REPORT OF THE LABOR COMMITTEE. The existence of the Labor Committee of the National Coun- cil is one of many similar proofs given by various Christian denominations in America of a growing social responsibility among the churches, for within the last three years several de- nominations have appointed committees on the Industrial sit- uation, or have taken other action in regard to it. The Chairman of your Labor Committee had the honor of suggesting to the Committee on Labor Organizations of the Massachusetts General Association, that a Labor Committee ought to be appointed by the National Council, and he was authorized to present this suggestion to the Business Committee of the last National Council then in session at Portland, Me. By that body it was heartily adopted, and a committee was appointed. Your committee has held several meetings, and has carried on quite a large correspondence in the fulfillment of its work of which it now gives account and presents also a brief state- ment of its duties as it sees them, together with a brief resume of industrial conditions. A few recommendations and several bibliographies of the labor question, one from Mr. John Mitchfell, another from Hon. Carroll D. Wright, and others from the more than twenty specialists on modern industrialism whose help we asked, are added in conclusion. It may be interesting to you to know, that a representative of our committee has attended conventions of the American Federation of Labor, and of the Civic Federation; that we have corresponded with repre- sentative Labor officials; and that two members of our com- mittee have been sent by journals to study industrial strife on the field, and to report the same in print, one in Colorado, and one in Fall River, Muss. /Uinutes, p. 540. p 5 \ ^ 9 3 ^ ei The Function of a Church Labor Committee. Because the Labor problem has many phases economic, social, moral, many agencies have arisen to help in its solution. The General Government has its Department of Labor and Com- merce, and from time to time appoints special industrial coin- emissions. Several states have Bureaus of Labor Statistics, and Boards of Conciliation and Arbitration, and nearly all of the states doubtless, have legislative committees on labor to which proposed legislation is at first referred. Groups of interested citizens, such as make up the efficient Industrial Department of the National Civic Federation have formed among the peo- ple, and are largely helping to better the relationships of the world of industry. Legislative action has resulted in a body of statutory and common law, which has been highly serviceable in promoting the industrial uplift. With these agencies should be included the organizations of employees and of employers. It is therefore evident that the existence of these other forms of social effort and the nature and purpose of the Church limit its activities primarily to the social and moral phases of the labor question. In view, however, of the prevalent relations of organized Christianity and organized labor, the Church’s first service should be with itself — to get information on the subject and to stimulate interest therein. The Method Employed. Naturally what your committee has done, has been dictated largely by its conception of its place and duties. About one and one-half years ago, therefore, we sent a letter to each of our state associations, in which we asked for the appointment of a Labor Committee that should be auxiliary to the Labor Committee of the National Council, to help toward a better knowledge of industrial conditions, and of the spirit of the churches, especially in their own locality: to come into sympa- thetic relations as far as possible with labor organized and un- organized: to help just and wise movements among working- men, which mean physical, social and moral betterment: to seek affiliation with humanitarian and religious bodies having similar 3 3 3 '. H Z-T<2> r ends in view, and to keep~the Labor Committee of the National Council informed as to the conditions found and the efforts made to promote the well-being of the industrial part of the community. Some other religious bodies have committees that have worked upon lines different from ours, e. g., by seeking, (as in one instance) to approach the wage worker at first by the agency of some form of religious service chiefly of the evangel- istic type, and, as in another instance, by endeavoring to pro- mote the interests of workingmen through the formation of a society within a particular denomination. We believe it better because more in harmony with the democratic polity of our churches, and because it encourages some interest from the many rather than the special interest of the few, that we should try to produce a larger and deeper interest among our people in this phase of the social question through