THE USE OF ESTER FRACTIONS IN DE- 
 TERMINING THE PURITY OF FATS 
 
 BY 
 
 CARL BECKER 
 
 THESIS 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE 
 
 TN 
 
 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 
 
 COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 1922 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2015 
 
 
 
 https://archive.org/details/useofesterfractiOObeck 
 
/ S22 
 
 B3S 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 __Llay__8^ i 92 _ 2 ._ 
 
 THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY 
 Carl Becker 
 
 ENTITLED__Tli9__Uj3.8-jDf--EL3.tiai2-£r^c4>.i-o»it--iTi-IIai.Qrjiiinin^__tha. 
 
 _?_? _ 
 
 IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 
 DEGREE OF BajchaLar — oi'--Sc.i32ac-e--in._CLi.e.Piica.l — Sn-gi^^ie-e-rA-n-e^ 
 
 Instructor in Charge 
 
 HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 CHEMISTRY 
 
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 ance which made its* solutioaipossible . 
 

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of Contents 
 
 I IntrocLuction. 
 
 II Method’ 
 
 (si) Conjjtints for Cotton Seed 
 OIX, Linseed Oil, and- Soy 
 Be An Oil . 
 
 (b) Muiterition Tests, 
 
 III A^psiratus and Details 
 
 IV Solutions 
 
 V Conclusion 
 
 VI B1 b li o^u ^hy 
 
1 . 
 
 Ti^Use of Ester Fra.ctions in Determining 
 Tile P.urity of Fats. 
 
 I Introduction. 
 
 It is obvious that fhere is an urgent need for 
 a short, reliable method for the detection of adultei*ants 
 in fats and oils. There are thousands of manufacturing 
 concerns that use great quantities of various fats and oils 
 without any definite information as to their purity. 
 
 Of course, if It were known that a certain oil, 
 say olive oil, was packed and shipped directly from the 
 olive orchard, then it would be safe to say that the oil 
 was pure. But there have been so many cases and types of 
 oil and fat adulteration, that a concern using any quantity 
 of oil cugiit to take avery precaution to determine its pur- 
 ity . 
 
 At present the methods of testing oils are by 
 means of the Iodine Humber, So.pcnif ication Humber, Index 
 of Refraction, and other similar physical and chendcal 
 constants, or by repeated fractional crystallization of 
 the acids as a qualitative measure. They are not of much 
 value, hov/ever, because an oil, by the use of two adulter- 
 ants, can be adulterated so that it will e:±iiblt the same 
 balanced physical and chemical properties as the pure oil. 
 For example, an oil like olive oil (Iodine Humber 90) can 
 be adulterated with two cheap oils, one having a higher 
 iodine number and the other a lov/er iodine num^er than 90 . 
 By regulating the proportions in which they ar® added, an 
 
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 V 
 
2 
 
 iodine number of 66-9u can be obtained which, is the range 
 of iodine numbers of olive oil. 
 
 The index of refraction varies approximately as 
 the iodine number and molecular weight, that is, it in- 
 creases vjitn the degree of unsaturation and with tne ivom- 
 ber of carbon atoms in tne molecule. From tnis it can be 
 seen that if tne iodine value of an oil is duplicated, 
 txi.en the index of refraction -.Iso becomes approximately 
 equal to that of txie pure oil. 
 
 The saponification numbers oi practically all 
 fats and oils are within such a close range tnat they of- 
 fer very little evidence <^s to tne purity of the fat, 
 except with such very unusual fats as coconut oil and butter 
 fat. 
 
 Thus it can be seen that the iodine number, sa- 
 ponification number, and index of refraction, are of no 
 great value in determining the nature of tne adulterations 
 of a fat . 
 
 It was thought the acids of tucf fats used in bal- 
 ancing each other as adulterants of a tnird fat may vary 
 among themselves in one of their constants to such an ex- 
 tent, that if a derivative of the entire fat may be obtained 
 vdiich can be fraction<ited, the acids of the mixture v/ill 
 distribute themselves among the fractions in a fashion diff- 
 erent from tne acids of the genuine fat. One of the most 
 important steps in the examination of a volatile oil depends 
 upon the comparison of tne constants of a fractionated oil 
 
4 
 
 II': Method. 
 
