L IBRAHY OF THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS 977.2 In2 ILLINOIS HISTORICAL SURVEY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/historyofspicela112hatc INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS VOLUME 11 NUMBER 2 A HISTORY OF SPICELAND ACADEMY 1826 to 1921 By SADIE BACON HATCHER INDIANAPOLIS INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1934 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to make acknowledgment to the Board of Spiceland Monthly Meeting for permission to use the records of the Meeting in making this study; to Harmon H. Rayle, Luther O. Draper, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Ballenger, Mrs. Hazel Cochran Lane, Mrs. Pearl Symons Rifner, Miss Emma Deem, and Mrs. Virginia Griffin Cory for their kind interest and assist- ance in this work. To Clarence H. Smith, of the Henry County Historical Society, New Castle, Indiana, I am indebted for the use of the catalogues and pictures of the school ; to Mr. and Mrs. Homer H. Cooper I owe much for their unfailing willingness to aid me. Dr. Otto T. Hamilton, of the Indiana University Extension Division, kindly checked the chapter on Finance and Endow- ment. S. B. H. (101) INTRODUCTION Any one at all familiar with the history of education in In- diana knows that private academies dominated secondary education during a large part of the last half of the nineteenth century, the time between the closing of the county seminaries and the thorough establishment of the public high schools ; but very little specific information is available for the public rela- tive to the extent of the academy movement, the exact nature of the individual schools, or the contribution that they have made to education. A few incomplete historical sketches of individual institu- tions, a brief discussion in Boone's History of Education in Indiana, and a few short magazine articles, constitute the bulk of the organized published information. Details regarding organization, administration, curriculum, textbooks, methods, teachers, students, and student life are scattered through numerous catalogues, reports, local histories, and old news- papers. This lack of available specific information is itself evidence of need for further study of these schools. Additional evi- dence of need is found in the fact that the recently completed national survey of secondary education omits the historical phase because of the lack of information about the academies. To supply this deficiency the National Committee of Research in Secondary Education is engaged in locating historical studies already completed in the field of secondary education and in encouraging students of education to make similar studies. Two types of work are needed, namely, histories of in- dividual institutions, and comprehensive group studies showing a cross section of hundreds of academies to reveal the prevail- ing characteristics of the academy movement in general. This history of Spiceland Academy makes its contribution as a study of the first type. Its organization, presentation, and sources of information may well serve as a guide for histories of other academies. (103) 104 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Approximately one-third of the private academies in In- diana were conducted by religious denominations. No religious group excelled the Friends in organization and administration of their schools. Mrs. Hatcher is fortunate in her selection of this particular institution since it is typical of the better class and its history spans approximately the entire period of the academy in Indiana. The information here presented should aid in giving these schools credit comparable to the educational contribution that they have made. Albert Mock College of Education, Butler University CONTENTS PAGE Spiceland School 107 Spiceland School Becomes an Academy 116 The Curriculum 121 Finance and Endowment 130 extra-curricular activities 1 39 The Human Side of the Academy 146 Conclusion 153 Appendixes — I. Partial List of Teachers and Assistants BEFORE 1863 155 II. Superintendents of the Academy 155 III. Partial List of Instructors after 1863. . . 156 IV. Members of the Board of Trustees, 187 1- 1921 157 V. Graduates of Spiceland Academy 158 (105) SPICELAND SCHOOL In the year 1822 a group of Friends from North Caro- lina made the first settlement in Spiceland Township, Henry County, Indiana. The name "Spiceland" was given to the community, it is said, from the shrub known as spicebush that was found in such abundance there. 1 We may suppose that for the next few years .they were occupied, as were other pioneers, with the arduous task of providing ways and means for an existence. But they of the "Inner Light" could not be content with that alone. No definite date can be assigned for the founding of the first school in the community, but tradition has it that a school was held during the winter of 1826. 2 According to tradition, Isaac Hodson, said to be a Friend, and also a bachelor, was the teacher, and school was held in a "pole house'' near the dwell- ing on the Hodson farm. 3 Whatever the date, this was the beginning of the school that was to become Spiceland Academy and Normal School. The first real schoolhouse was built on land given by Samuel Griffin in 1827. School was conducted in this build- ing by an "Isaac," but whether it was the same Isaac Hodson or Isaac White seems to be a disputed point. However, we may be sure that some arrangements for education had been made before 1830. To trace the history of the school we must follow the history of the church. It was the aim of the Society of Friends to have their children in a school which was under the super- vision of the sect and in which the teachers were Friends. This community was in the Whitewater Quarterly Meeting, ^History of Henry County, Indiana . . . , p. 788 (Inter-State Publish- ing Company, Chicago, 1884). 2 Account by Emma Bell and May Hoover, in Spiceland Gazette, Janu- ary 7, 1898. 3 Painter, Henry W., "Spiceland Monthly Meeting Centennial." Manu- script in library of Henry County Historical Society, New Castle, Indiana. (107) 108 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY and in its annual report for 1829 we find that Meeting report- ing the establishment of a Preparatory Meeting by the name of Spiceland. 4 The annual report for 1833 records the establish- ment of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, 5 the organization which was to foster the later school. On the "3rd mo. 20th, 1832" the first minutes of the Spice- land Monthly Meeting were inscribed, and on the early pages of the book we find that James Johnson, Josiah Small, William Baldwin, and Isaac White were appointed to meet with a like committee of women Friends to report on education on the 3d month next. 6 Their report was received with the comment that "the committee on education have attended to the subject to midling good satisfaction." The same Meeting received the report of the Indiana Yearly Meeting on education. 7 The Yearly Meeting never failed to take up this subject, and when any new program was begun in this field there was a response in the Monthly Meet- ing. Each year a committee was appointed to supervise the work, and it is from the reports of these various committees that we are able to follow this school in its some ninety years of existence. In 1830 the Yearly Meeting received the report of a spe- cial committee which had been appointed the previous year to take the subject of schools under advisement. The committee recommended "that our members be advised, as much as prac- ticable, to avoid any connexion with the District Schools as being founded on a system, which . . . would powerfully militate against that testimony of our Society, which has for its object the guarded Education of the rising generation." 8 The reports submitted from the Quarterly Meetings to the Yearly Meeting were to itemize the number of children who were in schools under the supervision of a Monthly Meeting and with a Friends' teacher, those in schools not under the 'Indiana Yearly Meeting of Friends, Held at White-water, in Wayne County, Indiana, 1829, p. 10. 5 Ibid., 1833, P- 5- 6 Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting of Friends, Book A, pp. 2, 4. Manuscript records in possession of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting. "Ibid., Book A, p. 6. ^Minutes of the Indiana Yearly Meeting of Friends, 1830, p. 19. SPICELAND ACADEMY 109 Monthly Meeting, and those "not in the way of receiving any education." It is well to bear in mind these underlying prin- ciples which motivated the efforts of these Friends. During the winter of 1833 the first teacher of whom we have authentic record, Vierling Kersey, was engaged to teach for a term of three months. 9 The second term was for six months, during half of which Kersey and Esther Hiatt Dickin- son were employed. There was a third teacher for the rest of the term, but the name is not known. The report gave the number of pupils as fifty, with the prospect of seventy for the next year. The teacher for the winter of 1834 was Solomon Macy. 10 At the Monthly Meeting in the 8th month, 1834, the ques- tion of the progress of the school was brought up for more serious consideration. 11 It seems that no permanent location had been secured. Only forty children were in the school, nine were in a school held by a Friend in a private dwelling, and twenty-eight were not in school. A new committee composed of Joel Cloud, Joseph Stubbs, Aaron Hodson, Isaac White, Solomon Macy, John Hiatt, William Moore, William Unthank, and George Evans was appointed to look into a matter that should have more attention from those "who duly appreciate the importance of a guarded literary and religious education of the youth of our society." This committee brought in its report in 2d month, 1835, and presented a proposition intended to put the school on a more permanent basis. Their report is as follows : "We, the committee on the subject of education, are de- sirous that the Monthly Meeting should adopt a plan of opera- tion that might remove some of the difficulties under which we now labor in the concern, and at the same time promote the facility and expediency of our members generally in the sub- ject of education of their children by the establishment of a regular and permanent school. We are therefore united in °Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting of Friends, Book A, p. 14. 10 Painter, "Spiceland Monthly Meeting Centennial." n Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting of Friends, Book A, pp. 39-40. 110 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY proposing for the adoption of the Monthly Meeting the fol- lowing : "Constitution of Spiceland School "Art. ist. There shall be two school sessions in each year, known as the summer and winter sessions, the summer session to commence on the ist. 2nd day of the week after the ioth of 3rd month and to continue with occasional intermissions until 6 months of school shall be completed, consisting of 130 days, 5 days to the week. And the winter session to commence on the last 2nd day of the week in the ioth month and to continue in like manner until 4 months or 87 days of school shall be completed. "Art. 2nd. The Monthly Meeting shall appoint three trustees and a treasurer for said school. "Art. 3rd. It shall be the duty of said trustees to contract with such teachers as may be recommended by the Monthly Meeting's Committee on Education and to see that the school is furnished with a sufficient quantity of suitable stovewood, To settle on a price of tuition for scholars that may be sufficient to compensate the teacher and secure the wood, To provide an entry book at the expense of the Monthly Meeting in which, on application they shall enter the names of those who wish to send, or to go to school, the number of scholars and the session. They may also make entries for half sessions. They shall receive notes of those making entries, made payable to the treasurer at the expiration of the said entry, and furnish them with certificates thereof, which being presented to the teacher shall entitle them to the privilege of said school accord- ing to the time and number of scholars therein certified, and no more, except the number of scholars may be increased in the case of time lost in sickness. "Art. 4th. Any scholar who shall oppose or continue to neglect the regulations of the committee on education will be subject to be dismissed from school at the expense of the responsible subscriber in the case. "Art. 5th. The duties of the Treasurer shall be ist. To receive such sums as may be made payable to him and settle with the teachers and others by order of the trustees. 2nd. To SPICELAND ACADEMY 111 place at interest any stock that may arise to the institution by donation, or legacy, of which the net proceeds alone may be expended for the support of the school, except in the case the principal should be otherwise controlled by the distinct specifi- cation of the Donor. 3rd. To receive any surplus funds that may accrue to the institution from its own particular resources and apply the same to the education of the poor, add it to the stock at interest or otherwise, under the special direction and control of the Monthly Meeting's Committee on Education." 12 The report was signed by Rebecca Hiatt and William B. Unthank on behalf of the Committee on Education. There was something so businesslike in the report that there can be no doubt as to the earnestness of purpose in regard to the school. The next year there was a complaint that all did not appreciate the reason for the establishment of a "select" school. The school was doing well, however, and the number in regular at- tendance was about fifty. 13 The first financial report of the trustees in the nth month, 1836, was hardly in the class of frenzied finance. It was as follows : 14 Funds on hands and notes due from beginning to close of summer session 1836 $462.12 Receipts and demands for tuition and procuring wood 437-T2 Balance due Institution $ 25.00 (All demands for tuition have been paid.) The report on finance for the next year contained some additional information. In this the salaries of the teachers were given. 15 Due Robert Harrison for tuition $227.30 Interest due same 4.48 Due Anna Macy for tuition 37.00 Interest due same 94 For making fires 3-3334 Due Solomon Macy for tuition 17.00 Total $280.05^4 12 Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, Book A, pp. 53-54. 13 Ibid., Book A, p. 95- "Ibid., Book A, p. 104. "Ibid., Book A, p. 148. 