n .5l> ~ V V" . STATE OF TENNESSEE U. S. DEPT. OF THE INTERIOR STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEO. H. ASHLEY, GEORGE OTIS SMITA, STATE GEOLOGIST DIRECTOR Bulletin 9 (of Tennessee Geological Survey Series) Preliminary Report of the Coal Resources of the Pikeville Special Quadrangle of Eastern Tennessee, By W. C. PHALEN, Assistant Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY GEO. H. ASHLEY. NASHVILLE WILLIAMS PRINTING COMPANY 1911 IvflUAKOl t SIOWTI*^ 3K1 LEGEND ^a \ > \ V ti \\ 1 1 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/preliminaryrepor9191phal Plate AI. SKETCH MAP OF “Tennessee Coal Field SHOWING P05ITI0N PIKEVILLE (.Special) QUADRANGLE Tennebsee Coal Field. Pi keville CSpecial) Quadrangle. Scale.-. 0 5 )0 1 5 20 25 30 Miles- STATE OF TENNESSEE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEO. H. ASHLEY, STATE GEOLOGIST U. S. DEFT. OF THE INTERIOR U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITA, DIRECTOR Bulletin i) (of Tennessee Geological Survey Series) Preliminary Report of the Coal Resources of the Pikeville Special Quadrangle of Eastern Teimesjj^ By W. C. PHALEN, JUL 24 1919 Assistant Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey, WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY GEO. H. ASHLEY. NASHVILLE WILLIAMS PRINTING COMPANY 1911 State Geological Commission GOVERNOR BEN W. HOOPER, Chairman. DR. BROWN AYRES, Secretary, President University of Tennessee. CAPTAIN TOM F. PECK, Commissioner of Agriculture. PROF. J. H. KIRKLAND, Chancellor Vanderbilt University. PROF. WM. B. HALL, Vice Chancellor University of the South. GEORGE E. SYLVESTER, Chief Mine Inspector. GEORGE H. ASHLEY, State Geologist. CONTENTS Letter of Transmittal Introductory Statement, by Geo. H. Ashley Pag 0 Age of the Coal-bearing Rocks 9 Structure Stratigraphy 10 Coals of Tennessee Field Coal Resources of the Pikeville Area, by Wm. C. Phalen Page . . . 7 . . . 8 . . .19 . . .21 . . .23 Introductory statement 23 Location .23 Commercial geography 23 General geology of the quadrangle. 25 Coal-bearing formations 28 Tabie of coal-bearing forma- tions 28 Pennington shale 29 Lookout formation 29 Walden formation 29 Structure 30 Exposures and accessibility of the coals 31 Coals of the quadrangle 32 Method of sampling 32 Chemistry and uses 32 Analyses of coals from quad- rangle 34 Comparison with coals in oth- er States 38 Comparison with other Ten- nessee coals 42 Local geology of the coals 45 East side of Walden Ridge 45 Coal in Pennington shale 45 ^ Coals in the Lookout forma- tion /G Goodrich bed 4 G Nelson bed 47 “Angel” bed 47 Coal in the Walden formation. .51 Richland (Soddy) bed 51 Coal beds above the Rich- land coal 52 Morgan Springs bed 53 West side of Walden Ridge 54 Coal bed 120 feet below the lower conglomerate member. 54 Coal bed 80-100 feet below the lower conglomerate member. 55 Coal at base at lower conglomer- ate member 5g Richland (?) bed 50 Coals above Richland bed 57 General mining conditions in Walden Ridge 57 Cumberland Plateau 58 Geology 53 Coal in the Pennington 58 Coal beds in Lookout forma- tion 59 Basal Lookout coals 59 “Angel” bed GO Coal beds in the Walden form- tion G1 Sewanee coal 65 Sewanee coal west and north of quadrangle 65 Next higher bed 67 Higher beds 67 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Plate A-I — Sketch Map of Coal Fields of Tennessee Frontispiece Page Plate A-II — Columnar Sections from North to South, Along West Edge of Coal Fields 12 Plate A-III — Columnar Sections from South to North, along East Edge of Coal Fields 13 Plate A-IV — Section with Coals of Post-Lee Age 17 Plate I — Map of Coal Outcrops on Pikeville (Special) Quadrangle. .. .In Pocket Plate II — Columnar Sections on Walden Ridge 26 Plate Ha — Columnar Sections on Cumberland Plateau 27 Fig. 1 — Section of Coal in (Pennington)* Shale 46 *Work since Mr. Phalen’s paper went to press suggests the possibility of this coal being in the basal portion of the Pottsville, the reddish shales with which it is associated deriving their color from the contained, reworked, red Pen- nington shales. Fig. 2 — Sections of Goodrich Coal, Vicinity of Dayton 47 Fig. 3 — Sections of Nelson Coal, Near Dayton 49 Fig. 4 — Sections of Richland Coal, Near Dayton 52 Fig. 5 — Section of Morgan Springs Coal, Near Morgan Springs 53 Fig. 6 — Coals in Lookout Formation, West Side of Walden Ridge, and East of Pikeville, Tenn 55 Fig. 7 — Coal in Base of Lookout Formation, west of Pikeville 60 Fig. 8 — Section of Angel Coal Bed, Cumberland Plateau 61 Fig. 9 — Section of Main Sewanee Coal 63 Fig. 10 — Section of Sewanee Coal northwest and west of Quadrangle 66 Fig. 11 — Section of Morgan Springs Coal in Cumberland Plateau 67 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. United States Geological Survey. Washington, D. C., May 27, 1911. Dr. Geo. H. Ashley , State Geologist , Nashville , Tenn. Dear Sir: Herewith I transmit to you the manuscript and drawings for a “Preliminary Report on the Coal Resources of the Pikeville Special Quadrangle in Eastern Tennessee,” by W. C. Phalen, Assistant Geologist. This report is based upon the examination made during the last field season in the Pikeville Special Quadrangle, and is transmitted for publi- cation by the Geological Survey of Tennessee, in accordance with the terms of the co-operative agreement. Very respectfully, (Signed) George Otis Smith, Director. 8 THE TENNESSEE COAL FIELD. Introductory Statement ON THE RELATION OF THE PIKEVILLE SPECIAL QUADRANGLE TO THE COAL FIELD OF TENNESSEE AS A WHOLE* BY GEORGE H. ASHLEY. In view of the fact that Mr. Phalen’s paper does not describe the rela- tions of the Pikeville Special quadrangle to the coal field of Tennessee as a whole, and in view of the fact that the present Survey has not published any description of the coal field in the State as a whole, it seems wise to preface Mr. Phalen’s paper with a brief description of the coals of the State, and a map showing the position of the special area studied by him. The coal field of Tennessee is a part of the great Appalachian field, extending from northern Pennsylvania to central Alabama. In the north- ern part of the State are found the same beds as in Kentucky, and in the southern part the same beds as in Alabama and Georgia. The coals have the same general character as those of eastern Kentucky, western West Virginia and Pennsylvania, though not the qualities of Pocahontas coal of Virginia and West Virginia, nor of the Clearfield coal of Pennsylvania. The coal field of Tennessee is coincident with the Cumberland Plateau, lying in a northeast and southwest direction across the State, a little east of the center. The field has an average width of from 35 to 50 miles. It covers practically all of Morgan, Scott, Cumberland, Sequatchie, Bled- soe and Marion counties ; the western part of Claiborne, Campbell, Ander- son, Roane, Rhea and Hamilton counties; nearly all of Fentress, Van Buren and Grundy counties, and a part of the eastern side of Pickett, Overton, Putnam, White, Warren, Coffee and Franklin counties. The Cumberland Plateau, which contains the coal field of Tennessee, is a broad upland, standing about 2,000 feet above the sea level. While many of the streams flowing out to the east and west or to the south have cut ravines into this upland, still, as a rule, the ravines occupy but a nar- row part of the area in contrast with the broad upland, which, in many places is nearly flat, and in many others only slightly rolling. As a result of this condition, the coals have been rendered accessible at a large number of points, at the same time, they have been broadly protected, so that in many cases almost as large an area of beds remain as though they were entirely below drainage. In the northeastern part of the coal field are *This introductory paper is published as part of Bulletin 9, of the regular se- ries, and as a separate paper in Vol. 1, No. 5, of the monthly magazine, “The Resources of Tennessee.” THE TENNESSEE COAL FIELD. 9 many hills and mountains that rise from several hundred to a thousand feet or more above the general level of the plateau. These hills retain the higher coals that have been entirely removed from the rest of the field. They are remhants of the lands which were reduced to the general level at the time that the level of the plateau was established. But while containing these higher coals, as a rule, these higher mountains are often narrow topped, divides or ridges, so that the areas of coal they contain are relatively not as broad as of those under the plateau proper. Fortu- nately massive sandstones at various elevations tend to make the moun- tains broad shouldered, as it were, protecting larger areas of the high coals than in the corresponding mountains farther northeast where the sand- stones of that part of the section are less massive and resistant and the mountain divides are much narrower. As a rule, the level surface of the plateau has been maintained through the existence at these elevations of massive beds of sandstone, Lest it be thought that the sandstone has alone been responsible for the general flatness of the plateau, it may be noted that the plateau level bevels a number of massive sandstones, as well as the intermediate beds of less resistant shales and shaly sandstones. This is well seen in Walden Ridge, where the sandstone that protects the eastern edge of the plateau is stratigraphically 500 to 700 feet higher than the sandstone, which protects the western edge overlooking the Sequatchie Valley. At the eastern edge of the plateau there is a fairly even escarp- ment with a precipitous drop of about 1,000 feet. At the western edge, overlooking the basin of Middle Tennessee, there is a nearly similar drop, but the edge of the escarpment is not regular, but almost dentritic in shape, extending out in numerous headlands, that inclose deep coves, and in a few cases the ends of these headlands have been cut off and stand out as isolated outlyers. The Age of the Coal-Bearing Rocks. All of the coal-bearing rocks of the Appalachian field are of Carbon- iferous age. The Carboniferous in turn is subdivided into Pennsyl- vanian or upper Carboniferous and Mississippian or Lower Carbon- iferous. The upper beds of the Lower Carboniferous are slightly coal- bearing in Virginia, and to a less extent in Tennessee. The main coal- bearing rocks of the Appalachian field are all of the Pennsylvanian age. Again, the Pennsylvanian may be divided into Pottsville or lower Penn- sylvanian, and post-Pottsville or upper Pennsylvanian. In Pennsylvania, the latter includes the Allegheny, Conemaugh and Monongahela, the first containing the Freeport and Kittanning coals and the latter the fa- mous Pittsburg coal. No rocks of this age have yet been found in Ten- 10 THE TENNESSEE COAL FIELD. nessee, though it is more than probable that rocks of at least the lower part of the upper Pennsylvania existed in this State, though long since car- ried away by erosion, unless the rocks at the extreme top of a few of the mountains are of that age. The coal measures of Tennessee then con- tained only the lower Pennsylvanian or Pottsville. The Pottsville has a thickness of 1,200 feet in the Anthracite field of Pennsylvania. In west- ern Pennsylvania land conditions existed most of Pottsville time, and no deposits or coals were laid down until near the end of Pottsville time. Then the