king published his declaration for the settlement of 
 Ireland. — By this declaration, the adventurers were con> 
 firmed in the lands possessed by them, on the 7th of 
 ^fay, 1659 ; and all their deficiencies were to be made 
 good before the ensuing mouth of May. The soldiers 
 were confirmed in the lands allotted for their pay, with 
 an exemption of church lands, of estates procured fraudu- 
 
IRELAND. 28S 
 
 lently, and of lands possessed by those who were except- 
 ed in the act of oblivion and indemnity. Officers who 
 had served before the month of June, 1649, and had not 
 yet received lands for their pay, were to be satisfied from 
 estates, houses, and other securities ; from these they 
 were to receive at once twelve and wx pence in the pound of 
 their arrears, and an equal dividend of whatever the re- 
 mainder of the security should produce. Protestants, 
 whose estates had' been given to adventurers or soldiers, 
 were to be restored, unless they had been in the rebelli- 
 on before the cessation, or had taken out decrees for 
 lands in Connaught or Clare ; the persons thus disturbed 
 were to be compensated, without being accountable for 
 the profits they had received. Roman catholics who had 
 not engaged in the rebellion, although they had taken 
 lands in Connaught, yrere to be restored to their estates, 
 and the persons thus disturbed, to be compensated; 
 those, however, whose estates lay within corporate towns 
 were to receive equivalents in the neighbourhood, and 
 not to be restored to their possessions, as it was deter- 
 mined that the corporations tshould be formed entirely 
 of English Inhabitants. Those who had served abroad 
 under the king's ensigns, and accepted no lands in Con- 
 naught, were to be restored to their old possessions, but 
 not till those who now enjoyed them should be other- 
 wise satisfied. The declaration then settled the order 
 in which restitution should be made, declared that a par- 
 liament should be convened, and that an act of general 
 pardon and oblivion should pass, with an Exception of 
 notorious murderers ; it closed with a provision, that 
 nothing contained in it should confirm any property in 
 any corporate town, either to adventurer or soldier or 
 any others ; but should remain in the king's bands to be 
 restored to such corporations as he should choose. 
 Instructions for its execution, were addressed to the 
 
 .l^*£S^ 
 
28l! HISTORY OF 
 
 time «ew lonk jxudceu, tir Maurice Eustace, lord chan* 
 oettor, Sord Broghili butdy created e^l of Orrery, and 
 sir Charlea Coote^ im»w «arl af Montrath. 
 
 With what«ver aiteatiMa Usiis de^daralioQ was drawo 
 up, it w«8 received by maay with great dissatisfaction^ 
 The officers who had served belbre the year 1649> then 
 called forty -nine men, considered tbat undue partiality 
 waa«hewa to fianfttics, and repujMtguis; they had iouigbt 
 iMwrely \rhem the war wan most violeot, tbeir attacbmefiil; 
 to royalty had rendered them particularly obnoxious 
 to %he uaurpers ; their arr-eers were still uopaid ; and 
 the securities Msigoed for their payment^ were deemed 
 hwofficient to discHiargd them. Such of tlie old inbabi- 
 tauts as pleaded their ianoceoce or merits were provoked 
 that the resdtution of their estates should be deferred^ 
 aatii repn'sals could be found ^for the present posses- 
 ciens. They objected to the cammissioQers^ as men 
 Iwuod by JBtercst and iadlQation to the soldiers and ad« 
 vesturers. Tbe Roman catholics complained that the 
 ^oalalications readered necessary were sp severe that aik 
 their party mubt be excluded from the beneiit'of resti- 
 tution; partirjalarly the making " residence in the fuiur* 
 tera of the rebels" a pr«of of guilti, a^ many had oo other 
 iplace to r««ide in.— On the other band jt was iirged, 
 that at a diataoce of, twenty years it was difficult to 
 prov« partiouljur acts of rebellion, even against the most 
 ^Ity : that their ^lace of residence was now the only 
 is«««6 of distinguishii^ J»etweea the guilty and tlie inno. 
 cent ; and that a scrjipulous adherence to this qualifica- 
 tion was nacessary. In tbe&e di^ositioos the meeting of 
 that per4iameot, which was to confirm tbge king's decla- 
 ration by a 4aw, was aaxiously eitpected. 
 ^ n PatJiameot was convened ; and, as the soldiers 
 ,and adventurers still retained .their intesests in the 
 different cor^ocatioos, aoft of the vnpf^bffi ti 
 
 
IRELAND. 286 
 
 the lower house were of their party. No Roman catho- 
 lie and few only of the more violent fanatics were re- 
 turned. Buth houses began with a declaration requiring 
 all persons to conform to the church government, and 
 liturgy established by law. The covenant and oaths of 
 association were censured. The commons then address- 
 ed the lords justices, requesting that the courts of law 
 should be for some thne shut up, to prevent the reversal 
 of outlawries, and the ejectment of soldiers and adven- 
 turers until their titles should be settled by a statute. 
 This measure was objected to in the lords as unconstitu- 
 tional, but this house joined in the request, and it was 
 granted. The commons next attempted to exclude 
 Koman catholics from the house, by imposing oaths of 
 qualification, and involving in their resolutidn an exclu- 
 sion of the regicides and their sons ; this attempt did 
 not succeed. 
 
 But the great object of parliament was the heads of a 
 bill for settling the kingdom conformably to the king's 
 declaration. In the house of commons, where the in- 
 terest of the adventurers and soldiers were predominantt 
 it was contended that the declaration should be strictly 
 observed. This was opposed by a strong part/ in the 
 house of lords ; at the head of which was the earl of Kil- 
 dare, fortified by powerful connections, and the proxy 
 of Ormond, now a duke. They contended that if the 
 declaration should b^ strictly observed, that no repri- 
 sals could be found, either for the old protestants, or 
 for the other classes. To enlarge the fund of reprisals, 
 they insisted that several of the most pestilent fanatics 
 should be, by name, excluded from all advantages of 
 the declaration. They strongly reprobated some clan- 
 destine grants which had been made to cover property ; 
 strong objections were also made to some claims of the 
 adventurers. Some weeks past io adjusting claims and 
 
 .jis£i 
 
(86 HISTOBY OF 
 
 provisos. The bill was then traostnitted to England, 
 and each house nominated agents to attend the king and 
 council there, aod to solicit the immediate passing of 
 the bill. 
 
 ^ -^ Potli the adveDturers and the Roman cx>- 
 thoUcA DOW sent agents to London to watch over 
 their separate interests. Tbe former raised a 
 considerable sum of money to be distributed among 
 those who could support their claims. The Irish bad no 
 money — rejecting the patronage of Ormond, wlio ad- 
 vised an humble submission to the king's mercy, they 
 relied on the justice of their cause, and demacded that 
 they should be relieved from the rigour of those qualifi* 
 cations of innocency prescribed by the king's instruc* 
 tions, and selected as their advocate, colonel lirchard 
 Talbot, a gentleman who possessed some influence with 
 the duke of York. The discussions before the council 
 were protracted to a great length. The Irish inveighed 
 Against the adventurers and soldiers as r«gicides and 
 rebels. The other party produced the original papers, 
 proving that the supreme council gave their agents 
 power to offer the kingdcMn to the pope, and if he re* 
 fuiied it, to any other catholic prince ; and sir Nicholas 
 Plunket, one of the agents who had been knighted by 
 the pope, acknowledged his signature. The king, wheo 
 he issued his declaration, was of opinion that there wef« 
 lands enough for all parties : be now found that he was 
 mistaken, and that the interests of one or other of the 
 parties must sufiier, and determined that the loss should 
 be sustained by the Irish. An order was mode, that no 
 fiirther petition or address should be received from the 
 Roman catholics of Ireland ; that the bill of settlement 
 should be engrossed immediately. It was accordingly 
 transmitted^ aad so^a after passed by both hous^s^ 
 
IHELA^D. 287 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 How «ra:s the re^oration of Charles received in Irelsfid? Wb*t 
 give riae to some commotitfin before the king wa»pr»daaa»i t How 
 were these represented in England ? What was the consequence ot 
 these representations ? What passed respecting lashnd on the king's 
 arrival m London ? What did the oonvcntMn ni|iieat? Whirt facti- 
 tious were sent? By whom? What did Ormond propose ? What 
 did tlie kings declaration confirm? H<m were the officers $mi 
 soldiers to be pwd ? H«w were the royalists to be rewarded ? Who 
 were exempted from the act of oblivion ? How were the corporate 
 towns to l>e disposed of ? Who were the new lords justices ? Who 
 were diss8tis6ed with the king's deckmtion ? Why did thcAa'^MUo* 
 men disapprove uf it ? Why did the old inhabitants ? Why the Roman 
 catholics ? What was urged on the other hand ? What did parlia- 
 ment require ? What did tb«y cen s ure ? For what did they addresa 
 the lords Justices ? Was this objected ta ? Why was it granted ? 
 How did they try to exclude Roman catholics ? What was the otgect 
 of parliament' Who opposed the declaration in the house af loi^ ? 
 How ^d they propose enlarging the fund ? Who sent agents to Lon- 
 don ? What did the Roman catholics demand? Whom did they 
 employ as their advocate ? What did sir Kidiolas PhinkeC adinow* 
 ledge ? what was the king's determio^tion ? What order was. made ? 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 Duke of Ormond made lord lietUenant — Proceedings under 
 the act of settlement— Explanatory bill passed-— Expor" 
 tation ofjat cattle prohibited — Maniifactures encouraged. 
 
 The duke of Ormond had been appointed lord lieute- 
 nant of Ireland, and his arrival was inrpatieotly expect- 
 ed. The Irish parliament presented him 30,000/., his 
 son, lord Ossory, was called by writ to the house of 
 lords. He arrived attended by a magnificent train, and 
 soon after gave the royal assent to the bill of settlement, 
 
288 HISTORY OF 
 
 some others relative to the revenue, and one for abolish- 
 ing the court of veards. The loss the revenue sustained 
 by the suppression of this court was compensated by 
 a tax on hearths. The execution of the act of settle- 
 ment was entrusted to English commissioners, disen- 
 gaged from all interests in Ireland. They sat ia Dublin 
 to receive claims and hear proofs of innocency ; and not- 
 withstanding the rigorous qualifications required, a 
 greater number were pronounced innocent than- their 
 adversaries thought possible. In the first three months 
 168 were pronounced restorable ; 19 only were condemn, 
 ed. — The successful parties were immediately to be rer 
 stored, without any provision for compensating those 
 who should be dispossessed ; and as the fund for future 
 reprisals was known to be small, the soldiers and adven. 
 turers were in the greatest consternation. They ex- 
 pected to be entirely dispossessed, and concluded that 
 the commissioners had secret instructions to favour the 
 other party. The more violent declared for maintain- 
 ing their possessions by the sword : this spirit soon 
 spread. There were many discontented with the present 
 government, and a regular scheme of insurrection was 
 formed. This design was imparted to the duke, as was 
 also a plan for seizing the castle of Dublin, which 
 was defeated. 
 
 The house of commons, taking advantage of a clause 
 in the act of settlement which empowered the lord lieu- 
 tenant and council to give farther directions, the com- 
 missioners now proposed sucih as would have involved 
 the whole Irish party in inevitable condemnation — 
 but the commons were rebuked by the lord lieutenant 
 for their proceedings on this occasion. 
 . . j^ The discovery of the plot for seizing the cas- 
 tle of Dublin, had not crushed the hopes of the 
 jooo. conspirators. Meetings were still held in the 
 capital ; correspondences opened with different parts of 
 
 '-^!iL.^^r:3^ t t uK i m :C. :'' : v~*— — •- — ^.^ — -..t-.j-. 
 
IRELAND. ' 2S9 
 
 the kingdom, particularly the northern province : arnif? 
 and ammunition were provided, and a number of disband- 
 ed soldiers engaged. These proceedings were soon dis- 
 covered by Ormond ; on the eve of the day appointed 
 for seizing the castle of Dublin, and publishing their 
 declaration, five and twenty of the principal conspira- 
 tors were taken, and a reward offered for those wlio es- 
 caped. A few were condemned ; the rest were pardon- 
 ed. Still the state of property in Ireland was unsettled, 
 and the king refused to sanction any plan for a 6nal ac- 
 commodation formed by the present parliament, which 
 he had some thoughts of dissolving. He directed the lord 
 lieutenant and council to frame a new bill. Its purport 
 was to explain some clauses in the declaration : to assign 
 a better security for the forty-nine officers — to "prevent the 
 restitution of lands and houses in corporations — to in. 
 crease the fund of reprisals, by taking a sixth part from 
 the adventurers and soldiers, and by other expedients. 
 This bill was transmitted to London, accompanied by 
 agents from the different parties who were heard before 
 the privy council. To assist in forming a decision on 
 the various claims, Ormond was called to England. 
 The earl of Ossory was appointed lord deputy. 
 ^ rv On the duke's arrival in London, he found all 
 the parties inclined to abate somewhat of their 
 demands ; and the bill was at length framed and 
 approved. In this, however, it was provided, that no 
 Roman catholic who had not by the qualifications been 
 adjudged innocent, should be entitled to claim any lands 
 or settlements. As the court of claims had not heard 
 more than one-fourth of the claimants, three thousand 
 persons were thus cut off from all hopes of redress, with- 
 ^^ j> out even the appearance of a fair trial. The duke 
 now returned with the bill, which was finally 
 passed in the Irith parliament. By this act, th« 
 2 B 
 
 iiiiiif I 
 
290 HISTORY OF 
 
 rights of the several interests in Ireland were fixed, and 
 a final and invariable rule established for the settlement 
 of this kingddm. Five commissioners were appointed 
 for carrying this act into execution ; they were to refer 
 in ail difficult cases to the lord lieutenant and council ; 
 and many years elapsed before all the applications were 
 diposed of. 
 
 * jx Another subject now engrossed the public at- 
 tention. For some years a decrease bad been 
 experienced in the rents in England to the annu- 
 al amount of 200,000/. Overlooking the obvious cause 
 of this decrease, the English house of commons attributed 
 it to the importation of fat cattle from Ireland. In the 
 year 1663, a temporary act had been passed, for- prohi- 
 biting the importation of fat cattle from> Ireland after the 
 Ist day of July in every year. The inconveniences of 
 this prohibition were strongly represented to the king. 
 But in proportion as he seemed convinced of the ill 
 effects of this nieasure, were the commons determined 
 on supporting it. In the parliament held at Oxford in 
 IG65) a bill was brought in for a perpetual prohibition 
 against importing all cattle from Ireland, dead or alive, 
 great or small, fat or lean. . Many arguments were 
 urged against it in the commons, but in vain, it was pass- 
 ed by a small majority. In the lords it was opposed ; 
 and sir William Petty Was heard against it before their 
 committee. The report was delayed, and parliament was 
 prorogued. 
 
 In the meantime, Ireland experienced the greatest 
 distress, deprived of its usual trade with England, for 
 which it had not the means of obtaining an equivalent 
 by foreign commerce. The war with France and Hol- 
 land added the danger of external enemies to the ap- 
 prehensions entertained from the discontented at home. 
 The soldiers were unpaid, and the expectation that 
 
IRELAND. £01 
 
 they would favour their designs encouraged the disafiect- . 
 ed — the garrison mutinied at Carrickfergus, seized the 
 town and castle, and acted in a manner highly alarming. 
 The duke marched against them ; after some resistance 
 the mutineers surrendered, and were punished — this pet- 
 ty disturbance, and the rumour that France meditated a 
 descent upon Ireland, procured for the duke a supply 
 from the English treasury of 15,0001. which enabled 
 him to satisfy the army, and establish a body of militia in 
 the provinces. 
 
 The fire in London called forth in Ireland a contri* 
 bution for the relief of the suft'erers'; thirty thousand 
 beeves were subscribed for this purposs ; a bounty which 
 in England was represented as a practical contrivance 
 to defeat the prohibition of Irish cattle — the experience 
 of three years had shown the injurious effects of prohibit- 
 ing the importation of cattle, and the rents of England 
 bad not encreased, while Ireland was unable to pay its 
 subsidies ; but it was the object of a party in England 
 to bring Ormond into disrepute by raising disturbances 
 in Ireland ; the commons resumed the prohibition bill, 
 declaring in the preamble, that the importation was a 
 nuisance: in the lords the words 'detriment' and 'mischief . 
 were inserted instead of 'nuisance' ; but the commons re- 
 fused to pass the bill, except the word nuisance was suf- 
 fered to stand : after several vehement and accrimonious 
 debates : the king, afraid of losing his supplies, directed 
 his ministers in the house of lords to consent to the ob- 
 'naxious word, and the bill passed. 
 
 jv All commerce between the two nations was now 
 suspended; no money could be found for dis- 
 charging the subsidies necessary for securing 
 both kingdoms against an invasion — Ormond found it 
 necessary to accept part of these in provisions ; the king 
 with the consent of bis council, obtained with difficulty, 
 
 '2 B 2 
 
 ,aJb^-^.<MM> 
 
292 HISTORY OF 
 
 bj' an act of state, allowed a free trade from Ireland to 
 all foreign countries, either in peace, or at war with his 
 majesty ; at the same time he permitted the Irish to re- 
 taliate on the Scots, who had, following the example of 
 England, had excluded cattle, corn, and beef; the irai. 
 portation of linen and woollen manufactures, stockings, 
 gloves, and other commodities from Scotland, was pro- 
 hibited as highly injurious to the trade of Ireland: in 
 addition to these methods of improving the country, Or- 
 niond applied himself most diligently to the promoting 
 and encouraging industry and preventing the necessity 
 of importing foreign productions; woollen manufactures 
 were established at Clonmel and Carrick in the county 
 of Tipper ary, and skilful artisans were encouraged to 
 FCttle in Ireland '^ an act of parliament was passed at 
 Dublin to encourage the growth of hemp and flax ; 
 skilful persons were sent to the low countries, to learn the 
 mode of growing and managing flax in all its stages, 
 and to engage experienced artists — he employed sir 
 William Temple to send to Ireland 500 families from 
 Brabant, skilled in making linen ; others were procured 
 from Rochelle, and the Isle of Rhe, and from Jersey, 
 and different parts of France. The duke next turned 
 his attention to the university, the regulation of which 
 was entrusted to bishop Taylor. 
 
 The machinations of Ormond's enemies became at 
 length so undisguised that he found it necessary to go to 
 England and expostulate with the king, while he com- 
 mitted the government of Ireland to his son, lord Ossory. 
 The duke found that great pains had been taken to im- 
 press the king with an idea that a shameful embezzle- 
 ment had prevailed in the reveniie of Ireland ; after a 
 long enquiry, no ground of accusation against the lord 
 lieutenant could be discovered ; the king made the 
 fairest professions, but the party which then governed 
 
IRELAND. 293 
 
 i 
 
 England, called the cabal, had d^atermined on his re-* 
 
 A Q moval, and he was acquainted by lord Arlington 
 
 in due form, that hU majesty had appointed 
 
 ' lord Roberts, lord privy seal, lord lieutenant of 
 
 Ireland. The duke resigned, convinced that this step was 
 
 taken not so much from personal hostility to him, but 
 
 as necessary to the furtherance of designs which he wslh 
 
 not then able to discover. * 
 
 The new viceroy was principally employed in scruti- 
 nizing the conduct of his predecessor, in which nothing 
 culpable could be discovered. The strong contrast 
 between the sullen temper and ungracious deportment 
 of lord Roberts, and the affable and conciliating man- 
 ners of Ormond, now rendered the former an object of 
 general disgust in Ireland, and he was recalled. He was 
 succeeded by John lord Berkley of Stratton. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 Who was appointed lord lieutenant? What giant did parliament 
 make to him ? What was taxed ? How many were found innocent 
 by the English commissioneps? What instructions did the commons 
 request to hftve given to the commissioners ? To what extent did the 
 conspirators carry their designs ? On what plan was the. council or- 
 dered to frame a bill for setting the kingdom ? What parlies were 
 injured by this bill ? How was the act to be carried into execution ? 
 Why was the exportation of cattle from Ireland to England prohi- 
 bited? What ell ect hail this in Ireland? What occurred at Car- 
 rickfergus ? What procured a supply for Ormond ? Whit wa< 
 siibscribed by Ireland for the sutrvrer& by the fiie in London ? What 
 construction was put upon tliis donation ? What means did Ormond 
 take of compensating Ireland fur the loss of its trade with England? 
 What produced Ormoud's removal ? Who succeeded him ? Wit/ 
 was lord Roberts removed ? By whom was be succeeded ? 
 
 2 B 3 
 
 k».C< 
 
291 HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Account of the remonstrants, and anti remonstrants — Ro- 
 man catholics petition the king—'Ormond re-appoint- 
 ed — Titus Oates, 
 
 . jy The nomination of lord Berkeley, who was a 
 creature of the duke of Buckingham's, to his 
 new dignity, is generally considered as part of a 
 plan then determined on by the ministers of Charles ; 
 their object was supposed to be the formation of a close 
 alliance with France, and the establishment of arbitrary 
 power in England. For this purpose it was thoughtne- 
 cessary to pay more attention than had hitherto been 
 done to the Roman catholics of Ireland, as professors 
 of a religion more congenial to absolute monarchy than 
 the sentiments of Englishmen were. The Roman ca- 
 tholics of Ireland were at this time divided into two 
 parties, on a point of considerable moment to a protest- 
 ant monarch. F^or nearly a century the measure of obe- 
 dience due by Roman catholics to the civil power, was a 
 questionfrequently discussed, and one which hadgiven rise 
 to great violence during the late commotions — on the res< 
 toration of Charles the 2nd, some of the Irish Roman ca- 
 tholic prelates and clergy commissioned Peter Walsh, 
 a Franciscan friar, to present to the king' a congratu- 
 latory address on the occasion, praying for 'the benefits 
 of the peace made with Ormond in IG^S. Wafeh thinking 
 it right to obviate the objection against the toleration 
 of the Romish religion by a protestant government, 
 drew up what was called, the remonstrance of the Ro- 
 man catholic clergy of Ireland. 
 
 In this they acknowledged that the king was supreme 
 lord and rightful sovereign of Ireland — that they were 
 bound to obey hiiu in all civil and temporal affairs, and 
 
IRELAND. 295 
 
 to pay him faithful loyalty and allegiance ; notwithstand- 
 ing any sentence or declaration of the pope or see of 
 Rome — they disclaimed the power of any foreign autho* 
 rity, to free them from the declaration — they declared 
 their resolution to detect and oppose all conspiracies and 
 traitorous attempts against the king. 
 
 This remonstrance was presented to Ormond, who 
 objected, that it was not signed by the clergy, but o£Pered 
 on the authority of Walsh alone. One Roman catholic 
 bishop, and twenty of the clergy immediately signed it ; 
 a few declined subscribing it : circular letters were ad- 
 dressed to the Roman catholic prelates, inviting them to 
 concur in an address, which was soon signed by an addi- 
 tional number of the clergy, and several lay lords and 
 gentlemen. This remonstrance was censured by car- 
 dinal Barberini, and the internuncio of Brussels, who 
 was charged by the Pope with the care of the ecclesias- 
 tical affairs of Ireland ; a party was soon formed against 
 it ; counter addresses were proposed, and rejected ; 
 some expressed a wish that the subject should be debated 
 in a national synod. A declaration of fidelity to the king 
 from such a body, at a time when he was at open war 
 with France, and had reason to suspect the practices of 
 the discontented at home, was very desirable. Ormond 
 gave permission for the assembling of the clergy ; after 
 some opposition the synod was held on the 1 1th of June, 
 1666 ; but the assembly broke up without any decision ; 
 the members divided into two parties, those who sup- 
 ported the remonstrance, and those who opposed it. 
 
