s 14.GS: IMN66 c. 1 IMIM 66 ILLINOIS MINERALS NOTE 66 FEBRUARY 1977 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1974 f T 3 j-T3 RAMESH MALHOTRA AND SHIRLEY HALLARON ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Jack A. Simon, Chief • Urbana, IL 61801 ffiUNOIS GEOLOGlCAt SURVEY UBRARY CONTENTS Page ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY 1 Mineral Materials Mined 1 Mineral Materials Processed 3 Mineral Products Manufactured 3 Employment and Wages k Transportation of Minerals and Mineral Products 8 Consumption of Minerals and Energy in Illinois 8 INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES 9 Mineral Materials Mined 9 Fuels 10 Coal 10 Production 10 Employment and Wages . 13 Mine Productivity ik Prices ik Shipments lit Transportation IT Consumption 17 Crude Oil 19 Production 19 Refineries 20 Substitute Natural Gas Plants 20 Consumption 21 ■ Natural Gas 21 Production 21 Consumption 22 Industrial and Construction Materials 22 Clays 22 Production 22 Consumption ,and Uses 23 Fluorspar 2k Production 2k Shipments 25 Consumption 25 Sand and Gravel 25 Production 25 Transportation 27 Consumption and Uses 27 Stone 28 Production 28 Shipments 30 Consumption and Uses 30 Tripoli (Amorphous Silica) 31 Production 31 Consumption and Uses 31 Page Metals 31 Lead, Zinc, and Silver 31 Production 31 Other Minerals 32 Peat 32 Gems tones 33 Germanium 33 Mineral Materials Processed 33 Bismuth 33 Calcined Gypsum 33 Columbium 3b Exfoliated Vermiculite 3^ Expanded Perlite 3*+ Ground Barite 3** Ground Mica 3^ Iron Oxide Pigments 3^ Natural Gas Liquids 35 Pig Iron and Raw Steel 35 Primary Slab Zinc 35 Recovered Elemental Sulfur 35 Secondary Slab Zinc 35 Mineral Materials Manufactured 35 Cement 35 Production 35 Consumption 36 Coke 37 Production 37 Consumption and Uses 38 Lime 38 Production 38 Consumption 38 Clay Products kO ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1974 Ramesh Malhotra and Shirley Hallaron ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY The mineral industry of Illinois consists of three types of operation, One is the actual removal of the mineral materials from the ground by mining or other means of extraction. Another is the processing of crude mineral ma- terials, most of them mined outside of Illinois, into basic industrial raw materials. The third is the manufacturing of mineral products, such as coke, cement, and lime, from mineral materials, most of which are extracted and processed in Illinois. Table 1 lists the commodities in all three categories and gives their production and values from 1972 through 197*+. In 197*+ Illinois ranked 11th among the states in value of mineral production, according to figures from the U.S. Bureau of Mines. Table 2 shows Illinois mineral production figures for 197*+ 9 by mineral commodity, and the state's percentage of the total national output. Mineral Materials Mined The 197*+ value of mineral commodities mined in Illinois was $l,0*+0 million, representing a 37 percent increase over the 1973 value (table l). The mineral fuels — coal, crude oil, and natural gas — accounted for 79.*+ per- cent of the 197*+ total; industrial and construction materials — clays, fluor- spar, sand and gravel, stone, and tripoli — added 20.1 percent; the metals — lead, zinc, and silver — along with other minerals such as peat, bar it e, and gems tones made up the remaining 0.5 percent. In 197*+ Illinois was the nation's foremost shipper of fluorspar and tripoli, was second in the production of peat and stone, and was the fourth largest sand and gravel and coal producer. Extraction of mineral materials was reported by 98 of the state's 102 counties (tables 3 and *+). Perry County had the highest production value of any Illinois County. Although it produced only coal and crude oil, its mineral production value of $111.6 million was ap- proximately 11 percent of the state total. - 1 - - 2 - TABLE 1— PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF MINERAL MATERIALS MINED AND/OR PROCESSED AND MINERAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED Commodity Quantity 197^ Value ($1000) Average unit value ($) Quantity 1973 Value ($1000) Average unit value ($) Quantity '972 Value ($1000) Average unit value ($) MINERAL MATERIALS MINED thousand tons thousand bbl million cu ft million bbl FUELS Coal Crude oil Natural gas Natural gas liquids* TOTAL INDUSTRIAL AND CONSTRUC- TION MATERIALS Clays Common Refractory Absorbent Fluorspar (shipments) Sand and gravel Sand, construction Sand, industrial Gravel, common Stone (limestone and dolomite) Crushed and broken Dimension Tripoli TOTAL METALS Lead Zinc Silver TOTAL OTHERS Peat Gem stones Barlte TOTAL Values that cannot be disclosed (W) Total value of mineral materials mlnedt 58,073 27.553 1,436 580,726 244,395 5 74 $ 825,695 10.00 7.52 61,549 $1*12,992 30,669 132,490 1,638 573 6.71 4.32 0.35 65,521 34,874 1,194 168 $546,055 $ 402,301 121,013 334 5_66 $ 524,214 1,412 3.529 $1,040,055 $ 1,037 2.792 $759,284 6.14 3.47 0.28 3-37 thousand tons 1 ,484 3,071 2.07 1,660 3.003 1.81 1,610 2,652 1.65 thousand tons 103 673 6.56 97 609 6.28 106 662 6.24 thousand tons w w w w M w w w w tons 153 ,698 12,247 79.68 165,813 12,278 74.05 132,405 9.961 75.23 thousand tons 16 .929 24,238 1.43 19,508 24,234 1.24 17,023 19,109 1.12 thousand tons 2 ,084 8,738 4. 19 4,976 21,537 3.92 5.173 19,218 3.71 thousand tons 23 ,692 35.590 1.46 2 1 . 692 31.387 1.45 17,734 23,367 1.32 thousand tons 63 ,229 121,693 1.92 66,650 114,007 1.71 56,260 94,225 1.67 thousand tons w W W w w w w w w thousand tons w w w w w H w w w $ 206,250 $207,055 $ 169,194 tons 493 222 450.30 541 176 325.32 1.335 401 300.55 tons 4 ,104 2,947 718.08 5,250 2,169 413.14 11,378 4,039 355-00 tons W W w w w W w w w $ 3,169 $ 2,345 $ 4,440 thousand tons 96 1,412 14.74 72 1.037 W 74 W w NA H NA — w — — W — H — W — — — — — — 3.393 $ 701,242 Natural gas liquidst Ground mica Expanded perlite Barite, ground Gypsum, calcined Exfoliated vermiculite Iron oxide pigments Bismuth Primary slab zinc Secondary slab zinc Columbiura Pig iron TOTAL thousand bbl thousand tons MINERAL MATERIALS PROCESSED W — Values that cannot be disclosed (W) Total value of mineral materials processedt H H W w NA NA NA NA NA NA 184 1 ,003,573 $1 ,003,573 68,930 $1 ,072,503 NA NA NA 139-18 650 23,919 w N w w w w NA NA NA NA NA NA 964 585,054 $608,973 26,435 2.77 NA NA NA 75.24 8,610 NA NA NA 7.197 17, < W w w w ¥ H NA NA NA $635,408 $ 560.791 21,157 $ 581,948 2.08 NA NA NA 542,883 75-43 (Concluded on next page) - 3 - Mineral Materials Processed Processing of foreign raw mineral materials, most of them produced in other states, was done in 16 Illinois counties in 197^ (tables 3 and h) . Pig iron, natural gas liquids, ground mica, expanded perlite, ground barite, calcined gypsum, exfoliated vermiculite, iron oxide pigments, sulfur, and both primary and secondary slab zinc were processed and had a total value of $1072.5 million. Of that total, 93.6 percent was contributed by pig iron produced in Cook and Madison Counties. In addition, elemental sulfur was recovered; its value is included with lime to avoid disclosing confidential data from indi- vidual companies. The state's production of expanded perlite and iron oxide pigments was the highest in the United States. Illinois ranked sixth in the quantity and fourth in the value of elemental sulfur recovered. Mineral Products Manufactured The manufacture of mineral products in Illinois in 197^- s mainly from materials mined within the state, included cement, coke, lime, clay products, and glass. Their combined value was $25^.8 million in 197*+ s an in- crease from the $200.7 million reported in 1973. Coke accounted for ^9.3 per- cent of the total value, clay products for 22.3 percent. No figures were available for the value of glass manufactured in Illinois. TABLE 1 — Concluded 1974 1973 1972 Average Average Average Value unit Value unit Value unit Commodity Unit Quantity ($1000) value ($) Quantity ($1000) value ($) Quantity ($1000) value ($) MINERAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED Cement (shipments) Portland thousand tons 1,460 $ 41,023 $28.10 1,572 $ 3 6,064 $ 22.94 1,571 $ 33,124 $21.08 Masonry tons 69 3,228 46.68 88 2,901 32.97 80 2,483 31.18 Clay products, estimated — 56,898 — — 56,453 — — 69,248 — Lime tons w w w w w 17.78 w w w Sulfur} tons w w w w w w w w w Coke thousand tons 1,912 125,694 65.74 l,94l 83,308 42.92 2.085 82,816 39-72 Glass NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TOTAL $ 226,843 $178,726 $187,671 Values that cannot be disclosed (W) 27.956 21,974 18,025 Total value of mineral products r manufactured $ 254,799 $ $200,700 $205,696 STATE TOTALt $2 !. 367, 357 1,595,392 $1,488,886 * Produced in Illinois, according to the American Petroleum Institute. t Data may not add to totals shown because figures have been rounded. t Processed in Illinois. t Values and amounts of sulfur processed are included with total of mineral products manufactured to avoid disclosing individual companies confidential data on lime. W - Withheld to avoid disclosing confidential data. NA - Not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, Illinois State Geological Survey. - k - Employment and Wages Illinois Department of Labor data indicate that the Illinois mineral industry provided employment for 162,500 persons in 197^. This included 23,700 persons in mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; 8^,600 in mineral processing; and 5^,200 in manufacturing mineral products (table 5). TABLE 2— ILLINOIS MINERAL PRODUCTION, ITS VALUE, AND ITS PERCENTAGE OF UNITED STATES MINERAL PRODUCTION, 197^ Unit 1111 .nois United States Illinois pen United States Quantity :entage of Commodity Quantity Value ($1000) Quantity Value ($1000) Production Value Fluorspar shipments thousand tons 154 12,24-7 194* 13,800 79-38 88.75 Peat, commercial sales thousand tons 96 1,412 706 10,989 13.60 12.85 Coal thousand tons 58,073 580,726 590,000* 8,850,000 9.84 6.56 Pig iron thousand tons 7,184 1,003,573 95,000* NA 7.56 — Stone thousand tons 63,229 121.763 981,000* 1,988,000* 6.45 6.12 Sand and gravel thousand tons 1+2,705 68,566 978,754 1,451,071 4.36 4.73 Coke thousand tons 1,912 123,515 61,581 4,609,203 3.10 2.68 Clayst thousand tons 1,587 3,744 61,087 422,874 2.60 0.89 Zinc thousand tons 4 2,947 492 396,552 0.8l O.74 Cement shipments thousand tons 1,669 14,251 82,914 2,220,936 2.01 1.99 Crude oil thousand bbl 27,553 244,395 3,202,585 21,580,549 0.86 1.13 Lead thousand tons 0.5 222 677 3 04,000* 0.07 0.07 Natural gas liquids produced thousand bbl NA NA 62 0,000 3,602,200 — — Natural gas million cu ft 1,436 574 21,600,522 66,573,402 * t Lime thousand tons W W 21,646* 476,600# — — * Estimated. t Excluding fuller's earth. t Less than one one-hundredth. $ Preliminary data. NA - Not available. W - Withheld to avoid disclosing confidential data from individual companies. Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, and American Petroleum Institute. - 5 - TABLE 3— VALUE OF MINERAL MATERIALS MINED AND/OR PROCESSED AND MINERAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED IN ILLINOIS, 1974, BY COUNTY County Mineral materials mined, in order of value Value ($1000) Mineral materials processed, in order of value Value ($1000) Mineral products manufactured, in order of value Value Total value ($1000) ($1000) W w - w - 735 _ 598 W w w H — W - 422 _ 993 Adams Alexander Bond Boone Brown Bureau Calhoun Carroll Cass Champaign Christian Clark Clay Clinton Coles Cook Stone; sand and gravel; crude oil Tripoli; sand and gravel Crude oil; sand and gravel; clay Stone; sand and gravel Stone; crude oil; clay; sand and gravel Sand and gravel Stone Stone Sand and gravel Coal; crude oil; stone Stone; crude oil**; sand and gravel Crude oil; stone Crude oil; stone; sand and gravel Crude oil; stone; sand and gravel; natural gas Stone; sand and gravel; clay; peat* Iron oxide pigments Crawford Crude oil; sand and gravel Cumberland Crude oil**; sand and gravel; stone De Kalb Stone; sand and gravel 735 598 w 904 w 422 993 w 30,256 9.968 5,428 De Witt Crude oil; sand and gravel W Douglas Coal; stone; crude oil W Du Page Sand and gravel; stone w Edgar Crude oil 896 Edwards Crude oil 3,521 Effingham Crude oil 2,031 Fayette Crude oil; stone; sand and gravel; clay 25,816 Ford Sand and gravel; stone 632 Franklin Coal; crude oil; stone 58,247 Fulton Coal; sand and gravel 25,449 Gallatin Coal; crude oiltt; sand and gravel; natural gas H Greene Stone w Grundy Sand and gravel; clay; stone N Hamilton Crude oil 7,202 Hancock Stone 1,003 Hardin Fluorspar; stone; zinc; lead; primary barite; silver; germanium* 19.193 Henderson Stone W Henry Stone W Iroquois Stone; sand and gravel W Jackson Stone; coal; sand and gravel w Jasper Crude oil; sand and gravel 5,669 Jefferson Coal; crude oil 73,366 Jersey Stone 218 Jo Daviess Sand and gravel; stone w Lime Clay products Clay products Pig iron*; expanded perlite; ground mica; secondary slab zinct; bismutht; exfoliated vermicullte Sulfurt Exfoliated vermicullte; ex- panded perlite Natural gas liquids* Exfoliated vermicullte 2,846 Coke; lime; clay 30,061 Clay products w Clay products; glass W Clay products Clay products 63,163 W 5. 428 1.552 M W 7.