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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2021-with funding from 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 
 
 httos://archive.org/details/kentuckystatepar0Ojill 
 

 
BOOKS BY 
 
 WILLARD RousE JILLSON 
 
 GEOLOGY 
 
 Oil and Gas Resources of Kentucky, 1919-1920 
 Geology and Coals of Stinking Creek, 1919 
 Contributions to Kentucky Geology, 1920 
 Economic l’apers on Kentucky Geology, 1921 
 Production of Eastern Kentucky Crude Uils, 1921 
 The Sixth Geological Survey, 1921 
 
 Oil Field Stratigraphy of Kentucky, 1922 
 Conservation of Natural Gas in Kentucky, 1922 
 Geological Research in Kentucky, 1923 
 
 New Oil Pools of Kentucky, 1924 
 
 The Coal Industry in Kentucky, 1922-1924. 
 Kentucky State Parks, 1924 
 
 Mineral Resources of Kentucky, 1924 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 The Big Sandy Valley, 1923 
 The Kentucky Land Grants, 1924 
 
 BIOGRAPHY 
 Edwin P. Morrow—Kentuckian, 1922 
 
 VERSE 
 Songs and Satires, 1920 
 
 
 
KENTUCKY STATE PARKS 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 WEIVER ITY AE ILLIMMIS 
 
weg cit 
 ae Ph, pee 
 Seed 
 
 
 
 ONE OF THE CARTER CAVES 
 
 With an opening portal of magnificent proportions—the 
 largest of any cavern in Kentucky, the Bat Cave in 
 Carter County, wintering and mysterious, is chiefly 
 celebrated for the thousands of little insectivores who 
 make it their home in winter, 
 

 
 KENTUCKY 
 STATE PARKS 
 
 A Brief Presentation of the Geologyand Topography 
 of Some Proposed State Park Areas Based 
 Upon Original Field Investigation 
 
 BY 
 WitiarpD Rouse JILutson, Sc. D. 
 
 STATE GEOLOGIST of KENTUCKY 
 and Chairman of the 
 Kentucky STaTe Park ComMMISssIUON 
 
 a 
 
 Illustrated with Thirty-four 
 Photographs and Maps 
 
 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 
 Delivered before the 
 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 
 AT LEXINGTON, KY, 
 
 MAY 10, 1924 
 
 — 
 
 KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 FRANKFORT, KY. 
 1924 
 
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 h) AWA RH KN O cv KI) 4 24— Dup. 48 oT VA 
 
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Copyright 1924, By 
 WILLARD ROUSE JILLSON 
 
 
 
 All Rights Reserved 
 
 STATE JOURNAL COMPANY 
 Printer to the Commonwealth 
 Frankiort, Ky. 
 
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 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 RECEIVED 
 
 1924 
 
 DOCUMENTS DIVISION 
 
 
 
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 CONTENTS 
 Page 
 
 Be ETO BR ai ela A Sooty ale ae SRL Se a RS ee ix 
 SORA Si BASE BESTS ala INE Sa hae a a Ibe PRE perro aa vii 
 PD LRM Lg LO i Ae Ae eins aR ee a A OD xt 
 CHAPTER I. ONE OUAL CES OF) lenses ncn ct yer ecneeet 1 
 CHAPTER II. UE CL TPE TIEONE Thee CHOCO vores ewe ster eotanenr ented 9 
 CHAPTER III. TREBOGLECT “GULVCS « cccdec cc hishtssncerevors 23 
 CHAPTER IV. CUUNUD ELIOT me FEUES ioe Sasenstaceeg acca 31 
 CHAPTER V. CP ETE UIUC EG CLT) ote seh cack cna nncccnasee 39 
 CHAPTER VI. UNSDCATT ARDS TOU Ce 2 aret i necndenen tate dacvas 49 
 Pe APIene Vie Ree TCOUKS. 0} SONQY. @ xccccccccesc 53 
 URAPTER VIII. “in Belween the. Rivers’’..........--< 61 
 CHAPTER IX. Ohio Lowlands and_ Reelfoot 
 | TATE lepier Peedi elem eae meena 67 
 CHAPTER X. The Kentucky River Gorge ........ 75 
 I TOM Me RI geo a ar ea cs Foneruk pace vecckaphateveeantoctsersd 85 
 
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 SAORUPIT AO AUER ee 
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ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 F'RONTISPIECE—One of the Carter Caves 
 
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 . 30. 
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 . 33. 
 . 32. 
 
 PE GODIN CG oS GN GlUCK Vee. c coeecarestinc- cteeguanes 3 
 Birdseye View of Cumberland Falls........ 5 
 Falls at Daniel Boone’s Cave..............-.---+« fe 
 LGR CELT Carre ERG tee SP oe os ee ee 10 
 Entrance to Mammoth Cave...................... 13 
 The Region about Mammoth Cave.......... 16 
 Stalactites in Great Onyx Cave.............. 19 
 Wiley 2 OT GCG ee OSs es Ue ar eae esaee 24 
 Region about the Carter Caves.................- 27 
 A Natural Bridge that Resembles a Cave 29 
 Boulder in Cumberland Gorge.................. 32 
 COUT Or ATT Cm Be te eee eee eee ae 34 
 Gorge and Falls of the Cumberland.......... 36 
 
 A Mountain Stream in Whitley County.... 38 
 Cumberland Mountain at Cumberland 
 
 BED 4 bk Jagat guseds 7ahe Ss peer he pa Oe ee 40 
 AS ILERE DOT 0 ie UR ie ee eee 42 
 A Motor Road in the Log Mountains...... 44 
 PW ELDAR Pest LL geese feo sn ee ee tesd seveereene 48 
 Topography of the Natural Bridge Re- 
 
 ae Co pet Tie 9 oe BI en ae ame tel 50 
 Pe eS VOAks wOlG ree alld Van eo. ,.cccee 54 
 Pine Mountain and “The Preakgy’’.............. 56 
 The Beautiful Kentucky Mountains........ 58 
 The Majestic Tennessee Rivev................-- 62 
 LereLweens Les Hiv Clas sas ee 65 
 OioanRivVGrs OWlAndS cee ee 69 
 THEGLLOOUR LAK GR ea ee et 71 
 In the Vicinity of Reelfoot Lake.............. 73 
 CUTLVERLINGSY OO CoGgree ee co eee etre See ote 76 
 PISelLi ne Ota LUG es WaALGrsse oy... scscceeetes 78 
 The Gorge of the Kentucky........................ 80 
 Palisades of White Limestone in Jes- 
 
 SELINA LLG) et cee be es aa ieee 82 
 High Bridge over the Kentucky................ 85 
 
 PMGsICRUILOLUA Te ICr atl RLOL Gd ees ren 84 
 
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Preface 
 
 Mere words can never adequately de- 
 scribe the many points of natural beauty in 
 Kentucky. The best of photographs, while 
 better than prose, falls far short of doing 
 justice to the inimitable sculpturing of 
 wind and wave and frost. Nothing—even 
 the inspired hand of genius spotting in the 
 rainbow colors of the landscape—ap- 
 proaches the realistic. The striking con- 
 trasts in nature cannot be forced within 
 the covers of a book. The vastness of the 
 great outdoors, the infinite detail of each 
 physical component; the myriad forms of 
 life; the exquisiteness and adaption of each 
 organism; the soul uplifting silence of the 
 primeval forest; the fleeting liquid note of 
 a passing songster—these and a thousand 
 other wonderful experiences await the 
 lover of nature in the wilderness. T’o know 
 these things, to appreciate their sublime 
 importance in life, one must leave brick 
 and mortar and steel behind, and seek the 
 quiet refreshment of the undespoiled ‘‘ back 
 country.’’ Here are the natural parks 
 awaiting State custodianship. Their ac- 
 quisition and preservation by the Common- 
 wealth, constitute a service in which we 
 may all unite with pride and enthusiasm— 
 assured in advance of an appreciative pos- 
 terity. 
 
 Old Capitol, y 7: ¢ = EF 
 Frankfort, Ky. 
 
 July 1, 1924. 
 
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Je 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The proposal to establish at a number 
 of well selected points broadly distributed 
 throughout Jkentucky a group of State 
 parks is not altogether a new one. From 
 time to time during the last decade sugges- 
 tions looking to this end have been made by 
 various civic organizations in Kentucky 
 and have received some attention in the 
 State press. A series of seriously intended 
 though unsuccessful attempts to federalize 
 the Mammonth Cave region during the 
 last twenty years may be interpreted as an 
 expression of popular desire for a large 
 outdoor recreational center selected be- 
 cause of its physical uniqueness and nat- 
 ural charm. 
 
 First of Kentucky’s parks and _ the 
 nucleus about which others may eventually 
 be grouped are three of outstanding im- 
 portance. These are: (1) The New State 
 Capitol and grounds at Frankfort; (2) the 
 State Forestry tract of about thirty-four 
 hundred acres on Pine Mountain in Harlan 
 County, and (3) ‘‘The Old Kentucky 
 Home”’ near Bardstown in Nelson County. 
 Purchase of the new Capitol tract was pro- 
 vided for by the Legislature and the mag- 
 nificent new State House was built in 1912. 
 
PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 The forestry reserve was acquired by gift 
 of deed in 1919, and the John Rowan home- 
 stead, immortalized by Foster’s great song, 
 was purchased by popular subscription in 
 1921-22. Each, of course, will be main- 
 tained in perpetuity by the State of Ken- 
 tucky. The Capitol is annually the mecca 
 for tens of thousands of tourists from all 
 parts of America and the world. ‘‘The Old 
 KKentucky Home’’ has been rehabilitated 
 and is now functioning splendidly as a 
 State Park—a veritable shrine for all Ken- 
 iuckians. On the rugged slope of Pine 
 Mountain in the Harlan preserve, the new 
 State Forestry Bureau will undertake 
 shortly an extensive program of forest re- 
 generation. 
 
 Within the last few years the marked 
 erowth of Kentucky’s larger cities, the 
 rapid extension of her system of highways, 
 and the imminence of loss for all time of a 
 number of justly famous natural areas 
 such as the Mammoth Cave and Cumber- 
 land Falls are seen as the outstanding rea- 
 sons for a well organized and State wide 
 public park movement in this State. If 
 Kkentucky is ever to have a unit system of 
 State Parks, broad recreational areas rich 
 in historic dignity, and natural charm steps 
 
 ~<if 2 ero 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 looking toward such an end must be taken 
 soon, or industrial and commercial inter- 
 ests will creep in and make such acquisi- 
 tions impossble for all time. 
 
 
 
 A PEEP INTO KENTUCKY ; 
 View out of the tunnel of the Chesapeake, Clinchfield 
 and Ohio Railroad down Big Sandy at ‘“‘The Breaks.” 
 