 The esters of fatty acias may be prepared from 
 a fat by tne method of Haller^, 500 grams of the oil are 
 esterigled with 1000 cc . of absolute methyl alcohol satur- 
 atea with dry hydrochloric acid gas by refluxing for twenty 
 hours . The whole is then poured over a salt-ice mixture 
 and stirred vigorously. Then the ester layer is separated 
 from the alcohol and glycerine, shaken v;ith barium carbonate 
 to remove any free mineral acid, and then distilled under 
 reduced pressure into five equal fractions. The Iodine ana 
 Saponification kumoers and the Indeces of Kei.raction of 
 these fractions are then determined ana compared with the 
 constants obtained by using a similr quantity of tne pure 
 oil or fat. 
 
 Tables 0,4,5 ,6 ,7, and 8 show the constants that 
 were obtained from samples of pure cotton Seed Oil, Linseed 
 Oil, and Soy Bean Oil, 
 
 Tables 9,10, 11,12,13, and 14 show the results 
 obtained by using the adulterated samples as Indicated. 
 
 Table 15 was obtained from a sample of crude Soy 
 
 Bean Oil , 
 
 Tables 1 and 2 were obtu.ined by distilling the 
 esters at equal temperature ranges. Fractions were taken 
 every 4°C . 
 
5 
 
 
 P.ure 
 
 Cotton Seed 
 
 Oil 
 
 
 
 
 Equal Te 
 
 x.perature Ka: 
 
 nge Fractions 
 
 
 Table 1 . 
 
 
 First j 
 
 Kun 
 
 
 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 lod. No, 
 
 8U .5 
 
 96 .2 
 
 120.6 
 
 136 .2 
 
 123.0 
 
 Sap , No . 
 
 198 .6 
 
 198 .5 
 
 195 .6 
 
 194.8 
 
 178 .0 
 
 Index Ref . 
 
 1 .4546 
 
 1.4550 
 
 1 .4586 
 
 1.4629 
 
 1.4596 
 
 Pres, mm. 
 
 30.0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Temp . ° C . 
 
 -218 
 
 218-22 
 
 222-26 
 
 226 -30 
 
 230-35 
 
 Table 2. 
 
 
 Sec end 
 
 Run 
 
 
 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 lod. No. 
 
 7B .4 
 
 98.7 
 
 119 .0 
 
 134.0 
 
 119 .6 
 
 Sap .No. 
 
 199 .8 
 
 198 .0 
 
 194.2 
 
 193 .2 
 
 175 .9 
 
 Index Ref. 
 
 1.454 
 
 1 .4569 
 
 1 .4584 
 
 1 .4623 
 
 1 .4686 
 
 Pres . mm . 
 
 oO .0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 T emp . ° C . 
 
 -218 
 
 218 -23 
 
 223-26 
 
 226 -31 
 
 231-36 
 
 Table 3 . 
 
 Equal Volume 
 
 Fractions 
 
 
 
 
 
 First ; 
 
 Run 
 
 
 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 lod , No . 
 
 80 .0 
 
 95 ,0 
 
 110 .1 
 
 123.5 
 
 134 ,6 
 
 Sap . No. 
 
 198 .9 
 
 195 .6 
 
 193 .5 
 
 190 .2 
 
 188 .6 
 
 Index Ref . 
 
 1.454 
 
 1.457 
 
 1.458 
 
 1.459 
 
 1.463 
 
 Pres. mm. 
 
 26 .0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - - 
 
 Temp . ° C . 
 
 -216 
 
 216 -20 
 
 220-22 
 
 222-24 
 
 224-31 
 

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Equiil Volume Fractions of Cotton Seed Oil--Cont 
 
 6 
 
 Table 4. 
 
 
 Second 
 
 Run 
 
 
 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 lod , No . 
 