committees of the state associations that shall be thoroughly representative of all our churches. The results al- ready gained have justified our theory, for we have been noti- fied that many of our state organizations have adopted our suggestions. Doubtless committees have been appointed and some work done in other states besides those from which we have officially heard. We make grateful mention of the proffered assistance and genuine help of the committees of several states, especially those of Massachusetts, Illinois arid Colorado, three common- wealths in which the student of social conditions will find at present much to interest him. As far as possible, your committee has done what it asked the state committees to do, and we report that we have found the officers of humanitarian and industrial bodies quite as responsive to our requests for information and help as were the committees of some of the Christian denominations. The Industrial Situation. The economic features of the present industrial situation are so widely published in books and periodicals, that the people are generally familiar with them. For this reason, and because 4 in general these economic features do not come within the scope of this report, we omit any special mention of them. We have a labor problem because we have large freedom, education, democracy, in which aggressive and acquisitive human beings are struggling for personal and social expression and better- ment. The deep tendencies and the surface conditions of modern industry result in that consolidation of the forces of the employed, and the forces of the employer, that express them- selves in the former instance in unionism and in the latter, in the various types of employers’ associations. Apparently unionism is something more than that valuable phase of present day industry, collective bargaining, for unionism stands for the introduction of democracy into industry, the right of represen- tation in the conduct of business. More fundamental than any other practical question, such as the closed shop or freedom of contract is this underlying demand of representation in the con- duct of industrial enterprises. To achieve it, is the core of in- telligent unionism which seems fast passing into industrialism, and to resist it is the purpose of much of the counter organiza- tion of employers. The result appears on the surface in sus- picion, resistance, lawlessness, violence — the common hard features of much of the present industrial struggle. It is not our part to discuss this phase of the question. We simply state it, as a primary and inevitable element in the present contest. We believe that organizations of labor and organizations of capital are inevitable, that these forces are to be dealt with intelligently and humanely, and that any policy that means the utter subversion of one force to that of the other is certain to result immediately in intensifying the already ominous tendency to class division and class warfare. Constructive policies under the forms of law and tempered by the justly critical force of public opinion, are being framed by conservative leaders on both sides, and for these results we can hopefully wait. We urge upon trade unionists and upon employers in the meantime the right use of power, and the cultivation of such a sense of responsibility as will conserve social well-being for the present and the future. The spirit of the marauder by whom- ever shown should be checked, and industrial organizations both 5 of employees and employers, should become as they may be- come, strong forces in behalf of law and order. The Christian Church is certainly one of the most powerful agencies in the promotion of human well-being. It has, there- fore, a high social duty to fulfill in emphasizing goodwill, justice and brotherhood; in teaching restraint and patience; in embody- ing the religious spirit in democratic forms; and in holding up the highest personal and social ideals of life. Our churches and ministers should remember that the value of organized Christianity in the present industrial struggle is not dependent upon partisanship but rather upon the spirit in which it stands for righteous principles and for that moral insight that re- quires every man and every group of men to treat each and all, not as “ ways of behaviour” but as personalities having similar duties and privileges one with another. We have been sharply criticized by a very few for saying that there is widespread indifference on the part of workingmen and the Church ea^ch to the other, and that occasionally the atti- tude toward the Church on the part of workingmen is one of alienation or hostility. We do not refer to this criticism for the purpose of rejoinder, but merely to re-affirm our position. It has been confirmed by our correspondence and conference with labor