 In the case of Mammoth Cave and Cum- 
 berland Falls such permanent losses are a 
 certainty unless these areas be acquired by 
 the State within the next year or two. With 
 
 ~-<6f 3 eon 
 
PRoposep KEntTUCKY PaRKs 
 
 this idea in mind the Kentucky General 
 Assembly—1924—passed a law (Senate 
 Bill No. 306, Truesdell) creating a Ken- 
 tucky State (Park Commission of three 
 members,! whose duties during the biennial 
 period 1924-26, have been outlined to con- 
 sist of an examination of available park 
 sites in Kentucky, followed by selective 
 recommendations to the legislature of 1926 
 concerning those which might be regarded 
 as suitable. The recommendations speci- 
 fied in the act are to be accompanied by 
 suggestions as to the best methods of se- 
 curing for the State one or more of these 
 tracts by popular subscription, or gift of 
 the land. No State funds are appropriated 
 for the purpose of purchase. Deed in per- 
 petuity is to be made to the State of Ken- 
 tucky which shall be charged with their 
 maintenance and control. This law, which 
 will take effect during the middle of June, 
 1924, affords the first opportunity for sys- 
 tematic organization looking towards the 
 establishment of one or more additional 
 Kentucky State Parks. 
 
 Opinions will differ as to what kind of 
 area should be selected for State park pur- 
 poses. In general it may be indicated that 
 
 1These commissioners are appointed for a two-year 
 term and their duties are non-remunerative; see Acts 
 
 of 1924, 
 ~ of 4 eon 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 no tract should be made a State park which 
 does not present a high type of physical 
 excellence, great natural beauty, or out- 
 standing historic importance. Regions 
 which exhibit at one point or another the 
 scarred and defaced artificialities of man 
 
 
 
 BIRDSEYE VIEW OF CUMBERLAND FALLS 
 
 On the craggy pinnicles close to the Cumberland River 
 and above the gorge, many exquisite views of the Falls 
 may be secured. 
 
 should certainly never be admitted to seri- 
 ous consideration. One or more fish and 
 game preserves should be considered in 
 order to inaugurate a broader conserva- 
 tion policy. Kentucky, blessed beyond her 
 
 ~-<6f 5 Peon 
 
PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 sister states in the central Mlississipp1 
 Valley with natural wonders and beauties, 
 and points of rich historic interest, has 
 many areas which upon investigation will 
 be found capable of meeting the most exact- 
 ing specifications. 
 
 In any serious consideration of State 
 park sites the Mammoth Cave, in Kdmon- 
 son County, Kentucky, a world wonder of 
 the first order, must necessarily take first 
 place. Following close are: (2) The Carter 
 Caves of Carter County, Ky.; (3) the Cum- 
 berland Falls in Whitley and McCreary 
 counties, Ky.; (4) Cumberland Gap in Bell 
 County, Ky.; (5) Natural Bridge in Powell 
 and Wolfe Counties, Ky.; (6) The ‘‘ Breaks 
 of Sandy’’ in Pike County, Ky.; (7) ‘‘In 
 Between the Rivers’’ in Lyon and Trigg 
 Counties, Ky.; (8) the Ohio River Lowlands 
 in Ballard County, or the Reelfoot Lake 
 region in Fulton County; (9) a portion of 
 the Kentucky River Gorge in Central Ken- 
 tucky, in parts of Jessamine, Garrard, Mer- 
 cer or Woodford counties; (10) and some 
 one or two areas of special significance as 
 regards the early history of Kentucky. 
 Among these might be mentioned tracts at 
 Harrodsburg or Boonesboro the points of 
 first settlement in Kentucky. These areas, 
 
 ~<<t 6 freon 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 all items of natural beauty and historic 
 charm, constitute a tentative list of recom- 
 mendations which have been presented for 
 consideration to the Kentucky State Park 
 Commission. No action has yet been taken 
 by the Commisson looking towards an of- 
 ficial examination or a possible acquisition 
 of any of these tracts. All recommenda- 
 
 
 
 = ere 
 FALLS AT DANIEL BOONE’S CAVE 
 Along the gorge of the Kentucky River there are 
 
 many springs and subterranean streams that break over 
 the cliffs as waterfalls or cascades. 
 
 tions which may be made concerning these 
 and other tracts will, however, be carefully 
 considered with ways and means at a later 
 date. 
 
 Many inquiries have been made as to 
 the location, availability, and physical 
 
 sf 7 eon 
 
PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 aspect of such areas as have been proposed 
 from time to time as suitable for erection 
 into a Kentucky State Park. It is the pur- 
 pose of this paper to present a considera- 
 tion of the geological and physiographic 
 conditions which obtain in these several 
 areas together with a notation of some 
 items of historical and human interest. In 
 preparing these descriptions the writer 
 who has visited all of these localities dur- 
 ing the last several years has drawn prin- 
 cipally upon his own field notes. The in- 
 clusion of any particular area within this 
 discussion does not, however, mean that it 
 will receive favorable consideration, much 
 less the approval of the Commission. For 
 various fundamental reasons some tracts 
 which have as yet never been proposed may 
 possibly be among those finally selected. 
 Looking toward final action which will 
 merit universal approval the heartiest co- 
 operation of all interested Kentuckians is 
 solicited. 
 
 ~<6f 8 1m 
 
dil 
 THE MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 The first reference obtainable with re- 
 spect to Mammoth Cave goes back to the 
 year 1797 and is found on file in connection 
 with a deed in the records of Warren 
 County, at Bowling Green, Kentucky. In 
 this paper the great cave is designated as 
 a corner of a tract of land.? Later in 1812 
 a deed of the Mammoth Cave tract from 
 Flatt to McLean® again appears in these 
 county records. Due to a lack of explora- 
 tion, though parts of the cavern had un- 
 doubtedly been used for many generations 
 by the Indians, as some skeletal material 
 and artifacts prove, the importance of the 
 Mammoth Cave at this early time was not 
 realized. So local tradition goes back to 
 the hunter, Houchins, and his wounded 
 bear. Jf the bear story is correct, and by 
 seeking refuge in the cave the bear caused 
 it to be discovered, he did more for Ken- 
 tucky than any other bear either before or 
 since his time. In making this observation 
 no exception is taken to those wonderful 
 
 
 
 2Hovey, H, G., Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, p. 9, 
 1909. J. P. Morton & Co., Louisville, Ky. 
 
 3 Jillson, W. R., Bibliography of Mammoth Cave. 
 ‘Ky. Geol. Survey, series vi, vol. 10, pp. 148-156 inclu- 
 
 ~<6f 9 been 
 
Proposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 
 
 THE STAR CHAMBER 
 
 Of the many visual treats in the Mammoth Cave none 
 attracts more attention than the Star Chamber. Thou- 
 Sands speculate on this unique phenomena annually. 
 
Tue Mammoth Cave 
 
 bears that enticed the almost mythical 
 ‘‘Long Hunters’’ across the Blue Ridge 
 Mountains to revel in the unexplored wild- 
 erness of Southern Central Kentucky many 
 years before the appearance of Daniel 
 Boone. 
 
 From 1812 when it was used for the pro- 
 duction of saltpeter for gunpowder manu- 
 facture to aid in carrying on the war 
 against the British, down to the present 
 time Mammoth Cave has had an ever in- 
 creasing fame and popularity. It is better 
 known throughout the world and has been 
 more largely written upon than any other 
 ‘single thing in Kentucky. One biblhography 
 at least on the Mammoth Cave shows near- 
 ly one hundred titles,* and it is said that 
 at least 400 articles, many of them now un- 
 named and unknown, have been written and 
 printed on the Mammoth Cave of Ken- 
 tucky. Unfortunately for JKentuckians, 
 Mammoth Cave located almost within the 
 heart of the Blue Grass State enjoys a 
 wider fame outside than within Kentucky. 
 It has been said that fully seventy-five per 
 cent of the thousands of visitors to Mam- 
 moth Cave come from distant points in the 
 United States, Canada, or Mexico. Many 
 = 4illson, W. R., Bibliography of Mammoth Cave. 
 
 Ky. Geol. Survey, Series VI, Vol. 10, pp, 148-156, in- 
 clusive. 
 
 -<if dial Heo 
 
PRoposeD Kentucky Parks 
 
 are Europeans and the register kept at the 
 cave shows names of tourists from all parts 
 of the world. 
 
 The Mammoth Cave is situated in one 
 of the most rugged and delightful portions 
 of central-southern Kentucky in eastern 
 Kidmonson County within one-half mile of 
 Green River. The country rock of this 
 section has been designated as the Mam- 
 moth Cave series of limestones, a group of 
 calcareous formations many of which are 
 nearly pure, and hence easily soluble. 
 These limestones oecupy a stratigraphic 
 position in the lower part of the upper 
 Mississippian system or sub-carboniferous 
 rocks. Specifically they are known as the 
 St. Genevieve and St. Louis formations 
 and are upwards of six hundred feet in 
 thickness. They were deposited in clear 
 open ocean water at a time in the remote 
 geologic past just before the first great 
 Coal Measures were laid down. 
 
 The Mammoth Cave region forms a 
 part of the typical ‘‘Karst’’ area of Ken- 
 tucky. It is embraced within the well de- 
 fined Mississippian plateau of this State 
 in which it has been estimated there exist 
 between sixty and seventy thousand sink 
 
 ~o6t 12 3 ae 
 
Toe MammotsH Cave 
 
 -u9yM VATIVU 9 
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 suvtyon} 
 Ied [[vurs @ 4nq AT[eNnuUUv UOLS91 STU} VISTA OYM Spuevsnoy} FO Sud} 94} JO “plo 
 
 A 90y} ‘00d oy} pue Yor 94} ‘etquiny 9Yy} pue pnoud 9Yy} JO BODIW VY} ST HI 
 HAVO HLOWAVW OL FONVUOINGA 
 
 
 
PrRoposep Kmntucky Parks 
 
 holes® of varying sizes. Its subsurface 
 drainage is so extensive that it is undoubt- 
 edly worthy of the designation as the type 
 locality for Karst physiography in the en- 
 tire United States. As in other ‘‘Karst’’ 
 regions, particularly those in Southern 
 Kurope bordering the Adriatic Sea, the 
 principal part of the drainage is_ subter- 
 ranean. In this Kentucky locality water 
 finds its way to the Green River by means 
 of thousands of sink holes to subsurface 
 streams, some of which such as Echo River 
 are of large size. Some short creeks and 
 branches exist, but ultimate drainage is al- 
 most without exception through one or 
 more sinks—known to the farmers as 
 ‘‘ooose nests.’’ A well known exposed sub- 
 terranean stream typical of many unseen 
 in this region is the ‘‘Lost River’’ near 
 Bowling Green, Kentucky. 
 
 The extremely broken characteristic of 
 the area about Mammoth Cave coupled 
 with the low agricultural value of the soil 
 have combined to the disadvantage of the 
 farmer. The county limestone weathers to 
 a dark blood red residual soil which is de- 
 ficient in phosphorus, commonly quite 
 stony, and readily washed into gullies. 
 
 5 Jillson, W. R., Land of Ten Thousand Sinks. 
 Science, Vol. LVIII, INOve 147. De 164 SeDt el. aoso, 
 
 --f 14 }e- 
 
Tur Mammortu Cave 
 
 Fortunately these defects have resulted in 
 preserving this wonderful region in some- 
 thing of its original beauty. The cavern- 
 ous district surrounding Mammoth Caye, 
 and including the other large and well 
 known caves, is in its broader feature a 
 parallelogram bounded on the north by the 
 Green River and extending southeastward 
 over a territory of about seventy-five 
 square miles. Its northern portion is 
 almost entirely wooded in original and sec- 
 ond growth timber, the principal species 
 being the oaks, poplar, beech, hickory, wal- 
 nut, ash, dogwood and a variety of conifers 
 including the dressy little cedar which is 
 quite abundant. With alternating cliff and 
 gently sloping hilltops it is a singular con- 
 tinuation of limestone dells and_ coves, 
 closed and open hollows, and picturesque 
 little valleys which to the nature lover in 
 the field apparently start nowhere and end 
 nowhere. 
 