Sharon, Quakertown and Mercer coals, none of which are of any great importance in Pennsylvania, were laid down. Coming south and east from the southwest corner of Pennsylvania the Pottsville thickens until it is over 6,000 feet thick in the Coosa field of Alabama. Stratigraphy. The coal-bearing rocks of Tennessee consist of a series of sandstones; shales, coal beds and clay beds. The coal is known to have been deposited at over fifty horizons, in beds ranging from a few inches to 8 or 9 feet in thickness, or locally to 20 to 30 feet, or in one case, possibly due to squeezing, over 100 feet thick. As practically all of the coal beds are underlain by clay, at least locally, quite as many clay beds are found. The shales occur in beds often several score of feet thick. They are usu- ally quite sandy and in places grade over into sandstones. The sand- stones are the rocks commonly seen. While many of them are soft, and weather rapidly, many of the beds are hard and resistant and project out of the hill slopes as massive ledges or cliffs. Such sandstones are often 100 feet or more thick, and a few of them make prominent cliffs that can be traced long distances. These cliff-making sandstones serve as key- rocks, and the position of any coal bed is described as so many feet above or below the top or bottom of a certain sandstone. Considering the rocks as a whole, these cliff-making, massive sandstones predominate in the lower third of the series. They occur in the upper two thirds, but are usually not so hard nor so close together. They are largely responsible for the flat top of the plateau in the western and south- ern parts of the coal field. In the northern part of the coal field this lower third of the series has been called the Lee conglomerate or the Lee forma- tion. As only a small part of the rocks are actually conglomeratic, and as there are also coals, clays, shales and non-conglomeratic sandstones, the latter term may be considered the better. To the south the same group of rocks have been known as the Lookout sandstone, from Lookout Mountain, and the Walden sandstone, from Walden Ridge, the latter overlying the former. It was formerly thought that the Lookout sand- THE TENNESSEE COAL FIELD. 11 stone at the south corresponded to the Lee formation at the north. Mr. David White, of the U. S. Geological Survey, has, however, determined that the Lookout sandstone or formation corresponds to the lower part •of the Lee formation, and that the upper part of the Lee includes a part, of the Walden. It includes all of the Walden as described in the Pike- ville, Chattanooga and Sewanee folios, but not all of that formation as •described in the Kingston folio. This conclusion has been confirmed by the detailed stratigraphic work now in progress in the Pikeville-Crossville area. In fact the close tracing of Mr. Butts has recently shown (September 12) that the Lookout of the southern folios is entirely unrepresented in the northwest part of the field, that part of the field having been a land area, during Lookout time, too high for deposits of either rocks or coals to have been lain down. Among other things the tracing has shown that the Bon Air sandstone ;at Bon Air is not the top sandstone of the Lookout, as previously as- sumed, but a higher sandstone coming in the Walden, and the Bon Air ■coals belong stratigraphically above the Sewanee coals. This is brought •out in the plate of sections. On account of their value as key-rocks, four of the more persistent and prominent cliff-making sandstones of the Walden and Lookout have been named. These are from the top, the Rockcastle sandstone lentil, named by Campbell from the exposure on the Rockcastle River in Kentucky; the Bon Air sandstone, named from the exposure at Bon Air in White County; the Sewanee sandstone, named by Safford from the escarpment at Sewanee; and the Etna sandstone, named from the exposure at the Etna mines in Marion County. These sandstones are commonly or lo- yally 100 feet or more thick. Their relative position and distance apart .are shown in Plates A-II and A-III. It will be noted that there is con- siderable variation in the intervals and in the rocks occurring in those in- tervals. It will be noted, too, that the sandstones are not of the same im- portance in different parts of the State. Between and underlying these sandstones are five groups of less re- ■sistent rocks, in which are the coal beds with which Mr. Phalen’s report is primarily concerned. These four groups may be designated from the "bottom up as the Dade coal group, from its containing the well known Dade coal of Alabama ; the Battle Creek coal group ; the Sewanee coal •group ; the Bon Air coal group, and the “Lee shale” coal group. The ■coals of these groups will be described beyond. There appears to be a marked thickening of the basal rocks of the Lee in going from the northwest to the southeast, as though the rocks were being deposited where the eastern edge of Walden Ridge now is, some- time before deposition began where is now the west face of the plateau. 12 THE TENNESSEE COAL FIELD Plate All. M End J. _nd Standing Stone Quad. (Campbell ) 5 J 5 o>, r° 50' ■too' ■/JO' - 200 ' -150' ^ 300 ' Pockc astle, sandstone Bon Air (Drilling) Pikei/ille Victoria Mi nes (Ph ale n ) ( Haw jb ) Caney ftrk Tr acyCity Qdjfcrd ) ( J c7 jjo rd )' Bon R\r_ sand- I': itocQ -■< C 3 C 3,7" C / \ . Cz"-P sandstone ■ \ \ 1 CJ' \ ??\ Altna ^6 \ Sana Stpne \\ \\ %\ C 6 ■7 ^HC Dior th of J Pittsburg (Sd)forcl) H C3-7' C3'-7' _ P-'L_ c S r C 6 -/ C 6 V» K Carbon fl © St O 2 • Oxygen Calories £ b ffl 2350 1.5 3.4 35.9 57.5 3.2 1.5 7985 14380 2.0 36.5 58.4 3.2 1.6 8110 14590 37.2 59.5 3.3 1.6 8270 14880 38.4 61.6 8550 15390 3678 5.1 7.5 30.7 57.3 4.6 1.0 7495 13490 2.5 32.3 60.3 4.9 1.0 7895 14220 Dry r*r>a 1 33.2 61.9 5.0 1.1 8100 14580 Pure coal • 34.9 65.1 8520 15340 As rec’d 3499 .8 2.0 30.7 59.0 8.41 1.09 4.94 76.03 1.68 7.85 7565 13610 Air dried 1.2 30.9 59.4 8.48 1.10 4.89 76.64 1.69 7.20 7625 13720 Dry coal 31.3 60.1 8.58 1.11 4.82 77.56 1.71 6.22 7720 13890 Pure coal 34.2 65.8 1.22 5.27 84.84 1.87 6.80 8410 15190 As rec’d 3744 1.1 2.6 34.2 60.0 3.18 .66 5.32 78.62 1.32 10.90 8025 14450 Air driad 1.5 34.6 60.7 3.22 .67 5.26 79.49 1.33 10.03 8115 14610 Dry r.nal 35.1 61.6 3.27 .68 5.17 80.72 1.35 8.81 8240 14830 Piirp. r>nal 36.3 63.7 .70 5.34 83.43 1.40 9.13 8515 15330 As rec’d 3771 .9 2.7 33.3 58.2 5.70 .44 5.20 77.96 1.52 9.18 7770 13990 Air driad 1.9 33.6 58.8 5.75 .44 5.15 78.67 1.53 8.46 7845 14120 Dry coal 34.3 59.9 5.86 .45 5.03 80.15 1.56 6.95 7990 14290 Pure coal 36.4 63.6 .48 5.35 85.15 1.66 7.36 8490 15280 As rec’d 3745 1.1 2.8 32.6 58.5 6.23 .87 5.08 76.55 1.12 10.15 7700 13860 Air dried 1.7 32.9 59.1 6.30 .88 5.02 77.40 1.13 9.27 7785 14010 Dry coal 33.5 60.1 6.41 .89 1 4.92 78.71 1.15 7.92 7915 14250 Pure coal 35.8 64.2 .96 5.24 84.11 1.23 8.46 8460 15230 As rec’d 3034 2.6 3.7 33.6 59.6 3.1 1.2 8000 1 14400 Air dried 1.1 34.5 61.2 3.2 1.3 8210 1 14780 Dry coal 34.8 61.9 3.3 1.3 8300 14940 Pure coal 36.0 64.0 | 8585 15450 1 Laboratory Number Location 1968. ...East Millsboro, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. Bull. No. 290, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1906, p. 172. 4412. .. .Pittsburg bed, two miles southwest of Connellsville, Fayette County, Penn- sylvania. Bull. No. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, p. 219. 1088. . . .Kingmont, Marion County, West Virginia, Pittsburg coal. Bull. No. 261, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, p. 53. 1108.... Four miles southeast of Morgantown, Monongalia County, West Vir- ginia. Upper Freeport coal. Bull. No. 261, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, p. 54. 1144. . . .Coalton, Randolph County, West Virginia. Upper Freeport Coal. Bull. No. 261, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, p. 55. 1257. . . . Ansted, Fayette County, West Virginia. Bull. No. 261, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, p. 56. x COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. 41 Laboratory Number Location 1208. ...One mile above Powellton, Fayette County, West Virginia. Bull. No. 261, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, p. 57. 2208. . . .Clarion, Vinton County, Ohio. Bull. No. 290, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1906, p. 163. 2323 .. .. Darby, Lee County, Virginia. Bull. No. 290, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1906, p. 196. 2350. . . .Straight Creek, Bell County, Kentucky. Bull. No. 290, U. S. Geol. Sur- vey, 1906, p. 120. 3678. .. .Sturgis, Union County, Kentucky. Bull. No. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, p. 160. 3499. . . .Gould bed, one and one-half miles southwest of Lovick, Jefferson County, Alabama. Bull. No. 316, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1907, p. 114. 3744. . . .Falliston, Shelby County, Alabama. Bull. No. 316, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1907, p. 114. 3771 .. . .Helena bed, Acton, Shelby County, Alabama. Bull. No. 316, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1907, p. 114. 3745. .. .Thompson bed, Coalmont, Shelby County, Alabama. Bull. No. 316, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1907, p. 114. 3034.. .. Cane Creek, three miles north of Belle Ellen, Bibb County, Alabama. Bull. No. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, p. 52. On a moisture- and ash-free basis the amount of fixed carbon in the gen- eral run of the coals of the Pikeville area is fully up to the average of the coals from various other parts of the Appalachian field as given above. Indeed, the supposed Sewanee coal, with its fixed carbon (on a pure coal basis) of more than 70 per cent ranks higher than these coals. Its ash is not excessive as compared with the coals in Table No. 2, and its sulphur is low when compared with many of them. The efficiency of the Pd 07 Dry coal 36.8 56.3 6.8 7760 13970 Pure coal 39.5 60.5 8330 14990 As rec’d 2958 1.3 2.3 35.4 55.5 6.9 3.0 7695 13850 Air dried 1.0 35.8 56.2 7.0 3.0 7795 14030 Dry coal 36.2 56.8 7.1 3.0 7870 14170 Pure coal 38.9 61.1 8470 15250 As rec’d 2977 2 . 7 3.8 30.7 61.0 4.5 .8 7880 14180 Air dried 1.1 31.6 62.7 4.6 .8 8100 14580 Dry coal 31.9 63.4 4 7 .8 8190 14740 Pure coal 33.5 66.5 1 • ‘ 8590 15470 As rec’d 2979 2.0 3.5 34.7 52.7 9.1 2.4 Air dried 1.5 35.4 53.8 9.3 2.5 Dry coal 36.0 54.6 9.4 2.5 Pure coal 39.7 60.3 As rec’d 3005 1.9 3.0 34.7 51.5 10.8 3.4 7280 13100 Air dried 1.1 35.4 52.5 11.0 3.5 7420 13360 Dry coal 35.8 53.1 11.1 3.5 7505 13510 Pure coal 40.3 59.8 8445 15200 As rec’d 3009 2.0 3.3 31.7 51.9 13.1 1.3 6775 12190 Air dried 1.3 32.4 52.9 13.4 1.3 6910 12440 Dry coal 32.8 53.6 13.6 1.3 7005 12610 Pure coal 37.9 62.1 8105 14590 As rec’d 2995 2.3 3.4 29.2 58.1 9.2 .7 7345 13220 Air dried 1.2 29.9 59.5 9.4 .8 7515 13530 Dry coal 30.3 60.2 9.5 .8 7605 13690 Pure coal 33.5 66.6 8410 15130 Laboratory Number Location 2907.. .. Fork Ridge, Claiborne County, on Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Bull. No. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, p. 225. 2931.. .. Two and one-half miles northeast of Gatliff, Campbell County, on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Bull. No. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, p. 228. 44 COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. Laboratory Number Location 2929. . . .Gatliff, Campbell County, on Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Bull. No. