917,73 
 
 1 1 eig 
 
 A Guide to the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road Lands . ... offer for sale over 
 1,400,000 acres ... (1859)
 
 ILLINOIS HISTORICAL SURVEY
 
 A GUIDE 
 
 ILLINOIS CENTRAL 
 
 Tno Illinois Central Railroad Company offer Tor sale over 1,400, ()()() 
 Acres selected. Prairie and. "Wood Lands, in Tracts of l^oi-ty 
 acres and. Tip'vvards, sxiitalale foi- Farms, on loiif* credits 
 and lo-w prices, sitxiated on. eacK side of tlieir Kail- 
 road, extending throixgli tlie State of Illinois. 
 
 CHICAGO: 
 
 ILLINOIS CENTRAL R A I L R.O A D OFFICE. 
 
 1859.
 
 I 
 
 i
 
 .0 n UL & WISCONSIN S.llNE 
 
 EXPLANATION 
 
 R R.ia Operation. 
 ........ R.H. Progressing. 
 
 IAf fieaxy sAaeftny stairs f/ie boundary of tAc 
 leaidf of IheJl/mois Central <ul Roa<T Company wilhrn 
 'Ac fiXTniff limit Tkr light skadmy cAe boundary 
 Of itM<-lmds vr/Ain fAr fifteen mi/e limit. 
 
 lKr oftArTvwnstnpi brarAetcd rorres 
 wit4 ifit number ofeach Sfffional flap
 
 
 
 
 A GUIDE 
 
 TO TICK 
 
 ILLINOIS CENTRAL 
 
 THE 
 
 ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD COMPANY, 
 
 OFFER FOR SALK 
 
 OVER 1,400,000 ACRES 
 
 OF SELECTED 
 
 rairu atxir 
 
 In. Traets of forty acres and \ip-v\-ards, suitable for Farms, on long 
 
 credits and low prices, sitxiatod on. eaolx side of tlieir Kail- 
 
 road, extending tl^i-ovigli tlie State of Illinois. 
 
 CHICAGO: 
 
 ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD OFFICE 
 1859.
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 It has been found impossible to answer the numerous 
 letters that are daily received, in reference to these lands. 
 To such, this Pamphlet, will be sent in reply to the ques- 
 tions asked. 
 
 SECTIONAL MAPS of the Lands of the Company, showing 
 the precise position 01 every piece of land in the State, 
 owned by the Company, can be had at the Land De- 
 partment, by remitting fifty cents in postage stamps. 
 Plats of their towns, at the various stations throughout 
 the State, can also be seen. 
 
 For any further information, apply personally or by 
 letter, in English, French, or German, to 
 
 J. W. FOSTER, COMMISSIONER, 
 
 Chicago, Illinois.
 
 U 
 
 THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ITS AREA AND EXTENT. 
 
 THE greatest extent of Illinois is on the meridian of 
 Cairo, being 378 miles. Its average width is about 150 
 miles ; the greatest width being 210 miles, near the lati- 
 tude of Urbana. It lies between latitude 37 and 42J 
 North, and longitude 10 5' and 14 West of "Washington. 
 
 The area of the State is 55,409 square miles. Some 
 of the States contain a larger area, but that area is made 
 up of mountainous or sterile tracts, which must forev- 
 er remain sparsely inhabited ; whereas Illinois presents 
 a nearly uniform fertility of soil throughout its entire 
 extent. To compare it with other States, Illinois is 
 nearly as large as the six New England States put to- 
 gether, and it is safe to say that its agricultural resources 
 are twice as great as the whole of them. It has nearly 
 10,000 more square miles than the State of New York; 
 
 > ) A*7 
 
 r
 
 IB larger than Pennsylvania and New Jersey together; 
 and is nearly eight times as large as Massachusetts. It 
 is larger than England by 5,000 square miles, and near- 
 ly half as large as the entire kingdom of Great Britain ; 
 and with its resources as well developed, could sustain a 
 population of 15,000,000. It is more than twice as large 
 as Belgium and Holland together, and nearly one-fourth 
 as large as the entire Empire of Austria. 
 
 The grant of land to the Illinois Central Railroad 
 Company embraces 4,055 square miles, very nearly as 
 large an area as that comprised within the State of Con- 
 necticut, twice as large as Delaware, more than half as 
 large as Massachusetts, about the same size as the Elec- 
 torate of Hesse-Cassel, three-fourths as large as the Grand 
 Duchy of Baden, and half as large as the Grand Duchy 
 of Tuscany. 
 
 Illinois must always occupy a commanding position in 
 the union of States, forming as she does the water-shed 
 between the valley of the Mississippi and that of the St. 
 Lawrence. In the intercourse and traffic, thus far but 
 imperfectly developed, between these two great valleys, THE 
 ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD must be regarded as a most 
 important part of the great thoroughfare which is now 
 opened to the Gulf of Mexico, by which Chicago is made 
 as accessible to New Orleans and Mobile, as she is to 
 Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. 
 
 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES. 
 
 The means of intercommunication provided by nature 
 are unsurpassed. The State is bounded on the West and 
 South by two great navigable rivers, and for fifty miles on 
 the Northeast by Lake Michigan ; while the interior is 
 penetrated for more than two hundred miles by the Illi- 
 nois river, whose waters are connected with the lake by 
 the Illinois and Michigan Canal. About two-thirds of 
 the boundaries of the State is made up of navigable riv- 
 ers, amounting to about 1,000 miles in length.
 
 .The artificial communications are not less complete. 
 "Within less than ten years, there have been constructed 
 2,682 miles of railway, at a cost of $96,284,445, by which, 
 with one or two exceptions, every county seat is brought 
 within fifteen miles of some great thoroughfare. The 
 population has increased from 477,000 in 1840, to 855,384 
 in 1850, to 1,300,251 in 1855, and to probably 1,700,000 
 in 1859. Illinois is now the fourth State in the Union in 
 numerical force. 
 
 FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 The profile of the country, adjacent to THE ILLINOIS CEN- 
 TRAL RAILKOAD, does not present one uniform dead level, 
 but a succession of gentle undulations and depressions 
 which have been not inaptly compared to the swells of 
 the ocean. The culminating points, which are in the 
 northwestern part of the State, attain an elevation of about 
 800 feet above the Ohio river at Cairo, and about 400 feet 
 above the level of Lake Michigan. The valleys are val- 
 leys of denudation, cutting through the superficial depos- 
 its, and occasionally exposing the rocky strata beneath ; 
 while from the main channels start numerous ravines, like 
 the intervals between the fingers when the hand is ex- 
 tended. These are everywhere bordered with timber, and 
 occasional isolated clumps are seen, known in the lan- 
 guage of the country as groves; while the plains are 
 clothed with a luxuriant growth of prairie grass. The 
 Chicago branch, 250 miles in length, runs through the 
 Grand Prairie, which, with the exception of occasional 
 groves, presents an almost interminable plain, of which 
 the natural product is prairie-grass. Here the similitude 
 of the ocean becomes more striking. The timber belts 
 resemble wooded shores, while the clumps may be likened 
 to islands rising up from a wide expanse of waving green. 
 
 The surface is covered with superficial materials con- 
 sisting of yellow loam, blue clay, the latter always subor- 
 dinate, sand and pebbles, rudely stratified, with occasional
 
 6 
 
 boulders of granite, upon which reposes a rich vegetable 
 mould from eighteen inches to two feet thick, constitut- 
 ing an almost inexhaustible supply of nutriment for crops, 
 for all time. 
 
 The swales, or sloughs (provincially slues), as well as 
 the more level portions of the prairie, contain a dark 
 sandy soil, intermixed with much organic matter ; while 
 along the streams and ravines the soil is a light yellow 
 loam. These distinctive differences are well understood 
 by every settler, and the term " prairie soil " to him con- 
 veys a precise meaning. It is a popular but mistaken 
 belief that this region was once densely, covered with 
 trees, and that their disappearance is to be ascribed to the 
 annual fires that swept over it, long before it became 
 known to the whites, consuming every form of vegeta- 
 tion, except where it was protected by the streams and 
 ravines. There is no evidence that, in the previous phys- 
 ical history of this region, the arborescent vegetation was 
 more extended than it is now. The prairies result from 
 the character of the soil, and their origin is no more of a 
 mystery than that of the steppes of Northern Asia, the 
 pampas of Brazil, or the llanos of Venezuela. In the 
 rich black mould of the plains the prairie-grass finds its 
 appropriate nourishment to the exclusion of other forms 
 of vegetation ; but this in its turn is supplanted by many 
 of the tame grasses. On the other hand, the yellow soil 
 along the ravines and alluvial bottoms gives sustenance to 
 a growth of trees, the commonest of which are burr, jack 
 and white oak, hickory, black walnut, linden, poplar, and 
 honey locust. As we proceed south, to the region below 
 the Terre Haute and Alton Railroad, the groves begin 
 to encroach upon the prairies until finally the whole re- 
 gion becomes densely wooded. Below Carbondale, the 
 country is covered with a primeval forest, except where 
 the axe of the settler has leveled it to the ground. 
 
 The changes in the soil are not less marked. Passing 
 from the rich black mould of Urbana, as we approach
 
 Effingham, the soil begins to assume a greyish, tint, and 
 thence by imperceptible gradations, passes into a light 
 yellow or reddish loam. These soils produce the finest 
 varieties of winter wheat, and those scourges of other 
 regions the weevil and the blight are comparatively 
 unknown. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS. 
 
 There are well-marked differences in the soils of the 
 Illinois Central Railroad Lands. 
 
 1. Black Prairie Soil, consisting of a dark-colored, 
 friable mould, often two feet deep, and containing a large 
 amount of organic matter, intermixed with potash derived 
 from the annual burnings of the prairie-grass, from time 
 immemorial. The substratum is a mixture of clay and 
 gravel, well calculated to retain moisture; but not so much 
 so as to cause it to bake when exposed to the sun, or to 
 render the surface st>il cold and wet. The prairie soil 
 makes first-class corn lands, and is so rich in organic mat- 
 ter that it may be cropped for years without showing 
 any signs of exhaustion. Spring wheat, barley, oats, po- 
 tatoes, and the domestic grasses, here find appropriate food. 
 The prairies afford admirable grazing farms, and there are 
 farmers who fatten yearly more than a thousand head of 
 cattle. 
 