 A glance at the new Mammoth Cave 
 topographic quadrangle® exhibits, however, 
 some more or less well defined pattern or 
 arrangement of the major sinkholes of this 
 region. It will be noted that the largest 
 sink hole in this section is an extended one 
 
 
 
 °U. S. G. S., Seale 1:62,500, contour interval 20 feet, 
 
 ~a6f 15 Ye 
 
 1923 
 
Proposep Kentucky Parxs 
 
 
 
 THE REGION ABOUT MAMMOTH CAVE 
 
 Parts of Barren, Hart and Edmonson Counties ad- 
 join h erein this unique Karst area. The contour in- 
 terval is 20 feet and the scale 1 inch equals 1.5 miles. 
 
 ~o<6t 16 ben 
 
Tur Mamnmotu Cave 
 
 ‘some five miles in length lying just south 
 of Mammoth Cave. Its head is just one 
 mile west of Highland Springs, and its foot 
 ‘close above the Y. M. C. A. camp on the 
 Green River. The new entrance to Mam- 
 - moth Cave is located in the upper part of 
 this sink valley just inside of the Hdmon- 
 son County line. 
 
 The configuration of this large sinking 
 valley indicates that at an earlier time be- 
 fore its roof collapsed, it must, indeed, 
 have been a very great and labryinthine 
 cavern. Originally it probably had many 
 connections with the Mammoth Cave of 
 which it may rightly have been an im- 
 portant part. This great sink is bordered 
 on the north by the Mammoth Cave proper, 
 and on the south by another somewhat ex- 
 tended sinking valley, portions of which 
 are known as Owens Hollow, Woolsie Hol- 
 ‘low, Double Sink®Hollow and Cedar 
 Springs Hollow. This unusually large col- 
 lapsed cavern, now an open valley, has its 
 head at Chaumont and its foot at the Turn- 
 hole Bend of the Green River. Northeast 
 of Mammoth Cave and separating it from 
 Colossal Cave is a long line of deep sinks 
 ‘with its head in Hart and Barren counties. 
 It is known as Houchins Valley. 
 
 af 17 feo 
 
Proposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 Taken in their entirety these two col- 
 lapsed caverns with their many sink holes 
 and ponds exhibit a fairly well defined 
 dendritic pattern including that very im- 
 portant relationship the acute angle of 
 entry with the major draiage of the re- 
 gion, the Green River. The ridges, attain- 
 ing altitudes varying from 820 to 976 feet, 
 are narrow and fairly flat. Their winding 
 eourses afford the only routes for the 
 country roads which at their best in mid- 
 summer or early autumn are none too good, 
 and during the remainder of the year are 
 next to impossible. Most of the larger 
 sink holes vary from 100 to 175 feet in 
 depth. The low water elevation on the 
 Green River which is locked is 430 feet. A 
 metallic government bench mark on the 
 spur near the entrance to Mammoth Cave 
 is 748 feet above sea level. One at Glasgow 
 Junction, the nearest point on the L. & N. 
 Railroad, is 651 feet. 
 
 Grouped about the Mammoth Cave, 
 which is the principal and most widely 
 known cavern of this section, are a num- 
 ber of others which if they are of more re- 
 cent discovery and development are hardly 
 of less importance because of their own 
 unique and particular attractions. Chief 
 
 —-<6t 18 eon 
 
Tur Mammoru Cavr 
 
 sedvys ju 
 
 od 
 
 9JJTP 
 
 ‘UOTSaI OABD UJOWWPRIT IY} JO S9ABD JY] JO [|B UI puNOJ 91B SaInsy pues 
 puesnoy} 8 OUT 
 
 HAVO 
 
 poeuin} PUB P29 SIM} SUOTIVULIOJT [BAVUIUL SUTJSO10]UL OSOL 
 XANO LVHYUD NI SHILILOIWIVLS 
 
 
 
PrRoposep KEntTUCKY PARKS 
 
 among these is the Great Onyx Cave, the 
 New Entrance to Mammoth Cave, Colossal 
 Cavern, and Great Crystal Cave. Other 
 well known caves in this region are: Hid- 
 den River Cave, Horse Cave, Ganter’s 
 Cave, Dorsey Cave, Salts Cave, White’s 
 Cave, Dixon Cave, Proctor Cave, Long 
 Avenue Cave, Preston Cave, Highland 
 Cave, Indian Cave, Parker Cave, Doyle’s 
 Cave, Cave of the Hundred Domes, Mam- 
 moth Onyx Cave, Diamond Cave, and 
 Cedar Sink Cave. This long list of named 
 caves, caverns and grottoes but faintly in- 
 dicates the vast and intricate system of 
 subterranean chambers which is found in 
 the Mississippian limestones of this region. 
 
 A very large territory exists in this 
 Karst part of the Green River Valley, 
 which is yet entirely unexplored, and it 1s 
 more probable than otherwise that new 
 caves will continue te be opened during the 
 next 50 or 100 years, some of which may 
 very possibly equal in fact both in size and 
 beauty any of the caves which are now 
 known. Mammoth Cave has been explored 
 through various routes a total distance of 
 150 miles’ or more. It is altogether possi- 
 ble that if all of the subsurface ramifica- 
 
 7 Hovey, H. C., Mammoth Cave of eS Devos; 
 Gt Ale Pp Morton and Co., Louisville, Ky 
 
 ~<#it 20 fee 
 
Tue Mammotu Cave 
 
 tions of the caves of this section could be 
 known and were plotted, the distance in- 
 volved would extend into thousands of 
 miles. An alignment of certain large sink 
 holes and hollows of the Mammoth Cave 
 region with their intervening plateau sec- 
 tions leads to the belief that large caverns 
 will be found southeast of the Mammoth 
 Cave between Cedar Springs and Owens 
 Hollow, and the great bend of the Green 
 River north of Turnhole Ferry. 
 
 a 
 
 ~a6f 21 fe 
 
Tit. 
 THE CARTER CAVES. 
 
 The most important caves in Hastern 
 Kentucky are those which are found in cen- 
 tral Carter County on the waters of Cave 
 Branch of Tygarts Creek, a northeast flow- 
 ing tributary of the Ohio River. The region 
 has many sink holes, sinking branches, 
 springs, natural bridges, and caverns. 
 These caves like those of Edmonson County 
 and others along the western border of the 
 eastern coal field, the ‘Pine Mountain, and 
 in Western Kentucky between the western 
 coal field and the Cumberland River, occur 
 in the lower part of the upper Sub-Carboni- 
 ferous limestones. In this locality in Car- 
 ter County they are designated as the St. 
 Genevieve and Gasper, and attain a total 
 measured thickness of ninety feet. These 
 cavernous limestones are characterized by 
 thin lamination, extreme cross bedding 
 and the striking lithological combination 
 of a highly caleareous aggregation of min- 
 ute oolites generously intermixed with an 
 abundance of very small rounded crystal 
 quartz granules. 
 
 The limestone thus formed is generally 
 very porous. Only occasionally is it found 
 
 =o it 93 been 
 
Propose Kentucky Parks 
 
 
 
 THE X CAVE 
 
 Two intersecting joint planes in the St. Genevieve 
 limestone, opened by solution produced the X Cave, 
 one of the unique caverns of the Carter County group. 
 
lar Carter Caves 
 
 to be compact. Descending meteorie waters 
 find in it the usual fracture, joint, and 
 bedding planes as lines of slight resistance, 
 and at many points, because of its great 
 porosity and extreme solubility, literally 
 infiltrate the entire limestone series. At 
 the base of this calcareous oolite the thick, 
 non-soluble, crossbedded Logan formation 
 sets in and provides an ultimate flow bed 
 for all subterranean waters. These green- 
 ish elastics were formerly called the Wav- 
 erly shales and constitute the lower part of 
 the Mississippian system in this section. 
 Nothing more than a part entrance such as 
 that at Laurel Cave is ever developed in 
 this formation as it is only removed by 
 corrasion. In the northeastern portion of 
 Kentucky the thinning of these Mississip- 
 pian limestones to less than one hundred 
 feet has definitely limited the vertical 
 range of the caves. 
 
 The Carter Caves are located in a ma- 
 turely dissected plateau region. Hilly and 
 with little good bottom land it is one of the 
 rather sparsely settled portions of the 
 State. Ridge elevations attain a maximum 
 height of about 1,000 feet. The waters of 
 Tygarts Creek at the mouth of Cave 
 Branch is 695 feet above sea level. The 
 
 --9ff 25 eon 
 
PrRoposep Kentucky ParKs 
 
 surficial rocks in descending order are 
 sandstones, shales and thin coals of the 
 Coal Measures (Pennsylvanian) which in 
 turn are underlain py the Gasper and St. 
 Genevieve (Mammoth Cave) limestones 
 and the Logan formation of the Mississip- 
 pian. The individual tract embracing the 
 caves has been but slightly timber cut, and 
 for this reason the immediate surround- 
 ines present much that is naturally beau- 
 tiful. The cave region is in fact a veritable 
 oasis of original timber in a part of this 
 State that is conspicuous for its rather 
 complete deforestation. 
 
 Thus charmingly situated in an almost 
 primeval environment these caves offer 
 many unexpected delights to the nature 
 lover. Like Mammoth Cave, parts of these 
 caverns were used for Saltpeter manufac- 
 ture during the war of 1812. The Swingle- 
 ton or Saltpeter Cave near the Lodge is 
 particularly notable in this respect. In it 
 are to be seen many relies of that day and 
 time, old puncheon broad axed _ poplar 
 planks, casts of saltpeter vats, and the 
 open grave of a traditional Indian princess. 
 The Carter caves center about a point well 
 up on the headwaters of Cave Branch of 
 Tygarts Creek. They are all separate 
 
 ~<<fit 26 eon 
 
HE CARTER Cavers 
 
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Proposep KrentTucKy PARKS 
 
 caverns and are named: Laurel Cave, 
 Swingleton, X Cave, Cave Branch Cave, 
 and Bat Cave. The last is the largest and 
 in many ways one of the most interesting 
 particularly with respect to its Stalactites 
 and Stalagmites which assume many curi- 
 ous and fantastic shapes. Laurel Cave has 
 a small lake, and X Cave takes the form of 
 the letter for which it has been named. In 
 this vicinity there are two magnificent 
 natural rock bridges sixty to eighty feet 
 above the streams which flow through them, 
 and a third smaller rock bridge. These 
 bridges like the caves are formed out of 
 the Mississippian oolitic limestones. The 
 Carter Caves proper are separate and dis- 
 tinct from those smaller caverns near Car- 
 ter City which are widely known as the 
 Oligonnnk. 
 
 The cave region is ten miles as the bird 
 flies nortwest of Grayson from which point 
 they may be reached with a wagon or auto- 
 mobile in the summer time. Tourists trav- 
 eling in the Ohio Valley may take a short 
 line railroad from Garrison to Carter, and 
 thence to the Carter Caves by wagon or 
 horseback. The elevation of the Carter 
 County caves is about 800 feet, and the 
 physical relief of the region is from 250 
 
 ~o6f I8 Heo 
 
ARTER CAVES 
 
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PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 to 3800 feet. The Carter Caves region un- 
 fortunately is not mapped topographically. 
 It was located by the second Kentucky Geo- 
 logical Survey (Proctor) on a reconnais- 
 sance geological map® of Carter County 
 which has been exhausted in edition for 
 many years. 
 