112 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Even with this expenditure the school had a balance of $65.11 1/2. Through the next few years it was a case of "carrying on." Finances would run short and the length of the terms had to be shortened to meet the exigencies of the case. "The pecuniary pressure of the times" was playing a part in curtailing the work of this school. In 8th month, 1843, the Committee on Education had on hand $133.98 in notes. These were almost all on Friends with large families, and the notation was made regarding four of the notes which aggregated but $42.84 that as their signers had little, the notes should be given back to them. 16 In 1845 tne Indiana Yearly Meeting made plans for a more careful supervision of the church schools by appointing a special committee with Barnabas C. Hobbs, who was so suc- cessful with the Bloomingdale Academy, as chairman. The first suggestion to come from this new group was for uniform schoolbooks. Each school under the Indiana Yearly Meeting was asked to send copies of its course of study, books used, and a complete inventory of the school to the committee to aid in standardizing the work in all schools. Spiceland cooperated in this movement by organizing the Spiceland Branch of the General Committee on Education. The instructions of this group were to choose books from samples sent by the General Committee; on the 13th of the 3d month, 1846, they voted to introduce Brown's Grammar, but did not like the reader suggested. The report of this committee for 1848 gives the course of study. Reading, spelling, writing, "Arithmaticke," geography, English grammar, algebra, composition, philosophy, and declamation made up the course. 17 From the brief records preceding this report we would expect to find this institution merely a district school, but here it is reflected as something considerably more advanced. The terms of the Constitution of 1835 provided for a ten- 16 Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, Book A, p. 290. "Minutes of the Spiceland Branch of the General Committee on Edu- cation, 184.8. Manuscript records in possession of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting. SPICELAND ACADEMY 113 month year, but it was not always possible to continue the school that long, and in 1847 tne constitution was revised on this point. 18 The summer session was to be held for five months and the winter session for three. However, the length of the terms seems to have varied as the reports show eight, nine, and even ten months at later dates. The numbers attending were, of course, variable. Exact figures are difficult to find, for the reports were combined with those of the other Friends' schools that were of rather unstable tenure. Through the forties the number ranged from thirty- four to eighty; in the report for 185 1, we read that Sarah Ann Hodson and Anna Unthank conducted a four- month session with an average attendance of sixty-two, of whom forty-seven were Friends. 19 In the 12th month of that same year the following record of classes was given by the teachers, Catherine Mendenhall and Anna Unthank: spelling, 5; reading (loud), 55; writing, 41; mental arithmetic, 12; practical arithmetic, 37; English grammar, 3; natural philos- ophy, 4 ; chemistry, 3 ; algebra, 8. During 1852 and 1853 the reports of the teacher, Jeremiah Griffin, to the Committee on Education were very explicit. To the above list of subjects he added geography, physiology, and astronomy, and he not only gives the number enrolled in each class, but he gives the texts used in each course : spelling and reading, McGuffey ; writing, on paper or slate ; arithmetic, Ray or Talolt ; geography, Morse ; English grammar, Wells ; natural philosophy, Olmstead; physiology and hygiene, Coul- ter; algebra, Ray; geometry, Davis and Legendre; intellectual philosophy, Abercrombie. The school continued, not exactly prosperous, but never failing. The attendance was not large, the teachers changed often, but the fact remains that there was a school. The records show that many demands were made on these people. The Boarding School (Earlham College) was very much in need of assistance and the Yearly Meeting would assign the Spiceland Meeting its quota to meet. One is struck with the 18 Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, Book B, p. 84. 19 Minutes of the Spiceland Branch of the General Committee on Edu- cation, 1851. 114 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY statements of Barnabas C. Hobbs in his report to the Yearly Meeting that the "more elementary branches of solid and use- ful education not be neglected, and that better salaries be paid teachers to induce the better trained people to take an interest in the schools." 20 Spiceland School was filling that need in the community. Beginning with i860 the school had taken on new life. The attendance increased until there were about ninety in attend- ance. There were three teachers for the winter session : Eli and Mahala Jay, principal teachers, and Betsy Anne Boone, assistant. Latin is mentioned in the curriculum for the first time. In 1861 the school had an average attendance of eighty- two. Twelve of this number were from other monthly meet- ings, a rather significant fact in that it showed the widening influence of the school. Latin and Greek were offered as the language courses. 21 The increased attendance soon brought up the housing- proposition. Jesse Meredith, Solomon Gause, George Evans, Solomon Macy, William B. Unthank, Alfred Bogue, Jesse Bond, Nathan Macy, George Sheridan, James Cochran, Joseph Williams, Jesse White, Calvin Macy, Enoch Macy, David Edwards, Thomas Cook, James Parker, Zadoch Rayle, John Hiatt, Tideman Jessup, Jacob Taylor, and Joseph Butler were appointed to consider this matter. Their report, made in the 6th month, 1859, stated that the committee "were united in the belief that the building of a substantial brick building of sufficient size to accommodate 150 scholars with room enough not to injure the children's health would be very desirable and necessary to insure the permanency of our settlement and with a well conducted school therein, to the advancement of truth within our limits." 22 The estimated cost was $2,500. The first efforts of the committee produced subscriptions for all but $400 and the matter was dropped. The Meeting reported on the 8th month, 18, 1859, that they had collected $1,420 of the amount sub- ""Minutes of the Indiana Yearly Meeting of Friends, 1847, p. 22. "Minutes of the Spiceland Branch of the General Committee on Edu- cation, 1860-62. "Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, Book B, pp. 450, 455. SPICELAND ACADEMY 115 scribed, enough for a two-story frame building 32 feet wide and 44 feet long. 23 The next step was to sell the old building and to apply the proceeds on the new. The matter took time, and not until the 3d month, 1861, were Alfred Bogue, Eli Ratliff, Jason Williams, Thomas Cook, and Jesse B. Jessup appointed to settle with the committee and superintend the building of the new school. They reported the building com- pleted in the 6th month, 186 1, with $409.87 still due, and more than enough subscriptions due from Friends to cover this amount. Collections on subscriptions to a sum of $447.74 were reported completed at the next meeting. 24 And so Spiceland School had its beginning. Just when the name of Academy was applied to the school is not definitely known, but it was probably during the later fifties. It was not, however, to begin the period of its greatest influence until a few years later. It seems typical of these people that while the rest of the country was concerned in the struggle over slavery they were taking renewed interest in education. They had worked against slavery as no other one group of people had, but war was not their way of solving the difficulty. 2S Ibid., Book B, p. 509. "Ibid., Book B, p. 517. SPICELAND SCHOOL BECOMES AN ACADEMY jjIT Te have employed Clarkson Davis and Luzena Thorn- YY burg as teachers for the Spiceland School the present year and Hannah Davis as assistant teacher." 1 This item ap- peared in the minutes for the ioth month, 21, 1863, and marks the beginning of a new period in the history of the school. Clarkson Davis and his wife were keenly alive to the op- portunities for developing the school and devoted all their energy to its promotion. The attendance increased, new courses were added, and a larger corps of teachers was em- ployed. In 1864-65, a catalogue was issued, probably the first. An addition to the school building was needed by this time, and in 1866 the school quarters were enlarged. 2 Mr. Davis knew that to make the school function to its fullest capacity assurance of permanence was needed. He was largely responsible for the legal incorporation of the school. The Monthly Meeting in the ioth month, 1869, received the suggestion that a committee be appointed to place the school on a more permanent basis. 3 Caleb Johnson, Solomon Macy, Albert Newby, Josiah P. Bogue, Cynthia Jessup, Caroline Newby, Delana Bond, and Mariam Johnson were appointed to take the legal steps necessary for the incorporation of the school. During the next few years the Monthly Meeting, through its various committees, was busy with this matter. The necessity for an endowment was felt and met in due time. The first procedure was to arrange for the transfer of the land on which the buildings of the Academy were located to a newly created board of trustees, with the stipulation that the Monthly Meeting was forever to have the sole power of ap- pointing and overseeing the trustees of the Academy. 4 The first board was made up of Timothy Wilson, Asa C. Davis, Solomon Macy, Josiah P. Bogue, Caleb Johnson, and Jesse J Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, Book B, p. 587. 2 Ibid., Book C, p. 1. "Ibid., Book C, pp. 159, 166. 4 Ibid., Book C, p. 270. (116) SPICELAND ACADEMY 117 Gordon. In the 5th month, 1872, permission for the transfer of the land was granted by the Whitewater Meeting for Suffering. 5 The following month the Meeting detailed Eli Ratliff, Elisha B. Ratcliff, James Cochran, John Hiatt, and Milo Talbert to make the necessary "affirmations." 6 Articles of Incorporation 7 "Whereas the religious society known as the Spiceland Monthly Meeting of Friends, in the county of Henry, Indiana, by trustees duly appointed by said society, hold the following described real estate in said county of Henry, and bounded as follows, to wit : Commencing at the n. w. corner of the E V2 of the s. w. quarter of Section 17 in Township 16 R. 10 E., running thence E. 6 rods, thence S. 15 rods, thence E. io>4 rods, thence S. 25 rods and I 1 /* feet, thence W. 23^ rods, thence N. 26 rods to the north line of said quarter section, thence E. 7 rods to the place of beginning, containing about 3 acres and 122 rods, on which is situated a school house and other buildings comprising what is known as Spiceland Acad- emy, which under the organization of said Society of Friends is subject to the control of the Meeting of Suffering of The Indiana Yearly Meeting of Friends. And whereas the said Spiceland Monthly Meeting of Friends being desirous to dedi- cate and appropriate said described tract of land and the build- ings thereon situated, to the perpetual use of an institution of learning to be known as Spiceland Academy and to cause same to be incorporated under the provisions of the second section of an act of the General Assembly of the State of Indiana en- titled, 'An Act supplemental to an Act entitled an Act for the incorporation of High Schools, Academies, Colleges, Uni- versities, Theological Institutions, and Missionary Boards, Ap- proved February 28, 1855.' (I. G. & H. 370) with all the rights and powers conferred by said Act and the Act to which it is supplemental, so far as it is applicable to an incorporation under second section of said supplemental act and to procure therefor such endowment not exceeding $50,000 as may be 5 Ibid., Book C, p. 277. 'Ibid., Book C, p. 282. 7 Ibid., Book C, pp. 282-84. 118 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY obtained by voluntary donations or gifts including the money heretofore donated for that purpose, and for the purpose of accomplishing said object said Spiceland Monthly Meeting of Friends at a meeting held on the 4th day of the 5th mo. 1872 appointed according to its rules and usages. "Timothy Wilson, Asa C. Davis, Solomon Macy, Josiah P. Bogue, Caleb Johnson, and Jesse Gordon, Trustees, (who are members of said Society) of said Spiceland Academy to receive a conveyance of said tract of land and its appurtenances, to be held by them and their successors in office in trust for- ever together with all other property of said Academy for the sole and exclusive use and benefit thereof as an institution of learning. "The said trustees and their successors shall have power to receive gifts and donations for the endowment of said Academy and shall have all the power to manage the same that is conferred on trustees otherwise provided for in the act to which said last named act is supplemental, provided however that they shall at all times be subject to the advice and control of said Monthly Meeting of Friends. And the said trustees have been divided into classes as follows : The said Timothy Wilson and Asa C. Davis constituting the first class, to serve one year ; Solomon Macy and Josiah P. Bogue constituting the second class, are to serve two years ; Caleb Johnson and Jesse Gordon constituting the third class are to serve three years, or until their successors are chosen and qualified. "And their successors, when appointed are each to serve three years. A Treasurer of said Academy shall also be ap- pointed by said Spiceland Monthly Meeting of Friends who shall hold his office for the term of three years and until his successor is chosen and qualified and shall give an official bond, with surety payable to the state of Indiana for the use of said in such sum as said trustees shall approve. And whereas the said Spiceland Monthly Meeting of Friends has at the date hereof, by the consent and direction of the Meeting of Suffering of the Indiana Yearly Meeting of Friends given and made at a meeting thereof held at Whitewater Meeting House in Richmond, Indiana on the 30th day of the 5th mo., 1872 caused David Edwards, Timothy Wilson, and Jacob SPICELAND ACADEMY 119 Taylor, the present Trustees of said Spiceland Monthly Meet- ing of Friends, who, as such trustees, held the title thereto, in trust for said society to convey said described tract of land and its buildings and appurtenances in fee simple to the said Timothy Wilson, Asa C. Davis, Solomon Macy, Josiah P. Bogue, Caleb Johnson, and Jesse Gordon, trustees of said Spiceland Academy herein before named and their successors in office, in trust for the use and purposes herein before specified. "And the said Spiceland Monthly Meeting of Friends makes this statement verified by the affirmation of five of its members for the purpose of having said Spiceland Academy incorporated as herein before stated. Milo Talbert James Cochran John Hiatt Eli Ratliff Elisha B. Ratcliff State of Indiana Henry County" "Before me, Jacob Taylor, a Notary Public in and for the said county this the 6th day of the /th mo., 1872 personally came Milo Talbert, James Cochran, John Hiatt, Eli Ratliff, and Elisha B. Ratcliff, members of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting of Friends, who being duly affirmed upon their affirmation say that the matters and things set out in the fore- going statements are true. Milo Talbert James Cochran John Hiatt Eli Ratliff Elisha B. Ratcliff" "Subscribed and affirmed to in my presence the 6th day of the 7th mo., 1872. "In testimony whereof witness my hand and notarial seal. Jacob Taylor" 120 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY With formal incorporation the Academy was firmly launched on the greatest part of its career, serving as "Select School," high school, college and business preparatory, and teacher-training institution — an educational and moral power in its community. THE CURRICULUM Our knowledge of the courses offered in the Academy be- fore issuance of the first catalogue is rather scant. The reports of the committees on Education furnish a list of sub- jects but no very definite information about the organization of the work. There were the regular courses in common school branches ; at one time certain courses in declamation and philosophy were offered, to be dropped later in favor of meteorology and astronomy. 