 The sloughs, when drained and sowed with grasses, will 
 make the finest meadow lands known, far surpassing the 
 uplands in fertility. 
 
 This kind of soil largely predominates on the Chicago 
 Branch, as well as on the Main Line, in the central portion 
 of the State. 
 
 2. Grey Prairie Soil. Between Nioga and Effingham 
 on the Branch, and below Pana, on the Main Line, we 
 notice a change in the soil, the black mould giving place 
 to a grey soil, which, though not so prolific in Indian corn, 
 produces excellent crops of winter wheat, and is a supe- 
 rior fruit-growing region. ,The lines between the two
 
 8 
 
 classes of soil are not well marked, but there is a gradual 
 blending along the borders. The prairies become smaller 
 in extent, and the groves more numerous. This soil is 
 susceptible of a fine mechanical division, and by many is 
 esteemed quite as highly as the black mould of the more 
 northerly prairies. 
 
 3. Wood Soil. This soil, which predominates in the 
 southern part of the State, consists of a fine yellowish, or red- 
 dish loam, or a mixture of sand and clay, in about the propor- 
 tions to form brick, and is sufficiently porous to enable the 
 water to leach through, and the rootlets of trees to penetrate 
 it. It does not bake when exposed to the heats of summer, 
 or form a water-bearing stratum during the rains of spring 
 and fall. It is not unusual to find this soil covered with ha- 
 zel brush, which is the precursor of the hickory, gum, oak, 
 linden, etc., etc. This soil is well adapted to the culture 
 of winter, or flint wheat, and the choicest varieties are pro- 
 duced. The harvest comes off as early as the tenth of June, 
 and by July or August, it is ready for market. The mar. 
 ket value of this wheat is 12 to 15 cents above the ordinary 
 varieties, and it is sought for by millers from Tew York, 
 St. Louis and Ohio. It was not until the opening of the 
 Illinois Central Railroad that wheat was cultivated to any 
 considerable extent; it now forms the great staple of the 
 region, and has been the means of conferring upon the 
 farmer, uncounted wealth. Their experience has been that 
 winter-wheat is a sure and remunerative crop. Samples of 
 white winter-wheat from the counties of Union, Perry and 
 Pulaski are now in the Land Department. The berry is 
 large and plump, and weighs upwards of 60 Ibs. to the 
 bushel, and the yield was more than 40 bushels to the acre. 
 
 This soil is the natural habitat for the apple, peach, pear, 
 plum and grape, and the culture of these fruits is rapidly 
 extending. ISTear Makanda, Jonesboro', and Cobden, there 
 are thousands of acres devoted to the cultivation of peaches- 
 The apples produced are large, fair and plump ; and look 
 very differently from their eastern relations.
 
 Mr. C. T. Chase, a practical horticulturalist, in a work* 
 recently published, thus speaks of this region: 
 
 "Much of the soil of Southern Illinois is also admirably adapted to 
 trait. Such is the texture in many locations that drainage is of less 
 importance than in the North. The heavily timbered lands of that 
 section, including a series of elevated ridges extending entirely across 
 the State, and into the adjoining States, combine essential qualifications 
 of soil, climate, elevation and exposure, that fit them in an eminent 
 degree for successful fruit-culture. In these regions, the highest knobs 
 are at present preferred. As the timber is cleared away, the frost 
 lines will probably follow down the hill-sides, and many fine situations 
 for fruit will be developed which are now unfit. The indications point 
 to a time, at no distant period, when by judicious culture, Southern 
 Illinois and a part of Missouri will become the fruit-garden of the West." 
 
 4. Alluvial Soil. The immediate valley of the Missis- 
 sippi consists of a wide belt of level land, occasionally 
 subject to overflow, known as "The American Bottom." 
 The soil is a highly comminuted loam, rich in organic 
 matter, the result of successive depositions of the river. 
 It has all of the fertility of that of the Nile, and is well 
 adapted to the growth of Indian corn, broom corn, sor- 
 ghum, tobacco, hemp, and all those crops which are sup- 
 posed to exhaust its fertility. Cotton was formerly grown 
 here, and as far north even, as Sangamon county, in suffi- 
 cient quantities for all domestic purposes ; and there is no 
 apparent reason why its culture might not be successfully 
 resumed. 
 
 COMPOSITION OF SOILS. 
 
 In many parts of the world, it is found necessary to im- 
 prove the soil by mixing and combining different earths : 
 and also, by adding to the organic matter. But Nature, 
 so far as relates to the soils of Illinois, has kindly per- 
 formed these offices for man. Experience has shown that 
 a soil, composed of one earth alone, whether it be sand, 
 clay, or lime, is unproductive ; but that the best soil con- 
 sists of a due admixture of all these earths. 
 
 In examining the mechanical texture of the soils of Illi- 
 nois, we find that the proportion of clay varies from 18 to 
 
 *The Prairie Fruit Culturalist.
 
 64 per-cent.; of sand, from 25 to 75 per-cent.; and of lime, 
 from 1.3 to 3.3 per-cent. ; but what is most note-worthy 
 with regard to them, is the remarkably fine state of subdi- 
 vision in the particles. The soil, when dried and crushed, 
 crumbles into an almost impalpable powder, and hence is 
 in the best condition to afford nutriment to plants. 
 
 Most soils, too, require the addition of organized matter, 
 or manures, to preserve their fertility. In England, and 
 in the Atlantic States, this annual application of manures 
 often costs more per acre, than the fee of the Illinois lands. 
 The mechanical analysis of these soils shows that there is 
 present from 5 to 10 per-cent. of orgarfic matter ; while 
 the chemical analysis indicates from .18 to .33 per-cent. 
 of nitrogen. It would take a half century of cropping 
 to exhaust this accumulation of organic matter. 
 
 Mr. James Caird, M. P., the Times Commissioner of 
 Agriculture, and the highest agricultural authority in 
 England, in the fall of 1858, passed over the lands adjacent 
 to the Illinois Central Railroad, and after speaking of 
 the inexhaustible fertility of the soil, he proceeds to add : 
 
 "Its chemical composition has been ascertained for me by Professor 
 Voelcker, consulting chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society of 
 England, to whom I sent four samples of prairie soil for analysis, 
 brought by me from different and distant points of the lands belonging 
 to the Illinois Central Railway Company. They bear out completely 
 the high character for fertility which practice and experience had 
 already proved these soils to possess. The most noticeable feature in 
 the analysis, as it appears to me, is the very large quantity of nitro- 
 gen which each of these soils contains, nearly twice as much as the 
 most fertile soils of Britain. In each case, taking the soil at an ave- 
 rage depth of ten inches, an acre of these prairies will contain upwards 
 of three tons of nitrogen, and as a heavy crop of wheat with its straw 
 contains about fifty-two pounds of nitrogen, there is thus a natural 
 store of ammonia in this soil sufficient for more than a hundred wheat 
 crops. In Dr. Voelcker 's words, ' it is the large amount of nitrogen, 
 and the beautiful state of division, that impart a peculiar character 
 to these soils, and distinguish them so favorably.' They are soils upon 
 which flax, I imagine, could be grown in perfection, supposing the cli- 
 mate to be otherwise favorable. / have never before analyzed soils 
 which contained so much nitrogen, nor do I Jind any record of soils 
 richer in nitrogen than these." Prairie Farming, pp. 77, 78. 
 Lond. Ed.
 
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 V.
 
 AEEA OF CULTIVABLE LAND. 
 
 It is supposed by many, who have not investigated the 
 climatology of the West, that the rich prairies, like those 
 of Illinois, continue to the base of the Rocky Mountains. 
 The really desirable lands lie east of longitude 95, and 
 embrace Illinois, the Eastern and Southern portions of 
 Iowa, the Eastern portion of Kansas, and Southern Minne- 
 sota and Southern Wisconsin. They have already passed 
 out of the possession of the General Government. After 
 having crossed the Missouri river, we enter upon a series 
 of plains, whose prevailing vegetation is the artemisia and 
 the buffalo grass types characteristic of an arid climate. 
 Almost the only form of arborescent vegetation is the 
 cotton-wood, which is restricted to the immediate val- 
 leys of the streams. From the conditions of climate, 
 this vast region, embracing at least 25 of longitude, must 
 forever remain sparsely inhabited. 
 
 " The most marked single feature " (says Blodgett, in his Climatol- 
 ogy of the United States, p. 155) " is the absence of atmospheric 
 moisture, or the low measure of humidity, when rain is not absolutely 
 falling. This arid character begins to be felt at the 95th meridian, 
 and at the 98th or 100th, it causes an abrupt contrast with the coun- 
 try east." 
 
 Starting from the 95th degree, the rains diminish rapidly 
 as we proceed westward, until, before reaching the Rocky 
 Mountains, they disappear almost altogether. This dry- 
 ness of the atmosphere gives rise to a variety of climatic 
 conditions, which are unobserved to the eastward : abrupt 
 transitions in the temperature, the thermometer rising to 
 75 or 80 at mid-day, and falling below the freezing 
 point at night, or before sunrise. These sudden changes 
 are fatal to the growth of all those plants, of which Indian 
 corn is the type. 
 
 If we consult the rain-charts, which have been construct- 
 ed from the observations of the officers at the various 
 military posts, and from those of scientific explorers, we
 
 13 
 
 shall find that, while the mean distribution of rain for the 
 year in Illinois is 42 inches in the northern, and 45 inches 
 in the southern part of the State, the gradations, as we 
 proceed west, are rapid to 35, 30, 25, 20, 15 and 10. The 
 belt where the annual fall is intermediate between 40 and 
 30 inches, is less than 50 miles wide. It may be safely 
 assumed that, for successful agriculture, the annual fall 
 of rain should amount to 35 inches, and inside of this limit 
 is comprised the great grain-growing region of the United 
 States. If we trace this line upon the map, we shall find 
 that it is subject to abrupt curvatures. Starting at Chi- 
 cago, it bears northwesterly to Fort Winnebago, then 
 sweeps round and crosses the Mississippi, near the north 
 boundary of Iowa, then trends southwesterly, a hundred 
 miles east of Fort Des Moines and Fort Leavenworth, and 
 thence is protracted into Texas. 
 