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, p. 231. 2956. . . .Three miles north of Oliver Springs, Roane County, on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Bull. No. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, p. 234. 2958. . . .Petros, Morgan County, on the Southern Railway. Bull. No. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, p. 238. 2977. .. .Three miles northwest of Waldensia, Cumberland County, on the Tennes- see Central Railway. Bull. No. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, p. 241. 2979.. . .Wilder, Fentress County, on the Tennessee Central Railway. Bull. No. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, p. 244. 3005. . . .Clifty, White County, on the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway. Bull. No. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, p. 248. 3009.. .. 0.e mile north of Orme, Marion County, on the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway. Bull. No. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, p. 255. 2995 . . . . Coalmont, Grundy County, on the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis- Railway. Bull. No. 332, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, p. 252. The coals of Claiborne and Campbell Counties, along the northern edge of the State, are low in ash as compared with the coals of the Pikeville area. The coal from Fentress County, also in the northern part of the State, is lower in ash than the Richland and Morgan Springs coal, but higher than in the bulk of the samples labeled “Sewanee.” Farther south in Morgan, Cumberland, and Roane Counties, the ash content is strictlv comparable with that of certain samples of the latter coals, but in general ,the ash of the coals of the Pikeville area is higher than that of the counties mentioned. Still farther south, in Grundy County, which ad- joins Bledsoe County, and in Marion County, ash is rather high and com- parable with this constituent in the Richland coal and the higher ash sam- ples in the supposed Sewanee coal. The White County coal, according to the quoted analysis, is higher in ash and sulphur than the bulk of the coals from the Cumberland Plateau in this area. Sulphur in the coals of the Pikeville area is low, with the exception of the Morgan Springs coal. Most of the samples of the Richland coal show relatively large amounts, but this coal may run very low in sulphur, as indicated in analysis No. 10693. The coals of the area compare favorably with those of the other fields of the State in sulphur, the Nelson and cer- tain samples called “Sewanee?” showing less sulphur than any other Ten- COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. 45 nessee coals thus far examined in the laboratories of the U. S. Geological Survey. With reference to fixed carbon, on a pure coal (he., moisture- and ash- free) basis, the coals of the Pikeville Special quadrangle rank as high or even higher than those from other parts of the State. This is well shown in samples from the supposed Sewanee horizon, several of which have more than 70 per cent fixed carbon, while none of the samples from other Tennessee fields have more than 66.6 per cent. These other samples, moreover, were presumably collected under more favorable circumstances, i.e., from mines and not from near the outcrops. The efficiency of the Pikeville coals as indicated in the column “calorific value” is likewise above that of the other Tennessee coals on the same pure coal basis. The deleterious effect of ash on efficiency is shown in the comparatively low efficiency of the Nelson bed already alluded to and in the same manner on the coal sampled near Orme, Marion County (laboratory No. 3009). The ash of the Richland bed is also high, but that of the supposed Sewa- nee coal is not above that of several of the coals in other parts of the State. As already stated, the coals of the area compare favorably in sul- phur with the other coals of the State, while certain samples in this area contain much less sulphur than do the other Tennessee samples. LOCAL GEOLOGY OF THE COALS. In the description of the local stratigraphic relations and the physical characters of the coals of the Pikeville Special quadrangle, Walden Ridge and Cumberland Plateau will be treated separately, precedence being given to the former on account of the more extensive commercial devel- opments along its eastern escarpment. The coals of the outcrop zone, along the eastern border of the ridge, will first be given, after which the data relating to the western portion of the mountain will be presented. East Side of Walden Ridge. VICINITY OF DAYTON. Coal in Pennington Shale — The Penningtin shale is coal-bearing, but so far as known no coal beds of importance occur in it within the limits of this quadrangle. In Cranmore Cove, a mile or more south of the edge of the quadrangle, a coal said to occur near the base of the formation has been opened and is now worked on a small scale by G. H. Burchard. TH coal has the sections represented in figure 1. 46 COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. I 2 3 4 -" I" 20 " Fig. 1. Sections of coal in Pennington shale. 1, 2, 3. Openings of G. H. Burchard, in Cranmore Cove, oft edge of quadrangle. In places the coal runs as much as two feet in thickness, as indicated in section (fig. 1, 3) given above. The coal where measured is not far from the base of Walden Ridge, in a region where the beds are disturbed. It is subject therefore to considerable variation as the result of rolls and faults. It pinches out in some places, and in others reaches a thickness of five or six feet. Owing to the thinness of the bed it is worked by remov- ing two or three feet of under-clay. The lower nine to twelve inches of the bed are first wedged down, and then the upper part of the bed, which is harder than the lower part, is treated the same way. This coal seems to correspond closely in position with a bed prospected at the base of Cumberland Plateau on the west side of Sequatchie Valley near Pike- ville. It will be referred to again therefore when the coal beds in that region are described. Coals in the Lookout Formation. The main workable coal beds of the quadrangle occur in the Lookout and Walden formations, which, as already explained, belong to the Potts- ville group, the basal division of the Pennsylvanian series. Their rela- tive positions in the geologic column are indicated in the general section No. 1, given in Plate II. It will be observed that there are nine or ten coal beds shown in this section. All of these are not at present workable in any one locality, and only six of them are regarded generally as work- able in different places along the eastern escarpment of Walden Ridge, either in this quadrangle or farther south in the direction of Graysville. Four, and possibly five, coal beds will probably be found to be persist- ently workable. GOODRICH BED. Position — The lowest of the coal beds now worked in the quadrangle is locally known as the Goodrich coal. It occupies a position 90 to 125 feet above the top of the red shale (Pennington shale), along the south- east side of Walden Ridge. It lies within thirty feet of the base of the COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. 47 Nelson coal, from which it is separated by thin-bedded sandstone chiefly,, but in places by shale. Extent and Development — This coal bed is only locally workable. It has been observed on the Stewart property (map No. 1), and was re- ported as being from one foot six inches to two feet thick in this general region. It has been opened near the incline of the Dayton Coal & Iron Company, at the point where the road curves around to the old Nelson mine almost directly under the trestle (map No. 5). Here it is twenty- five feet below the Nelson coal. Farther to the southwest and just below the main road from Dayton to Morgan Springs, this coal has been pros- pected, but the opening is now caved in. After crossing the Dayton- Morgan Springs pike at an altitude of approximately 1,200 feet, the out- crop extends to the northwest, descending rapidly as it approaches the head of Cranmore Cove. Here it has ben prospected and is one foot six inches thick, as shown in figure 2, section 3. It does not outcrop con- tinuously, as its course is interrupted by faults with a throw in one place of as much as thirty feet. On the west side of Cranmore Cove (near map No. 10) the coal has been prospected, and as illustrated in figure 2 y section 2, it has a thickness where measured of twenty-four inches. The Goodrich bed has not been identified on the western slope of Wal- den Ridge. I 2 3 Fig. 2. Sections of Goodrich coal, vicinity of Dayton. 1. General region of Richland and Googee Creeks. (Map 4-10.) 2. West side Cranmore Cove, Dayton Coal & Iron Company. (Map near 10.) 3. Head of Cranmore Cove, Dayton Coal & Iron Company. (Map near 10.) Character — The accompanying sections will convey an idea of the thick- ness of this bed and indicate the character of its roof and floor, which are generally shale and clay respectively. As a rule, where best known its thickness is between one foot six inches and two feet. NELSON BED. Position — The next higher coal bed is known as the Nelson. It is the principal coal bed of the Lookout, and one of the most important in the southeastern part of the quadrangle. This coal is generally 25 to 30 feet above the Goodrich bed, just described, and from 125 to 150 feet above 48 COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. the uppermost red shale, or top of the Pennington formation. It occurs from 325 to 450 feet below the Richland coal, or the top of the Lookout formation, and is usually capped almost directly by a very massive sand- stone 20 to 40 feet thick. These facts should enable prospectors to locate the bed with certainty along the southeastern escarpment of Walden Ridge in and near this region. Extent and Development — This coal bed was named for J. C. Nelson, who is still living at Dayton, ana who opened, in 1885, what is now known as the old Nelson mine (map No. 4), which has been closed for some time. The same bed has been opened near Stewart Gap on what is known as the Stewart property (map No. 1), but attempts to work the coal on a com- mercial scale here have resulted in failure. In this region the coal dips northwest at the high angle of 55° in places, which makes it a difficult and consequently expensive bed to work. Two slopes have been run in on the coal on the Stewart property to distances of 100 and 175 feet, but they are now filled with water and could not be examined. The sandstone capping the Nelson coal is very massive near Stewart Gap and forms the top of the hogback southeast of Googee Creek. The steep dip of this sandstone may be plainly observed near the upper coke ovens of the Day- ton Coal & Iron Company. The sandstone with the underlying Nelson coal goes below drainage near the upper end of the coke ovens and the coal is worked at this place. It has also been opened between the New Prospect mine (map No. 2) now working and the old Nelson mine (map No. 4) ; also in a number of places between the old Nelson mine and the main road from Dayton to Pikeville, but the openings are fallen in. On the east side of Cranmore Cove there is a group of abandoned openings as indicated on the map at an elevation of 1,320 feet, known as the Wil- liamson mines (map No. 8). The coal bed may be readily followed in this locality owing to the presence above it of a massive sandstone 50 feet or more in thickness. The Nelson coal descends rapidly to the head of Cranmore Cove, where it has been worked at an opening known as Lower Falls (map No. 9). The beds are greatly disturbed here owing probably to the influence of an overthrust fault, present in the valley farther to the south. On account of the difficulties experienced in working the coal and the irregularity of the bed, due to the disturbed structural conditions, the mine has been abandoned. The coal bed rises rapidly to the southwest and has been opened in a number of places on the west side of Cranmore Cove. The strike of the beds seems to be approximately east-west in Cranmore Cove itself, with dips from 8° to 10° to the north. To the southwest the dips again become normal, that is to say, northwest, with the strike about N. COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. 