1 Courses that were of a scien- tific nature were often offered as the courses leading to higher education. Latin was mentioned for the first time in i860, and in the following year both Latin and Greek were offered. No record is left of the number of students enrolled for this work. No work in history was offered until 1864 except such as might have been called church history. The Bible was used as a class book, 2 and all pupils were expected to attend mid- week meeting. The Academy served as the school of the town until 1883, at which time an arrangement was made by the school corpora- tion to have a six-month free term beginning in October. 3 This was possible under the state law that permitted church schools serving as ''District Schools" to receive public funds. 4 The courses were arranged in four departments : Primary, Intermediate, Grammar, and High School. The Primary De- partment was organized in three classes, "C," "B," and "A," the last corresponding to the present third and fourth grades. 5 In the "C" class they taught spelling, first reader, and chart lessons. In the catalogue for 1876 the spelling was superseded ^linutes of the Spiceland Branch of the General Committee on Edu- cation, 1848 and 1 85 1 'Ibid., 1850. 3 Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, Book D, p. 66. 4 Laws of Indiana, 1834, p. 329. 5 Catalogue of Spiceland Academy, 1864-65, p. 10. This and subsequent catalogues referred to are the property of the Henry County Historical Society. They were collected for the celebration of the centennial of Spice- land Monthly Meeting, 192 1. (121) 122 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY by ''Lessons in Language." 6 Class "B" offered classes in spelling, first and second reader (McGuffey), writing with pencil drawing, and oral lessons in arithmetic and geography. Later, drawing was dropped, and the work in geography was changed to language. Class "A" had spelling, third reader, writing, arithmetic (Felter), and oral lessons in geography. In 1870 the fourth reader was added to the course, and in a few years language and Hooker's Child's Book of Nature were included. 7 The Intermediate Department used both the fourth and fifth readers (McGuffey), Felter's Arithmetic No. I, Guyot's Primary Geography, with classes in spelling and writing. It was specified that the arithmetic course should embrace the work to fractions. 8 The Primary and Intermediate departments were con- tinued until 1882 when they were combined into the regular eight-year course. The new organization did not greatly affect the work offered, the most important change being the intro- duction of lessons in science in all grades except the first, and lessons in manners and morals. 9 The Grammar School was a one-year course until 1878. 10 The first announcements indicate that besides the regular com- mon school branches, single-entry bookkeeping was optional. Later, lessons in Latin were offered, but a note adds the in- formation that Latin might be optional to those who intended to pursue the classical course, or prepare for college. 11 When the course was outlined for two years the division of work was as follows : First Year Second Year Reading Reading Writing Writing Spelling Spelling Word analysis Word analysis Arithmetic thro' percentage Arithmetic complete Geography to Europe Geography complete ^Catalogue of S pic eland Academy, 1876-77, p. 13. ''Ibid., 1870-71, p. 13. 8 1 bid., 1876-77, p. 13. "Ibid., 1881-82, p. n ; 1882-83, p. 11. "Ibid., 1878-79, p. 10. n Ibid., 1877-/8, p. 13. SPICELAND ACADEMY 123 English grammar to syntax English grammar complete U. S. history to American U. S. History complete Revolution Physiology Single entry bookkeeping (optional) Latin (optional to students electing classical course) When the lower grades were organized into the familiar eight grades the Grammar School was continued. Since the high-school course was only for three years this Grammar School was much on the order of our so-called ninth grade. As the years went by the scope of the Academy's work lay not in the work with younger children but in giving instruction in advance of that to be had in the district grade school or in the few high schools in the surrounding townships. In 1864 there were students from North Carolina, Ohio, Iowa, Ken- tucky, and Kansas, and Indiana students represented many counties. 12 Spiceland Academy must have had something to offer to draw students from such a wide radius. In the department of the Academy that was designed for advanced work there were three, and later four, courses — the high-school, the English, the commercial, and the normal course. This sounds very pretentious, but it must be remem- bered that classes were offered "on demand." From 1864 to 1870 the high-school courses were for four years, 13 but from that date until 1903 the courses were for three years. 14 At that time the four-year course was offered as the regular course, but students were still permitted to use the old plan. The classical, or Latin, course as it was called in some bulletins, was planned as the regular college preparatory. The English course was "intended for those who have no expecta- tion of attending college but for those who wish to be as well prepared as possible for their work in life." A review of the courses offered as high-school work makes the reader wonder if this was not a college rather than a high school. The fol- lowing charts give the courses and texts for the high-school and English courses : "Ibid., 1864-65, p. 11. 13 Ibid., 1870-71, p. 12. u Ibid., 1903-4, pp. 8-9. 124 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY c rt ,_^ rt c u 3 o '5b rt C U u Vh C »0 OJ >^ be rt ^c > c3 % 5 >> * £ c o _o ^ o £ a o ■30 .« < S Ph S ffi s ° v be P4 H ca a P bfl J2 be C >> C O >> 5 o ,x 3 w o o c O U 2 rt O +J J3 cj co rt a To 6 G >> >> c > be u 13 ^—^ > E >, J5 . N a3 C 13 u > CJ t^ o a, o °> D O to £ o c o Ih cv o i_ o o >> bJO *03 175 H co "b u CO C o CO c O a in o o CU *c3 CO . . £0 CO < u u D to Q \ / CO s^/ O £ bfl ^ o -g ^ 3 « ~o -s 5P ■§ 8 „ 5 -8 H ^j W 2o S o o o u < (-1 O C • ~ tu 03 O u O U J H ° «» w b.s &3 IS. IS O U h c c OS E c 2 CO <, Is '5b C ^~^ u H psl > to >. ^ J3 O CO CO *T3 /-^. G co £ E Ih c C3 Ih Q TO O CO 15 CO o> C CO ^ 03 £ X LD to < s < S2; 126 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY In 1866-67 the high-school course had classes definitely listed in Greek. 15 The work included, with the texts used, a formidable array for our idea of high school : Second Year Third Year Fourth Year First Greek book Greek Testament Plato's Apology to (Harkness) (Greenfield) Socrates Anabasis Iliad of Homer Philippics of Demos- ( Boise) (Anthon) thenes (Chapin) In the three-year course offered after 1870 the school year was divided into three terms and it seems that the extra work of the fourth year was covered in this manner. The only lee- way of choice of subjects was in the different ones offered in the classical or scientific courses. 16 During the eighties there was a slight beginning toward liberalizing the formally accepted course of the seventies. In the history courses, universal and general history gave place to courses in Greek, English, and modern history, 17 while psychology was listed for the first time. 18 In 1903 the English and Latin courses were again planned for four years. 19 A student was required to make thirty-two credit points for graduation. These were distributed among the departments as follows : Latin, seven ; English, eight ; history, two; mathematics, six; science, two; electives, seven. In 1908 the course of the Academy was approved by the State Board of Education and a certificate of equivalency was issued ranking it with commissioned high schools. This approved course, besides the regular subjects, offered as electives arith- metic, physical geography, English history, English III, botany, United States history, Bible study, solid geometry, Vergil, music, and drawing. 20 The catalogues set forth the purpose of various courses. The history course was "arranged to conform to the recom- 15 Catalogue, 1866-67, p. 11. ™Ibid., 1873-74, P- 10. 17 Ibid., 1881-82, p. 11. "Ibid., 1884-85, p. 6. 19 Ibid., 1903-4, pp. 10-I I. "Ibid., 1908-9, pp. 7-8. SPICELAND ACADEMY 127 mendations of the Committee of Seven of the American His- torical Association. English was offered "to increase the culture of the student by developing a love for the best in thought and style." "Latin," according to the bulletin, "has great disciplinary value, trains and strengthens the memory, cultivates and quickens the perception, and develops habits of ready, accurate, and sound thinking." Science teaches the pupil to observe, develops the power of reasoning through the original investigation of the truths of nature. 21 Modern educa- tors may discount the above, especially that concerning Latin, but the modern high school might have difficulty in offering objectives that are on the whole as sound. In 19 1 2, the need for a new building being imperative, the old building was razed to give place to a modern commodious school. The added space made possible the installation of new equipment and the Academy again took on new life. In 1911-12 the usual Latin course was forced to compete for favor, for the first time, with a modern language. Classes in German were offered as regular work but were later sup- planted by French. The Academy had offered commercial work from its earliest days but the new building and equipment greatly facili- tated the work. Also, courses in manual training, domestic science, and in agriculture were offered. 22 In the bulletin of 1864-65 the following notice appeared: "A Normal Class will be formed during the first four weeks of the first Term, beginning 8th mo. 28th. During that time the regular corps of Teachers will be assisted by other experi- enced Instructors, and the Primary and Intermediate Depart- ments will be used as Model Schools. Those who contemplate teaching during the winter will find it to their advantage to attend." Tuition for the four weeks was $4.oo. 23 The requirements for teachers in those days were not great. In fact, a teacher who was interested enough to take training for her work was above the average. Spiceland Academy served as teacher-training institution for Henry County. An ^Ibid., 1904-5, pp. 12-15. ^Ibid., 1913-14, pp. 6-8. ""Ibid., 1864-65, p. 15. 128 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY unauthenticated report states that at one time over fifty per cent of the teachers in the county were trained in the Academy. 24 The details of the Normal Course were not definitely listed until 1874. 25 That year the bulletin made the statement that "Teaching is no longer an occupation, it is a profession; a pro- fession which demands for its successful accomplishment as studied a preparation as that required for medicine, law, or the ministry." To accomplish this preparation a course was offered that consisted of "a review of all the more difficult points in each of the legal branches ; a short course in the elements of the natural sciences, as usually pursued in the High Schools of the State; and a course of professional instruction in which the science and art of Pedagogics will be presented and a discussion of all the minutiae of school room work." This was to be done in five weeks. Seventy students were enrolled. In 1884 a full year's course was planned. 26 First Term Second Term Third Term Psychology Pedagogics Same One common school Same Same subj ect Elocution Essay Classics Later the course stated how the review courses were to be offered, the spring term being the one in which practice work was done. The number of students enrolled varied from time to time, the average being about thirty. In 1894 the superintendent of the Academy, George W. Neet, a graduate of Indiana State Normal School, 27 brought particular emphasis to bear on this department and the number of students materially increased. The cover page of the school bulletin for 1899 -1900 bore the title, Spiceland Academy and Normal School, and so continued until 1906-7. "^Catalogue, 1891-92, p. 4. "'Ibid., 1874-75, P- 22. ^Ibid., 1884-85, p. 7- ^Ibid., 1894-95, pp-io-n. SPICELAND ACADEMY 129 It should be noted, however, that with the new course as organized by Mr. Neet, a change had come. Before that time the announcements had said that the work was not just a systematized course to help teachers pass their examinations for teachers' licenses but to aid them in their work. 29 The same thing was said of the new course with the added idea that "high school graduates desire to teach," reminding us that requirements were increasing. The courses that have been outlined were those that the Academy offered from its beginning to the close — those in which it was possible to make credits. But what of those things listed in the general items of the various catalogues such as : "The government of the school is based on the idea that manhood is more than scholarship, that self-respect and self- control on the part of the student are important factors in the formation of character," or "There are no beer, liquor, or billiard saloons in the village, " or "No student whose influence is known to have a corrupting tendency will be retained in the school" ? Nothing tangible may be offered, so only the ques- tion, "Of what value were they?" is left for consideration. '-'Ibid., 1 901 -2, p. 12. FINANCE AND ENDOWMENT The history of the financial side of any private or parochial educational institution is usually a record of a struggle to obtain funds. Mention has been made of the finances of the Spiceland school before i860. During this time the school was functioning as one of the so-called "Select Schools" which the Friends had established in every community in which there were a sufficient number of their sect. Funds for the main- tenance of this school came from those having children of school age. In most cases the parent gave a note for the tuition of his children. This was paid whenever it was possible. 1 Patrons who were well known were allowed to pay at the end of the term, and in "hard times" the church omitted collecting the accounts of some of the men with large families. Any re- pair work or building was done by subscription. 