 We thus see that there are physical conditions which 
 interpose an effectual barrier to the progress of settlement 
 to the westward. Emigration has already reached the line 
 where it must pause. It needs no prophetic vision to 
 predict the time, and that not far distant, when every rood 
 of desirable land in Illinois will be appropriated and im- 
 proved. 
 
 THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD. 
 This is the longest continuous line of road, under the 
 control of a single corporation, in the United States, the 
 entire length being 706 miles. It traverses the whole 
 State, from north to south, intersecting, in its course, 
 every railway in the State. It starts from Cairo, at the 
 junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and pursues a 
 course nearly north 111 miles to Centralia ; at a point 
 four miles north, the road branches the one pursuing a 
 northeasterly course to Chicago, 250 miles distant; while 
 the other pursues a northerly course to Mendota, and 
 thence bears northwesterly to Galena and Dunleith on the 
 Mississippi river, opposite Dubuque : the distance be-
 
 14 
 
 tween the northern and southern terminus being 454 
 miles. 
 
 This road traverses nearly 6 of latitude (from 37 N. to 
 42| IS".), embracing the most favored portion of the 
 northern temperate zone. Above this belt, the season is 
 not long enough to raise the most profitable varieties of 
 corn ; below it, the climate is warm enough to grow cot- 
 ton. Thus it is midway between the biting frosts of the 
 North and the sultry heats of the South. The moisture is 
 so equally diffused, that, however unpropitious the season, 
 there is always a surplus of the great staples grown. The 
 variation of climate between Galena and Cairo is as great 
 as between Boston and Richmond. Migration usually 
 follows lines of latitude. Illinois will, therefore, con- 
 tinue to receive the tide of population from the over- 
 crowded districts of the Old and New World, until her 
 immense capacity for occupation and expansion is fully 
 tested. 
 
 The main line of the road has been in operation four 
 years, and the branches less than three. There is already 
 a population of 500,000 adjacent thereto, and at intervals 
 of not greater than ten miles, there are flourishing vil- 
 lages, some of which contain from 4,000 to 15 000 inhabi- 
 
 tants. Churches have been planted, and school districts 
 organized, so that the benefits of religious and intellectual 
 culture are provided for all.
 
 15 
 
 Table (A), appended to this Pamphlet, will exhibit at a 
 glance the progress of settlement since the opening of 
 this line. 
 
 The road is built in a substantial manner, and is equipped 
 with superior locomotives and cars. Two passenger trains 
 pass over the line each way daily, while the freight trains 
 have a passenger car attached. Commodious passenger 
 and freight houses have been erected at nearly every sta- 
 tion, and there is a telegraphic line coterminous with the 
 road, by which the farmer is daily advised of the state of 
 the markets. 
 
 ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD LANDS. 
 
 These lands were granted by the General Government 
 to the State, in aid of the construction of a railroad from 
 Chicago to Cairo, and from Cairo to Dunleith ; and by 
 the State were transferred to the Central Railroad Com- 
 pany upon certain conditions, which have been fully com- 
 plied with. The grant comprised every alternate section* 
 of even numbers, for six sections in width on each side of 
 the road and branches, and in case of deficiency, by rea- 
 son of sale or preemption, the agent of the State was 
 
 *NOTE. To those who are unacquainted with the system of the Gov- 
 ernment surveys of the public lands, it would be well to state that the 
 territory is laid out by rectilinear lines, into towns, ranges, and sec- 
 tions, and these sections are subdivided into eighths. A township em- 
 braces thirty-six sections, and is six miles square, or includes thirty-six 
 square miles. A section is one mile square, 640 acres, and is subdi- 
 vided into halves, 320 acres; quarters, 160 acres; and eighths, 40 
 acres, which is the lowest Grovernment subdivision. The ranges are 
 laid off East and West from a principal meridian, running due North 
 and South, and the townships are laid off North and South from a 
 base line running due East and West. In a timber-region, the section 
 corners are blazed on the trees ; but in a prairie-region, they are indi- 
 cated by mounds containing charcoal, into which a stake is driven. 
 Thus, ordinarily, the bounds of every forty-acre tract are well defined. 
 In numbering sections, you commence in the northeast corner of a 
 township, and proceed from right to left, along the first tier, and from 
 left to right through the second tier, and so on.
 
 16 
 
 authorized to select an equal amount from alternate sec- 
 tions of Government land, within fifteen miles of the road. 
 
 The grant thus bestowed was 2,595,000 acres. 
 
 Of which there have been apppropri- 
 
 ated to secure the payment of $17,- 
 
 000,000 of Construction bonds, 2,000,000 acres. 
 To secure the payment of interest 
 
 on said bonds, 250,000 acres. 
 
 To secure the payment of $3,000,000 
 
 of Free-land bonds, - - 345,000 acres. 
 
 2,595,000 acres. 
 
 Hence, the Company's lands are respectively designated 
 as CONSTRUCTION, FREE-LANDS, and INTEREST LANDS. 
 
 The Indenture with the Trustees prescribes that there 
 shall be set apart, 
 
 50,000 at $20 per acre, until there be realized $1,000,000. 
 
 350,000 at 15 " " " 5,200,000. 
 
 1,300,000 at 8 " " " 10,400,000. 
 
 300,000 at 5 " " " 1,500,000. 
 
 The Company have already sold about 1,200,000 acres 
 of land, comprised in this grant, for the sum of $15,600,- 
 000 ; this is less than one-half of the grant, and the unsold 
 portion will undoubtedly bring a sum equal to that of 
 the portion sold. 
 
 PRICES AND TERMS OF PAYMENT. 
 
 These vary according to location, quality, distance from 
 stations, villages, &c., &c. 
 
 Lands immediately "adjoining town sites, or in proximity 
 to the road, are, of course, held at higher prices, and on 
 somewhat shorter credits; but the best farming lands, in the 
 most desirable localities, can be purchased at from $6 to 
 $25 per acre. 
 
 The terms of sale for the bulk jf these lands will be one 
 year's interest in advance, at six per cent, per annum ; and 
 six interest notes at six per cent, payable respectively in
 
 17 
 
 one, two, three, four, five, and six years from date of sale ; 
 and four notes for principal, payable in four, five, six, and 
 seven years from date of sale; the contract stipulating 
 that one-tenth of the tract purchased shall he fenced and 
 cultivated, each and every year, for five years from the date 
 of sale, so that at the end of five years, one-half shall be 
 fenced and under cultivation. 
 
 Twenty per cent, will be deducted from the valuation for 
 cash, except the same should be at six dollars per acre, 
 when the cash price will be five dollars per acre. 
 
 A purchaser's account would stand as follows, supposing 
 he contracted for eighty acres of land at $10 per acre, on 
 March 1, 1859. 
 
 TOTALS. 
 
 March 1, 1859, Cash Payment, 1 year's interest in advance, 
 
 at 6 per cent. - $ 48 00 
 
 PRINCIPAL NOTES. INTEREST NOTES. 
 
 1860, - $48 00 - 48 00 
 
 1861, - - - - 48 00 - - 48 00 
 
 1862, - - 48 00 - 48 00 
 
 1863, - $200 00 - - 36 00 - - 236 00 
 
 1864, - 200 00 - - 24 00 - - 224 00 
 
 1865, - 200 00 - - 12 00 - - 212 00 
 
 1866, - 200 00 - - 200 00 
 
 Upon these terms about 1,100,000 acres are offered for 
 sale. 
 
 It is believed that the low price and long credit charged 
 for these lands will enable a man of small capital, and 
 with due industry, in ordinary seasons, to meet the pay- 
 ments as they become due, from the products of the soil ; 
 while the rapid settlement and development of the country 
 will greatly enhance their value. 
 
 Certain tracts immediately adjoining stations, or for 
 other causes specially valuable, are offered upon " Canal 
 Terms ; " the terms are : 
 
 The payment of one-quarter cash, and interest on the 
 balance for one year in advance, at six per cent, per an- 
 num, and three notes for the principal payable in one,
 
 18 
 
 two, and three years from the date of the agreement, with 
 interest at six per cent, per annum in advance, added to 
 the first and second. 
 
 Ten per cent, will be deducted from the valuation for 
 full cash payment. 
 
 A purchaser's account would stand as follows, suppos- 
 ing he contracted for 80 acres of land at $10 per acre, on 
 March 1st, 1859 : 
 
 March 1, 1859, Cash Payment, i principal $200, and interest 
 
 on balance, 1 year at 6 per cent., 36, $236 00 
 
 1860, " " " 224 00 
 
 1861, " " " " 212 00 
 
 1862, Cash Payment, i principal, - 200 00 
 
 Upon these terms about 85,000 acres are offered for 
 sale, no improvement clause being inserted in the con- 
 tracts. 
 
 Town Lots, when the amount of sale is fifty dol- 
 lars, or less, will be sold for one-half cash, and interest 
 on the balance for one year in advance, at six per cent, 
 per annum; the other one-half of principal payable in 
 one year from the date of agreement. When the amount 
 of sale is more than fifty dollars, the terms of sale will be 
 one-third cash, and interest on the balance for one year in 
 advance at six per cent, per annum ; the remainder of the 
 principal beiiig payable in one and two years, with inter- 
 est for one year in advance at six per cent, added to the 
 first note. 
 
 Ten per cent, will be deducted from the valuation for 
 full cash payment. 
 
 A deduction in the price of lots will be made to par- 
 ties purchasing with an agreement to improve within six 
 months from date of sale. 
 
 The Company own lots at most of the villages along 
 their line. These villages are rapidly increasing in popu- 
 lation, and offer good inducements to persons engaged in 
 mercantile or professional pursuits, to settle therein. The 
 Company have also valuable tracts of iron, coal, and tim- 
 ber-lands for sale.
 