 81.0 
 
 95 .2 
 
 111.0 
 
 122.9 
 
 133.9 
 
 Sap . No. 
 
 198 .0 
 
 194.9 
 
 193 .0 
 
 191.3 
 
 189 .0 
 
 Index Ref . 
 
 1 .4543 
 
 1.4571 
 
 1.4583 
 
 1 .4594 
 
 1.46 
 
 Pres . mm. 
 
 26 .0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 T emp . ^ C . 
 
 -216 
 
 216 -20 
 
 220-22 
 
 222-23 
 
 223-50 
 
 Table 5 . 
 
 P_ure Soy Bean Oil 
 Equal Volume Fractions 
 First Run 
 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 I od . No . 
 
 112 .0 
 
 124 .0 
 
 136 .0 
 
 144.5 
 
 136 .3 
 
 Sap . No. 
 
 192 .0 
 
 191.0 
 
 190 .0 
 
 189 .5 
 
 139 .0 
 
 Index Ref . 
 
 1 .4566 
 
 1 .4585 
 
 1 .4594 
 
 1 .460 
 
 1 .465 
 
 Pre s . mm . 
 
 17 .0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 T emp . ® C . 
 
 -210 
 
 210 -13 
 
 213-14.5 
 
 214 .5 -17 
 
 217 -25 
 
 Table 6 . 
 
 
 Second 
 
 Run 
 
 
 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 lod. No. 
 
 113.0 
 
 124 .7 
 
 134.2 
 
 143.9 
 
 135 .6 
 
 Sap . No . 
 
 195 .0 
 
 191.6 
 
 190 .6 
 
 190 .0 
 
 189 .0 
 
 Index . Ref . 
 
 1 .4570 
 
 1 .4588 
 
 1 .4595 
 
 1.4596 
 
 1 .4648 
 
 Pres . mm . 
 
 17 .0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 T emp . ® C . 
 
 -211 
 
 211-12 
 
 212 -13 .5 
 
 213 .5-18 
 
 218 -24 
 
-'T ■ 
 
7,. 
 
 Pure Linseed Oil 
 Equal Volume Fractions 
 
 Table 7 . 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 First Run 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 lod. No. 
 
 166 .0 
 
 178 .0 
 
 185 .0 
 
 192 .1 
 
 191.0 
 
 Sap , No. 
 
 195 .0 
 
 L83 .5 
 
 181 .5 
 
 178 .5 
 
 173 .0 
 
 Index Ref . 
 
 1.465 
 
 1 .4652 
 
 1 .4665^ 
 
 1 .4667 
 
 1.4675 
 
 Pres . mn . 
 
 14 .0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 T emp . C . 
 
 -209 
 
 209 -10 
 
 210-11 
 
 211-12 
 
 212-14 
 
 Table 8 . 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 Second Run 
 
 II III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 lod . No . 
 
 166 .5 
 
 173 .5 
 
 184.8 
 
 192 .4 
 
 191.1 
 
 Sap . No. 
 
 193 .6 
 
 184.0 
 
 132 .0 
 
 178 .0 
 
 173.8 
 
 Index Ref . 
 
 1 .465 
 
 1 .4653 
 
 1 .466 
 
 1,4869 
 
 1 .4678 
 
 Pres . mm . ‘ 
 
 14.0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Temp . ® C . 
 
 -208 
 
 206-10 
 
 210-11 
 
 211-12 
 
 212 -16 
 
 Table 9 . 
 Fraction 
 
 25? Cotton 
 
 I 
 
 Seed Oil a: 
 II 
 
 nd 75? Linseed Oil 
 III IV 
 
 V 
 
 lod . No . 
 
 142 .8 
 
 157 .2 
 
 164.4 
 
 177 .4 
 
 178.8 
 
 Sap . No. 
 
 194 .5 
 
 186 .0 
 
 134.2 
 
 180 .2 
 
 177 .0 
 
 Index Ref . 
 