2 It is inter- esting to note that until i860 there were no deficits even if the "Balance on Hand" was small. The Meeting records do not make mention of the rate of tuition in the earlier days of the school. The following excerpt from a leaflet gives the rates for i860: "Spiceland School "The Spring term of this School will commence on the 9th of the 4th month and continue for thirteen weeks. "terms: "Primary Branches — $3 per scholar; Higher, including Phys. Geography and German — $4 per scholar. "In view of having a new and commodious house to oc- cupy, we think there will be a good opportunity for those who wish to pursue the branches of a common English education. Oliver White Martha G. Hunt Spiceland, Ind., 3rd mo. i860." Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, Book A, p. 53. 2 Ibid., Book A, p. 290. (130) SPJCELAXD ACADEMY 131 Beginning with the formal Academy the cost of tuition was increased. 3 The rates for the Primary Department ranged from $3.60 to $4.80 per term; those of the Intermediate Department were $7.20 per term ; those of the Grammar School were $8.40; and of the High School, $9.60. The Commercial Course, and no limit was set in which the course was to be finished, was listed at $20. The Normal Course of four weeks cost $4.oo. 4 During the period from 1870 to 1890 the tuition rates remained the same. The Board of Trustees, feeling it necessary to offset the credit system that they had permitted to grow up, began to allow a discount on tuition paid in advance. A catalogue of the period contains the following schedule : 5 Rates of Tuition If paid in advance Primary — Grade A 35c per week 30c " B 40c " " ....35c C 45c " 40c Intermediate 60c " " 50c Grammar School 75c " " 70c High School — 1st year 85c " " 80c " — 2nd & 3rd 1.00 " " 90c Normal Dept 85c " " Commercial Dept 90c 85c A schedule was next adopted for determining tuition on the basis of a fixed sum per subject per week. In high school this schedule called for 20 cents per subject per week in the first year; 22 1/2 cents in the second year; and 33 1/3 cents in the third year. 6 The rate for the third year was reduced to 25 cents in 1897. 7 This schedule continued until 1907 when the cost was set at $1.00 per subject per month. 8 While Friends were very sure that their children should be in a school maintained and taught by one of their sect they early admitted the children of parents who did not belong to 'Ibid., Book A, p. 54. ''Catalogue, 1864-65, p. 14. 'Ibid., 1877-78, p. 13. e Ibid., 1894-95, p. 11. 7 Ibid., 1896-97, p. 10. 8 Ibid., 1907-8, p. 17. 132 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY the Friends' Meeting. If Spiceland served as the "district school" for the community, 9 as we may suppose it did, no mention of any connection with the township or town corpora- tion was made until 1875. In that year the school corporation of Spiceland held a school in the Academy building and paid $45 for the use of buildings and supplies. 10 Pupils of the public school were admitted at the same rate as Academy students. In 1883 arrangements were made by which the school board of the town corporation was to pay the Academy for the tuition of the children of the town for a six-month term. 11 These children were to be admitted to all of the eight grades and the first year of high school. The town paid $1,500 for the year 1884, and $1,852 for 1885, but the financial report of the Academy for the latter year showed a deficit and the treasurer made these comments : "Loss was on the public school as the Spring Term paid its own expenses. So many of the surrounding districts have been attached to this school on account of the superior advantages of the academy that com- paratively few pay tuition during the public term." 12 This condition arose naturally enough, parents not caring to pay when the town was supposed to furnish schooling free. Evi- dently some township children were being included as the mention of "surrounding districts" is made. In 1887 the public school term was lengthened to seven months, the school board paying $2,625. 13 In 1890 a free school was held for five months for certain grades, but the funds for this were not handled by the Monthly Meeting. 14 The catalogue for the year 1891 was the last to list students 9 Richard G. Boone in his History of Education in Indiana, pp. 34-35 (New York, 1892), speaks of Spiceland as one of the church schools which served as district schools. Mr. Boone, as a resident of the town and an alumnus of the Academy, doubtless had full opportunity to know the facts of the case. 10 Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, Book C, p. 390. "Ibid., Book D, p. 60. ^Ibid., Book D, pp. 145-46. "Ibid., Book D, p. 235. 14 Ibid., Book D, p. 329. SPICELAXD ACADEMY 133 in the Primary, Intermediate, and Grammar departments. The Academy had ceased to function as a grade school. Article V of the constitution adopted in 1835 included among the duties of the treasurer : "2nd. To place at interest any stock that may arise to the institution by donation, or legacy, of which the net proceeds alone may be expended for the support of the school, except in the case the principal should be otherwise controlled by the distinct specifications of the Donor." 15 It is evident that even at this early day the possi- bility of securing an endowment was in the minds of the members of the committee. When the movement was started for the legal incorporation of the school a committee, made up of Francis Thomas, Albert Newby, James Cochran, Jesse Gordon, John W. Griffin, Luke Willis, and Caleb Johnson, was appointed to organize the campaign for endowment funds. 16 After due time they re- ported that the following agreement had been drawn up. 17 "When the sum of Two Thousand Dollars shall be sub- scribed, we whose names are hereunto subscribed agree to secure to the Trustees to be appointed by the Spiceland Monthly Meeting the sum annexed to our names, severally to be paid in fee simple in ten years with interest in advance at (6) six percent per annum. The principal to be a perpetual endowment fund for Spiceland Academy, the interest only to be used and that to be applied in payment of tuition in said academy except (5) five percent of said interest may be used in securing apparatus or other permanent improvements. James Cochran $100 Charles Stubbs $100 Jesse Jessup $100 Jacob Taylor $100 J. P. Bogue $100 Albert Newby $100 Clarkson Davis $100 Isaiah Vickery Sioo Ezekial Phelps $100 Joseph Newby $ 50 Henry Hoover $100 Solomon Macey $100 John Symons $ 50 Joseph Unthank $ 50 John W. Griffen $ 75 ls Ibid., Book A, p. 54. "Ibid., Book C, p. 167. "Ibid., Book C, p. 168. 134 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Edw. K. Stratton $IOO- -to be paid in ten equal payments without int. Samuel Hoover $100- -without interest for three years. Jabez Henly $ 50- -without interest for five years. Jesse Gordon $ 50 Joseph E. Bogue $ 50 V. K. Stanley $ 50 Evans and Johnson $ 50 F. W. Thomas $ 50 Caleb Hale $ 5° David Edwards $ 50 Elwood Pleas $ 50 Cyrus Ratliff $ 50 Nathan Copeland $ 50 Wm. Unthank $ 25 Timothy Wilson $ 25 Luke Willis $ 25 E. C. Foster $ 50" This was a noble effort on the part of these people to put their school on a firm financial basis. The report of the trus- tees of this endowment fund was made regularly and reveals the effort made from time to time to increase the fund. The trustees were anxious to secure bequests and the catalogues carried "Forms of Legacy," showing how "Bequests of Personal Estate" and "Devise of Real Estate" might be made to the endowment fund. 18 The first legacy to be received was that from Albert Newby. He bequeathed to the Academy an interest in a boarding house, owned by certain of the mem- bers and run for the benefit of those students who wished to economize on expenses by cooking for themselves. A one- ninth interest in the building and property was given to the Academy for fifteen years; at the end of that time one-third of the legacy was to go to the church and the remainder to the school. 19 This did not prove a very remunerative gift, for there was already a debt of $70 against the property, and a report of 1879 listed only $3.92 as the Meeting's share. 20 When the house was sold a few years later, their share was Other people interested in the welfare of the school gave to ^Catalogue, 1873-74, P- 20. 19 Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, Book C, p. 222. "Ibid-., Book C, p. 529. a Ibid., Book D, p. 67. SPICELAND ACADEMY 135 the fund. At the death of Clarkson Davis $1,000 and sixty acres of land were left to the endowment. Land and money were left by Mrs. Martha White and land by Dr. Talbert. The last bequest was $1,000 from the estate of Oliver Nixon. 22 These various additions to the fund had brought the total amount to $30,700 in 192 1. 23 According to the treasurer's report for that year, the amount available for use — income only — was $2,172.92. The problem of buildings had always been cared for by subscription. The first brick building, erected in 1872, was provided for in the same way, and so generously that shortly after the completion of the building it was possible to discharge the committee for soliciting funds. 24 By 1900 the need of a new building was felt once more. Funds were solicited for the repair of the old building, but there was a threat that it would be condemned. Eventually a committee, consisting of L. H. Johnson, L. O. Draper, Levinus Painter, S. E. Test, Alvin Painter, and Elgar Pennington, was appointed to obtain funds for a new building. 25 Construction was begun, meanwhile, with money borrowed from the en- dowment fund. The erection of this modern building made it possible for the school to offer the courses that were being given in the more up-to-date high schools. The endowment fund shows a gradual increase. It might possibly have been further enlarged and the financial affairs of the Academy thereby placed on a better basis but for problems arising from the relationship of the school to the township. It has been noted that the Academy had functioned as the township school and, later, had allowed the use of its equipment for the grade school of the town. When this arrangement was made the Academy was to serve as the high school for Spiceland Town and Township. At this time the funds of the Academy came from the following sources : the tuition of such students as were not entitled to have their tuition paid by the public school corporation in which they 22 Ibid., Book E, pp. 654-55. 23 Ibid. f Book E, p. 465. 24 Ibid„ Book C, p. 277. 2 *Ibid., Book E, p. 305. 136 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY made their homes ; the tuition paid by the public school officials of Spiceland, Spiceland Township, and Wayne, Franklin, Dud- ley, and Henrv townships ; and the income from the endowment fund. 26 The sum derived from these three sources of income was not sufficient for maintenance of the school, and year by year the finances of the institution drew closer to the debit side of the ledger. It was not a case of mismanagement. The Academy had to maintain its plant, pay teachers, buy new equipment, and meet numerous miscellaneous expenses. Be- cause public school trustees could not include in the per capita cost of transferred students any items of capital outlay, and because the tuition paid by these public school trustees had the effect of limiting the tuition fees to be paid by individual stu- dents, the total amount of fees and the income from the endow- ment fund did not equal the actual cost of operating the school. The Board of Trustees was constantly facing a deficit. In 1899 and 1900 a movement was fostered by Murray S. Wildman, the superintendent, to have the Quarterly Meeting take over the Academy. 27 Heretofore, the school had been the project of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting alone, but if the backing of the Quarterly Meeting could be secured, it might hope for increased support. The proposition was rejected, however. Aid could not be expected from the Indiana Yearly Meeting, which had Earlham College as its charge. The friends of the Academy were much encouraged by the passage of the Kimmel Bill in 1909. 28 This act provided that trustees in townships that did not maintain a high school might transfer their high-school pupils to the school that was most convenient for the child and pay the regular tuition to this institution. Since the law did not specify that the school to which pupils were transferred must be a public school, Spice- land Academy could hope for an increased enrollment. In 19 1 5 the township trustee purchased the ground and building of what was known as the "old frame building." It was stipulated that a new building was to be built for the use 26 Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, Book E, p. 52. ■"Ibid., Book E, pp. 54-55. ^Laivs of Indiana, 1909, pp. 331-32. SPICELAXD ACADEMY 137 of the grade school, with provision that should the ground ever cease to be used for educational purposes it was to revert to the Academy Board, the buildings to be removed. Item III of this agreement was of especial interest. It read : "It is hereby agreed and made part of the consideration of the trans- fer of the real estate herein described that the Trustee of Spiceland Township will transfer the high school pupils of said township to Spiceland Academy so long as Spiceland Academy shall hold a certificate of Equivalency, putting it in either of the classes as the high schools hereafter included in the provisions for fixing the maximum charge for transfer tuition — the rate to be the average of the certified high schools of Franklin, Henry, Wayne, and Greensboro Townships, and Knightstown and New Castle Corporations/ ' The Academy was not losing any opportunity to hold students. This condition lasted until May, 191 7, when Attorney- General Ele Stansbury handed down the opinion that private and parochial schools were not intended to be included in the interpretation of the law of 1909 as being schools to which public school trustees might transfer high-school students and pay their tuition. 29 This was a death blow to the Academy. However, its friends did not give up without an effort. A suit was brought in the Henry County Circuit Court for an- other judicial decision but this was later dropped. 30 The final struggle came in the legislature of 192 1. An amendment was proposed to the Cann Bill, dealing with the transfer of school children and repealing the Kimmel Law, which read : "And, provided further, that in a township hav- ing no high school, the township trustee may issue school transfers in order that pupils may attend a private school of secondary rank established prior to January 1, 1920 . . . provided, such private school has been approved by the state board of education as being the equivalent of a commissioned high school." 31 This amendment was lost and the law of 1909 was repealed. ^Opinions of the Attorney General, Indiana, 1916-20, pp. 247-49. ^Minutes of the Indiana Yearly Meeting, 1917, p. 113. zl Senate Journal, 1921, p. ion; House Journal, 1921, pp. 625, 814-15; Laws of Indiana, 1921, pp. 743-45. 