 On the arrival of lord Berkeley, provincial councils 
 and diocesan synods were convened — in those the Pope, 
 who named the bishops, 'and commanded the prefer- 
 ments of regulars, had a (superiority ; the remonstrants 
 were every where deprived, and Walsh and his associ* 
 ates were excommunicated— the anti-remonstrants had 
 
'296 HISTORY OF 
 
 lately received a powerful dddition to their party in the 
 person of Peter Talbot, who was nominated by the pope 
 to the archbishopric of Dublin, and who bad, through 
 the patronage of Buckingham, acquired great favour at 
 the English court. 
 
 The whole body of the Romish clergy was now on the 
 point of uhiting in the doctrine of the pope's unlimited 
 authority. The remonstrants, who opposed this doc- 
 trine, requested permission to lay their case before 
 the lord lieutenant ; but he refused them an audience. 
 Margetson, the primate, pleaded for them, but in vain. 
 The intercessions of the duke of Ormond, in favour of 
 the remonstrants, were complained of by Berkeley as 
 officious. Orders were soon after issued for granting 
 commissions of the peace to Roman catholics, and ad- 
 mitting them to inhabit and trade in corporations : they 
 were also made aldermen of Dublin. Encouraged by 
 . y^ these favourable symptoms in the court, a num- 
 ber of Roman catholic noblemen and gentlemen 
 employed Talbot to lay their grievances before 
 the king and parliament of England. He presented a 
 petition^ to the king and council, which represented, 
 that for want of a just representation of their cases, 
 their estates had been possessed by others. It prayed 
 that impartial persons might be appointed to hear and 
 report their grievances. A committee was appoin^d to 
 consider this petition : Ormond was on this committoe, 
 and urged the rejection of it altogether, on the grounds 
 that although individual cases of injustice had occurred, 
 the whole kingdom should not be thrown into confusion 
 by attempting to redress these cases. This was refused, 
 and all the papers were referred to sir Heneage Finch, 
 the attorney- general, who reported unfavourably for the 
 petitioners. Another was then formed, from which Or- 
 
IRELAND. 297 
 
 mond was excluded. The report of this committee was 
 erroneous, and a third commission was issued. 
 
 In the mean time, a general alarm prevailed in Ire- 
 land among the adventurers, soldiers, forty-nine officers, 
 and Connaught purchasers. They presented their 
 petitions, praying for the maintenance of the act of 
 settlement. The English people shewed that they were 
 not insensible to what was passing in Ireland. Mi- 
 nisters, dreading the approaching parliament, con- 
 demned the conduct of lord Berkeley, removed him 
 from his government, and appointed the earl of Essex 
 in his place. This did not satisfy the English parlia- 
 ment. They petitioned the king to maintain the acts of 
 settlement and explanation, and to recal his late com- 
 mission — to give orders that no Roman catholics should 
 be admitted to the offices of justice of the peace, sher- 
 riffs or coroners, or to inhabit within corporate towns 
 in Ireland. That all Roman catholic prelates, and 
 others exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction by the pope'g 
 authority, should be ordered to depart from Ireland. 
 The king, in his answer, declared bis resolution of main- 
 taining the act of settlement ; and the government of 
 Essex shewed the influence of the English parliament 
 by the attention which was paid to its representations io 
 . other points. 
 
 The conduct of Essex was marked by caution and in- 
 tegrity little suited to the purposes of his employers. 
 His removal was therefore determined on, for a more 
 compliant successor, when the duke of Ormond was most 
 unexpectedly appointed to succeed him. For many 
 years the greatest coldness had prevailed between the 
 king and Ormond, who was particularly obnoxious i.q 
 Charles's ministers. An attempt had been made to assas- 
 sinate him by a colonel Blood, who afterwards attempt- 
 ed to rob the tower of the regalii. On this occasion, 
 
 ,^S!^ii 
 
W8 HISTORY OF 
 
 lord Ossory told the duke of ISuckingham in the king's 
 presence, that he believed him to be at the bottom of 
 the attempt on his father's life ; and gave him notice, 
 that if his father's death should be caused by any violent 
 means, he should consider the duke as the assassin, and 
 would shoot him, though he stood behind the king. 
 Among many conjectures at the cause of this unex- 
 pected appointment, the most propable is, that it was 
 done at the instance of the duke of York, to prevent his 
 tival, the duke of Monmouth, natural son of the king, 
 from being entrusted with a post, which would have 
 thrown so much power into the hands of a man who was 
 aspiring to the throne. 
 
 A T^ On Ormond's return to the government of Ire- 
 land, he directed his attention to the improve* 
 ' raent of the army. The want of supplies, and 
 the existence of several nbuses and grievances, rendered 
 it necessary to assemble a parliament, which Orti^ond 
 determined to convene. But all his projects were inter- 
 rupted, by intelligence receivetl from England, of tha 
 popish plot which had been brought fprward by Titus 
 Oates, and had filled the kingdom with alarm. This 
 intelligence was accompanied with assurances that it 
 extended to Ireland ; that Peter Tolbot was engage-l in 
 it ;. and that persons were hired to assassinate the lord 
 lieutenant. To have doubted in the existence of a plot, 
 would have been looked on as traiterous. A warrant 
 was signed for his apprehension ; he was found in his bro. 
 ther's house so ill of an excruciating disease under which 
 he laboured, that he could not be removed ; and no papers 
 were found except of a private nature. Orders were is- 
 sued for all officers and soldiers to repair to their respec- 
 tive garrisons ; for all Roman catholic ecclesiastics to 
 quit the kingdom, and all laymen of that persuasion to 
 surrender their arms. 
 
1R.£LAMD. 299 
 
 In England in(brmatioo« multiplied ; and now Ormond 
 received directions to seize Richard Talbot, lord Mount- 
 garret and his son, and a colonel Peppard Talbot was ex- 
 amined and discharged hj order of the English privy 
 council. Lord Mountgarret, now eighty years of age, was 
 hed-sidden, and in a state of dotage ; and no colonel 
 Peppard could be discovered or was ever heard of. 
 These instances were sufficient to stamp the character 
 of the informers '. but credulity was still blind. Infor- 
 mation was received that a particular ship ^a£ arrived at 
 Water ford, full of arms and ammunition ; on searching 
 the vessel she was found to be laden with salt. Infor- 
 mers were procured, several persons of respectability 
 were'accused and taken to London to be tried, and all 
 acquitted except Oliver Plunket, a Roman catholic 
 prelate who on a second trial, was found guilty of a plot 
 which he solemnly denied at Jiis death ; and which no man 
 who knew Ireland would have believed if he had con- 
 fessed it. 
 
 Ormond proceeded to put into execution such mea- 
 sures as he thought necessary for ensuring the public 
 tranquillity. Some of these were of the severest kind, 
 but not sufficiently rigorous to satisfy the alarmists. 
 The issue proved, however, that the measures of Or- 
 mond were effective, and Ireland remained undisturbed. 
 The enemies of the duke now found all their endeavours 
 to drive him from hfs station vain, and he stood their 
 attacks unmoved. The return of tranquillity at length 
 allowed him to commit the sword of state to a deputy ; 
 leaving the kingdom in charge of the earl of Arran, he 
 went on the king's summons to England. 
 
 . j^ After a residence of two years, Ormond re- 
 turned to the government of Ireland. He had 
 * scarcely, however, resumed the reins when he 
 
 found that designs were contemplated to, which he 
 
 
SOO HISTORY OF 
 
 could not join. Charles had subdued the party in 
 England, which had attempted to circumscribe him 
 within the limits of the constitution, and to exclude his 
 brother from the succession to the croven. Indolently 
 enjoying his superiority, he committed to the duke of 
 York the management of public affairs. To maintain 
 the superiority which he had acquired, the duke repre- 
 sented to his brother the expediency of providing an 
 army implicitly devoted to his wishes. For this purpose, he 
 advised the new modelling of the Irish army, by remov* 
 ing from it those, whose republican principles were irre- 
 concileable to a despotic government : and in their room 
 to substitute Irish Roman catholics, men more devoted 
 to the crown and its presumptive heir, whose religi- 
 ous sentiments were in unison with their own. 
 
 To carry this project into execution, it was necessary 
 to remove Ormond: he was to be succeeded by the earl of 
 Rochester, under restrictions which made him at first 
 hesitate to accept the office. The king seemed again 
 disposed to change his measures and advisers, and every 
 thing respecting Ireland was suspended, when the 
 
 . Yi death, of Charles II., and the immediate recal 
 of Omond produced.a complete rcvotution in the 
 ^^^^' politics of the kingdom. 
 
 In this reign 4 sessions were held, in which 54- laws 
 were passed. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 "VVliat was supposed to be the purpose of the English ministry in 
 appointing lord Berkeley lord lieutenant of Ireland ? Wliat was in 
 dispute among the Roman cathoUcs ? What was tlieir declaration to 
 the king conveyed by Wash ? Who signed it ? Why did Ormond 
 permit the Synod to assemble ? Who was excommunicuted ? What 
 
lUKl^AND. 301 
 
 fftTours were granted to the Roman catiioiic» ? Wliat petition did 
 they present ? Who opposed their claims ? \%'hat counter petitions 
 were sent ? WTiat was the king's answer ? Who wa« appointed t" 
 succeed Essex ? With what did lord Ossory charge Uin duke of 
 Buckingham ? Why did the duke of York favour Ormond ? What 
 prevented Ormond ^ora convening a parliament ? XVliat alarm was 
 spread in Ireland ? What ordfrs were issued ? Who was criied ? 
 Who was eucuted for this pretended plot ? W^hom did Ormond 
 leave deputy m''Ireland ? What circumstances rendered the govern- 
 ment of Ormond unaccepl^le to the king ? Who wan his intended 
 successor ? What suspended the nomination of Rochester ? What 
 laws were enacted in this reign ? 
 
 CHAPTER. IV. 
 
 Ormond removed — Clarendon lord lieutenant — Bevolution 
 in England — Transactions at Derry. 
 
 . jv OR.NfOND had been ordered to resign the sword 
 of state to two lords justices, Boyle, primate 
 and chancellor, and Forbes earl of Granard. 
 But the violent clamours of the iwo parties, one impa- 
 tient to be elevated, the other afraid of being depressed, 
 so distracted these governors, that Granard soon ex. 
 pressed a wish that he might be dismissed. The king 
 thought his services so necessary, that in a letter writ- 
 ten with his own hand, he assured him that nothing 
 should he done in Ireland prejudicial to the protestant 
 interest. Soon after, intelligence was received of the 
 attempts of Monmouth and Argyle to dethrone James. 
 On this occasion the Irish army marched with alacrity 
 to Ulster, to be embarked for Scotland against the ad- 
 herents of Argyle, if bis attempts should render it ne- 
 
 cessarv. This, however, was not the case; both at- 
 
 2c 
 
 <•- — -^ 
 
^ <• 
 
 30« HISTORY OF 
 
 tempts failed, and ended in the executibn of those»no-» 
 blemen. 
 
 Tbe justices were now informed that the contagion of 
 Monmouth's reltellion v/as widely .diffused, and that it 
 was necessary to the safety of the kingdom, that the 
 mih'tia of Ireland should be disarmed, lliis bo(?jr consist- 
 ed entirely of protestants. The justices were apprehen- 
 $}▼« that the proclamation for disarming them might 
 produce some commotion : they, therefore, employed the 
 primate to prevail on the citizens of Dublin to resign 
 their arms. Their example was followed by the rest of 
 the kingdom, and the orders of government were every 
 where obeyed. 
 
 The lords justices were soon removed to make way 
 for the earl of .Clarendon, brother-in-law to the king, 
 who was made lord lieutenant of Ireland. In his public 
 instructions, his majesty hitimated a desire of introducing 
 Roman catholics into corporations, judicial offices and 
 the magistracy ; ordering him, at the same time, not to 
 be inattentive to the terrors and suspicions of the pro- 
 testahts, and that he had no intention of altering the 
 act of settlement. For some years the kingdom had 
 been infested by a band of robbers, called tories, who 
 concealed themselves in bogs and mountains, from 
 whence they harrassed and plundered the industrious 
 and inoffensive inhabitants. Encouraged by the disarm, 
 ing of the militia, they had lately extended their depre- 
 dations, which were arrived at such a height, that the 
 new viceroy found it necessary to restore to some of the 
 protestants their arms. A number of protestants were 
 now harrassed by prosecutions for expressions spoken 
 against the king when duke of York. 
 
 A petition was presented, praying the reversal of all 
 outlawries occasioned by the rebellion of 1641 — a mea- 
 sure which would have been sufficiently obnoxious to all 
 who had acquired property since, of what religion they 
 
Ifi&LAM). SO'i 
 
 Blight be. The seals -were t»ken from tlie primate: 
 sir Charles Porter was made chancellor — three protes- 
 tantjutlges were removed, wklvoat any reason assignedi 
 and two Irish Uoman catholics, Nugent and Daly, and 
 Ingolsby, an Englishman, were raised to the bench ; the 
 latter declined this preferment. Lord Clarendon repre- 
 sented, that to admit Homan catholics to places df trust 
 without taking the oath of supremacy, was contrary tp 
 the. law; his representations, however, were not attend- 
 ed to. The new judges, and some Roman catholic lords 
 were made.priy,y counsellprs, which was an unusual hon- 
 our for men of their i;ank. A vacancy in the see of Casbcl 
 was left unfilled, and reports were spread t^t the king 
 wpuJd consult the pope before he disponed. of this mitre. 
 Orders were issued by the king!s command, that the 
 fiovam catholic clergy should be allowed to exercii^ 
 their fvnctions ; and that their prelates should appear ta 
 t^e habit of their order. The e<url of Graaard was ap- 
 pointed president of the council, but he declared bis in- 
 tention of retiring from. public business, and declined 
 the honour ; the protestant clergy were prohibited from 
 discussing controversial points. 
 
 From these circumstances, the protestaots concluded 
 that Ihe Roman catholic religion would soon be estab- 
 lished, and<that a general confusion of property would 
 follow : several sold their property and left the country. 
 While these alarms prevailed, Talbot, now earl of Tyr^ 
 connel, arrived with a commission to command and re- 
 gulate the army, independent of the lord lieutenant, with 
 instructions for theadnussion of Roman catholios into 
 corporations, and the offices of sherife and justices of 
 the peace. This noblemen treated the lord lieutenant 
 with the greatest contempt, and exceeding the Jcing's 
 ordets for the admission of Roman catholic officers, 
 
 would admit none else. Clarendon remonstrated both to 
 
 2c2 
 
 f? 
 
 , jrf-. 
 
 
sot HISTORY OF 
 
 tlie king and Sunderland against the conduct of Tyrcon. 
 nel ; and to quiet the fears and sufipicions of the protes- 
 tants, he recommended a commission of grace for con- 
 firming titles, and a general pardon for offensive words 
 spoken against tho king when duke of York. Sunder, 
 land returned no answer to his representations ; his ma- 
 jesty refused to repeat his former assurances of mafn- 
 taining the acts of settlement by proclamation. 
 
 In tlie mean time, Clarendon waa accused of miscon. 
 duct in his adminstration ; his defence was clear and 
 satisfactory ; still it was determined to remove him. 
 The choice of a successor was an object of deliberatioD 
 in the cabinet : at length Tyrconnel was selected for this 
 office, with the inferior title of lord deputy. Claren- 
 don resigned ths reins to him, and embarked at Dublin, 
 accompanied by seteral hundred protestant families of 
 that city, who were quitting the kingdom. Sir Charles 
 Porter had not proved as complying as was expected, 
 and was removed. Nagle, a Roman catholic lawyer 
 was substituted for sir Wiliiam Domville, the attorney 
 general : Nugent and Rice were made chief judges, and 
 their places filled by Roman catholic lawyers. Nearly 
 . j^ the whole Irish army was at this time; formed of 
 Roman catholics : of the protestant officers, wbo 
 '* were dismissed, a number went to Holland and 
 were employed by the prince of Orange, son-in-lavtr to 
 James. Several corporations were dissolved, others 
 were induced by threats and promises to surrender their 
 charters. They were re-modelled on such a plan as 
 would in future parliaments have thrown the elections 
 into the power of the Roman catholics. Attempts were 
 made to force some men of infamous character into the 
 university ; these failed, but the annual pension from 
 the exchequer, then the principal part of its support, 
 was withdrawn. 
 
IRELAND. 30$ 
 
 Complaints were now made in every part of the king- 
 dpm, of the conduct of the sheri£&, the courts of justice, 
 and the military*^ officers ; the English ministers were 
 alarmed at the^reat decrease in the revenue : they im- 
 puted it to the misconduct of Tyrconnel^ and inveighed 
 against His violence; the king was pressed to remove him, 
 but the deputy obtained leave to wait on the 'king, and 
 laid such a statement concerning his administretidfi 
 before him, that he 'was continued in office. 
 . ,j^ While these transactions were passing in Ireland, 
 , the course which James pursued in England had 
 
 alienated the minds of his subjects, who now invi- 
 ted William prince of Orange to rescue them from ap- 
 proaching destruction, and offering to him the Friti»h 
 throne — Willjam collected an army, landed at Torbay, 
 and advanced to London without opposition. The Roman 
 catholics of Ireland at first despised the attempt of 
 William ; but the progress of the revolution in England 
 soon opened their eyes, and those tff their governor, to 
 this impending danger; commissions were issued for 
 levying troops, and in all quarters of the kingdom, 
 ^lumbers took up arms to support the fortunes of James. 
 Anonymous letters extensively circulated, now spread 
 among the protestants, the conviction, that a general 
 jnassacre was intended— those letters gave circumstantial 
 acounts of this desigo7and mentioned Sunday, the 9th of 
 December, as the day fixed on for their extermination : 
 the capital became a scene of uproar and confusion ; 
 numbers got to the coast and embarked for England -, 
 -others sougbt shelter in walled towns, and protestant . 
 settlements. In the northern counties, where their num- 
 bers gave tlrem confidence, they collected s«ch arms as 
 Still remained among them, and prepared for defence. 
 
 Op the first alarm of the prince of Orange's invasion, 
 Tyrconael had withdrawn the girrhmti df Oerry to 
 
 2cS 
 
 !) 
 
306 ' HISTORY OF 
 
 Dublin : soon sensible of his mistake in leaving such a 
 post in the hands of the townsmen, c^^e detached a re- 
 giment of 1200 men, to take possession of this city— on 
 the approach of this body, considerable doubt existed in 
 the town as to what course it was advisable to adopt : 
 some proposed to shut the gates against Tyrconnel's 
 troops, others to submit quietly — at length, when the 
 advanced guard of the troops appeared within three- 
 hundred yards of the ferry-gate, nine young men drew 
 their swords, and made themselves masters of the keys 
 of the city, raised the draw-bridge, and locked the fer- 
 ry-gate : being quickly joined by others, the remaining 
 gates were also secured. A governor was now chosen ; 
 and an agent dispatched to solicit succours from the 
 prince of Orange. At the same time the magistrates 
 and some of the citizens addressed themselves to Tyr. 
 connel, through the mediation of lord Mountjoy : they 
 represented their inability to restj'ain the populace, ter- 
 jriiied by the rumours of a massacre, and declared their 
 resolution of confining themselves entirely to self de- 
 fence, without violating their allegiance. 
 
 Lord Mountjoy was detached by Tyrconnel with 
 six companies to recover Derry ; the citizens were wil- 
 ling to admit this nobleman as he was a protestant, but 
 they entertained strong suspicions of his soldiers : after 
 several conferences, in which the citizens disclaimed 
 all seditious views, but expressed a firm resolution of 
 defending themselves, Mountjoy was admitted on con- 
 ditions : it was stipulated, that, a free pardon should be 
 granted in fiAeen days : that in the interval two com- 
 panies only shculd be quartered in the city ; that, the 
 forces afterwards admitted should be formed of at least 
 one half protestants ; that, until the pardon was received, 
 the citizens should keep the guards; and that all who 
 wished might remove from the city— money was now 
 
 
•F^^r^^^^H^^F^Vr^. ■ -^r^ •'* ^~v^^^^'fiiS^.'*''' ■>- 
 
 IRELAND. J107 
 
 subscribed, ammunition purchased in Scotland, and 
 their agent who had been sent to the prince, earnestly 
 solicited to procure supplies. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 'Wliy did the earl of Crranard desire to be dismissed ? What as- 
 surances did the king give ? For what w<is the Irish army ordered to 
 march to Ulster ? Why was it deemed necessary to disarm the mill' 
 tia ? Who was employed to prevail on them to obey ? Who was 
 appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland ? What were bis public instruc- 
 tions? For what cause were arms restored to some of the protestants? 
 What petition was presented ? Who were removed, and who sub- 
 stituted in their place ? What did lord Clarendon represent ? What 
 honours were bestowed on Roman catholics ? Under what restraint 
 were the protestant clergy ? With what con^mission did Talbot ar- 
 rive ? What was his conduct ? To whom did Clarendon remonstrate 
 and what did he recommend ? Who succeeded him, and who ac- 
 companied him to England ? Whne did the protestant officers of the 
 Irish army go on being dismissed ? How were cmporations treat- 
 ed ? How was the university treated ? What coifiplaints were 
 made ? To what was the decrease in the revenue imputed ? How 
 did the Roman catholics act^n the attempt of the prince of Orange ? 
 What alarm was spread amongst the protestants ? How did the 
 citizens of Deny act ? What representation was made by the ma- 
 gistrates of Derry ? On what conditions did the citizens of Derry 
 admit lord Mountjoy ? What were their proceedings ? 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Associations Jbrmed^ — Hamilton s mission to Tyrconnel— 
 Military operations^ and arrival of James — Siege of 
 Derry. 
 
 The example of Derry was followed by other northern 
 towns ; in different counties parties arose under the di- 
 rection of their respective leaders ; county councils were 
 
SQk - HiSTOHY or 
 
 Dominated, and aygeneral<coiaQcil to. jn^et at HilUboroqgh 
 ■which had the power of appoiotmg4>fficers, and directing 
 operations— in the mean time the prince of Orange who 
 had now been invested in England with that sovereignty 
 which Janes had by his flight t6 France abandoned, 
 was too much occupied to -attend personally to the af* 
 fairs of Ireland. General Richard Hamilton, who had 
 been sent into England with reinforcements, on the first 
 alarm of an invasion, remained in England as a prisoner. 
 it was represented to ^kiog William .that lie had.^great 
 influence with Tyrconnel, andJie was therefore employ- 
 <«d by that monaroh to paas Jnto. Iceland, and persuade 
 the chief governor to resign. Hamilton undertook this 
 mission with alacrity, and expressed great confidence 
 of his being^able to succeed. 
 
 On Hamilton '« arrival, he advised Tyrconnel to re- 
 main stedfast to James, and assured him that affairs 
 4a«£ngland began to wear an aspect favourable to. the 
 house of Stuart->-the deputy adopted -this advice, and 
 employed Hamilton ; at the same time be found it ne- 
 cessary to dissemble, and assured the protestant lords, 
 that he was ready to submit to William ; he prevailed 
 ■on Mountjoy to accompany chief baron Rice to James, 
 to represent to him the necessity of yielding to the 
 times, instead of exasperating liis English subjects by 
 an attempt, which must prove fruitless, to conquer 
 England with (rish forces — on their arrival in France, 
 Mountjoy was thrown into the Castile, while Rice soli- 
 cited succours for his master's service ; Tyrconnel was 
 confirmed in his resolution of opposing William, by ad- 
 yices from James, that he would soon appear in Ireland 
 at the head of a powerful force. 
 
 The deputy, however, had too long neglected his .op- 
 ponents ; associations had been formed in Munster 
 and Connaught. On assurances of assistance from £n- 
 
 
■'r. 
 