leaders, as it is sustained by the experience of social workers generally. If by “ workingman” is meant anyone who works in any way, it is easy to show that the churches are made up quite exclusively of laborers, but if, as in our use of the term, manual wage-earners are meant, e. g., mechanics, mill and shop operatives and unskilled laborers, their number especi- ally in Protestant churches is small, and relatively to other social elements is growing smaller. We believe that the indus- trial difficulty lies more in the moral than in the economic order, hence our emphasis upon moral forces and aims and our belief that the Church should lead in producing a new spirit in industrial relationships. In the past, some of the most intelli- gent friends of workingmen have been found in the ranks of the Christian Church, its laymen and clergymen, and notwithstand- ing all assertions and beliefs to the contrary, the same is true today. Kingsley, Maurice, and Toynbee, of a past generation 0 in England, and several in America among the living whose names will readily recur to you are rightly regarded as the friends of the workers. Recommendations. Recognizing that the need and the right to work are funda- mental in human society, and that much remains to be done to establish just relationships in the industrial order, we urge our churches to take a deeper interest in the labor question, and to get a more intelligent understanding of the aims of organized labor. This can be done through fraternal personal contact with the workers, and by reading the best publications of those who have a right to speak on industrial subjects. As helps by this latter method, your committee has secured from several sources labor bibliographies, which cannot fail to be highly sug- gestive to everyone who wishes to get theoretic information on this subject. These bibliographies we hope to have published in the Minutes of this Council, as an addendum to this report. Our thanks are hereby extended to the American Institute of Social Service, and to those gentlemen who have put their sug- gestions at our disposal, for their help. We recommend further, that the National Council continue the appointment of a Labor Committee : that this Council through its Secretary ask each state body in our fellowship to appoint a Labor Committee which shall be auxiliary to the National Council’s Labor Committee for the purpose of infor- mation and suggestion through correspondence and conference, as well as for such service locally as may be rendered: that the Council instruct its Labor Committee to seek affiliation with kindred committees of other denominations, and with non-eccle- siastical bodies that work for industrial betterment: that the Labor Committee try to get such expression from workingmen’s and employers’ organizations and leaders, as shall, in its judg- ment, best promote social welfare. Finally, your committee has a two-fold conviction out of which issues an inference vital to the spiritual problem of our churches: 7 First, That this question has come to stay; that it cannot be blinked or waved aside; that no amount of religious activity or of practical religious helpfulness can solve it; that nothing short of justice — justice by and justice to capital and labor alike — can reach the case. But, on the other hand, and — Second, That only by the principles of the Gospel — its ethics, its love, its law of respect for every human soul as a son of God, and a brother of Jesus Christ, and its foundation stone of sacrifice— can the ends properly sought by all true employers and workers be attained. In these circumstances, since hearts must be reached and the inmost man changed in order to supply any adequate motive for all this, one crowning inference follows, namely, that the present industrial-economic crisis constitutes a supreme motive for that fundamental revival of religion in all our churches for which the hearts of our people are looking, and longing, and praying. Signed, Frank W. Merrick, Chairman', David N. Beach, Washington Gladden, William J. Tucker, William A. Knight, Secretary . Some of the Literature of Labor. As helps to a theoretical understanding of modern industrialism, the following bibliographies are presented. Requests were sent to a score of educators, social experts and industrial leaders representing employers, employes and the general public. The returns are given with the names of the compilers, except in a single instance in which the sender re- quested that his name be withheld. Though some repetition is involved, it has been thought better for obvious reasons, to place the name or names of the compilers, together with any needed explanation, before each list. The title of each work is followed by the italicised name of its author. No attempt is made to present the fictional element in the literature of labor, or to give even the names of the leading labor papers of the country, nor yet to present the literature with any ap- proximation to completeness. We have aimed to bear in mind the needs of the general reader and student who wishes fundamental and helpful suggestion from all sides as to present-day industrialism. The American Institute of Social Service is ready at all times to give suggestive help to applicants who inquire for the latest and best peri- odical literature on this subject, while The Commons is invaluable as a monthly journal of social betterment. 