 19 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 Although the greater 
 portion of the country 
 contiguous to the Illinois 
 Central Railroad consists 
 of rich undulating prai- 
 rie, yet at various points 
 the streams have cut 
 through the superficial 
 deposits, and laid bare 
 the subjacent rocks, re- 
 vealing and rendering ac- 
 cessible those materials, 
 so useful to our comforts 
 and conveniences. 
 
 The Illinois Central 
 Railroad passes over all of those systems of rock, which 
 are included between the Lower Silurian and the Upper 
 Carboniferous. For more than two-thirds of the distance, 
 the underlying rocks consist of shales, sandstones, and 
 limestones, belonging to the Coal-Measures. Whether 
 they constitute an unbroken assemblage of strata, dipping 
 towards a common centre, or, like the Appalachian coal- 
 field, are arranged in a series of corrugations, is a problem 
 yet to be solved. 
 
 Coal. This important combustible will be found so 
 widely distributed throughout the prairie region of Illinois, 
 that the absence of densely wooded tracts will subject the 
 settler to no serious inconvenience. The Illinois Central 
 Railroad Company, with an ample supply of wood at their 
 command, at a cost not exceeding $2.50 per cord, are sub- 
 stituting, as a matter of economy, and convenience, coal- 
 burning, in place of wood-burning, locomotives on their 
 road, and other railroad companies are following their ex- 
 ample. 
 There are three points from which the settlers can for
 
 20 
 
 all time derive their supplies of fossil fuel, at an incon- 
 siderable expense. At Duquoin, on the Illinois Central 
 Railroad, 76 miles above Cairo, there is a seam of coal 
 nearly 7 feet in thickness, which is worked by a shaft 70 
 feet deep. It possesses all of the qualities of a first class 
 coal freedom from sulphur, cleanliness when employed 
 as a domestic fuel, and firmness to bear transportation. 
 
 At Danville, or rather Bryant, 36 miles east of Tolono, 
 on the Great Western Railroad, a seam 6 feet thick is 
 worked by a drift. It is a strong and valuable coal, and 
 yields more than one-half of its weight in fixed carbon. 
 The greater portion of the product of this mine is dis- 
 tributed over the Chicago branch. 
 
 At La Salle, on the Main line, there are three seams of 
 coal, which average about four feet each in thickness, and 
 all of which are embraced in a vertical range of about 
 225 feet. The workings here are more extensive than at 
 any other point. The coal is of a fair quality, and besides 
 the local consumption, some of it is sent to Dunleith and 
 Chicago. 
 
 By inspecting the map it will be seen that, if from 
 these three centres of supply we inscribe circles, with 
 radii 150 miles in length, it will sweep every station on 
 the line of the railroad. The cost of coal per ton, at the 
 mouth of the pit is from $1 25 to $1 50 per ton ; and the 
 cost of transportation from 1 cent to If cents per ton per 
 mile ; consequently, coal can be sold at any station on the 
 line at say $4 00 per ton. Twelve bushels, or one-half 
 a ton of coal, are equivalent to a cord of wood. The cost 
 of cutting a cord of wood four feet in length is about 
 $1 00, and another dollar must be expended in cutting it 
 stove length. It is therefore as cheap to buy coal as to cut 
 wood for fuel, from one's own premises. The expense of 
 fuel for a family in ordinary circumstances, on the prairie, 
 need not exceed $30 per annum. A proper coal-stove for 
 cooking can be found at any of the hardware shops.
 
 21 
 
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 Designatio 
 
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 CL-^-O OCXLX^O ^_XUXL- 
 
 
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 Distance 
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 Thickness of 
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 loti^ obofio-^iM*. Vo^toto 
 
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 gggggggllgg g. 
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 Chemist. 
 
 s 
 
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 22 
 
 Limestones. There is no dearth of these materials, 
 whether required for construction or for burning into 
 quicklime. The elevated ridges in the vicinity of Galena 
 are capped by the Niagara limestone of a buff color, 
 which is quarried in layers of various thicknesses, is ea- 
 eily wrought, and makes a handsome and durable building 
 material. At the base of the bluffs on the Mississippi 
 river, in the vicinity of Dubuque, a blue limestone of the 
 age of the Trenton series, is quarried which affords a ma- 
 terial equally desirable. These limestones though magne- 
 sian in their character, readily burn into lime. 
 
 At La Salle, the Coal Measures are capped by numerous 
 layers of thick-bedded limestone which is extensively 
 quarried. 
 
 At Kankakee, there are quarries in the Niagara lime- 
 stone. 
 
 A few miles East of La Salle, in the Lower Silurian 
 series, there is a band of hydraulic limestone, from which 
 cement is largely manufactured. 
 
 The Chicago limestone, belonging to the Niagara group, 
 forms the most beautiful material for construction in the 
 United States. It possesses a warm yellow tint, and has 
 not therefore the coldness of marble. It quarries in lay- 
 ers thin enough for flags, and thick enough for the most 
 solid structures. It is free from grit, and may therefore 
 be sawed, or chiseled into ornamental forms. Adjacent to 
 water communication, the cost of transportation is slight ; 
 so that for building purposes, it affords a material com- 
 bining alike cheapness, beauty, and durability. 
 
 From a point six miles above Jonesboro', and thence to 
 Ullin, the underlying rocks are limestone, extending from 
 the Carboniferous down to the Lower Silurian series. The 
 Oolitic limestone near Jonesboro' affords a beautiful 
 building material, but the lines of bedding are not dis- 
 tinct, which interferes with the successful quarrying. 
 Most of these limestones readily calcine into quicklime. 
 
 Firestones. The fine-grained sandstone near Cobden, in
 
 23 ^ 
 
 the Sub-carboniferous series, yields excellent hearth-stones 
 for furnaces. 
 
 Freestones. At the base of the Coal Measures, near 
 Makanda, the sandstone is of a uniform texture, and 
 variously colored, buff, yellow and red. It is very dura- 
 ble, cuts readily, and has all the beauty of the Portland 
 stone. 
 
 Iron Ores. About two and one half miles west of the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, and nearly four miles north 
 of Jonesboro', on Section 34, Town 11 S. Range, 2 West 
 of 3d P. M., being Railroad land, there occurs a ridge 
 bearing east of north and west of south, which rises 
 quite abruptly to the height of more than 200 feet above 
 the valley. This ridge has appropriately received the 
 name of The Iron Mountain. The base of the hill for 50 
 feet or more consists of fissile shale, succeeded by 80 feet 
 of chert, intermingled with masses of hematatic iron ore, 
 often in a state of great purity ; the whole being capped 
 by a cherty limestone 70 feet thick. 
 
 These deposits have been slightly explored, but there 
 is little doubt that here is stored an inexhaustible supply 
 of very rich ores, and under circumstances which admit 
 of their being profitably wrought. These deposits belong- 
 to the Sub-carboniferous series. 
 
 Lead Ores. Galena has long been known as the seat of 
 the richest lead-bearing region in the United States. The 
 Galena limestone, or lead-bearing rock, occupies a consid- 
 erable area in Northern Illinois and Iowa, and Southern 
 Wisconsin. Its position is between the Hudson river 
 group and the Trenton limestone, and the lead deposits 
 are restricted within that range. The present product of 
 the mines is from 12,000 to 15,000 tons per annum, valued 
 at from $1,500,000 to $2,000,000. 
 
 Brick. In the timber regions, the sub-soil consists of 
 such an admixture of clay and sand that it may readily 
 be burned into brick. It is rarely that the clay requires 
 any tempering of sand.
 
 
 
 24 
 
 v x 
 
 COST OF BUILDING. 
 
 Great misconception exists with regard to the difficulty 
 of procuring building materials. Those who are unaccus- 
 tomed to a prairie region suppose that the settler must be 
 subjected to great inconvenience unless he has at least a 
 forty-acre tract of woodland connected with his farm. 
 Let it be borne in mind that the prairies are dotted with 
 groves, and the streams are fringed with trees ; and there 
 are few points where fire-wood commands $4 00 per cord. 
 Chicago is the greatest and cheapest lumber mart in 
 the United States. A house of the style and dimensions 
 of the one represented above 16 by 24 feet, 1J stories 
 high, and containing five rooms can be furnished com- 
 plete and delivered on the cars for $200 : put up within 
 100 miles of Chicago, plastered, painted once, and ready for 
 occupancy, for $350. A good board fence of pine lumber, 
 within 100 miles of Chicago, costs about 70 cents per rod. 
 The price of fencing at this time at Chicago is from $9 00 
 to $9 50 per M. Shingles, best, $2 50 and $2 75. Lath, 
 $1 50 to $2 00. Posts, per 100, $5 00 a $7 00. Good 
 white-oak rails in the lumber region are worth from $2 00 
 to $3 00 per hundred ; and it requires about 28,880 to 
 fence a section.
 
 
 25 
 
 FARMING- IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 There is no region in the world which can be cultivated 
 more economically than the prairies of Illinois. There are 
 no stumps or stones to obstruct the plough or mower; and 
 when once the prairie-sod is subdued, there remains a light 
 pulverulent soil, which can be ploughed with a single horse. 
 The long, gentle swells of the surface can be passed over 
 without detriment by the various labor-saving machines. 
 Already have these machines successfully supplanted the 
 labor of human muscles, in planting, mowing, reaping, and 
 threshing. The grand desideratum is THE STEAM-PLOUGH ; 
 and we do not despair of its accomplishment. Some of 
 the best mechanical minds of the country are at work to 
 solve the problem. At the next State Fair at least four 
 steam-ploughs will be on exhibition. The Board of Agri- 
 culture of Illinois have offered a premium of $6,000 to the 
 inventor of a successful Steam-plough, and the Illinois 
 Central Railroad Company have super-added to it $1,500. 
 
 Reaping Machines are almost altogether used at the 
 West, They cost $100 to $150. They will cut fourteen 
 acres of wheat per day. Contracts for reaping are made 
 at 62J cents per acre. The contractor furnishes a driver, 
 raker and horses ; the farmer finds binders and shockers.
 