 '^^IW'W^ 
 
 IRELAND. 309 
 
 gland, William and Mary had been proclaimed in the 
 north eastern towns ; Tyrconnel published a proclama- 
 tion signed by lord Granard, and some other protestant 
 lords, ordering them to lay down their arms, and dis* 
 solve their assemblies. General Hamilton marched 
 against them with a formidable force : they retired to 
 Dromore, from whence the enemy overtaking them, 
 they fled, and were pursued with great slaughter : xktmj 
 gained, but immediately abandoned Hillsborough, and 
 continued their flight. Several abandoned the kingdcmi, 
 others accepted protections from Ilamilton's army ; a 
 body of 4000 occupied Colerain, with the view of dis- 
 puting the passage of the Bann : this post was also aban- 
 doned, and after a successful skirmish the enemy cross- 
 ed the river in boats*— the northerns hastened to Derry 
 as their last refuge. 
 
 After the departure of Mountjoy, the command of 
 Derry devolved on Lundy, his second in command ; he 
 was suspected of not being sincere in his professions of 
 regard to William ; many of the inhabitants prepared to 
 abandon the town, when Cairaes their agent arrived 
 from London, with assurances from William, tha^ pre- 
 parations were made for the immediate relief of Ireland. 
 The citizens then determined on defending ihemselves, 
 and Lundy declared his resolution of marching against 
 the enemy. 
 
 A T-v James, who had been soliciting assistance from 
 the court of France, sailed from Brest, on the 
 7th of March with fourteen ships of war, six 
 frigates and three fire ships, having on board 1200 of 
 his native troops in the pay of Ffvnce, and 100 French 
 o£Bcers under the command of Mareschal Rosen, a Ger- 
 man officer. He landed at Kinsale on the 12th and ar- 
 rived at Dublin on the 24th with all the pomp of roy- 
 alty. Addresses were presented from all classes; to each 
 
 iiiiMittiriSf ■! r" I n 
 
910 HISTORY OF 
 
 he returned a gracious answer ; he removed from tbe 
 privy council all the protectant members, and supplied 
 their places with Roman catholics— >he issued five pro- 
 clamations ; by the first ti*j commanded all protestantA^ 
 rwho had lately abandoned the kingdom, to return ut- 
 fler the severest penalties, And that his subjects of every 
 persuasion should unite against the prince of Orange— 
 the object of the second was to suppress robberies, or- 
 dering all Roman. catholics not of his army to Jay up 
 their arnas in their several abodes; a third invited the 
 country to bring provisions to his trupps ; by the fourth 
 he raised the value of mon^y ; and by the last a parlia- 
 me^t was summoned to meet at .Dublin on the 7th of 
 May. . 
 
 The reducing of Derry was. the pext object : sevei^al 
 plans were proposed for this, purpose ; it was at lei^gth 
 .agreed to press it by a slow ^if ge» and tO' encourftge. the 
 besiegers, and confound the besieged, James deter minejct 
 to lead his troops in person to the walls : among those 
 who were determined to resist the arms of James, the 
 most conspicuous was an English clergyman ef the name 
 of Walker; he saised a regiment which he commanded; 
 and.flew. rapidly from post 'to j)Q8t, conferring with the 
 different leaders, and animating t}>e< people^ to resist their 
 ]ate monarch : he now hastened to Derry, informed 
 LuuJy of the enemy's approach, and intreated him to 
 give them battle before all their forces were collected. 
 Lundy accordingly stationed his troops to dispute tbe 
 .passage -of the Frinnwater : but in the hour of danger he 
 abandoned his post, retired to Derry, and shut the 
 gates against many who nought refj^ge there. 
 
 In the mean time two English regiments arrived in 
 Lough f)oyle, the polone^ of jwhiqhr had orders to , put 
 themselves under the command of Lundy; this oifficer 
 ordered the coloaeUi and^soniepf their officers to land; 
 
 '^^'■s^^<':zz::t=z 
 
IRELAND* 311 
 
 with these,' and some of the officers of the garrison, a 
 council of war was formed, in which it was resolved 
 that the place was not tenable ; that the principal offi- 
 cers should withdraw and leave the inhabitants to 
 make terms with the enemy. The town-council, on 
 learning these resolutions, determined to offer terms of 
 capitulation to James^ who was approaching. Bat when 
 the people discovered these proceedings, they opposed 
 them with the greatest vehemence, cried aloud for ven> 
 geance on their "betrayers, slew one officer as he at- 
 tempted to escape, and wounded another. 
 
 During the confusions that ensued, Murray, a popu- 
 lar officer, arrived with a reinforcement, and though 
 commanded by Lundy to retire, entered the town and 
 was received with acclamation. He inveighed against 
 the idea of surrendering, and while he expostulated 
 with Lundy, the people rushed to the walls, pointed the 
 cannon, and fired on James and his troops, who advanced 
 to take possession of the city. Some of the citizens 
 sent a deputation to apologize for this violence, but the 
 majority declared for defence. Lundy resigned : the 
 people appointed Walker and major Baker their gover- 
 nors. By these officers they were formed into eight re- 
 giments, amounting to 7020 men exclusive of 341 offl-' 
 cers. Those who chose, were suffered to depart^ and' 
 the besieged took their stations. The town was assault- 
 ed eleven days without success ; at length Jama, im-^ 
 patient of disappointment, returned to Dublin. 
 
 The garrison continued to defeat all the attempts of 
 the besiegers, and to harrass them with successful sal- 
 lies: but they were themsehres threatened with all the 
 miseries of famine and disease. In the midst of their 
 distress, a large fleet appeared in Lough Foyle, con* 
 taining troops, arms, ammunition, and provisions; but 
 they had sbon the mortification of seeing Kirk, who had 
 
 3^amgM 
 
312 HISTOTIY OF 
 
 the command^ set sail and disappear withdut making any 
 effort to relieve them. Although numbers of the garri. 
 son were scarcely able to support their arms, they 
 threatened to punish with death any one who should pro- 
 pose to^ surrender. Rosen, who commanded the be- 
 sieging army, declared, that if the town did not surren- 
 der before the 1st of July, the property of ail the pro- 
 testants in the neighbourhood should be given up to 
 plunder, and themselves driven under the walls of Der. 
 ry, there to remain until it should surrender. The ap. 
 pointed day came, but the garrison remained sted- 
 fast to their first determination. The next morning a 
 confused multitude was seen driven by soldiers towards 
 the town ; they were at first mistaken for enemies, and 
 fired on by the Ibesieged, but no lives were lost. This 
 multitude consisted of some thousands of protestants of 
 all ages and conditions; many of them besought the 
 garrison not to mind their sufferings, but to defend their 
 lives to the last. The besieged now erected a gallows ia 
 view of the enemy, and threatened that all their prison* 
 ers should be instantly executed, unless their friends 
 were allowed to depart : but Rosen continued inflexible. 
 James, however, having heard of these transactions, 
 ordered the protestants to be released. The survivors 
 of this confinement, which continued three days, were 
 then allowed to depart : the besiegers had, in the in- 
 terim taken some of their ablest men into the city, and 
 passed out, undiscovered in the crowd, 500 useless 
 hands. 
 
 In the mean time, the garrison was reduced to the 
 necessity of supporting nature on the most disgusting 
 food, and so exhausted were even those miserable re- 
 souVces, that subsistence' for only two days remained ; 
 animated, however, by the exhortations of Walker, they 
 were still determined to persevere. At length, on the 
 
IRELAND. 313 
 
 30th of July, Kirk, who liad abandoned them from the 
 1 3th, determined to make a deperate effort to relieve them. , 
 Two ships laden with provisions, conveyed by the Dart< 
 mouth frigate, advanced in view of both the besiegers 
 and the besieged. The former from their batteries, 
 erected on each side of the Lough, fired furiously on 
 the ships, which returned their fire with equal spirit. 
 The foremost of the victuallers struck forcibly against 
 a boom placed across the channel, and broke it : but, re- 
 bounding with violence, she grounded. The enemy 
 shouted ex ultingly and prepared to board her, while the 
 garrison remained in despair on the walls ; the vessel now 
 fired her guns was extricated by the shock, and floated.. 
 She passed the boom, and was followed by the other ves- 
 sels ; and the town being thus relieved, the enemy with a 
 loss of 8000 men, in a siege of one hundred and five days, 
 retired to Strabane. Of the garrisoa, no more than 3400 
 remained ; of these more than 1000 were unfit for ser- 
 vice. As soon as they had tasted food,, they marched 
 out in quest of the enemy, and lost some men by advan* 
 cing too boldly on their rear guard. 
 
 EXERCISES. - 
 
 What effect was produced by the example of Derry ? What means 
 did the prince of Orange try for getting tlie government of Treland 
 into his hands ? How did Hamilton execute the commission entrust- 
 ed to him ? What professions did Tyrconnel makr- to the protesiaat 
 lords ? On what mission did he send Mountjoy ? What encoura^red 
 Tyrconnel to adhere to James ? Where were William and Mary 
 proclaimed ? What was the issue of Hamilton's operations against 
 the protestants ? Who succeeded to Mountjoy in the command of 
 Derry ? What opinion was entertained of him ? By w hat force 
 was James accompanied to Ireland ? What proclamation-, did he 
 i^ue ? How was it determined to art against Deny ? Who was 
 pa«ticularly distinguished by his opposition to James ? How did 
 Lundy behave? What , occurred when the English regiments ar» 
 
 2 D 
 
 L- 2-'^ " . I 1 t. ..■*^-» ■?-."-,->■■ ■■■ .-.- --- : ■ V -^ .4, ^^-- 
 
3J4^ V HISTORY OF 
 
 rivej ? Who arrived with reinforcements ? Who vere cboien go- 
 ▼emors ? How many men did the garrison consist of? How long 
 did James con:inue at the siege? How did Kirk behar«? What 
 means did Rosen talce to induce the garrison to surrender ? How. 
 did the garrison threaten to retaliate ? To what state was the garri- 
 son reduced ? How. were they encouraged to persevere ? How, 
 were they relieved ? What loss did the besiegers sustain ? What loss 
 did the garrison sustain ? 
 
 CHAPTER Vr. 
 
 Military <^raiions--^Parliamfintary proceedings-^ Arrival 
 qfSchomberg — His operations — King JVUlia/n arrives 
 and takes the command. 
 
 During the siege of Derry, James's army had been 
 considerably annoyed by the Enniskillen men, as those 
 protestants were called who had assembled about Ennis- 
 killen, under the command of Gusatvus Hamilton. 
 Lord Galmoy marched to reduce them, and invested 
 Cromcastle one of their garrisons ; finding it impractica- 
 ble to bring up his cannon, he had two pieces of painted 
 tin mounted on carriages and drawn towards the castle 
 by a number of horses — he then threatened to batter 
 the castle ; the garrison returned a defiance, and being 
 reinforced from Enniskillen, made a sally, drove the 
 epemy from their trenches and seized the. cpunterfeii 
 cannon. On the arri\».lof Kirk, the numbers who had 
 ^sociated, were furnished with arms and ammunition, 
 and were now become so formidable, that three armies 
 were dispatched to attack them ; two of these were rout, 
 ed with considerable slaughter. The other, under tlie 
 ■ command of the duke of Berwick, after gaining some 
 trifling, advantage, retired. • 
 
 '^^ts>A V 
 
IRELAKD. SIS 
 
 -. Jones fcad now assembled ft parliament it) 
 Dublin. A bill was immediately passed, recog^ 
 J689. piling the king's title, and expressing an abhor, 
 rence of the pmince of Orange and his usurpation. James 
 published a declaration, in whicb he expressed bis de- 
 termination to protect the properties, privileges, and 
 religion of his protestant subjects. But whatever were 
 his inclinations, he allowed himself to be governed by 
 others. The French ambassador, -d'Avanx, took the 
 lead in his council ; all commissions in his army wefe 
 given to Frenchmen. In parliament, ft bill wait passed 
 for repealing the acts of settlement. Nothing could have 
 been more injurious to the cause of James than this 
 proceeding, of which he disapproved entirely. Several 
 acts were pdseed against the adherents of the prince of 
 Orange. James opposed a bill for the repeal of Poy- 
 ning's law, and would not consent to the establishment 
 of inns of court in Ireland for the education of lawyers. 
 
 Unable to procure a sufficient supply of money, he 
 issued a proclamation, by virtue of his prerogative, im. 
 posing on all chatties a tax of 120001. a month, being 
 the amount of a subsidy granted by parliament to be 
 levied on lands. Some of his council expostulated a- ' 
 gainst this arbitrary proceeding, but without effect. " If 
 I cannot do this, said he, I can xlo nothing." He had 
 recourse to another Expedient to relieve his distres- 
 ses. Seizing the tools of a man who enjoyed by patent 
 the right of a copper coinage hi Ireland, he established 
 a mint in Dublin and Limerick : here old cannon, bro- 
 ken bells, and household utensils were collected : from 
 every pound weight of these materials, valued at four 
 pence, pieces were coined of the nominal value of five 
 pounds, and forced into circulation in the most unjust 
 manner, and to the great injury of the public. 
 
 A little after the arrival of James^ a mandamus was 
 
 2 D 2 
 
 ^ ..... uL. .,. -„.^^.A.Ji 
 
SI 6 HISTORY OF 
 
 presented to the governors of the university, to admit 
 one Green to a senior fellowship.; the governors refused 
 obedience to the tnandamus. In a few days, the fellows 
 and scholars were forcibly ejected by James's soldiers ; 
 public and private property was seized, the chapel was 
 converted into a magazine, and the chambers into pri. 
 sons. At the intercession of the bishop of Meath, the 
 members obtained their personal liberty, on condition 
 that three should not meet together on pain of death. 
 Moor, a Roman catholic clergyman, was nominated 
 provost, and he with the assistance of Macai thy, ano- 
 ther of hi^ own order, preserved the library, books and 
 manuscripts from the ravages of the army. In many 
 cases the protestants were deprived of their churches 
 by the Roman catholics. They remonstrated to James 
 against these proceedings ; he acknowledged his pro- 
 mise of protection, and published a proclamation against 
 the outrages of which they complained He had, how- 
 ever, the mortification to find that his clergy would pay 
 him no obedience, and that his proclamation was disre- 
 garded. 
 
 It was at length determined by William to support 
 his adherents in Ireland, with more effect than he had 
 hitherto done. On the 1 3th of August, the duke of 
 Schomberg arrived in the bay of Carrickfergus with -^ 
 10,000 men and some artillery ; he landed near Bangor 
 in the county of Down. The garrisons of Belfast and 
 Antrim retired at his approach ; some to Lisburn, the 
 greater part to Carrickfergus : to the latter Schomberg 
 laid siege. In a (ew days the garrison surrendered, 
 being allowed to mHreh to their next post with their 
 arms and baggage. On their march they were attacked 
 by the Ulster Scots, and were with difficulty preserved 
 by the interposition of the general. Schomberg, now 
 reinforced from England, advanced to Lisburn, Hills- 
 
 ■5*terfV'^ 
 
: i'^ 
 
 IRELAKD. 317 
 
 borough, Dromore, nnd LoughbrickUmd. The troops 
 of James retired, and in their retreat burned Newry and 
 Carlingford. Schomberg threatened to give no quar- 
 ters if these outrages were repeated. They abandoned 
 Dundalk without injuring the town, towards which 
 Schomberg advanced. 
 
 The officers of James's army were deliberating whe- 
 ther they should not abandon their position at Droghe- 
 da, and retire to Dublin, when Tyrconnel arrived, and 
 diverted them from such a resolution ; he assured them 
 of a powerful reinforcement. Troops arrived from the 
 southern provinces, and they determined on maintaining 
 their present position. The difficulty of the country 
 through which Schomberg hail liitherto marched, had 
 prevented the enemy's cdvalry from annoying bim. 
 The country now before him was plain and open, where 
 the superior numbers of James's army could surround . 
 his, and cut off liis cpmmunicatioH with the fleet and his 
 northern friends^ he therefore determined not to advance^» 
 Mareschal Rosen drew his forces towards Dundalk, 
 while the duke fortified bis camp, to prevent the enemy 
 from forcing bim ta an action. An attempt was made 
 to secure a pass at Newry, so as to £all on his rear, bat 
 it did not succeed. At length th« whole army, with 
 James at its bead,, was drawn out and advanced towarda 
 Scbomberg's camp^ an engagement appeared inevitable* 
 when James drew off his forces to Ardee. His own 
 army attributed this taovemcBt t» a desire of sparing 
 his English silbjects* In Sehomberg's army, it was 
 considered tbitt the enemy's' motinns were intended to 
 cottntenance a conspiracy formed by some French Ro- 
 man eathelics to betiay the camp. This design was dis- 
 covered next day ; the pruicipals w«re executed, the 
 rest w^e dkarmec^ asd seat to Hc^land. 
 
 2 » a 
 
 ■:.jictri.'-:jmm^MAL-.^^-'' - ■ iilliiiilyiiiiii|giiiMttii*i 
 
^"•V 
 
 !Si8 HISTORY OF 
 
 The troops of Schomberg, confined to their camp in a 
 low situation, became afflicted with disease which car- 
 ried ofF great numbers. The enemy, encamped on high- 
 er ground, retained their health for a longer time, 
 though in the end they suffered severely. The duke at 
 length retired to winter quarters to the northern towns, 
 whither his men carried the inextinguished infection of 
 their camp. 
 
 The issue of Schomberg's expedition, was a source of 
 great discontent among the people of England, where 
 expectations had been formed of the most brilliant suc- 
 cesses. Hjs distresses had been concealed frbm them, 
 and they were mortified to hear of his entrenching him- 
 self against the enemy — parliament remonstrated with 
 violence against miscarriages in the army, the fleet, and 
 in Ireland. William, therefore, determined to under- 
 take the conduct of the war in person. Cloaths, arms, 
 ammunition, and provisions were dispatched from Eng- 
 land. Seven thousand Danes landed at Belfast, under 
 the command of the prince of Wirtemberg; Schomberg 
 began to furnish his frontier garrisons with stores* 
 James also prepared for the campaign ; before the open- 
 ing of which he had the mortification to see his only 
 frigate captured in the bay of Dublin by sir Cioudesly 
 Shovel, and to lose the fort of Charlemont. In the 
 mean time, several regiments of English, Dutch, and 
 . y. Branden burghers, arrived ; and on the Hth day 
 of June king William landed at Carrickfergus, 
 ' attended by prince George of Denmark, the 
 young duke of OEmond, and sever^ other persons of 
 distinction. 
 
 The first act of his civil authority was the issuing his 
 warrant for the payment of an annual pension of 12001. 
 io the teachers of the dissenting congregations of the 
 northern province : his farces were immediately ordered 
 
 *^-~'~- : ^•"•"^ -^ -^- ■ ^-■.■■-■. ■ - 
 
*> 
 
 IRELAND. 51 d 
 
 to take the field ; they assembled at Lough>brickland, 
 where>they were joined by William and his train ; from 
 thence he removed southward with an army of 36000 
 men well appointed : the fleet coasted slowly in view to 
 supply them with necessaries. James, on receiving die 
 intelligence of William's landing, committed the guard of 
 Dublin to a body of militia, and marched with 6060 
 French infantry, to join the main body of his army 
 which lay near Droglieda, on the banks of the river 
 Boyne ; this army was about 33000 strong. His council 
 of officers advised him not to hazard an engagement 
 against superior numbers ; they represented to him that 
 by a defensive war the resources of the enemy must be 
 exhausted, and as the French monarch had promised to 
 send a fleet to destroy William's transports, his retreat 
 would be cut off. James, however, contended for the 
 i>ecessity of acting vigorously, and expressed his satis- 
 faction, that he had at last an opportunity of having one 
 fair battle for the crown ; at the same time he dispatclu 
 ed sir Patrick Trant to Watierford, to prepare a ship to 
 coavey him to France, in case of a defeat. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 By whom were .Fames's troops annoyed during the tiege of Deny? 
 What stratagem did lord Galmoy make use of? What was the fate 
 of the three armies sent against the EnnidtiUen men ? What was the 
 first act passed by parliament ? What declaration did James publish ? 
 Who took the lead in his council ? What acts were repealed ? What 
 acts did James oppose ? What means did' he use for raising money ? 
 What occurred with respect to the university ? What vdth respect to 
 churches ? What forces did William send to support his adherents ia 
 Ireland 3 To what town did Schomberg lay siege ? What towns 
 did James's anny bum ? Who prevented the officers of James's ar- 
 my from abandoning Dro^eda ? Why did Schomberg halt and Cat- 
 tify his camp ? What effect did the situation of Scbomberg's camp 
 produce on his men? How did the people of England receive the iti- 
 telligence of his proceedings ? How did William determine to con- 
 duct the war ? Where did he land ? What was his first act of civil 
 atithority? What was the strength of his-army? What ad\ ice did 
 James's officers give liim, and how did he determine to act ? 
 
 lilttaiiiiliittMii^ii 
 
520 HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Advance offVillianis army-^Dispositiom of the armies — 
 Battle of the Boyne — Flight of James. 
 
 On the SOth June William's army moved towards the 
 Boyne in three columns, himself marching at the head 
 of his advanced guard, which soon appeared Jivi thin a 
 ' few miles of Drogheda. Here, from the summit of a 
 hill, he took a view of the enemy ; on th€ir right was 
 Drogheda filled with their troops ; eastward of the towo, 
 on the further banks of the river, their camp extended in 
 two lines, with a morass on the left, difficult to be pass- 
 ed ; in their front were the fords of the Boyne, deep 
 and dangerous, with rugged banks, defended by some 
 breastworks; in their rear at aome distance, lay the 
 church and village of Donore : three miles farther was^ 
 the pass of Duleek, on which they depended for a re- 
 treat. William's army was now marching into camp, 
 when anxious to gain a nearer, and more distinct view 
 of the enemy, he advanced with some officers within 
 musket-shot of a ford, opposite to a village called Old- 
 bridge, here he conferred for some time on the methods of 
 {>aflsing, and planting Itis batteries ; riding on still west- 
 ward, be alighted, and sat down to refresh himself on 
 a riaiog ground. Neither the motions of William, nor of 
 liis army were unnoticed in the army of James ; Ber-> 
 wick) Tyrconnel, SaK»fi«}d, and some other generals, 
 rode slowly along the opposite banks, and discove^sd 
 tbe present situation of the king : a party of about fertjr 
 horse immectiately appeared in a fieW, opposite to the 
 place on which be sat i, in their centre they coecealed 
 two field-pieces, which ihey planted unnoticed, under 
 covef of a^ hedge, gatl setired» Williaoi^ Hwunted hia 
 
^- :r£land. . 321 
 
 horse ; at that moment the first discharge killed a man 
 and two horses at a little distance from the king ; ano- 
 ther ball, which instantly followed, grazed on the banks 
 of the river, whence it rose, and slanting on his right 
 shoulder, wounded him ; the royal attendants crowded 
 round in confusion. : > ' 
 
 In the enemy's camp it was supposed he was killed, 
 the news was conveyed to Dublin, and thence to PariSj 
 which was illuminated, and the guns of the Bastile fired 
 on the occasion. In the evening William assembled his 
 principal officers, to whom he declared his resolution of 
 passing the river in front of the enemy : duke Schomberg 
 endeavoured to dissuade him from this hazardous enter- 
 prize, and when he could not prevail, insisted that part 
 of the army should be immediately detached to secure 
 the bridge of Slane, about three miles westward of their 
 camp, to cut^ them^ oft' from Duleek, the pass through 
 ivhich they might retreat ; this counsel being also treat- 
 ed with indiiference, the duke retired James discovered 
 the same inattention as William did to this important pass; 
 in his council of war, Hamilton recommended that eight 
 regiments .might be sent immediately to secure the 
 bridge ; James proposed to employ fifty dragoons in 
 this service ; the general in astonishment bowed, and 
 was silent. 
 