49 45° E. The map indicates the position of the outcrop of the Nelson coal and the number and the character of the openings on it. 2 V 36" 27' 38' 30" Fig. 3. Sections of Nelson coal, near Dayton. 1, 2. Stewart property, Stewart Gap. (Map 1.) 3. (Lab. No. 10696)a\ 4. (Lab. No. 10697) 5. (Lab. No. 10698) 6. (Lab. No. 10699) 7. 8. East side Cranmore Cove, Dayton Coal & Iron Company. (Map 8.) 9. West side Cranmore Cove, Dayton Coal & Iron Company. (Map 10.) New Prospect Mine, Dayton Coal & Iron Company. (Map 2.) Character of the Coal Beds : Physical — The sections given above in fig- ure 3 illustrate the character of the Nelson coal bed in the vicinity of Day- ton and near Stewart Gap. The bed consists of a single bench varying from two to more than three feet thick. Where worked at the New Pros- pect mine (sections 3-6), of the Dayton Coal & Iron Company (map No. 2), it generally consists of one bench, but in places this is overlain by a thinner bench, as shown in section No. 3. It is reported that the Nelson bed normally consists of two benches in the valley of Richland Creek, with a parting between them ranging from a few inches to as much as twenty feet, and that either of the benches may pinch out completely and may come together again. Where examined at one place in the New Prospect mine of the Dayton Coal & Iron Company the roof of the bed consisted of bone or laminated shale with coal stringers, as shown in the following section : Section of Roof of Nelson Coal at Point in New Prospect Mine. Clay Coal, bony 0-3 in. Coal 7 in. Shale 5 in. Coal 1 in. Massive shale 7 in. 5 feet 11 in. 50 COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. To the southwest in the direction of Graysville the two benches of the Nelson coal come together, and the character of the bed both on the east and west sides of Cranmore Cove is well shown in sections 7-9 (map Nos. 8 and 10). The upper bench varies from twenty-one inches to two feet. It is sometimes bony at the top (see section 8) and is overlain by shale or sandy shale. The lower bench is slightly thicker than the upper and averages 24-25 inches, where measured. Two and one-half to four inches of bone are present between the benches. In many places this bone has sandy streaks and pyrite concretions mixed with it. The old openings on the Nelson coal in Cranmore Cove have been worked by the Dayton Coal & Iron Company, but all are now abandoned. The coal bed dips very steeply at all of the openings and it is difficult to to work it for this reason. Further, it is somewhat difficult of access with reference to the Company’s coke ovens and furnaces. The openings on the west side of Cranmore Cove (Map No. 10) are located between 400 and 500 feet above the valley floor, on a very steep hillside. Though the beds dip at a very high angle to the north and northwest in the immediate locality, it must be borne in mind that these dips rapidly die out, and far- ther to the west the beds flatten and then rise very gradually to the west escarpment of Walden Ridge. The outcrop of the Nelson coal on the east side of Walden Ridge, is indicated on the map, PI. I. Chemical — Four analysis, laboratory Nos. 10696-10699, of the coal collected from various parts of the New Prospect mine of the Dayton Coal & Iron Company (map No. 2) are given on a previous page. The coal has a carbon-hydrogen ratio of 15, considered on an air-dried basis, and it stands therefore closely related, so far as its content in volatile matter and fixed carbon go, to some of the best coals of West Virginia and Pennsylvania. It has, however, an abnormally high content of ash. The moisture and sulphur are low. The coal is coked for use in the Com- pany’s furnaces at Dayton. “angel” bed. The next higher coal bed known to be fairly persistent in the quad- rangle in that underlying the lower conglomerate member. This is an important coal in the Cumberland Plateau, where it is sometimes known as the “Angel” bed. It may be locally workable along the southeastern escarpment of Walden Ridge, and deserves to be carefully prospected. It is, however, known to be absent in places. The position of the bed directly below the lower massive cliff-making conglomerate (the top mem- ber of the Lookout), above which occurs the Richland bed, should serve COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. 51 to locate it. Near the mouth of Googee Creek no coal bed has been found immediately below the base of this conglomerate, but dark gray shale is present in this position. Coals in the Walden Formation. RICHLAND (SODDY) BED. Position — The Richland coal bed lies above the lower conglomerate member, on which, in some places, it rests directly, though in others a few feet of shale or clay intervene. Locally a few feet of bony coal, known as “rash,” occurs between the main coal bed and the top of the conglomerate. The position of the Richland bed above the massive lower conglomerate, which has a thickness in the southeastern part of the quadrangle of 80 to 100 feet, and makes prominent cliffs along the moun- tain side, makes it easily identified and located. Extent and Development — The outcrop of the Richland coal bed in this district is shown in the map, PI. I. The bed has either been pros- pected or opened in many places rather close together on Richland Creek near and above the mouth of Googee Creek. Practically all of these openings are now fallen in. The coal is worked on an extensive scale at the North Pole mine (map No. 13), about one mile above the mouth of Morgan Creek. The coal has also been opened at the head of Cranmore Cove at the Upper Falls mine. This mine (map No. 15), like the Lower Falls mine on the Nelson bed, is in a zone of disturbance. On this ac- count the coal is irregular in thickness and the dips are very steep, two factors which render working expensive. These circumstances and the long haul to the coke ovens above Morgantown caused the abandonment of this mine. During the past summer the old tracks which led to it were removed. Farther south, beyond the borders of this quadrangle, and near Grays- ville, the Richland bed was formerly mined in Roaring Creek (Monta- gue) Gulch by the Fox Coal Company. The operations of this Company have been suspended for a few years, though the coal appears to be of workable thickness, as will be observed from section 6, given below in figure 4. It is reasonably safe to conclude therefore that in the intermedi- ate territory between Dayton and Graysville the Richland coal is of work- able thickness. 52 COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fig. 4. Sections of Richland coal, near Dayton. 1. (Lab. No. 10689), North Pole Mine, Craig Workings. Dayton Coal & Iron Company. (Map 13.) 2. (Lab. No. 10690), ..orth Pole Mine, Craig Workings, Dayton Coal & Iron Company. (Map 13.) 3. (Lab. No. 10693), North Pole Mine, Dayton Coal & Iron Company. (Map 13.) 4. (Lab. No. 10692), North Pole Mine, Dayton Coal & Iron Company. (Map 13.) 5. Average of 11 reported measurements at different prospects on Richland Creek, about Morgantown. (Map, near 12.) 6. Fox Coal Company, Montague No. 3 Mine, Roaring Creek (Montague) Gulch, west of Graysville. South of quadrangle. Character : Physical — The Richland coal bed consists of a single bench wherever observed. It averages two feet in thickness on Richland and Morgan Creeks. Its roof is generally shale, but farther south it may be bony coal or dark shale with streaks of coal of variable thickness, but usually less than a foot. Chemical — The series of analyses Nos. 10692 and 10693 of samples from the North Pole mine, and Nos. 10689 and 10690, representing the Craig workings, given on page 128, indicates the composition of this coal near Dayton. The ratio of carbon to hydrogen on an air-dried basis, • 15.7, places it in the same class with the Nelson coal and some of the \ better coals of West Virginia and Pennsylvania. The moisture content ! indicated by the analysis may be considered normal. It varies only 0.18 ; per cent in the four samples which were collected from different parts of the North Pole mine, several hundred feet from the outcrop. The ash is unusually high, probably on account of the “pocketing” and “lami- nation” of the coal in this vicinity. The sulphur, though higher than in the Nelson coal, may still be considered low. The coal is coked, the pro- duct being used by the Dayton Coal & Iron Company at the Company’s furnaces at Dayton. COAL BEDS ABOVE THE RICHLAND COAL. There are at least two, and possibly three, coal horizons between the Richland coal and the Morgan Springs coal in the southeastern part of this quadrangle. The two lower coal beds* have been prospected in Mon- *Numbered 2 and 3 in Section No. 3, PI. II. COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. 53 tague Gulch, south of this quadrangle, but neither of the coals in this dis- trict exceeds one foot in thickness. Under present conditions they are too thin to mine. A third coal bed is known about 80 to 90 feet below the base of the Morgan Springs coal. It is usually too thin to work, and in most of the sections seen it is either absent or represented only by a black shale streak. MORGAN SPRINGS BED. Position — The upper cliff-making conglomeratic sandstone on the east- ern side of Walden Ridge is a most conspicuous member, reaching a thick- ness in some places of fully 100 feet, and containing, particularly near its base, conglomerate layers. This conglomeratic sandstone covers a broad area in the Walden Ridge basin, as is shown on the map, PL I„ by the out- crop line of the Morgan Springs coal bed, which lies directly below it. This coal has been opened by G. W. Morgan at the road-side just east of the Morgan Spring Hotel (map No. 16). It has also been opened less than a mile to the northeast. Its “bloom” shows in many of the sections on the roads in the vicinity, though it is not always present. I 2 Fig. 5. Sections of Morgan Springs coal, near Morgan Springs. 1. G. W. Morgan, Morgan Springs. (Map 16.) 