8 I. Raymond Robins and T. K. Webster. Six Centuries of Work and Wages, The Industrial Revolution, The Evolution of Modern Capitalism, The Labor Movement in America, History of Trade Unionism, Democracy and Social Ethics, The Children of the Poor, Life and Labor of the People, Wealth v. Commonwealth, God and the People, Progress and Poverty, Encyclopedia of Social Reform, Rogers , Thorold. Toynbee , Arnold. Hobson , J. A. Ely, R. T. Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. Addams , Jane. Riis, J. A. Booth, Charles. Lloyd , II. D. Mazzini, Joseph. George, Henry. Bliss, W. I). P. II. Washington Gladden. The Social Unrest, Socialism and Social Reform, The Evolution of Industrial Society, Socialism, New and Old, The Evolution of Modern Capitalism, The Social Problem, JohnRuskin, Social Reformer, Human Nature and the Social Order, The Workers, Labor Co-partnership, The City Wilderness, Monopolies and the People, Christianity and Social Problems, Industrial Democracy, Jesus Christ and the Social Question, Social Facts and Forces, Social Salvation, Brooks, John Graham. Ely, R. T. Ely, R. T. Graham, William. Hobson, J. A. Hobson , J. A. Hobson, J A. Cooley, Charles Horton. Wyckoff, Walter A. Lloyd, II. I). Woods, Robert A. Baker, C. W. Abbott, Lyman. Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. Peabody , Francis G. Gladden, Washington. Gladden , Washington. I II. Carroll D. Wright. The Labor Movement in America, Ely , R. T. Organized Labor, Mitchell, John. The Industrial Revolution in England, Toynbee, Arnold. The Industrial Evolution of the United States, Wright, Carroll D. The Evolution of Modern Capitalism, Hobson, J. A. 9 Methods of Industrial Remuneration, Sckloss , D. F. Handbook to the Labor Law of the United States, Labor in Its Relations to Law, History of Trade Unionism, Industrial Democracy, Methods of Industrial Peace, Getting a Living, The Social Unrest, The Quintessence of Socialism, The Relation of the State to Industrial Action, Some Ethical Phases of the Labor Ques- tion, Recent Economic Changes, Workingmen's Insurance, Stimson , F. J. Stimson, F. J. Webb , Sidney and Beatrice Wet)b , Sidney and Beatrice Gilman . N. P. Bolen , G. T. Brooks , John Graham. Schaeffle, A. E. Adams , Henry C. Wright , Carroll J). David , H. IFeM.s. Willoughby , IF. F. IV. THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SERVICE. ( Josiali Strong and W. IF Tolman.) Labor and Capital. Getting a Living, The Social Unrest, Our Benevolent Feudalism, A Dividend to Labor, The Trust Problem, Organized Labor, Jesus Christ and the Social Question, Capital and Labor, Six Centuries of Work and Wages, The Workingman and Social Problems, Industrial Betterment, Some Ethical Phases of the Labor Ques- tion, The Workers, Bolen , G. L. Brooks , John Graham. Ghent , W. J. Gilman , N. P. Jenks, J. W. Mitchell, John. Peabody, Francis G. Peters, J. P. [Editor], Rogers, Thor old. Stelzle, Charles. Tolman, W. IF Wright, Carroll D. Wyckoff , Walter A. Child Labor. Child Labor in the United States, Erickson, Halford. (See Report 1898-1899, Wisconsin Bureau of Labor.) Child Labor in the United States, Department of Labor, U. S. (See Bulletin, May, 1904.) 10 John R. Commons. A Handbook of Labor Literature, Social Progress, a Year Book, History of Trade Unionism, Industrial Democracy, Getting a Living, The Labor Movement in America, Socialism and Social Reform, The Social Unrest, Tools and the Man, The Labor Problem, The Evolution of Modern Capitalism, Methods of Industrial Renumeration, Wealth and Progress, Progress and Poverty, Eight Hours for Work, Labor Co-partnership, Social Ideals in English Letters, Marot, Helen , Strong , Josiah. Webb , Sidney and Beatrice. Webb, Sidney and Beatri'ce- Bolen , G. T. Ely, R. T. Ely, R. T. Brooks, John Graham. Gladden, Washington. Adams, T. S. Hobson, J. A. Schloss, B. F. Gunton, George. George, Henry. Rae, John. Lloyd, Henry 1 ). Scudder, Vida 1). Mitchell, John. Organzied Labor, Handbook to the Labor Law of the United States, Stimson, F. J. Industrial Conference, 1902, Federation, National Civic. National Conference on Industrial Con- ciliation, Federation, National Civic. Special Report on Regulation and Restriction of Output, Department of Labor, U. S. Labor Bulletins, beginning November, 1895, Department of Labor, U. S. YI. A Leading American Political Economist. The importance of the books named, for the purpose of the general reader, is indicated by the numerals 1, 2, 3. 