 &Hoeing, J. B., and Crandall, A. R., Geological 
 Map of Boyd, Carter _ and Greenup Counties, Ky. Ky. 
 Geol. Survey, Series II, Proctor. Scale of map 1 inch 
 equals 2 miles. (1884), 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~-Gt 30 feo 
 
1 Aye 
 CUMBERLAND FALLS. 
 
 Kentucky’s largest waterfall is. situ- 
 ated on the Cumberland River 32 miles be- 
 low Wilhamsburg in Whitley and Mce- 
 Creary counties. The Falls are 56 feet in 
 height, the elevation above the falls rising 
 ‘gradually to a point shghtly above the ford. 
 The region is a wild and picturesque one. 
 ~The Cumberland River comes down grace- 
 fully from the Pine and Cumberland Moun- 
 tains flanked on either side by majestic 
 ‘forested hills, and plunges in wild and 
 splendid heauty over a single conglomera- 
 tie ledge of the Lee sandstone. This forma- 
 ‘tion is the basal part of the Pottsville 
 group in Kentucky and is of early Coal 
 Measure age. In it below the Falls is de- 
 veloped a deep gorge, narrow, boulder 
 choked and tortuous in figure. The placid 
 reaches of shallow and occasional riffle 
 above the Falls are strangely contrasted 
 with the violent swirls and currents of the 
 river in the chasm immediately beneath 
 and on down through the narrow confines 
 of the wild and little frequented gorge. 
 
 The region has many trails leading to 
 points of vantage from which delightful 
 
 --<6f 31 Heo 
 
PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 
 
 BOULDER IN CUMBERLAND GORGE 
 There is much in the Gorge of the Cumberland River 
 to fascinate the eye of the nature lover. Giant rocks 
 tilted and overturned by a capricious river abound. 
 
CUMBERLAND FALLS 
 
 vistas may be obtained. There are at pres- 
 eut, however, no first class automobile 
 roads leading to Cumberland Falls. In the 
 summertime it may be reached by lght 
 automobile without much difficulty from 
 Cumberland Falls Station, a point 13 miles 
 distant on the Southern Railroad. The 
 Falls is 19 miles by nearest forest trail 
 from Williamsburg and the territory cov- 
 ered is very rugged. 
 
 The Cumberland River has entrenched 
 itself in a meandering course in the Cum- 
 berland plateau to a depth of 400 feet 
 above the Falls. Although the terranes of 
 the Cumberland Falls region, shales, sand- 
 stones and conglomerates, are all of Potts- 
 ville (Coal Measure-Pennsylvanian) age, 
 the mineral resources are insignificant. 
 The surface coals found here are thin, but 
 the Hudson No. 2 a subsurface coal fre- 
 quently attains on outcrop in the vicinity 
 of Mill Creek a commercial thickness of 
 five feet. What this seam might show in 
 thickness immediately below the Falls is 
 a pure speculation. While a number of 
 wells have been drilled, neither oil nor gas 
 has been found in commercial quantities. 
 Most of the first class hard and soft wood 
 has been eut out of this section, and noth- 
 
 --<sit 3 3 been 
 
Proposep KENTUCKY PARKS 
 
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 STIVa GNWIYHEWNO 
 
 
 
CUMBERLAND FALLS 
 
 ing now remains except imperfect first and 
 second growth timber. The rough and 
 broken nature of the topography coupled 
 with the thin and unproductive character 
 of the soil has resulted in very few clear- 
 ings to the Falls, and none that are con- 
 spicuous. Thus it will be seen that the 
 latent hydro-electric power value of this 
 great waterfall is its only economic worth 
 as contrasted to a glorious recreational 
 area. 
 
 An old rambling hotel which dates back 
 to Civil War times and before, is situated 
 on the conglomerate shelf which holds up 
 this waterfall, and affords a kindly oldtime 
 southern hospitality for tourists who pass 
 that way. The region offers much to the 
 nature lover, the fisherman, the hunter or 
 the mountain climber, and would, all thing's 
 considered, be ideal as a State Park site. 
 During the past fifty years thousands have 
 visited or summered at this point and have 
 come to love it for its restful natural 
 beauty and ruggedness. 
 
 Unfortunately commercial interests 
 now propose to erect a dam about 87 feet 
 igh at a short distance above the water- 
 fall, thus creating a pool extending back to 
 Williamsburg. A flume along the moun- 
 
 ~><6t 35 Yeon 
 
Proposep KrpntTucKy Parks 
 
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CUMBERLAND FALLS 
 
 tain side would, according to these plans, 
 earry the Cumberland River except in 
 times of flood to a point just below the 
 Falls where it would drop onto turbines a 
 distance of 155 feet and provide a rather 
 important hydro-electric power unit. Such 
 procedure while undoubtedly feasible from 
 every standpoint would rob Kentuckians 
 for all time of the greatest waterfall in the 
 State, and set aside permanently a tract 
 which possesses the priceless charm of un- 
 dispoiled nature. The introduction of this 
 power project into a region naturally so 
 unique and delightful seems lttle short of 
 a great public catastrophe. Cumberland 
 Falls was topographically surveved on 
 Cumberland Falls Topographic quad- 
 rangle, scale 1:125,000, contour interval 
 100 feet, in 1886. This old map, somewhat 
 ceneralized, was reissued in 1921, and may 
 be obtained at Frankfort. 
 
Proposep Kentucky Parks 
 
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 { 38 je 
 
 = 
 
 —_o 
 
V 
 CUMBERLAND GAP. 
 
 In the southeastern part of Kentucky 
 on the Virginia-Tennessee line there is lo- 
 cated an old water gap of magnificent pro- 
 portion which takes its name from the Cum- 
 berland Mountains in which it is situated. 
 Cumberland Gap, the former pathway of a 
 great through-flowmg river which headed 
 at some distant poimts undoubtedly in 
 Eastern Tennessee and Western North 
 Carolina, is unique and dear to the hearts 
 of Kentuckians in many respects. Aban- 
 doned as the result of a great piracy by the 
 Powell River countless thousands of years 
 ago, when the white man first came to this 
 section it was already a gateway well 
 known to the Buffalo and Indian. Dr. 
 Thomas Walker passed through Cumber- 
 land Gap in his explorations of Kentucky 
 in 1750, and there is little doubt since he 
 apparently knew about it and made it an 
 important objective, but that it had even 
 at that early time already been found by 
 some other earlier trading or exploring 
 white man now long since forgotten. 
 
 It was through the Cumberland Gap 
 and under the precipitous brow of Pinnacle 
 
 --<%f 39 eo 
 
Proposep Kentucky Parks 
 
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 = 40 
 
 _o 
 
CUMBERLAND FALLS 
 
 Mountain rising to a height of 2,500 feet 
 that Boone led the westward march of the 
 early Kentucky hunters and immigrants. 
 This gap was the much used back door— 
 really the front door for a time—during 
 the great migration and settlement of Ken- 
 tucky. During the Civil War it was one of 
 the naturally strategic points sought by 
 the contending Union and Confederate 
 armies. Today and for all time it will be 
 the principal automobile thoroughfare from 
 the northwest to the seaboard states of the 
 Atlantic. Louisville, Lexington and Cin- 
 cinnati are on the one side, Knoxville, 
 Chattanooga, and Asheville on the other. 
 It is on the direct and shortest line from 
 Chicago to Jacksonville. 
 
 The Cumberland Mountain in which the 
 great gap is situated is one of the two true 
 mountains of elevation in Kentucky. It 
 rises in close proximity to the Gap to ele- 
 vations of about 3,000 feet. The mountain 
 itself is composed of a series of clastic sedi- 
 ments, the most prominent of which, as 
 in the Pine Mountain on the other side of 
 the Middlesboro syncline, is the Lee sand- 
 stone formation. It is a conglomerate, and 
 the lowest of the Pottsville group in Ken- 
 tucky. The local geological section shows 
 
 — ff 41 Peron 
 
PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 
 
 CUMBERLAND GAP 
 A single visit to Cumberland Gap will convince the 
 most skeptical that its claims as a park site are sound. 
 Contours 100 feet apart, scale 1 inch equals 4 miles 
 approximately. 
 
CUMBERLAND GAP 
 
 in association with this mountain making 
 formation a series of sandstones and shales 
 all belonging to the same early Coal Meas- 
 ure group. These beds have a thickness in 
 this locality of 3,500 feet, and are under- 
 lain by the limestones and shales of Miss- 
 issippian age which though comparatively 
 thin in this section afford numerous sinks, 
 caves, and caverns. 
 
 Situated on the edge of the important 
 Southeastern Kentucky coal field, the min- 
 eral resources of the restricted Cumber- 
 land Gap region are practically of no value. 
 Neither coal, nor oil, nor gas is found in 
 here in commercial quantity or quality, and 
 the mountain forming sandstones them- 
 selves are not of sufficient hardness, for 
 the most part, to provide suitable materials 
 either for building or highway construc- 
 tion. Like other rugged areas in the South- 
 ern Appalachian coal field its agriculture 
 is insignificant and far from self sustain- 
 ing for the local population. The Gap re- 
 gion, however, though barren of much of 
 material wealth, possesses great natural 
 beauty and physical charm. It has besides, 
 a very delightful climate particularly in the 
 summer. Located on a long craggy moun- 
 tain range In a region where many peaks 
 
 --<6f 43 bro 
 
Proposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 
 
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 = 44 fe 
 
 —_o 
 
CUMBERLAND Gap 
 
 though founded on but slightly disturbed 
 sediments exceed that of the great parallel 
 barrier ridges—the Pine and Cumberland 
 -—the ‘‘Gap’’ is a nation’s gateway. This 
 historic pass, 1,649 feet high, is readily ac- 
 cessible to auto tourists, for the well known 
 Dixie A route, now complete in Kentucky, 
 passes through it. Travelers going by 
 train will use the Louisville and Nashville 
 Railroad. 
 
 Standing on Pinnacle Mountaim just 
 above and to the east of the Gap a vista of 
 from 30 to 50 miles over a sea of blue 
 erested, timbered ridges is obtainable in 
 most any direction. Here at this point 
 come together three States; Kentucky, Vur- 
 ginia and Tennessee. Down below and to 
 the northwest in a broad upland valley it- 
 self at an elevation of 1,200 feet above sea 
 level is the thriving town of Middlesboro, 
 one of the industrial marvels of the Ken- 
 tucky mountains. Cumberland Gap is 
 picturesque, strategic, historic. It pos- 
 sesses all of the physical qualifications of 
 the ideal State Park site. It was topo- 
 graphically surveyed on the Cumberland 
 Gap quadrangie, to the seale of 1:125,000 
 with a contour interval of 100 feet in the 
 year 1882. A new edition was issued in 
 TES a fe 
 
 -<<it 45 ee 
 

 
Vale 
 NATURAL BRIDGE. 
 