2. Near Morgan Springs. (Map 17.) Character — The sections of this coal bed (see fig. 5) show that it is not over eighten inches anywhere observed. In other places it is rep- resented by a few streaks of coal associated with the lower part of the overlying sandstone. At G. W. Morgan’s bank at Morgan Springs post- office (map No. 16), it is underlain by three or four feet of underclay, but this thickness is exceptional, and the clay is often not present. Far- ther south, in the hills west of Graysville, this coal bed is reported to be | a fine block coal more than three feet thick. In Cumberland Plateau it is present and in places is thicker than where observed on Walden Ridge. Analyses of samples of this coal collected from country banks or prospects on Cumberland Plateau, are given on page 129, Nos. 10731 and 10802. Though thin where observed in the eastern part of Walden Ridge, it by no means follows that the bed should be neglected ; for experience with it 54 COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. near the head of Sequatchie Valley and west of Graysville, shows that it thickens locally and may prove to be an important bed over extensive areas. West Side of Walden Ridge. On the west side of Walden Ridge the lower conglomerate member forms the top of the escarpment in places and its base is found some dis- tance down the valley side. The coal beds of the escarpment on this side of the plateau belong therefore in the Lookout of Hayes. The top of the lower conglomerate member, forming the top of the Lookout formation, outcrops almost uniformly to the east of the edge of the plateau, and this line of outcrops is indicated on the map, PL I. Along this line and just east of it, the coal or coals occurring at the top of the lower conglomerate should be looked for. The term “coals” is used for the reason that al- though near Dayton only one coal bed (the Richland) is known, and that resting almost directly on this conglomerate, to the west, on Cumberland Plateau, there is a group of three workable coal beds in the first hundred feet above the lower conglomerate member. Columnar sections Nos. 4-7, PI. II, show the character of the strata of the Lookout in places along the west side of Walden Ridge. The sections indicate that the distance between the top of the red shale (Pennington shale) and the base of the lower conglomerate member is possibly not so thick locally as in the vicinity of Dayton, where it is very close to 500 feet. Coal Bed 120 Feet Below the Lozver Conglomerate Member — Only two coal beds at present regarded as workable are known below the lower conglomerate member in this part of Walden Ridge, but as many as six small beds are known to be locally present (see columnar section No. 5, PL II). The lowest of the thicker beds is that occurring 120 feet below the base of the lower conglomerate. It has been opened east of Pike- ville by I. N. Swafford, John B. Vaughn, and L. S. Pope, and though it is not thick where measured (map No. 22), not exceeding a foot in thick- ness, it was reported two feet in thickness farther within the opening. The inner workings were inaccessible, as they are filled with water. What is probably the equivalent of this coal has been prospected near Dayton, but the opening is now abandoned. COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA 55 I 2 3 4 5 6 Fig. 6. Coals in Lookout formation, west side Walden Ridge, and east of Pikeville, Tenn. 1. I. N. Swafford, J. B. Vaughn and L. S. Pope. Coal 120 feet below base of the lower conglomerate, below Porch Rock, northeast of Pikeville. (Map 22 .) 2. I. N. Swafford, J. B. Vaughn and L. S. Pope. Coal 80 to 100 feet below the base of the lower conglomerate, below Porch Rock. (Map 21.) 3. (Lab. No. 10847) *, I. N. Swafford, J. B. Vaughn and L. S. Pope. Coal 80 to 100 feet below the base of the lower conglomerate, below Porch Rock. (Map 21, south opening.) 4. 5. I. N. Swafford, J. B. Vaughn and L. S. Pope. Coal 80 feet below base of the lower conglomerate. (Map 25.) 6. I. N. Swafford, J. B. Vaughn and L. S. Pope. Coal 80 feet below base of the lower conglomerate. (Map 26.) * Sample was collected at a different place from where section was measured. Character — The coal bed 120 feet below the lower conglomerate is represented in figure 6, section No. 1. It has a shale roof and is under- lain by 34 inches of underclay. The fact that it is reported two feet in thickness at the place where measured and that it is fairly persistent, as indicated in the first three columnar sections, PI. II, measured at long dis- tances from each other, recommend this bed for careful atention, though where observed in the road sections it does not exceed a foot in thickness. Coal Bed 80 to 100 Feet Below the Lower Conglomerate Member — Position — The next higher workable coal is usually found less than 100 feet below the base of the lower conglomerate. In the section east of Pikeville, near Porch Rock (map No. 21), this distance was determined by the hand level to be 80 feet. The coal near Porch Rock is located almost directly on the top of the first sandstone below the base of the lower conglomerate. Character — The sections Nos. 2 and 3, shown in figure 6, indicate the thickness and character of the coal. In places it consists of two benches and in others of but a single bench. Where two benches are present the upper varies from seven to eighteen inches, and is separated by a bone parting one-half to three inches thick from the lower bench. The latter varies from fourteen inches to twenty-seven inches, and, where observed, 56 COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. particularly south of Fraley Gap road (map No. 26), is an important coal bed by itself. The coal indicated in section 6 measured three and one-half feet. It is known, however, that the bed is irregular in places, as six feet of coal were observed at an old bank south of the Fraley Gap road, whereas not far away the bed pinched out almost to nothing. It has a shale or sandstone roof, with a streak of bone at its top, in places, and is under- lain by clay, sandstone, or sandy clay. The under clay, when present, is thin and passes into sandstone. The coal in the upper bench is block coal. Though the bed is somewhat variable in thickness and in the number of its benches, it is, all factors considered, to be reckoned as one of the po- tentially valuable coal beds, locally, along the east side of Sequatchie Val- ley. Chemical — The composition of this coal (laboratory No. 10847) is much like that of the other coals given in the table on page 129. The ma- terial of the sample was not collected in the usual way, but was taken at random from coal on the dump which had been exposed ten months, according to Mr. I. N. Swafford. The coal, after this long exposure in a country of abundant rainfall and normal season changes, looked remark- ably fresh. It was in large blocks and apparently had not weathered to any appreciable extent. This property in a coal is of importance. The analysis of the coal is particularly interesting in view of the conditions of exposure and sampling. As to ash and moisture, as well as efficiency, the sample analyzed and tested compares very favorably with the other coals of the region. If the quality of this coal is equally good where the bed is thick, it deserves careful exploration. Coal at Base of Lower Conglomerate Member — There is a coal bed at the base of the lower conglomerate on Walden Ridge as well as on Cumberland Plateau. This bed, however, has never been developed in a commercial way in any part of Walden Ridge. In a section on Beatty Gap and on Pitts Gap road, just off the southwestern corner of the quad- rangle, black shale or coal was seen in this position, and on the Pitts Gap road six inches of coal were measured. Owing to the fact that the coal in this stratigraphic position is known to be workable in Cumberland Plateau, this horizon deserves to be carefully investigated for coal, when systematic attempts are made to exploit the workable coal beds along the west side of Walden Ridge. Richland (f) Bed — The coal overlying the lower conglomerate mem- ber is developed in a few places where the top of this stratum comes to the surface near the west escarpment of Walden Ridge. The facts that few people live on this ridge and that the residents burn wood almost entirely for fuel has retarded the development of coal beds in this part of the area. COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. 57 The Richland coal, or one of the group near the top of the lower con- glomerate, has been opened on the land of Will Kerley, just east of Low Gap, on the Spring City road, off the northeast corner of the sheet. The opening was made fifteen years ago and was fallen in when visited. To the southwest, on Lick branch of Moccasin Creek, on the land of Ander- son Thurman, a coal in a similar position has been opened in the bed of the creek. Mr. Thurman reported three feet of good coal, with no part- ings and with a shale roof. Still farther southeast, on Coalbank Creek, where the bed has been opened on land of I. N. Swafford, J. B. Vaughn, and L. S. Pope (map No. 20), the coal was reported two feet thick. It will be evident, therefore, that such information as was obtained about this coal bed indicates the westward continuation from the vicinity of Dayton of a workable bed, probably the Richland, near the top of the lower conglomerate member. The drilling that has been done on Walden Ridge has unfortunately been concentrated in the immediate vicinity of Morgantown and Dayton, excepting one drill hole put down near Henderson Mill. The record of this hole shows two thin coal "beds 25 to 30 feet apart, in about the posi- tion of the Richland coal. The approximate position of outcrop of the Richland bed in this district is shown on the map, PI. I. Coals Above the Richland Bed — A coal higher than the coal group di- rectly over the Lookout formation has been opened on Walden Ridge west of Tanbark postoffice, on the waters of Moccasin Creek, on land owned by Capt. Sam. Frazier and Mr. Bird Henderson. The openings, known as the Day coal banks, are in the bed of the creek and have long since been allowed to fall in. The coal occurs well up in the measures, 175 feet to 200 feet below the Morgan Springs coal. General Mining Conditions in Walden Ridge. In considering the future of the Richland coal or the group of coal beds near the top of the lower conglomerate member, or in fact all the coals in Walden Ridge, it is well to bear in mind the structure or attitude of the formations. This has been outlined before, but may be amplified here owing to its fundamental importance to coal men who may exploit the coal beds in the future. It can be stated with considerable assurance that the dip or fall of the lower conglomerate is fairly uniform, pos- sibly not greater than 70 to 75 feet per mile, from its outcrop near the west edge of Walden Ridge to a line approximately coincident with the out- crop of the upper cliff-making sandstone over the Morgan Springs coal along the southeast edge of Walden Ridge. Southeast of the outcrop of the Morgan Springs coal the beds are very sharply bent upward, are 58 COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. irregularly bedded, pinched, or swollen, and are characterized by minor faults and folds. For this reason the coal beds in them are worked only with difficulty. Patience and perseverence, however, in working through the zone of high dips, which probably does not extend for more than one mile from the extreme southeast outcrop of the Richland coal group, will probably bring developments into the zone of gradual western rise in the beds. Cumberland Plateau. Geology — The general geology of the coal-bearing formations in Cum- berland Plateau is essentially similar to that of Walden Ridge.