 1 .46 o5 
 
 1 .462 
 
 1 .464 
 
 1.465 
 
 1.466 
 
 Pres . nm . 
 
 20 .0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Temp C . 
 
 -215 
 
 215-16 
 
 216 -17 
 
 217-18 
 
 218-24 
 
 
8 
 
 5^ Gotten Seed Oil and 96^ Linseed Oil 
 
 Table 10. 
 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 lod . Ko . 
 
 161.8 
 
 173.2 
 
 178.8 
 
 188 .2 
 
 189 .0 
 
 Sap . No, 
 
 193.9 
 
 184.5 
 
 182 .9 
 
 179 .0 
 
 174.6 
 
 Index Ref . 
 
 1.4627V 
 
 1 .4640 
 
 1.4650 
 
 1 .4660 
 
 1 .4670 
 
 Pres . mm . 
 
 18 .0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - _ 
 
 Temp C . 
 
 -214 
 
 214-16 
 
 216-17? 
 
 217 -18 
 
 218 -25 
 
 
 2^ Cotton Seed Oil 
 
 and 98^ Linseed Oil 
 
 
 Table 11. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 lod. No. 
 
 16 3 .0 
 
 175 .2 
 
 180 .9 
 
 190 .3 
 
 190 .6 
 
 Sap .No. 
 
 193 .7 
 
 164 .4 
 
 182 .9 
 
 179 .0 
 
 174 .6 
 
 Index Ref . 
 
 1 .4635 
 
 1 .4647 
 
 1 .4655 
 
 1 .4664 
 
 1 .4675 
 
 Pres . mm . 
 
 18 .0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — . 
 
 
 Temp .° C . 
 
 -214 
 
 214-16 
 
 216 -18 
 
 216-19 
 
 219 -24 
 
 
 5^ Linseed Oil and 
 
 95$^ Cotton 
 
 Seed Oil 
 
 
 Table 12. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 lod. No. 
 
 86 .0 
 
 100.6 
 
 116 .4 
 
 127 .3 
 
 137 .2 
 
 Sap . No . 
 
 196 .4 
 
 193 .1 
 
 192 .0 
 
 190 .2 
 
 189 .9 
 
 Index Ref , 
 
 1 .4560 
 
 1 .4589 
 
 1.4-596 
 
 1 .4619, 
 
 1.4641 
 
 Pres . mm . 
 
 16 .0 
 
 - 
 
 — — 
 
 — • 
 
 
 Temp C . 
 
 -208 
 
 208-12 
 
 212-14 
 
 214-15 
 
 215 -20 
 
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 5^ Soy 
 
 Bean and 95^ 
 
 Cotton Seed Oil 
 
 
 Table 13. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 I od . No. 
 
 63.1 
 
 99 .8 
 
 113 .2 
 
 124.2 
 
 135 .2 
 
 Sap . No. 
 
 198 .0 
 
 185 .2 
 
 194 .0 
 
 190 .2 
 
 189 .9 
 
 IndeM Ref . 
 
 1 .4548 
 
 1 .4576 
 
 1.4587 
 
 1 .4596 
 
 1.4638 
 
 Pre s . mm . 
 
 16 .0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 0 
 
 Temp . C . 
 
 -207 
 
 207 -12 
 
 212-15 
 
 215-16 
 
 216 -20 
 
 • 
 
 Cotton Seed Oil 
 
 and 95^ So^' 
 
 ' Bean 
 
 
 Table 14. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 lod . No . 
 
 109 .6 
 
 122 .1 
 
 133.2 
 
 141.9 
 
 156 .0 
 
 Sap . No . 
 
 192 .6 
 
 191.9 
 
 189 .9 
 
 189 .5 
 
 189 .6 
 
 Index Ref , 
 
 1.4558 
 
 1 .4560 
 
 1 .4590 
 
 1 .4598 
 
 1 .4643 
 
 Pres . mm . 
 
 16 .0 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Temp . ° C . 
 