 Among the natural bridges of Kentucky 
 there is one which because of its size and 
 accessibility is of outstanding importance. 
 This is the great rock arch located on the 
 dividing ridge between Wolfe and Powell 
 counties in the Red River Valley in East- 
 ern Kentucky. In an air line it is about six 
 miles northwest of Campton and nineteen 
 miles shghtly northeast of Irvine. The 
 local station is Natural Bridge on _ the 
 Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Be- 
 cause of its proximity to central Ken- 
 tucky and its ease of approach it is yearly 
 visited by thousands of tourists, many of 
 whom are Kentuckians. 
 
 Natural Bridge itself is composed of 
 the Pottsville conglomeratic sandstone 
 which forms so outstanding a_ physical 
 feature along the western edge of the east- 
 ern coal field. Rock-house blocks of large 
 size spalling off on either side on a narrow- 
 ing strip of ridge conglomerate developed 
 the first opening. Wind, frost and weather 
 following in quick and helpful succession 
 have served to widen the break in this old 
 Coal Measure sandstone until today the 
 
 ~- if 47 ben 
 
Proposep KEntTUCKY PaRKs 
 
 
 
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 4f 48 }e- 
 
Naruran Bripce 
 
 arch is now high above the trail which 
 leads up underneath it. The opening is 
 85 feet wide at the bottom. The bridge it- 
 self is 30 feet broad on top and is very 
 strong and sound. It would easily support 
 two heavily loaded railroad trains were it 
 possible or advantageous to take them 
 over it. 
 
 The region about Natural Bridge is one 
 of great ruggedness. The Lee Conglom- 
 erate (Pottsville) forms all of the ridges 
 as far as the eye can see and maintains a 
 well defined accordance of plateau ele- 
 vations ranging from 1,800 to 1,350 feet. 
 Underlying this great sandstone stratum is 
 found the usual sequence of limestones and 
 siliceous beds of the Sub-carboniferous, 
 which here as at many other points are 
 cavernous and dented with rock houses and 
 erottoes. Springs and sinks are numerous 
 and one great balancing rock resembling a 
 flattened sphere is a special feature of 
 natural interest. KHlevations in the valley 
 on the Middle Fork of the Red River run 
 about 800 feet, giving a maximum relief 
 for this section of 550 feet. 
 
 Some time ago the Louisville and Nash- 
 ville Railroad sensing the scenic possibili- 
 ties of this wild and rugged section ac- 
 
 -<6f 49 Peon 
 
Proposep KEntTUCKY PARKS 
 
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NaturaL Bripacs 
 
 quired and set aside the bridge region as a 
 tourist park. It has been improved to the 
 extent of a number of paths, steps, benches 
 and a little artificial lake, but as now op- 
 erated lacks much in the way of adequate 
 hospitality for tourists coming from a dis- 
 tance since no hotel is maintained there. 
 It is a region which is susceptible of great 
 things in a parkway and would, could it ‘be 
 secured, provide an excellent State park. 
 The region was topographically mapped on 
 the Beattyville quadrangle, scale 1 :125,000, 
 contour interval 100 feet in 1890. The 
 present edition was printed in 1916. 
 
 a 
 
 ~-<6t 51 fie 
 

 
VIT, 
 THE “BREAKS OF SANDY.” 
 
 One of the most delightful spots in 
 Eastern Kentucky from a standpoint of 
 rugged picturesqueness and _ healthful 
 climate is found in the vicinity of the 
 ‘‘Breaks of the Big Sandy River.’’ This 
 region extends from a point about one mile 
 northwest of the Kentucky lne to ‘‘The 
 Towers’’ which are great separated sand- 
 stone pinnacles 1,596 feet high. These 
 gigantic rocks towering above the high 
 forested ridges, their sharp features clear- 
 ly defined against the deep blue sky, have 
 ever been a source of wonder and admira- 
 tion to the traveler in this part of the Cum- 
 berland Mountains. They are situated two 
 miles just southeast of the Kentucky line 
 in Virginia. Geographically this wild and 
 semi-primeval region crosses the great 
 Pine Mountain which rises to normal alti- 
 tudes in this vicinity of from 2,000 to 2,500 
 feet. Occasionally an individual peak like 
 that at Skeggs Gap (2,773 feet), two and 
 one-half miles in air line southwest of the 
 ‘‘Breaks,’’ attains somewhat higher eleva- 
 tions which makes it distinctive. 
 
 —-<fif 5 3 feo 
 
PRoposEeD KENTUCKY PARKS 
 
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THe Breaks or SANDY 
 
 The region surrounding the ‘‘ Breaks of 
 Sandy’’ is one which preserves and will 
 continue to preserve for many years the 
 rugged primeval grandeur of original con- 
 ditions. Though in the heart of the South- 
 ern Appalachian coal field it is one in which 
 little or no mineral of commencial value ex- 
 ists either in the way of coal, oil, or gas 
 and one which is too rough to allow of 
 even the most painstaking kinds of moun- 
 tain agriculture. The lack of mineraliza- 
 tion in this region is due to the uplift and 
 overthrust to the northwest of the lower 
 conglomeratic members of the Pottsville 
 series. These formations do not contaim 
 commercial coals. If oil or gas ever were 
 trapped under the Pine Mountain anticline | 
 it has long since escaped through a thou- 
 sand fractures. | 
 
 The Russell Fork of the Big Sandy 
 River at this point has maintained a 
 ‘*preak’’ through the Pine Mountain uphft 
 since the close of the Paleozoic era. On 
 either side of this great sandstone gorge 
 over 1,000 feet of continuous Pottsville 
 (Coal Measure) strata may be seen. At 
 points slightly removed from the ‘‘ Breaks’’ 
 this cloumn of alternating shales, sand- 
 stones, and massive conglomerates may be 
 
 ~-<ff 55 eo 
 
Proprosep Kentucky Parks 
 
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 hilt 
 
 
 
 
 
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Tur Breaks or SANDY 
 
 extended to about 1,600 feet. The ‘‘ Breaks 
 of Sandy’’ is a water gap of particular 
 significance in that it is one of three to 
 eross the Pine Mountain range which, lke 
 a great sleeping giant with his feet in 
 Tennessee and his head nearly in West 
 Virginia, forms a part of the southeastern 
 boundary of Kentucky and is about 90 
 miles in length. 
 
 Just inside of the Kentucky line in Pike 
 County in a great meander of the Russell 
 Fork there is a broad flat upland spur just 
 south of the river which the stream has 
 abandoned in the course of its meandering 
 entrenchment. This area, essentially a 
 plateau, with elevations varying from 900 
 to 1,050 feet, would afford a very excellent 
 State Park site. It is surrounded on all 
 sides by high crested timbered mountains 
 and is traversed by the Carolina, Clinch- 
 field and Ohio Railroad. This tract though 
 cleared at present affords but a very poor 
 livehhood for a few scattered mountain 
 farmers. The entire region is of little 
 value except for hydro-electric power and 
 scenic or park purposes. 
 
 Along a boulder strewn course the 
 young and vigorous Russell Fork of Sandy 
 races through an inner gorge 150 feet deep 
 
 —- <i 7 fee 
 
Provposep KENTUCKY PARKS 
 
 
 
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 i 58 je 
 
Tuer Breaks or SANDY 
 
 which bounds this plateau on three sides. 
 Fishing and camping sites abound of every 
 direction. The summer climate is ideal, 
 and the opportunities offered for mountain 
 exploration are unequaled in the Southern 
 Appalachians. The region may be most 
 easily reached by rail from points in cen- 
 tral Kentucky over the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Railway from Ashland. This route 
 winding beside the graceful meanders of 
 the Big Sandy and the Levisa Fork Rivers 
 past the historic towns of Louisa, Paints- 
 ville, Prestonsburg and Pikeville threads 
 one of the most picturesque and scenic 
 parts of the Southern highlands. <At the 
 ‘‘Breaks’’ along mountain trails bordered 
 by laurel and dogwood, one breathes with 
 exhilaration the romantic atmosphere of 
 the great mountains. At dawn, at noon- 
 tide, at nightfall the forest fragrances, the 
 silences, the vistas, the overwelling experi- 
 ence of freedom and the sense of the 
 primeval—are magnificent and quite be- 
 yond description. Those who may be in- 
 terested in this region made famous by 
 Fox in his stories of the Cumberlands will 
 find that it has been topographically sur- 
 veyed on the Regina topographic quad- 
 rangle, scale 1:62,500, contour interval 50 
 feet. This excellent map was issued in 
 
 1917. ll. 59 Yew 
 

 
ARIE 
 “IN BETWEEN THE RIVERS.”’ 
 
 Any comprehensive system of State 
 Parks should inelude one or more sizeable 
 tracts set aside as game preserves and bird 
 sanctuaries. Such action would be particu- 
 larly fitting in Kentucky which at the time 
 the first settlers came here, and for many 
 years thereafter, was widely known for its 
 wealth of wild life. Fortunately, although 
 the original stock of many native species 
 including the picturesque buffalo, the deer 
 and the bear are gone, and hunting and 
 fishing have long since ceased to be the 
 principal occupations of the Kentuckian, 
 there is a tract in the ‘‘Pennyrile’’ of Ken- 
 tucky in southwestern Lyon County and 
 western Trigg County (to be more exact) 
 which would be ideal for this purpose. This . 
 region is situated west of the Cumberland 
 and east of the Tennessee, and is known 
 loeally as ‘‘In Between the Rivers.’’ The 
 description is apt, for at Grand Rivers 
 where the Illinois Central Railroad crosses" 
 this region on its way to Paducah, the 
 Cumberland takes a great bend to the 
 southwest and comes within three miles of 
 
 —-<{ 61 
 
Proposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 
 
 ‘QOUDIMUTT “VS OY] UL SpuvIS[ puvsnoyy 2x94} jo 
 Sornveq ey} JO 9UO PUTWAT JY} AAATI SIY} JO S19JVM AJPMOT OY} UL Spuv[st AuUBUI 9B d1IL 
 
 UAAIN AXSSANNGU DL OLLSALVNW AHL ' 
 
In Between THE Rivers 
 
 meeting the Tennessee in its larger bend to 
 the northward. 
 
 Throughout this entire section these two 
 major rivers are separated from one an- 
 other by distances varying from five to 
 seven miles. The territory thus almost 
 surrounded by water in Kentucky is prin- 
 cipally controlled in one large tract of up- 
 wards of 55,000 acres by the Hillman Land 
 and Iron Co., a subsidiary of the Simmons 
 ‘Hardware Co., of St. Louis, Mo., and was 
 originally acquired for iron ore deposits 
 which are known now not to exist in com- 
 mercial quality, though they are large in 
 area. Although extensively cut over in 
 early times when these low grade ores were 
 operated in a number of charcoal furnaces, 
 the second and third growth timber with 
 some fire protection has replaced prac- 
 tically all deforested areas. What was two 
 or three decades ago a succession of aban- 
 doned ridges and valleys is now almost a 
 continuous young forest. Ideally situated 
 for this purpose it is used at the present 
 time by the State Game and Fish Commis- 
 sion as a State preserve for deer and 
 turkeys and other small game. A special 
 “warden is maintained on this preserve by 
 the State in connection with the Hillman 
 
 —-<t 63 He 
 
Proposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 Land and Iron Company, whose duties con- 
 sist of daily patrol in protection of the 
 game and extensive forests. 
 