* The beds of the Pennsylvanian series along the east face of the plateau din strongly into it, angles ranging as high as 25° to 45°. These high dips die out toward the northwest within a short distance, usually less than a half mile. In places the distance is greater than this, but it is never known to extend so far west as the line marking the eastern outcrop of the Morgan Springs coal, and will therefore rarely exceed a mile in ex- tent northwest of the edge of the plateau escarpment. Beyond this zone the beds are fairly flat. A clear conception of this structure in Cumber- land Plateau is essential to successful mining in this region. In order to avoid working down the steep dips of the coals on the Seauatchie Val- ley side of the plateau it will be necessary to start tunnelling well below the outcrop of the coals and to reach them at or near the botoin of the ba- sin, where they are flat. It is expected that the position of the axis of the syncline or basin will be more exactly indicated when the geologic structure is fully described and illustrated in a later report.! The columnar sections Nos. 8 and 9, PI. II, convey an idea of the char- acter of the rocks of the Pennsylvanian series, in which all the workable coal beds, excepting one which occurs in the Pennington shale, will be found. Six coal beds have been worked in places in the Pennsylvanian, and it is possible that an additional coal may prove to be of value locally. The local geologic features will be discussed in connection with the de- scriptions of the various coal beds. COAL IN THE PENNINGTON. Coal occurring in the Pennington formation has already been men- tioned as having been found in Cranmore Cove south of the southeast cor- ner of the quadrangle. *This statement applies only to this particular quadrangle. fThe detailed geology and structure of this region will be described in a folio to be published by the U. S. Geological Survey. As the final field work for that folio is not yet completed, publication will probably be much delayed. COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. 59 On the west side of the Sequatchie Valley, about three and a half miles southwest of Pikeville, or nearly one mile south of the Penitentiary Gulch (map No. 47), a coal apparently below the upper group of Pennington limestone has been faced. It is so thin, crushed and laminated as to be worthless. The coals exposed at the road-side by Mark Blackburn’s house, west of Pikeville (map No. 43) ; on the land of Wm. R. Pope (map No. 44) ; about one mile southeast of the latter point, and in the ravine back of G. W. Turner’s house, three miles north of Pikeville (map No. 36), though low on the mountain slope and in proximity to Penning- ton rocks are probably situated in small irregular and more or less crushed synclmes of Pottsville strata lying in the spurs to the east of the main escarpment of the mountain. COAL BEDS IN LOOKOUT FORMATION. Basal Lookout Coals in the Small Foot-hill Synclines Belozv the Main Cumberland Escarpment * — For a portion, at least of the extent of the Cumberland escarpment through this quadrangle one or more small nar- row synclines lie in the base of the mountain and east of the main es- carpment, to which they are practically parallel. A narrow anticline, sometimes sharply bent, separates them from the main basin of the moun- tain, while several transverse folds produce a ruffle or a crimp effect, breaking the synclines into small, short, spoon-like basins, each of which is apt to serve as the structural basis of a synclinal spur or knob extending outward from the lower portion of the main escarpment. Not infrequent- ly the coals in these irregularly buckled basins are brought so low as to appear to lie in the midst of the Pennington shale, but it is believed that in most instances and wherever the coal is normally of workable thick- ness the beds will really be found to belong to the Lookout formation. On account of the great buckling of the beds between the spurs and a thrust from the valley which has often upturned and crushed the strata at the outer ends of the knob, the coals, when the knobs are high enough and the basins deep enough to contain Pottsville strata, are usually dis- turbed, pocketed, laminated and crushed. Some of these synclinal spurs contain no Pottsville beds, others contain only the lower portion of the Lookout formation. It is probable that the coal exposed in a 50° northwest dip at Mark Blackburn’s house on the main road ascending the plateau, west of Pike- *This section was prepared by David White after a review of the field conditions in 1912. When first examined the bed described in this paragraph was thought by Mr. Phalen to be in the Pennington. 60 COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. ville (map No. 43), is in the Lookout, though it lies so near the Penning- ton that unless the synclinal character of the spur is recognized, it would be regarded as Pennington. At this point this coal, shown in sec. 2, fig. 7, is much crushed and is irregular in attitude. A very thin coal, perhaps belonging to the same bed, is seen in a little gully back of the house of G. W. Turner (map No. 36), about three miles north of Pikeville. A thicker development of coal in one of these small basins is found on the land of Wm. R. Pope, nearly two miles west of Pikeville (map No. 44). Its structure is shown in section 1, figure 7. At this locality a drift was driven 400 to 500 feet on the strike of the bed. Work is said to have been stopped owing to lack of air. I 2 Fig. 7. Sections of coal in base of Lookout formation, west of Pikeville. 1. William R. Pope, 1% miles west of Pikeville. (Map 44.) 2. On public road west of Pikeville, near residence of Mark Blackburn. (Map 43.) Character of the Coal — The coal at all of the openings noted above is crushed, laminated and more or less bony, as well as thin. In the Pope bed the thickest streaks of pure coal are about two inches, though the whole mass of intervening shale, bone and coal is over five feet. It is possible that in some places pockets of coal in considerable thick- ness may be found in these lower spur basins, but little is to be expected of the quality or the character of the fuel, while just as often the beds will be found to pinch out and disappear instead of thickening. The finding of this bed in these basins is of value, mainly because of suggest- ing the presence of a bed of coal near the base of the Lookout under the plateau, where, in general, it will not be disturbed or crushed. It will remain for future drilling to determine the presence, thickness and qual- ity of such a bed under the Cumberland Plateau as a whole. Beds of the Plateau; “Angel” Bed — In that portion of Cumberland Plateau lying in this quadrangle the lowest coal which appears worthy of present consideration underlies the lower conglomerate member. It is known by some as the “Angel” bed. COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. 61 Extent and Development — Two openings were made on this coal about two miles slightly north of west of Pikeville, on the land of W. R. Pope, (map No. 42). The coal outcrops on the old road lying northeast of the new road from Pikeville to Tipton. Just below the junction of the Spen- cer-New School road northwest of Pikeville an opening has been made on this bed of coal (map No. 38), on the land of the Sequatchie Valley Coal & Coke Company, which operated in this region on the Sewanee coal in the early 90’s. Farther northeast on the side of the Cumberland Plateau, this coal has been opened in Wellington Cove. The horizon at which this coal may be explored is shown on the map, viz : the base of the lower conglomerate member, PI. I. 12 3 4 Fig. 8. Sections of “Angel” Coal Bed, Cumberland Plateau. 1, 2, 3, 4. W. R. Pope, 2 miles northwest of Pikeville. (Map 42.) Character — The sections of this bed given in figure 8, show that it is to be considered among the possible workable beds along the greater part of the escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau bordering Sequatchie Val- ley. Where measured at the W. R. Pope openings, a little north of west of Pikeville, it is only one foot four inches to one foot seven inches thick. The coal has a bone roof about six inches thick, above which is shale. The floor of the coal at these openings is clay. A line of openings on this bed was observed near the Pikeville-Tiptop road, where the bed is reported to be one foot eight inches to two feet six inches thick. The openings have been abandoned several years, and this information could not be verified. COAL BEDS IN THE WALDEN FORMATION. Sewanee (?) Coal — In a hand-leveled section measured west of Pike- ville, the distance between the top of the lower conglomerate member and the base of the next higher sandstone is 93 feet. This section, which is part of the long section given in PI. II, figure 8, is as follows: 62 COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. Section Above the Lookout Sandstone, West of Pikeville. Base of massive sandstone. Ft. In. (a) Coal horizon. Interval, principally black shale 30 6 (a) Coal, main Sewanee (?), opened in at least four places 18-20 Interval 45 9 (a) Coal, probably equivalent to Richland bed Interval 15 3 Top of lower Conglomerate. There are in the above section three coal horizons. The lowest (Rich- land or Soddy) coal is only fifteen feet three inches above the top of the lower conglomerate (the top member of the Lookout), and may provis- ionally be correlated with Safford’s Jackson coal.* The next higher coal, which is tentatively identified as the “Main Sewanee”t appears to be the most important coal bed in the section west of Pikeville, as nearly as can be judged from the available information. What is regarded as the equivalent of the latter coal has been opened near the mouth of the Penitentiary Gulch almost due west of Pikeville (Map No. 45) on land of the Sequatchie Valley Coal & Coke Company, now in charge of John C. Miers, of Pikeville. Farther south along the side of the plateau on land of the David A. Cleage heirs (map No. 48) where the coal has been prospected, the bed lies about thirty feet above the top of the conglomerate, a much less distance than at the point last mentioned. On the Cleage property the bed is located about half way between the top of the lower conglomerate member and the next higher sandstone, which here are only sixty feet apart. North of the main Pikeville-Tiptop road there is indicated on the map a line of prospects on this coal (map No. 37) on land of the Sequatchie Valley Coal & Coke Company. The distance of the bed above the lower con- glomerate here, and its relations to the other coal beds in the section, have been given above. The bed here is only eighteen to twenty inches thick. Farther northwest on the same Company’s land (map No. 35) this coal has been mined and a spur track was built from Pikeville to the mine. Operations ceased here in 1893. The mine opening was made well be- low the outcrop of the coal to intercept it on the dip, which accounts for the position of the mine symbol well below the top of the conglomerate on the map, PI. I, No. 35, The bed here (see fig. 9, sections 5, 6 and 7) (a) These three coals will be regarded for convenience* as constituting the Se- wanee group of coals. *Safford, J. M., Geology of Tennessee, 1869, p. 381. tlbid, pp. 369, 380. COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. 