^38 896 3.521 2,031 w 632 58,247 25,1*1*9 w 5,894 7.202 1,003 19,193 W w w w 5,669 73.336 218 Johnson Stone; coal Kane Sand and gravel; stone#; peat* 11,596 Iron oxide pigments (Continued on next page) Clay products - 6 - TABLE 3 — Continued Mineral materials mined, in order of value Value ($1000) Mineral materials processed, in order of value Mineral products Value manufactured, in Value Total value ($1000) order of value ($1000) ($1000) Kendall Knox Lake Lee Livingston Logan McDonough Mc Henry McLean Macon Macoupin Madison Marion Marshall Mason Massac Menard Mercer Monroe Montgomery Morgan Moultrie Ogle Peoria Perry Piatt Pike Pope Pulaski Putnam Randolph Richland Rock Island St. Clair Stone; clay; sand and gravel Stone; sand and gravel Coal; stone; olay Sand and gravel; peat* Sand and gravel; stone; clay Crude oil; sand and gravel. Stone; sand and gravel Stone; clay; sand and gravel Sand and gravel; stone Stone; crude oil; clay Sand and gravel Sand and gravel Sand and gravel; crude oil Coal; stone; crude oil Stone; crude oil; sand and gravel Crude oil; stone Sand and gravel Sand and gravel Sand and gravel Stone Stone; sand and gravel Stone Coal; stone; crude oil Crude oil; sand and gravel Stone; sand and gravel Coal; sand and gravel; stone Coal; crude oil Stone; sand and gravel Fluorspar*. Clay; stone; sand and gravel Coal; stone; crude oil; sand and gravel Crude oil Stone; sand and gravel Coal; stone; crude oil W W 1.29* 15 .405 31,848 W W N w 8,832 205 1,118 w 65 35 w w M w 2 l , 683 w 13,509 111,617 928 w 9.429 w 69.671 Saline Coal; crude oil; natural gas 26,168 Sangamon Coal; sand and gravel; crude oil; stone 25,914 Schuyler Sand and gravel w Scott Stone; clay; sand and gravel w Shelby Sand and gravel; crude oil; stone 4,480 Stark Coal; sand and gravel w Stephenson Stone; sand and gravel 678 Tazewell Sand and gravel; clay w Union Stone; sand and gravel w Vermilion Stone; sand and gravel; coal w Calcined gypsum; expanded perlite; columbiumt Exfoliated vermiculite Pig iron*; sulfurt Secondary slab zinc* Iron oxide pigments; pri- mary slab zinct; ground barite Clay products 3.879 — Clay products w 18,192 w Clay products; glasst; fiber glasst W 6,9*2 ""■ Cement; clay products; glasst 21, 10U 36.509 - — W w — Cement w w — Clay products w 6,766 _ Glasst w w - Clay products w w - — _ 8,832 — Fiber glasst w 205 — Glasst w 1,118 w — — w w Coke*; clay prod- ucts; glasst w 7,138 NA Glasst w w 65 35 21,683 w 13,509 111,617 928 t w 9,1*29 w 26,168 25, 9W w ¥ t ,1*80 W 678 W w w (Concluded on next page) - 7 - TABLE 3— Concluded County Mineral materials mined, in order of value Value ($1000) Mineral materials processed, in order of value Value ($1000) Mineral products manufactured, in order of value Value Total value ($1000) ($1000) - 16,533 w 3.131 — W — 25.732 — 28,1*01 - W H W - 33,939 — 2,989 - 1.905 77,940 H88.873 125.691+ l,178,21i» 25l».799 2,367.357 Wabash Crude oil; coal; sand and gravel Warren Stone Washington Crude oil; stone Wayne Crude oil White Crude oil; sand gravel and Whiteside Stone; sand and peat* gravel; Will Stone; sand and coal gravel; Williamson Coal; crude oil gas natural Winnebago Stone; sand and gravel Woodford Sand and gravel Values that cannot be disclosed# Undistrib- Peat*; stone; sand and gravel; uted crude oil; gem stone Total 16,533 w 25,732 28,401 15,008 33,939 2,989 1,905 272. 1^1 9,279 1,040,055 Clay products Expanded perlite; sulfurt Pig iron*; natural gas liquid 1.069,657 1,072,503 * Peat, pig iron, and coke values not available by county. t Sulfur values included with mineral products manufactured to avoid disclosing individual companies 1 confidential data on lime (table l). f Value unknown; not included in total. J Fluorspar and metals values included with Hardin County. # Includes values indicated by symbol W and dimension stone from Kane County. ** Crude oil value included with Cumberland County. tt Portion of Gallatin's crude oil value included with Saline County. *** Values which cannot be disclosed and undistributed added together to conceal individual figures. W - Withheld to avoid disclosing confidential data from individual companies; included with "Undistributed." Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, and Illinois State Geological Survey. TABLE 4— MINERAL MATERIALS PRODUCED IN ILLINOIS, BY COMMODITY, 1974 Number of County rank. Type of producing by quantity production* counties prttu.Mt P. M P 1 St. Clair, Pope, Hardin Cook Mf 3 La Salle, let, Massac M 13 La Salle, Cook, Livings t< Pulaski, Bond, Orundy, Kankakee. Soott, Knox, Tatewell Number of County rank Type of producing by quantity production* counties produoedt Mf 2 1 Cook, Adams Cook H • Coles, Saline. Wlllu Oallatln Bismuth Cement Clay products Coke Crude oil Perry, Jefferson, St. Clair, Franklin. Randolph, William- son, Pulton, Kaooupin, Saline, Sangamon Cook, Madison Lake Lawrence, unite, Harlon, Wayne, Fayette, Clay, Crawford, Rioh- land, Wabash, Hamilton al gas liquids and gravel. Sand. Industrial crushed and 1 Lake, Whiteside, Kane, Cook* Will, Cook, Lake. De Kalb Cook, Madison* Kane, McHenry, Orundy, Will, Du Page, Cook, Rook Island, Tazewell, Kendall. Sangamon La Salle, Payette, Ogle Hardin, Pope Cook, Will, St. Clair, Liv- ingston, Hardin, La Salle Olass Oypsua, cslclnad Lead M 1 Hardin, Pope • M - mined, P - processed, Mf - manufactured. t For commodities produced in more than 10 counties, only the first li t Quantity not applicable. I County rank estimated. KA - Not available. Source: U.S Bureau of Mines, Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals Zinc, primary Zlno, secondary 1 Hardin, Pope Marlon. Cook* - 8 TABLE 5 — NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AND AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS, HOURS WORKED, AND HOURLY WAGES IN ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY, 1973 AND 197U 1974 1973 Average Average Average Average Number of weekly Average number hourly Number of weekly Ave rage number hourly employees earnings of hours worked earnings employees earnings of hours worked earnings Class of employment (x 1000) ($) per week ($) (x 1000) ($) per week ($) Mining 23.7 265.21+ 1+2.1+ 6.25 22.9 241.57 43.6 5.54 Bituminous coal 11.9 289.59 11.5 6.98 11.5 260.81 42.7 6.10 Oil and gas extraction 5-4 211.87 1+2. 1 5.01+ 4.9 185.92 40.8 4-55 Other 6.1+ 229.19 ltl.7 5-13 6.5 255.33 46.2 4.87 Mineral processing Blast furnaces and basic steel 51-t 257-78 41.3 6.21+ 51.2 231.48 42.2 5.48 Primary metal industries 20.6 221.66 1+2.3 5. 21+ 20.6 213.69 43.9 4.87 Petroleum refining 12.6 265.76 1+2.6 6.21+ 12.2 237.37 41.9 5-67 Mineral product manufacturing Glass and glass products 13.4 208.90 1+0.7 5-13 13.8 202.69 Hl.8 U.8it Cement and clay products 4.6 170. 16 38.6 l+.l+l 5.0 158.82 39-1 4.07 Stone and other mineral products 19.0 216.30 1+2.7 5-06 18.4 197-81 1+3.0 4.60 Petroleum and coal products 17.2 251.37 1+3.0 5-85 4.6 201*. 1+0 4i+. 7 1. 58 Source: Illinois Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security. Average weekly earnings of workers in the mining sector of the Illi- nois mineral industry were $265. 2*+, an increase of 9.8 percent from the 1973 average earnings. While average earnings increased, the average number of hours worked per week decreased from 1+3. 6 to 1+2. 1+. Average weekly earnings of bituminous coal miners, $289.59, were the highest in the mineral industries. Table 5 gives more detailed statistical data on employment in the mineral in- dustry in Illinois for 1973 and 197^. Transportation of Minerals and Mineral Products The shipment of mineral materials is a considerable part of the Il- linois transportation industry. In 197^ more than 100 million tons of mineral materials was shipped by truck, and more than 52 million tons went by railroad. Crushed stone contributed more than 50 percent of the total tonnage shipped by truck, and sand and gravel more than 30 percent. More than 90 percent of the railroad tonnage consisted of coal. Railroad, truck, and barge were used to ship other materials, such as pig iron, coke, and clay products. Pipelines were the major carriers of crude oil and natural gas. Consumption of Minerals and Energy in Illinois Illinois is a leading manufacturing state, and it therefore consumes a large variety of mineral materials each year. Data for some of the mineral materials used in Illinois during 1973 and 197*+ are shown in table 6. On the average, Illinois consumption of most mineral commodities is about 6 percent of the total consumed in the nation. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 5.3 percent of the nation's total population resides in Illinois Mineral consumption in the state, therefore, is approximately proportionate to its population. - 9 - TABLE 6— SELECTED MINERAL MATERIALS USED IN ILLINOIS, 1973 AND 197^ 1973 1974 Illinois percentage Illinois percentage Quantity United of U.S. United of U.S. Commodity unit States Illinois consumption States Illinois consumption FUELS Coal million tons 589.8 40.6 6.88 552.7 39-0 7-06 Coke million tons 64.5 3.8 5.89 61.6 3.1 5-03 Distillate fuel oil million bbl 1,135- 1 R 5"*. 3 R 4.78 R 1 ,078.0 54.1 5-02 Gasoline million bbl 2,448.0 120.6 4.93 NA 119.6 — Kerosine million bbl 78.7 4.5 5.72 64.4 3.3 5-12 Liquified petroleum gases million bbl 527-3 15.7 2.98 NA 17-5 — Natural gas trillion cu ft 23.0 1.2 5.22 22.1 1.2 5-43 Residual fuel oil million bbl 1,019.9 29.2 2.86 NA 28.5 - METALS Pig iron million tons 99. 8 R 7-9 7.92" 96.8 7-3 7.54 Lead thousand tons 1,541.2 NA NA 1 ,599-0 NA — Zinc (slab) thousand tons 1,520.0* NA NA 1 ,350.0* NA — CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Air-cooled slag million tons 23-7 1.19* 5.02 NA NA — Asphalt million tons 34. l R 2.1 R 6.16 31.8 1.8 5.66 Cement (portland) million tons 89-7 4.1 4.57 79-5 3.6 4-53 Road oil million tons 1.4 0.2 14.29 1.3 0.2 15.38 Sand and gravel million tons 983.6 43.6 4.43 967.5 42.7 4.41 Stone million tons 1,060.1 66.7 6.29 981.0 63.2 6.44 AGRICULTURAL AND CHEMICAL MATERIALS Feldspar thousand tons 791-9 W w 730.0* NA — Fluorspar thousand tons 1.351.7 86.7 6.41 1 ,525.0 75-1 4.92 Limet thousand tons 21,132.0 1,202.3 5.69 22 ,298.0 W — Salt Evaporated thousand tons 5,905.0 3 65.0 6.18 5 ,893.0 355-0 6.02 Rock thousand tons 12 , 024 . 1,046.0 8.70 14 ,599-0 1,073.0 7-35 * Estimated t Excludes regenerated lime. R - Revised. NA - Not available. W - Withheld to avoid disclosing confidential data from individual companies Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. Illinois consumed an estimated 3,^+79.2 trillion Btu of energy in 197^ > or U.76 percent of the total energy consumed in the United States (table 7). A large part of the energy used came from mineral fuels. In 1973, Illi- nois energy consumption was estimated at 3,537.5 trillion Btu, or U.88 percent of the total energy consumed in the United States. Trends in gross energy used in Illinois are shown in figure 1. In spite of an increase in total energy consumption in Illinois from 2,215 tril- lion Btu in 1957 to 3,^79 trillion Btu in 197^, the role of coal as a source of energy has declined while that of natural gas and oil products has grown. The use of nuclear power also is growing rapidly and partly replacing coal in the Illinois energy market. INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES Mineral Materials Mined The minerals mined in Illinois are categorized into four groups, each of which is discussed on the following pages with relevant statistical - 10 - data. The groups are fuels, industrial and construction materials, metals, and other materials. Fuels Coal Production — Illinois maintained its rank as fourth among the nation's leading coal-producing states as it produced a total of 58. 1 million tons val- ued at $580.7 million. In spite of a 5.6 percent decrease in production from 1973, total value in 197^ increased h0.6 percent owing to the increase in f.o.b. mine value of coal from $6.71 to $10.00 per ton. The decline in Illinois mine production in 197^ can be attributed largely to the nationwide labor strike 4-1 — , that closed all union mines in the state during the month of November and part of December. Coal was mined in 22 counties in 197^; strip mines operated in 14 counties (table 8). The 10 leading counties — Perry, Jefferson, St. Clair, Franklin, Randolph, William- son, Fulton, Macoupin, Saline, and Sangamon — together contributed 82 percent of the total production (fig. 2). Only four counties — Perry, Ran- dolph, St. Clair, and Fulton — report- ed more than 2 million tons of coal TABLE 7— FUELS AND ENERGY CONSUMED IN ILLINOIS, 1973 AND 1974 1957 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 1974 Fig. 1 - Gross energy used in Illinois from 1957 through 1974, by type of fuel or energy source. Hydropower's contribution is too small to show. The use of nuclear power began in I960, but its contribution prior to 1969 was too small to show. Change from Units 197* 1973 1973 to 1974 It) Trllll an Btu Fuel 197" 1973 Coal thousand tons 39.05" 40,628 - 3.87 859-2 893.8 Natural gas million cu ft 1,163,215 1 , 1 63 , 800 - 0.05 1.199-3 1.199.9 Gasoline thousand obi 119.637 120,558 - 0.76 627.8 632.7 Keroslne thousand bbl 3. 27" 4,485 -27.00 18.6 25-4 Distillate fuel oil thousand bbl 54. 050 53.665 + 034 314.8 313.8 Residual fuel oil thousand bbl 28.532 29.195 - 2.27 179.4 183.5 Liquid petroleum gases thousand bbl 17.487 15 , 727 + 11 19 70.1 6J. 1 Hydropower thousand kilo- watt hr 106,482 p 98,3UJ # + 8.28 1. 