 The surface presents a variegated 
 broken landscape with an average physical 
 rehef of about 200 feet. The underlying 
 country rocks are bedded limestones prin- 
 eipally of the Mammoth Cave group (St. 
 Genevieve, St. Louis) over which extends 
 a blanket of unconsolidated sands and 
 gravels of Cretaceous age. These loose, 
 and in some cases badly washed sediments 
 are in fact the most extensive outher to the 
 northeast of the sediments laid down in 
 the old Gulf Embayment. Their soft roll- 
 ing nature has caused them to. spread 
 rather completely over all residual lime- 
 stones and soils underlying so that the en- 
 {ire region is one in which agriculture is 
 unable to get a foothold. 
 
 Naturally fenced by water on three 
 sides this territory in Western Kentucky 
 is almost ideal for the purposes of a game 
 preserve and bird sanctuary. Fenced on 
 the south from the Tennessee to the Cum- 
 berland, and over a short stretch on the 
 north in the vieimity of Grand Rivers it 
 could be developed as a magnificent State 
 monument dedicated to the perpetuation of 
 
 =a 64 fe~ 
 
In Between THE Rivers 
 
 
 
 IN BETWEEN THE RIVERS 
 
 A portion of southern.-Lyon County, Kentucky, be- 
 tween the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. Scale 
 of this map 1 inch equals 4 miles approximately. 
 
Proposep Kmntucky Parks 
 
 countless varieties of fauna native to this 
 portion of the Ohio and Mississippi River 
 valleys. The region is extremely accessi- 
 ble being on the main line of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad from Louisvlle to Pa- 
 dueah, the nearest station being Eddyville 
 or Kuttawa. Unfortunately it has never 
 been topographically mapped, but recon- 
 naissance geological and geographic maps 
 for this region are available.® 
 
 
 
 ®Fohs, F. J., Geological Map of Trigg and Christian 
 Counties, Ky. 38rd Ky, Geol. Survey. Scale 1 inch 
 equals 2 miles; also, Bissel, J. L., Geographic Map of 
 Lyon and Livingston Counties, Ky. 6th Kentucky Geo- 
 logical Survey. Scale 1 inch equals 2 miles. 1923. 
 
 a 
 
 ~-a6t 66 Be-- 
 
1B: € 
 
 OHIO LOWLANDS AND REELFOOT 
 LAKE. 
 
 Bordered on the west by the Ohio River 
 and lying shghtly northwest of Wickliffe 
 in Ballard County, Kentucky, there is a 
 tract of lowland which was once the river 
 bed of the Ohio. It is a tangled wilderness 
 of vines and small shrubs extending as far 
 as the eye can see under a canopy of great 
 oak, poplar, cypress, hickory and other 
 broad leaf trees. The region is marked by 
 many small creeks and sloughs, and 
 studded here and there with a score or 
 more of little lakes. These fresh water 
 ponds are all connected in the waters of 
 Shawnee Creek and extend intermittently 
 northwards almost to the mouth of 
 Humphreys Creek which is a northwest- 
 ward flowing tributary of the Ohio River. 
 Except for some ot the best timber which 
 has been removed, this tract is practically 
 in its original condition. Only a small por- 
 tion is cleared and under the plow. It is a 
 natural reservation for game, birds and 
 fish; a resort for all kinds of water fowl, 
 and so thoroughly adapted to them that 
 many of them spend the entire summer 
 
 -<6f 67 ben 
 
Proposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 there instead of going further northward. 
 This is particularly true of the brightly 
 plummed and elegant wood duck. 
 
 The region is flanked on the east by a 
 rather pronounced bluff about 150 feet 
 high. This escarpment extends from Wick- 
 liffe to the mouth of Humphreys Creek in 
 almost a north and south line and in figure 
 and relationship to other structural fea- 
 tures of this portion of the Mississippi val- 
 ley is strongly suggestive of down faulting 
 of a block of possibly considerable extent. 
 These lowlands are made up entirely of 
 soft river aluvium, and are, geologically 
 speaking, very recent accumulations, possl- 
 bly not more than a few hundred or a thou- 
 sand years old. The bluffs which flank 
 them on the east are either a brown loam, 
 gray silt or loess of Quaternary age. The 
 region comprises some 50,000 or 60,000 
 acres and parts of it are ideally adapted 
 to the purposes of a bird and game sanctu- 
 ary because of its topographic and geo- 
 graphic position. Itis well known through- 
 out Western Kentucky as a fishing and 
 hunting paradise, many of the lakes being 
 shallow enough for the hunters to wade 
 them throughout; others deep enough to 
 afford excellent bass fishing. Swan Pond, 
 
 ~-<if 68 eon 
 
Onto Lownanps 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 America 
 
 oy? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rund City 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OHIO RIVER LOWLANDS 
 
 The lake or pond region north of Wickliffe in Ballard 
 County is a natural preserve for fish, fowl, and small 
 furred animals. Scale 1 inch equals 3 miles, approxi- 
 
 mately. 
 
Proposep KENTUCKY PARKS 
 
 Minor Lake, Prairie Lake and Ox Lake are 
 among the best known and most popular in 
 this section 
 
 Geologically, the region is a part of the 
 old Gulf Embayment of Kentucky and 
 Missouri. It has special interest in being 
 a part of the most recent addition, geolog- 
 ically, to the State of Kentucky. This 
 Ohio River lowland is owned to a consider- 
 able extent in large individual tracts. Since 
 it possesses no economic value outside of 
 its timber unless thoroughly ditched and 
 drained, it is possible that without much 
 difficulty some portions of it at least might 
 be secured to block out a State park for 
 fish and game purposes. It is easy of ac- 
 cess on the railroad either through Cairo, 
 Illinois, or Wickliffe, Kentucky. The re- 
 gion has never been topographically sur- 
 veyed, but it has been base mapped!® geo- 
 eraphically and geologically by reconnais- 
 sance methods which will serve for pur- 
 poses of consideration. 
 
 This Wickliffe region has been de- 
 scribed as a type or ideal location of its 
 kind. Farther up the Ohio River from 
 Paducah to Henderson there are other 
 
 10 Loughridge, R. H., and others. Geological Map 
 of Jackson’s Purchase, colored. Scale 1 inch equals 
 2 miles, occasional elevations. Ky. Geol. Survey, Series 
 
 II, 1885, 
 ~<<6t 70 Heo 
 
Outo LowlaAnpbs 
 
 SOT JNUTVAA SMOYS MOTA OUB[dIIe SIU “payooTasAO 9q 0} JOU Ba 
 peddi} saozeM aeddn sjt YIM ‘jJoosJjeey ‘Sseye, syenby.aes UMOUY [LAM 
 
 AMV I LOOMITHY 
 
 *puNnOoOISIIOS JOT OY} UL [e}JOFT 
 
 ie [einjeu ®& STI 
 
 ‘AyonjueyM Url 
 
 MOI 9Y} JO BuO 
 
 
 
Proposep Kmntucky Parks 
 
 similar tracts forming a part of the south- 
 ern shore or lowland, lake and pond 
 studded for many amile. It would be ideal 
 for purposes of wild life, fish and game 
 conservation if somewhere in this vast 
 stretch of territory, fortuitous cireum- 
 stances might result in locating a large 
 State preserve through gift of deed to the 
 land. Once acquired it would be easy and 
 imexpensive to maintain. Under certain re- 
 strictions imposed by the State, it might 
 indeed be made self sustainng. 
 Possessing a striking physical similar- 
 ity to the Chain lake region of Ballard 
 County, and undoubtedly a much wider 
 reputation, the Kentucky or northern por- 
 tion of Reelfoot Lake in Fulton County has 
 much to reeommend it as a State fish and 
 game preserve and park. The portion in- 
 volved would include perhaps about. five 
 square miles adjoining the Tennessee line 
 in the extreme southwestern part of the 
 State. The highest land elevations here 
 range about 300 feet as on Sassafras Ridge. 
 The general level is about 295 feet and the 
 waters of the Lake are but 290 feet. The 
 _ bluffs which border the lake region on the 
 east have a general elevation of 460 feet. 
 Hickman, the seat of Fulton County, situ- 
 
 =<afi 7: » eon 
 
Onto LowLANpbs 
 
 *Ayon ues our sd} 
 
 ysnf 
 
 *AlTOVBWIXOIdde ‘sajiu F s[enbsa your JT dvur sty} JO 9[BOG§ 
 ‘gessouuo, UL USsuel UL SoTIM ET JAAO SuTYyJOWIOS ‘ayVB7T JOOFTIIOY 
 
 “IQATY IAdISSISSIIT oY} JO SpuBlT Wo0}10q 94}—AyYONJUey JO Bed JsSOUUIE}SOM OY} ST STULL 
 
 
 
 AMV. LOOAWTARY AO ALINIOIA AHL NI 
 
 SEE tee Mee Te OO TOE A EM 
 
 po 
 
 y 
 Pd 
 
 f wrod | 
 Feuosprevog 
 
 Be 
 : 
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 Smpaey j- 
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 ett ALAA A, 
 
 ~<6f 73 eo 
 
 PrapewW RIN 
 
PrRoposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 ated some half dozen miles northeastward 
 on the Mississippi River has a level eleva- 
 tion of 256 feet. As in the Chain lake re- 
 gion this section of Kentucky adjoins the 
 Mississippi River. The formations sur- 
 rounding Reelfoot Lake are valley alluv- 
 iums, soft silts, sands and fine gravels of 
 Quaternary age. 
 
 Reelfoot Lake was formed by an ex- 
 tended series of earthquake shocks, known 
 as the New Madrid disturbance, which cul- 
 minated in the changed course of the Miss- 
 issippl River in 1811.1! Much has appeared 
 concerning it in books and magazines. It 
 is surrounded entirely by lowlands, the 
 lake itself being shallow, particularly in 
 many of the inlets or bayous. With its 
 wealth of plant, animal and fish life it 
 would make a splendid conservation park 
 or preserve, a real paradise for the nature 
 lover, scientist and disciple of Isaac Wal- 
 ton. Fringed by great sweeping vine laced 
 trees with gloriously blossoming lily beds 
 jiterally covering acres, it is at once a sight 
 and a place not soon to be forgotten. 
 
 11 fuller, M. L., New Madrid Parthquake. U. S. 
 Geol. Survey, Bull. 494, illustrated, maps, 119 pp. 1912; 
 also Nelson, W, A., Reelfoot—An Earthquake Lake in 
 Tennessee. Nat. Geog., May, Vol. XLV, No, 1, illus- 
 trated, pp. 94-114, Jan., 1924. 
 
 ~<<6t 74 eon 
 
X, 
 THE KENTUCKY RIVER GORGE. 
 
 Last but not least among the many nota- 
 ble and scenically attractive portions of 
 IXentucky, some part of the Kentucky 
 River Gorge deserves serious considera- 
 tion. The most picturesque scenery is 
 found from the vicinity of Camp Nelson 
 down the river past High Bridge to War- 
 wick. In this stretch of twenty-five miles 
 by water the Kentucky River, an age old 
 siream, has entrenched itself about 400 feet 
 in a series of gray-white limestones, the 
 oldest sediments exposed in the State. In 
 this region following graceful meanders 
 which carry one back to ancient davs of 
 peneplanation, the Kentucky River offers 
 at most any point an ideal park site. In- 
 deed, one of commercial nature has been 
 maintained by the Southern Railroad at 
 High Bridge opposite the mouth of the Dix 
 River for a number of years. 
 