63 is twenty-six and one-half feet below the base of the next higher sand- stone, or about the same distance as at the exposure near the Pikeville- Tiptop road. The coal has been opened on the Big Spring Gap road and is reported workable there. The approximate line of outcrop of this bed is indicated on the map, PI. I, by the line tracing the top of the Lookout formation. A series of openings on the supposed Sewanee coal bed was visited by H. G. Hart off the north edge of this quadrangle along the west side of Sequatchie Valley. In Boston Cove, about two miles northwest of Mel- vine, the coal has been opened on land of the I. E. Thurman heirs, but the mineral interest has been sold to J. C. Miers, of Pikeville. The coal is two feet six inches thick (figure 9, section S). Still further northeast this bed has been opened and worked in a small way on land belonging to the same estate. Near the edge of the plateau and still farther to the northeast the same bed is again opened on the land of J. H. Hale & Son, of Litton, Tennessee. The coal is more than five feet thick at the Hale opening, according to Mr. Hart, and is of good quality. However, it is known that in part of the intermediate territory the coal is not thick and possibly is not present at ail. On the Browns Gap road, for example, west of Melvine, in a well exposed section, the coal is not seen, and to the north in the Stevens Gap road it measures only six inches. In spite of this irregularity this must be reckoned as one of the most important coal beds in the Cumberland Plateau. I 2 3 4 5 6-7 Q 9 1, 2, 3. David A. Cleage’s heirs’ estate, 3 miles southwest of Pikeville. (Map 48.) 4. Sequatchie Valley Coal & Coke Company, Penitentiary Gulch. (Map 45.) 5, 6, 7. Sequatchie Valley Coal & Coke Company, iy 2 miles north of Pikeville. (Map 35.) 8. (Lab. No. 10799), I. E. Thurman’s heirs’ land, Sequatchie Valley Coal & Coke Company, lessee, iy miles west of Melvin, off map. Observation and correlation by H. G. Hart. Sample collected by H. G. Hart, also. 9. (Lab. No. 10800), J. H. Hale & Son, 4 miles north of Litton, off map. Ob- servation, correlation and collection of sample by H. G. Hart. 64 COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. Character — The series of sections given in figure 9 indicates the char- acter of this coal bed along the east side of Cumberland Plateau. At the openings on the estate of David A. Cleage, about three miles southwest of Pikeville (sections 1-3, figure 9, and map No. 48), the coal is present in a single bench and varies from about two to three feet in thickness. Farther northwest, in the Penitentiary Gulch, the main bench of the coal on the land of the Sequatchie Valley Coal & Coke Company (figure 9, section 4, and map No. 45) is two feet six inches thick, but there is more coal above, as the following detailed sections measured within a short distance of each other show : Sections of Sequatchie Valley Coal & Coke Company Prospects, Penitentiary Gulch (Map No. 45). I. Coal 6 Shale, with coal streaks 1 11 Shale, with coal streaks 6 Shale 4 Coal 1 3 Shale, with coal streaks 7 Shale 1 10 Coal (main bed) 2 6 Clay 13 1 II. Ft. In. Shale 5 Coal 1 Shale 2 Coal (main bed) Clay 2 6 10 , 6 Northwest of Pikeville, near the Pikeville-Tiptop road (map No. 37) this coal bed is reported two feet thick on land of the Sequatchie Coal & Coke Company. Farther northeast, on land of the same Company (map No. 35), the coal is from twenty inches to two and one-half feet thick, with shale above and ganister or clay below. Sections of the bed in the latter place are given in figure 9, Nos. 5, 6 and 7. Farther northwest, on the land of I. E. Thurman’s heirs, now leased to Mr. J. C. Miers, the coal COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. 65 has been opened, and measures thirty inches. Four miles north of Litton the bed measures five feet six inches on the land of J. H. Hale & Son (figure 9, section 9), where it is overlain with black shale. Chemical — Analyses of this coal as described above are given on page 128 (see Nos. 10799, 10800 and 10801). As will be observed on inspec- ing the table, the moisture is low when it is considered that the coals were sampled near their outcrop, while on the other hand the ash content is not higher than that of many of the coals of competing regions. The low sulphur of the fuel is characteristic of most of the Southern Appa- lachian coals. The heating value of the coal is comparable with that of the other coals represented in the table. Sewanee (?) Bed West and Northwest of the Quadrangle — Off the northwest edge of this quadrangle, about four miles directly north of Saratoga Springs, the supposed Sewanee coal bed has been opened at several places near Herbert postoffice, on State land, in charge of Mr. Thomas E. Vaughn. Six openings at least have been made within a radius of two miles of Herbert, and the coal where measured or reported in this vicinity is of workable thickness. The relationships of the bed in this region are indicated in columnar sections 10, 11 and 12, PL II. As a rule the coal is found in the midst of a shale member, eighty feet thick. Above this shale occurs a conglomerate or sandstone over fifty feet in thickness, which caps the low hills of the region. About forty feet below the coal occurs another conglomerate sandstone, at the present time regarded as the lower conglomerate member, the top of which shows in the bed of Glade and Cane creeks. The coal is reported to be between five and six feet in thickness in some places. At one of the openings six feet of coal was measured beneath a black shale roof, but the whole of the bed, said to measure seven feet four inches, was not seen. The writer is somewhat in doubt as to whether this thick coal bed is the main Sewanee coal or the Richland bed, which rests very near or directly on the lower conglomerate. In the case of the coal at the other openings, however, no such question arises, as the coal in each place appears to be clearly well above the top of the Lookout. On the headwaters of Caney Creek, about ten miles west of Pikeville, the Sewanee coal has been opened in a number of places near the con- fluence of Caney Creek and Meadow Creek, on the land of Messrs. J. B., Oscar and Will Vaughn, of Pikeville. The prospects in every instance are located near creek level in such position that they may be readily and cheaply worked by drifts. The coal may be easily reached by railroad built up Caney Creek. The coal at the Vaughn Brothers’ prospects ap- pear to be of uniform and excellent quality throughout its thickness. 66 COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. The existence of this coal bed, both to the northwest and west of the Pikeville quadrangle in workable thickness and of good quality, together with its known workability along most of the eastern edge of Cumberland Plateau within the quadrangle, strongly suggests that a large acreage of excellent coal underlies this general region, which in the future must prove of great value to this part of Tennessee. 12 3 4 5 6 FIG. 10. Sections of Sewanee coal northwest and west of quadrangle. 1. (Lab. No. 10916), State land, near Herbert, off northwestern corner of quadrangle. Thomas E. Vaughn in charge. 2. (Lab. No. 10915), State land, near Herbert, off northwestern corner of quadrangle. Thomas E. Vaughn in charge. 3. 4. Vaughn Bros., Pikeville, Tenn., owners. Cane Creek, above junction of Meadow and Cane creeks. 5. (Lab. No. 11050), Vaughn Bros., Pikeville, Tenn., owners. Cane Creek, above junction of Meadow and Cane Creek. 6. (Lab. No. 11049), Vaughn Bros., Pikeville, Tenn., owners. Cane Creek, above junction of Meadow and Cane creeks. Physical Character — By reference to figure 10, sections 1 and 2, the char- acter of the coal bed seen near Herbert postoffice is evident. Where measured, it varies from three feet three inches to more than six feet, but according to report, it may in places be as thick as seven feet four inches. It is capped by shale and underlain by shale or clay. At the Vaughn prospects the bed varies from three feet two inches to four feet three inches at the four openings visited. The sections Nos. 3-6, figure 10, show the character of this coal bed at this locality. It con- sists, where seen, of a single bench overlain by a compact massive shale and underlain by clay. Chemical Characters — By reference to the table of analyses, Nos. 10915, 10916, 11049 and 11050, given on page 129, the character of the coal re- garded as the Sewanee bed in the region under discussion is apparent. The analyses require little comment. The fact that the samples were in every case collected comparatively near the outcrop of the coal bed which COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. 67 has been practically exposed to the weather for many months will suffi- ciently account for the rather high percentage of moisture, namely 3.44 to 5.32 per cent. In the percentages of volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash the samples average with the other coals tested in this general region. The sulphur is low, even for the area. Taken as a whole, the observations both of the physical and chemical characters of this coal indicate that it is of high grade. Next Higher Bed of the Sewanee Group of Coals — The next higher coal in the Sewanee group of coals lies at the base of the sandstone next above the lower conglomerate member. On the Stevens Gap road, just off the north edge of this quadrangle, it measures three feet six inches of coal, with shale above and clay below. Character — Analyses No. 10801 in the table on page 128, indlicates a character comparable to that of the other coals of Ibis area. I-Iigher Beds, Including the Morgan Springs Coal. Two higher coal beds are known within the limits of the quadrangle in the basin northwest of Pikeville. The location of a few prospects on them is given on Plate I, map Nos. 30-34. As indicated in columnar sec- tion 8, Plate II, they are located in the interval of 200 to 300 feet above the lower conglomerate member, and the lowest is about 360 feet below the Morgan Springs coal bed. They have been opened in a few places, but very little work was done, and the prospects are now abandoned, and inaccessible. I 2 3 Fig. 11. Sections of Morgan Springs Coal in Cumberland Plateau. 1. (Lab. No. 10731), J. W. McFarland, 4 miles west of Pikeville, off map. Observations, correlation and collection of sample by H. G. Hart. 2. Sequatchie Valley Coal & Coke Company, 2i^ miles northwest of Pikeville. (Map 40.) 