 1 X ^ \ 1 
 
 26 
 
 Thrashing Machines will thresh three hundred bushels 
 per day. It is generally contracted to be done at four to 
 five cents per bushel, the contractor furnishing four 
 horses and three hands ; the farmer, four more horses and 
 five more hands, making in all eight hands, viz., one dri- 
 ver, one feeder, one measurer, one to pitch sheaves, one 
 to cut bands, and three to take away straw. 
 
 The first class farmers are substituting portable steam- 
 engines for sawing, threshing, and other purposes. 
 
 Most of the agricultural implements are made in the 
 State, and all that are desired can be procured at the ag- 
 ricultural warehouses in the principal towns. There is no 
 necessity of importing them from the East. Besides, the 
 prairie-ploughs require certain peculiarities of construction 
 which distinguish them from all others. A good breaking- 
 plough costs $16 ; common ploughs from $8 to $10 each. 
 Ploughs made of cast iron will not work well in our soils, 
 as it is impossible to keep them bright ; but those made 
 of the best steel preserve their polish and work freely. 
 
 Ditching Machines. "With a view of benefiting the settlers 
 on the Illinois Central Eailroad lands, the Company have 
 offered a prize of $500 for the best Ditching Machine ; the 
 State Board of Agriculture to be the arbiters. In the gen- 
 tle depressions of the prairie, the surface-waters accumu- 
 late, and form what are provincially known as slues. By 
 freeing the soil from this superfluous water, these lands may 
 be converted into the finest meadows, and the health of the 
 country greatly improved. The uplands may be rendered 
 sufficiently dry by intersecting the surface with frequent 
 furrows, and throwing up short slopes between them, 
 without a resort to under-drains. So finely divided is the 
 soil, and so free from roots and stones, that no serious ob- 
 stacle exists to the introduction of some mechanical contri- 
 vance for draining the "slues," more expeditious and more 
 economical, than the present method of spading; particu- 
 larly, if it be applied during the wet season, when the 
 ground is thoroughly saturated with water.
 
 27 
 
 BREAKING AND CULTIVATING-. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fertility of the soil, it is idle to 
 suppose that the land is going to bring forth its increase 
 spontaneously. God has not yet removed the doom 
 placed upon our great ancestor: "In the sweat of thy 
 brow, thou shalt eat bread." These lands are not cultivat- 
 ed, ordinarily, in a husbandman-like manner. The farm- 
 ers plough only four or five inches deep, and consequently 
 if the season is dry, the moisture cannot come up from 
 beneath ; and if the season is wet, the water has no chance 
 to leach away. A hoe is seldom introduced into the 
 corn-field, but a cultivator is once or twice during the 
 season run between the rows, and followed by the shovel- 
 plough. 
 
 The usual process pursued in subduing a farm is this : 
 In the months of May and June the sod is turned over. 
 It should be delayed until the grass has started, and fin- 
 ished before it has matured, as the roots sooner part with 
 their vitality. In six weeks the sod will have rotted. It is 
 then ready to be harrowed or cross-plowed, and sown with 
 wheat. If the wheat is properly drilled, or harrowed in, 
 it is ordinarily a good crop. To this should succeed corn
 
 ^ 
 
 for two^r three years, and be followed by oats. Where 
 prairie is broken by the middle of May, it may be planted 
 in sod-corn, and a yield of 15, 20, or 40, bushels per acre 
 may be anticipated ; but if the farmer has other corn-land, 
 it is not desirable to resort to this crop. Many farmers 
 use a breaking plough, which turns a furrow from eighteen 
 to twenty-six inches wide, and about three inches deep, 
 requiring a force -of from three to six yoke of oxen. The 
 plough is connected with a pair of wheels, and is self-regu- 
 lating, so that it requires only a driver to manage it. The 
 cost of breaking prairie is about $2 50 to $3 00 per acre. 
 There is, however, no necessity of resorting to such a 
 cumbersome force. A man with a pair of horses and a 
 good plough, cutting twelve inches, can break an acre and 
 one-half per day. And this may be done in the interval 
 between planting and harvesting. 
 
 HEALTH. 
 
 ^ The climate of Illinois is salubrious. Upon the prairie* 
 there is always a refreshing breeze ; and those stifling, en- 
 ervating heats, characteristic of the valleys and wooded 
 regions, are comparatively unknown. The prevailing dis- 
 eases are bilious; but they are of a mild type, and are 
 easily managed. Fever and ague is apt to prevail where 
 a soil, rich in organic matter, is for the first time turned up 
 to the sun ; but cultivation soon destroys the noxious gases 
 which emanate from decaying herbage. The low bottom- 
 lands and the dense groves which skirt the streams are 
 apt to harbor miasma, and their shelter is to be avoided. 
 
 It must be borne in mind too, that, in subduing a farm, 
 the settler deprives himself of comforts, and undergoes 
 exposures at variance with his previous life; and if he 
 finds himself in bad health, he is fain to attribute to the 
 climate what in reality is the result of his own reckless- 
 ness and folly. 
 
 Formerly the emigrant came to the state in a canvas- 
 covered wagon which afforded him inadequate shelter
 
 29 
 
 from the dews of evening, and the vicissitudes of temper- 
 ature. He camped in the groves, and beside the sluggish 
 streams, that he might readily obtain wood and water, 
 where miasmatic vapors were sure to be generated. His 
 fare consisted of indigestible bacon and clammy bread. 
 He resorted for water to the surface pool, or the stagnant 
 stream. Arrived at his place of destination, he erected 
 a wretched cabin, through the chinks of which the winds 
 of heaven had free course. After all of these exposures, if 
 he had a "shake," he attributed it to the climate, rather 
 than to his own indiscretion. If at his former home he 
 had thus exposed himself, the same results would have 
 been sure to follow. Now, let the emigrant avoid the 
 groves where the pioneers settled for the purpose of ob- 
 taining timber ; let him dig wells instead of resorting to 
 surface water; let him exercise a due regimen over his 
 diet, using the esculent vegetables with his animal food ; 
 let him shun the strong draughts of night air after the 
 toils of the day; let him erect a comfortable frame house 
 instead of the common log-cabin; let him surround him- 
 self with cultivated fields, and pleasant gardens, and orch- 
 ards of fruit, and our word for it, he shall find that he 
 will enjoy a reasonable degree of health, and that God 
 has not spread out these broad, fertile prairies to remain 
 uninhabitable by his creatures. 
 
 But instead of resorting to tneory, we confidently ap- 
 peal to facts. The bills of mortality show that the average 
 duration of life is higher in Illinois, than in most of the 
 older states, or in most of the countries of the Old World. 
 She is in advance of Massachusetts, Connecticut, or New 
 York, which are regarded as healthy ; and if we extend 
 the comparison to England, we find that, while in Illinois 
 less than fourteen in one thousand die, the average in 
 England is upwards of twenty-four in one thousand. 
 
 It may be said that, in Illinois the population is largely 
 made up of young and vigorous people from the older 
 states ; but on the other hand let it be borne in mind, that
 
 30 
 
 they are compelled to undergo hardships and exposures 
 which they would not have encountered at home. 
 
 WATER. 
 
 In the hilly portions of the State, copious springs gush 
 out from the surface. In the prairie region, this is not 
 the case. Water, however, is ordinarily reached at a 
 depth of from twenty to forty feet. Artesian wells have 
 been successfully tried in some parts of the State. In 
 Iroquois county, which consists of high-rolling prairie, 
 not less than one hundred and fifty-four wells of this char- 
 acter have been bored ; and instances are known, where, 
 when the seam was struck, the force of the current was 
 sufficient to bring up pebbles five inches in diameter. On 
 the farm of Mr. Prentiss, near Onarga, the water is dis- 
 charged through an orifice five inches in diameter, in a 
 copious stream. This water is chalybeate in character. 
 
 These wells vary from 100 to 150 feet in depth, and 
 pass through a blue clay into coarse gravel or quicksand 
 beneath, which serves as a reservoir. 
 
 CHOPS. 
 
 Indian Corn. The surest, and perhaps in the long run 
 the most valuable, crop raised in Illinois is Indian corn. 
 The crop of 1857, was not less than 70,000,000 of bushels; 
 and this year it will probably exceed 100,000,000. The 
 cost of raising it is about ten cents per bushel, and the 
 average yield is 40 bushels per acre. In favorable seasons 
 some fields, when properly cultivated, yield 80 and even 
 100 bushels. One man and a boy can cultivate 40 acres, 
 but two men with a boy can cultivate 100 acres. The 
 farmers seldom cany a hoe into the field, but the weeds 
 are kept down by the plough. When ripe, the corn may be 
 harvested at any time ; but it is usually done in mid- winter, 
 as it receives no injury from standing in the hill. It is 
 regarded in America as the staff of life not only for man, 
 but beast. While it is dealt out liberally to the horse, the
 
 31 
 
 ox, and the pig, it forms an article of diet alike for the 
 rich man and the poor. It is more nutritious and adapts it- 
 self better to the human system than wheat. 
 
 Our British relations have not yet learned that it is fit 
 for human food, or even for horses ; but that it may be safely 
 used in fattening swine. The demand for this kind of 
 grain, at once so cheap and nutritious, must largely in- 
 crease with the increase of the human race, and of those 
 animals so essential to our support. 
 
 Broom Corn. This article flourishes luxuriantly on the 
 black prairie-soil, and in the bottom lands of the Missis- 
 sippi. There are specimens in the Land Department, 
 grown in the latter region, 18 feet in hight. ' 
 . Wheat. In that portion of the State south of the Terre 
 Haute and Alton road, winter wheat is ordinarily a suc- 
 cessful crop. The peculiarities of the wheat soil have 
 been pointed out, in a previous part of this Pamphlet. 
 The average yield is probably not less than 20 bushels per 
 acre ; but if the season be favorable, and the crop be put 
 in with care, the yield may exceed 40 bushels. The har- 
 vest ordinarily commences about the 10th of June. 
 