1 1.0 Nuclear power million Icilo- 19.592 P 21,041 - 6.89 208.9 224.3 Total 3,479-2 3.537-5 Illinois percentage of total United S ates energy 00 a ^' ■'■ 4.76 4.88 Percentage of total Coal energy consumed 1 1 Illinois, by : ource 24.70 25.27 Natural gas 34.47 33.92 Oil products 34.80 34.44 nuclear power 6.00 6.34 Hydropower 0.03 100.00 0.03 100.00 tlmated; based ary . el f»o Coal - 22,000,000 Btu/ton (« 11,000 Btu/lb) Natural gas - 1,031 Btu/McT LP0 - 4,011,000 BWbbl Gasoline - 5.248,000 Btu/bbl Keroslne - 5,670.000 Btu/bbl U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1 Petrole Distillate ruel oil - 5.825.000 Btu/bbl Residual fuel oil - 6,287.000 Btu/bbl Nuclear power - 10,660 Btu,/ net kwh Hydropower - 10,478 Btu/kvh 1 Institute, and Federal Power Commission. - 11 - TABLE 8— ILLINOIS COAL PRODUCTION BY COUNTY, 197^ 197^ Product ion* ( tons ) Number Underground Strip Total County of mines ( tons ) ( tons ) ( tons ) Valuet Christian 1 + 1.59M76 _ 1,59^76 15,944,760 Douglas 2 2,009,999 — 2,009,999 20,099,990 Franklin 3 5,369,480 — 5,369,480 53,694,800 Fulton 4 — 2,503,417 2,503,417 25,034,170 Gallatin 3 1,447,624 274,486 1,722,110 17,221,100 Grundy — — — — — Jackson 1 — 66,324 66,324 663,240 Jefferson 4 6,066,759 595,779 6,662,538 66,625,380 Johnson 1 — 4,857 4,857 48,570 Kankakee — — — — — Knox 1 — 1,017,046 1,017,046 10,170,460 Macoupin 1 2,479,763 — 2,479,763 24,797,630 Mercer — — — — — Montgomery 1 1,938,663 — 1,938,663 19,386,630 Peoria 3 — 1,148,292 1,148,292 11,482,920 Perry c## — 11,147,544 11,147,544 111,475,440 Randolph 4**# 2,456,282 2,449,337 4,905,619 49,056,190 St. Clair 2# 1,874,3 00 4,599,887 6,474,187 64,741,870 Saline 6# 1,238,276 1,191,801 2,430,077 24,300,770 Sangamon f 2,239,251 — 2,239,251 22,392,510 Stark 1 — 253,364 253,364 2,533,640 Vermilion 1 5,470 — 5,470 54,700 Wabash 1 743,536 — 7^3,53 6 7,^35,360 Will ltt — 140,222 140,222 1,402,220 Williamson 9# 1,640,233 1,576,172 3,216,405 32,164,050 Total 55 31,104,112 26,968,528 58,072,640 580,726,400 Total {%) 53.6 46.4 * Production figures, Illinois State Department of Mines and Minerals, Annual Coal, Oil and Gas Report, 1973-1974. t Value calculated at an average of $6.71 per ton for 1973 and $10.00 for 1974. t One mine operated at junction of Christian, Montgomery, and Sangamon Counties. ** One mine operated at junction of Randolph and Perry Counties. # Two mines operated at junction of Randolph and St. Clair Counties, t One mine operated at junction of Williamson and Saline Counties. tt One mine operated at junction of Grundy and Will Counties. mined by the strip method. Underground mining was carried out in 14 counties, six of which reported more than 2 million tons mined by this method (Jefferson, Franklin, Macoupin, Randolph, Sangamon, and Douglas). Perry, the state's leading coal-mining county, reported all 100 percent of its production mined by the strip method. - 12 - Fig. 2 - Illinois coal production by county, 197^- growing concern for reclamation of mined easily minable coal deposits. A total of U,U99 million tons of coal has been produced from Il- linois coal mines since 1833 (table 9). Of this amount, nearly 20 per- cent is estimated to have been ex- tracted by strip mining and 80 per- cent by underground mining. Exten- sive strip mining did not begin in Illinois until the late 1920s. The number of coal mines oper- ating in Illinois has been declin- ing annually since the early 1950s, when there were more than 150 mines. In 197*+, 55 mines, 23 under- ground and 32 strip mines , were in operation in Illinois. The 31.1 million tons produced from the 23 underground mines was 53.6 percent of the total Illinois coal produc- tion (table 8). Since 1966 the amount of coal produced in Illinois by underground mining has been gradually increasing, whereas pro- duction by strip mining has been declining (fig. 3). In 197*+ produc- tion from the 32 strip mines to- taled 27.0 million tons — 6.9 per- cent less than the amount produced in 1973. In 1967, the peak year for strip mining in Illinois, UU strip mines reported operation and pro- duced 37.1 million tons of coal. The principal factors responsible for this steady decline in strip mine production in Illinois are the land and the depletion of shallow, The average production and average number of employees for both un- derground and strip mining are shown in table 10. Average output per under- ground mine in 197*+ remained essentially the same as in 1973, about l.k million tons. The average output per strip mine declined from 905*353 tons in 1973 to 8^2,767 tons in 197*+. The average number of employees at both strip and un- derground mining operations, however, increased in 197*+. While the average output per strip mine in Illinois has been fluctuating from year to year, the average output per underground mine has been steadily increasing (table 10). A part of this increase in average output per underground mine is attributable to the closing down of small underground mining operations. During 197*+ » 2k coal mining companies were operating in Illinois. The production of each company is shown in table 11. - 13 - TABLE 9— CUMULATIVE COAL PRODUCTION IN ILLINOIS BY COUNTY, 1833-197 1 * Cumulative Last production* Years year County (tons) active active County (tons) Active active Cumulative Last production* Years year ( tons ) active active Adams 341,924 26 1969 Marshall 12,516,141 70 1951 Bond 7,355,569 57 1942 Menard 13,462,005 84 1965 Brown 65,347 40 1963 Mercer 15,519,862 86 1973 Bureau 53,823,055 80 1964 Monroe 8,284 13 1941 Calhoun 96,247 27 1912 Montgomery 131,706,926 93 1974 Cass 212,477 53 1941 Morgan 190,787 64 1951 Christian 296,478,753 90 1974 Moultrie 2,032,236 16 1924 Clark 4,482 2 1955 Peoria 91,434,331 93 1974 Clay 801 1 1963 Perry 285,839,365 93 1974 Clinton 38,656,325 79 i960 Pike 5,08l 8 1942 Coles 198,932 6 1888 Pope 23,747 14 1972 Crawford 45,400 16 1961 Putnam 10,071,893 29 1938 Douglas 16,526,114 29 1974 Randolph 126,025,286 93 1974 Edgar 915,698 41 1952 Richland 154 l 1890 Effingham 796 1 1890 Rock Island 3,846,169 67 1948 Franklin 586,370,529 76 1974 St. Clair 334,572,269 93 1974 Pulton 288,724,631 93 1974 Saline 243,374,079 93 1974 Gallatin 21,256,136 90 197^ Sangamon 241,819,703 87 1974 Greene 693,191 84 1967 Schuyler 7,747,601 84 1966 Grundy 44,494,989 91 1973 Scott 612,476 61 1942 Hamilton 22,097 16 1905 Shelby 4,119,763 67 1950 Hancock 771,281 72 1958 Stark 8,893,800 84 1974 Hardin 40 1 1890 Tazewell 17,633,802 75 1956 Henry 22,910,053 84 1965 Vermilion 164,956,973 93 1974 Jackson 97,582,426 93 1974 Wabash 980,075 38 1974 Jasper 23,739 11 1939 Warren 685,466 73 1954 Jefferson 89,947,031 71 1974 Washington 18,165,386 88 1969 Jersey 120,350 59 1951 White 1,676,741 36 1940 Johnson 301,708 59 1974 Will 44,265,271 93 1974 Kankakee 8,858,008 45 1969 Williamson 411,608,937 93 1974 Knox 60,052,483 91 1974 Woodford 7,810,160 70 1951 La Salle 65,547,638 79 i960 Livingston 10,111,437 80 1961 Total cumulative Logan 14,533,376 84 1968 production. Macon 11,000,468 65 1947 1882-1974 ^,425,935,676 Macoupin 274,564,750 92 1974 Estimated production, all McDonough 2,634,903 5,544,139 69 1951 1928 counties, l833-l88l 73,386,123 McLean 47 Madison 164,295,772 83 1964 Total cumulative production, Marion 39,247,722 82 1963 1833-197^ 4,499,321,799 * Production figures: Illinois State Department of Mines and Minerals, Annual Coal, Oil and Gas Report, 1974. Employment and Wages — According to the Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 12,U67 men were working in the coal mines in Illinois in 19TU; 8,718 were in underground mining operations and 3,7^9 in strip mine operations In 1973, 11,909 men were employed — 7,7^9 in underground operations and 3,6l5 in strip operations. The Illinois Department of Labor reported that the average hourly earnings for bituminous coal miners increased from $6.10 in 1973 to $6.98 in _ iU - luOt (0 SUOI||l^ ooooooooo 1 * a s « o C 3 3 C/) DI 1 c \ 1 lllllllll / 1 lllllllll / 1 lllllllll I BUI \ ) iiniim / I iiiiiiiiii gj J -8 ■ • ■ • -s ■ ■ • -s ■ ■ • o t ■ ■ • ■ • ■ _o ■ ■ ■ -O ■ • / 1 lllllllllll / i mini i %z i minim ■o « o 5 «E C S. 3 Jp 1 lllllllll \_ i nmnim V 1 llllllllllll \ i mumi \ i iiiiniiiii \ i iiiiiiiiii \ i iiiiiiiiiiii \ i iiiiiiiiiiiii s^ \ i iiiiiiiiiiiiiii c-- ii iiiiiiiiiiiiiii CT\ r-i v 1 IIIIIIIIII o o |\ llllllll ON i T iiiiiiii i mini i 1 iiiiiini w 1 V llllllllllll •H 1 ! IIIIIIIIIIIII g i t iiiiiiiiiiiii i I iiiiiiiiiii r-l i \ iiiiiiiiii I— ( i / iiiiiiiiiii i i iiiiiiii c •H 1 \ HIM a 1 1 IIIIIIII 1 o 1 ^ IIIIIIII i > ( mini 3 i \ urn T3 i / iiiiiiii o i \ muni fn ft i \ iiiiiiii 1 Miniii v i \m Cfl j* i iiiii i | mi a \ llll 1 '. IIIII 1 \lll to * till 1 itin aj r tan f-i / i n i 1 i i :> ": : bO i pE, i i ^~^\ 1 i c_ i / ■ _o o 2 i ( ■ i X l > i i V i ^ l i 1 i V i s i \ i o o i o o ssuihj ftuiddiys 1° -001 z -002 1 > 197^ » but the number of hours worked per week dropped 1.2 hours to 1+1.5 (table 5). In 1973 average hours worked per week were 1+2.7. Wine Productivity — Average pro- ductivity of underground mines in Il- linois, which had started to decline in 1970 when the Federal Health and Safety Act of December 1969 went into effect, declined in 197^ to a recent low of 15.76 tons per man-day, ac- cording to U.S. Bureau of Mines data. This is about 31.0 percent below the 1969 level. The recent decline, in 197^» can be attributed partly to the change in the method of calculating productivity by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and partly to the labor strike which affected coal mine operations. However, once again the productivity level achieved by Illinois under- ground mines was among the highest in the nation. For strip mining, the average productivity level achieved by Illi- nois mines was 26.1+9 tons per man-day — 26 percent lower than the 1973 level. The decline in strip-mine pro- ductivity is due in part to the in- crease in average thickness of over- burden that must be removed before the coal can be extracted and in part to the production losses that various Illinois strip mines experienced dur- ing 197^ (fig. h). Prices — The average price of Il- linois coal, f.o.b. mine, in 1971+ was $10.00 per ton, 1+9.0 percent higher than the 1973 level. The average price, f.o.b. mine, of coal mined un- derground in Illinois in 1971+ was $11.12 per ton— $2.1+2 higher than the price of strip-mined coal. Shipments — Illinois coal is shipped to various parts of the Unit- ed States for use by electric utili- ties, for manufacturing coke, and for - 15 - TABLE 10— COAL MINES, MINING EMPLOYEES, AND AVERAGE PRODUCTION AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN ILLINOIS, BY METHOD OF MINING, 1965-197^ Und< sr^round Strip Av. output Av. no. of Av . output Av. no. of No. of No. of per mine employees No. of No. of per mine employees Year mines employees (tons ) per mine mines employees ( tons ) per mine 1971 23 8,718 1,352,353 397 32 3,719 812,767 117 1973 21 7,791 1,357,390 325 32 3,615 905,351 113 1972 26 7,870 1,219,838 303 33 3,367 1,021,112 102 1971 27 7,088 1,090,886 263 36 3,183 801,181 97 1970 29 6,785 1,090,192 231 35 3,129 950,530 98 1969 28 5.911 1,077.591 212 31 3,617 1,019,111 107 1968 36 6,028 721,5 68 167 33 3,510 1,092,686 106 1967 33 5,392 837,879 163 11 3,113 811 , 65I 78 1966 36 5,566 753,671 155 18 3,128 751,678 71 1965 13 5,170 591,685 127 51 3,320 601,831 61 Source: Illinois State Department of Mines and Minerals, Annual Coal, Oil and Gas Report, 1971 • TABLE 11— ILLINOIS COAL PRODUCTION, BY COMPANY, 19lk Rank Company Number Under- ground of mines Strip Production ( tons ) Percent of state's total pro- duction Number of employees 1 Peabody Coal 5 4 lit, 770, t99 25.43 3,43 6 2 Freeman United Coal Hi ning 3 6,952,073 11.97 2,005 3 Consolidated Coal It 6,428,677 11.07 1,126 4 Southwestern Illinois Coal - 2 5,562,353 9-58 423 5 Old Ben Coal - 5,369,480 9-25 1.358 6 AMAX Coal 3 5,070,573 8.73 676 7 Zeigler Coal - 3.316,947 5-71 1,022 8 Monterey Coal - 2.479,763 4.27 441 9 Inland Steel - 2,469,434 4.25 587 10 Midland Coal - It 2,352,110 4.05 615 11 Sahara Coal 2 2,232,157 3.84 582 12 Roberts & Associates - 595,779 1.03 78 13 Harrisburg Coal 1 - 99.803 28 14 Jader Coal - 87,316 10 15 Elk Coal - 66,324 12 16 Broun Brothers Excavating - 55.736 11 17 Big Ridge Coal - 54,868 9 18 E 4 B Coal - 40,776 ► 0.82 9 19 Tab Mining - 29,447 15 20 Cold Water Coal - 13.855 2 21 Houston Coal - 10,415 3 22 V-Day Coal 1 - 5,470 15 23 E & L Coal - t,857 2 21* Hazel Dell Coal Totals 23 32 3,928 2 58,072,640 100.00 12,467 Underground: 8,7l8 Strip: 3,749 Source: Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, Annual Coal, Oil and Gas Report, 1974. - 16 - 50- STRIP 40- 30- ,"" " s *^,* — Illinois United States \ UNDERGROUND X 20- Illinois ^ 10- ^United Stotes^ ■ 1 1 1 1 ? 1 1 1 1 1 1964 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 1975 Fig. 4 - Trends in coal mine productivity, 1964-1974-. other industrial uses. Of the 59.1 million tons of Illinois coal shipped in 197*+, including mine stocks, U6.9 million tons was used by electric utilities, h.J million tons by coke plants manufacturing metallurgical coke, and 7.1 million tons by in- dustrial plants. Some 482,000 tons was sold at retail (table 12). About ^7 percent of the Illinois coal shipped to electric utilities was consumed within the state; the rest was shipped to surrounding midwest- ern states and to the southeastern states. In 197^, utilities coal ship- ment to Missouri and Indiana showed a definite increase. The market for Il- linois utility coal is showing defi- nite growth in Missouri ; but in Min- nesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin and with- in the state, Illinois coal is losing its utility market to the low-sulfur coals from western states that meet the required standards for the emission of sulfur oxides . TABLE 12— ILLINOIS COAL SHIPMENTS, BY STATE DESTINATION AND CONSUMING SECTOR, 1970-197 1 * (thousand tons) Other Exportst and Consuming sector Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Michigan Missouri Indiana Kentucky states* miscellaneous Illinois Total Electric utilities 1970 6,115 2.917 2.731 151 5.702 2,667 2,801 1.175 492 25.688 50.745 1971 5,206 2.258 3,013 421 5.931 2,409 3,803 2.27U 4 22,204 47.556 1972 5.526 2,490 3.306 323 7.042 2,731t 3,595 2.7958 — 25.329 53.137 1973 4.599 1,574 2.711 680 8,014 2.167« 2,923 2.8921 51 24,091 49.705 197* 1.131 1,531 2.304 161 9.118 3.028? 