3. (Lab. No. 10802), J. H. Hale & Son, 4 miles north of Litton, off map. Ob- servation, correlation and collection of sample by H. G. Hart. The highest important coal bed in Cumberland Plateau is the Morgan Springs bed, which lies immediately below the upper great cliff-making 68 COAL OF PIKEVILLE AREA. conglomeratic sandstone of the high plateau mesas. It has been opened by J. W. McFarland just off the southwestern corner of the quadrangle, where it measures twenty-two inches in thickness. Farther northeast, and two and one-half miles in a straight line almost due west of Pikeville, this bed has been opened on land of the Sequatchie Valley Coal & Coke Company (map No. 40). Here it is about one foot six inches thick, as shown in section 2, figure 11. The coal in this locality is a block coal with sandstone above and clay below. It is mined by Mr. McFarland and hauled to Pikeville and sold for domestic use. Between Lee Station and Gardiner Cove, on the west side of Little Mountain, off the southwest corner of the area, this bed is reported to be thicker than on this quadran- gle. At Frank Campbell’s bank it is said to range from three to four feet in thickness and to be a block coal. The position of the theoretical outcrop of this coal is indicated on the map, PI. I, but the coal itself is very rarely seen, though along the roads the beds below the big sandstone are usually well exposed. It is more than probable, therefore, that within this area the coal bed underneath this upper cliff-making conglomeratic sandstone is thin or not present at all. Four miles north of Litton, off the north edge of the quadrangle, the bed has been opened on land of J. H. Hale & Son, where, according to Mr. H. G. Hart, it is three and one-half feet thick. The coal has a clay roof and is also underlain by clay, below which is sandstone. The varia- bility in the Morgan Springs bed illustrates the importance of careful prospecting before attempting its commercial development. Chemical Character — The Morgan Springs coal from two mines on Cumberland Plateau has been analyzed with the results indicated in Nos. 10731 and 10802, on page 129. The moisture in the sample (No. 10731), collected from the coal mine of Mr. J. W. McFarland (figure 11, section 1), four miles west of Pikeville, namely 2.17 per cent, may be regarded as more representative than the moisture content in the sample collected at the Hale opening (figure 11, section 3), four miles north of Litton. As to volatile matter and fixed carbon, these samples are comparable with the other coals in this general region. The amount of ash in the Morgan Springs coal is slightly greater than in most of the other samples collect- ed in this area, excepting those from the coal beds worked in the vicinity of Dayton. The percentage of sulphur in the coal is greater than in any of the other coals examined in the quadrangle. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 69 PUBLICATIONS OF SURVEY ISSUED. The following publications have been issued by the present Survey, and will be sent on request when accompanied by the necessary postage. To make it possible for' libraries to complete their sets, and for persons having real need for any of the volumes to obtain the earlier ones at small cost, 500 copies of each report are reserved for sale, at the cost of printing; the receipts from the sales being turned into the State Treasury. Gaps in the series of numbers are of reports still in preparation : Bulletin No. 1 — Geological Work in Tennessee. A. The establishment, purpose, object and methods of the State Geological Survey; by George H. Ashley, 33 pages, issued July, 1910; postage, 2 cents. B. Bibliography of Tennessee Geology and Related Sub- jects; by Elizabeth Cockrill, 119 pages; postage, 3 cents. Bulletin No. 2 — Preliminary Papers on the Mineral Resources of Tennes- see, by George H. Ashley and others. A. Outline Introduction to the Mineral Resources of Ten- nessee, by George H. Ashley, issued September 10, 1910; 65 pages; postage, 2 cents. D. The Marble of East Tennessee, by C. H. Gordon; issued May, 1911; 33 pages; postage, 2 cents. E. Oil Development in Tennessee, by M. J. Munn, issued January, 1911; 46 pages; postage, 2 cents. G. The Zinc Deposits of Tennessee, by S. W. Osgood; issued October, 1910; 16 pages; postage, 1 cent. Bulletin No. 3 — Drainage Reclamation in Tennessee; 74 pages, issued July, 1910; postage, 3 cents. A. Drainage Problems in Tennessee, by George H. Ashley; pages 1-15; postage, 1 cent. B. Drainage of Rivers in Gibson County, Tennessee, by A. E. Morgan and S. H. McCrory; pages 17-43; postage, 1 cent. C. The Drainage Law of Tennessee; pages 45-74; postage, 1 cent. Bulletin No. A — Administrative Report of the State Geologist, 1910; issued March, 1911; postage, 2 cents. Bulletin No. 5 — Clays of West Tennessee, by Wilbur A. Nelson; issued April, 1911; postage, 4 cents. Bulletin No. 9 — Economic Geology of the Dayton-Pikeville Region, by W. C. Phalen, for sale only, price 15 cents. Bulletin No. 10 — Studies of the Forests of Tennessee. A. An Investigation of the Forest Conditions in Tennessee, by R. Clifford Hall; issued April, 1911; 56 pages; post- age, 3 cents. Bulletin No. 13 — A Brief Summary of the Resources of Tennessee, by Geo. H. Ashley; issued May, 1911; 40 pages; postage, 2 cents. “The Resources of Tennessee” — A monthly magazine, devoted to the de- scription, conservation and development of the State’s sources. Already issued, Vol. 1 to 4. Sent upon request. 7o INDEX Page Age of coal-bearing rocks 9 Alabama 41 Allegheny formation 9 Analyses of coals 34, 39, 43 Anderson County 8 Anderson sandstone 14, 15, 16 Angel coal 30, 60 Ansted coal 39, 40 Appalachian Valley 19 Ashley, Geo. H 8, 13, 15 Banger limestone 29 Battle Creek coal group 11 Bee Creek 27 Bell County, Ky 39, 40 Bennett Fork coal 15, 16 Big Mary coal 17, 18 Big Spring Gap coal 27, 63 Big Stone Gap 13 Blackburn, Mark 59, 60 Bledsoe County 8, 23 Block coals 17, 18 Blue Gem coal 16 Bon Air coals 11, 12, 18 Bon Air sandstone 11, 14, 21, 29 Breaks-o’-Sandy 20 Briceville area 14, 16, 18, 20 Briceville shale 14, 16 Bridgeport, Ala 24 Brown’s Gap 63 Brushy Mountain 17, 21 Bryson formation 16 Bryson Mountain 16, 17, 22 Burchard, G. H 45, 46 Butts, Chas 11, 23 Campbell County 8, 43, 44 Campbell, M. R 11, 13, 28, 30, 38 Cane Creek 27, 36, 65, 66 Caney Fork 12, 65 Caryville 20 Chattanooga 19 Chattanooga folio 11, 28 Chemistry and uses of coal 33 Claiborne County 8, 16, 43 Cleage, David A., heirs 62, 64 Cliff making sandstones “Cliff” sandstone Clifty Coal bearing formations Coal Creek 17, 18, 20 Coal Creek coal 16 Coalmont 44 Coals, analyses of 34, 39, 43 Coals, description of 45, et seq. Coals of Tennessee field 21 Coals of the quadrangle 33 Coffee County 8 Columnar sections. .. 12, 13, 17, 26, 27 Colton 13 Comparison with coals with other States 38 Page Comparison with other Tennessee coals 42 Conemaugh formation 9 Contents 5 Coosa field 10 Crab Orchard Mountain 19 Craig Mine 36 Cranmore Cove 24, 45, 50, 58 Cumberland County 8, 23, 44 Cumberland Gap 13, 20, 22 Cumberland Plateau 8, 23, 24, 27, 32, 37, 41, 46, 50, 58, 64, 66. Mountain 15, 21, 22 Dade coal group 11 Dayton 13, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 34, 45, 49, 51, 52, 54, 57, 68. Dayton Coal & Iron Co. .24, 35, 38, 47, 50, 52. Dean coals 16 Emory River Gap 19 Etna sandstone 11 Exposure of coal 31 Fentress County 8, 44 Fern Lake 22 Fieldner, A. C 34 Fork Mountain fault 20 Fork Ridge 43 Fork Ridge sandstone 15, 16 Fox Coal Co 51, 52 Fraley Gap 56 Franklin County 8 Frazier, Sam 57 Freeport coals 9, 39 Gardiner Cove 68 Gatliff 43, 44 General geology of quadrangle 25 Geology of Cumberland Plateau... 58 Glade Creek 27, 65 Glenn, L. C 15, 18 Goodrich coal ..26, 46 Googee Creek 26, 47, 48, 51 Graysville 13, 50, 51 Grundy County 8, 44 Hale, J. H., & Son. .36, 37, 63, 65, 67, 68 Hance formation 15,16 Hamilton County 8 Harriman 18 Hart, H. G 23, 63, 67, 68 Hayes, C. W 12, 13, 18, 25, 28, 29 Henderson, Bird 57 Henderson’s Mill 57 Herbert Domain 18, 36, 65, 66 Hignite coals 16, 17, 18 Introductory statement, G. H. Ash- ley INDEX 71 Page Introductory statement, W. C. Phe- lan 23 Jackson coal 62 Jellico 16, 17 Jellico coal 16-18 Keith, Arthur 14 Kelly coal 18 Kentucky 41 Kerley, Will 57 Killebrew 28, 29 Kingston folio 11, 28, 30 Kittanning coals 9 Lafollette 16, 17 Lantana coal 18 Lee formation (“sandstone”) ... 10, 11, 16-18. “Lee shale” coal group 11, 20 Lee Station 68 Letter of transmittal 7 Lick Branch 57 List of Illustrations 6 Little Mountain 68 Litton 36, 63, 65, 67, 68 Local geology of coals 45 Location of area of Pikeville quad- rangle 23 Log mountains 15, 16, 18 Lookout formation (“sand'stone”) 10, 11, 14, 18, 21, 28, 29, 32, 46, 55, 59, 60. Lookout Mountain 10, 14 Lower Carboniferous .....9, 14 Lower Falls 48, 51 Low Gap 56, 57 Map of Tennessee coal field Frontispiece Marion County 8, 11, 44, 45 McFarland, J. W 37, 67, 68 McGuire coal 18 Meadow Creek 36, 65, 66 Melvine 36, 63 Mercer coal 10 Method of sampling 33 Middlesboro area 15, 16, 18, 21 Miers, John C 62-64 Mingo formation 15, 16 Mingo Mountain 15 Mining condition 57 Mississippian 9, 28 Moccasin Creek 57 Monongahela formation 9 Morgan County 8, 44 Morgan Creek 24, 52 Morgan, S. W 53 Morgan Springs 47, 53 Morgan Springs coal.... 18, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 44, 52, 53, 57, 67, 68. Morgantown 24, 57 Page Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway 24 Nelson coal 19, 26, 34, 35-38, 41, 42, 44, 47-50, 52. Nelson, J. C 48 Nelson, Wilbur 23 Newcomb 16, 17 New Prospect mine 35, 36, 48-50 North Pole mine ...36, 51, 52 Oakhill coal 18 Ohio 41 Oliver Springs 44 Orme 44, 45 Overton County 8 Pennington formation 26-29, 45, 46, 48, 54, 58-60. Pennsylvania 40, 42 Pennsylvanian 9, 10, 28, 46, 58 Penitentiary Gulch 56, 62, 63, 64 Petros 44 Phalen, Wm. C 11-13, 18, 22, 23, et. seq. Pickett County 8 Pikeville folio 11, 29 Pikeville, near 12, 21, 22, 24, 28-30, 46, 55, 60-64, 67, 68. Pine Mountain 15, 21 Pineville Gap 20 Pioneer 20 Pittsburg coal 9, 39 Pitts Gap road 26, 56 Pope, W. R 60, 61 Pope, L. S 37, 54, 55 Poplar Lick coal 15-18 Porch Rock 26, 55 Pottsville 9, 10, 28, 31, 46 Powellton coal 39, 40 Preliminary report 23 Putnam County 22 Quakertown coal 10 Queen & Crescent R. R. .14, 21, 22, 24 Red Spring coal 16-18 Rex coal 16 Rhea County 8, 23, 24 Richland coal... 18, 26, 29, 32-34, 36-38, 41, 44, 45, 50-52, 56, 57, 62, 65. Richland Creek 24, 26, 47, 51 Rich Mountain coal 16 Roane County 8, 44 Roaring (Montague) Creek. . 26, 51, 52 Rockcastle River, Ky 11 Rockcastle sandstone. .. .11, 14, 18, 20, 27, 30. Rockwood 13, 14, 20, 30 Rockwood coal 18 Safford, J. M 11, 12, 14, 28-30, 62 Sampling, methods of 33 72 INDEX Page Sandstone parting coal 16 Saratoga Springs 65 Scott County 8, 15, 17 Scott shale 14-16 Sections. . .12, 13, 17, 26, 27, 49, 62, 64 Sequatchie County 8 Sequatchie Valley.... 9, 18, 21, 23, 24, 29, 37, 42, 46, 54, 59. Sequatchie Valley Coal & Coke Co., 36, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68. Sewanee coals... 11, 18, 27, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 41, 42, 44, 45, 61-67. Sewanee folio 11, 28 Sewanee sandstone 11, 14, 18, 21, 26, 27. Sharon coal 10 Skellin Cove 26 Smith, Geo. Otis . . 3,7 Soddy ..13, 18, 30, 51, 62 South Pittsburg . . 12 Standard coal . . . . 18 Standingstone quadrangle 12, 28 State Geological Commission 4 State lands 36 Stewart property . 47 Stratigraphy 10 Structure 19, 30 Swofford, I. N 37, 54-56 Page Table of coal bearing formation... 28 Tanbark, P. 0 57 Tennessee Central R. R . . . 14 Thurman, Isaac E., heirs 36, 63, 64 Tiptop 61-64 Togland’s, Jonn 27 Tracy City 12, 18 Turner’s, I. W 59, 60 Union County, Ky 39, 40 U. S. Bureau of Mines 33, 34 U. S. Geological Survey.... 3, 7, 23, 25 Upper Falls mine 51 Van Buren County 8 Vaughn’s 36, 37, 54, 55, 65, 66 Victoria mines 12 Waldensia 44 Walden formation (“sandstone”) 10, 18, 28, -29, 51, 61. Walden Ridge.. 9, 14, 20, 23, 24, 28-32, 45, 46, 50, 52, 55-58. Walker coal 18 Warren County 8 Wartburg area 14, 21 Wartburg sandstone 14 16 West Virginia 40, 41 White County 8, 44 White, David 11, 13, 16, 38, 59