 At midnight William rode through his camp with 
 torches, inspected every post, and issued his final or- 
 ders. Early on the succeeding morning, count Schom- 
 berg, son of the duke, with his cavalry, and Douglas 
 with his infantry, which compassed the right wing, 
 marched towards Slane with greater alacrity than the 
 troops sent from the other side to oppose them ; they 
 crossed the river without any opposition, except from a 
 regiment of dragoons stationed at the ford, then ad- 
 vancing, they found their antagonists drawn up in two 
 
822 HISTORY OF 
 
 lines ; in forming they mixed thehr hone ftcil (bot, squa. 
 dron with battalion, until on the arriTal of more inftin- 
 iry, they changed their position, drawing their horse 
 to the right, by "which they considerably outflanked the 
 enemy ; but they had to force their way through fields 
 inclosed by deep ditches, difficult to be surmounted, es- 
 peciaOy by the horse who, in tl>e fkce of an enemy, were 
 obliged to advance in order ; beyond these lay a morass, 
 still more embarrassing. 
 
 The infantry was ordered to plunge in, and while the 
 horse found a firm passage to the right, forced their way 
 with fatigue and difficulty : the enemy fled instantly to*, 
 wards Duleek, and were pursued with great slaughter ; 
 when it was supposed tliat the riglit wing had made good 
 its passage, the infautry in the centre, which was com- 
 manded by duke Schomberg, was put in motion. The 
 Dutch guards iirst entered the river on the right op- 
 posite to Old bridge: the French protestants and En< 
 niskilleners, Brandenburghers and finglish, at their se- 
 veral passes to the leflt, plunged in with alacrity, while 
 the water in some places rose to their breasts, and obliged 
 the infantry to support their arms above their heads. 
 
 The Dutch having gained the opposite banks, 
 formed gradually, and drove the Irish from their 
 posts : as they continued to advance, the squadrons and 
 battalions of the enemy suddenly appeared in view be- 
 hind the eminences which had concealed them : five of 
 these battalions bore down upon the Dutch', who had 
 already passed, but were firmly received and repulsed. 
 The efforts of the Irish horse were equally unsuccessful ; 
 two attacks were repelled, when the French and Ennis- 
 kiileners arriving to the support of the Dutch, drove 
 back a third body of horse with considerable execution. 
 Meanwhile general Hamilton led the Irish infantry to 
 the very margin of the river to oppose the passage of the 
 
XREZ.AHO. 225 
 
 French and English^ but without making any impres- 
 sion ; their cavalry attacked a squadron of Danes with 
 euch intrepidity that they fied back through the river : 
 the Irish horse pursued, and on their return fell furious- 
 ly on the French huguenots, wlio were instantly broken. 
 The duke Schomberg, now rushed through the river, 
 and placed himself at the head of the huguenot forces 
 who were deprived of their leader, Caillemote. Tha 
 Irish horse, who bad brokea the French protestant^r 
 wheeled through Old-bridge, in order to join their maia 
 body ; but were here cut down by the Dutch and Ennis- 
 killeners. About sixteen of their squadron escaped, and 
 returning furiously from the slaughter of their compa- 
 nions, were mistaken by the huguenots for some of their 
 own friends and suffered to pass { they wounded Schom- 
 berg in the bead, and were hurrying him forward, whefl 
 he was killed by a shot from his own men. 
 
 After an incessant firing of an hour, ■ there ensued 
 some respite on both sides. The Irish retreated towards 
 Donore, where James stood during the engt^ement^ 
 surrounded by hi& guards, and here drawing up in good 
 order, once more advanced. WiUiam at the head of 
 the Dutch, Danish, and English cavalry, which com- 
 posed the right wing of his army, had now crossed the 
 river, through a dangerous uid difficult pass, where hia 
 horse floundering in the mud, obliged him to dismount^ 
 and recj^ive the assistance of his attendants. When the 
 enemy had advanced almost within musket shot of his 
 in&ntry, they halted and again retreated to Doaere ; 
 where facing about, they charged with such success, that 
 t^e Englisli-cavalry, though led on by their tciag, was 
 forced from their ground. 
 
 The battle, however, was still maintained with ardour ; 
 The king constantly mingled in the hottest part of the 
 engagement where his presence gave double vigour to* 
 
 ^_ 
 
324 HISTORY OF 
 
 his soldiers. The Irish infantry was finally repulsed. 
 Hamilton at the head of his horse made one desperate 
 effort to turn the fortune of the day ; but though their 
 shock was furious, they were routed^ and their general 
 conveyed a prisoner to William. While the right wing 
 of William's army, which had forced its way through 
 difficult grounds, pursued the enemy close to Duleek, 
 Lauzun, a French officer, rode up to James, who still 
 continued at Donore, and advised hini to retreat imme- 
 diately, as he was in danger of being surrounded. 
 Marching to Duleek at the fiead of Sarsiield's regiment, 
 he was followed by his army, which poured through 
 the pass, not without some annoyance from a party of 
 English dragoons. When they reached the open ground, 
 they drew up and cannonaded their pursuers. Their 
 ]osB in this engagement was computed at fifteen hundred. 
 That of William's army scarcely amounted to one third 
 of this number. 
 
 James now looked on the contest as decided ; he 
 hurries! to Dublin assembled the magistrates and coun- 
 cil, told them that nothing remained but that he and 
 they ishould shift for themselves. He advised them 
 to set their prisoners at liberty, and submit to the prince 
 of Orange. Having thrown out some reflexions on the 
 courage of tlie Irish troops, the officers were provoked 
 to retort ; and, contrasting the active part which Willi- 
 am had taken in the battle, with that of James, who 
 looked on as an indifferent spectator, they exclaimed, 
 *' Exchange kings, and we'will once more fight the bat- 
 tle." James fled to Wpterford, breaking down the 
 bridges to prevent a pursuit, and instantly embarked 
 for France. 
 
IRELAND. 22^ 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 In wliat disposition did William's army march towards the Bojrne ? 
 What was the position occupied by James's army ? For what pur- 
 pose did Willliam advance when his army was marching into camp ? 
 WIio observed him ? "What stratagem was used ? What danger did 
 William escape ? How was the false report of his death recaved ia 
 Paris ? What was his resolution ? Who tried to dissuade him ? 
 To what was James inattentive, and what did HamiltOB recommend ? 
 Who commanded William's cavalry, and who his infantry of the right 
 wing ? What was their first movement ? Who commanded the 
 infantry in the centre ? How did they cross the river Boyne? How 
 were they opposed ? Who were attacked furiously by tlie Irish horse ? 
 Who came to the support of the French huguenots ? Who defeated the 
 Irish horse ? How was duke Scbomberg killed ? Where did the 
 Irish retreat to ? Where <lid the final attack take place ? What was 
 William's conduct during the engagement ? Who was taken prisoner ? 
 Who advised James to retreat ? What was the loss on each side ? 
 How did James act and how did he advise the magistrates of Dublin 
 to act? How did he affront his troeps? What was their rq[tly? 
 Where did James retreat to? 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Irish determine to continue the tuar-^fVUllam besieges 
 Limerick— 'Is obliged to raise the siege— Siege of Athlone* 
 
 Although James had new abandoned his adherents, 
 
 they determined te carry on the war, and the greatest 
 
 part of his army raar<:hed to Limerick and Athlonef 
 
 Dublin was threatened with all the evlU of anarchy, 
 
 when one Fitzgerald, a military officer, dissuaded the 
 
 protestants who had been set free from executing their 
 
 purposes of revenge, assumed the government and sent 
 
 to William for assistance. This monarch advanced 
 
 slowly towards the metropolis, whence he issued a de- 
 
 2e 
 
526 HISTORY OF 
 
 claration calculated to detach the lower orders from 
 their leaders ; he promised pardon to all who would re- 
 turn to their dwellings and surrender their arms ; but 
 declared his resolution of leaving the leaders to the event 
 of the war. A commission was issued for seizing and 
 secttMAg all forfeitures accruing to the crown by the 
 rebellion of the Irish. The conduct of the commission- 
 ers seizing without mercy, and that of William^s adhe- 
 rents, who perpetually violated the protection giren to 
 tU^ peiasaiUry, served to increase the aversion from the 
 new government, and induced many to return to their 
 leaders. 
 
 Eight days afler the battle of the Boyne, William di- 
 vided his army. General Douglas was detached to re- 
 duce Athlone, while the king moved southward. On 
 his march he received intelligence of the defeat of the 
 united fleets of England and Holland by the French. 
 Anxious to gain a secure station for his transports, he 
 for this purpose, prepared to reduce Waterford and 
 Dungannon. Wexford had already declared for him ; 
 Clonmel was abandoned ; Waterford capitulated, as 
 did Dungannon on the appearance of sir Cloudesly 
 Shovel with sixteen frigati^s. Having obtained his 
 object, and thinking his presence necessary in Eng- 
 land, William prepared to return and leave the conduct 
 of the Irish war to his generals. Receiving, however, 
 intelligence that the Irish fleet had retired, he aliered 
 his intention and returned to his camp. 
 
 In the mean time, Douglas proceeded to Athlone : 
 he marched as through an enemy's country ; his men 
 plundering, and even murdering with impunity; To 
 his summons Grace, the governor of Athlone, returned 
 a defiance. Douglas then commenced a siege, and bat- 
 tered the town without any considerable effect. After 
 several disasters he determined on retiring, and de' 
 
IRELAND. S27 
 
 V 
 
 camped unmolested at midnight. His army was accom> 
 panied by a number o( protestante, who had accepted 
 protections from the Irish army, and on the approach of 
 D'.iuglas had declared for the English. Douglas joined 
 the royal army, which was advancing towards Limerick 
 where the enemy's principal force lay. On the 9th of 
 August, William began his approaches to the town ; hav- 
 ing driven the enemy from the open country, he en- 
 camped within cannon shot of the walls. His heavy 
 artillery had not yet arrived, but he summoned the 
 garrison to surrender : Boileau, the governor, expressed 
 
 J his surprise at the summons, and declared his resolution 
 of making a vigorous defence. William was at the same 
 time assured that this spirited answer by no means cor- 
 responded with the sentiments of the garrison, who were 
 restrained from an immediate submission, only by the 
 remonstrances of the governor, the duke of Berwick, 
 and SHr.Nfield. His hopes of success were further 
 jBtrengthened, when Ginckle, his Dutch general, gained 
 a ford about three mites from the town, where a strong 
 
 I c'etachment was posted at each side of the river. 
 
 Meanwhile, the garrison prepared for a vigorous de- 
 fence. Having received information of the train expected 
 from Dublin, and all the particulars concerning its route, 
 Sarsfield determined on attempting to surprise it. He 
 apprehended from the stajte of the garrison, that if this 
 train should arrive, the enemy must soon become mas- 
 ters of Limerick. With a party of chosen cavalry, he 
 crossed tlie Shannon at Killaloe, and in the mountains 
 waited the approach of the convoy. The besiegers be- 
 came acquainted with his motions, and William ordered 
 sir John Lanier to march with five hundred horse, to 
 meet the train — this order was executed too slowly. 
 The train arrived within a day's march of the English 
 
 camp, and the officer who commanded the convoy, ap- 
 
 2 b '2 
 
 >->-.gr>,..,,„fc.4eg .w«,>.,— ;.,.«!rK «:^y*t«. 
 
328 HISTORY OF 
 
 prehending no danger, encamped carelessly. In this 
 situation, Sarsfield rushed suddenly on them, and either 
 killed or dispersed the whole party ; then collecting the 
 cannon, carriages, waggons, and ammunition, he filled 
 the cannon with powder, fixed their mouths in the 
 ground, and laying a train to the heap, fired it on his 
 retreat. The explosion announced to Lanier the success 
 of the cnterprizc. 
 
 The news of this disaster was received in the English 
 camp with consternation ; William alone maintained his '' 
 composure. Furnishing his batteries with two cannon 
 that escaped the general havock, and some guns brought 
 from \Vaterfui:d, he began his operations on the 27th of 
 August. A breach was i^ade, which was furiously 
 stormed by .500 grenadiers. They were opposed with' 
 the greatest spirit, but at length made a temporary 
 lodgment ; the besieged then rallied, and returned to 
 the breach, vkhich they defended in the most gallant 
 manner. The women joined in the defence, encouraged 
 the men, advanced before them, defied the besiegers^ 
 and assailed them with stones. After a struggle of three 
 hours, William ordered a reti:eat to be sounded : im- 
 mediately after he dismounted his batteries, and gradu- 
 ally withdrew his troops unmolested by the garrison* 
 Leaving the command of the army to count Solmes and 
 Ginckle, and committing the civil government to two 
 lords justices, lord Sidney and Thomas Covingsby, with 
 a blank in their commission to be filled with a third 
 name, he embarked for England at Duncannon fort. 
 
 While William lay before Limerick, the earl of Marl-, 
 borough had been detached from England with 5000 
 men to effect the reduction of Cork and Kinsale. He 
 was now reinforced by Gindcle, on whom the chief com- 
 mand had dissolved by the departure of count Solmes. 
 He succeeded against both these towns, which surren* 
 
IRELAND. 329 
 
 (lered in twenty three days. Hitherto Ginckle had kept 
 his troops posted in did'erent places about the Shannon. 
 When WUKani abandoned the siege of Limericlc, Boi' 
 leau withdrevyr with his French troops to Galway to join 
 hi<i countrymen who were recalled and waited for trans- 
 ports. The Irish were not displeased at losing their 
 allies; a good understanding had never subsisted between 
 theoi. The natives w€re displeased at the preference 
 continually shewn to the French officers;. Left to the 
 command of Sar^field, a popular and distinguished 
 commander, they now threatened some desperate at- 
 tempt. But on the rfduction of Cork and Kinsale, 
 Ginckle withdrew his troops into winter quarters. 
 
 The country became now a prey to the soldiers of 
 1>oth armies : each unpaid, and unprovided with necessa- 
 ries, depended on plunder for subsistance-^in addition 
 to the distresses caused by the troops, the country 
 swarmed with a crowd of robbers, known by the name 
 of rapparees, who lived in a state of nature, unrestrained 
 by any laws ef war or peace, and depending altogether 
 on plunder for subsistan^e. To check these aggravations 
 of tlie calamities of war, the new lords justices endea- 
 voured to give some effitcacy to the civil government ; 
 the commission of forfeitures was superseded, and se- 
 veral proclamations were published. 
 
 The motions of the Irish army now indicated some 
 movement of importance ; a maga;sine of forage was. 
 provided at Athione for 5000 horse amd dragoons for 
 ten days. It soon appeared that an attack on the En- 
 ^lish garrison of MuUingar was intended ; the garrisoa 
 was accordingly reinforced, and Ginckle arrived at Mul- 
 lingar with 2000 foot, and 1000 horse. ^He advanced on 
 the .enemy, who were driven io the moAt of Grenoge : 
 
 2j:3 
 
j830 HISTORY OF 
 
 here a skirmish took place, and the Irish were finally 
 driven, with some loss, to Athlone. 
 
 A considerable di£Perence of opinion prevailed in the 
 Irish army, with respect to the line of conduct now to 
 be pursued. Tyrconnel had returned from France with 
 no other aid than 80001. and some cloathing ; he de- 
 clared for moderate measures, and proposed to submit ; 
 on this account he was accused of treachery, and to this 
 it was imputed that in France he recommended to send 
 officers, stores, and provisions to Ireland, without any 
 troops, Sarsfield opposed the temporising counsels of 
 Tyrconnel ; the officers who declared for war flattered 
 their followers with hopes of assistance from France. 
 Some French officers gradually arrived, and repeated the 
 assurances of speedy succours. At length monsieur St. 
 lluth landed at Limerick with a commission of chief 
 commander. Sarsfield was highly iadignant at this pre- 
 ference shown to a foreigner, to which he was not re<* 
 conciled by the title of earl of Lucan, which be now re- 
 . -p. ceived from James. As St. Ruth was not sup- 
 plied with the stores which the Irish had expect* 
 ed, he resolved on a defensive war, ordered the 
 towns on the Irish side of the Shannon to be strength- 
 ened, and with the main body took up a position behind 
 Athlone. 
 
 Ginckle assembled his army at MulUngar, as it was 
 determined to open the campaign with the siege of Ath. 
 
 lone The fort of Ballymore, which was occupied by 
 
 ICOO men, surrendered after sustaining the attack of 
 Ginckle's army for one day ; after driving into the town 
 some of the enemy's infantry, the English army com- 
 menced the siege. Athlone is divided by the Shannon 
 into two parts, which are connected by a bridge } fi'om 
 the eastern part the besieged were soon driven, but as the 
 western arch of the bridge was broken down, the aseail- 
 
IRELAND. 331 
 
 {Tnts were sto^yped there; the passage ef the river was a 
 matter of great difficulty— the ford between the two 
 towns was deep, narrow and stony : Ginckle formed a 
 plan for passing the river at Lanesborough, but this de- 
 sign was discovered and prevented ; he then commenced 
 the construction of a wooden work, for the purpose of 
 throwing planks over the broken arch : a serjeant and 
 ten men in armour rushed from the opposite side and 
 attempted to destroy these works — they were all slain ; 
 another party repeated the desperate attack with suc- 
 cess; they threw all the planks and beams into the river, 
 and two survivors returned in triumph. 
 
 Ginckle still determined to persevere, and completed 
 a close gallery on the broken arch : it was then resolved 
 in a council of war to pass the Shannon at three places ; 
 one party was to force the bridge, another to cross the 
 ford below it, while a third party was to cross the river 
 higher up on floats. The} enemy discovered this design, 
 the garrison was reinforced from the camp, and the best 
 of the Irish troops were drawn to the works ; still the 
 besiegers determined to persevere, and all was anxiety on 
 each side, when some grenadiers from the town set fire 
 to a parcel of fascines which lay on the bridge. The 
 flames soon destroyed Ihe gallery, and the enterprize 
 was abandoned. 
 
 Ginckle now summoned another council of war, in which 
 it was determined to attempt the passage by the ford ; 
 this desperate attempt was made on the next day, and 
 succeeded; the Irish were driven from the town, and the 
 castle soon after surrendered. When the first intelligence 
 that the enemy was crossing the ford, was conveyed to 
 St. Ruth, he exclaimed that it was impossible ; that 
 they could not presume to attempt the town while he and 
 his army lay so near : Sarsfield gave it as his opinion that 
 the enterprize was not too difficult for English courage. 
 
S32 HISTORY OF 
 
 and advisad him to send speedy fiuccourg. The French 
 genera) was offended, and an altercation ensued, which 
 was put an end to by a messenger who informed thehi 
 that the enemy was in the to«vn : afler a fruitless at^ 
 tempt to drive tJiiem out. St. Euth retired. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 ' MHiat was fhe determination of James's adherents ? ^Vhere did 
 im army march to ? Who prevented disturbances in Dublin ? What 
 •declaration did William publish? What commission was issued? 
 
 How ^^■A3 the dislike of the Irish to William's Government encreased ? 
 Who was sent to Athlone? What intelligence did William receive 
 on his march ? What towns capitulated ? What was the conduct of 
 the troops under Douglas i How was his summons received by Uie 
 fovernor of Athlone ? Did he retreat ? To what tovn was the roy- 
 al army advancing ? Wliat answer did the governor of Limerick 
 give ?<What was William assured of? What strengthened his hopes of 
 «icress? What information did Sarsfield receive ? What measures 
 did he take to prevent the arrival of the English cannon ? Did he 
 succeed ? How did William act on the loss of his cannon ? What 
 was tlie first attack ? How did tlie w«men act' To whom did Wil- 
 liam leave the command of his army ? To whom did he com nut the 
 civil government ? Who reduced Cork and Kinsale ? After the de- 
 parture of Boileau who commanded in Limerick ? Wjiat additional 
 distress did the country labour uudier beside the plundering of the 
 soldiers ? ^liere did the Irish meditate an attack ? What was the 
 lesult ? What afisistanc* did Tyrconnel bring ? What displeased 
 Sarsfield ? Where did St. Ruth station his troops ? Who attacked 
 Athlone ? What occurred on the attempt to throw planks across the 
 broken arch ? What prevented Ginckle from crossing the Shannon 
 .as he intended ? What was his final determination ? How did it 
 bucceed ? How did St. Ruth receive Sarsfield's advice ? 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Ginckk issues a prodamatiott-^-^Baitle of Aughrim-m, 
 Surrender of Limerick, 
 
 Both parties were now equally anxious to bring the 
 contest to an issue, by some decissive action. Gin^^de^ 
 
 J 
 
IIt£LAND. ■ 333 
 
 » 
 
 before he advanced in search of the enemy, deemed it 
 buth necessary, and just, to publish such a proclamation 
 and encouragement to those who should submit, as 
 might break the force of the enemy, and possibly pre- 
 vent the necessity of an engagement ; a material diffe- 
 rence of opinion, however, had long existed between 
 Ginckle and some of the grea^ Elnglish subjects of Ire- 
 land. On this point their views were directed to the ex- 
 termination of William's enemies, and not the reconciling 
 them to his government. Ginckle published a proclama- 
 tion of pardon, which the justices seemed at first in- 
 clined to disavow ; but in two days after they published a 
 proclamation offering advantageous terms to those who 
 should surrender in three weeks. 
 
 This proclamation, however, was published too late to 
 be x)f much use. Tho' some sued for protection, and many 
 ]aid down their arms, still St. Ruth collected his forgoes- 
 from the different garrisons, posted th«m advantageously, 
 and resolved to await the approach of the enemy. Ginc- 
 kle also strengthened his army, by drawing from the 
 English posts all the troops that could be spared. 
 
 On 10th of July, Ginckle marched from Atblone 
 with 18000 men, and encamped along the river Sac, 
 in the county of Roscommon : the Irish, 25000 strong, 
 took their station to greater advantage, about three miles 
 farther to the south-west. Their camp extended more 
 than two miles along the heights of Kilcommeden, 
 with a rivulet on their left, running between hills and 
 morasses, skirted by a large bog, on the edge of which 
 the castle of Aughrim commanded the only pass on that 
 side to their camp: all along the front, about half a mile 
 from their encampment, the bog extended to the right, 
 where was another pass through a range of small hills, 
 opening into wider ground ; the slope of Kilcommeden 
 was intersected with hedges and ditches communicating 
 with each other, and lined with musketeers. 
 
 £^:^' 
 
334 HISTORY OF 
 
 Saint Ruth from his eminence, seeing the English 
 cross the river, and prepare to give him battle, drew out 
 his main army in front of his camp. He rode to every 
 squadron and battalion, and animated them to the 
 most vigorous exertions of their valour. 
 
 On the 12th of July at noon, (the fogs of the 
 morning having hitherto prevented them) the English 
 army advanced in as good order as their uneven ground 
 would admit ; it was in the first place deemed necessary 
 to gain the pass on the right of the enemy, but a small 
 party of Danes sent to force it, fled instantly at the 
 appearance of an inferior body of the enemy. Some 
 English dragoons were next employed, who, after an 
 obstinate contest of an hour, forced their way even beyond 
 the bog. It was now debated, whether the battle should 
 not be deferred to the n«xt morning ; but the council, 
 irith difficulty^ resolved upon an immediate engagemeott 
 By the advice of general Mackay, it was d^termiiied to 
 begin the attack on the enemy's right wing ; about the 
 hour of five in the afternoon the left wing of the English 
 advanced against the enemy, who obstinately maintained 
 their posts, defending their ditches, until the combatants 
 of each side closed with each other; when retiring by 
 their lines of communication, they flanked their as* 
 sail ants, and charged them furiously. The engage- 
 ment was thus continued for an hour and a half, when 
 St. Ruth found it oecessary to draw a considerable part 
 of the cavalry from his left, to support his right wing. 
 Mackay seized the favourable moment, and, while the 
 cavalry were in motion to gain the pass by Aughrim 
 Castle, which stood on the side of the bog, several re- 
 giments of infantry in the center were ordered to march 
 through the morass, extending along their front, and 
 to post themselves on the lowest ditches, until the horse 
 &hould gain the passage^ and wheel from the right to 
 
IRELAND. 535 
 
 support their charge ; the infantry plunged into the bog, 
 where they instantly sunk to the middle ; and no sooner 
 had they with difficulty gained the opposite side, than 
 they received a fire from the hedges and trenches oc> 
 copied by the enemy : they advanced, however, with in- 
 trepidity, the enemy in the mean time retiring to draw 
 them forward, until forgetting their orders, they pursued 
 almost to the main body of the Irish ; both horse and foot 
 now poured down upon them, in front and flank, 
 forced them from their ground with great slaughter, 
 drove some of them back into the bog,, and made se> 
 veral prisoners, while St. Ruth exclaimed in rapture 
 that he would drive the English to the very walls of 
 Dublin. 
 