2,006 2,409 7 21.828 46,856 Coke and gas plants 1970 _ _ _ — _ 2.871 — — 128 1.618 4,617 1971 — — — — — 2.589 — 41 172 1.421 4,226 1972 — — — — — 2,8l0t — — 182 1,288 4,280 1973 — — — — — 3,l64t — — 126 1,118 4,438 1971 - - - - - 3,36lt - - 237 1,051 4.652 Retail dealers 1970 66 29 40 22 79 22 — — 9 1,015 1.282 1971 50 26 17 18 13 19 — — 3 723 899 1972 15 27 16 1 79 220 — — 3 630 991 1973 2 17 14 — 168 13 — — 2 417 663 197" 1 4 16 2 136 20 - - 9 291 482 All others 1970 1.078 88 1.320 605 1,258 814 _ 66 69 5.657 10,985 1971 716 64 965 116 1.156 526 — — 7 4,189 8.099 1972 793 59 1.130 318 1.553 192 — — 14 4,084 8,113 1973 615 106 1.151 397 1,367 639 — — 12 3,419 7.736 1974 556 18 867 473 1,461 513 - - 29 3.193 7,113 Totals 1970 7.259 3,034 4,091 781 7.039 6,101 2.804 1.541 698 33,978 67,629 1971 6,002 2.348 4,025 eee 7.133 5.513 3.803 2,312 186 28,540 60,780 1972 6.334 2.576 4.452 612 8.671 6.253 3.595 2.795 199 31,331 66.851 1973 5,246 1.697 3.879 1,077 9,549 6,013 2.923 2,892 191 29,075 62,512 197<» I.694 1.553 3.187 936 10,748 6,992 2.006 2,409 282 26,366 59,103 • Includes Alabama and Mississippi { 1970-197**) . Georgia and Florida (1970-197 1 *) t Primarily to Mexico. t Estimated. I Includes minor amount of Industrial and/or retail coal. Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bituminous Coal and Lignite Distribution Quarterly, 1970-197 1 *. Tennessee ( 1969-197-+ ) , Ohio ( 197^ ) , and North Dakota (197 1 *)- - IT - More than 22 percent of the Illinois coal shipped for coking purposes was consumed in Illinois, and most of the remainder was shipped to nearby coke plants in northwestern Indiana. Since 1969, some coking coal from Illinois mines has been shipped to Mexico. In 197*+, coking coal shipments to Mexico totaled 237,000 tons. Slightly more than 60 percent of the retail coal shipped from Illi- nois mines in 197*+ was consumed within the state. The rest was shipped to nearby upper midwestern states, of which Indiana and Missouri were the largest consumers. Approximately half of the Illinois coal used for other industrial purposes in 197*+ was consumed within the state. In order of amount consumed, the other important consumers of industrial coal from Illinois were Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Transportation — Illinois coal was shipped from the mine to the con- suming sector by railroad, barge, truck, or conveyor belt in 197*+. At mine sites kj .6 million tons of coal were loaded on railroad cars for shipment. Of this amount, 19.7 percent (9.*+ million tons) was moved to docks for shipment by barge. More than 2U million tons of the total amount of coal loaded at the mines was shipped by unit trains . The total amount of coal shipped by barge was 13.6 million tons. Coal shipped by truck totaled 1.5 million tons. The other k.2 million tons was shipped to mine-mouth electric generating plants by conveyor belt. Tonnages of Illinois coal handled by specific railroads in 197*+ are: Railroads Tons Illinois Central Gulf Railroad Co. 1*1,268,267 Missouri Pacific Lines 8,311,295 Burlington Northern, Inc. 5,388,872 Chicago and Northwestern Transportation Co. 3,2*^5,889 Penn Central Transportation Co. 2,762,361 Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad 2,U75,96l Others 11,165,535 Total coal shipped by rail U7,6l8,l80 Of the 13 railroads handling Illinois coal in 197*+, the top three handled 58 percent of the total; Illinois Central Gulf handled 30 percent. Consumption — Coal consumed in Illinois during 197*+ totaled 39.1 mil- lion tons (table 13), 3.9 percent less than the amount consumed in 1973. The coal-consuming sectors included electric utilities (79.3 percent), coke and gas plants (7.9 percent), retail dealers (1.9 percent), and industrial and other users (10.8 percent). Of the total 39.1 million tons of coal used in Illinois in 197*+, 26.ii million tons, or 67.5 percent, was shipped from mines within the state. The amount of coal shipped from mines in Illinois for use in Illinois is steadily declining. In 1969, 36.*+ million tons, or 80.5 percent, came from Illinois mines. The decline in the use of Illinois coal within the state is - 18 - TABLE 13— SHIPMENT OF COAL FOR CONSUMPTION IN ILLINOIS, BY STATE OF ORIGIN AND BY CONSUMING SECTOR, 1970-197 1 * (thousand tons) West Virginia Ohio and Total coal Consuming Western and eastern eastern Northwestern and consumed sector Illinois Kentucky Indiana Kentucky* Pennsylvania southwestern statest in Illinois* Electric utilities 1970 25,688 2 ,175 514 1 — 1.075 29.^53 1971 22,204 1 ,431 604* 43 — 3.648* 27,930 1972 25.329 1 ,586 393 200 — 4,786 32,294 1973 24,091 1 ,662 34 1$ 142 — 6.229 32,465 1974 21,828 1 ,115 3 67 96 — 7.*31 30,837 Coke and gas plants 1970 1,618 — — 2,070 — — 3,688 1971 1,424 — 50# 1,847 26 # 3,347 1972 1,288 — — 1,955 — — 3,243 1973 1,148 — — 1,820 — — 2.968 1974 1,054 — — 2,022 24 — 3.100 Retail dealers 1970 1,015 237 2 1.329 5 3 + 2.591 1971 723 59 1# 1,082 4 2# 1,871 1972 630 13 9 759 2 2t 1,415 1973 417 6 — 511 — — 934 1974 291 3 — 419 — 59 772 All others 1970 5,657 188 245 476 13 — 6,579 1971 4,189 92 170# 689 1 t 5,1*1 1972 4,084 118 51 823 — — 5.076 1973 3,419 111 84# 647 — — 4,261 1974 3,193 151 126 597 — 278 4,345 Total 1970 33,978 2 ,600 761 3.876 18 1,078 42,311 1971 28,540 1 ,582 825 3,661 31 3.650 38,289 1972 31,331 1 ,717 453 3.737 2 4,788 42,028 1973 29,075 1 ,779 425 3,120 — 6,229 40,628 1971 26,366 1 ,269 493 3,134 24 7.768 39,054 * Includes tonnages from Virginia and northeastern Tennessee, and North Carolina. t Montana, Washington, Wyoming, Idaho, Arkansas, Oklahoma, southern Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. t Includes tonnages from District 15 (Kansas, Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma). # Estimated. Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. Bituminous Coal and Lignite Distribution, Calendar Years 1968-1974. mainly attributable to the replacement of Illinois coal in the utility market by low-sulfur coal from Wyoming and Montana and in the industrial market by low-sulfur Appalachian coal, natural gas, and fuel oil. In 197*+, 19.9 percent of the total coal consumed in Illinois came from western states, including Wyoming, Montana, and Colorado. This was 7 times more than the amount that had been shipped to Illinois from the western states in 1970. Other states which shipped coal into Illinois for use by electric utilities included Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia (table 13), In 197*+, of the total 31.0 million tons consumed by Illinois electric utilities, about 25 percent came from western states. The delivered cost of western coal is about twice as much, on an equivalent heat basis, as the cost of Illinois coal. In spite of the high cost, the use of western coal by Illinois electric utilities is expected to grow until a commercial technology to remove sulfur from Illinois coal is developed. In 1973 the Federal Power Commission estimated - 19 - that more than 85 percent of the coal being turned "by Illinois electric utili- ties would be prohibited from use when sulfur emission standards are enforced. Sulfur content of Illinois coal is too high to meet requirements of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Thirty- four percent of the coal used at coke and gas plants in Il- linois in 197*+ came from Illinois mines; 65 percent came from mines in West Virginia and eastern Kentucky and 1 percent from Ohio and eastern Pennsylvania, The amount of coal used for industrial and other purposes in Illi- nois has declined considerably (table 13). In 197*+ » *+.2 million tons of coal was used for industrial purposes, 36 percent less than the amount consumed in 1970. The principal regions, excluding Illinois, that supply coal for Illi- nois industrial use were eastern and western Kentucky and West Virginia. Some coal for industrial use also was shipped from Indiana and from western states. Illinois mines supplied 38. k percent of the coal sold by Illinois retail dealers. West Virginia and Kentucky mines supplied 55.7 percent; the western states supplied the rest. Crude Oil Production — Illinois crude oil production in 197*+ totaled 27.6 mil- lion barrels — 10.2 percent less than that of 1973. At an average unit value of $8.87 per barrel, the production was valued at $2kk million (table 1*+). Of the 27.6 million barrels produced in 197*+, 19.2 million barrels were re- covered by waterflooding, a secondary recovery method. The number of wells actively operating in Illinois during 197*+ totaled 23,630. Forty counties produced crude oil in 197*+. The ten that contributed more than 7*+ percent of the oil production in 197*+ were: County {%) County (i) Lawrence 12.8 Clay *+.*+ White 11. k Crawford 3.9 Marion 10.7 Richland 3.9 Wayne 10.5 Wabash 3.7 Fayette 10.3 Hamilton 2.9 Together these counties produced 7*+. 5 percent of the Illinois total. In 197*+ » 333 oil fields were producing in Illinois, but more than 67 percent of the production came from the 10 fields listed in table 15. The southeastern Illinois area, which contains a number of fields, accounted for 18 percent of the state's total production. The four largest fields — South- eastern Illinois, Clay City Consolidated, Salem Consolidated, and Louden — ac- counted for one half of the crude oil production in Illinois in 197*+. The trend in Illinois oil production is shown in figure 5. The high- est production was achieved in 19*+0. From 19*+1 through 1953 total crude oil production steadily declined. Primary production, after remaining stable from - 20 - TABLE Ik— CUMULATIVE PRODUCTION OF CRUDE OIL IN ILLINOIS, BY COUNTY, 1888-197^ '97K production. 197 1 * Percent of total 1886- 197"* production Illinois Value! County 1 1000 bbl) ( 1000 bbl) production ($1000) Adams 184 2 0.0 18 Bond 7,207 41 0.1 364 Broun 231 4 0.0 35 Champaign 7 — — — Christian 24,836 290 1 1 2,572 Clark- Cumberland 89.61*8 598 2.2 5.304 Clay 129,668 1,212 4.4 10,750 Clinton 82,992 513 1.9 ".550 Coles 22,656 169 0.6 1.499 Crawford 226. 457 1.088 3.9 9.650 De Witt 2.59 1 * 156 0.6 1,384 Douglas 3.566 8 0.0 71 Edgar 3,480 101 0.4 896 Edwards 45.118 397 1.4 3.521 Effingham 15.511 229 0.8 2,031 Fayette 384,662 2,846 10.3 25.2tt Franklin 69.936 513 1.9 t.550 Gallatin 49,146 521 1-9 4,621 Hamilton 130,709 812 2-9 7,202 'asper t9.°77 637 2.3 5.650 Jefferson 80,709 760 2.8 6,7tl Lawrence 382,863 3,513 12.8 31.160 Macon 896 6 0.0 53 Macoupin 239 3 0.0 27 Madison 17,092 89 0.3 789 Marlon 400,236 2,944 10.7 26.113 McDonough -Hancock t 5,"»13 33 0. 1 293 Monroe 2 — — — Montgomery 117 t 0.0 5 Moultrie 95 2 0.0 18 Perry 756 16 0.0 142 Randolph 4.285 70 0.3 621 Richland 98.774 1.063 3-9 9,429 St. Clair 3,295 28 0.1 248 Saline 20. 741 208 0.8 1.845 Sangamon 2.716 162 0.6 1.U37 Schuyler 1 — — — Shelby l,58l 29 0.1 257 Wabash 105,382 1,012 3.7 8,976 Washington 29,179 704 2.6 6,244 Wayne 233,750 2,901 10.5 25,732 White 273.267 3,152 11.4 27.958 Williamson 1.722 200 0.7 1,774 Other' 2,515 521 1.9 4,621 Totals 3,003,911 27.553 100.0 $2"*t,395 • 1974 production ncludes 521,000 barrels that could not be assigned to individual fields or counties. t No oil production reported for Hancock County 1971- 197 1 * t Value calculated at average price of $8.87 per barrel. t 539 barrels. 19^7 through 19^9, declined until the introduction of the hydrofrac method of well completion in 195^. This technique, coupled with greatly in- creased activity in water flood devel- opment, briefly reversed a downward trend in production. As major empha- sis shifted to waterflood develop- ment, nearly stable production was maintained from 1955 through 1963. Since then both waterflood and pri- mary production rates have been steadily declining. The extent of the depletion of reserves can be seen by comparing the January 1, 1956, figure of 701,300,000 barrels with the 159,789,000 barrels reported as of January 1975. Refineries — According to the U.S. Bureau of Mines, 11 refineries were operating in Illinois in January 1976. They had a total capacity of 1,17^,200 barrels per calendar day — 1.6 percent higher than the capacity a year earlier. During 197^, 292.9 million bar- rels of crude oil were received at Illinois refineries, including 265.3 million barrels from other states or from foreign countries; the rest was of Illinois origin. Substitute Natural Gas Plants — During 1972 and 1973, five petroleum substitute natural gas (SNG) plants were slated for construction in Illi- nois . The only SNG plant that was operating in Illinois in 197^ is at Minooka, Grundy County. The plant is TABLE 15— ILLINOIS PRODUCTION OF CRUDE OIL, BY MAJOR FIELD, 197*+ Crude oil production Percentage of Field County (1000 bbl) state total Southeastern Illinois Clay City Consolidated Salem Consolidated New Harmony Consolidated Sailor Springs Consolidated Roland Consolidated Dale Consolidated Johnsonville Consolidated Phillipstown Consolidated Subtotal Others Total Wabash Lawrence Crawford Clark Cumberland Jasper Marion Jeffer White Wabash Edwards Clay Jasper Effingham White Gallatin Franklin Hamilton Saline Wayne White Edwards ^,933.0 3,629.9 2 , 782 . 