 On either side the soluble Ordovician 
 limestones present most interesting geolog- 
 ical phenomena: caves, candlesticks, rock 
 chimneys, rock houses, rock windows and 
 doors, calcareous falls, trails, and springs 
 —-all an inspiration to the nature lover. 
 
 --<6f 75 feo 
 
Proposep KENTUCKY PARKS 
 
 
 
 CHIMNEY ROCK 
 
 Several of these natural chimneys or candlesticks are 
 to be found along the gorge of the Kentucky River in 
 the Blue Grass Region, 
 
Kentucky River Gorcrt 
 
 The bright almost perpendicular limestone 
 walls of the great gorge are draped and 
 festooned with many a vine and shrub. 
 Like silken ribbons of emerald hue the nar- 
 row lowlands here richly carpeted with 
 Blue Grass, and there platted with waving 
 rows of corn and hemp stretch on endlessly 
 from waters marge to walls of bold gray 
 stone. The slow moving, government 
 locked river mirroring on a summer’s day 
 the abrupt forest fringed cliff and the clear 
 blue sky afford the canoeist and fisherman 
 a haven of delight. Broad beaches of sand, 
 the burden garnered by this magnificent 
 stream in its winding course down through 
 the Eastern Kentucky coal field, provide at 
 a number of points in the gorge splendid 
 opportunities for bathing and water sports. 
 
 In the silent reaches of the river, par- 
 ticularly at nightfall, there is much yet to 
 take one back to the days of the pioneer. 
 The occasional rudely built log cabin nest- 
 ling among the trees in or near the mouth 
 of a cove, the fragrant odor of wood burn- 
 ing in an old time fireplace, and the melan- 
 choly piping of some distant water fowl, 
 create a priceless atmosphere of olden 
 times. While breathing the spirit of a day 
 gone by, mid falling dew and river mist, 
 
 --<<if rive Jeon 
 
KY PARKS 
 
 NTUCG 
 
 bp Kr 
 
 7 
 
 PROPOSE 
 
 
 
 "IOMOd O1IJOI[I-OIpAY AOJ pourwep sureq AouU ST WITS 19}}e] 9UT “IaATY 
 XIq 94} JO YNOoW JY} 1B (Gye) AaATY AVON UI 9Y} JO 9S10OS 9} SuTMOYS MoIA plpus[ds VW 
 
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 b) 
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 “{ 78 
 
Kentucky River Gorcr 
 
 the traveler in these parts will be very un- 
 lucky if he does not catch the strengthen- 
 ing aroma of good Kentucky country cured 
 ham and find suddenly upon turning a 
 sharp bend in the river, a well built Blue 
 Grass farmhouse and open hearted Ken- 
 tucky hospitality for the night. 
 
 The gorge region of the Kentucky 
 River is traversed by many country pikes 
 and hard surfaced modern automobile high- 
 ways. At High Bridge the river is crossed 
 by the Southern Railroad whose gigantic 
 steel structure stands 3808 feet above the 
 water level. A great hydro-electric power 
 project is now under construction a short 
 distance up the Dix River, and this will 
 shortly afford a deep and splendid spawn- 
 ing pond for black bass. Jt will insure in 
 the course of the next few years excellent 
 fishing in the Kentucky River at any point 
 in close proximity to the mouth of the Dix 
 River. While the river alluvium in the 
 gorge is fairly rich, the difficulty experi- 
 enced by farmers at many points in getting 
 their crops to the plateau above naturally 
 makes these tracts of less value than others 
 more fortunately situated in Central Ken- 
 tucky. The region is mineralized at but a 
 few points where calcite, barite and fluor- 
 
Proposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 
 
 *JO9J OG ST [BVA19NJUT IN0}JUOD oY, “AVATY AYoNJusy poyoussjus oy} jo oainsy 
 puv 9S1N0d IY} SupBVoIput (N00 ‘EZT:L PLBVOS) JooYUS OTyYdeisoOdo}, Sainqspossefyy 94} JO uoru0d Vy 
 
 AMONINGUM AHL AO ANUdoo AHL 
 
 i Maen 
 
 SRLASUO 
 1i se ‘ 
 
 ne re 
 
 = 80 }* 
 
 iNet 
 = 
 
 hid 
 
 SIE Bota, 
 
 find ‘ 
 
 
 
Kentucky River Gorcs 
 
 spar occur as more or less vertical fracture 
 and joint fillings. Omitting these, a very 
 nominal value might be established for 
 long stretches intervening which would be 
 ideal for this kind of a State Park. It is 
 possible that some tract or group of tracts 
 might be secured by gift or popular sub- 
 scription for this purpose. 
 
 The value and popularity of a park in 
 the Kentucky River Gorge is already at- 
 tested by the increasing number of campers 
 now summering in this locality. One of the 
 larger recreational spots is Camp Daniel 
 Boone which is located a few miles above 
 Camp Nelson on the south shore of the 
 river at the mouth of Otter Creek. This 
 was the site of the historic Boonesboro, 
 Kentucky’s first settlement. Here it was 
 that Boone planned a refuge in the wilder- 
 ness, a deer and buffalo hunter’s fortress 
 far removed from civilization. Fortress in 
 fact it became, and sooner than its founder 
 had thought when bloodthirsty savages un- 
 numbered crept down upon it and in merci- 
 less siege, threatened again and again in 
 those early days its very existence. It was 
 indeed a time for stout hearts and ready 
 hands. Though all traces of the rude stock- 
 ade and its cabins have long since vanished 
 
 —<<f 1 eon 
 
PRoposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 ‘9781S 9} UL O1UIDS SOW 9} JO 9UO ST S[[IASINOTT 10 UO SUTXOT «saya WoT 
 Sa]TW Moy V JNq pue UOTS9Y SSBAIy) oN[_ SY} SULsaaAVI] JAATY AYONUey IY} JO oSu08 sy, 
 HNIAVSSHL NI ANOLSHWIT ALIHM AO SHAVSITVd 
 
 
 
Kentucky River Gorcr 
 
 a wealth of romantic and pioneering tradi- 
 tion still pervades the atmosphere of this 
 delightful locality. 
 
 Within recent years the camper’s tent 
 ‘and cottage have crept into many a wooded 
 
 
 
 THE CAPITOL AT FRANKFORT 
 
 cove along these placid stretches of the 
 Kentucky River gorge, occupants coming 
 from not only points in Kentucky but 
 throughout both Northern and Southern 
 
 ---<t 83 Heo 
 
Proposep Kentucky Parks 
 
 States. At the present time there are 110 
 cottages dotted along this part of the Ken- 
 tucky River between Irvine and Frankfort, 
 and the total number of vacationistst sum- 
 mering in this part of the State might be 
 reckoned in the thousands. During the 
 season certain beaches are _ literally 
 crowded, visitors coming by automobile for 
 the day only. A State Park with adequate 
 up-to-date hotel accommodations — sur- 
 rounded by suitable temporary camping 
 sites would be a success beyond any reason 
 of a doubt. The possibilities of this por- 
 tion of Central Kentucky as a great public 
 playground during the summer months are 
 almost without limit. All that is needed 
 here as in many other parts of Kentucky to 
 bring about this larger utilization is a 
 more general appreciation of the splendid 
 cpportunities afforded. 
 
 --6f R4 bie 
 
Kentucky River Gorce 
 
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 Suissed urevi} usoyyNog & WIOAJ UOTJBAIAaSGO SpuodaS SuljIey Mos BV UT PSdUTBs UVEq SBY as1038 
 JAIY AYonJUey snbseinzord sy} ynoqe MoOuUyY suvlyonjuey AuvU yey} [TB ATe}yVUN,IOJUL) 
 AMONLINEM AHL YAAO WOCIYA HOIH 
 
 
 
 
 

 
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INDEX 
 
 A. Page 
 (IE LO CERIN Te ay ae a ae Rae pam & S .Sea  o 14 
 RnPTSPDRCULLUL TER aes foot eee rege en Oe eee ee ee on 59 
 OT Ce UTR Tai a a rae en ce ee eR 41 
 
 Bb: 
 Le Tm E Tig ee CBE b ha Bo gag iG hee ee 0 tals SE ae a a oe 6, 72 
 Perot ie Vas Vis ee ee A by 
 SUES 51 gs Rica ee betel RO Re RR OG eS SO eC 28 
 PAPE EMCI L Vt PSV nt ew eon oae rs TZ 
 Brena TLLGe a yee an rn eee ny eee oe RS! Soe te oan 51 
 eee RS PUL ITE. ry. V cess cme cae ea eee eee Co cers wines tccuvesies 6 
 BMA TIGL Vat feb cae act cae ets keen oe ete accel 55, 59 
 US Tee Ek ae, ee SU tee Ral ae oe Be ad 
 og Ne Ob NEST pm acral 9 a Beet etc eh ee ar a aa ar a er. 82 
 Pea S SL LOs ee he et ee ees 11 
 SNOT 7 Balls Beach ms ke delet tie eiv liner Sane (ee Ae MOP rae b Senet es Dera eee 11 
 ‘a tayeT CST Dow ed Ve) che Bit cot pie oe ied als ne a ee 11, 41 
 SC yakete UEP RGAE LOE Y Copa) geome! snl adele Mig Mamie cone oa ee tee #4 
 sei a bdo te apd, ete ie 60 at) Loe Se Re ae lee eee 6 
 Bowling Green, KY 22a on kOe ath ep Claas ee a 14 
 Perel Sang Vos ase en es < 6, ba, 64, 65, 56,59 
 12 La X40 eh iy ole 3 2 rs RR Rot etter 11 
 ELC Nees ke Bt Nae Ea a 39 
 
 Rss 
 PRE LTLIC POUT Gs aa rte te ace cranny Se A 81 
 CLT ie eat Tg) a Ia Ca tee eae ee (Dou 
 CCPC Ay gS SE aes oe pens SeenON PRS OE Sard Oe Rane mee ne 28 
 erie Cave Herion. 300Utsso rc ce ice cel: at 
 A hee ELL Ba oN 0G SL Fata re 23 
 PREP Rs COUNLY: CAVCS 22 ioce oe tictencceiecncck oe srece 6, 23, 25, 134 
 Pater Ounlyan alurai DridggeG.c.....-. 29 
 ORNS ALS LEON CCL AALS Sees Sete ne Se mene ee neO ee ork ene 23, 25 
 Bere DO PAnCliy CAV Gi eo eee Ge Ae nr he bale eo. 28 
 mareror the Hundred Domess... ee 20 
 COSTED SS SAS 01) La ES a EIR Rs nan ER: nem ty Ot Bn RC 20) 
 COECTERIIG Cy a et IE: boglan ct Ona URE: Pe VON NMR Es Man i we ca 2] 
 Marea OTSIees POM OW. ee ee ce a ee Oe uh 
 RSERE ALL es eee ee) eel ed eee See 72, 74 
 OU ETS SOO 420” ENS ses Necal nied gaa ae "TO ay aed 4] 
 RRR ERIPOUACTLG, pore ee en i ore ee te le ae Bo 17 
 DER Sg 9M Bs Pc A eee a SE a ee oy, Sten 41 
 Bete rrein el We ES sat ne fon re en ee ty 76 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page 
 Civil War ec eee ee 38 
 Coal MGASUL OCS fern eras ees 12, .26, 31; 33, 40 
 Coal Measure Sandstones..................---.---.-- Peters 2S. 47 
 Golossal Gaves i102 eB ae eee ree case 17 
 Crandall oe Rvacceccree ope verecs nce eeacene tee ane 30 
 Confederate"ATrmy 222. reece 41 
 GUM Dertand gh lis ote cere ee ee 2, 3, 5, 31, 34 
 Cumberland? Falls Station..22...2..... ee 33 
 Gumberland Falls and Gorge)... eee 36 
 Camberland:Fort).......e eee 40) 
 (Sum Derlam) Gay Fava eee 39, 40, 45 
 Cumberland: GOree ecicteccencceeveee eee of 
 Gurmberland® Mts. =< S225 2.5.. ee ee 31, 53 
 Gumberland zRiver..-.. 3. 61 
 
 Ty: 
 Devil Sink’ HOoNOWa eee Lid 
 PHiamond..Cave: 3.52 eee 20 
 Dix: RIVOr =n eee ee eee 15, 78, -79 
 Dixie YA ROUte ie co iecat ccpnneneae toe 45 
 Dorsey :Cave-.... Se ai ee 20 
 Doyles: Gave os ce eece kk ee eee 20 
 E. 
 