 His attention, hoxvever, was soon diverted to the 
 E nglish cavalry on the left, commanded by Talmash, 
 who, seeing the alarming disorder of the center, pushed 
 with incredible ardour close by the walls of the castle, 
 through ail the fire of the enemy ; St. Ruth asked some 
 of his; officers " what do the English mean" ? he was an;* 
 swered, to force their way by our right ; he exclaimed 
 *' they are brave fellows ! it is a pity they should be so ex- 
 posed." Through a narrow and dangerous pass, Mackay, 
 Talmash, and Rouvigny, now gradually pressed forward 
 from the right, bearing down all opposition, and gave 
 the infantry of the center an opportunity of rallying, and 
 regaining their former groimd : the left wing fought 
 with great valour, and was opposed with equal intrepidi- 
 ty. St. Ruth, now finding it necessary to make an im^ 
 preseion on the enemys cavalry in their rapid progress 
 from the right, rode down from his station on the hill of 
 Kilcommeden, and having directed one of his batteries 
 where to point its fire, led a body of horse against them ; 
 while ho- was conducting this enterprize, a cannon ball 
 deprived him of life. The intelligence of this event, ran 
 
 — *-•*• "^^=^- ' ^-^^ 
 
SS6 HISTORY OP 
 
 quickly through the lines ; the cavalry halted, and being 
 vvithout orders, returned towards their former sta. 
 tion : the whole Irish army was now dismayed ; Sarsfield, 
 on whom the command devolved, had been neglected 
 by St. Ruth since their altercation at A thlone; as the 
 order of battle had not been communicated to him, he 
 could not support the dispositions of the late general. The 
 English, in the mean time, pressed forward, and drove 
 the enemy to their camp, whence the latter, being still 
 pursued, fled precipitately, to tlie foot of a bog, and 
 the horse towards Loughrea. 
 
 In this battle, and in a bloody pursuit of three milesi 
 seven thousand of the Irish army were slain, while on 
 the side of the conquerors only seven hundred fell and 
 about a thousand were wounded. 
 
 In a few days Ginckle led his troops to Galway ; the 
 garrison consisted of seven weak regiments, but they 
 expected reinforcements ; whon, however, it was found 
 that no assistance could be had, the townsmen and ma- 
 gistrates proposed to surrender; this was at first opposed 
 by the garrison, but they soon changed their sentiments, 
 and a treaty of capitulation commenced. The garrison 
 was allowed to march out with all the honours of war ; 
 a free pardon was granted to the inhabitants, with full 
 possession of their estates and liberties under the acts of 
 settlement and explanation — the Roman catholic clergy 
 and laity were allowed the private exercise of their re- 
 ligion, their lawyers permitted to practice, and such as 
 had estates to bear arms. The terms granted by this 
 capitulation induced many, immediately after, to lay 
 down their arms, and take the oath of allegiance to the 
 king and queen. 
 
 The surrender of Galway was considered by many as 
 an event, the immediate consequence of which must be 
 the £nal reduction of Ireland. Yet the Irish under the 
 
IllELAMO. 337 
 
 command of Sursfield, spoke wtth confidence of meeting 
 the enemy ; Ginckie in the mean time, proceeded cau> 
 tiously. Limerick, to which he now approached, was, 
 notwithstanding the apparent resolution of the garrison, 
 a scene of discord and jealousy. Tyrconnel was dead ; 
 three new lords justices, Fitton, Nagle, and Plowden, 
 had assumed the government in the name of the abdica- 
 ted king,' and declared for submis«uon ; but Sarsfield^ 
 brave, violent and enterprizing, was averse from all 
 accommodation. The French generals expected suc- 
 cours from abroad, and declared for war. 
 
 In the mean time, Ginckie strengthened his army by 
 withdrawing every garrison that could be spared; he 
 secured the passes of the Shannon ; and his artillery was 
 brought up under a strong escort, with every possible 
 precaution. On the 25th day of August he advanced 
 to the town, his approaches to which were made in the 
 same manner as in the former siege. Perceiving that 
 the only effectual means of reducing the town, was to 
 invest it on all sides, he resolved to gain, if possible, the 
 opposite side of the river ; and to conceal his design, 
 gave such orders as indicated an intention of raising the 
 siege. The Irish saw with exultation his batteries dis- 
 mounted, and, lulled into security, never suspected any 
 danger, until a bridge of tin boats was almost completed 
 in the night. A considerable body of forces was thus 
 conveyed into an island, between which and the main- 
 land the river was fordable. Notwithstanding this suc- 
 .cess, it was debated whether the siege«hould be carried 
 on, or converted into a blockade; so great were the 
 difficulties^ which still remained of reducing the town. 
 In this situation, Ginckie issued a declaration, promis- 
 ing pardon and restitution of their estates to such of 
 the garrison and inhabitants of Limerick, as should 
 submit within eight days from that time. This declara- 
 
 •Z F 
 
 is^tssi^kiS^HsmiiiimSi 
 
33% HISTORY OF 
 
 tion not befng attended by any immediate effects, Ginc- 
 kle was under difficulties how to proceed : at length, it 
 was resolved to lead atiother body of troops across the 
 river. On the 22nd of September, Ginckle with a 
 considerable body of cavalry and , infantry, animated 
 with the intelligence of the reduction of Sligo by the 
 earl of Granard, marched over the bridge of boats* 
 Their advanced guards were at first repulsed, but in the 
 end repelled the enemy. The grenadiers, supported by 
 four regiments, were ordered to assault the works which 
 covered Thomond bridge.' Here the contest was for 
 seme time desperately maintained, until, at length, the 
 English broke, routed, dnd pursued the enemy. A 
 French major, who commanded at Thomond bridge, 
 fearing the grenadiers would close with his own party, 
 ordered the drawbridge to be raised, and thus left the 
 fugitives to the mercy of their pursuers. 
 
 On the 2Srd of September, aftef the garrison had for 
 many hours fired from their batteries with uncommon 
 fury, thdy beat a parley. The besiegers granted a 
 truce, to continue for three days, to give time for 
 the horse, now encamped at some distanee, to take 
 advantage of the projected capitulation. Oh the last 
 day of the truce the Irish leaders proposed the terms on 
 which they offered to capitulate. They required an act 
 of indemnity for all past offences, with full enjoyment 
 of the estates tliey had formerly possessed ; freedom 
 fur the Roman catholic worship, and an establish- 
 luent of one Romish ecclesiastic in each parish. They 
 demandied, that Roman catholics should be declared 
 fully qualified for every office civil and military; that 
 they should be admitted into ail corporations : and tltat 
 the Irish army should be kept up, and. paid in the same 
 manner with the king's other troops, if they should be 
 willing to serve. Ginckle refused to grant these terms, 
 
IRELAND. 539 
 
 and gave orders fpr Oigtf batteries. By a second depu> 
 tation, he was desirod to propose such terms on his part 
 as he could grant. He consented that all Irish Roman 
 catholics should enjoy the exercise of their religion, as 
 in the reign of Charles II., and promised that their ma- 
 jesties should endeavour to procure them farther security 
 in this particular, when a parliament could be convened. 
 He engaged, that all included in the capitulation should 
 enjoy their estates, and pursue their employments free- 
 ly, as in the reign of the same king Charles ; that their 
 gentry should be allowed the use of arms, and that no 
 oath should be required of any except that of allegiance. 
 The garrison readily acccpttsd these concessions as the 
 basis of a treaty. On the first day of October the lords 
 justices arrived in the camp. On (be third, the capitula* 
 tion ivas adjusted and signed; the civil articles by th<» 
 clbi^f goveraors, Porter and Coningsby, and th^ military 
 by %he general. In these it was stipulated that every 
 facility should be afforded to such of th^ Irish troops as 
 wished to enter into foreign service, and accordingly 
 H,000 of them went tq (he contin^pt. 
 
 EXERCISES, 
 
 What proclamation did Giqckle think proper to publish ? \V1iat 
 e6EectbadJt? On whut day did ' Ginckle march from Athlone ? 
 "Where did he encamp ? What were the numl^ers of the two armies ? 
 Wliat position did St. RuUi take?- On what day was the battle of Augh- 
 rim foi^rlit ? What was debated by the Engli^ council of war ? What 
 was the ordft of battle ? What was 'St. Ruth's exclamation ? What was 
 his remark on the conduct of the Englbh cavalry ? For what pur- 
 pose di^ he l^ve hb station on the h&l of Kilcommeden? On «bal 
 accoupt did the death of St. Ruth cause such dismay in his army ? 
 Who succeeded to the chief coipmand of the Irish army ? What were 
 the pumbers )(illed on each side ? What force was in Galway when 
 Ciuckl^ arrived there ' On what terms did it suneoder ? To iK^t 
 
 2 F 2 
 
340 HISTORY OF 
 
 town dill Ginckle now approach ? "What was its internal situation ? 
 How did Gincklo strengthen his army ? What measiirei did he take 
 to invest Limerick ? What inteiligence animated his troops ? What 
 occurred, at Thomond bridge ? What was the conduct of a French 
 major ? On what terms did the Irish leaders propose to capitulate ? 
 Were they accepted ? To w^M terms did Ginckle consent ? Who 
 signed the articles of capitulation ? What number of the Irisli troops 
 went to Uie continent ? 
 
 RECAPITULATION, 
 
 In what year did the restoration of Charles take place, and how was 
 it received in Ireland ? How was ^the bill of indemnity prepared 
 with respect to Ireland ? What apprehension did the English par- 
 liament express with respect to Ireland, and what was done in conse- 
 quence ? What occurred respecting religious matters, and how did 
 Ormond advise the king ? What was the subS'tance of the king's 
 declaration ? Who were dissatisfied with the declaration, and why ? 
 Of whom was the house of commons composed in 1661 ? What bill 
 chiefly occupied the attention of parliament ? For what purpose 
 were agents sent. to London, and by what parties? What did the 
 parties respectively urge before the privy council, and how did the 
 king decide ? How did the decisiors of the court of claims alarm the 
 adventurers and soldiers ? How did they act in consequence ? What 
 directions did the king give for producing a final accommodation ? 
 What severe clause against the Roman catholics did the bill of expla- 
 nation contain ? How did the English parliament interfere with tjie 
 trade of Ireland? What means did Ormond take to compensate the 
 Irish for the loss of their trade with England ? , Who were the re- 
 monstrants and the anti-remonstrants ? Which of those parties was 
 countenanced by lord Berkeley when lord lieutenant ? What petition 
 did the Roman catholics present in 1661, and how was it received ? 
 What reason is assigned for the appointment of Ormond after the 
 removal of Essex from the vice-royalty ? In 1677 what plot occupi- 
 ed the public attention in Ireland ? Why was it intended to remove 
 Ormond in 1685 ? When did Charles II. die, and who succeeded 
 him ? What system of poh'cy was pursued by James 1 1, tpwards 
 Ireland ? To what consequences diid the conduct ot Jaraes lead ' 
 When did WiHiara II I. land in England? How was the intelligence 
 of the proceedings in Enghmd received in Ireland f Where was re- 
 sistance to Jaraes first made in Ireland ? What effects did the exam- 
 ple of Derry produce ? What means did William take for procuring 
 the resignation of Tyrconnel ? When did James land in Ireland ? 
 
IRELAND. 341 
 
 What procUmation did he iimie on bw arrival ? Wliich were the 
 principal incidents in the siege of Oerry ? Wliat was the issue of 
 Uie battle between James's troops and the Enniskillen men ? What 
 were the acts passed by the iMrliament assembled under James ?- 
 Which of those acts was chiefly obnoxious to to the £ngUi>h interest ? 
 What means did James t^e to raise money ? Whenr did Williant 
 send assistance to his Irish adherents ? What were the operations of 
 Schomberg's army ? What made William determine to carry on the 
 war in Ireland in person ? When did hf yrrive ? What was the' 
 first act of his civil authority ? What battle was fought immediately 
 afler his arrival ? What effects did this battle produce ? What reso< 
 lution did the adherents of Janoes come to after bis flight? What 
 use did William make of his armj after the batfle of the Boyne ? 
 What was the result of Douglas's expedition against Athlone? What 
 expedition did Sarsfield make during the siege of Limerick,;? What 
 was the result of the siege of Limerick ? When did king William 
 leave Ireland ? Wnat other military «peraduns were carried on in 
 the south of Ireland? What was the state of the country, during 
 the winter ? What were the different opinions held in the Irish army 
 at this time ? Who was sent by James to take the command of the 
 Irish army ? What were the military operations between the arrival 
 of St Ruth and the battle of Ajigbrim ? When was that battle 
 fought, and what was the number of troops on each side ? What 
 town surrendered after the battle of Anghrun? Wiiat put an end to 
 the war in Ireland? 
 
 2p3 
 
 iIKl, 
 
 ii^-....^d^^,,„^i^£^ 
 
342 HISTORY OF 
 
 BOOK THE TENTH. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 English parliament assume the power of legislating Jor 
 Ireland — Reign of Anne-— of George L — George //. — 
 American tear. 
 
 . PERIOD V. 
 
 \ T\ As soon as tranquillity was restored, the Eng- 
 lish parliament began to exercise a supreme au- 
 thority over Ireland. They passed a bill for the 
 exclusion of Roman catholics from both houses of par- 
 K -TV liament. In Ireland, the right of originating a 
 bill of supply by the commons, became a 
 
 * source of contest between the commons and the 
 crown ; of two bills sent over certified according to the 
 principles of Poynings's law ; one only was passed, and 
 that on account of the great urgency of the case. Un- 
 
 . y^ der the administration of lord Capel several pe- 
 nal statutes were added to those already enacted 
 against the Roman catholics. The English par- 
 A j^ liament passed a bill for the purpose of annihila- 
 ting the woollen manufactures . of Ireland, and 
 to prevent her from exporting wool to any coun. 
 try but England. Another bill was passed^ resuming 
 seventy-six grants made by the king of the forfeited es- 
 tates in Ireland. 
 
 » j^ William died and was succeeded by his sister- 
 in-law. In his reign there were four sessions of 
 
 • parliament. From the reign of queen Aone, 
 the Irish parliament began to assemble biennially. 
 
IRELAND. 343 
 
 . j-j The Irish parliament presented to the duke of 
 
 Ormond, lord lieutenant, a bill to prevent the 
 
 1703 
 
 ' further growth of popery, to be transmitted to 
 
 England for the legal sanction. The enactments of this 
 bill, the severest of all the penal statutes, were caU 
 culated' to prevent Roman catholics from acquiring and 
 securing property. The English cabinet added a clause 
 to it, rendering it impossible for any person to hold any 
 office in Ireland, or to be a magistrate of any corpora, 
 tion, who should not receive the sacrament according 
 to the rites of the established church. As this clause 
 was a bar to tfie dissenters as well as to the Roman ca- 
 tholics, it was supposed, .that to prevent its being pass- 
 ed, the bill would have been ■ abandoned. The Irish 
 parliament, however, passed the bill with the additional 
 clause, promising the dissenters that it should soon be 
 . j^ repealed as far as regarded them. The Irish peers 
 proposed a union with England which was coldly 
 received there. On the death of Anne, George, 
 elector of Hanover,succeeded totheBritish throne without 
 \ n opposition. The Irish parliament recognized the 
 king's title, set a price on the pretender's head, 
 ' ' and attainted the duke of Ormond for adhering to 
 . Pj him. An appeal was made to the Irish house of 
 peers against a decree of the court of Exchequer, 
 * which was reversed by the lords. The party ag- 
 grieved by this decision, appealed to the English bouse 
 of lords, where the decree of the court of Exchequer was 
 confirmed. This case gave rise to a contest between 
 the two houses. In the end, the English lords brought 
 in a bill, which passed into a law, for the better secu- 
 ring the dependency of Ireland on the crown of Great 
 Britain. "By this it was enacted, that the British par- 
 liament, had of right, full power to make laws to bind 
 the people and the kingdom of Ireland, and that the house 
 of lords of Ireland had not any appellant jurisdiction. 
 
S^i HI3T09.Y OF 
 
 . «^ The Irish parliament passed aa act to relieve 
 dissenters from penalties inflicted on them by 
 the existing laws. 
 . fv Heads of a bill to amend the acts against the 
 further growth of popery, introducing additional 
 * severities against the Roman catholics, were pre- 
 8cn(:^d to the du)ce of Grafton, the lord lieutenant, to be 
 transmitted to England for the usual sanction ; it was, 
 A 1) however, suppressed in that kingdom. A patent 
 was granted to one Wood for coining copper 
 half pence and farthings, for the use of Ireland, 
 to the amount of 108,000^.^ they were produced from 
 materials not worth 8000/. This measure was op- 
 posed by all parties with the greatest vehemence. The 
 ruinous consequences of it were iibly shewn in the 
 Drapiers letters written by the celebrated Dean Swift. 
 After the public had been kept in great agitation 
 for some time by this project, the patent was. re- 
 . ,^ yoked in the following year. On the death of 
 George the I. he was succeeded by his son, 
 ^'^'^'^- George 11. 
 
 A -p. Anactwaspassed by the Irish parliament, in which 
 it was provided that no Roman catholic should 
 vote at the election of a member of parliament. 
 During this and the following year, Ulster suffered 
 under a great scarcity of provisions : many emigrated t<^ 
 America. In the south, riots were committed by the 
 people of several towns, who wished to prevent the ex- 
 portation of corn for the use of the northerns,- dreading 
 9 dearth Aoiong themselvfes. Several acts were passed 
 for the encouragement of agriculture and thie linen ma- 
 nufactures, and for the better ^xi|untain2pace of the cler- 
 A D ^y* ^ ^^^ ^^ enacted for promoting tillage, 
 and the better eipplbymentof the poor, which was 
 assisted by the king's remitting his hereditary 
 duties on wool and yam exported to England. 
 
IRELAND. SiB 
 
 . T> A motion was made in the Irish commons for 
 A. D. ^ . 
 
 granting to his majesty, for twenty-one years, the 
 
 supplies for paying the interest and principal of 
 the national debt, which were usually granted from ses- 
 sion to session. The motion was lost by a majority of 
 A jx oiie only. After some discussion and delibefa^ 
 tion, the house of commons came to a resolution, 
 declaring that the suing for and recovering the 
 tithe of agistment, or of dry and barren cattle, was highly 
 injurious. In consequence of this vote, which was not, 
 however, at all compulsory, the clergy ceased to col- 
 lect this tithe, and confined their demands to sheep and 
 tillage. 
 
 j^ T\ At this period, an alarming rebellion broke 
 out in Scotland. The object of it was to place 
 Charles EJward Stuart, son of the pretendf>r, on 
 the English throne. While it raged, Ireland remained 
 in perfect tranquility ; owing chiefly to the good sense 
 ami liberal policy of its governor, the earl of Chester- 
 field. - Considerable uneasiness was at this time given to 
 government by the writings of Charles Lucas. As a 
 citizen of Dublin, he had taken an active part in a con- 
 test between the board of aldermen and common coun< 
 cil of Dublin. He published the re&ult of a laborious 
 investigation^ shewing that encroachments had been 
 made by the former, without legal sanction, on the pri- 
 vileges of the latter. Turning his attention then to the 
 consideration of the rights of Ireland, as a separate and 
 independent kingdom ; his publications, particularly a 
 memorial to the earl of Hartington, the lord lieutenant, 
 gave so much alarm, that the house of commons voted, 
 that he was an enemy to his country, and addressed the 
 viceroy, requesting the prosecution of him by the attor- 
 ney general, stti^ the issuing a proclamation for the sei- 
 zure of his person. Alarmed for his safety he retired 
 
 .1^.^ _^....^. -,.^.».a..,..:».B!gi»^ ■--..■^■. -^:.a«g-.-.-.,:_.«Jik:^>...<g^ 
 
84$ - HISTORY OF 
 
 iiHtaexI}«^ but in a few years returned, and was elected 
 by this city of Dublin, their representative in parliament. 
 A TA The applicatioD of some surplus revenue gave 
 rice to a question, whether in the king or the 
 ' commons was the right of disposing of this sur- 
 plus ? In the bills introduced for its disposal, it was 
 iqserted that his majesty consented to the proposed dis- 
 A D P^'^'^"* The coraoKHis objected to tbie word 
 
 consent, and threw out a bill which contained it. 
 175S 
 
 Meantime, the mooey wai; wUhdraw9 from ^9 
 
 kingdom by virtue of a king's letter. 
 J. ^ For some time: the kmgdom had been threat- 
 ened with a French invasion, in which three ar- 
 1760. nignjgutg ^g^© to co-operate ; of these> one only, 
 under Thurot, reached Ireland. After gaining posses- 
 sion of Carrickfergus,- which was for some time bravely 
 defended by colonel Jennings, tho' quite unprepared for 
 an attack, Thurot relinquished the eoterprize, on beijig 
 informed of the defeat of Conflans, and of the approach 
 of the hostile troops.— rHe fell in action near the Isle of 
 Man, In whicU his three frigates, were captured by com- 
 modore Elliot. — By the death of George II. his present 
 majesty, son of Fredrick prince of Wales, who died during 
 his father's life time, ascended the throne. "^ 
 
 . j^ Different parts of the kingdom were fqr several 
 
 years, disturbed by local associations which under 
 1762 •' " 
 
 * the names of levellers, white-boys, and hearts of 
 
 oak, proceeded to obtain by force of arms the redress of 
 A D S'^'®**"*^^* **^ which they complained. Irish par, 
 liaments, originally annual, had become of equal 
 length with the monarch's life, unless dissolved 
 by royal prerogative. A bill was now transmitted to En- 
 gland limiting their duration to seven years : it was re- 
 turned with the addition of a year, and passed.— Ulster 
 
IRELAND S47 
 
 jL p hecaxiae disturbed by the hearts of steel ; those 
 
 were men who had been tenants on the estate of 
 
 1772 
 
 this marquis of Donegal ; on the expiration of their 
 
 leases, it was proposed to let to those only who could 
 pay large fines : numbers were thus dispossessed, and uni- 
 ting, committed many outrages. Some of their members 
 having been tried, and acquitted at Carrickfergus ; an 
 act of parliament was passed, ordering their tria^to be 
 held in counties different from those in which iheir of- 
 fences were committed; under this act some of the offen- 
 ders were tried in Dublin, but they were acquitted. 
 