138 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY The year 1922 witnessed the metamorphosis of the Acad- emy into a township high school, with the purchase of the entire plant by Wade Kerr, trustee of Spiceland Township. The teachers were the same, and outwardly there was no change, but the change was brought vividly to mind at com- mencement time, when the county superintendent presided in- stead of the superintendent of the Academy. It was long, how- ever, before the name "Academy" ceased to be used in speak- ing of the school. After the repeal of the Kimmel Act the passing of the Academy was only a question of time. It was proposed to convert it into a school for theological training, but an active campaign for additional endowment did not succeed. The day of academies was over and Earlham College claimed all the support of the church for higher learning. There is a note of pathos in the minutes of the Monthly Meeting for July 7, 1 92 1 : "Through an agreement with the township trustee the same teachers will be retained at the Academy another year. After that — and that is the greatest problem that faces our meeting today." 32 All that remained, or remains, is the endowment fund. Part of this fund had been so willed that should the Academy cease to function the bequest was to be given to Earlham College. Some $13,000 was turned over to that school, and part of the remainder reverted to the Monthly Meeting. There still remains about $19,000, the interest on which is used for a Student Loan Fund and summer Vacation Bible School. 33 Thus the spirit of the donors is carried on. 32 Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, Book E, p. 465. 33 L. O. Draper, treasurer, and H. H. Rayle, member of Board of Trus- tees, to the author. EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES No discussion of the activities of a school today is complete without mention of those things which are listed as extra- curricular. In fact, it sometimes seems that these activities are the main reasons for the existence of a school. But a study of the curriculum of the Academy shows that this was not the case there. Yet it must not be thought that there was nothing in the life of the school to lighten the work, although a modern youth would not be particularly thrilled by the means offered to alleviate dull care. Early reports of the school gave the information that the pupils were taken to midweek meeting by their teacher. 1 Present-day educators might not class this as extra-curricular, but it is to be remembered that this was a "Select School," maintained for the children of the Meeting. Imagine the school sitting through a meeting that might, if the members did not feel moved to speak, be entirely silent. This attendance was obligatory for years and was discontinued only after the school became more secular. We do not have a definite record of the time of the Academy's going further afield in outside activities, but an early notice read thus : "Lectures "Lectures are given frequently on Literary and Scientific subjects. Those on Natural Science are illustrated by experi- ments with Philosophical and Chemical Apparatus when the subject requires them. "Literary Societies "The Grammar and High Schools, each have a Literary Society connected with them." 2 This was the day of the singing school and spelling bee in rural communities, and doubtless these were common in this Minutes of the Spiceland Branch of the General Committee on Edu- cation, 1851. 2 Catalogue, 1864-65, p. 13. (139) 140 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY community. But these Friends were strait-laced, and the Meeting records show that to have been in attendance "at a place of music and dancing and indulged in the latter" was a matter for discipline. 3 During these times the Academy was offering its youth lectures and literary societies. The number of these societies grew to three, "The Lucernians, conducted by the ladies, and the Crescent and Glisco Societies, by the gentlemen." 4 These societies had regular meetings 5 and at the end of each term were expected to hold an exhibition. On the following page is a copy of a program given by the Lucernians and Crescents. Quite a rivalry existed between the two societies conducted by the gentlemen for the favor of the Lucernians. It is evident that, for the time at least, the Crescents had the advantage in being allowed to collaborate with the ladies in this event. These literary societies were an intregal part of the life of the Academy and they continued until the turn of the century. Courses in declamation and public speaking had been offered in the Academy from its earliest time, and the outlet for this work was found in these organizations. The literary societies performed another service to the Academy that was of benefit to the whole school. This was the gathering of a library, or libraries, as the catalogues stated. The Academy library had its origin in the church library which had been begun at a very early year. Accessions were made from time to time, and by 1870 the citizens had subscribed a sum of $2,000 for its further expansion. 6 The literary societies began the accumulation of their own libraries and by 1875 the combined libraries of the school included two thousand volumes. The catalogue showed the usual classics, histories, reference books, and a varied assortment ranging from Tal- mage's sermons to Darwin's Origin of Species. It is true that when the library was inspected a few years ago over a thousand volumes were discarded as worthless, but to the 3 Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, Book B, p. 215. Catalogue, 1874-75, p. 23. 5 "Once a week we gravely debated the great issues of the time — what- ever they were," states Charles A. Beard, a former member of the societies. ^Catalogue, 1870-71, p. 15. SPTCELAND ACADEMY 141 Crescents and Lucernians De Haute Lutte ENTERTAINMENT Spiceland, June 21, 1872 Essay — Love Your Enemies : Lauretta C. Ballard Spiceland Oration — Poets and Poetry : A. H. Jenkins Dayton, O. Paper — Part First : S. Carrie Talbert Spiceland Morris P. Wright Spiceland Declamation — Wanted — A Minister's Wife: Elvira L. Spencer Greensboro Essay — Indirect Influence : Alice C Coffin Spiceland Dialogue — Then and Now — Then : Maggie Harvey Spiceland John Pennington Westf ield Orations — Proverbs : Irvin H. Cammack Arba Essay — Live for a Purpose : Candace Newlin New London Dialogue — Then and Now — Now : Maggie Harvey Spiceland John Pennington Westf ield Soliloquy — Nonsense Without a Moral : Mollie Stanley Spiceland Paper — Part Second : S. Carrie Talbert Spiceland Morris P. W r right Spiceland Apostrophe — Fashion : Mantie Painter Wabash Oration — Progress of the NIX Century: Sylvester Newlin New London Officers President, Cinda Dugan, Connersville yr 1 , ^Mattie E. Jones, Mechanicsburgh ars a s, ^ Hutchens, Wabash 142 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY students who came to it years ago it offered an opportunity for reading that could not be found elsewhere in that vicinity. The first announcements in regard to Academy lectures were general. A list of subjects included the following: astronomy, natural philosophy, English literature, English orthography, customs of foreign nations, geography of our own country, international law, mental philosophy, theory and practice of teaching, and a special series for the higher classes in mathematics on projection drawing. 7 These lectures were free of charge to the students. The caliber of work done in the school may be judged by the following list of subjects and the names of the people who gave them : 8 David Starr Jordan, "An Ascent of the Matter- horn" ; William A. Bell, "Horace Mann" ; Thomas H. Nelson, "Mexico"; William Lowe Bryan, "A Theory of Life"; Hannah E. Davis, "Vesuvius and Pompeii" ; Lois G. Huf ford, "A Measure of Values" ; Joseph J. Mills, "Relation of Church and State to Education" ; William Dudley Foulke, "Greek Literature." As the years went by the speakers included such men as Dr. D. W. Dennis, of Earlham, President W. W. Parsons, of Terre Haute, Dr. Richard Boone, an alumnus of the school, and Richard Thompson, one-time secretary of the treasury, who spoke on "Recollections of the Presidents." A series of lectures by Dr. James A. Woodburn dealt with "Slavery in the Colonies and in the Constitution," "The Missouri Compro- mise," "The Abolition Agitation," "The Compromise of 1850," and "The Fugitive Slave Law." 9 This group of talks, given in the early nineties, was really a university extension course, and Academy students were expected to prepare a syllabus and take a final examination. The diet was varied in some instances by music, "An Elocutionary Entertainment," or recitals of original poetry. 10 A logical outgrowth of the former literary societies was the Oratorical Association. There were similar organizations 'Catalogue, 1884-85, p. 8. "Ibid., 1887-88, p. 13. 9 1 bid., 1893-94, p. 11. 10 Ibid., 1893-94, p. 12. SPICELAND ACADEMY 143 in West field. Central, and Fairmount academies. A contest was held in each school and an inter-academic contest was held in April, 1900. 11 So much interest was aroused by these con- tests that in addition to the required work in "essays and de- clamations" a new course was offered that covered three terms, the work consisting of instruction ranging from correct mental action in reading to phonology and dramatic training. 12 Spice- land won first prize in oratory and declamation at several of these inter-academic contests. 13 The names of Miss Claire Hoover, Miss Jessie Gordon, Lawrence Bridges, and Walter Brandy (colored) are among the winners. Not all of the extra-curricular activities were devoted to the intellectual, however. Baseball and football of the Rugby variety were in great favor. A former student, reminiscing, tells of seeing the superintendent, Timothy Wilson, playing Rugby with the boys. The game continued until the turn of the century, when a tragic accident brought it into disfavor. There are traditions in Spiceland of the days when John Thompson, "Snowball" Meredith (colored), Walter Brandy, Arden Stubbs, Walter Hayes, Howard Harvey, and the Ewing boys played fine ball for the Academy. The New Castle Courier reported a score of eight to two, the Academy playing Earlham College, with the comment that the Academy team had not lost a game that season. 14 The climax of the year was "Field Day," or "Field's Day." (The final "s" was the shibboleth for those who were or were not Academy bred.) Just when a day was first set aside for the final exhibition of sports is not known, but it is listed on the calendar for 1901, 15 and continued until a year or so before the close of the school. The day was spent in exhibits and contests of various sorts, open not only to the school and town but to persons from quite an area outside. Class reunions were held; people came and spent the day. Tennis tournaments for boys and 11 1 bid., 1 899- 1 900, p. 9. 12 Ibid., 1903-4, p. 17. 13 Minutes of the Indiana Yearly Meeting, 1904, p. T07. 14 Nezv Castle Courier, May 21, 1902. 15 Catalo-gue, 1901-2, p. 3. 144 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY girls were played off ; there were running races, relays, vault- ing, and in the morning usually a ball game between the Academy team and an alumni team. In the afternoon the chief event — if it did not rain — was the girls' drill. For weeks the girls practiced and the teachers racked their brains for something new to distinguish this most important of all oc- casions. An area was roped off for the performance, and even the man who for years had had a concession for Field Day, would cease calling:, "Do vou folks eat cawn?" to see "The Drill" — if it didn't rain. Then followed a scramble for the ball diamond for the afternoon game. The following excerpt from a county paper gives the program of events and the winners : 16 Standing Broad Jump Harley Anderson Running Broad Jump Will Spencer Running High Jump Walter Brandy ioo Yard Dash Harley Anderson 50 Yard Dash Harley Anderson Standing Hop Hop Jump .... Will Spencer Running Hop Hop Jump Will Spencer Pole Vault Harley Anderson Bull Frog Leap Walter Brandy Tennis Bowers and Griffen Ladies' Drill Base Ball Spiceland vs. Richmond Manhattans A. M. 7 2 P. M. 8 3 Visitors began to arrive in buggies, carriages, and on the street car (interurban) at an early hour, 17 and estimates of Field Day crowds ranged from three to four thousand. 18 When basketball began its climb for favor Spiceland was not left behind. There was no gymnasium in the earlier days, but this was not such a drawback as it sounds, for other teams were not much better equipped. In 19 19, before so many teams were competing in the state tournament, a district, then 16 Nezv Castle Courier, June 18, 1902. 17 1 bid., June 12, 1907. ls Minutes of the Indiana Yearly Meeting, 1904, p. 107. SPICELAND ACADEMY 145 a final meet in Bloomington were the extent of the games. That year the Academy team won in the district meet at New Castle but was defeated in its second game at Bloomington. A gymnasium was built by the community in celebration of the district victory. The last week of the school year was devoted to commence- ment activities. The schedule was varied but the festivities in later years were usually begun by a Junior-Senior reception — not a "Prom" in this Quaker school. Sunday night was Baccalaureate, Monday was given to Senior Class Day with a faculty reception that night. The Field Day on Wednesday was the gala event. Then Friday morning at ten o'clock Com- mencement was held in the Friends' Church. The alumni meeting was held that night. During the last few years of the school there were class plays. Sororities and fraternities were not permitted in the school. There were organizations of Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, Young Women's Christian Association, and Glee Clubs. Before the close of the Academy it would have been hard to realize that this was the same school where songs between numbers of the literary society program were frowned upon, and where a piano was bought under protest. THE HUMAN SIDE OF THE ACADEMY There can be no school without buildings and grounds, without texts and courses, but it was not these academic, matter-of-fact properties which were most significant to the large number of students who had the good fortune to attend Spiceland Academy. Mention the Academy to these people and watch the reaction. "Did you go to Spiceland? 1 ' And then hear them begin to recall happenings of other days. Why is it? There must have been some vital spark there to have left its mark in such a manner, and it was the people who kindled that spark who made, Spiceland. Those pioneers who planned a "Select School," those people who fostered the school in its infancy, those who had visions of a great future for the school, and those whose part it was to see the passing of the old school, all gave of themselves to make the school. They were a noble devoted folk. The records of the Academy do not tell us whether or not this emphasis on personal value began with the first teacher, Isaac Hodson. He had come from Guilford County, North Carolina, with other settlers. 