1.U37- 1 * 7U7.I 558.3 9.** 2.7 2.7 553-1 5171 2.0 1-9 l8,t82.U 9,070.6 32.9 27.553.0 100.0 Source: Illinois State Geological Survey 011 and Gas Section. - 21 - OS O OS s •H c o •H -P O ■o o ft •rH o o I bO •H S|»JJOq JO Suoium operated by the Northern Illinois Gas Company, and gas produced there is supplied to the Chicago suburban ar- ea. A second plant, owned by the Peoples Gas , Light and Coke Company of Chicago, was under construction in 197*+ and started production in 1975. Consumption — Consumption of major petroleum products in Illinois from 1970 through 197*+ is shown in table 16. In 197*+, gasoline consumption in Illinois decreased by 0.8 percent and represented 5.1 percent of the total amount of gasoline consumed in the United States. Consumption of distillate fuel oil use increased 0.3*+ percent, and use of residual fuel oil decreased 2.3 percent. In Illinois during 197*+, consump- tion of kerosine decreased by 27 per- cent and consumption of liquefied gas increased by 11.2 percent. The use of asphalt products in the state de- creased by 13 percent in 197*+. Natural Gas Production — Natural gas is pro- duced in Illinois from gas wells and oil wells. No gas from oil wells is marketed; either it is used for lease fuel in oil-producing operations or it is flared. In 197*+, l,*+36 million cubic feet of natural gas was mar- keted (table 17) at an average well- head price of k0 per thousand cubic feet. The value of the marketed gas is calculated as $57*+, 000. In spite of a 12.3 percent de- crease from 1973 through 197*+, the amount of natural gas marketed from Illinois fields has increased consid- erably in most of the last few years. In 1970, 198 million cubic feet was marketed, but the 197*+ marketed pro- duction was more than 7 times that figure. The sharp rise in marketed - 22 - TABLE 16— CONSUMPTION OF MAJOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN ILLINOIS, 1970-197*+ Product Unit 1971+ 1973 1972 1971 1970 Gasoline (excluding naphtha)* thousand bbl 119,637 120,558 115,526 109,818 105,323 Kerosinet thousand bbl 3,274 4.485 4,317 3,234 3,583 Distillate fuel oilt thousand bbl 54,050 53,865 55,276 49,467 45,517 Residual fuel oilt thousand bbl 28,532 29,195 29,581 22,835 28,618 Liquefied gasest thousand Propane gal 724,708 650,115 644,123 587,372 586,713 Butane 9,413 9,597 7,176 7,602 7,466 Butane-propane mix 319 801 1,546 1,101 1,429 Total 734,440 660,513 652,845 596,075 595,608 Asphalt* tons 1,792,502 2,060,144 1,565,675 1,910,674 2,105,700 Road oil# tons 179,891 236,972 210,660 236,917 322,629 * American Petroleum Institute Weekly Statistical Bulletins. t U.S. Bureau of Mines Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosine, Annual Statements, 1970-1974. f U.S. Bureau of Mines Sales of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Ethane, Annual Statements, I97O-1974. f U.S. Bureau of Mines Sales of Asphalt, Annual Statements, 1970-1974. production results mainly from (l) new production of gas from the Devonian for- mations of the Mattoon field (table 18), and (2) increases in the wellhead price. At present, natural gas is recovered in four counties — Coles, Wil- liamson, Saline, and Gallatin (table 18). The leading fields include Mattoon in Coles County (95.6 percent of the total production), Eldorado East in Saline and Gallatin Counties, Raleigh in Saline County, and Johnson City East in Wil- liamson County. Consumption — In 197*+, consumption of natural gas in Illinois (l,l63.2 billion cu ft) remained at approximately the level achieved in 1973 (l,l63.8 billion cu ft) (table 19). The decline of 6.h percent in consumption from the 1971 level is by no means an indication of a diminished demand for the commod- ity, but, rather, a reflection of the decreasing supply of natural gas (fig. 6). In 197*+, of the total amount of gas consumed in Illinois (l,l63 bil- lion cu ft), 97«2 percent (1,130 billion cu ft) was delivered to consumers and the remaining 2.8 percent was lost in extraction, used for pipeline fuel, or burned as lease plant fuel. The consumption of natural gas by consumer class is shown in figure 6. The only two sectors that increased consumption were residential (3.6 percent) and electric utilities (7.5 percent). Industrial and Construction Materials Clays Production — The types of clays mined in Illinois include common clay; refractory, or fire, clay; and absorbent clay (also referred to as fuller's - 23 - earth). In 197^, a total of 1,587,01+6 tons of clay, excluding fuller's earth, was produced, in Illinois. Of this total, 93.5 percent was common clay and the rest was refractory. In addition, a small amount of absorbent clay was produced in Illinois during 197U. At an average unit value of $2.36 per ton, the clays produced in Illinois were valued at $3.7 million, $0.1 million higher than the value reported for 1973. Clays were mined in 13 Illinois counties. The largest amount, 972,37*+ tons (6l.3 percent), was mined in La Salle County. Nine counties and 12 companies (15 operations) reported production of common clay and shale. In 197*+, refractory clay was mined in three counties by three companies, the same as in 1973. Pulaski County, which has only one mining company, continued to be the only county to produce absorbent clay. Trends in Illinois clay produc- tion are shown in figure 7. Produc- tion, which declined sharply in 1969, rose from 1971 through 1973, but in 197*+ plunged to a new low, the lowest in more than two decades. TABLE 17— PRODUCTION OF NATURAL GAS IN ILLINOIS, 1970-197^ Production (million ou ft) 1 Withdrawals Disposit ion From gas From oil Year wells wells Total Marketed Flared 1970 198 4,774 4,972 198 4,774 1971 498 3,997 4,495 498 3.997 1972 1,194 1,806 3,000 l.l9t 1.806 1973 1.638 NA 1.638 1,638 NA 1974 1.436 NA 1.436 1.436 NA NA ■ - Data not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbooks, 1970-1974. TABLE 18— PRODUCTION OF NATURAL GAS IN IL- LINOIS, BY FIELD AND COUNTY, 1973-197 1 + Production Change from (mill ion cu ft) 1973 to 1974 Gas field County 1974 1973 {%) Eldorado East Saline and Gallatin 13.2 71.4 -81.5 Harco East Saline 38.3 21.0 +82.4 Johnson City East Williamson 3.4 44.2 -92-3 Mattoon Coles 1,372.7 1, ,394.1 -1.5 Omaha Gallatin 4.1 39-7 -89.7 Pittsburgh North Williamson - 1.4 - Raleigh Saline 4.1 47.2 -91.3 Stiritz Williamson .2 18.6 -98.9 Total 1,436.0 1 ,637-6 -12.3 Source: Illinois State Geological Survey Oil and Gas Section. TABLE 19— CONSUMPTION OF NATURAL GAS IN IL- LINOIS, BY CONSUMER CLASS, 1973 AND 197^ Consumption and Uses — The common clays and shales produced in Illinois are used principally in the manufac- ture of brick, sewer pipe, drain tile, cement, and lightweight aggre- gate. Of the 1.6 million tons of com- mon clays produced in 197*+ » 29.8 per- cent was used in the production of common and face brick, k.Q percent in the manufacture of sewer pipe and drain tile, and most of the rest in the production of cement and light- weight aggregates. In 197*+, production of clays for common and face brick decreased to 18.6 percent below the 1973 production level. 1971 1973 Change from Percent Quantity Quantity 1973 to 1971 of total Consumer class (i nlll ion CU ft) (million cu ft) (*) consumption Residential 161,716 115,723 +3.6 39-7 Commercial 212,922 212,922 18.3 Industrial 109.573 121,573 -3.5 35-2 Electric utilities 12,792 39.823 ♦7-5 3.7 Other consumers* 3.192 5,608 -13.1 0.3 Total delivered to consumers 1.150,225 1.128,619 -0.1 97.2 Other usest 39.990 35.151 -6.1 2.8 Total consumption 1,163.215 1,163,800 -0.1 100.0 • Includes munlelpallti. :s and public au thorl .ties that use natural gas for : Ln- stitutlonal heating, : street lighting, and other purpose t Includes lease and pi: int fuel, pipell ne fi lei, and extra etlon loss. Source: U.S. Bureau Of Mines . Refractory clay produced in Illinois was used in the manufacture of refractory brick, stoneware, and other clay products. In spite of an increase - 2k - from the 1973 production, refractory- clay production in 197^ (102,585 tons) was 58. U percent below the 1968 production of 2^6,7^0 tons. Illinois production of absorbent clay also has declined in the past 6 years. Most of the absorbent clay produced in Illinois is used as ani- mal litter or in pesticides and re- lated products. Fl uorspar Production — In 197*+ Illinois con- tinued to be the leading fluorspar- producing state, contributing 76. It- percent of the nation's total fluor- spar shipments. Illinois produced 170,008 tons and shipped 153,698 tons of finished fluorspar during 197*+. Of the total shipped, 69,20*t tons were of acid grade (more than 97 percent calcium fluoride) and Qk 9 k9h tons were of metallurgical grade (less than 97 percent calcium fluoride) (table 20). All the fluorspar ore mined in Illinois came from Hardin and Pope Counties, where mining operations on a regular basis are carried out by the Minerva Oil Company and the Ozark-Mahoning Company. 8 04- 02- Percentoqe used -:-J Residential I Commercial J Industrial I Electric utilities Other consumers 56 34.5 '17 5 777}. ;7 7/ &2 33 7 ;40,6- Jll.5' 333 :383 '/ '104 33 7 38 4 •6.2' 50 '3 5' 376 395 30 40.9 Pig. 6 70 Consumption of natural gas in Illi- nois, 1968-1974. 2,500 - 2,000 -o c o 3 o I- 1,000 Refractory clay Common clay 1954 55 -1 1 1 1 60 65 1 r — 1 1 1 1 70 1974 Pig. 7 - Trends in Illinois clay production, 195*+- 197'+' - 25 - TABLE 2C 1— FLUORSPAR SHIPMENTS AND CONSUMPTION, ILLINOIS AND UNITED STATES , 1965-l9lk Shipme nts (tons) Consumption (tons ) Illinois United States Illinois shipments as percentage of Illino as p is consumption Acid Metallurgic al ercentage of Year grade grade Total total U.S. shipme ints Illinois United States* U.S. consumption 1965 88,700 70,440 159,ltO 240,932 66.1 56,697 930,127 6.10 1966 103,568 72 , 607 176,175 253,068 69.6 56,772 1,065,124 5-33 1967 120,388 89,819 210,207 295,643 71.1 60,521 1,091,158 5-55 1968 87,152 101,173 188,325 252,411 74.6 64.521 1,243,414 5.19 1969 47,776 40,704 88,480 182,567 48.5 78,727 1,356,624 5.80 1970 86,729 61,479 148,208 269,221 55.1 89,065 1,372,404 6.49 1971 72,51^ 65.537 138,051 272,071 50.7 89.971 1.344,742 6.69 1972 75,188 57.217 132,405 250,347 52.9 67,428 1.352,149 4.99 1973 93,062 72.751 165,813 248,601 66.7 86,715 1.351.705 6.42 197*+ 69,204 84,494 153,698 201,116 76.4 75.115 1.524,532 4.93 * Fluorspar consumed includes domestic and foreign material. Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. Shipments — In 197^ , Illinois producers shipped 1,271 tons of fluor- spar ore to foreign countries and 112, 09*+ tons to other states. These ship- ments accounted for 85.8 percent of the total Illinois fluorspar ore shipments. The remainder, 11,29k tons of ore, was shipped to Illinois consumers. Consumption — The reported consumption of fluorspar in the United States increased from 1,351,705 tons in 1973 to 1,524,532 tons in 19lk. The apparent U.S. consumption (production + imports - exports ± change in stocks) in 197^ totaled 1,1*28,675 tons, considerably lower (88,662 tons) than the ap- parent consumption in 1973. In 1971+, Illinois consumed 75,115 tons of fluorspar, or about k.9 percent of the total amount of fluorspar consumed in the United States. Illi- nois consumption as a percentage of the total United States consumption de- creased, while Illinois shipments as a percentage of United States shipments increased in 191 h (table 20). The decrease in Illinois consumption of fluor- spar was due primarily to the decline in production of raw steel. In 1971+, Illinois raw steel production totaled 12.9 million tons — 3.6 percent lower than the 1973 level. Fluorspar is used as a flux in the steel industry. Sand and Gravel Production — Sand and gravel deposits are widely distributed through- out Illinois. The principal sources of commercial sand and gravel are glacial deposits, chiefly valley trains and outwash plains. In 197^, Illinois pro- duced 17 million tons of sand (excluding industrial sand) and 2k million tons of gravel. At a per ton value of $1.6l, Illinois sand and gravel production was valued at $68.6 million. The 197^ sand and gravel production decreased 7.5 percent in tonnage and decreased 11.1 percent in value from the 1973 levels, The number of counties producing sand and gravel in 1974 totaled 6k (table 21 and fig. 8) . Sand and gravel was produced by 203 companies at 232 operations. The quantity of industrial sand produced in Illinois during 1971+ was just over 2 million tons, a drop of more than 50 percent from the 1973 production. At a unit value of $4.19, the value of industrial sand produced in Illinois is - 26 - County TABLE 21— SAND AND GRAVEL PRODUCED AND MODE OF TRANSPORTATION, BY COUNTY, IN 19lh Quantity (1000 tons) Mode of Shipment* Number of companies Number of operations Sand Gravel Industrial sand Undiffer- entiated Total produoed Value ($10,000) Barge Undistributed Adams 1 1 W w Alexander 1 1 — — Bond 3 3 W w Boone 2 2 w w Brown 1 1 - - Bureau 10 10 253 236 Champaign 6 7 402 267 Clark 3 It 97 310 Clinton 4 4 w w Coles 2 3 w w Cook 4 It 347 643 Crawford 3 3 47 240 Cumberland 1 1 30 31 De Kalb It 4 W W De Witt 1 1 w W Du Page 4 5 w W Fayette 2 2 w W Ford 4 6 222 79 Fulton t 4 W 158 Gallatin 2 2 w w