 In the belt of country north of this line, and as high 
 up as the Peoria and Oquawka road, the crop is less cer- 
 tain, and this uncertainty is due perhaps less to climate 
 than to the mode of culture. The top soil, being com- 
 posed of decayed vegetation and ashes deposited from 
 the annual burnings, is light, with little adhesion between 
 the particles. In dry weather, with a high wind, it drifts. 
 By deep ploughing, bringing up the loam from beneath, a 
 firmer and more compact soil is obtained, which will hold 
 the rootlets of the plant more securely. The shoal plough- 
 ings of three or four inches simply stir up the loose ashes 
 on the surface, and the winds blow away the particles of 
 pulverulent earth from the roots of the wheat. "Without 
 asserting, therefore, that the central portion of the State 
 is not adapted to winter wheat, we do say that the method 
 of culture thus far pursued has not been successful. Win-
 
 ter wheat should be sown, or drilled in, late in August 
 or early in September, that the roots may be thoroughly 
 imbedded, and a mass of vegetation may spring up to 
 serve as a winter covering against the action of frost. 
 
 The northern and central portions of the State are well 
 fitted for the growth of spring wheat which is usually 
 sown upon the broken sod of the preceding year, or on corn- 
 stubble. It should be sown as soon as the frost is out 
 of the ground, so that the straw may be stunted by the 
 cold weather. The soil is so rich in nitrogenized organic 
 matter that the crop is apt to run to stalk, the vesicles 
 burst, and the ear does not fill ; and hence ensue blight, 
 chess, smut, and rust. The analyses furnished Mr. Caird 
 show a deficiency of lime, and he suggests that its applica- 
 tion would consolidate the soil, and impart strength to the 
 wheat-stocks. The average yield of spring wheat is from 
 15 to 20 bushels per acre. 
 
 Oats is the product of a temperate climate, and hence 
 they thrive best in the northern and central parts of the 
 State, where the average yield is forty bushels to the acre, 
 and often goes as high as eighty. They thrive best on 
 ground that has been cultivated a few years, and should be 
 harrowed in on land which has been turned over the pre- 
 ceding fall. The great danger is from a rank growth, 
 producing a superabundance of straw, and hence early 
 sowing is the best. 
 
 Barley thrives well, and is more or less saleable. If not 
 required for brewing malt liquors, it may be profitably 
 fed, the yield being about the same as oats. Many of the 
 nations of Europe, particularly the "Welsh, are fond of 
 their home-brewed ale, and this is far better than corn- 
 juice whiskey. 
 
 Root Crops, such as the turnip, the carrot, and the ruta- 
 baga, may be easily grown in the rich, mellow soil of the 
 prairie ; but thus far their cultivation has been neglected, 
 since corn is the most economical food that can l)e raised. 
 
 Hay Crop. With so large a range of natural pasturage
 
 about them, our farmers do not properly appreciate the 
 value of the hay crop, when properly cured. It requires 
 the exercise of as much care and judgment in gathering 
 as any other crop. One farmer, by feeding hay, properly 
 cured, may keep his stock in good condition through the 
 winter ; while another, dealing out hay which has been 
 so thoroughly drenched by rain as to abstract all its juices, 
 is compelled to feed with corn to keep his stock from be- 
 coming lean. "With proper care, hay 'may be made the 
 most economical food for stock during the winter. For 
 this purpose, it should be cut while in flower, since in this 
 state it contains the largest amount of sugar and gluten, 
 which is the true source of nutriment. In curing hay, 
 the object should be simply to dry out the water. The 
 spreading of swaths is the first process ; the cocking, after 
 it shall be thoroughly wilted, is the second. The sweating 
 process which it undergoes does not injure it, unless car- 
 ried so far as to decompose the juices, causing them to pass 
 off in the form of alcohol and carbonic acid gas, and render- 
 ing the hay itself " sour." As soon as cured, it should be 
 stored, for nothing injures hay so much as drenching 
 rains, since the juices are readily soluble in water. The 
 successful introduction of mowing machines and raking 
 machines has relieved the farmer of a vast amount of 
 manual labor, and now the cost of gathering a ton of hay 
 in Illinois need not exceed one dollar. 
 
 Timothy (Phleumpratense). This is a very nutritious grass, 
 and well fitted for exportation. The level prairie about 
 Sandoval and Odin might be appropriated to its culture, 
 from which points, after having,, been pressed, it might 
 readily be sent to the markets on the Lower Mississippi. 
 Being perennial, and deriving new vitality from the tu- 
 bers each year, it yields a large return in proportion to 
 the labor expended. It is not so well adapted to pastur- 
 age as some of the other grasses, as the sharp feet of cat- 
 tle are apt to destroy the bulbs. The yield is between 
 two and three tons per acre. 
 3
 
 34 
 
 Hungarian Grass. This cereal, first introduced by the 
 Hungarian exiles, is becoming a favorite with the farmers, 
 and the seed, from its scarcity, commands a high price. 
 It requires to be put in with all the care of wheat. It 
 matures in forty days sufficiently to cut, and becomes 
 ripe in sixty days from sowing. It will answer to SOAV, 
 therefore, in July, after the wheat crop has been removed. 
 
 Two crops may be grown in the course of a single season. 
 This is an excellent fodder, being as nutritious for horses 
 as oats ; and cattle eat the stocks greedily after the seed 
 has been threshed out. The yield is large, and, on the 
 whole, it is as profitable a crop as the farmer can raise. Be- 
 sides, the putting in of this crop occupies an interval of 
 the farmer's time between the wheat-harvest and the corn- 
 harvest. 
 
 Slue Grass (Poa pratensis}. This grass is preferred to 
 all others by the Kentucky graziers. It is indigenous to 
 the limestone soils of the West, and readily flourishes 
 when transferred to the prairies of Illinois. It is not ex- 
 tirpated by the trampings of cattle. The usual method of 
 pasturing is to turn cattle upon it in the spring and fall, 
 but to take them off in mid-summer. This grass has this 
 valuable peculiarity : it furnishes a light amount of stem, 
 but a large amount of leaves, which continue growing 
 after the flowering stage, and hence afford almost peren- 
 nial pasturage. In the middle portion of the State this 
 grass yields food for eight months in the season, but as 
 far south as Centralia it remains green during most of the 
 winter. 
 
 It is the best method*to lay down the ground in. grass 
 after it has been cropped for corn for three or four sea- 
 sons, as the particles of soil acquire greater adhesion, and 
 thus afford the roots a firmer hold. 
 
 Prairie Grass. There are several varieties of prairie 
 grass, but the most esteemed are the Slue-joint, which 
 grows on the borders of the sloughs, and the Red-top, 
 which seeks the high grounds. It starts early in May,
 
 35 
 
 and continues green until August. Early in autumn the 
 tops become dry and wiry, but towards the roots the 
 blades retain their greenness. It may be cut for hay in 
 September and October, and stacked for winter use. The 
 cost need not exceed one dollar per ton, where a mower is 
 employed. In the spring and summer it affords excellent 
 pasturage, and cattle thrive upon it. For fodder, it is not 
 so good as the cultivated grasses which supplant it. It also 
 ceases to be productive when it is closely pastured, or 
 mowed for a few years in succession. 
 
 Potatoes. The common potato, in the central and south- 
 ern parts of the State, is not cultivated to a sufficient ex- 
 tent to form an article of export. Indeed, it seems to be 
 out of its natural habitat. The finest potatoes we have 
 ever seen were grown above latitude 48, where the sum- 
 mer is only about three months in length. The St. Louis 
 market is largely supplied from the colder clime of Michi- 
 gan. In the northern part of Illinois it is an article of 
 export. 
 
 Sweet Potato. This plant matures as high up as Chicago, 
 but in the latitude of Jonesboro' it grows to an immense 
 size, and its peculiar flavor is developed in perfection. > 
 
 v 
 STOCK-BREEDING, AND RAISING-. 
 
 The prairies are well fitted for stock-raising in two 
 essential particulars ; the cheapness with which Indian 
 corn can be grown, and the almost unlimited amount of 
 natural pasturage. Jacob Strahn, who came to this coun- 
 try twenty-five years ago, a poor man, when in the full 
 tide of enterprise, has been known to turn off 10,000 
 head of cattle a year. There are other graziers who 
 range from 1,000 up to 5,000. One individual sends cat- 
 tle to the eastern market to the value of $500,000 per 
 annum. Many of the Kentucky and Ohio farmers are 
 securing stock-farms on the Company's lands. One gen- 
 tleman from the latter State has a tract of 22,000 acres 
 which he is rapidly converting into a stock-farm, and
 
 36 
 
 another tract still larger, which he proposes to treat in the 
 same way. 
 
 In the vicinity of Bloomington there are two stock- 
 growers, brothers, who came to this State more than thir- 
 ty years ago. They had nothing to rely upon but their 
 strong hands and their far-seeing sagacity. One of them 
 now owns 7,000 acres of land, 2,700 of which is in a high 
 state of cultivation ; and the yearly products of his farm, 
 in cattle and hogs, often reached $50,000. 
 
 The other brother has 27,000 acres of land, 4,000 of 
 which are in cultivation ; and his annual sales of pork and 
 beef reach $65,000. 
 
 These are examples of what industry and sagacity can 
 accomplish upon these lands. 
 
 Considerable attention has been paid to cattle-breeding. 
 Much good stock has been introduced from Kentucky and 
 Ohio, and many fine bulls have been imported direct from 
 England. The short horns are preferred for fattening; 
 and of the bullocks turned off for market each year, the 
 majority have never submitted their necks to the yoke. 
 
 The method of feeding is this. The cattle range over 
 the prairie in the summer and fall. As the time ap- 
 proaches to fit them for market, they are fed in the open 
 field from the standing shocks of corn. Prairie-grass, 
 which has been mown and stacked the previous fall, is 
 thrown out to them twice during each day. Two hogs 
 are assigned to each ox to consume the undigested por- 
 tions of corn. 
 
 It is the impression among the packers and graziers 
 that the production of beef does not keep pace with the 
 consumption, and that there is little fear of over-stocking 
 the market. 
 
 There are English packers in the State who put up beef 
 for the London market, where it bears a high character. 
 