1 Although he was past thirty years of age, he was not married, a point which is the only recommendation mentioned in the account of his choice as teacher. The fact that he would teach and that he could furnish his own schoolhouse was probably all that was neces- sary. That the people of the community were all interested is clearly shown by the fact that when a Monthly Meeting was organized the subject of education was one of the first to be discussed. The committee appointed to act on education con- sisted of James Johnson, Josiah Small, William Baldwin, and Isaac White, who had taught some time after Hodson. Dr. Vierling Kersey 2 stands out as a teacher and as the person who 3 History of Henry County, pp. 816-17. 2 The grandson of Dr. Vierling Kersey is now State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Sacramento, California. (146) SPICELAND ACADEMY 147 was instrumental in the organization of what was known as "Spiceland School." An Englishman, Robert H. Harrison, who taught at Spiceland between 1836 and 1840, is said to have urged the introduction of Latin at that early day. 3 Jeremiah Griffin was probably the first teacher who had been a student under the men mentioned above. 4 At seventeen he received a certificate to teach after having been examined by Martin L. Bundy and Joel Reed in New Castle. He taught for $15 per month and boarded himself. He continued to be interested in educational matters after leaving Spiceland and was instrumental in establishing the first teachers' association in Henry County. Early on the list of teachers appears the name of Solomon Macy; after the conclusion of his teaching term, he served year after year on school committees. 5 Mr. Macy was a native of North Carolina, who came to Wayne County, Indiana, in 1826, and later removed to Henry County. He opened a harness shop in Greensboro, but in 1834 he left this occupation to teach the school at Spiceland. In 1835 he served on the committee to draft a constitution for the school ; the yearly committee on education carried his name; he was on the committee to begin the Endowment Fund ; and he was one of the first trustees of the newly incorporated Academy. He served in this capacity until 1883, and until his death as an octogenarian he continued his interest in the welfare of the school. Another name that one cannot miss in examining these records is that of Elisha B. Ratcliff. For years he served as clerk of the Meeting, and in 1877 he became a member of the Academy Board. He served as treasurer and later as president of that body. Mr. Ratcliff represented the old-line conserva- tive, holding fast to the idea of the founders of the school to provide a "guarded education" for the youth. Other names appear on the records — Ballenger, Cloud, Evans, Unthank, Griffen, Stubbs, Hiatt, Gause, Gordon, 3 Reprint of Spiceland Gazette, 1898. Latin was not taught in the school until i860. *History of Henry Comity, pp. 808-9. 5 Ibid., pp. 820-21. 148 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Newby, Hammer, 6 Edgerton, 7 Stanley, Hubbard, Teas, White, Rayle, Cochran — these and many others represented families that lived in the community from its earliest days and gave of their money and interest to the maintenance of this school. It must not be supposed that women played no part in this school. The appointment of a committee on educational sub- jects was accompanied by the notation "to meet with a like committee of women Friends." 8 The records of the women's meeting were kept separate and any report was signed by a representative of their meeting. Women served as members of the Board of Trustees in later days. Mrs. Martha Ann Macy White stands out as one of the most loyal friends the school ever had. She was a daughter of Solomon Macy and her interest in the Academy equaled his. She not only gave of her money, but she gave sympathy and loyalty as well to those who were actively engaged in the work of the school. Mrs. Martha E. S. Charles is also remembered for her work, both as teacher and friend to the school. Mrs. Virginia Griffin Cory holds a place among the student body for her kindly, and may we say, motherly interest in all with whom she came in contact. The position of those who tried to save the Academy when trouble came was not an easy one. The last Board of Trustees was made up of James Holtsclaw, president, L. T. Pennington, secretary and treasurer, Clarence Painter, William Smith, Morris Coffin, and Harmon H. Rayle. To these men fell the 6 Mr. H. H. Ratcliff, son of Elisha B. Ratcliff, tells a story of Elisha Hammer and Richard G. Boone. Boone was walking to Greensboro and was overtaken by Hammer riding horseback. Boone had expected to be asked "up behind'' but Hammer was thinking of a talk he was to make and as he stopped he remarked in his high-pitched voice, "Richard, I've been thinking that the cause of religion suffers more from its advocates than its adversaries," and rode on. 7 Walter Edgerton was an ardent Abolitionist, working and writing for the cause. He refused to buy cotton raised by slave labor and made trips to the South to buy cotton from poor whites. He was instrumental in organ- izing the Society of Anti-Slavery Friends, breaking with his church in this cause. His tombstone bears the inscription, "A friend of the Oppressed." History of Henry County, p. 805. 8 Minutes of the Spiceland Monthly Meeting, Book A, p. 2. SPICELAND ACADEMY 149 difficult task of finding ways and means to maintain the school. Praise must be given them and many others who tried to stem the tide. The members of the endowment committee, with L. O. Draper as treasurer, made every effort to find funds but it was not to be. The people discussed above have been those who were rather behind the scenes. The student might not know them so well and his more vivid recollections center about those who met him each day. Superintendents and teachers were more real to him, and the Academy and students were fortunate to have had the corps of teachers that came there. It is not to disparage the work of any of their predecessors or successors, that especial attention is called to Clarkson and Hannah E. Davis. They were Spiceland Academy. Clarkson Davis (1833-1883), was born near Fountain City, Wayne County, Indiana, of Friends' parentage. His early boyhood was spent in Grant County, Indiana, where his father farmed and taught a country school. The boy received his early education in this school, and at the age of sixteen began teaching. Later he attended the Academy at Blooming- dale, Indiana, where he came under the influence of that Quaker educator, Barnabas C. Hobbs. In this school young Davis paid his expenses by working outside of school. After teaching for some years he entered the Friends' Boarding School, as Earlham College was then called. Here he was first appointed governor of the students and later teacher of mathematics. In 1859 his health became so impaired that he was forced to leave school and he did not return until 1862, the year of his marriage. In 1863 he was put in charge of the school in Spiceland, and from this time the greatest period of activity and service of the Academy may be dated. The moral influence of the man was balanced by his efforts to help the school materially. The remainder of his life was devoted to the Academy. He was away from school one year for a trip to Europe ; and later he traveled for Harper & Brothers for three years, hoping to regain his health. In 1882 he was compelled to resign, and that winter he and his wife went south. He returned in the spring unimproved, and his death came on May 23, 1883. 150 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Hannah E. Brown Davis was also of Friends' parentage. She was born near Richmond, Indiana, in 1841. She received her education in the Friends' Boarding School, leaving there on her marriage in 1862 to begin her work at Spiceland, a con- nection that was to last for twenty-eight years. She accom- panied her husband to Europe, and after his death she made three other trips for study. In 1890 she entered the University of Michigan for two years of study, and later she attended Harvard University. She was professor of literature in the University of North Dakota at the time of her death in 1898. Mrs. Davis was a member of the Western Association of Writers, and her poems, papers, and letters are much prized by those fortunate enough to have them. At her death a col- lection of her poems and addresses was published. 9 This rehearsal of a few facts about the lives of these two people cannot convey even a small degree of what they meant to those who came in contact with them. Former pupils remem- ber the talks Mr. Davis gave in "Morning Collection," and many a homesick pupil was cheered by an invitation to visit the home of these worthy people. Mrs. Davis continued her work at the Academy for a num- ber of years after the death of Mr. Davis. One former student said, "I never was there when Clarkson Davis was teaching but I certainly remember what a wonderful woman Hannah Davis was." Even in the years that followed her departure the reputation that they had made for the school brought stu- dents to its doors. During the first year that Clarkson Davis was absent from the Academy his place as superintendent was filled by Edward Taylor, who carried on the work of Mr. Davis in an excellent manner. During the next absence of Mr. Davis, Timothy Wilson acted as superintendent. Mr. Wilson had been actively connected with the affairs of the school before this time. He was remembered by his students for his great optimism. At the death of Mr. Davis a former graduate and teacher of the Academy, Thomas Newlin, took the position of super- intendent. He had worked with Mr. Davis and was able to '''Poems, Papers and Addresses of Clarkson and Hannah E. Davis . . . (Richmond, Ind., '898) . SPICELAXD ACADEMY 151 carry on his plans, along with his own ideas. His administra- tion was a decided success. Mr. Newlin has since been presi- dent of Whittier Junior College, Whittier, California, and is now in the Department of Philosophy of Fullerton Junior Col- lege, Fullerton, California. William P. Pinkham filled the position of Mr. Newlin from 1883 to 1885. He was a minister and at the end of his service in the Academy returned to his work in the religious field. J. Frank Brown followed Mr. Newlin. He was a young college graduate and came to the work with the greatest enthusiasm. He taught for a number of years and then took up work with the Macmillan Company. Arthur W. Jones spent only one year at the Academy and later became professor of Greek in Friends' University, Wichita, Kansas. George W. Neet, superintendent from 1894 to 1898, was especially interested in the Normal Department. As a graduate of the State Normal, Terre Haute, Indiana, with supplemen- tary graduate work at Indiana University, he was particularly well fitted for this work, and continued in the same field when he removed to Valparaiso, Indiana. Murray S. Wildman succeeded George Xeet in 1898. Former students recall his geniality and carry with them remembrances of his kindly disposition. He is now in the Department of Economics at Leland Stanford University. M. S. Woods was the successor of Mr. Wildman in 190T and carried forward the work of the school. He was succeeded in 1903 by Homer H. Cooper. Mr. Cooper had received his master's degree from Indiana University and was well qualified to carry on the work of the Academy. He served as superin- tendent for thirteen years. During this time, despite a favor- able financial condition, growing high schools in surrounding- townships absorbed a gradually increasing number of Academy students. Few persons realized how much time, energy, and spirit Mr. Cooper was expending in his efforts to preserve the school. To those who really came to know him he was a friend and inspiration. The last two superintendents of the Academy were Joseph Blose and Chester L. Reagan, who was in charge when the school was turned over to township authorities. 152 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY These were the superintendents : each one brought a special contribution to the Academy and left a host of friends. But there were teachers, too, who made a lasting gift of character to their pupils. It is not possible to mention all of these. Mrs. Davis was, of course, notable for her influence with the student body. Ludovic Estes is another who has been recalled with interest by many of the students. George Hufford is remembered, probably by the prominence of his later career as principal of Shortridge High School in Indianapolis. Isadore Wilson Kirk left with her students imprints of her strong personality so that warm friendships still continue from Academy days. Dr. Charles A. Beard recalls his first teacher in the grades, Ella Williams, as "a cultivated, gentle woman who knew how to keep the peace without waging war. After every noon recess she read to us from some classic or current story." He further adds: "There was strictness without harshness, gravity without heaviness, in the atmosphere of the place." Finally there was the student body, upon which this corps of self-effacing teachers poured out its spirit of simplicity and high integrity. Some of these young men and women belonged to the surrounding communities, but many came from a greater distance. Friendships were formed that were lasting because, with few exceptions, the students were from homes and en- vironments which made such contacts feasible. Even those who did not graduate carried away with them something of the essence of Academy life. The roster of the alumni carries its own story of the graduates of the school. Has it all been told, or will the stranger not see any reason for the feeling that lingers with all who came to this school? Is it all just sentimentalism ? No. It is life. An inner light had to exist to leave such sentiments in human hearts. There was the school, not many students, few teachers, a small com- munity, but all interested one in the other, and a spirit pervad- ing the whole that could not be equaled in any public school. CONCLUSION A school had been established in the community of Spice- land to provide an education for the children of Friends. From its founding in 1826 to i860 it had confined its work mostly to elementary courses, offering advanced courses only when there were sufficient numbers desiring them. With the coming of Clarkson Davis to the school new life sprang up in the Academy, which then entered into the heyday of its exist- ence. Its curriculum grew until it extended beyond the usual high-school courses into the field of college work. It enabled many students to attend school at a time when there was no other school of its kind in that part of the state. Dr. Charles A. Beard writes: "My parents moved to Spiceland about 1880 for the special purpose of giving their children the benefits of the Academy." By 1900 the situation had changed. Parochial schools were losing favor as the public high schools developed, and the