 The attempt of Great Britain to raise a revenue from 
 
 the taxation of her American coldnies, had engaged her 
 
 in an eventful contest with her transatlantic subjects ; the 
 
 . -. effects were highly injurious to Ire}and->-«hut out 
 
 from the American market, the manufacture of 
 
 1778 
 
 ' Irish linens had declined, prevented by an etribargo 
 
 from the exportation of- provisions, drained by ihany re- 
 mittances for the payment of Irish troops employed 
 abroad, and the interest of a national debt to creditors, 
 many of whom resided in England, trade became stag- 
 nant ; interna], products fell to a low rate : rents and taxes 
 cduld not be paid, and the revenue failed — to relieve 
 the kingdom from its distresses.the English house of com- 
 mons were about to pass a bill, which would have given 
 to Ireland many valuable commercial advantages : against 
 this measure, however, the mercantile interests of Bri- 
 tain petitioned with so much violence, that the house 
 was induced to negative the bills founded on their own 
 previous resolutions. In the same year the Irish parlia- 
 ment passed a bill by which Roman catholics, on taking 
 and subscribing ah oath of allegiance and declaration 
 prescribed, were enabled to acquire full property in 
 land, so far as a lease of 999 years ;• and were relieved 
 from a law by wliich a son might force a settlement 
 
 riliii^HMil 
 
8!8 HISTORY OP 
 
 from his father by professing conformity to the establish- 
 ed religion. 
 
 By this time France had joined the American states, 
 and Ireland was once more threatened with a French in- 
 vasion, at a time when the royal forces in the kingdom 
 were reduced -to a very insigniB cant number. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What was the conduct of the English parliament towards Ireland 
 on the restoration of tranquillity ? What was done under lord Capel's 
 administration ? What bill were passed in the English parliament 
 respecting wool ? In what year did William die, and who succeeded 
 him ? What bill was presented by the Irish parliament ? What 
 clause was added to it in England ? What promise was made to the 
 dissenters ? In what year did queen Anne die, and by whom was 
 she succeeded ? Why was the duJce of Ormond attainted ? What bill 
 was passed in the English house of lords limiting the power of 
 the Irish parliament? What bill was passed in Ireland, but 
 suppressed in England ? What patent was- granted to Wood? Who 
 wrote against it? Who succeeded George I,? What occurred in 
 Ulster ? What acts were passed in the year 1 730 ? What in tbeyear 
 1731 ? What acts were passed respecting tithes? Who was Char- 
 les Lucas, and what were his writings ? What was voted respecting 
 him? What was the dispute about the surplus revenue? Who 
 landed at Carrickfergus ? What induced him to re- embark? What 
 was his fate ? Who succeeded George the II, ? What disturbed Ire- 
 land ? What bill was passed resi^ecting the duration of parliament ? 
 What dbturbed Ulster, and what act_ was passed in consequence ? 
 What distresses were felt by Ireland during the war with America ? 
 What prevented the English parliament from relieving them ? 
 What act was passed in favour of Roman catholics ? What danger 
 threatened Ireland on the French joining the American states ? 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Volunteers — Exertions to procure a free trade— -Conces- 
 sions of the English parliament — Dungannon meeting — 
 . Final adjustment between the two kingdoms. ^ 
 
 The people of Ireland finding that if the threatened 
 invasion should take place, they must depend on their 
 
IRELAND 349 
 
 own exertions to repel the foe, and save the kingdom 
 from the grasp of France, formed themselves into com- 
 panies under the name of volunteers: officers were 
 elected, arms and uniforms were purchased, and sixteen 
 thousand muskets were delivered by government to the 
 . j^ volunteers. When Spain joined the hostile pow- 
 ers, and the danger of invasion was increased, 
 1779 » & 
 
 the spirit of arming for defence of the kingdom 
 
 rose with it, and the volunteers soon amounted to 
 42,000. 
 
 The influence of this armed body soon became visible 
 in the bold and determined manner in which the inde- 
 pendency of Ireland was asserted. Parliament met 
 on the 12th of October, and on the motion of Hussey 
 Burgh, it was resolved unanimously to insert in the 
 address to the king these words : " We beg leave to 
 assure your majesty, that it is not by temporary ex- 
 pedients, but by a free trade alone that this nation is 
 now to be saved from impending ruin." This was follow- 
 ed up, by the commons voting their bills of Supply for 
 six months only. In the November following, lord 
 North, the prime minister, laid before the British 
 commons three propositions for the freedom of Irish 
 commerce, without meeting any opposition : they were 
 in substance the same as those which had been rejected 
 in the foregoing year, but containing greater concessions, 
 and panticularly the free exportation of woollens. Bills 
 were introduced, founded on ^wo of the propositions* 
 which were, without difficulty, passed into laws ; the fi- 
 nal discussion of the third, conoeming a trade with the 
 British plantations, was deferred, as more complex, till 
 after the recess at Christmas. 
 
 Notwithstanding these concessions, considerable dig- 
 trust pervaded the public mind, for lord North, to gain 
 
 the acquiescence of the British traders, had represented 
 
 2g 
 
 
 mmH^..^, 
 
S50 HISTORY OK 
 
 them as a boon rcsumable at pleasure ; and an opinion 
 daily gained ground, that without a legislature of its 
 own, totally independent, the commerce of this kingdom 
 would be precarious. Declarations to this effect were 
 published by different bodies of the volunteers ; ,^he 
 
 . j^ substance of which, Mr. Grattan submitted to 
 
 the house of commons, in April, in a motion for 
 1780 
 
 their agreeing to a resolution, " That no power 
 
 oi) earth, save the king„ lords, and commons of Ireland, 
 had a right to make laws for Ireland." This motion 
 was withdrawn, but bills were passed for the modification 
 of Poynings' law, the independence of the judges, and 
 then parliament was prorogued. The volunteers had 
 now encreased to 50,000 men. 
 
 . jv On the 15th of February, a meeting of the 
 representatives of 143 corps of volunteers of the 
 * province of Ulster, was held at Dungannonp 
 where resolutions were passed, asserting that the claim 
 of any body of men other than the king, lords and com- 
 mons of Ireland, co make laws to bind this kingdom, 
 was unconstitutional and illegal, and a grievance of which 
 it was their decided, and unalterable determination to 
 seek a. speedy and effectual redress. They also express- 
 ed their approbation of the relaxation of the penal sta- 
 tutes : these resolutions were adopted by all the other 
 volunteer corps of Ireland. Parliament still negatived 
 all questions connected with the commercial and politi- 
 cal state of the kingdom. Two bills, in favour of Roman 
 catholics, were passed, one for extending their privileges 
 with respect to landed property, and for the remaval of 
 some penalties &om such Romish clergy as should take 
 the oath of allegiance and be registered ; the other for 
 allowing, under a few restrictions, catholics to educate 
 youth and to be guardians^to children. 
 
IRELAND. . 351 
 
 p. Meantime, the English ministry had lost 
 America, and with it their places. On a change 
 of administration, the English artd Irish par- 
 liaments received messages from his majesty, *' recom- 
 mending to their most serious consideration, the state 
 of affairs in Ireland, in order to sudi a final adjustment 
 as might give mutual satisfaction- to both kingdoms." 
 In an address in answer to this message to the Irish 
 house, the independence of Ireland was again asserted. 
 This was followed by the enacting of laws, abolishing 
 all interference of English privy councils with Irish bills, 
 placing the parliament of Ireland in the same state of in • 
 dependence, with respect to its legislation, as that of Great 
 Britain. Acts were also passed for the right of habeas 
 corpus, and for the independence of the judges. The 
 British parliament repealed the act by which the Irish 
 house of peers had been deprived of their supreme judi- 
 cial power in Ireland. The Irish parliament then voted 
 50,0001. to Mr. Grattan for his services in the struggle 
 which had terminated so successfully. The majority of 
 the nation considered that the independence of the Irish 
 parliament was now satisfactorily ascertained ; others 
 were of opinion, that an express renunciation by the 
 British parliament, of all right to legislate for Ireland 
 was still necessary. Under this impression, a motion 
 was made in the Irish commons, by Mr. Flood, for a 
 bill to remove all doubt on the subject ; but it was ne- 
 gatived. This parliament repealed the 8acraHi«»tal test 
 wh^b had hitherto excluded dissenters from offices of 
 trust under the crown. 
 
 Lord Mansfield, the chief justice of England, having 
 retained^ and adjudged a cause beyond the time pre- 
 scribed by the Irish parliament, the opinion of Mr. 
 Flood gained ground ; and to remove all ground for com- 
 
 2 G 2 
 
 
 .._,_d^ii„ 
 
362 msToiiY OF 
 
 A -ry plsiiit, parliament passed a bill, renouncing in 
 express terms, the legislative authority of the 
 British parliament in Ireland. 
 
 1783. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 * 
 
 How did the people of Ireland art on the prospect of an invasion ? 
 To what number did the volunteers amount in the year 1 779 ? What 
 words were inserted in the address to the king? What proposition 
 did lord -North lay before the British commons ? What was granted, 
 and what was postponed ? How did lord North represent these 
 grants ? What declarations were published by the volunteers ? What 
 motion did Mr Grattan submit to the house of commons ? What bills 
 passed ? To what number did the volunteers amount in the year 
 1 780 ? What resolutions were passed by the volunteera of Ukter ? 
 Were they adopted by other corps ? What bills were passed in favour 
 of Roman catholics ? What message did tlie English and Irish par- 
 liaments receive from the king ? What answer was given by the Irish 
 parliament, and what acts were passed ? What act was repealed by 
 the English parliaiufnt ? To whom was 50,0001. granted ? What 
 motion was made by Mr. Flood, and with what result ? What act 
 was repealed by parliament in favour of dissenters ? W^bat bill was 
 passed with respect to British authority in iTeland ? 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Parliamentartf reform — Orde's resolutions — Regency — 
 French revolution — United Irishmen — French fieet ap- 
 pears in Bantry Bay. 
 
 The Irish volunteers, who had originally associated 
 for the purpose of repelling invasion, having, in the 
 mean time taken an active part in procuring the renun. \ 
 ciation of the power hitherto exercised over their coun- 
 try by a British parliament and privy council, were of 
 opinion that something more remained to \h done. They 
 
IRELAND. 35S 
 
 « 
 
 next turned their attention to mrorking a reform in par- 
 liament ; baring just receired a proof, in the acts of the 
 legislature, that such reform vras not iranting. 
 . jy This year the order of St. Patrick was institu^ 
 ted. An application was made by som^ self •ex- 
 patriated citizens of Geneva, to the British go- 
 vernment, for leave, to settle in Ireland. The proposal 
 was favourably received ; a sum of money was ordered 
 from the treasury for building a town in the county 
 Waterford, for the reception pf the emigrants ; and a 
 tract of land, which was shortly to revert to the crown, 
 was destined for their use. But as the emigrants insistf 
 ed on being represented in parliament, and on being. 
 governed by their own laws, the treaty was broken ofl^ 
 and the settlement never took place. 
 
 Several meetings of volunteer delegates and deputies 
 now took place, in different parts of the country, t,o. pr^'- : 
 pare apian of reform; and on the meeting of parliament, 
 a national convention, consisting of delegates from the 
 four provinces, assembled in Dublin. They prepared a 
 plan, and Mr. Flood, adjourning from the convention to 
 the house of commons, moved for ]eav« to bring in a 
 bill for the more equal representation of the people. 
 This motion was negatived by a large majority, after a 
 warm debate, in which it was urged that it was incon* 
 sistent with the dignity of the house to receive a bill 
 which originated with an armed body. 
 A j^ The question was again brought forward, and^ 
 negatived by a large majority, although Mr. Pitt^ 
 who had gained great popvlarity by his advoca- 
 ting the cause of reform, was then prime minister. A 
 national congress, composed of delegates from counties 
 and towns, ^. soon after assembled in Dublin to. furthe^ 
 this object. 
 
 The commercial state of the country, and the discon- 
 
 2G3 
 
 ^^ I iii'artfiiiiijiiiii 111 I 
 
SS4i iiisTOBY or 
 
 tent manifested on th« subject, produced an address 
 from parliament to the king, praying for the establish- 
 ment of a more advantageous system of commerce be- 
 tween Great Britain and Ireland. Eleven propositions 
 on this subject were transmitted from Ihe prime minister 
 . fx to the Irish parliament and agreed to. On their 
 being returned for the discussion of the English 
 legislature, petitions against the system poured 
 in from all parts of England. Mr. Pitt then new mo. 
 delled his plan : several amendments were made in both 
 hous^, and when th6 propositions, now encreased to 
 twenty in n\!miber, were returned to the Irish parliament, 
 they presented quite a new system. Mr. Orde, the se- 
 creta^'y, moved for leave to bring in a bill for the estab- 
 lishment of a commercial system, founded on the new 
 propositions. After a vehement and protracted debate, 
 his motion was passed, but only by a majority of 19 in 
 a house donsistiiig of 235 members. The smallness of 
 this majority induced the ministers to abandon the mea« 
 sure. '"''■' 
 
 J, rv The south of Munster was greatly disturbed 
 by bands of armed midnight assassins, who, un- 
 ^* der the n^ne of right-boys and white-boys, as- 
 sociated for the purpose of resisting the payment of 
 tithes, limiting the rents of lands, and opposing the col- 
 lection of hearth money. It became necessary to pass 
 a^lull for the prevention of tumultupus assemblies and 
 illegal combinations. 
 
 . ^ The two kingdoms were grc«tly divided, on a 
 ^question arising out of a very distressing cir- 
 17w. cunjstance. His majesty had been attacked in 
 summer, by an illi^s, which was attended with so 
 mudh derkngemeht, that, at the close of the year, he ' 
 became incapable of discharging the duties of his royal 
 station. It was proposed in the British parliament, to 
 
IRELAND. 355 
 
 make the prince of Wales regent under certain re- 
 strictions. The Irish parliament, on the other hand, 
 *' requested his royal highness to take upon him the 
 government of this kingdom, during his majesty's pre- 
 sent indisposition, under the title of prince regent of 
 Ireland, with all regal prerogatives belonging to the 
 crown thereof." The lord lieutenant having j-efuded to 
 transmit this address to the prince, five' cotnmissioners 
 were appointed by parliament, to attend his royal 
 highness with their application. The recovery, how- 
 ever, of his majesty rendered it altogether unnecessary. 
 The different opinions that existed on this subject afford- 
 ed a very forcible illustration of the inconvenience, if not 
 the danger, of having, under the same sceptiv, two inde- 
 pendent legislatures which, while they acknowledged one 
 common monarch, might in such unhappy cases, each 
 appoint a separate regent, or confer on the same person 
 that power in one kingdom, which might, in the other, 
 be withheld. ■ v 
 
 » j^ The progress of the French revolution, which 
 ended in the temporary overthrow of monarchy 
 in France,' had now engaged the attention of all 
 Europe. The desolating spirit, which had involved 
 that kingdom in anarchy' and blood, soon began to ex- 
 tend its influence, though with considerably diminished 
 force, to the surrounding nations. It found in Ireland 
 many who applauded and approved the principles and 
 the theory on which this great political regeneration 
 had taken place, while the fruits which were borne by 
 the tree of liberty, gave to others a violent distaste for 
 its cultivation. 
 
 Parliamentary reform, and catholic emancipation 
 were the great political questions, which were now agita- 
 < -pv ted. To obtain these objects, an association, un- 
 der the name of united Irishmen, was formed, 
 consisting of both protescant^ and Roman catho- 
 
 1791. 
 
 -^ ■■■• "■■-•- XL:: 
 
 "■ ■ 
 
856 HISTOBY Of 
 
 lies, " for the purpose," as their declaration expressed, 
 « of forvrarding a brotherhood of affection, a conunu- 
 nion of rights, and an union of power, among Irish- 
 men of all religious persuasions, and thereby to obtain a 
 complete reform in the legislature, founded on the prin> 
 ciples of civil, political, and religious liberty." 
 
 The views, however, of many of this body soon be- 
 came directed, if they were not so from the beginning, 
 to other objects : a separation from Great Britain, and 
 an Irish republic, were the goal which they hoped ulti- 
 mately to gain. The Roman catholics now disavowed 
 some obnoxious opinions which had been urged against 
 them in and out of parliament; they likewise formed a 
 convention, composed of delegates from several towns 
 and counties which assembled in Dublin ; and having 
 prepared a petition to the king, closed its proceedings 
 by electing a permanent committee. An armed associa- 
 tion, called national guards, was formed, and a day was 
 fixed on for a general muster of these bands; but inti- 
 midated by a proclamation issued by government against 
 seditious assemblies, they did not meet. The petition of 
 the Ronum catholics was graciously received by the 
 king, who recommended the relief of his subjects, of 
 . Pj that persuasion, to the Irish parliament. Thifr 
 
 year Roman catholics were admitted to the elec- 
 
 1793 • • 
 
 tive franchise. Acts were passed ta prevent the 
 
 importation of arms,&c. without licence, and to prevent 
 the election or appointment of conventions, or other 
 unlawful assemblies, under the pretence of petitioning. 
 This latter act prevented a project of a national conven- 
 tion at Athlone. Some parts of Leinster and Munster 
 were greatly disturbed by an association called de- 
 fenders, who seem to have been actuated the by same 
 views as the white boys and right- boys, while their mea- 
 sures were more systematically concerted. 
 
IRELAND. 357 
 
 Dissaffection began now to wear a bolder face ; se- 
 veral arrests and trials for high treason took place; ma- 
 ny fled out of the kingdom. A militia of 16,000 men 
 was raised. The question of reform was still kept alive 
 in parliament ; but was brought forward there on grounds 
 too narrow for the democratic principles that th«i 
 pervaded the kingdom, and met with as little support 
 out of the house as it did within. 
 
 A. D. ^" ^^'^^ Fitzwilliam's being made lord lieute- 
 17Q5 "*°*^ °^ Ireland, it was generally understood, 
 that the Roman catholics would be relieved fro-a 
 their remaining disqualifications. They presented peti- 
 tions for this purpose, and leave was given in the com- 
 mons to bring in a bill conformable to their prayer. But 
 before the affair could be brought to a decision, lord 
 Fitzwilliam was recalled, and the, bill was rejected on 
 the second reading. An act was passed for the establish- 
 ment of a Roman catholic college, to educate candi* . 
 dates for the Romish priesthood. 
 
 To meet the danger which now threatened the king- 
 dom, the hands of government were strengthened, by 
 the passing of an insurrection act and the suspension of 
 jL Y\ the habeas corpus act. Government began to 
 embody an armed yeomanry in addition to the 
 ' ' troops of the line and the militia.- The Irish re- 
 bels had long pressed the French government to aid 
 their intended attempt, by an invasion of Ireland. For 
 this purpose, a fleet sailed from Brest with a number of 
 troops on board. In the month of December, some of 
 the ships reached Bantry Bay, the rest had been sepa- 
 rated by a storm ; the commander of the land forces 
 was on board one of the missing ships ; and the Frnch 
 admiral, hesitating to disembark the troops, retl^rned 
 with the loss of three of his fleet. 
 
 ma 
 
358 HISTORY OF 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What did die volunteers wish to attain? In what year was the or- 
 der p( St. Patrick instituted ? What offer was made by the expatri- 
 ated citizens of Geneva ? How was it received ? Why did it fail ? 
 What meetings now took place and for what purpose ? What did Mr. 
 Flood move in the House of Commons ? On what subject did the Irish 
 Parliament address the king? With what success ? What disturlied the 
 south of Munster ? For what purpose did the white>boys assemble ? 
 What laws were enacted to repress them ? How did the Irish .parlia- 
 ment act during ttte king's illness ? What effect did the French revolu- 
 tion produce in Ireland ? What association was now formed in lre> 
 land ? What name did they call themselves by, and what was their 
 decLiration ? What were tlieir views ? What were their proceedings ? 
 What reception did the petition of the Roman catholics meet from the 
 king ? In what year was the militia embodied ? What was expected 
 on lord Fittwilliam's being appointed lord lieutenant ? What defeated 
 thcM expectations ? What college was established ? What other 
 truopt ware mnbodiad beside the militi* ? "What attempt was made 
 bf the French to Meiat the rebels ? How did it succeed ? 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Rebellion breah out — Attack of Carlffw— Battle at Tara — 
 Eniuscorthy and Wexford taken — Battle of Ross — 
 Operations in the North — Rattle cf Vinegar Hill — 
 French land at KiUalla — Suppression ef the rebellion. 
 
 . jv The leaders of the united Trisbmen renewed 
 
 their nesociations with France, for a sufficient 
 
 1797 * 
 
 - force to aid their intended insurrection. The 
 
 northerns were eager to avow themselves : the in- 
 surgents of Leinster were still anxious for foreiga 
 aid. In autumn, assurances were received from the 
 French government that troops, destined for Ireland, 
 
 • * ■■ ' ' ■ ' . ,. f T; i" '■' } r 
 
IRELAND. ^ 359 
 
 were actually embarked. These were, however, disem- 
 barked again, and though the Dutch fleet, which was 
 to have conveyed these succours, was defeated by admi- 
 ral Duncan, still the leaders of the Irish conspirators 
 were encouraged to hope for immediate assistance. 
 . J. Every day gave some new proof of the alarm, 
 ing state of the country.. But by means of thein- 
 ' formation which government had obtained, parti- 
 cularly from one Reynolds, who had been deeply engaged 
 in the schemes of the rebels, the most considerable of 
 the rebel leaders were arrested; and such measures adopt- 
 ed, that the chiefs, who i<till remained at large, determin- 
 ed to make their long contemplated attempt without wait- 
 ing for foreign aid, before the arrival of which, their 
 adherents might be completely dispirited. ' 
 
 The' 23rd of May was fixed on for the conmi^cement 
 of the rebellion, and the stoppage of the mail coaches 
 immediately after their leaving Dublin, was to serve as 
 the signal of insurrection to the rest of the kingdom. 
 
 The peasants in the districts around the city of Dub- 
 lin, with scarcely any ammunition or any other arms than 
 pikes, and a few guns, rose at the time appointed, and 
 destroyed the mail-coaches ; in that night and on the 
 following day, several skirmishes took place near Rath- 
 farnham, Tallagh, Lucan, Lusk, Dunboyne, Barrets- 
 town, Collon and Baltinglass. In all these skirmishes 
 the insurgents were defeated, except at Dunboyne and 
 Barretstown, where small escorts were surprised ; of the 
 Reay fenctbles at the former ; of the Suffolk fencibles 
 at the latter. 
 
 Prosperous, in the county of Kildare, was attacked on 
 the 24th by a large body ; the barrack was fired, and 
 twenty eight of the city Cork militia, with their com- 
 mander, captain Swayne, perished in the flames, or were 
 slain by the pikes of the assailants. AtNaas andKifcuIIen, 
 
 -.■'j.jm^aM^^imMJttki^^itt^^tt^Z^i^l^ 
 
360 HISTORY OF 
 
 * 
 
 engagements took place on the sanae morning; the assail- 
 ants ivere quickly repulsed and pursued with slaughter ; 
 and many taken prisoners and immediately hanged. 
 The insurrection now called for the prompt exertions of 
 the government to suppress it ; proclamations were 
 issued by general Lake, by the lord mayor, and by the 
 lord lieutenant. One commanded all but military 
 men, with the exception of magistrates ai^id members 
 of parliament, to remain in their houses from nine ^t 
 night to five in the morning ; and it notified, tK^t 
 orders were x:onveyed to his majesty's general officers 
 to punish according to martial law, all persons acting, 
 or assisting in the rebellion. This latter proclamation 
 was communicated to the house of commons, who voted 
 an address of thanks, apd full approbation of this de- 
 cisive measure. 
 
 On the 25th of May, Carlow was attacked at two 
 o'clock in the morning. The garrison, apprised of the 
 hostile design, was distributed at various posts for the 
 reception of the assailants ; during the battle the 
 town was set on fire, eighty houses were consumed, 
 and the number of rebels burned and killed were 
 400. The progress of rebellion toward the south- 
 west was checked by this repulse, and by discomfitures 
 elsewhere of insurgent parties^ particularly at Monaster- 
 evan and Hacketstown ; at the former place, the gar- 
 rison, consisting of eighty-five yeomen, assisted by some 
 volunteers, drove 1000 of the' rebels from the town ; 
 at the latter above 3000 assailants were charged with 
 such address by a detachment of the Antrim militia, 
 and a body of yeomen under captains Hardy and Hume, 
 as to be completely routed. 
 