 Swine. Equal facilities exist for fattening hogs, and 
 Chicago will, ere long, press close upon Cincinnati in this 
 respect. It must be confessed, however, that our farmers
 
 37 
 
 manifest too great indifference with respect to the breed. 
 Instead of the rounded proportions of the Sussex and 
 Berkshire, we find that the stock have many of the quali- 
 ties of the race horse. 
 
 Sheep. It is only within a short period that our farmers 
 have turned their attention to wool-growing a branch of 
 industry which is quite as remunerative as any in which 
 he can engage. The flocks may range over the prairie for 
 eight months in the year, in charge of a shepherd, but on 
 the approach of winter they require the shelter of sheds, 
 and to be fed from racks. The prairie-grass appears to be 
 better adapted to sheep than any of the cultivated grasses. 
 That pest of the flocks, the prairie-wolf, has now nearly 
 disappeared. Ewes of the ordinary breed cost about 
 $1 50, weathers $2 00. 
 
 The sheep, like man, adapts himself to almost every 
 latitude ; and hence he thrives equally well in every part 
 of the State. 
 
 INDUCEMENTS TO SETTLE IN ILLINOIS. 
 
 Illinois holds out strong inducements to every young 
 man of good health and correct habits, to settle within 
 her borders. Before emigrating, he might as well make 
 up his mind that he must for a time forego some of the 
 comforts and conveniences to which he has been accus- 
 tomed. If he has no capital, let him not hang about the 
 towns, but go to work in the country where there is a de- 
 mand for his labor, at remunerative prices. Let him buy 
 no land, until he shall have accumulated enough money 
 to pay for a team, to pay for fencing his farm, and erect- 
 ing a comfortable dwelling. The great fault with our 
 farmers has been, that they have bought more land than 
 they could cultivate; and hence have become land poor. 
 
 Three years of labor will generally place him in funds 
 to commence his career as a proprietor of the soil. 
 
 To the young farmer just starting in life, and with a 
 capital of a thousand dollars, there is no better field for
 
 38 
 
 him to enter upon. At home, he has to encounter active 
 competition, and work for unremunerative wages. If he 
 cultivate the paternal acres, after years of toil, and after 
 having reared and educated a family of children, he finds 
 himself at the close of life, about where he started. Very 
 many of the farms in New England do not yield five per 
 cent, on the capital invested. They are so small as to 
 make it undesirable to subdivide them among the children 
 of the owner; and hence the farmer,' in his declining 
 years, so apportions his estate that one retains the home- 
 stead, while the others go out into the world to seek their 
 fortunes. Let such an one, with his good common-school 
 education, and his habits of thrift, come to the broad 
 prairies and select a quarter-section, or 160 acres, at say 
 $10 per acre, on the Company's terms of seven years' pay- 
 ment. For four years he pays interest in advance, the 
 first installment being $96. He buys a yoke of oxen and 
 a plough, which shall cost him $100. He erects a house 
 to shelter him from the storm, for $350, and encloses 
 forty acres with a two board-fence, to turn cattle, which 
 shall cost him $150. If he join with a neighbor, he pays 
 one-half. In May he turns over the sod of one-half 
 of the tract enclosed, and puts in a crop of corn which 
 shall yield him fifteen bushels to the acre ; but if he can 
 rent some old land from a neighbor, it is better. In June, 
 he breaks the other half, and early in September, he har- 
 rows in his wheat. With his remaining means, let him 
 buy a few pigs and calves, or yearlings. The former he 
 should pen up, but the latter may roam over the prairie. 
 A few tons of hay mown from some neighboring meadow, 
 together with his sod-corn, will carry his stock through 
 the winter. 
 
 The second year, his twenty acres of corn-land will be 
 mellow and ready to be re-planted. He encloses another 
 forty acres, at a cost of $112 50, or if he remove the di- 
 vision fence, his expenses for additional materials will be 
 $75. He breaks an additional forty, going through the
 
 39 
 
 sumo routine. In July his wheat is harvested, which will 
 yield him 400 bushels, worth from $300 to $400, and in 
 October he finds himself in possession of 800 or 1000 
 bushels of corn, half a dozen fatted hogs, and others com- 
 ing on to supply their places; his calves will have in- 
 creased fifty per cent, in value, his steers will be ready to 
 break, and one-half of his farm, or eighty acres, will be 
 in a high state of cultivation, and his first broken land 
 in a condition to pnt, out in orchards, and everything 
 will have assumed uii air of comfort. The worst is now 
 over. One-half of his farm is subdued, and will from hence- 
 forth, prove remunerative. The third year, he fences the 
 whole 160 acres, by purchasing $75 worth of new mate- 
 rials, and removing the divisional fences. If he wishes 
 to make a fence to turn hogs, he must add about thirty- 
 three per cent, to the first cost. Again he breaks, and 
 again goes through the same processes before described. 
 He reaps his wheat, and gathers his corn. His calves have 
 grown to cattle, his trees have taken root, his farm is now 
 subdued and fenced, and he looks over his broad acres 
 with a feeling of satisfaction, " I HAVE MADE MYSELF A 
 HOME." The fourth year, he commences his payment of 
 principal, and in the soil he finds himself possessed of 
 ample resources to meet it. 
 
 Such is an outline of what a man of energy and a little 
 capital can accomplish on these lands. The proprietor 
 in his own right of a farm of 160 acres, properly fenced 
 and cultivated, with a neat house, surrounded with gar- 
 dens and orchards, and flocks and herds, he need not re- 
 pine at his lot. 
 
 To the capitalist, these lands ofier good opportunities 
 for judicious investment. Their cultivation will afford a 
 sure and profitable return, while their value will be rap- 
 idly enhanced from the great influx of population and 
 wealth, and the consequent development of the agricul- 
 tural and mineral resources of the State. 
 
 Lands in Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana, equally eligible
 
 40 
 
 to market, but less desirable in fertility, are held at from 
 $60 to $100 per acre. The disparity is still greater if the 
 comparison is extended to the Atlantic States. Now, in 
 the progress of settlement, one of two things must take 
 place ; either these prairie-lands must rapidly rise in value 
 to the standard in the older states, or the latter must fall 
 until they accommodate themselves to the standard here. 
 The true measure of value will be the productiveness of 
 the land, minus the cost of transporting the products to 
 market. 
 
 There is another class to whom these lands should prove 
 attractive, to wit ; the middling farmers of England, Scot- 
 land and Wales. Deriving their origin from a common 
 ancestry with us, speaking the same language, and linked 
 to us by a common bond of sympathy, in religion, morals, 
 and educational movements, these men would feel that 
 they were casting their lot among friends instead of 
 strangers. In setting forth the inducements to emigra- 
 tion, we prefer to use the language of one of their own 
 countrymen, Mr. Caird, whose reputation as an accurate 
 and competent observer cannot be questioned. "We quote 
 from his letter to Mr. Moffatt, Chairman of the London 
 Committee of the Illinois Central Railway Company. He 
 Bays : 
 
 " To the young farmer who has to face keen competition at home, 
 with rising rents and increasing wages, both a good thing to the coun- 
 try at large, but both likely to be accompanied by diminished profits to 
 himself, the change will be this that he may become the owner of 
 better land in Illinois for the same sum as he would have to pay as 
 a year's rent here ; that though manual labor is dearer, it is greatly 
 economized by machinery ; and that the soil is so fresh and inexhausted 
 that it requires no outlay for manures. Moreover, in the present 
 state of that country, he need not purchase more land than he can 
 crop, as he is free to graze his stock on the unoccupied prairie. It is 
 this that constitutes one great advantage of settling on a prairie in com- 
 parison with a woodland country. In the latter, the settler can use no 
 land until he conquer it from the forest ; in the former, he not only 
 can at once put under crop all the land he purchases, but he is at lib- 
 erty to pasture his stock and cut his hay without hindrance on all the 
 unoccupied and fertile prairie which stretches around him. The grass
 
 41 
 
 and hay for his cattle thus cost him nothing, and though manual labor 
 is dearer, horse-keep, which in England is such a heavy charge on the 
 farmer, is very cheap. The skillful stock manager could not fail to 
 make money, whether by cattle or sheep. Merino sheep are found 
 very profitable. And, in regard to corn farming, if he considers that 
 the average price of wheat in Illinois for the last ten years has been 
 more than half that of England during the same period, whilst land of 
 equal quality can be bought at less than one-thirtieth of the English 
 price, he will see in a moment the immense disproportion between the 
 value of the produce and that of the land in the two countries and 
 the chances which he thus has of an immediate profit, besides the far- 
 ther great probability of such an early rise in the value of the land he 
 buys as will tend to equalize the respective rates of profit in the two 
 countries. The advantages which are offered to this class of purchasers 
 by your credit system are very obvious. A young man cannot enter 
 an arable farm of 300 acres in this country without a capital of nearly 
 2,000. Half that sum in Illinois will make him owner of the same 
 extent of land, fenced, ploughed, and all under wheat. And if he avails 
 himself of the Company's credit system, little more than 500 will be 
 necessary to start him." 
 
 To the men of other nationalities, Illinois offers a cordial 
 welcome and an hospitable home. The Dane, the Swede, 
 the Norwegian, the Irish, the German, with his liberty- 
 loving principles, in coming here, shall find those to whom 
 he is connected by the ties of country, and with whom 
 he can at once affiliate. To such men, organized emi- 
 gration is preferable. Let them send a committee to 
 the Land Department, and an examiner will be detailed 
 to show them the Company's lands, and inform them 
 where contiguous tracts can be secured. If the report is 
 favorable, let the committee arrange for the arrival and 
 settlement of the colony, by building houses, digging 
 wells, and fencing farms, and providing all of those com- 
 forts and conveniences, which shall take away from the 
 emigrant all unpleasant associations connected with his 
 new home. 
 
 ROUTES TO ILLINOIS. 
 
 The principal ports in the United States at which the 
 emigration is landed are New York, Boston, Portland, 
 and New Orleans. The cost of passage across the At-
 
 42 
 
 lantic is from $100 and upwards, to $30 and below, 
 dependent on the character of the accommodations. The 
 map prefixed to this report will show the railway connec- 
 tions between Chicago, the seat of the Company's princi- 
 pal offices, and these points of departure. The following 
 are the rates of fare at this time : 
 
 FROM NEW YORK. 
 