astonishing aspect of the whole situation is that the school managed to exist as long as it did. The tradition of the school was tenacious and tuition students were there usually because some older member of the family had been there as a student in earlier days. Dr. Murray S. Wildman, a former superin- tendent, writes as follows about the period of decline : "My connection with Spiceland Academy covered most of the '90s. I think it would be fair to call this the decade of declining influence, a fact that was not wholly attributable to my connection with the school! Before this time the school had two reasons for existence : one was the fact that it af- forded something better than a secondary education in a region where the public high school was poorly developed or non- existent. The other that along with good facilities for secular education it offered the advantages of the parochial type at a time in our history when considerations of religious dogma were held in much greater esteem than now. "As a result of this background the school drew students (153) 154 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY from distant points, it attracted gifts, its teachers were well paid and selected with great care so that in influence and character their position compared favorably with any educators in the state or Yearly Meeting. By 1890 all this had changed. There were good free high schools in the surrounding towns. In order to attract gentile patronage all instruction in Quaker- ism had been abandoned. The decline in income made posi- tions on its faculty too precarious to attract teachers of ability and ambition for any long time. While the trustees often talked of the methods and spirit of Clarkson Davis they actually employed apprentices who as often as not were not even members of the Society of Friends. What then remained to justify the existence of the school? "This question was often on the minds of friends of the Academy. First there was a small endowment and some property which did much to prevent actual dissolution. Second there was a library which in effect was the only public library in twenty miles perhaps and was regarded by the community with an esteem far beyond its true worth since most of it was out of date. "Third was the tradition which died hard. In some un- accountable manner people forgot that Clarkson Davis was dead and the spirit of him and his able assistants still accounted for a certain amount of patronage from distant parts. The prestige of the Academy was like that of an old soldier who because of some brave deeds in years long past is still regarded a hero by his neighbors who from the very intimacy of their association are blind to his actual senility." Each year the struggle for maintenance became more acute, with an occasional respite, but not for long. When the much mooted question of separation of church and state funds for parochial schools was decided by law against the parochial schools, it was merely a hastening of the end. And so the minutes of the Indiana Yearly Meeting for 1922 contained the following record: "The report of Spice- land Academy not being at hand the trustees were directed to make their report to the permanent Board." There was no Spiceland Academy. APPENDIXES Partial List of Teachers and Assistants before 1863 Isaac Hod son Anna Unthank Isaac White Catherine Mendenhall Lane John M. Macy Vierling Kersey Jeremiah Griffin Solomon Macy Seth Stafford Robert Harrison Ezra Spencer Caleb Johnson Oliver White Levissa White Eli Jay Esther Hiatt Dickinson Oliver Rales Anna M. Macy Leah H. Bogue Rebecca Gordon Martha A. Macy Rebecca Edgerton Martha Hobbs Unthank Macajah White Martha Hunt Bales Betsy Anne Boone Mahala Jay Sarah Ann Hodson Superintendents of the Academy Oliver Bales 1859-1863 Clarkson Davis 1863-1867 Edward Taylor 1867-1868 Clarkson Davis 1868-1874 Timothy Wilson 1874-1876 Clarkson Davis 1876-1882 Thomas Newlin 1882-1883 William Pinkham 1883-1885 Thomas Newlin 1885- 1892 J. Frank Brown 1892-1893 Arthur Jones 1893 -1894 George W. Neet 1894-1898 Murray S. Wildman 1 898-1901 M. S. Woods 1901-1903 Homer H. Cooper 1903-1916 Joseph Blose 1916-1918 Chester Reagan 1918-1921 (155) 156 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Partial List of Instructors after 1863 Luzena Thornburg Samuel Covvgill William B. Morgan Morris P. Wright Phebe Furnas Sarah H. Morgan William Mendenhall Ludovic Estes Sylvanus Wright George Hufford William Doggett Hannah E. Davis W. M. Timmons Maud Taylor Isadore Wilson Emma Kendall Ethel Publow Clara Kendall Stephen A. Jones M. W. Chamness Nathan New'by Edwin O. Kennard J. C. F. Scovell Oscar R. Baker Maggie E. Newsom Laura Seddom William Earl Morgan Edith Wildman Irvin Schultz Kathryn Scanlan Russell Ratliff Edna Macy Lucile Mcllvaine Barclay Morris Clyde Rogers Ruth A. Harvey Loretta Rush Edna Doan William McCracken Emma R. Clark John Parker Edwin Morrison Kate Stone Edwin E. Starbuck Bertha M. Brown W. H. Sanders Anna L. Dunkel Emily L. Parker Leonard Young Belle Wilson William L. Martin R. S. Rice Robert W. Himelick Laura B. Laughman H. C. Henderson Anna M. Moore Emily Weeks D. H. Weir Martha E. S. Charles Emilie Knowlton Nellie G. Hodson William Austin Estella Charles Clarabelle Gardner Anna M. Painter Ethel Pearson Nellie Applegate Edwin B. Radcliff Emily Hyde Virginia Graves Catherine Hartman Robert Fisher Mrs. M. Smith Lola Haworth Florence Hadlev APPENDIXES 157 Members of the Board of Trustees 1871-1921 J. P. Bogue Solomon Macy Caleb Johnson Timothy Wilson Asa C. Davis Jesse Gordon Clarkson Davis Dr. James Cochran John Symons Elisha B. Ratcliff Dr. G. D. Baily Henry W. Painter Mattie A. White Sarah E. Taylor Cyrus Ratcliff Edwin Hall Hugh Gardner Daniel Lawrence Marietta B. Teas Jacob Hill Samantha Henley Mattie S. Charles Terrell Wilson William H. Coffin Samuel Test Herbert Baily Lavinia Baily Lizzie E. Holloway O. H. Bogue Jason W. Newby Samuel B. Lane Charles Harvey Susan F. Baily Effie F. Hall Jesse Bell Harriet Dickinson Alvin Painter Arthur W. Osborne Seth C. Symons John S. Griffin George Evans James Holtsclaw Edwin B. Ratcliff Clarence Painter William Smith Morris Coffin L. T. Pennington Harmon H. Rayle 158 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Graduates of Spiceland Academy [Addresses and occupations are correct as far as could be ascertained in 1930. Names of deceased persons are marked with asterisk; the accompanying addresses represent the place of residence at time of death.] YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, I93O l8/0 *Eli U. Cook (Muscatine, la.) John J. Stubbs Omaha, Neb. 1871 *Walter D. Jones Lawyer (Dayton, O.) *Alvin H. Jenkins (Dayton, O.) *I. Macy Good (Wabash) *C. R. Dixon (Paonia, Colo.) *R. G. Boone Professor of Education. . (Berkeley, Cal.) *Dallas Sisson Merchant ( Spiceland) Mary Ballenger Bar- nard Housewife New Castle * Louisa Wickersham ... ( Spiceland) *Lida Edwards Saint. . .Housewife (New Castle) 1872 *Lindley H. Johnson. . . Farmer (Dunreith) *David Henley Farmer (Spiceland) *Jacob Hill Merchant ( Spiceland) *Henry W. Painter. . . . Farmer (New Castle) *Robert G. Mitchell Farmer (Pacific Grove, Cal.) 1873 *Sadie D. Talbert Wright (Greensboro) * Aaron B. Bell Farmer (Springtown, Ark.) *J. Tilman Hutchins... (Wabash) John Pennington Minister Damascus, O. Mary Stubbs Painter. .Housewife Waverly, Kan. Nathan Williams Truck Farmer Omaja, Cuba S. Carrie Talbert Newby Wichita, Kan. 1874 Alice Coffin Russell. .Author New York City, N. Y. Alvira Spencer Harold . Indianapolis J. P. Edwards Salesman Spiceland William S. Moffett. . .Farmer Pasadena, Cal. APPENDIXES 159 YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, 1930 *Edwin O. Kennard Fruit Grower (Glendale, Cal.) Nathan Rosenberger. . . Lawyer Muscatine, la. *W. E. Jackson ( Knightstown) *D. C. Mitchell Farmer ( Spiceland) 1875 *W. W. Gregg Dry Cleaner (Indianapolis) William Pidgeon Teacher-Farmer Muncie Irvin Stanley Teacher Westf ield i877 Milton Roberts Judge Lineville, la. 1878 S. Ella Bogue Dogget. Danville, Va. Belle Chambers Bailey. . Real Estate Miami, Fla. J. Pinkney Mitchell ... Seattle, Wash. Thomas Mitchell Olin, N. C. Flora Moore Brady. . . Lincolnville *John O. Reed Dean, University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Mich.) * William Sea ford Teacher ( Spiceland) *Fannie Thornburg Parsons (Oak Park, 111.) 1879 J. A. Buck Adjuster of Weights and Measures Terre Haute *Carrie Goodwin Jef- frey Housewife (New Castle) Thomas Newlin Former President WTiit- tier College Whittier, Cal. 1880 J. Edgar Cloud Veterinary Surgeon San Diego, Cal. * William N. Lamb Physician (San Francisco, Cal.) Mattie Lamb Outland . Nurse Amboy Ada Grace Murphy. . . Chattanooga, Tenn. Ida May Roberts Social Service Indianapolis *Emma Belle Roberts. . Social Service (Indianapolis) Frank Symons Riverside, Cal. Lamira Trueblood Kellum Housewife Camby 1881 Oscar R. Baker Superintendent of Schools Winchester *Corrie Bogue (Spiceland) 160 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, I930 Minnie Benedict Blankenship Housewife Paragon Carrie Unthank Kellum Housewife Cambridge City *Jessie Stratton (Greensboro) 1882 * Arthur H. Bainy Life Insurance (Camden, N. J.) J. Newton Barnard. . . . Banker Daleville Harriet Bogue Newlin. . Whittier, Cal. Harriet E. Dickinson. . Teacher Spiceland ^Charles Newlin Life Insurance (Indianapolis) 1883 Anna Hudelson Foster. Housewife Washington, D. C. Ryland Ratlif f Teacher Danville *Julia Stafford Newby. (New Castle) Emily Weeks Music Teacher Middletown 1884 *Cora Kirk (Greensboro) Ella Stratton Hodson. Housewife New Castle, R. R. 10 Virginia Griffin Cory. Teacher-Secretary Dunreith Isadore Hall Wilson. . Teacher of History New Castle *William Julian County Superintendent of Schools (Wood River, Neb.) Charles Newby Librarian Converse Mary L. Brown Pen- nington Housewife Daytona Beach, Fla. *Alfred Y. King Teacher (Mt. Vernon, 111.) Oliver C. Steele Manufacturer Spiceland 1886 L. Winnie Baily Clement Physician Haddonf ield, N. J. *Mattie E. Brown Teacher (Daytona Beach, Fla.) Richard Broadbent . . . Lawyer El wood Elbert Griffin Lawyer Elwood Alonzo C. Hodson. ... Stock Breeder New Castle *John L. McNew (Maplevalley) Russell Ratlif f Marion 1887 Herbert T. Baily. *Clarence H. Beard Anna K. Bogue Shaffer Club Woman Benton Harbor, Mich. Retired Banker Spiceland Lawyer (Indianapolis) APPENDIXES 161 YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, 1930 *Lindley Compton Superintendent of In- dian School (Tomah, Wis.) Elizabeth S. Hiatt Geneaux Teacher Omaha, Neb. Abraham L. Miller. . . Minister Birmingham, Ala. Bert Smith Farmer Zionsville 1888 Rhoda Ballenger Cunningham Indianapolis *Hannah Brown Stribbing (Paton, la.) Orynthis Brown Jester. Housewife Paton, la. *Jessie Butler (Lewisville) Clara G. Edwards Knight Housewife St. Louis, Mo. *John C. Cook ( New Castle) Eva Elliott Compton. .Matron of Indian School. Tomah, Wis. Achsah E. Ratcliff Ratclif f Housewife Richmond Harmon H. Rayle Farmer Spiceland Charles Stubbs Teacher Frankfort J. A. Greenstreet Teacher of Latin New Castle H. FI. Ratcliff Teacher of Science Decatur, 111. 1889 Laura Benedict Professor of English. . . Muncie Blanch Braddock McNew Housewife Greenfield Frank Copeland Railroad Ticket Agent. . . Dunreith Estella Deem Kennedy. Teacher Greensburg *Lawrence Gardner Teacher-Farmer (Knightstown) Gertrude Gordon Geneaux Housewife Spiceland Sue Griffin Evans .... Housewife Spiceland Otis Stubbs Farmer Straughn May White Superintendent of Japa- nese School and Home. Pasadena, Cal. 1890 L. Etta Butler Club Woman Lewisville Elmer Deem Teacher Frankfort *Edwin B. Ratcliff Teacher (Knightstown) Bennie Stratton Farmer New Castle S. E. Stubbs Insurance Irvington 1891 *Ethel E. Copeland Lee. (Greensboro) Louie Edmundson Poe. Indianapolis 162 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, I93O Maurine Gardner Kern. Teacher Cadiz Charles N. Hardy Merchant Markleville Alice Hiatt Copeland. . Housewife Cincinnati, O. *Ernest Sisson Physician (Greenfield) Alfred Symons Government Service .... Supai, Ariz. Mary M. Teas Parker. Eaton, O. Charles Titus Surgeon Warrington Herbert D. Woodard. . Chicago, 111. 1892 *Jesse S. Bailey Dentist (Silverton, Colo.) Clara Brown Director of English San Francisco, Cal. Warren T. Evans Dentist Shelby, Mont. John B. Greenstreet. . . Farmer Lewisville Winnie Hinshaw Milligan Housewife Pasadena, Cal. David M. Kemp Kempton Alice Lawrence Minister Spiceland Estella Symons Matron of Children's Home Philadelphia, Pa. Alvin Ulrich Merchant Greensboro 1893 Oscar Bogue Farmer Spiceland Estella Charles Faw- cett Housewife Protection, Kan. Floy Hill Housewife Pasadena, Cal. Arthur Holloway Factory W r orker Spiceland Leora Jessup Parker. . . Scott City, Kan. John Miller Farmer New Castle *01en Payne Farmer (New Castle) *Lena Rayle Smith (Spiceland) *George H. Smith Physician (New Castle) Orville White Merchant Toplin, Mo. 1894 Minnie Black Moore. . Chicago, 111. Bessie I. Brown Stone. Daytona Beach, Fla. Clarence V. Hall Dentist New Castle *Horace Hardy Merchant (Knightstown) *Ida Holloway Ken- worthy (Wilmington, N. C.) Arlie Hood Stock Exchange Chicago, 111. Bertha Jessup Clay Center, Neb. Elma Lawrence Housekeeper Spiceland Maude M. Shaffer Byrket Housewife New Castle Frank Pitts Evansville APPENDIXES 163 YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, 1 930 *Oscar F. Symons (Knightstown) 189S *Clarence Painter Farmer (New Castle) Mabel Wright Garr . . . Housewife Cambridge City Edgar Cox Clarkton, N. C. *Nellie Ratliff (Spiceland) Howard Henley Tuttle, Okla. Maud Wildman Evans . Housewife Philadelphia, Pa. Frank Hudelson Farmer Mays *Pearl Moffett Wood. . (Greensboro) 1896 Cora Hudson Bogue. . . Housewife Spiceland Clara White Wildman. Housewife Selma, O. Elsie Hudelson Hol- land Housewife Brooklyn, N. Y. Anna Morris Wilson. . Housewife South Wabash Pearl M. James Tweedy Housewife Wabash Mabel Newby Hood. . .Housewife Chicago, 111. W. J. Carson San Francisco, Cal. Nora Griffin Beach. ..Housewife Richmond Theresa Wildman .... Teacher Philadelphia, Pa. Roscoe Edwards Teacher- Auto Salesman.. New Castle 1897 Leoti Applegate Coffin Housewife Spiceland Elva M. Hudson Hall . Housewife Spiceland Lois M. Henley Business Woman Indianapolis *Fannie Hayes Teacher ( Dunreith ) *Floyd Hudelson Banker (Greenfield) Josie B. Harland Meteorologist Dana Jessie Leakey Hiatt. . . Housewife New Lisbon Pearl Millikan Hardy . Housewife Markleville Ethel Rifner Newby. .Housewife Englewood, Kan. Mayme Stafford Applegate Housewife Spiceland Clyde Sisson Moore . . . Housewife Indianapolis Minnie Stafford Stratton Housewife New Castle Charles H. Smith Professor-Farmer Philadelphia, Pa. *Irving White ( Spiceland ) 1898 Clifford Applegate . . . Farmer Spiceland James Holtsclaw Teacher Spiceland 164 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, 1930 *Bavis Nay Superintendent of Schools (Veedersburg) Emory Ratclif f Professor Fresno, Cal. Gertrude Seaford Teacher Los Angeles, Cal. Pearl Symons Rifner.. Housewife Spiceland Lelia Smith Rice Housewife Spiceland Charles A. Beard Professor-Author New York City, N. Y. Merritt Stafford Teacher Carthage Cora