 On the northern side of Dublin, the only large as- 
 sembly found in arms was completely routed in the 
 evening of the 26th, on the hill of Tara, by three com- 
 panies of the Reay fencibles, assisted by lord Fingai 
 
IRELAND. 361 
 
 and captain Preston's yeomen cavalry, and captain 
 Mblloy's company of infantry. Thig victory laid open 
 the communication of the metropolis with the northern 
 parts of the kingdom, and other successful movements 
 produced the same effect on the western side. On the 
 29th a body of rebels who had posted themselves in the 
 village of Rathangan, in the county of Kildare, was 
 dislodged, by a party under the command of lieutenant- 
 colonel Longfield, of the royal Cork militia ; alarmed 
 by these defeats, a number of the rebels laid down their 
 arms, and were allowed to retire to their habitations. 
 Public attention was now directed to the county of Wex- 
 ford, where on the 27th, two large bodies of rebels 
 were collected, one on the hill of Oulart, the other on 
 Kilthomas hill. The latter body was dislodged and put to 
 flight by a body of yeomen from Camew ; at Oulart the 
 rebels were pursued up the hill by a detachment of 1 10 
 men of the north Cork militia, under lieutenant- colonel 
 Foote. But rallying at the top of the hill, the rebels 
 made so furious an ons^t with their pikes, that with the 
 loss of only three killed and six wounded on their side, 
 they slew the whole detachment except the lieutenant-* 
 colonel, a sergeant, and three privates. 
 
 On the 28th the rebels attacked Enniscorthy with 
 7tX)0 men, of whom 800 were armed with muskets. 
 After a brave, but fruitless defence, the garrison, con- 
 sitting of near 300, mostly yeomen and volunteers, 
 were obliged, after the loss of between eighty and 
 ninety of their party, to retreat to Wexford. The in- 
 surgents next took post at the Three-Rocks, distant 
 only two miles and a half from Wexford. Disappointed 
 in the expectations of reinforcements from Duncannon 
 fort, the garrison of Wexford formed a resolution to 
 evacuate the town, and Wexford was taken possession 
 
 uf by the rebels without opposition. Meantime manv 
 
 2a 
 
 ifn* It'-*- —^' •-'—"• ' ' ' •- ■,-^"*...'^mI^ V- - ^'' 
 
362! ^ HISTORY or 
 
 of the most respectable and wealthy of the Roman ca- 
 tholics published declarations of loyalty, and their ab- 
 horrence of the rebellion. 
 
 While the southern parts of the county Wexford were 
 in this state, the northern, about Gorey were al«6 fright- 
 fully agitated. On the 1st of June, about 4000 rebels pro., 
 ceeded in two columns to the attack of Newton Barry; 
 they entered th^ town witbout opposition, as the gar- 
 rison, consisting of 500 men, under colonel L'Estraiige, 
 of th^ King's County miUtia, immediately retreated. 
 A^er a j^ile's retreat, the troops were led back to 
 the assault, attacked the rebels engaged in plunder and 
 intoxicated, and. routed them with great slaughter. The 
 two main bodies of their force were now directed against 
 Ross and Gorey, but their progress towards Gorey 
 was arrested on the 1st of June at Ballycanoo, by a 
 party under lieutenant Elliot, ojT 40 militia, and fifty 
 yoeman infantry, with three troops- of cavalry. 
 
 Disappointed of advancing to Gorey, the rebel army 
 retired to Corrigrua hill. Meantime, an army of 1500 
 men, with five pieces of artillery, under general Lofltus, 
 arrived on th« Srd of June ; on the 4th general Loftus 
 and colonel Walpble marched with their men ia two di- 
 visions, and by different roads to attack the post of 
 Corrigrua ; the rebels having received intelligence of 
 their motions met Walpole's division with a large 
 force at Tubberneering. His troops were instantly 
 thrown into confusion by a tremendous fire from the 
 fields on both sides of the road ; and while he attempted 
 to rally them, he received a bullet in the head ; they 
 fled in the utmost disorder to Arklow. 
 
 While one body of the Wexford rebels was thus ad- 
 vancing its position toward the north, another was pre- 
 paring to attempt the same toward the south-west, 
 to CO operate with the disaffected in the counties of 
 
inELAND, 363 
 
 Waterford and Ellkenny. On th« 4th bt June, tlie chief 
 dmsion of the tebteis took postal Corbet Hill, one mile 
 from lloss. EaWy on the morning of the 5th, ^,000 
 of the iiDbeifi attacked the town with the greatest fury 
 and succeeded in the gaining a partial possession of it ; 
 but the kibgs troops w^re soon brought back to the 
 attaek *by general Johnson in the most gallant manner, 
 and drove the assailants from tlie town, the oatskirts of 
 which were now in flames. A second and third time did 
 the rebels rally, till they were finally repulsed, after an 
 engagement of ten hours," ending about two o'clock in 
 the afterrtoom The royal troops, whose number was 
 twelve hihidred, lost two hundred and thirty in killed, 
 wounded and missmg. Of whom ninety were found deawl 
 on the scene of action ; the enemy left dead two thou- 
 sand six hundred. 
 
 On their retreat from Ross, the rebels set fire to a 
 barn at Scullabogue, at the foot of CarrrclAytne moun- 
 tain, in whiclr '184< protestants, men, women and chil- 
 dren, collected from the adjacent country, were con- 
 fined, and it was entirely consumed ; twenty-five pro- 
 testants, not included in the above number, were shot 
 and piked at the door. 
 
 The town of Arklow was next attacked by about 
 20,000 rebels, of whom 4000 had muskets, with 3 
 pieces of artillery ; the town was defended by 600 men 
 und«r colonel Needam. About six o'clock in the after- 
 noon the enemy attacked the town on all sides, except 
 that which is washed by the river ; after an engagement 
 of two hours they desisted, and fled in disorder on every 
 side. 
 
 In consequence of the decisiv e measures used by 
 
 government in the province of Ulster, the spirit of the 
 
 conspirators had been abated, and their hopes of success 
 
 diminished : and until news arrived of three successive 
 
 2h2 
 
 A.^.-^. 
 
864 HISTORY OP 
 
 victories over the royal army iathe county of Wexford, 
 the northerns retnained quiet. A considerable number 
 assembled in the vicinity of the town of Antrim, on the 
 7th of June, designing to seize the magistrates, who 
 had appointed on that day a meeting there. General 
 Nugent, who commanded in that district, ordered a body 
 of troops to march to Antrim, who arrived too late to 
 prevent the rebels from penetrating into the town. They 
 then attacked the insurgents in the town, but their van> 
 guard being repulsed, they were obliged to retreat ; at 
 that moment, two reinforcements from Blaris camp and 
 Belfast appeared in sight. On which the rebels fled in all 
 directions. Unsuccessful attempts were also made by 
 $mall parties at Larne, Ballymena, and Ballycastle. 
 Assembling at Donnegorr-hill, the insurgents were as- 
 isUrfed that the rest of the northerns would not second 
 their efibrts, in consequence of intelligence received 
 that the war in the county of Wexford was of a religi- 
 ous complexion ; then destroying or suricndering their 
 weapons, they dispersed to their several homes. 
 
 On the day succeeding that of the rising in the county 
 of Antrim, an insurrection commenced in that of Down; 
 a body of insurgents making their appearance near Saint, 
 field, were attacked by some of the king's troops, from 
 Newtown, and dispersed. They then took post at Bal- 
 lynahinch, on the windmillhiil, and at th^ house, and 
 in the demesne of lord Moira. On the I2th, general 
 Nugent marched against them from Belfast, with the 
 Monaghan militia, part of the 22nd dragoons, and some 
 yeomen infantry and cavalry : and was joined by colo- 
 nel Stewart, near Ballynahinch, with his party from 
 Downpatrick, making in aH about 1500 men. Af»er a 
 well contested engagement, the insurgents were broken 
 and routed ; but again assembled on the mountains of 
 Slive-Croob. Here, after some consultation they finally 
 dispersed. 
 
IRELAND. S6JP 
 
 On the subsiding of this local rebellion in ihe north-east; 
 another commenced in the south-western quarter in the 
 county of Cork. But the few insurgents who appeared 
 were quickly suppressed, being defeated at Ballynascarty 
 on the 1 9th of June, by sir Hugh O'Reilly of the West- 
 meath tnilitia, and major Innes, with « 'detachment of 
 the.Citihness legion. - I ', 
 
 The Wexford rebels were now left to contend, almost 
 alone, against the royal troops. Since, their repulse at 
 Arklow on the 9th) they had committed various depre- 
 dations, and had attempted to frur price HacketstowD, 
 but soon after retired to V^inegar hili, which was become 
 their principal station. To surround Uits ^ost on all 
 sides at once, was the plan of general Lake, and several 
 armies moved from different quarten^ for this purpose* 
 Generals Dundas, Duff, and Loftus, from th« vieinity 
 of Kilcaran; Eustaoe and Johosoa from Eoss ; and 
 Needham from Arkldw and Goreyn. - 
 
 On the Slet of June, at seven o'clock m tlM momio^, 
 the royal troops, at least l.%000 effective mm, with.« 
 train of artillery, commenced an attack on the station at 
 Vinegar^iM, where 20,000 of the rebels were pMted. 
 The town of Ennischorthy wait attacked at the stated 
 time by the army from Rosck The rebels for some time 
 maintained their ground obstinately, but perceiving the 
 danger of being, surrounded, they fied towards Wexford, 
 ihrottgh the space which had- been destined for the sta* 
 tion of gea/^l Needham, who had not arxived at tlie 
 time appointed. On the same day, poKession of Wex- 
 ford was obtained by the royal troops. General Moore, 
 bad at the bead of ISOO men, in the evening of the 20th, 
 defeated an army of 5 or 6000 men at Goff's bridge ; 
 from thence he proceeded to Taghmon, and marchiog 
 to Wexford, took post on the WindsBill-hill within a 
 
 mile of the town. The rebels had posseseion of Wexford 
 
 2h3 
 
 I ' i> ■! I" • 
 
566 HISTORY OF 
 
 for three weeks, during which period, all the proteeiants 
 of the neighbourhood who conld be found, were col- 
 lected into the jail, and near 100 of them were put to 
 death cm the bridge in different parties. 
 
 The insurgents now separated into several bodies ; one 
 of which took post at Sledagh, in the barony of Forth ; 
 the other at Peppard's castle. The latter, afler pursu- 
 ing the loyalists of Gorey back to Arklow, and putting 
 thirty-seven men of the refugees to death, bent their 
 march to the Wicklow mountains.' The main body at 
 at Sledagh, about 15,000, directed its course to Scol • 
 lagb gap, burned the town of Kiliedmond, and gained 
 an entrance into Castlecomer, in the county of Kilkeimy. 
 After plundering and burning the town, they were at- 
 tacked by sir Charles Asgill, who dispersed them with 
 great slaughter. They then resolved to return to their 
 own country, but they were again attacked On the 26tb 
 of June, at Kilcomny , and were forced to fly with the 
 loss of (heir plunder and canntMi. Directing their march 
 by the Dwarf woods near Ferns, they took their station 
 in the Wicklow mountains. 
 
 Finding themselves now pressed on all sides, witliout 
 a possibility of maintaining any post, the rebels agreed, 
 to disperse to their several places of abode. Yet hosti- 
 lity was elsewhere maintained, by another body of Wex- 
 ford insurgents, who had directed their march to the 
 county oi Kildare, and had united with a party who had 
 eluded the king's troops by 'rapid movements. In con- 
 junction with these^ the Wexford rebels attempted, 
 on the 11th of July, to pass the river Boyne at Clonard, 
 to penetrate into the. western parts, and to ruse an in- 
 surrection there ; but were delayed so long, by the gal- 
 lant defence of lieutenant Thomas Tyrrel in his man- 
 sion hotti^ at Clonard bridge, that time was given for 
 the arrival of troops from Kinoegad and Muilingar to 
 
IRELAND. S67 
 
 frustrate their design. After some more skirmishuig^ 
 they were finally dispersed with some slaughter, at Bai- 
 lybog-hill, near Swords. 
 
 With the final dispersion of the^exfordian insurgents 
 the rebellion i^aa terminatied. AU this time the capital, 
 vigilantly guarded by a large military force, had enjoy- 
 ed great tranquillity. Trials and executions had early 
 commenced. On the 20th of June Lord Cornwallis, the 
 new lord lieutenant,, arrived. He issued a proclamation 
 on the 29th of June, authorising his majesty's generals to 
 give protection to such insurgents as should surrender 
 their arms, abjure all unlawful engagements, and take 
 the oath of allegiance. To give the full sanction of law 
 to this measure, an act of amnesty was passed in favour 
 of all engaged in the rebellion, who had not been lea- 
 ders ; who had not committed manslaughter, exc^t in 
 the heat of battle ; and who should comply with the 
 conditions above-mentioned ; but from the benefit of thi& 
 were excluded James Napper Tandy, and about thirty 
 more, mostly fugitives in France. 
 
 The surviving lieaders were admitted to a capitulation 
 by government. It was agreed on, that they should give 
 tall the information in their power of the transactions of 
 united Irishmen, both internal and with foreign states, 
 without implicating any person whatsoever by nani/^ 
 or description, and that they should emigrate to some 
 country particularized^ by mutual agreement. In conse> 
 quence of this {Mroposal, several were afterwards examin- 
 ed before the secret committee of both houses of parlia- . 
 ment. 
 
 Soon after the commencement of the insurrection, the 
 sum of 100,0001. was voted by the house of conmions, 
 for the immediate relief of such refugees as should ap- 
 pear destitute of the means df suUistence ; and for its 
 distribution, a respectable body of commissioners was 
 
^68 HMTOBC pF 
 
 appoiikled) who gav«| %ccotiifng to ciFcumjBtances, 8um§ 
 not exceeding 601. to each* After their temporary re- 
 lief, gOTernment extended its views to the .compeosatioii 
 of loyalists.. The aatn tetal of the claims amouated to 
 1,023,0001. ; of which 515,0001. belooged to the county 
 of Wexibrd alooe. 
 
 Hitberto the loag-pr^wiiMtd $id from F-rance had not 
 arrived { bnt on the 32nd of Auguat, gpneval Humbert 
 i<uded at Killala in.the.county N(ayo,, with 1100 men,, 
 of whom teventy were officers. .Tfae-garrison of Killala, 
 only fifty b nunber, fled after a vain attempt to oppose 
 the entrance of the French vai^uard.. On the follow- 
 ing day, Ballina, seven miies to the south of. Killala^ 
 surrendered to the French force. A. royal army, more 
 than sufficient in appearance, was quickly assembled at- 
 the point of attacks With great expedition generals 
 Hutchinson andLak« arrived at Castlebar ; intelligence 
 soon after arrived of the enemy's approach, and the ar. 
 my Was.drawn to an advantageous position betweexuha 
 town and the advancing French, who appeared at the 
 distance of two miles from Castlebar; at. seven o'clock, 
 on the morning of the £7th» Humbert's force consisted 
 of 800 men, with two curvicle *guAS, and about 1000 
 Irish peasants ; the French ofB^ers ordered their men to 
 file to the right and left, and edvaoce in smaU bodies 
 under cover- of the emoke, to avaU . the foe in flank. 
 Seised with a^rasge panic, the roy<d,arm>«-6hru4k from, 
 the awaolt, broke on all aides, aad Aed through the 
 to>w» in extreme 6B«fu»ioB« .'..:.. ' . _.■ ..y 
 
 The marquis Cornwallis had determined to march in 
 ^raon agaitiit tbe invaders. Ga the 26th of August he 
 arrived with hwarmy ^at Phtlipstttwn^ and. on the sue.- 
 ceedtag day at ijlliibeggan, haviag advsanced fbrtyripur 
 fniies in twad«^«>b^ the grand canal. Oa the 4ih of 
 SepteadMnr he acd«%d at H^yxsounti vhe»ce ha wis 
 
IRELAND. 869 
 
 preparing to inarch to the attack of the French ^t Caa- 
 tlebar; but received information that the enemy had 
 abandoned that post, and had directed their course to 
 Foxford. 
 
 Humbert having ordered the troops left at Killala to 
 repair to the main body, commenced a rapid march 
 early in the morning of the 4th of September, from 
 Castlebar, through Foxford toward Sligo. In the mean 
 time, colonel Crawford, with a body of troops, support- 
 ed by another under general Lake, hung upon tlieir 
 rear ; general Moore, with a third, observed their mo- 
 tions at a greater distance ; while lord Cornwallis, with 
 the chief army, moved nearly in a parallel direction 
 from Hollymount, through Clare and Ballyhaunis, to- 
 ward Carrick-on>Shannon: Pursued by such forces 
 from behind, the French leader found himself also op- 
 posed in front by another army. Colonel Vereker, of 
 the city of Limerick militia, had marched from Sligo for 
 that puipose, with 330 men and two curricle guns. He 
 met and fought the hostile troops when they had passed 
 the town of Coloony on the 5th of September. The 
 colonel, supposing himself engaged with^he vanguard 
 only of the French, pressed with eagerness for the vic- 
 tory before the main body should arrive to its relief* 
 Humbert, conceiving the colonel's force to be the van- 
 guard of a great army, attempted only to repidse, not 
 to surround it. Vereker, after a battle of about an 
 hour, ^as obliged to retreat, with the loss of his artille- 
 ry, to Sligo, whence he withdrew with his little army 
 to Ballyshannon. 
 
 Humbert now directed his march by Drumahair to- 
 ward Manorbamilton, in the county of Leitrim ; cross- 
 ing the Shannon at Ballintra, he arrived at Ballynamuck 
 on the 8th of September, so closely pursued that his 
 i«ar 'guard had been unable to break the bridge at Bal- 
 
S70 HWtORV OF 
 
 lintrt,. whiie the riceroy, mth lthe*gtatMl armj, ctxntMg 
 the «ame river at Cftrrfdc>on>Siiannon, niarchnil by 
 Mfihiil to St. J«laMtoirn» ia ttie county of Loogfbrdf^ to 
 intercept him in front in his way to Granard. This nxnre- 
 itient red seed faim to such a^Mrtion^ that ifhe*h*uld 
 pn^otedf be xavat inevitably be surrounded by sear 
 30,000 British forces. In thi& siUatifen Humbert arranged 
 hiB forces. The rear-^guord was attacked by Crawfm-d, 
 and about two hundred laid down their arms ; the vest 
 continued a defence for above iralf an hour, but on (he 
 approadi of the mairibody of Lake's army, surrendered 
 also. E/Xcluded from^uarter, the rebei aa'xiiiatrieB fled 
 in ail directioTk^ 
 
 Whiie the French were marching fron Castl'ebarj 
 the conspiracy bad been embraced by miiltitade» 
 in the neighboaring counties, particularly Longford. 
 Their plan wn to rise round Granard, to seiee that 
 post, and thelftce to attack /Uie town of Cavan^ vi4iere 
 lay deposited stores of arms and aaaraunition. Tbey 
 would have surprised die former on the ;5tfa of Septem* 
 ber, if captain Oottingham had not arrived for its de- 
 fence by a rapid march from Cavaa^ With 200 yeomen, 
 he withstood the attack of between 2 and' 3000 rebels, 
 frre hours, and defisated them with the loss of 4<X) men ; 
 while of the royal arm}^ not eae was killed, and only 
 two slightly wounded.. 
 
 A large body still persevered in rebellion iir the coun- 
 ty of Meyo» No pert of the royal forces arrived in the 
 neighbourhood of Killala till the eSnd of September, 
 when, after some discharges of cannon and musketry, 
 the rebel garrison at Ballina, with a French officer, its 
 commander, fled to the former town, the only post re< 
 tnaintng. The royal troops, amounting to twelve han> 
 dred, with five pieces of artillery, adranted to assail 
 K illala in two colanms by different roads. The rebefs, 
 
1BEI.AND. 371 
 
 thus surrounded, and driven from their post by a flank 
 ing fire, fled in various directions. 
 
 The army of Humbert had been intended only as the 
 vanguard of a more foraaidable force. A brig from 
 France arrived in the isle of Rutland, in the county of 
 DoBegall* OD the 1 6th of Septewber, and landed i0 
 crovr. Among these was Jame» Napper Tandy, bearhtg 
 the title of general of bf igiide ia the Fr«ach service. la- 
 fonaed of the surrendry of Humbert's troops, th^ re- 
 im barked. ^ 
 
 TheprifM»pal French armament at length appetvect 
 on the 1 1th of October, n«ar the coast of DoaegaU; 
 consisting of one ship of the line, and eight frigates, 
 with above 4000 soldiers. Prevented from landing, 
 pursued, and on the next day overtaken by the British 
 fleet of sir John Borlasc Warren, the ship of the line 
 was taken, and six of the frigates which made sail to 
 escape were captured in the chase. Another squadron of 
 three frigates, with 2000 troops, destined to co-operate 
 with the former, anchored ift the bay of Killala on the 
 27lh of the same month, but on the appearance of some 
 hostile «h^, set saH with prec^itation, and escaped 
 pursuit.. On board the man of war taken by admiral 
 Warren, was found Theobald Wolfe Xaoe» who had 
 rendered hinvself remarkable by his activity and talents 
 in the united syetem. On- being ceedentned, he re- 
 quested the indulgence of being: shotas a seldier, instead 
 of being hango^M fi felon ; asd on tlw tefusal of this 
 re^^at^ €ot hie. own throat m prison aiod di«d of h*» 
 woundon tb6 19^ of ^Re¥eubef. 
 
 With the reducti(m of the ravagkig bands, in the 
 mountaina pf Wicklaw, under Holt and Hack^ the last 
 professed ebanipioA in arm» of the united conspiracy, 
 and wilh the d^th of Tc»e, its chief projcetor^ ended 
 this rebellion. 
 
97t HISTORY OF 
 
 ;; , • 
 
 EXERCISES, , 
 
 Where did the leaden of the united Iriahmen seek assistance ? 
 Why did they determine not to wait for it ? When did the rebellion 
 break out 7 What was the succeM of the rebels in the first engage- 
 ments ? What was the result of their attack of Enniscorthy ? Vnut 
 was the issue of the battle of Ross ? What was the result of the battle 
 of Vin^ar Hill ? When did the French land ? Where did they 
 land? Where did they beat the king's troops? How did lord 
 Cornwallis proceed against them ? What was the result ? Where 
 did colonel Vereker engage the French troops ? Who defended 
 Granard ? What becune of the principal French armament ? 
 Which of the rebel leaders remained last in arms ? 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Act of Union-^Peace of Amiens — Rebellion of 1803-* 
 Restoration of the Bourbons — Buonaparte leaves Elba — 
 Battle of Waterloo— -Princess Charlotte, 
 
 . j^ No sooner bad the agitation, caused by the re- 
 bellion subsided, than the public attention was 
 ilifif. called to the discussion of a regislative union be- 
 tween Great Britain and Ireland. The nation immediately 
 became divided into unionists and anti- unionists : many 
 meetings were held for the purpose of discussing the 
 question, and resolutions against the measure voted by se- 
 veral bodies. The subject was introduced in the British 
 and Irish parliaments ; it was favourably received in the 
 former, but in the latter it was rejected. 
 