Grundy 1 1 w _ Iroquois 1 1 — — Jackson 1 1 w — Jasper 1 1 — 13 Jo Daviess 1 1 w w Kane 11 17 2,202 3.808 Kankakee 3 3 W w Kendall 4 6 345 610 Lake 7 8 W 354 La Salle 11 14 373 348 Lawrence it 4 185 339 Lee 2 2 W w Livingston 2 2 w w Logan It 4 55 353 Mc Henry 13 16 2.696 3,051 McLean 2 2 103 34 Macon 3 3 484 178 Madison 2 2 w — Marshall 1 1 — 37 Mason 1 1 27 - Massac 2 2 W 42 Mercer 1 1 — — Moultrie 1 1 — — Ogle 2 2 w w Peoria 2 2 w w Pike 1 1 33 — Pulaski 1 1 — — Randolph 1 1 w — Rock Island 3 4 861 120 Sangamon t| 4 730 222 Schuyler 1 1 w W Scott 1 1 w — Shelby 2 2 w w Stark 1 1 w w Stephenson 1 1 w w Tazewell 3 7 w 573 Union 1 1 — 17 Vermilion 6 7 w w Wabash 3 3 64 43 White t 4 w w Whiteside 3 3 162 47 Will 8 8 483 1,160 Winnebago 6 8 588 268 Woodford 5 5 274 572 Undlstributed # tt 3 3 w w Concealments State Total 203 232 2,084 18 18 8 18 w 221 258 221 — w w W w w 6 w 69 558 904 558 w 669t 993 645 1 w 407t 617 407t w 145 168 145 24 w w w 20 1,010 1,703 1,010 140 427 318 427 — 61 123 61 w 219 344 170 — w w w w 1,063 2,210 1,063 w w W w 125 426 624 278 40 198t 415 198t 457 6,467 9.018 6,467 w 23 16 23 w 955t 996 955t 679 l,033t 1,294 l,033t 147 2,951 10,063 2,108 564 30 438 668 438 504 6,251 8,832 6,216 — 137 205 137 40 702 1,065 702 — W w w — 37 65 37 — 27 35 27 49 148 843 — 564 - — 33 44 33 _ — — 11 11 7 11 — — — _ w W w — — — — 981 2,427 w — w — w 952t 2,069 952t - - - _ w w w _ _ _ w w w w — — — w w w w — — — — w w w — — — - w 187 w - - - 28 60lt 1,811 60it — — — — 17 15 17 — — — w 282 299 266 16 — — I 107 122 107 — — — w 326 443 326 - - - 6 215 358 215 — — — 92 1 .735 3,088 w w — — w 856t 1,147 w w — — w 84 6t 1.905 846t — — — w 538 659 523 w — w 10 ,180 12.321 11 .114 306 2.333 49 42 .705 $68,566 58 ,937 1.165 2,333 270 * Prom commercial operations only; does not include government and contractor operations, t Withheld and not included in total. t Industrial sand production not reported, but a new plant was operating in Ogle County, t Less than 500 tons, ft County location not reported. w - withheld and not Included in total. Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. - 27 - Pig. 8 Illinois sand and gravel production, by county, 1974. Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines . estimated to be $2.08 million. Pro- duction of industrial sand was re- ported from La Salle, Fayette, and Ogle Counties. The number of operations pro- ducing sand and gravel continued to decline, and total production of sand and gravel, which had in- creased in 1973, declined by 7.5 percent in 1974 (fig. 9). Within the last 10 years , the number of plants producing more than 300,000 tons of sand and gravel has in- creased from 25 to 37. In table 22 sand and gravel production in 1973 and 1974 is shown by size of opera- tion. Transportation — The shipment of sand and gravel is restricted largely to areas within a radius of less than 50 miles from the pit site. In 1974, 91.2 percent of to- tal shipments went by truck. Ship- ment by barge showed a remarkable increase from 0.2 percent in 1973 to 5.5 percent of the total ship- ments in 1974, while rail shipments decreased from 4.2 percent to 2.7 percent (table 21). Consumption and Uses — Common sand and gravel produced in Illi- nois are used primarily for con- struction aggregate. Of the 34.5 million tons of common sand and gravel produced in 1974, more than 37.7 percent was used for paving, 40 percent for building construc- tion, and the remainder for other uses. In 1974, the quantity of com- mon sand and gravel used for paving decreased 38.4 percent, that used for building decreased 5.8 percent, and that used for fill and other uses increased 54.1 percent from the 1973 levels (table 23). Commercial sand 300 2 a. o 250 o 200 6 65 70 Pig. 9 - Trends in production of sand and gravel in Illinois, 1954-1974. - 28 - TABLE 22— -ILLINOIS SAND AND GRAVEL PRODUCTION IN 1973 AND 197*+, BY SIZE OF OPERATION* [Ml than 35.000 58 627 1 6 5) 486 1 25,000 to 49.999 35 1.2)) J )4 1 251 7 50,000 to 99.999 kfl 3,251 8 45 J 320 3 100.000 to 199.999 39 5.5*5 l) 6 )8 5 377 11 8 200.000 to 299.999 12 ).029 7 * l) 3 206 300.000 to J 99.999 12 4.363 11 12 4 263 3 400, 000 to "99.999 7 ).0J6 7 « 8 3 5)2 7 500,000 to >99.99T 3 1.612 * 5 2 79" t 600.000 to 699.999 2 1.317 3 2 ) 2 019 "» 700.000 to 799.999 3 2.156 5 3 2 1 tie 1 600,000 to 899,999 I 60? 2 2 1 T<*2 8 900.000 to 999.999 » 3.826 9 * 2 1 923 2 1,000,000 and ovar s. 9, t 8l9 -21 J. 8 J4, ,358 3*-3 Total .'.■■' 40.621 100 B 225 45 b9' 100 :obmt-o1s1 operations only, >; U.S. Bur.au or Mlnaa. TABLE 23— ILLINOIS SAND AND GRAVEL SOLD OR USED BY PRODUCER, BY CLASS OF OPERATION AND USE, 1973 AND 197*+ Building Pill Other uaaa* Total t Fill Other usee Totalt Industrial sand Blast Molding Olaaa Other uses' Totalt Total si 1S,780 20,459 l<*,655 12,988 20.248 21,089 6.947 6,0)1 4, £90 M 1.217 I* 34,463 49,955 40,721 ♦5-32 -49.85 ♦82.36 *24.l8 -9-42 278 5.536 322 6.156 174 80J 873 2.084 42,705 398 8,915 511 9.873 702 3.476 2,805 1.755 8.7)8 68,566 4,976 46,176 21,537 77,158 -52.76 -62.16 -ft. 83 -59-"3 -11.14 • Inolud : ral ro.0 b.ll.i t Number art ounled; the efore, totals do not neoenarlly add up. t In.1* . .Hi ne. riltrat on, foundry use, grinding and polishing, oil hydrofreo, pottery, abrasives. « - ,10. ■U t ...10 .1.. oslng confidential data of Individual ooapanles; Included under "Other ukb." - Data not available ^oe: U.S. Bureau of Industrial sand produced in 197*+ 'was sold in unground form for use in glass manufacturing, as molding sand, blasting sand, grinding and polishing sand, engine sand, sand for filtration, and sand for hydrofracturing in oil wells. Ground sand was sold for use in making chemicals, abrasives, enamels, glass, pottery, porcelain, and tile, and for fillers and foundry purposes. Stone Production — In spite of a 5 percent decrease in total stone produc- tion from 1973 (66.7 million tons) to 197*+ (63.2 million tons), the total value increased by 6.8 percent. The total value, $121.8 million, resulted from an increase in value per ton from $1.71 (1973) to $1.93 (197*0 (table 2k). Of the 63.2 million tons of crushed and broken stone produced in 197*+, tL.l million tons were limestone and 22.1 million tons were dolomite (table 25). In addition to crushed and broken stone, Illinois produced a small amount of dimension stone (stone quarried and prepared in blocks according to specifications) in Kane County. In 197*+» one dimension-stone quarry and 306 limestone and/or dolo- mite quarries were operating in Illinois. Sixty- three counties reported stone production in 197*+ — one fewer than in 1973 (fig. 10). The number of companies producing stone in 197*+ was 121. Illinois stone production by size of operation is shown in table 26. The number of quarries producing less than 100,000 tons of stone per year seems to be declining, while the number of quarries producing between 100,000 and 500,000 tons per year is steadily increasing. Quarries producing more than 500,000 tons per year also are increasing. The increase in size of operation basically reflects the entry of larger companies into the aggregate business. Large companies have sufficient capital to expand an operation and, as a re- sult, benefit from economies of scale. - 29 - TABLE 24— PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF ILLINOIS STONE, BY COUNTY AND MODE OF TRANSPORTATION, 19lh Number of Crushed a rid broken Production Mode of transportation Limestone Dolomite Value Truck Rail Barge Unspecified County quarries (tons) (tons ) Tons (*> (tons ) (tons) (tons ) (tons ) Adams I.O5I.785 _ 1 ,051,785 W 785,266 258,597 7.922 Boone W w W W W — — — Brown W — w w W — — — Calhoun 25.358 — 25.358 w 25,126 — 232 — Carroll 285,054 — 285,054 421,729 285,054 - — - Christian w — w w W _ — — Clark w w w w W — — — Clay 2 w — w w w — — — Clinton 2 w — w w w — — — Coles 2 602,607 - 602,607 1 .367.510 602,607 - - - Cook 18 w w ¥ w w W — — Cumberland 1 217 — 217 499 217 — — — De Kalb 2 w w w w w — — — Douglas 1 w — w w w — — — Du Page 1 - w w w w - — — Payette 2 w — w w w — — — Ford 1 3.995 — 3.995 8,000 3.995 — — — Pranklln 1 450 — 450 2,250 450 — — — Greene » 385.319 — 385,319 w 3&5.319 — — — Grundy 1 22,494 — 22,494 47,269 22,494 - - — Hancock 3 519.987 — 519.987 1 ,003,198 w — _ _ Hardin 7 2,269,430 — 2 ,269,430 3 .658,752 1,424,590 — 844,840 — Henderson K w w w w w — — — Henry 1 w — w w w — — — Iroquois 1 w - w w w — - - Jackson 1 w _ w w w _ _ _ Jersey 3 108,796 — 108,796 217.792 108,796 — — — Jo Daviess 16 w w 302,694 311.995 302,694 — — — Johnson 2 w — w w w w — — Kane 4 1,349,482 - 1 ,349,482 2 .577.458 1,349,482 - - - Kankakee 5 w w w w w w — — Kendall 1 w — w w w — — — Knox 1 w — w w w — _ — La Salle 8 2,248,914 — 2 ,248,914 3,474,128 1.939,898 — _ 309,016 Lee 8 W w 1 ,604,945 2 ,654,966 1,604,945 - - - Livingston 7 2,323,277 — 2 .323.277 4 ,776,208 2.323,277 — — — Logan 1 W — w w w — — — McDonough 2 W — w w w — — — Macoupin 1 W — w w w — — — Madison 3 w — w w w — — - Marion 2 W _ w w w _ — — Menard 2 w — w w w — — — Mercer 2 w — w w w — — — Monroe 3 w _ w w w w — — Montgomery 9 1,072,159 - 1 ,072,159 2 ,291.175 1,072,159 - - — Ogle 15 509,669 138,500 648,169 1 ,176.000 648,169 — — — Peoria 1 w — w w w — — — Pike 6 484,406 — 484,406 884,464 484,406 — — — Pulaski 1 W — w w w w — — Randolph 3 1,193,757 - 1 .193.757 2 ,468,135 575,334 618,423 - — Rock Island 7 w _ w w w — — — St. Clair 5 2,447,679 — 2 ,447,679 4 ,680,859 2,444,364 3.315 — — Sangamon 1 4,219 — 4,219 15,144 4,219 — — — Soott 3 522,879 — 522,879 993,572 522,879 — — — Shelby 1 w — w w w - - — Stephenson 9 324,908 — 324,908 490,564 324,908 — - - Union 3 w — w w W w — — Vermilion 4 w — w w w — — — Warren 2 w — w w w — — — Washington 2 w - w w w - — — Whiteside 5 w _ w w w _ — — Will 8 w w 5 .905.683 10 ,518,131 3,174,102 487,815 2,243,766 — Winnebago 24 w w 957.941 1 ,841,905 957,941 — — — Undistributed* 13 1,292.529 — 1 ,292,529 2 ,585,058 1,292,529 — — — Concealed totals 307 22.075.583 41,124,953 21.965.148 22,103,648 35 63 ,269,468 ,228,601 73 121 ,225,914 ,692,675 34,478,476 57.143,696 1.310.979 2.679.129 — — Totals 3.096,760 309,016 * County location not reported by producer. W - Withheld to avoid disclosing confidential data of Individual companies; Included in total. Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. - 30 - TABLE 25— PRODUCTION AND USE OF CRUSHED AND BROKEN STONE IN ILLINOIS IN 1974 i aggregate Road baa* stone Concrete aggregate Surfaoe treatment aggregate Bltu Unspecified oonatruc aggregate and road Agricultural purpose Cement Macadam aggregate Plux atone Riprap and Jetty sto Railroad ballast Other usest Totals 12.029.200 6.U59.220 l8.U88.U20 6,261,1*29 U.568.UU1 10, 829,870 2.8U5.28U - 2,823,269 3.127.352 6,236, 3Ul t. 519. 857 2,692,962 5 I *2.673 105.3U5 1,216,967 1,OUO,105 682,862 1,018.800 Ul,l2U,953 22.103.6U8 5.3U4.698 5.950,621 7.276.UU6 5.202.739 2,692.962 3,727.122 30U.682 687,632 U87.6U2 2-235.767 63.228,601 Change Pero«nt from 1973 of total (*) 29-2 -9-3 17.1 -7.0 8.5 -23-1 9.U «-6.6 11.5 +2U.2 8.2 +1U.8 U.2 +23.3 5-9 +60.5 1.92 1.92 1-97 2.03 1.79 1-93 1.39 2.01 1.67 2.63 1.93 Includes agricultural limestone and poultry grit. Includes stone for asphalt filler, chemicals, lime manufacture, mine dusting, filler, roofing aggregate, fill, waste material, whiting, and other uses. • Withheld to avoid disclosing confidential data of Individual companies; Included In total. Source: U.S. Bun of Mines. Shipment — Shipment of stone, a bulk commodity, is to a large ex- tent confined to areas near the quarry. Because the hauling dis- tance is short, most stone is shipped by truck. In 1974, of the state's total production (63.2 mil- lion tons), 90. 4 percent, or 57. 1 million tons , was shipped by truck (table 24). Other modes of ship- ment included rail (2.7 million tons) and barge (3.1 million tons). Consumption and Uses — Stone produced in Illinois may be classi- fied as (l) stone for construction aggregate, (2) stone for industrial and chemical use, and (3) stone for agricultural purposes. In 1974, of the 63.2 million tons of stone pro- duced in Illinois, 51.6 million tons (81.6 percent) was used for construction aggregate, 5.2 million tons for agricultural purposes, and 6.4 million tons for industrial, chemical, and other uses (fig. 11 ). Of the 51.6 million tons used for construction aggregate, 35.8 percent was used as road base stone, 21.0 percent for concrete aggregate, 10.4 percent for surface treatment aggregate, 11.5 percent for bituminous aggregate, and the rest (21.3 percent) as macadam and unspecified aggregate. Stone used for industrial and chemical purposes is high in cal- cium, usually being more than 95 percent CaO. High-calcium limestone was used in 1974 in the manufacture of cement and lime; in iron and steel making (as fluxstone); for rock dusting mines ; and in various chemical industries. 5,000,000 or more 2,000,000 - 4,999,999 1,000,000- 1,999,9! ^ 500,000-999,999 100,000-499,999 Less Ihon 99,999 No production reported 20 40 Miles Fig. 10 - Illinois stone production, by- county, 197^. Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. - 31 - TABLE 26— ILLINOIS STONE PRODUCTION, 1973 AND 197^, BY SIZE OF OPERATION '973 Site of operation Numbe (tons per year) quarr Production { tons ) Percent Numbe of total quarr Productio (ton.) Less than 25,000 25,000 to 49,999 50.000 to 74,999 75,000 to 99,999 100.000 to 199,999 200,000 to 299,999 300,000 to 399,999 UOO.OOO to 499,999 500,000 to 599,999 600,000 to 699,999 700,000 to 799,999 800,000 to 899,999 900,000 and over Totals 95^,629 1.901,750 901.972 1,113,317 1,586.931 5.380.399 6,512,124 5,461,124 1,588,809 4,392,282 2,346,661 4.192.533 23.898.512 63.231,343 105 69 1.8 7.3 8.5 10.3 8.6 2.5 6.9 3.7 6.6 100.0 315 875.532 2,911.367 846,926 1,082,912 6,008,232 4,405,163 7.222,913 4,020,360 2,751,844 1.954,473 3,707.113 802,000 30.061.420 66.650.255 1.3 1.6 9-0 6.6 10.9 6.0 4.1 2-9 5.6 1.2 Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. Fig. 11 - Trends in uses of crushed and broken stone produced in Illi- nois, 1954- 197U. Illinois consumes other state in the nation, is the leading producer of uses. more limestone for agricultural purposes than any Primarily because of this large market, Illinois agstone and ground limestone for other agricultural More than 80 percent of the dimension stone produced in Illinois was used as flagstone. The rest was used for veneer in house construction. Tripoli (Amorphous Silica) Production — The term "tripoli" comprises several fine-grained, po- rous, siliceous materials mined in five states: tripoli is produced in Arkan- sas, Missouri, and Oklahoma; amorphous, or soft, silica is mined in Illinois; and rottenstone is produced in Pennsylvania. Illinois has been the largest producer of these siliceous materials in recent years, accounting for more than 60 percent of the total United States production. During 197*+ , amorphous silica was produced from underground mines in Alexander County by two companies — the Illinois Minerals Company near Elco, and Tammsco, Inc., near Tamms . The value of unprocessed material used or sold decreased 32.6 percent, whereas the quantity produced decreased 2*+. 2 percent from the 1973 levels. Most of the Illinois production was processed in the state. Consumption and Uses — The amorphous silica processed in Illinois was used for abrasives and fillers. From 1973 to 197*+ , the percentage of finished material sold for abrasives increased from 1+9.2 to 50.0 percent, while that sold for filler decreased from kj.O to 1+6.2 percent. Metals Lead, Zinc, and Silver Production — The metals recovered from ore mined in Illinois include lead, zinc, and silver. During 197*+ , these metals were recovered from fluor- - 32 - spar ore mined in Hardin and Pope Counties by the Minerva Oil Company and the Ozark-Mahoning Company. In 191 h, 166,223 tons of fluor- spar ore were treated to recover U,10U tons of zinc, ^93 tons of lead, and a small amount of silver (table 27). In terms of recoverable metal, the production of lead de- creased 8.9 percent and the produc- tion of zinc decreased 21.8 percent from the 1973 levels. The value of lead production increased 26.1 per- zinc 35.9 percent, both Eagle-Picher in 1972 and the -is responsible for cent and that of The closing of mines — the Gray Bautsch in 1973 the more than 50 percent drop in production of lead and zinc in Illi- nois from 1973 to 197^. TABLE 27— PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF LEAD, ZINC, AND SILVER IN ILLI- NOIS, 1973 AND 197^ 197^ 1973 Mines producing, lode* 1 1 Material sold or treated (tons) Fluorspar ore 166,223 358,209 Lead-zinc ore — 66,8t8 Production, recoverable metal (tons) Zinc k.lW 5,250 Lead 4 93 5*1 Silver (troy ounces) w w Value ($1000) Zinc $2,947 $2,169 Lead 222 176 Silver W M ♦Fluorspar operations producing by-product lead and zinc not included in mine count. W - Withheld to avoid disclosing confidential data of individual companies. Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. No silver production was reported for Illinois for the years 1957 through 1970, but because of the recent rise in the price of silver it has again been recovered from both fluorspar and lead-zinc ores since 1971. Pri- marily because of the closing down of the Bautsch mine, the amount and value of silver recovered in 197^ dropped 68.2 and Ul.U percent, respectively, from the 1973 levels. The total amount of silver produced in Illinois remained very small. Data for silver production by individual companies are confiden- tial. Other Minerals Other minerals mined in Illinois include peat, gemstones, and ger- manium. Peat Although peat is classified as a fuel by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, it has never been used to any great extent as a fuel in this country. In the United States, 90 percent of the commercial sales (excluding imports) of peat is used for soil improvement. In 197^, Illinois ranked second, after Michigan, among the 23 peat- producing states and accounted for 13.1 percent of the nation's total peat production. Six companies produced 95 s 807 tons of peat from Cook, Kane, Lake, and Whiteside Counties. Production increased by 33.9 percent during 197^ (table 28). The three major kinds of peat — reed-sedge, moss, and peat humus — were produced in Illinois. - 33 - TABLE 28— PRODUCTION AND COMMERCIAL SALES OF PEAT IN ILLINOIS, 1970-197!+ Average Commercial value Illinois Number Production sales Value per ton production Year of plants ( tons ) ( tons ) ($) ($) (*)* 1970 6 62,990 63,341 711,000 11.23 12. 19 1971 7 72,523 71,823 W W 12.03 1972 5 69,523 7^ , 003 W W 12.06 1973 6 71,552 71,551 1,037,000 14.4-9 8.78 1974 6 95,807 95,807 1,412,000 14.74 13.11 * Illinois production as percentage of United States production. W - Withheld to avoid disclosing data from individual companies. Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. Gems tones The gemstone produced in Illinois is fluorspar. The stones contrib- ute very little to the value of total mineral production. The 1974 estimated value for gemstones remained about the same as for 1973 and cannot be disclosed without revealing data from individual companies. Germani urn Germanium is a minor by-product of the Illinois fluorspar-lead- zinc industry in Hardin and Pope Counties. It is recovered from residues from zinc concentrates by Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc., at its plant at Miami, Okla- homa. The main uses for germanium are in the manufacture of semiconductor devices and optical instruments. Mineral Materials Processed Mineral materials produced in other states but processed in Illinois in 1974 included bismuth, calcined gypsum, columbium, exfoliated vermiculite, expanded per lite, ground barite, ground mica, iron oxide pigments, natural gas liquids, pig iron, primary slab zinc, rare earths, recovered elemental sulfur, and secondary slab zinc. Bismuth — A small amount of metallic bismuth was recovered as a sec- ondary product from metal scrap in Illinois by the United Refining and Smelting Company in Franklin Park, Cook County. Bismuth is used as a metallurgical ad- ditive; in fusible alloys; and in pharmaceutical-chemical applications. Calcined Gypsum — Gypsum, which is imported from out-of-state mines, was calcined at Waukegan, Lake County, by the National Gypsum Company. In 1974 the quantity of gypsum calcined was 28 percent lower than in 1973 and the value was 22 percent less. Both quantity and value had established new annual records in 1973. - 3k - Columbium — Columbium concentrate from foreign sources and from tin smelter slags was processed by Fansteel, Inc., in North Chicago, Lake County. Columbium is used as a ferro-alloy in the steel industry. Figures are not available. Exfoliated Vermiculite — Crude vermiculite mined outside the state was processed at West Chicago, Du Page County, by the Construction Products Division of W. R. Grace and Company; at De Kalb, De Kalb County, by Mica Pel- lets, Inc.; and at Girard, Macoupin County, by the International Vermiculite Company. About 38 percent of the total amount of exfoliated vermiculite processed was used for loose-fill insulation. The 197*+ consumption of ver- miculite for concrete aggregates and for horticultural uses was 15.3 percent and l6.*+ percent of the total, respectively. Block insulation, plaster ag- gregate, and unspecified uses accounted for the other 30.3 percent of the total. The quantity of exfoliated vermiculite processed in 197*+ was 22.7 per- cent lower than in 1973, and the value decreased by 15.2 percent. Expanded Perlite — Crude perlite mined outside the state was proc- essed by Silbrico Corp. in Cook County, Mica Pellets in De Kalb County, Fil- ter Products Corp. and National Gypsum Company in Lake County, and Johns- Manville Perlite Corp. in Will County. Expanded perlite is used as an aggre- gate for concrete and plaster, for horticultural aggregate, in roof insulating board, for low-temperature insulation, as a filter aid, and for miscellaneous purposes. The quantity of expanded perlite produced in 197*+ showed an 11.6 percent decrease and the value a 5.7 percent increase from the 1973 levels. Illinois led the nation in production and in producer use and sales of expan- ded perlite. Ground Barite — In 197*+ ground barite was processed in East St. Louis in St. Clair County by Pfizer, Inc. The 197*+ value was 39.3 percent higher than that of 1973. Production decreased 12.3 percent from the 1973 level. Barite is used mainly as a weighting agent in oil and gas well-drilling muds. It is also used in paint, glass, and rubber manufacturing industries, and in the production of barium chemicals. Ground Mica — Scrap and flake mica was ground and processed in Forest Park, Cook County, by the U.S. Mica Company, Inc. More than 58 percent of the ground mica produced in 197*+ was used in cement for wall board joints and in roofing material; the rest was used in the plastics industry, in rubber molded products, as a coating agent on welding rods, for cable and wire in- sulation, in paint as a pigment extender, in well-drilling muds, and for dec- orative and miscellaneous uses. A drop of *+2.8 percent occurred in the pro- duction of ground mica in Illinois from 1973 to 197*+. The value of the product also decreased 29.5 percent from the 1973 value. Iron Oxide Pigments — Iron oxide pigments processed in Illinois in 197*+ showed a 39.2 percent decrease in quantity and a 17.*+ percent increase in value from 1973 levels. The finished pigments were produced from iron ore imported from other states by the Prince Manufacturing Co. of Quincy in Adams County; G. B. Smith Chemical Works of Maple Park in Kane County; and Pfizer, Inc., of East St. Louis in St. Clair County. Illinois was the leading pro- ! ijcr of finished ire n oxide pigments in 197*+. - 35 - Natural Gas Liquids — Natural gas liquids include ethane, propane, isobutane, unsplit butane, and a combination of gasoline and liquefied petro- leum gas (LPG). Natural gas was processed in 197^ in Douglas County at the Tuscola plant of the United States Industrial Chemical Co., a Division of National Distillers and Chemical Corp. Pig Iron and Raw Steel — During 197^ > 7.2 million tons of pig iron, valued at $1 billion, was produced in blast furnaces in Illinois. Production decreased by 9.8 percent, but increased in value by 71.5 percent from the 1973 levels. Four of the five Illinois steel plants are located in Cook County — Interlake Steel Co., International Harvester Company's Wisconsin Steel Division, United States Steel Corp., and Republic Steel Corp. The fifth plant, Granite City Steel Division of National Steel Corp., is in Madison County. According to the American Iron and Steel Institute, 12.9 million tons of raw steel was produced in Illinois in 197^, a decrease of 3.7 percent from the 1973 level of 13.1+ million tons. Primary Slab Zinc — Special high-grade zinc was processed from domes- tic and foreign ores and concentrates at the electrolytic zinc plant at Sauget in St. Clair County. The plant is operated by AMAX, Inc. Recovered Elemental Sulfur — During 197^ » elemental sulfur was recov- ered by four companies: The Anlin Co. of Illinois at its chemical plant in Madison County; Union Oil Co. of California at its Chicago refinery in Will County; Marathon Oil Co. , at its Robinson refinery in Crawford County; and Mobil Oil Corp. at its new Joliet refinery in Will County. The Anlin Co. of Illinois processed gas streams to recover sulfur from the refineries of Shell Oil Co. and Amoco Oil Co. at Wood River and from the Clark Oil and Refining Corp. refinery at Hartford. The amount of sulfur recovered in 197^ was 23 percent higher than that recovered in 1973, and the value increased by more than 100 percent. Il- linois ranked fifth in the nation in quantity of recovered elemental sulfur and third in value. Secondary Slab Zinc — During 197^, secondary slab zinc was produced by Apex Smelting Co. at Chicago, Cook County, and by Sandoval Zinc Co. at Sandoval, Marion County. Mineral Products Manufactured The mineral products manufactured in Illinois in 197^ from crude mineral materials mined in Illinois and/or elsewhere included cement, clay products, coke, lime, and glass. Available statistical data on production, consumption, and uses are given below. Cement Production — In Illinois 1,592,2^9 tons of finished portland cement and 76,950 tons of prepared masonry cement were manufactured in 197^, a k,0 percent increase in production of portland cement and a 9.0 percent decrease - 36 - in production of masonry cement from 1973. The value of portland cement in- creased 13.8 percent and that of masonry cement 11.3 percent during that time. Cement was produced by three companies in Illinois — Marquette Cement Manufac- turing Co. at Oglesby in La Salle County, Medusa Cement Co. at Dixon in Lee County, and Missouri Portland Cement Co. at Joppa in Massac County. Finished portland cement shipments totaled 1,1+60,237 tons and were valued at $Ul million, a 7.1 percent decrease in quantity and a 13.8 percent increase in value from 1973 levels. Prepared masonry cement shipments totaled 69,163 tons and were valued at $3.2 million, a 21.6 percent decrease in quan- tity and an 11.3 percent increase in value from 1973 levels (table 29). The raw materials used in the manufacture of portland cement included limestone, sandstone, shale, clay, sand, slag, fly ash, and gypsum. Of the total 2,692,962 tons of crushed limestone produced in Illinois for use in cement manufacture in 197*+, 96.7 percent was consumed within the state and 3.3 percent was exported to other states. Bulk shipments of cement from Illinois plants to customers were made by truck, rail, and barge. Of the total shipped in bulk, 96 percent was trans- ported by truck. Of the total container shipments, 9h percent went by truck and 6 percent by rail. Consumption — A total of 3,593,000 tons of portland cement was con- sumed in Illinois in 197*+ — 556,000 tons less than the amount consumed during 1973 (fig. 12). Plants in Illinois produced only h0.6 percent of the portland cement consumed in Illinois. The other 59.