Smith Sparks Teacher-Housewife Summitville Walter Painter Superintendent of Schools North Vernon Bertha Charles Hewitt. Housewife Turner, Mont. *Ernest Shockley Professor of Geology. .. (Bloomington) Elsie Shockley Lockridge Student-Housewife Bloomington 1809 Bessie Haisley Business Woman Richmond *Bertha Lawrence McCracken Teacher (Gibara, Cuba) Florence Macy Parker . Carthage Earl Mof fett Fruit Grower Whittier, Cal. Walter T. Pearce Rushville Orabell Shaffer Bell. . Housewife New Castle, R. R. 2 1900 Ethel Applegate Painter Housewife Spiceland Edgar Bazzle Farmer St. Paul, Minn. Susan Benedict Nay. . . Dean of Girls Muncie *Cora Charles Carson. . Housewife (Spiceland) Connie Griffin Knightstown David W. Gordon Chicago, 111. Guy H. Hall Salem Clyde Kennedy Berkeley, Cal. Clarence Macy Undertaker Scott City, Kan. Everett Macy Scott City, Kan. *Carroll Mills (Kirksville, Mo.) Cecil Newby Rancher Englewood, Kan. *Jeanett Rifner ( Spiceland) Perina Thornburg Griffin Atwood, Colo. John R. Thompson Real Estate New Castle 1901 Ira E. Bell Farmer New Castle Bertha Butler Ballard. Housewife New Castle Raymond Byrket Lewisville APPENDIXES 165 YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, 1930 Jennie Compton Cope . .Housewife Indianapolis Everette Cope Grain Merchant Indianapolis Deborah Edwards ....Teacher of English Muncie Ethel Edwards Kramein Housewife Bloomington, 111. Lillian H, Hayes Teacher Dunreith Walter B. Harvey Physician and Surgeon. .Pittsburgh, Pa. John R. Hinshaw Judge New Castle Everett Macy Wichita, Kan. Georgia Millikan Hardy Housewife Pendleton Jennie E. Millikan Wright Housewife New Castle Homer Nugen Farmer Lewisville Cora E. Risk Deem. . . Housewife Spiceland Robert A. Roberts New Albany Grace E. Stewart Johnson Housewife Greenfield Russell L. Wright Farmer New Castle Walter C. Wilson Professor Monrovia, Cal. 1902 Harley Anderson Farmer Spiceland Jessie Baily Pierce .... Housewife Knightstown Mary Butler Housekeeper New Castle * Walter Byers (Knightstown) Jennie Kirk Kerr Housewife Spiceland Guerney Maple Real Estate Whittier, Cal. *Manning Smith Manufacturer (Philadelphia, Pa.) Rena Thomas Macy . . . Housewife Fountain City Retta Thomas Teacher Fountain City Russell Wilson Palo Alto, Cal. India Yost Cook Housewife-Teacher Sulphur Springs 1903 Rilla Bartlett Harvey . Housewife Pittsburgh. Pa. Nellie Beckett Murphy . Housewife Whittier, Cal. Perrin Holt Farmer Knightstown Arthur Johnson Farmer Lewisville Carl Newby Mulhall, Okla. Rupert Redic Lawyer El Paso, Tex. Ralph Stubbs Factory Worker Spiceland Walter Wright Physician New Castle 1004 * Elsie Bell Applegate ... ( Spiceland) Josephine Beeson Niles Housewife Connersville 166 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, 1930 Will Benedict Director, Mayo Eye Clinic Rochester, Minn. Lawrence Bridges Greenfield Warren Edwards Teacher-Manufacturer . . Knightstown Irl Evans Farmer-Mechanic Mount Summit Jessie Gordon Newby.. Housewife Fort Wayne Ruth Harvey Lind- strom Teacher Dunreith *Hazel Heacock Yockey ( Spiceland) Homer Henley Chicago, 111. Claire Hoover May. . .Housewife Indianapolis Barton Jones Electrician Dayton, O. Belva Jordan Coffin. . Housewife Richmond Guy May Hardware Merchant . . . .Indianapolis Pansy Newby Stevens . Teacher Lewisville Anna Painter Prof, of English, State Teachers' College Maryville, Mo. Clara Patterson Rothrock New Castle Lois Pitts Teacher Morristown Wendell Pitts Farmer Morristown Lawrence Reeves Automobile Agency .... Columbus Robert Reeves Lawyer Greenfield Etta Rifner Parker. ... Indianapolis John Rogers Mooreland ^Herbert Seaford (Spiceland) Ralph Silver Manufacturer Knightstown Bernetha Smith Superintendent of Nurses Richmond Charles Veach Automobile Salesman Miami, Fla. Ethel Wright Her- shaur Rushville *Harold Yockey (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 1005 Elsie Anderson Con- well Housewife Spiceland Walter Brandy Barber Avilla, Pa. Raymond Duke Y. M. C. A. Work Indianapolis Alexander Gano Indianapolis Oran Griffin Salesman Indianapolis Ruth Gardner Mc- Ginnis Artist-Housewife New Castle Elva Kennard Mueller. Housewife Richmond Aura Lane Lee Nurse Lewisville APPENDIXES 167 YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, 1930 Edward Pope New Castle Jessie Reece Red Cross Nurse Long Beach, Cal. Ruby Reeves Veterans Bureau Washington, D. C. Anna Reeves Teacher Wilkinson *Arthur Rifner (Spiceland) *Arden Stubbs Farmer ( Spiceland) Everette Test Veterinarian Cambridge City Amy Thomas Sherry. . Willow Branch Paul Wilson Muncie 1906 Charles Bundy Farmer Danville, 111. Walter Bundy Author-Professor Greencastle Arthur Hudelson Connersville *Hazel Hudelson Bradway ( Dunreith) *Edna Kellar (Lewisville) Francis Nugen Ward. .Housewife Greensboro Myron Painter Farmer Spiceland Edgar Rogers School Superintendent. . . Mooreland Otis Shaffer Richmond Maude Simmons Bolin. Zanesville, O. Grover Van Duyn County Superintendent of Schools Greenfield Orville Wright Farmer Farmington, Del. 1907 Hazel Bartlett Hill .... New Castle Irene Bell Wright Housewife W r hittier, Cal. Bertha Bowers Rogers. Housewife Knightstown Ruby McDaniel Reth- erford Housewife Indianapolis Levinus Painter Minister Clinton Dale, Vt. Howard Seaford Salesman [ndianapolis Clenna Smith Mof fitt. Housewife Portland, Ore. Hassel Williams X-ray Technician Muncie 1908 Herschel Alf Lewisville Clara Burcham Hin- shaw Housewife New Castle Ethel Chandler Swin- dell Spiceland Loma Delon Hum- phrey Stenographer Spiceland Margaret Harden Painter Housewife Clinton Dale, Vt. 168 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, I93O Ruby Julian Reece Housewife Pomono, Cal. Everette Kennard Whittier, Cal. Glenn Kirkham Farmer Rushville Paul McDaniel Farmer Knightstown Vida Redic Cojault Teacher-Housewife El Paso, Tex. Hazel Reese Clam- pett Housewife Greensboro *Bessie Sidwell Teacher (St. Clairsville, O.) Mary Seaford Los Angeles, Cal. Edna Swindell Housewife Greensboro Lucille Wilson Howard Pasadena, Cal. 1909 Beulah Arnold Teacher Fort Wayne Loren Butler Merchant Spiceland Marie Clarke Little. . . Housewife Springfield Walter Hays Farmer Markleville Ruth Hudelson Gold . . New Castle Ethel Jackson Clay- ton Straughn Ada Jarrett Hinshaw . . Kennard Lucile Mcllvaine Benson Teacher-Housewife New Castle James McGrady Merchant New Castle Griffin Mof f itt Farmer Knightstown Alma Osborn Winchester Elgar Pennington . . . .Engineer Denver, Colo. Hoyt Reese Whittier, Cal. Hazel Skaates Hance . . Newman Minnie Simmons Stanley Housewife Knightstown Margaret Smith Millar Teacher-Housewife Columbus, O. Clayton Teeter Teacher New Castle Ross Williams Teacher Indianapolis Perry Wilson Y. M. C. A. Secretary.. , O. 1910 Mary Antrim Wilson. .Housewife Spiceland Helen Bartlett Cock- rill Housewife Lewisville Clarence Cartwright. . . Salesman Indianapolis Nettie Grissom Allen. .Housewife , Cal. Marie Hendricks Housewife Straughn Bernice Henshaw Home Economics Teacher Detroit, Mich. APPENDIXES 169 YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, 1930 Mary Jessup Smith. . ..Housewife Spiceland Minnie Kiser Boyd Secretary New Castle Andrew Markle Farmer Middletown Ruth May Stenographer Dayton, O. Ruth Moffett Teacher-Housewife , Cal. Clarence Rich Horticulturist Dunreith *Hazel Seaford Winan. (Denver, Colo.) Lena Shively Test Teacher Spiceland William Smith County Agricultural Agent Spiceland Edith Stigelman Mof- f itt Housewife Knightstown Leanna Taylor Mc- New Housewife Knightstown *Ralph Test County Agricultural Agent ( Spiceland) Kerney Wilson Grocer Spiceland 1911 Roy Brown Postmaster Spiceland Howard Caldwell Advertising Indianapolis Hazel Cochran Lane. . . Housewife Spiceland Ruba Cochran Symons. Housewife Indianapolis Ralph Evans Feed and Fuel Store Mayfield, Cal. Decil Fields Woollam.. Housewife Tucson, Ariz. Ruth A. Harvey Teacher Portland Howard Harvey Farmer New Castle Clarence Hoffman Farmer Spiceland Myra Hunnicutt Beard Housewife Economy Margaret Hunnicutt Stuart Housewife Hagerstown Grace Myers Hoover. . Housewife New Castle Myra Painter Rayle . . . Nurse Kansas City, Kan. Everett Pennington ...Teacher of Mathematics . Fort Wayne Erma Pierson Smullen. Housewife Bentonville Rex Potter f Social Science Teacher. ..Fort Wayne Merwin Symons Investments Indianapolis Ernestine Williams Millikan Housewife Los Angeles, Cal. 1912 Sadie Bacon Hatcher.. Teacher Fort Wayne Dorothy Bell Luellen. .Kindergartner-House- wife Greenville, S. C. Ralph Chandler Kokomo 170 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, 1930 Edith Chew Moffitt. . . Housewife Arlington Ruth Conner Stevens. . Housewife Knightstown Gertrude Dewitte Catey Teacher-Housewife Lewisville Russell Ewing Farmer Spiceland Paul Fletcher Farmer Lewisville Alvin Hardin Farmer Knightstown Martha Hayes Hicks. . Housewife Portland Melissa Lane War- rington Teacher-Housewife Chinock, Mont. Mabel Macy Hardin. . . Housewife Spiceland Exie Moffett Collins. .Teacher-Housewife Detroit, Mich. Clara Montgomery Bradway Housewife Knightstown Norma Pierson Inlo. . . Supt. of Nurses Shelbyville Rachel Test Fletcher. . Housewife Lewisville Margaret Toohey Cornell Housewife Chicago, 111. Audrey West Hays Housewife Markleville 1913 *Mabel Buck Symons. .Housewife (Spiceland) Addie Butler Antrim. . Housewife Spiceland *Marie Bundy Spang- ler Housewife ( Marion) Olive Dewitte Gauker . . Housewife Straughn Jessie Draper Pidgeon. Housewife Spiceland Anna Evans Secretary Indianapolis Iris Hall Garage Owner Hagerstown Georgia Hodson Wil- son Physician's Assistant .... New Castle Floss Kiser Crum Stenographer Dunreith Mildred Mercer Cox. . Artist-Housewife El wood Hazel Moffitt Price . . Housewife Knightstown Lenora Pickett Lord . . .Housewife Knightstown Lydia Sellers Teacher of Art Auburn * Raymond Stubbs (Cambridge City) Zola Waddell Bouslog . Housewife New Castle Ercel Wilson Richey . . Housewife Center 1914 Marie Black Temple- ton Housewife Pueblo, Colo. Harold Brown Teacher Muncie *Helen Dougherty Ridgway (Treaty) Cortez Ewing Professor Norman, Okla. APPENDIXES 171 YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, 1930 Pauline Haisley Jackson Housewife Dublin Fred Hardin Farmer Knightstown Carl Jarrett Merchant New Castle Lowell Jef feries Salesman Chicago, 111. Irene McDaniel Titus. Teacher Indianapolis Howard Leigh Artist New York City, N. Y. * Albert Mcllvaine ( Lewis ville) Marie Modlin Weaver . Housewife Marion Agnes Pennington Delon Housewife Spiceland Vivian Pickering Jef feries Housewife Chicago, 111. Clyde Rogers Insurance Chicago, 111. Maurine Shepherd Gray Housewife New Castle Mary Swain Shouse. .. Stenographer-Housewife. Richmond Norman Woodward . . . Farmer Hagerstown 1915 Frank Delon Salesman Spiceland Doris Evans Grams. . . Indianapolis Wannetta Hall Stahr . . Housewife Hagerstown Louise Hill DeShilder. Nurse-Housewife Detroit, Mich. Irene Pickering Mercer Housewife Spiceland Adrain Pratt Neilson. .Nurse Cincinnati, O. Paul Reece Spiceland Mildred Stewart Hardin Housewife Knightstown Leslie Trobaugh Farmer Rushville 1916 Earl Antrim Mail Carrier Spiceland Venton Brenneman . . . Farmer New Castle Ruby Brewer Brenne- man Housewife New Castle Claude Deem Manufacturer Pittsburgh, Pa. Royden Gordon Clerk Spiceland Ezra Hill Salesman Detroit, Mich. Ruth Holloway Painter Housewife Spiceland Hazel Holloway Hoffman Housewife New Castle Marie Hoffman Jarrett Housewife New Castle 172 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, I93O Menia Jay Hayes Housewife Lewisville Marion Jeffries Salesman Lakeland, Fla. Clyde Mercer Salesman Spiceland Irene Pennington Schlotterlien Saleswoman Daytona Beach, Fla. Edward Poer Garage Owner Spiceland Ruth Ratlif f Farrell . . .Housewife Spiceland Arnold Templeton .... International Harvester Company Pueblo, Colo. Mark Thomas Clerk Spiceland Nellie True Addison. . . Housewife Spiceland 1917 Mary Butler Housekeeper New Castle Hollis Ewing Farmer Carthage Hugh Gannaway Rancher Harlem, Mont. Caroline Gannaway LaFranz Housewife Chinook, Mont. Olen Kimbrel Dunreith Hildred McNew Indianapolis Damon Poarch Chemist-Professor Olean, N. Y. Hazel Ratlif f Taylor.. Housewife Spiceland Kathleen Carter Trees. Housewife Muncie Cash Essington Stock Dealer Spiceland Howard Hinshaw Farmer Dunreith Ralph McFarland .... Mail Carrier Lewisville Grace Pate Fagala. . . . Housewife New Castle Emma Poer Smiley. . . .Housewife Knightstown *Myron Pike (Crawfordsville) 1918 Edna Addison Cope- land Housewife New Castle *Robert Grau Musician (Fort Wayne) Beatrice Boye Shirley . Housewife Indianapolis Gertrude Chandler Conrad Housewife Spiceland Price Griffin Farmer Spiceland Robert Hinshaw High School Athletic Coach Rushville Park Kirk Condensed Milk Com- pany St. Louis, Mo. Edna Painter Verne . . . Housewife Spiceland Pauline Pickering Ice. Housewife Peoria, 111. Opal Jackson Stra- bough Musician-Housewife . . . .Centerville APPENDIXES 178 YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, I93O Arland McNew Puente, Cal. Ruth Pierson Bank Assistant Spiceland 1919 Nellie Black Stafford.. Housewife New Castle William Coffin Farmer Knightstown Dorothy Deem Teacher Phillipsburg, O. Bernard Devilbiss Farmer Rushville Floyd Hiner Farmer Lewisville Evelyn Holloway Nurse-Housewife Muncie George Mayse Insurance Indianapolis Levara Milliken Religious Work- Housewife New Castle Mossie Murphy Housewife New Castle Grace McFarland Loudenback Housewife Knightstown Earl McNew Banker Whittier, Cal. Dwight Shepherd Machinist Muncie Horace Shepherd Machinist Muncie Carrie Wilson Scott. . . Housewife Indianapolis 1920 Estelle Denny Stenographer Spiceland Violet Reece Bird Housewife Muncie Ralph Leigh Musician-Bookkeeper . . . New Castle Julia Pierce Teacher Portland Wilbur Carr Teacher Morristown, N. J. Faye Noah Vander- beck Musician-Housewife Lewisville Roger Pierson Bond Salesman San Francisco, Cal. Pearl Pate Bettis Housewife Chicago, 111. Louise Griffin Child Welfare Work. . . . Indianapolis Helen Brewer Pratt. . .Housewife Spiceland Lowell Stafford Teacher Cadiz Pauline Catt Starbuck. Housewife New Castle Elmer Poer Garage Owner Spiceland Mary Coffin Hollens- bee Housewife Indianapolis John Pratt Garage Owner Spiceland *Charles Jarrett (Spiceland) Emogean Catt Harrold. Housewife Spiceland Donald Chew Teacher-Real Estate Chicago, 111. Lucille Poer Hinshaw. Housewife Knightstown Charles Ratclif f Salesman New Castle Edna Kendall Richmond Nellie Booth Peters. . . Housewife Rushville Wayman Casey Muncie 174 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY YEAR AND NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS, I93O 1921 Ruben Allen Farmer Middletown Myron Brewer Steele Shade Company. ..Spiceland Esther Bundy Musician , la. Mildred Catt Jarrett. . Housekeeper Raleigh Gilbert Devilbiss Farmer Mays Fred Grau Clerk Spiceland Franklin Hinshaw Detroit, Mich. Ruby Hodson Meeks . . Housewife Shirley Ruth Hodson Jones. . . Housewife Spiceland Esther Holloway Atkins Housewife Rushville Ralph Johnson Lebanon Dorsey Poer Farmer Knightstown Russel Reece Spiceland Victor Reece , Ore. Elmira Rush Teacher Mays Neva Souders Edith Stafford Teacher Greensboro Ethel Stafford Housekeeper Greensboro Myrtle Thompson .... Rex Wright New Castle