1. Reports of the U. S. Department of Labor. 2. Reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. (Massachusetts.) 2. Reports of the Bureau of Labor. (Late issues, New York.) 2. Special Census Reports on (1.) Occupations in the United States. (2.) Employes and Wages. 1 Methods of Industrial Peace, Gilman, N. P. 2 Profit Sharing, Gilman, N. P. 1 A Country without Strikes, Lloyd, II. D. 11 1 . Newest England, Lloyd, II. 1 ). 1 . State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, Reeves, W. P. 2. Co-operative Production, Jones, Benjamin. 1 . Eight Hours for Work, Rae, John. 3. The Economy of High Wages, Schoenhof, Jacob. 2. Employers and Employes, (Report of Minneapolis Conference) published by Public Policy, Chicago. 2. The Industrial Revolution, Toynbee , Arnold. 2. English Factory Legislation, Von Plener , E. 2. The State in Relation to Labor, Jevons, W. S. 2. The Labor Question in Britain, de Rousiers, Paul. 1 . History of Trade Unionism, Webb, Sidney and Beatrice . 2. Industrial Democracy, Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. 3. Report of the Industrial Remuneration Conference, 1885. 2. Handbook of Labor Literature, Marot, Helen. 2. Handbook to the Labor Law of the United States, Stimson, F. J. 2. The Labor Movement in America, Ely, R. T. 1 . The Social Unrest, Brooks, John Graham. 2. The American Workman. Tr., Levasseur, Pierre Emile. 1 . Organized Labor, Mitchell, John. 3. Report of the U. S. Industrial Commis - sion, 1900-1902, Department of Labor. '2. Senate Report (1893) on Wholesale Prices, Wages and Transportation, Department of Labor, 2. Methods of Industrial Remuneration, Schloss, D. F. 2. Introduction to Economics, Seager, Henry R. 2. Wages and Capital, Taussig, F. W. Distribution of Wealth, Clark , J. B. VII. Graham Taylor. Trade Unionism, New and Old, Howell , G. S. The Labor Movement in America, Ely, R. T. Conflicts of Labor and Capital, Howell, G. S. History and Development of Guilds and the Origin of Trade Unions, Brentano , Lujo. Six Centuries of Work and Wages, Royers , Thorold. History of Trade Unionism, Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. An Introduction to English Economy, His- tory and Theory, Ashley, W. J. The Industrial Revolution in England, Toynbee, Arnold. 12 The Condition of the Working Classes in England in 1844. Tr., Democracy and Liberty, Classes and Masses ; a Handbook of Social Facts, Problems of Poverty ; an Inquiry into the Industrial Condition of the Poor, The Evolution of Modern Capitalism ; Study of Machine Production, Outlines of English Industrial History, The Industrial History of England, English Social Reforms, A Short History of the English People, Life and Labor of the People in London, Engels, F. Lecky , W. E. 11 . Mallock, W. II. Hobson , J. A. Hobson , J. A. Cunningham and McArthur. Gibbens, II. de B. Gibbens, II. de B. Green , J. R. Booth , Charles. Pauperism and the Endowment of Old Age, Booth , Charles. Hull House Maps and Papers, Hull House Residents. Industrial Evolution of the United States, Wright , Carroll D. The Labor Movement the Problem of To-day, McNeil , Geo. E. [Editor.] The Labor Problem, Barns , W. E. [Editor.] Tools and the Man, Gladden , Washington. Ruling Ideas in the Present Age, Gladden, Washington. Principles of Economics, Marshall , Alfred. A Handy Book of the Labor Laws, Howell, George. Hand Book to the Labor Law of the United States, Stimson, F. J. The Labor Annual; a Year Book of Social, Economic and Political Reform, Edwards , Joseph, [Editor.] The Evolution of Industrial Society, Ely , R. T. The Social Unrest, Brooks, John Graham. The Principles of Economics, Fetter, Frank A. To the above maybe added many Annual and Special Reports of the U. S. Department of Labor, the State Reports of Labor Bureaus and 'Factory Inspectors, together with many Serial Publications and Pro- ceedings. VIII. W. J. Tucker and A. F. Weber. Books specially commended by Mr. Weber are marked *. Works likewise commended by President Tucker are marked t- tTlie Adjustment of Wages, Ashley, W. J. ^Getting a Living , Bolen , G. T. The Social Unrest, Brooks,, John Graham. 