 -210 
 
 210-12 
 
 212 -15 
 
 215 -17 
 
 217 -23 
 
 
 
 Crude Soy Bean Oil 
 
 
 
 Table 15. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fraction 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 I od . No. 
 
 no .3 
 
 118 .9 
 
 133.9 
 
 142 .7 
 
 137 .9 
 
 Sap . No. 
 
 193 .0 
 
 190 .2 
 
 190 .0 
 
 189 .5 
 
 189 .0 
 
 Index Ref . 
 
 1 .4565 
 
 1 .4582 
 
 1 .4585 
 
 1 .4605 
 
 1 .4620 
 
 Pres . mm . 
 
 21 .0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Temp . ® C . 
 
 -209 
 
 209 -11 
 
 211-12 
 
 212-13 
 
 213-31 
 

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10 
 
 Description of Apparatus' In. the 
 Diagram 
 
 (1; Jena, Clalssen flasK with an 
 indented side neck. 1 liter. 
 
 («^) Ordinary 90 cm. condenser tube. 
 
 i'6j Adapter welded to ^ in. stopcock .(4) . 
 
 (5 Stopcock. . 
 
 (6) liln^ test tube. 
 

 
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11 
 
 III Apparatus and Details 
 
 Cutting the ester fractions at constant, definite 
 temperature ranges was found difficult and inaccurate, 
 and was abandoned for the equal v olune -fraction method. 
 
 The diagram show the set-up for this method. 
 
 At first, the absolute methyl alcohol v;as prepared 
 by refluxing it v^itii chemico^l lime (8 liters of alcohol to 
 1600 grams of lime) and then distilling off the alcdiol. 
 Then it was found that by using the ordiisary methyl alcohol 
 with calcium chloride, excellent results could be obtained. 
 To 500 grams of oil and 1 liter of alcohol, sat’orated with 
 hydrochloric acid gas, were added 100 grams of anhydrous 
 calcium chloride; this was then refluxed in tiie usual way 
 for fifteen or twenty hours. Sometimes at the end of this 
 period the ester layer would fail to separate, but by add- 
 ing 25-50 grams more of calcium chloride and refluxing 
 for thirty minutes, a perfect separation was obtained. 
 
 Before distilling a batch of esters, the volume 
 must be determined and then fractions taken so that the 
 entire distillate will be divided into five equal parts. 
 From 500 grams of oil the yield of esters is usually about 
 500 grams having a volume of about 430 cc . From this 
 volume of esters about 21 cc , are lost in volatilization 
 and residue as a result of the distillation. This loss is 
 appr Oyd.mately proportional to the initial volume of the 
 esters, thus making it easy to calculate the volume of the 
 fractions to be taken for any oil. 
 

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 Test tubes of ordlnciry glass were used to collect 
 tile fractions. They are calibrated accurately enough for 
 this work by a pencil mark on a gummed label glued to the 
 outside of the tube, 
 
 A pressure of 15-20 mn. of mercury was obtained by 
 the use of an ordinary water suction pi^P • No difficulty 
 was encountered with leaks. Rubber stoppers were used, 
 protected with tin foil. If leaks occur, they can be easily 
 stopped with a paste of glycerine and lead oxide, or with 
 shellac . 
 
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 #4 is open and #5 closed, Wiien the desired volume has 
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 troublesome and was replaced by the method described. 
 
V-* 
 
13 
 
 IV Solutions and Determination of Constants 
 
 2 
 
 Eanus Solution 
 
 13.2 grams of iodine and 3 cc . of bromine were 
 dissolved in 1 liter of glacial acetic acid, and kept 
 in a brown, glass-stoppered bottle. 
 
 Iodine lumbers were determined as follows: 0.250 
 grams of tlie oil are vifeighed into a ^lass stoppered flask 
 and dissolved in 10 cc . of chloroform. Then 25 cc , of 
 Hanus solution is added. The stopper is moistened with 
 15^ potassium iodide solution and the groove betv/een the 
 stopper and the edge of the flask, filled Vifith the same 
 solution. The solutions are allowed to stand for 2 hours 
 in the dark and then titrated v;ith sodium thiosulfate, 
 after the addition of 10 cc . of a 15^ solution of potas- 
 siumt iodide and 150 cc . of water. 
 