IRELANB. 375 
 
 . j^ On the re-as8embling of parliament, the sub- 
 ject of an union with Great Britain became the 
 1 600 . 
 
 principal object of discussion. The opposition 
 
 to this measure had decreased considerably since the 
 preceding year ; and afler several animated and inter- 
 esting debates, a bill passed both houses for the incor- 
 poration of the twa kingdoms. By this act, Ireland 
 was to be represented in the imperial parliament, by 
 one hilndred commoners, four prelates, and twenty, 
 eight temporal peers : for the twenty years next follow- 
 ing, the revenue to be levied off Ireland was fixed at 
 two seventeenths ; the commercial regulations were es- 
 tablished on terms of mutual advantage, and the first 
 of January 1 801, the first day of the nineteenth century, 
 was fixed as the time wheo^thetwo kmgdoms should be- 
 come incorporated under the act of union. 
 
 PERIOD VI. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Like the streams of two noble rivers, continu- 
 ally approaching a point from whence they flow 
 
 in one body, gradually losing the distinguishing 
 tinge, which marks the soil through which each has 
 flowed, is the history of those two kingdoms, now united 
 in one powerful and distinguished empire. From 1801 
 the incidents, peculiar to Ireland, are comparatively 
 trivial to those in the preceding periods : while as mem- 
 bers of the British empire, Irishmen have been pre-emi- 
 nently distinguished as statesmen and as soldiers,' in the 
 arduous and eventful struggle, which has since taken 
 jplace in Europe ; during which, our empire surmounted 
 
 21 . 
 
374 HISTORY OF 
 
 difficulties greater than any nation ever before encoun- 
 tered. .,,..'"- 
 
 Shortly aAer t];^ pawing of the act of union, thie 
 whole of the ministry resHgoed on account of their ina- 
 bility to carry tiie measure of catholic emancipation, to 
 accomplishing which, it was understood, that the incor- 
 poration of the two kmgdoms was a necessary prelude. 
 j^ J) Meantime, a period was puc, by the |>e^ce of 
 
 Amiens, to the war between Great BnUMO an.d 
 ^.^"-* France. , . , . 
 
 . y^ The tranqaiHity, however, thus given to the 
 
 country was of short duratran. The spirit , pi 
 JS0.5. ugjirpation, manifested by France under her first 
 consul, Buonaparte, obliged Great Britain to recom- 
 mence hostilities on the 1 8th of May. The dissaffected 
 in Ireland, hoping to profit by the difficulties of the 
 country, made another attempt to dissolve tlie connec- 
 tion between England and this country. On the evening 
 of the 23rd of June« an insurrection broke out in Dub- 
 lin ; where tlie chief justice, lord Kilwarden, and his 
 nephew were murdered. The insurgents, however, were 
 immediately defeated by a few peace officers, aided by 
 some of the yeomanry and the military. The principal 
 consipirators, among whom a Mr. Emmet was particular- 
 ly distinguished "by his taints and resolution, were taken 
 and executed. 
 
 A contest how commenced in Europe, against the 
 eBcroachments of Fraiice on that balance of power, which 
 i& sd necessary for the independences of its several 
 states. Wiiile the navy of Great Biritain swept frotn oS 
 the seas alt the fleets of France and of her bUies ; the 
 <^<fferent continental powders, who attempt^ to dppose 
 by land the progress of her armies, were sinking one 
 after another beneath her sceptre. In this almost ttni- 
 versal subjugation, the case of no nation was more r& 
 
IRELAND. ft75 
 
 markablc than that of France herself. After wading 
 through a sea of blood, in search of a scheme of govern, 
 ment, which was to give her what was called liberty «nd 
 equality; she found herself under the despotic control 
 of a most extraordinary man, in whose hands she became 
 the tool by which he attempted to gratify the mgst gi- 
 gftntic schemes of ambition. 
 
 j^ jj^ At length, the resistance of the Spaniards, to 
 the treaofaerow occupation of their country by 
 a French army under an usurping brother of the 
 French emperor, gave to Greet Britain an opportunity 
 of sending a British ariny te the continent. Af^er some 
 Buccesses and reversea, the conduct of this army was 
 entrusted to lord Wellington, vtho, after a series of ac- 
 tions, in which the skill of the coaamander and the va- 
 lour ef his troops were equally conspicuous, succeeded* 
 not only in driving the French out of Portugal end Spain 
 but also in planting the British colours on French 
 ground. While bis operations in the peninsula, shewed 
 the other European powers that French troops might be 
 beaten, they caused a powerful diversion in favour of 
 those who still resisted the yoke of France. 
 . y^ This year, in consequence of the indisposition 
 of his majesty, his royal highness, the prince of 
 Wales, was appointed regent of Great Britain 
 . -. and Ireland. Meantime', Buonaparte advanced 
 into Russia, at the head of an immense and well 
 * appointed army, and after defeating the Russians 
 in several desperate engagements, penetrated to Mos- 
 cow, where he intended to. winter. But the Russians 
 deprived him of this resource by burning the city, and 
 the French emperor was obliged to retrace his steps in 
 a winter season of unusual severity. During this retreat, 
 his unfortunate troops were exposed to all the hardships 
 
 2 12 
 
 J i 
 r ? 
 
375 HISTORY OP 
 
 of war, famine, and intense cold, a combination, from 
 which few escaped. Tl)is year a war commenced be- 
 tween England and America, which was carried on by 
 both, with more enterprise than advantage. 
 A r\ The disasters of Buonaparte in Russia, the 
 successes of lord Wellington in France, and 
 
 * impatience of the French yoke, -at length raised 
 against their emperor an alliance , which proved too 
 Etrong, even for him to cope with. He was defeated 
 
 A £^ at Leipsic and DresdeOj andtfae victorious allies 
 penetrating to Paris, : I«ojil8 XVIII. was restored 
 
 * to the throne of his ancestors, which Buonaparte 
 abdicated. The ex>empcror was allowed to retire to 
 the Island of Elba, retaining the title of emperor. 
 
 The repose of Europe seemed now to be established 
 A T\ on permanent grounds, when to its astonishment 
 Buonaparte sallied with a few troops to the 
 coast of France, from whence he travelled in 
 his coach to the metropolis without the slightest 
 opposition ; the French monarch .retiring to Lisle. 
 Having collected and organized an army, Buonaparte 
 advanced, in the month of June, towards Brussels. 
 His career, however, terminated at Waterloo, where 
 with a force greatly superior, he attacked the British 
 army under lord Wellington. This battle, the most 
 interesting that ever was fought, lasted from sun rise till 
 evening, when the British army, which had during the 
 whole day, without yielding an inch of ground, sustain- 
 ed the fierce and repeated attacks of cavalry and infan- 
 try, supported by a numerous and well served artillery, 
 was victorious, and 'decided the fate of Buonaparte. He 
 soon after surrendered to the captain of a'British man of 
 war, and was conveyed as a prisoner to the Island of St. 
 Helena, where he Is closely confined. 
 
 AVhile a peace with America, which followed soon 
 
IRELAND. S77 
 
 after, put a period tP the military pperations of Great 
 Britain, the ^reat shock given to trade by the quick 
 transition from war to peace, gave to her domestic affairs 
 an appearanoe of difficulty, which is, however, fast 
 fading before the returning prosperity of the empire. 
 
 The distre^^es of the empire were greatly encreased 
 by a deficiency in the crops of the following year : for 
 8on)e time a famine was apprehended, and the price 
 of all kinds of provisions rose to such an height, as put 
 it out of the power of the greater part of the populatioo 
 to purchase the necessaries of life. Owing, hov^ever, to 
 the munificent spirit of individuals, and the judicious 
 application by government, of parliamentary grants, the 
 country was preserved till the return of an unusually a- 
 bundant harvest. 
 
 . Tj This year the princess Charlotte, daughter of 
 
 the prince of Wales, and presumptive heir to the 
 
 crown, was married to prince Leopold of Sai^e Co- 
 
 bourgh, under the happiest auspices. From this marri^e, 
 
 the empire hoped to see an heir to the throne, descended 
 
 from a princess, whose early virtues had endeared to 
 
 them, her, whom (bey looked upon as their future sove^ 
 
 reign. But the moment which had been anxiously 
 
 . y^ looked forward tOj by every individual, witl» 
 
 self-interested feelings, proved the source of na* 
 
 tional disappointment, which wa3 as strongly 
 
 marked by the expression of individual regret as it wa& 
 
 by pyblic demonstrations qf sorrow, when it was an« 
 
 nounced that, shortly after the birth of a still born child^ 
 
 this amiable princess h^ expired. 
 
 During the course of this year, so strong a spirit of 
 dissafiection wa$ manifested in England and. Scotland, 
 that parliament suspended the habeas corpus act, and 
 passed an act for the regulation of popular assemblies in 
 
 2l3 
 
 i J 
 r ; 
 
.> t 
 
 8 HISTORY OF 
 
 p. those ,two kingdoms. Tlie restdration of tran- 
 quillity, however, has in this year, enabled par- 
 / liament^o take off the suspension; and several 
 persons who were confined on suspicion of having been 
 implicated in treasonable practises, have been discharged. 
 The question of catholic emancipation has been repeated7 
 ]y discussed in parliament, and during the last session, 
 the disabilities under which naval and military officers 
 of that profession laboured, were taken off. Several 
 ^cts of parliament have been passed, calculated__to fur- 
 ther the improvement of this kingdom ; and several plans 
 have been adopted for its temporal and moral advance- 
 ment, the developement of which itss to be hoped, will 
 fully justify the anxious wishes of those who are watching 
 over the interests of this country. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 What ({ueslioii was discussed in Ireland after tbe suppression of tlie 
 rebellion ? How was t)iis measure received at first in the Irish par- 
 liament ? Was the bill finally passed ? W'hat were the terms of the 
 union, and when was it to take place ? What caused the ministry 
 to resign ? In what year was peace with France concluded ? When 
 did hostilities re- commence ? What occurred on the 23rd of July 
 1 803, and who were murdered ? What was the result of this insur- 
 rection, and what became of the leaders ? Who was appointed com- 
 inander in chief of the Bridsli forces in Portugal ? Was his career 
 successful ? Who was appointed regent of tlie united kingdom, and 
 why ? What disasters did Buonaparte encounter in Huasia ? Who 
 was restored to the throne of France ? Did. Buonaparte attempt to 
 dethrone him ? With what success ? What was the final issue of the 
 contest? What royal marriage took place in^ may 1S16? What 
 melanc^oIy event ©ccurred in tbe year following ? What restrictions 
 were taken off the Koman catholics ? What acts of parliament have 
 bc-en passed ? ^ ■ , h i 
 
IRELAND. 879 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 What power did the English parliament exercise with respect to 
 Ireland ? What was a subject of contest between the crown and the 
 commons in 1692 ? What acts were passed by the English parlia- 
 ment respecting Ireland in 161/8? When did William III. die, 
 and who succeeded him ? When did the Irish parliament begin to 
 assemble biennially ? When did queen Anne die, and by whom was 
 she succeeded ? What act was passed by the Englibh parliament in 
 1718, respecting the jurisdiction of the Irish house of peers, and on 
 what occassion ? What patent gave great offence to the public in 
 1724 ? On what occasion did tlie king remit his hereditary duties 
 on wool and yarn exported to England ? Wliat motions were made 
 respecting the granting of supplies in 1731? What contest arose in 1751 
 respecting -surplus revenue ? What invasion of Ireland took place in 
 1760 ? When did George II. die, and by whom was he succeeded ? 
 What acts were passed respecting the duration of parliaments in 1 768 ? 
 Wliat effect had tl»e American war on Ireland ? How was the Eng- 
 lish parliament prevented from relieving Ireland ? From what dis- 
 abilities were the Roman catholics relieved ? What gave rise to the 
 volunteers ? When did tlie English parliament relieve Ireland from 
 Iter commercial restraints ? What was the object of the resolutions of 
 the Uungannon meeting ? When was the interference of English 
 privy councils with Irish bills abolished ? What bill was passed in 
 1783, and why ? What subject began to occupy the public atten • 
 tion in 1783^ How did the English and Irish parliaments act in 
 1789, and on what subject did they differ? What occurred in 
 I'Vance, and how did the revolution aiiect Ireland ? ^Vbat association 
 was now formed in Ireland, and w ith what views ? When did the 
 rebellion break out? W"hat foreign aid did the rebels receive ? What 
 proposal occupied the public attention on the suppression of the t%bel- 
 lion ? What were the principal articles of the act of union .'" What 
 occurred in 1803 ? When was France conquered by the allies ? 
 What led to the battle of Waterloo ? What plunged the British em- 
 pire in grief in 1817? 
 
 i«_-_!.:4-v*".. _^ .j^. 
 

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PRINCIPAL EVENTS XN IRISH HISTORY, 
 FROM THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS 
 
 XO TBS 
 
 PRESENT TIME, 
 
 From the earliest Accounts to the Landing of the Milesians, 
 
 A. M. 
 
 1969 Partholanians land. 
 
 1999 Inhabitants carried off by a plague. 
 
 2029 Nemedians arrive. 
 
 2246 Fomorians expel the Nemedians. 
 
 S657 Belgians or Firlbolgs arrive. 
 
 — — Kingdom divided into five parts. 
 
 2737 Danonians arrive ; Battle of Moytura. 
 
 From tlic Milesians to the Introduction of Ghristianiiy, 
 2931 Milesians land and overpower the Danonians. 
 3236 011am Fodla reigned. 
 
 S596 Kimbath reigned ; abolished tl.e pentarchal divi, 
 "" sion. 
 
 
382 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, &C. 
 
 S922 Pentarchy restored by Achy III. 
 
 ■ Fileahs driven out of Munster and Lelnster, 
 
 A. D. - 
 
 140 Dublin built. 
 
 164i FeidHim tnactsa la«ir of retaUation. 
 385 Nial of the nine hostages flourished and brought 
 St. Patrick into Ireland. 
 
 From the Introduction of Christianity to the Invasion under 
 
 Hen r if II, 
 
 446 Christianity preached by St. Patrick. 
 707 Danes and Norwegtaai invade Ireland. 
 ■ ■■ ■■ Turgesius fixes himself at Armagh. 
 833 Normans land and ave bcatea by the Danes. 
 1014 Battle of Clontarf. 
 1153 Wifo of 0^4luarc carried off by Dermod M^c 
 
 Murchad. 
 1156 Henry 11. obtained a bull from Adrian IV. invest, 
 ing him with the kingdom of Ireland. 
 
 1167 O LQughlin slain, succeeded by Roderick. 
 
 — Dermod MacMurchad ii^ driven out of Ireland, 
 
 1168 applies to Henry II. for aid- — Engages Strongbow 
 
 and others to invade Ireland. 
 
 Rei^rr of Henry II. 
 
 1170 Fitzstephen l^xads^^ Wexford tftken. 
 
 ■ i Colony planted in the Barony of Forth. 
 
 1171 Strongbow lands— >Waterford taken. 
 
 1172 Henry II. lands at Waterford. 
 1177 John created lord of Ireland. 
 1185 John visits Ireland. 
 
 11S8 Roderick retires to the monastery of Cong. 
 
 i 
 

 , Richard t^,. , . , 
 
 1190 Catba! thie bloody handed flottrlrfies. 
 
 Armoric and his detachment cut off. 
 
 Dublin nearly dektiy>yed by £re. 
 
 1198 Roderic dies. 
 
 Jvhn, 
 
 1£00 Irish .<?l>jeft8in» aid th6 t-lftef .governor against de 
 
 Bufgo. 
 1210 John lands at Dublin. 
 — — Pale divided into counties. 
 
 aHenrjriiA - ■ i ',:■"<'' t ; r 
 
 1216 Great charter granted , to l^Is Irish subjects bjr 
 
 Henry III. 
 1223 Phelim, son of Cathaly obtuns the throne of 
 
 Connaught. 
 1231 Richard, earl marshal, driven out of England, 
 
 murdered in Ireland. . . 
 
 Phelim visits Henry's court. 
 
 1252 Prince Edward, on his marriage, invested with all 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Edward I. 
 
 J ^78 Irish offer 8000 marics for the tree enjoyment of 
 
 English law. 
 1280 Renew their application. 
 1295 Parliament assembles with more than usual r^u* 
 
 larity, ; . 
 
 Edward IL 
 1313 Edward Bruce lands. .' , 
 
38 b CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, &C. > 
 
 1SI5 Lands a second time* 
 
 ISIS Battle of Dunda1k--.Edvrard Bruce killed. 
 
 1320 College erected by arch-bishop Bickndr^ 
 
 Edward III. 
 
 ■ ^ { 
 
 1361 Lionel, duke of Clarence, conies to Ireland. 
 
 1367 Statute of Kilkenny passed. 
 
 1373 Sir Richard Pembridge refuses to execute the 
 
 commission of chief governor of Ireland. 
 1376 Irish parliament summoned to Westminster. 
 
 . • . . .... 1 
 
 Richard IT, 
 
 1388 O'Nial surrenders to Stanley. 
 
 1394 Richard II.' visits Ireland. 
 
 1398 Earl of March killed.' .... 
 
 — — Richard II. revisits Ireland. 
 
 ,^ .^; ., .. Henry IV. \ ■ ■ 
 
 ^ ' , ■ * - * 
 
 1402 Ireland harassed by ^he Scots. 
 1408 Black rent paid. 
 
 Henry V. 
 
 1412 1 English of the pale petition the king for a ,re- 
 1420 3 dress .of grievances. 
 
 ' , - :: ;, 
 Henry VI, 
 
 1423 Parliament unable to vote more than 60 archers 
 
 and 12 men al arms for 40 days. 
 .1 Eighty marks a year voted to Gerald Kavanagh, 
 
 for keeping the peace. • ■ 
 
 1449 Duke of York chitf governor. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, &C. S85 
 
 Edward IV. 
 
 4: 67 Parliament yote that the tollage, called black rent, 
 shall be paid for the use of the army. 
 1468 Earl of Desmond beheaded. 
 
 Edward V. and Richard III. 
 1473 Fraternity of St. George instituted. I 
 
 Henry VIL 
 
 1 486 Lambert Simnel appears in Ireland, 
 
 1 487 is crowned at the castle. 
 
 1493 Perkin Warbeck attempts to practise his impos- 
 ture, f 
 
 ■ Archbishop of Dublin called to England to give 
 
 the king an account of the state of Ireland. 
 
 1495 Parliament enacts Foynings* law. 
 
 Henry VHI. 
 
 1523 Francis I. forms an aliance with the earl of Des- 
 mond. 
 
 1534 Rebellion raised by lord Thomas, son of the earl 
 
 of Kildare. 
 
 1535 Reformation introduced. . t. . . , 
 
 1536 — — established by law. '■ 
 
 154-1 Title of king of Ireland conferred on Henry VIII. 
 
 Edward VI. 
 
 1551 Liturgy first read in Christ church. 
 
 - . * ' • . - , ' "^ ■ 
 
 Mary. 
 
 1556 Bull transmitted from Cardinal Pole for the over- 
 throw of the reformation. 
 2k 
 
386 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, &C. 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 1560 Reformation re-established by law. ^ 
 
 1562 O'Nial appears in Elizabeth's court. 
 1572 Attempts ma4e to colonize Ulster. 
 
 1580 Spaniards land at Smerwick. 
 
 1581 Earl of Desmond killed. 
 1593 University founded, 
 
 1595 Tirone takes the fort of Blackwater. 
 ] 598 defeats Bagnal. 
 
 1599 Essex made lord lieutenant. 
 
 1600 Ormond^taken by O'Moore. 
 
 1603 Tirone submits to lord Mountjoy. 
 
 Jbrhis 1. 
 
 1604 Brehon law abolished. * 
 1609 Plantation formed in Ulster. 
 
 1622 Connaught declared to be still vest«d in the crown. 
 
 ChurUs I. 
 
 1633 Strafford chief governor. 
 
 1634 English articles and canons established in Ireland 
 
 by a convocation. 
 1640 Strafford prosecuted. 
 164-1 Rebellion breaks out.. 
 
 1642 Battle of Kilrush. 
 
 1643 Ormond concludes a treaty with'the confederates. 
 
 1645 Glamorgan makes a secret treaty with the confe- 
 
 derates. 
 
 1646 Filial treaty made by Ormond. 
 
 1647 Ormond resigns to the parliament. 
 
CRONOLOGICAL TABLE, &C. S87 
 
 Commonmealth, 
 1648 Orraond returns and concludes a peace vlth the 
 
 confederates. 
 1619 Battle of Rathmines— -Cromwell lands. 
 1650 Ormond leaves Ireland. 
 
 1657 Henry Cromwell sent to Ireland. 
 
 1658 Royalista declare for Charles II. 
 
 Charles IL 
 
 1661 Act of settlement passed. 
 
 1665 Explanatory bill passed. 
 
 1666 Exportation of Irish- cattle prohibited. 
 1G67 Pifferg&i ma&ufkctui'ei iutrodugedi 
 
 168 i Ormond deprived of the govtramtati 
 
 1685 Roman catholics admitted into corporatiomi and 
 
 judicial offices, 
 1688 Intelligence received of the revolution in England. 
 1588 Derry declares against king James. 
 
 William and Mary. 
 
 1688 James arrives from Brest. 
 
 1689 Schomberg lands. 
 
 1690 King William lands. 
 
 . Battle of the Boyne. 
 
 1691 Athlone surrenders. 
 
 Battle of Aughrim. 
 
 — — Limerick surrenders. 
 
 ^ Anne. . 
 
 1701 Parliament begins to assemble biennially. 
 
 170" I ^^^^^ peers propose an union with England. 
 
 2k2 
 
dS8 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, &C. 
 
 George I » 
 
 vf 
 
 1715 Duke of Orinond attainted. 
 
 1718 Contest between the English and Irish lords, re- 
 specting the appellant jurisdiction. 
 1724 Opposition to Wood's patent. 
 
 George II. 
 
 1728 Roman catholics deprived of the elective franchise. 
 
 1731 Motion made for granting the supplies for 21 
 
 years. 
 
 1736 Irish commons vote against the ty the of agistment. 
 
 1751 Contest respecting the disposal of surplus revenue, 
 
 1760 French invasion under Thurot. 
 
 « 
 
 George II L 
 
 1768. Bill passed for limiting the duration of parliament 
 to eight yearb. 
 
 1778 Ireland distressed by the American war. ' 
 
 ■ Roman catholics enabled to acquire property in 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 1779 Volunteering commences. 
 
 1781 Dungannon meeting held. 
 
 1 782 .Independence of the Irish- parliament acknow- 
 
 ledged by Great Britain. 
 
 1783 Order of St. Patrick instituted. 
 
 — — Citizens of Geneva apply for a settlement, 
 
 1785 Orde's resolutions discussed. 
 
 1789 Irish parliament offer to make the prince of Wales 
 
 regent without restriction. 
 1793 Elective franchise restored to Roman catholics. 
 1796 French fleet appears in Bantry Bay. 
 
^.■/m»-%«"-T^ ■*: T5, 
 
 .■ ■■-!^ -• : '„ */ '''!^,|9?T*- 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, &C. ?89 
 
 1708 Rebellion breaks oat and is suppressed. 
 
 1800 Act of union passed. 
 
 1803 Insurrection breaks out in Dublin — Lord Kilirar- 
 
 den killed. 
 iSli France conquered by the allies. 
 iSl'S Buonaparte invades France froip Elba. 
 
 ■ I» defeated by Lord Wellington at Waterloo. 
 1816 Princess Charlotte married. 
 
 ■ General failure in the crops. 
 
 ■ English and Irish exchequers consolidated. 
 1^17 Disaffection manifested in England and Scotland* 
 
 ■ ■ .. Habeas Corpus suspended there. 
 .. ■ Death of the princess Charlotte. 
 
 l!^18 Parliament takes off the suspension of the habeas 
 corpus act. ^. 
 
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 3 
 
 3 
 
 91 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 OH 
 
 H 
 
 0- 2 
 
 SI 
 
 15 
 
 2 • 
 
 3 
 
 n- 
 
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 •7i; 
 
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 1 ' 
 
 14 
 
 1