13 tThe Law of Trade and Labor Combinations as Applicable to Boycotts, Strikes, Trade Conspiracies, Monopolies, Pools, Trusts and Kindred Topics, The Labor Movement in America, t ^Methods of Industrial Peace, tThe Evolution of Modern Capitalism, tProblems of Poverty, t*The Social Problem, A History of Factory Legislation [in Eng- land], The State in Relation to Labor, t*The American Workman [Tr. by T. S. Adams.] Labor Copartnership, Cooke , F. II . Ely, R. T . Gilman , N. P. Hobson , J. A. Hobson, J. A. Hobson, J. A. Hutchins and Harrison. Jevons, W. S. Levasseur, Pierre Emile. Lloyd , H. D. Labor Movements: The Problem of To- day, t*Organized Labor, Labor and Capital, Eight Hours for Work , McNeil Geo. E. [Editor.] Mitchell , John. Peters , J. P. [Editor.] Rae, John. t^State Experiments in Australia and New Reeves, W. P. Roberts, Peter. Rovontree, B. S. Ruskin, John. Schloss, D. F. S chulze-Gavernitz, G. von. Spahr, C. B. Spyers, T. G. Zealand, t Anthracite Coal Communities, t*Poverty: A Study of Town Life, Unto This Last, t Methods of Industrial Remuneration, Social Peace, America’s Working People, The Labor Question, * Handbook to the Labor Law of the United States, Stimson, F. J. * The Industrial Revolution, Toynbee, Arnold. t United States Anthracite Coal Strike Com- mission, Bul’t’n 46, U.S Dept, of Lbr. t*The United States Industrial Commission, Final Report, Vol. XIX, Printing Office of the Gov’t, t The Case for the Factory Acts, Webb, Beatrice, [Editor.] t The Co-operative Movement in Great Britain, Webb, Beatrice. t**Industrial Democracy, Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. \ Workingmen’s Insurance, Willoughby , W. F. 14 IX. John Mitchell, Reference. Encyclopedia of Social Reform, Bliss, W. I). P. [Editor.] Industrial History. (England — General.) The Industrial History of England, Gibbins , II. De B. (Modern.) Condition of the Working Classes in Eng- land in 1844. Tr., Engels , F. The Industrial Revolution in England, Toynbee , Arnold. Labor in the Longest Reign, Webb, Sidney. (United States.) The Industrial Evolution of the United States, Wright, Carroll D. Monopolies. Wealth v. Commonwealth, Lloyd , H. D , “How the Other Half Lives,” Including the Sweating System and Hygiene of Occupations. Prisoners of Poverty: Women Wage-Earn- ers, Their Trades and Their Lives, Campbell, Helen. The Children of the Poor, Biis, J. A. How the Other Half Lives, Biis, J. A. Methods of Industrial Remuneration, Schloss, D. F. Wages. Six Centuries of Work and Wages The Economy of High Wages, Industrial Democracy, Rogers, Thorold. Schoenhof, Jacob. Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. Co-operation and Profit Sharing. The Co-operative Movement of To-day, Holyoake , G. J. Labor Copartnership, Lloyd , II. D. The Co-operative Movement in Great Britain, Webb, Beatrice. 15 Trade Unions. Relation of Labor Organizations to the American Working Boy and Instruction, American Trade Unions, Relation of Labor to the Law of To- The Labor Movement in America, Conflicts of Capital and Labor, Trade Unionism, New and Old, Social Peace. Tr., Handbook to the Labor Law of the States, History of Trade Unionism, to Trade Bemis , E. W. Bliss , W. D. P. ay. Tr., Brentano , Lujo, Ely , R. T. Howell , George. Howell, George. Schulze-Gavernitz, G. von. United Stimson, F. J. Webb t Sidney and Beatrice. Strikes. The Pullman Strike, Czrwardini, W. H. The Law of Strikes, Lockouts and Labor Organizations, Cogley, T. S. The Strike of Millionaires Against Miners, Lloyd , II. I). Hours of Labor. Hours and Wages in Relation to Produc- tion, Brentano, Lujo. Eight Hours for Work, Rae, John. The Eight Hours Day, Webb, Sidney and Cox, Harold. 4 Women WAge-Earners and Chidd Labor. Woman in the Past. Present and Future, Bebel, August. The Cry of the Children, Hird, F. Child Labor in New York, Second Report, 1884, The State and Its Children, AVomen and the Factory Acts, Child Labor, Industrial Insurance Annual Bureau of Labor Statistics, N. Y , Tuckwell, G. M. Webb, Beatrice. Willoughby and Graffenreid. and Old Age Pensions. Pauperism and the Endowment of Old Age, Booth, Charles. Workingmen’s Insurance, Willoughby , W. F. Labor Laws and Factory Acts. Factory Inspectors of North America, Reports of Annual Conven- tions, 1887 to date. (Obtained through Secretary, whose ad- dress is secured through U. S. Commis- sioner of Labor, Washington, D. C.) Labor Laws in the Various States, Terri- tories and District of Columbia ; Second special Report, Commissioner of Labor, l~.S. General. The Present Distribution of Wealth in the United States, t Spahr, C. B. glance^ the foregoing lists will show the titles of books most frequently Irdpeated. For general reading, those books should be ex- amined first. Of the more recent publications one will find, Ashley’s “ The Adjustment of Wages,” and Gilman’s “Methods of Industrial Peace,” invaluable. In the first rank should be placed Reeves’ “State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand,” the philosophical work of Sidney and Beatrice Webb written from the Socialist’s point of view, “ Industrial Democracy ;” and for an account and an interpre- tation of American industrial conditions, Vol. XIX of the “ Report of the Industrial Commission ” of 1900, Mitchell’s “Organized Labor” as an exposition of trade unionism, and the superb work of Levasseur, “The American Workman,” are indispensable. FRANK W. MERRICK.