 The absorbtion of iodine by the unsaturated esters 
 depends upon the mass action law, and unless a large ex- 
 cess of iodine is present, poor results virill be obtained. 
 For oils with Iodine Numbers up t o 135, use 25 
 cc . of Hanus solution for a 0.2500 gram sample; above 135, 
 use 40 cc . 
 
 Alcohol Potash Solution 
 
 Dissolve 52 grams of potassium hydroxide in a very 
 small amLOunt of waiter and filter if necessary. Add this to 
 1 liter of ethyl alcohol and also ^ gram of sodium peroxide 
 Slriake, and allow to stand for several hours. Then filter 
 and keep it in a glass stoppered bottle. 
 
14 
 
 Saponification iJimiticrs v;ere detertiined as follows’^: 
 
 0 .2 y?ams of tiie ester are weighed into a 250 cc . flask 
 
 and dissolved in 25 cc . of alcoholic potash solution. The 
 
 solution is the refluxed for hour and titrated hot vilth 
 N 
 
 ■^hydrochloric acid, using phenolphthaleln as an indicator. 
 
 Cork, and not rubber, must be used to connect the 
 condenser and flask for the refluxing, because the alcohol 
 dissolves some of the rubber and discolors the solution, 
 masking the end-point. 
 
 Sodium Thiosulfate 
 N 
 
 Ajq solution of sodium thiosulfate was made up 
 and allowed to stand several days before indirect stand- 
 ardization against arsenous oxide. The solution was 
 protected with a soda -lime tube against carbon dioxide. 
 
 This solution vnus used for titrating the excess 
 Hanus solution in determining the Iodine numbers. 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid 
 
 n 
 
 A solution of hydrochloric acid was made up and 
 standardized against sodium carbonate, using methyl orange 
 as an indicator, 
 
 4 
 
 Index of Refraction 
 
 The Indeces of refraction were determined with an 
 Abbe Refractometer at 24® C , These values for 24° can be 
 reduced to the usual standard of 20® by using the factor 
 0,00038 for each degree Centigrade, remembering that the 
 refractive index decreases with an Increase in temperature. 
 

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15 
 
 V C one Ivis ions 
 
 In Uie writers opinion tliis iiietiioci is reliable and 
 can accurately detect adulteration in fats and oils as low 
 as 5^, and in a goed many cases as low as 2^. 
 
 Tlie detemination of the Saponification Numbers and 
 Refractive Indices is not necessary. The Iodine Number is 
 sufficient to determine whether or not the oil is pure. 
 
 The Saponification Nvimber is not of much value, be- 
 cause the range of its values is so small that even a ± 0 $ 
 adulteration would not cause an appreciable difference in 
 the Saponification numbers of the corresponding fractions 
 of the pure and the adulterated oil. 
 
 The Index of Refraction is also unreliable, because 
 there seems to be other factors, besides the degree of un- 
 saturation, and the number of carbon atoms, that effect its 
 value . 
 
 By a study of the tables given, it can be readily 
 seen that the iodine Number immediately reveals ai^y appre- 
 ciable adulteration. 
 
 The degree of adul tei>ation, of course, cannot be 
 determined, but can be reasonably estimated. 
 
 This method should be practical, because it re- 
 quires no apparatus e::cept that which is found in any com- 
 mercial laboratory. The ordinary water vacuum pump supplies 
 sufficient suction, jt is not necessary that the pressure 
 be constant, because the fractions are cut by volume and 
 not temperature. 
 

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16 
 
 VI Blbiio^^rcApliy 
 
 (1) Compt. rend., 1906(143), 657. 
 
 (2) Zeits. f. Unters , d. Nahrgai-u. 
 Genuaem., 1901, 913, 
 
 (3) Levskowltsch vol. 1 p,380, 
 
 (4) Lewkowitsch vol. 1 p.328.