 EiGHO® RAV CT icecicctetes ss bce eee ene eee 14 
 Hdmonson County, KY... ee eee 6; 12.40 
 ie 
 Flatt. to -McLean.....2.3 ee ee eee 9 
 Foster, Stephen -Ce 2282.43 eee 2 
 Fox, John swan ee eee eee 5Y 
 Pultom County, Wy .. 7? 
 Fultons;iMe Lisson, eee 74 
 G. 
 
 Ganters Cave) 22k oe ee ee ee 20 
 Gasper, Limestoné 22 eee 23, 26 
 Garrard: County, KY. oc: ee ee 6 
 Gsrrison. 2... Seo catia ee ce ee 28 
 Glasgow. Junction. ....45..a ee eee 18 
 Grandsklverec oe. eee inigth ukncgic ee 64 
 Grayson KY. i2.kie oe ee eee 28 
 Great Crystal: Cave. co occcssnetet ee 20 
 Great. ONYX Cave seccexs, oe cece eet en 20 
 Great.Onyx Cave,.Stalactites:in:.2.2-.:....2.1n-eeeee ab 
 Greens River. tee ee ee 12; 14,516. test 
 Gulf Him Daye bans oeccscccs occa nonccsc es tcc ee ee 
 
INDEX 
 
 i. Page 
 PUM TRES RATE TS UN Uo re Seth cd a cunt Sadueoindeecthaeeeabanaen a 
 OW SUE ¢ 46 1 ee ne ne Re LOE Meee On Line 6 
 eR MECCED 0s te Ve osc A arid ee Be at tia ete 17 
 REMIT CN TMRUSES GV Pgs oe ee ae oes Stee ee ee 70 
 aT PEt Wl 0 1 0 he a ec an eee eee 20 
 ag DEY Cs A a, OS re ao reentoeiee ete 75, 79, 85 
 UEP TRIAS CREA (SL VO es oe ee, aia ee eee 20 
 eee) Tree TT el ELTA CRE Ge ELIE Y (Oy os nce cect rec adonhc Pirehwan 63, 64 
 CSE NOH jE A oo Oa a Fe aah Re 30 
 Berard Cais 0 Ce ee Oe ene rk, Ae en ee ee ees 20 
 ema UECSEER Re ULIGe EL NTL LGT o-oo. oc an poate sacssice eee ec ne nee 9 
 PMU CELLO LLL ine ee On ere ee Lh 
 eG SR Noon WS, en Scape emp sacnce ned saudtncecenuoe arnt 9, 20 
 OS SDS PEL Shea CT) gana Mie ae aa NO Popes ba aot ene 67 
 iT 
 CRE REVI me HU Ce ae Ra ee i pg 61, 66 
 iva BES geese WOES Bo a go en ee ee noe ere 61, 65 
 ERS 5 ah AT RE: 0 dada ee ck HA Se AEE wine eer Ee 9, 39 
 OSE GRRE fe 8 at ID Dict ra ee Sante oe eR ee RO Bene 20 
 ale 
 WTOC Pei 7 pall (ee ee see! ge ee ee ee eae ene 41 
 SUR PeTES TSC. er ee ere ys) Re 82 
 TLE TSE VUE 1 SRR es IE As aE OE coc Oo L114 
 K. 
 ETS Tse AR Bae ean a 2 il a 20 
 COTES UD TR ae Be ES a Ti a Ca SSR ee nO ca 12 
 Perel MTR TIRVC OSTA TVs = ee ote ees Ce 14 
 mMentueky .Geolozical Survey iv. .cc. ccc --cecececcntceceeaedd. we 30 
 eprtL ATMs AVLOULTI Pe Ti ee ee ae ee ed 58 
 OMIM EE VOT CLV Ol ee oe ee eee 78 
 Peet erecicy it iver Gore 5 es ote es lk 6, 75, 80, 83 
 POETS AD PCRS ep iy te ed 2S Se Re 41 
 USER Pie 20, Ng Re ele ae eae Is SS eo 66 
 iv; 
 ERA CGR Dig ob A A tek hl De spe Re i ae OP Rae ate 28 
 Bremer TROT OTR Gre eg ag es 49 
 Lee Sandstone ............. Ss Na Ree REN A 41 
 ee DST Re gnc cee t OD eS 5 tee ae ee | 58 
 Bette VENG (AVE. 2 ek A 2 ee ote 20 
 Parsee TESTE CTC we gk 8 eae er ee ee a | 
 he ga pps pee BS a ap, a a ee ee eee 14 
 mdtevile ec Nashville Hy Roo... ee hes 47 
 RMSTML MYR LW eet en 8 a ee eo ee ean are = 6, 61 
 
M. Page 
 McCreary? County -iccseii stn eee 6G; aL 
 Mammoth Cave ........ 1;-2, 3, 6,--9;-11, 12, 15, D8) 2iee 
 Mammoth Cave, Entrance to Scud sind gee ee 13 
 Mammoth. Caye, Region. about.4........ eee 16. 
 Mercer. County a8 8a ee ee WERE Ad 6 
 Middlesboro inane etn ene 44, 45 
 Middlesboro.Syncline-_..«.............0.2.5..0 41 
 Mill Creé kins sien oe ee eee -33 
 Minor: bake.2 scx eee eee 70 
 MISSIssiDDIGR lVera:c:cat ee 66, 74 
 MisSsissippi«< Valleys sees eis cn ee 68 
 N. 
 Naturale Bridweriss fice cere ee 6, 47, 48 
 Natural »Bridge -Rezion...2 2... eee 50 
 Nelson Gounty- 22.0 ee ee eee ak 
 New Entrance to Mammoth Caye_.2. = 20 
 New Madrid: distirbance....... 2 eee 74 
 New tate’ Capitola. circ cect cee 1 
 North: Garolina: 2.2 eee 39 
 Los 
 Oo LR UV Gr eee ree cee ee oe 23, 66 
 Ohio: RiversLowlands*23.. eee 67, 69 
 Ohio: Valley occ eee ee 28 
 Old Kentucky -Homé. 2)... eee 2 
 Ordovician 20.05 ee ee epee 75. 
 Otter. Creeks ee ac ln eee 81 
 Owens Hollow. 2.3.4 ee eee ie 
 Ox: Lake... ee eee 70 
 ise 
 Pad wed be .<35. Asta ee eee mein, 61, 66 
 Parker Caves s.- 8 ee eee Pee ee 21 
 Penn yrile (2 oe eee 61 
 Pike} Cown yi ee ee ee 57 
 Pine: Mountaine- Op 20; 61 24 tba Roane + 
 Pineville: cue cena eee See 
 Pinnacle Mountain .22...053 eee 39, ve 
 Pottsville: group. 4 scccs- ope bee 41 
 Pottsville: series... hein 55 
 Powell..County 2.223... = eee 6 
 Powell: Rivetice i ee 39 
 Prairie. bake 2550 ea 70 
 Preston Cover. cat wines ee ee 20 
 Proctor,..J OWN 2N. i: sectsctwccenssenigeatsc-ceasch cee -<sn ee oe 30 
 
Q. Page 
 GET SELEY exccreucspe sce. ogo oe Presi ee = k Atheentne eeeect Be 47, 49 
 S245 gs 271 a PW a: Bases ee gee Tm Ty iy fl IR (ey i are! 
 TAL AUGULAT SB ee ek ee ~ 59 
 Ty Sa nt REC ane a RS I 5 “EAT ae ROD DPC Se 2 
 SNES EEE) YB gece rh eh he ee eee os Sandee cc ka daaneeccclepitag 5b, 57 
 Ss. 
 OREBaCPRSOEE OVIT ELIT TCG Ce ek cee cscs et cnc esa et coel svheeeks 26 
 SE VRE IG = 3.2 20 OE a oT cee er 20 
 LT Ss pd 2 CS en a 72 
 Efe JT eet oie SYS Sale nel aie eae pee rae kat aan el Seale tate 67 
 Parnionie. Hardware ‘COMpany.. wees. 63 
 eis Seer ae CCAS Oe ae atk ee er aes Mee gs Ss Ne SS 53 
 PPE MITOLT UGA ILE WER coe sit a oe a 719 
 Bar tenevieve-fOormation........--<.-2.....4:0<e00c-- saeco 220, cao 
 Damm SUFERER LT COP TLL I O Lier oe ose ee re oes 12 
 met meena Th) Ele ea es eee a OR ee 10 
 miate Game and Fish» Commission:....:..:.....-.....-<.: 63 
 State Park Commission of Kentucky...............0........ ayy 
 PURITIPT GUT Cy Clare he er te 28 
 4 Bi 
 LETS WES TIS ne gee aie eee Sirs Se SS 39, 45, 64 
 AS Ce go) ged tae © pa Sn, co ee ge 62 
 eS Ce a me Re ie ae a ie ae cee a er 6, 61 
 SLteeti clic? Ce Por y Sella LOl eee, yl oe eee 4 
 Line TG Popa § FOr Oe RRS, Og 2 ae ie eee ee | it 
 Ramee PESOS ECCT TV eg a a ea cn es 5 Ses een eo aL 
 BRRRTE RTE RAS TOC ICS goo al ar ek oe ves edd ca da voec ss Za, 20, 20 
 Us 
 OS, FNS Tk eda Se aS See SE 41 
 (OCA MURS Wee Pa a ee a ee 14 
 Via 
 Oa SWAY ERAS 9 gE 9 Ree ae a kn a9, 45, 53 
 W. 
 mere Te me Pees INA te eee, ee he eee 39 
 TOES VIUECE By Gand Cp ia) ake eS A ee A 9 
 COS Td So aI See ye Set ge ee ca oe eae TS 
 RPL E CET UTY Vek rege a ee gs ed Oa SON aA ce tcu aye 
 OE EET Ugg yes US ey SE a Se ers eee SRR 20 
 ES aa iT a cg 6 A a eS eee epwarsa b 
 ee 0) eee Pe eee nel eee. 68, 70 
 SEER TOR OURS LUULT (ho EG Vw aoe te eet as oll eae A sea a 4 
 UNE RPERE EVENS CVU IIT Vue ty Veo Sl ete we a ens Sra me encdewen 6 
 
 ~<f 91 Be 
 
INDEX 
 
 x Page 
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 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINO! 
 
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