*+ percent was imported from other states. In 1973 Illinois consumption of masonry cement reached a record high for the decade, 129,000 tons, but decreased to 117,000 tons in 197*+ (fig. 13). Shipments of masonry cement from Illinois plants accounted for only 59.1 per- cent of the total Illinois consumption of masonry cement. The amount of ma- sonry imported into the state has been steadily increasing for the past 7 years, TABLE 29 — PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF CEMENT MANUFACTURED IN ILLINOIS, 1973 AND 197*+ Finis hed portland cement Pre pared masonry cement Change from Change from 1973 to 197^ 1973 to 1974 197^ 1973 {%) 1974 1973 (*) Number of active plants 4 3 +33.33 2 3 -33.33 Production (tons) 1,592,249 1,530,833 +4.01 76,950 84,575 -9.02 Shipment from mills Quantity (tons) 1,460,237 1,571,813 -7.10 69,163 88,318 -21.69 Value $4 1,022,966 $36,064,129 + 13.75 $3,228,203 $2,900,675 +11.29 Average value per ton $28.10 $22.94 +22.49 $46.68 $32.84 +42 . 14 Stocks at mills, Dec. 31 176,094 108,690 +62.01 13,217 5,430 +143.41 ( tons ) Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. - 37 - Consumption 3,750 3,000 1,500- 750 Net imports Production- r \ ^-- — — 65 66 67 68 69 70 I'd 73 1974 130- 115- Consumption v /-"" , '"^V / o loo- 's Net imports •o c o 1 85^ - / Si*" \ J y. ProduCtion-A J V 70- W 55- 0-" j Fig. 12 - Production and consumption of finished portland cement in Il- linois, 1963-197^- 1963 64 65 66 67 68 69 72 73 1974 Fig. 13 - Production and consumption of pre- pared masonry cement in Illinois, 1963-197^. Coke Production — In 197^, a total of 1,912,000 tons of coke was produced and 210,000 tons of coke breeze was recovered from four oven-coke operations — three in Cook County and one in Madison County. Production was down 1.5 per- cent for coke and 5.8 percent for breeze from 1973 (table 30). On the basis of the national average value of $65.7*+ per ton, up $22.82 per ton from 1973, received by producers for all grades of coke, Illinois coke production for 197*+ was worth $125.7 million, 50.9 percent higher than the 1973 value. Of the coke produced in 197*+ » 9*+. 5 percent was used in blast furnaces by the produc- ing companies, and the remainder was sold. By-products, other than coke breeze, recovered at Illinois oven-coke plants included coke-oven gas, tar, crude light- oil, and ammonia. The coal used for the manufacture of coke in Illinois in 197*+ came from five other states — Kentucky, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Arkansas — as well as from Illinois. Illinois contributed 35.*+ percent and Kentucky 37.5 percent (table 31). The amount of Illinois coal used for coking has declined for the past 6 years. Arkansas sent coking coal to Illinois for the first time in 1972, shipping 105,000 tons. It increased shipments to 150,000 tons in 1973 and 178,000 tons in 197*+. Illinois coal used for coking purposes in 197*+ was shipped primarily from mines in Franklin County, Jefferson County, and Saline County, according to the U.S. Bureau of Mines. - 38 - TABLE 30— PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION, BY USE, OF COKE IN ILLINOIS, 1970-197U Coke Coke uses ( 1000 tons ) Total coke Breeze Total breeze production Blast Other indus- Residential consumption* production consumption Year ( 1000 tons) furnace Foundry trial plants heating ( 1000 tons) ( 1000 tons) (1000 tons) 1974 1,912 2,867 213 32 t 3,112 212 365 1973 1,941 3,610 204 28 1 3.843 223 241 1972 2,085 2,993 I89 16 4 3,201 186 278 1971 2,144 3,298 178 26 3 3,505 189 367 1970 2,356 3,705 183 27 3 3,917 206 461 * Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding, t Included with "Other industrial plants." Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. Consumption and Uses — Illinois consumed 3,112,000 tons of coke and 365,000 tons of coke breeze in 197^ (table 30), a 19 percent decrease in coke and a 51.5 percent decline in breeze from the 1973 consumption levels. The increase in consumption of coke during 1973 basically reflects the increase in pig iron production. Coke is also used for foundry and other industrial purposes, and a very small amount is used for residential heating. Coke breeze was used for fuel in steam plants, in agglomerating plants, and for other uses, Lime Production — In 197*+, Illinois ranked seventh in the nation in lime production. Hydrated lime and quick- lime were produced by two companies: Marblehead Lime Co. has four plants, two in Adams County and two in Cook County, and Vulcan Materials Co. has one plant in Cook County. The total amount produced in 197^ 'was 6.5 per- cent below the 1973 level (fig. lU). The lime was shipped to consumers in Illinois, adjoining states, and Can- ada. Consumption and Uses — A total of 1,165,000 tons of lime was consumed in Illinois, 3.1 percent less than in 1973 (fig. 1*0. The lime was used in steel furnaces, in refractories, for water purification, for sewage treat- ment, and for other purposes. Even though it is a major lime producer, Illinois continued to be a net im- porting state. 1200- 800- 600 400 200 1963 64 Fig. 14- - Trends in consumption of quick and hydrated lime in Illinois, 1974. Source: U.S. Bureau of 1974 lime 1963- Mines - 39 - TABLE 31— QUANTITY AND VALUE OF OR USED BY PRODUCER COKE AND BY-PRODUCTS PRODUCED, SOLD, IN ILLINOIS, 1973 AND 19lh i?7^ 1973 Value at plant Value at plant Coke and by-products Total Average Total Average Quantity ($1000) ($ per ton) Quantity ($1000) ($ per ton) Plants in operation Coal, carbonized Coal per ton of coke Coke produced Coke yield, percent of coal carbonized Source of coal carbonized Illinois Kentucky West Virginia Pennsylvania Virginia Arkansas Total From stock Coke sold or used by producer Blast furnace Other purposes Commercial sales Blast furnaces Other industrial plants Residential Coke oven by-products Ammonia produced (sulfate equivalent) Per ton of coal coked Sulfate equivalent sold Coke oven gas produced Per ton of coal Used in heating coke ovens Surplus used or sold Wasted Light oil and derivatives sold Tar produced Per ton of coal coked Used by producers Sold for refining Total coke and by-products sold or used (excluding light oil and derivatives sold) * Estimated from blast furnace price. W - Withheld to avoid disclosure of data Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines. thousand tons tons thousand tons percent 3,013 98,910 32.83 I.58 — 51-87 1,912 125.694 65.74 63.1+6 — — thousand tons 1 ,060 thousand tons 1 ,122 thousand tons 558 thousand tons 24 thousand tons 51 thousand tons 178 thousand tons 2 ,992 thousand tons 21 3,108 50,177 16.14 1.60 — 25.82 1.941 83,308 42.92 62.45 — — 1,150 1,084 552 53 42 150 3,071 37 thousand tons 1,807 116,740 — 1,974 73,131 thousand tons W W — w w thousand tons W W — w w thousand tons - - - - - thousand tons — — — — — thousand tons 23 — — 23 — — lb 15.27 — — 14.80 — — thousand tons 24 1,310 — 25 524 — million cu ft 30,245 — — 31,841 — — thousand cu ft 10.04 — — 20.24 — — million cu ft 13,409 — — 12,888 — — million cu ft 15,711 5.498 0.35/Mcf 17.755 1.107 0.248/Mcf million cu ft 1,125 — — 1,148 — — thousand gal 7,048 — — W WW thousand gal 19.728 — — 21,488 — — gal 6.55 — — 6 -91 — — thousand gal W — — W — — thousand gal 16,067 4,192 0.26l/gal 17.331 1.923 0. Ill/gal 136,694 90,162 from individual companies. - ko - Clay Products To obtain accurate, current information about the amount and value of clay products manufactured in Illinois, the Illinois State Geological Sur- vey each year sends questionnaires to all producers in the state. Twenty-six companies responded to the canvass for 197^+. Thirteen companies reported clay mining operations. Clay products valued at $56.9 million were produced in Illinois in 197^. Included in this value are whiteware and pottery ($31.9 million), structural clay products (brick, drain tile, and sewer pipe) ($13.0 million), refractories ($7*5 million), and lightweight aggregate and other products. SELECTED LIST OF SURVEY PUBLICATIONS MINERAL ECONOMICS BRIEFS SERIES 5. Summary of Illinois Mineral Production in 1961 . 1962. 11. Shipments of Illinois Crushed Stone, 1954-1964. 1966. 12. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the East St. Louis Region, Illinois. 1966. 13. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Extreme Southern Illinois Region. 1966. 17. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Springfield Region, Illinois. 1967. 19. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Western Illinois Region. 1967- 20. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Northwestern Illinois Region. 19&7- 22. Mineral Resources and Mineral Industries of the Northeastern Illinois Region. 1968. 26. Evaluation of Fuels — Long-Term Factors and Considerations. 1969. 27. Illinois Mineral Production by Counties, 1968. 1970. 29. Directory of Illinois Mineral Producers. 1971. INDUSTRIAL MINERALS NOTES SERIES 13. Summary of Illinois Mineral Industry, 1951-1959. 1961. 17. Pelletizing Illinois Fluorspar. 1963. 19. Binding Materials Used in Making Pellets and Briquets. 1964. 20. Chemical Composition of Some Deep Limestones and Dolomites in Livingston County, Illinois. 1964. 21. Illinois Natural Resources — An Industri 1 Development Asset. 1964. 23. Limestone Resources of Jefferson and Marion Counties, Illinois. 1965- 24. Thermal Expansion of Certain Illinois Limestones. 1966. 26. Binders for Fluorspar Pellets. 1966. 27. High-Purity Limestones in Illinois. 1966. 29. Clay and Shale Resources of Clark, Crawford, Cumberland, Edgar, Effingham, Jasper, and Vermilion Counties. 1967. 30. Lightweight Bricks Made with Clay and Expanded Plastic. 1967. 31. Clays as Binding Materials. 1967. 32. Silica Sand Briquets and Peliets as a Replacement for Quartzite. 1968. 34. Neutron Activation Analysis at the Illinois State Geological Survey. 1968. 35. Computer-Calculated Lambert Conformal Conic Projection Tables for Illinois ( 7.5-Minute Intersections). 1968. 38. Kankakee Dune Sands as a Commercial Source of Feldspar. 1969- 39. Alumina Content of Carbonate Rocks as an Index to Sodium Sulfate Soundness. 1969. 40. Colloidal-Size Silica Produced from Southern Illinois Tripoli. 1970. 41. Two-Dimensional Shape of Sand Made by Crushing Illinois Limestones of Different Textures. 1970- 42. An Investigation of Sands on the Uplands Adjacent to the Sangamon River Floodplain: Possibilities as a "Blend Sand" Resource. 1970. 43. Lower Mississippi River Terrace Sands as a Commercial Source of Feldspar. 1970. 44. Analyses of Some Illinois Rocks for Gold. 1970. 45. Clay and Shale Resources of Madison, Monroe, and St. Clair Counties, Illinois. 1971. 46. Sideritic Concretions in Illinois Shale, Gravel, and Till. 1972. 47. Selected and Annotated List of Industrial Minerals Publications of the Illinois State Geological Survey. 1972. ILLINOIS MINERALS NOTES SERIES (The Illinois Minerals Notes Series continues the Industrial Minerals Notes Series and incorporates the Mineral Economics Briefs Series) 48. Illinois Mineral Production by Counties, 1970. 1972. 49. Clay and Shale Resources of Peoria and Tazewell Counties, Illinois. 1973- 50. By-Product Gypsum in Illinois — A New Resource? 1973. 51. Illinois Mineral Production by Counties, 1971. 1973. 53. Coal Resources of Illinois. 1974. 54. Properties of Carbonate Rocks Affecting Soundness of Aggregate — A Progress Report. 1974. 55. The Energy Crisis and Its Potential Impact on the Illinois Clay Products Industry. 197 1 *. 56. Commercial Feldspar Resources in Southeastern Kankakee County, Illinois. 1974. 57. Electric Utility Plant Flue-Gas Desulfurization: A Potential New Market for Lime, Limestone, and Other Carbonate Materials. 1974. 58. Illinois Mineral Industry in 1972 and Review of Preliminary Mineral Production Data for 1973. 197^. 59. The Distribution and Physical Properties of Chert Gravel in Pike County, Illinois. 1974. 60. Factors Responsible for Variation in Productivity of Illinois Coal Mines. 1975. 61. Behavior of Coal Ash In Gasification Beds of Ignifluld Boilers. 1975. 62. Illinois Mineral Industry in 1973 and Review of Preliminary Mineral Production Data for 1974. 1975. 63. Place of Coal in the Total Energy Needs of the United States. 1976. 64. Directory of Illinois Mineral Producers, 1974. 1976. 65. Illinois Coal: Development Potential. 1976 .