 1st Class. 2d Class. Emigrant. 
 
 Via Hudson River, New York Central, Great 
 Western (Canada), and Michigan Central, 
 Railroads (distance 950 miles), affording 
 the traveler an opportunity of visiting Niag- 
 ara Falls and the Great Suspension Bridge 
 over the Niagara River, without deviation 
 
 from his route, $23 00 $16 00 $10 00 
 
 If the traveler prefer, he may proceed 
 
 Via Hudson River, New York Central, Buffalo and Erie, Cleveland 
 
 and Erie, Cleveland and Toledo, and Michigan Southern Railroads, 
 
 (distance 963 miles). 
 Via New York and Erie, Buffalo and Erie, Cleveland and Eric, 
 
 Cleveland and Toledo, and Michigan Southern Railroads, (distance 
 
 960 miles). 
 Via Camden and Amboy, Pennsylvania Central, and Pittsburg, Fort 
 
 Wayne and Chicago Railroads, (distance 920 miles) . 
 
 The fares in each case will be the same. 
 FROM BOSTON. 
 
 1st Class. 2d Class. Emigrant. 
 
 Via Boston and Worcester, Western, New York 
 
 Central, Great Western (Canada), and 
 
 Michigan Central Railroads, (distance 
 
 1010 miles), $24 00 $14 00 $10 00 
 
 FROM NEW ORLEANS. 
 Via New Orleans, Jackson and Great North- 
 ern, Mississippi Central, Mobile and Ohio, 
 
 and Illinois Central, (distance 962 miles), $30 00 none. none. 
 Via Steamboat to Cairo (1077 miles), thence 
 
 by Illinois Central Railroad to Chicago 
 
 (365 miles) 1442 miles, . . $30 00 $11 50 
 
 The cost of passage, during the past season, by " Train's 
 Line," has been as follows: 
 
 From Liverpool to Boston, $18. 
 
 From Gottenberg to Boston, - $20 to $24. 
 
 These are about the rates from these foreign ports to 
 New York.
 
 REMARKS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS OP ILLINOIS 
 
 [ THE following remarks on the soil and productions of Illinois, have been prepared 
 by M. L. Dunlap,Esq., of West TJrbana, Champaign County, Illinois. Mr. Dnnlap 
 has been for twenty-three years a resident farmer in the State. For eighteen 
 years he cultivated a nursery and farm at Leyden, Cook County, and for three 
 years past has pursued the same course on a farm of two hundred and forty acres, 
 three miles south of Urbana Station on the Chicago Branch of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad. Having been connected for the past fifteen years with agricultural and 
 other journals as editor or correspondent, he has become thoroughly familiar with 
 the advantages, systems of agriculture, and results of cultivation, in all portions of 
 the State, and is considered as an authority on these subjects. A practical farmer 
 by profession, with long and varied experience, travelling repeatedly over all sec- 
 tions of the State as an intelligent and comprehensive observer, the accumulated re- 
 sults of his examination thus presented to the public, cannot fail to be of great ad- 
 vantage to all looking towards the selection of a western home.] 
 
 NORTHERN ILLINOIS. 
 
 Soil. The leading feature of the soil in the northern 
 part of the State is its resting on a stiff clay sub-soil nearly 
 impervious to water. This sub-soil breaks up into small 
 cakes when thrown up with the spade. When the soil is 
 ploughed, say ten to thirteen inches deep, by trench- 
 ploughing, that is, reversing the soil to that depth, and 
 sub-soiled six or eight inches below this, then it is in a con- 
 dition to absorb and carry off the surface water, and in 
 case of drought to supply moisture from below by capil- 
 lary attraction. On the other hand shallow ploughing, 
 sav from four to six inches, is ruinous to the farmer, as 
 the crops are liable to injury by every change of weather. 
 On this shallow ploughing, winter wheat is thrown out by
 
 44 
 
 frost; or the drying winds of March destroy the roots by 
 robbing them of moisture. I apprehend it is not so much 
 a want of lime in the soil, as a want of deep culture that 
 shall provide for an equable distribution of moisture, that 
 has made the growing of winter- wheat so unprofitable in 
 this part of the State. Under-drains are too expensive to 
 be used on wheat-lands ; nor are they needed on our roll- 
 ing plains, where deep tillage is effected, except as a 
 means to carry off the surface water along the lines of de- 
 pression. "With this deep tillage and the necessary belts 
 of timber to break off the March winds, winter-wheat can 
 be cultivated profitably in this part of the State. 
 
 Spring Wheat and Oats. These are favorite cereals, 
 and have been found profitable even under a bad system 
 of culture. The land for both requires nearly the same 
 system of working : it should be powdered in all cases in 
 autumn and wheat sown early in March ; while the oats 
 should be sown early in April, or in case of a late spring, 
 immediately after the wheat. Thus the ploughing and 
 sowing of these grains is done at a season of the year 
 when the weather is favorable for team work and when 
 other farm labor is not pressing. 
 
 Corn, and the System of Cultivation. Let us take a piece 
 of winter-wheat stubble that has been sub-soiled as indi- 
 cated, plough this in autumn, say three or four inches 
 deep, just sufficient to bury the stubble and seeds of 
 weeds. By spring this will have become rotted, and form 
 a valuable manure ; the previous sub-soiling will tend to 
 make the surface dry and of course it can be easily 
 ploughed in time to plant. This ploughing should be eight 
 inches deep, and if well done, will bury the seeds of weeds 
 below the point where they can germinate, and the after 
 culture is quite easy. 
 
 As soon as the corn is ripe, it should be picked and 
 husked, and now comes the question What shall be done 
 with the stalks? My answer is, use them for drains. By 
 placing a curved iron two inches wide, three-eights of an
 
 45 
 
 inch thick, and about twenty inches long, to the under side 
 of the plough-beam and at right angles to it, fastened with 
 a coulter clasp, the stalks will be brought within a small 
 compass, and the furrow will even them completely. Thus, 
 every fourth furrow will be laid with corn-stalk-tile. 
 
 Early in March, or so soon as the frost is partially out of 
 the ground, this should be sown with spring-wheat and 
 thoroughly harrowed in ; if the ground is dry, rolling will 
 be useful, but if wet otherwise. If the ground is muddy 
 at the time of sowing, it is just as well, as the subsequent 
 frost will make it mellow. The important point is to sow 
 early, and have the soil well covered. This crop can be 
 followed with oats ; spring wheat should follow turnips 
 and potatoes ; sow oats on sod-land, or after wheat or bar- 
 ley, otherwise the straw is too rank and will lodge. 
 
 The Dairy. But this part of the State, though it will 
 produce the cereals at a good profit, is to be the great 
 dairy district of the Northwest. Its natural adaptation to 
 the grasses, the endurance and richness of its pasturage, 
 the great stretches of natural meadow, the humidity of 
 the climate, the springs of water, and the nearness to a 
 large and growing city, all point to this as the great lead- 
 ing feature of the productive farming industry of Northern 
 Illinois, and to those who wish to make this their busi- 
 ness, it offers the most superior inducements. 
 
 Fruit-growing. Thus far, fruit-growing has not proved 
 profitable in this part of the State. The severity of 
 the winters has greatly damaged the orchards, unless 
 well protected by belts of timber. At the same time, the 
 garden fruits such as strawberries, currants, native rasp- 
 berries, and the Houghton gooseberry, have done well ; and 
 no family need be without an abundance of these valua- 
 ble fruits. The Clinton and Isabella grapes thrive well, 
 where trained within bounds, and protected in winter. 
 
 Vegetables. Irish potatoes, turnips, cabbages, and the 
 usual garden vegetables thrive well in this part of the 
 State. Sweet potatoes have of late been introduced and
 
 46 
 
 produce a fair crop, but are wanting in that richness that 
 is acquired under the influence of a more southern sun. 
 For domestic use, they will prove a valuable addition. 
 
 Sheep and Swine. Sheep husbandry, unless with a 
 view to mutton, must give place to the dairy ; while pork 
 raising must always form a part of the dairy products, 
 and, though secondary, will yet go far to swell the profits 
 of the farm, and add to the shipping values of the state. 
 
 Broom Corn, Flax, etc. Broom corn has become a 
 staple product, and enters largely among our articles ot 
 export, both in the brush, and manufactured into brooms. 
 Flax is grown to considerable extent in the north-eastern 
 part of the State, for the seed and also the lint, which in 
 the form of tow is in demand in the city. Barley yields 
 good crops, but the fluctuations in price have been such 
 as to discourage its culture to some extent. 
 
 Manufactures. The Fox, and Rock rivers form a con- 
 tinued series of water power, sufficient to build up hun- 
 dreds of villages, which must make a ready home-market 
 for a large part of our farm products, and give a denser 
 population than will probably be realised by any other 
 portion of the Northwest. 
 
 CENTRAL ILLINOIS. 
 
 Has a dryer climate, being out of the range of the lake 
 winds, with a somewhat similar soil ; but with a sub-soil of 
 clay loam, in most cases permeable to moisture. These 
 two points make a decided difference in the natural pro- 
 ducts of each. 
 
 Winter Wheat. For winter wheat, this portion of the 
 State has an advantage in the more perfect drainage of the 
 sub-soil, making it less liable to heave out by winter frosts ; 
 but both parts of the State need the snow-covering which 
 gives to the northern belt of winter grain its great pro- 
 tection ; yet when sown here on a clover layer, timothy sod, 
 or even prairie sod, it is comparatively a profitable crop. 
 
 Spring Wheat. But we predict that spring-wheat will
 
 47 
 
 be found equally, if not more profitable than winter-wheat, 
 and that it must assume a prominent place in any system 
 of rotation. 
 
 Oats. In the strong loam, oats are apt to grow too 
 vigorously, and are pretty sure to lodge ; this has prevent- 
 ed their culture, and accounts for the almost total absence 
 of this grain. 
 
 Corn. There is no part of the world of the same extent, 
 that is so natural to corn as this division of the State, and 
 it may safely challenge all competition in this regard. 
 The first field has yet to be pointed out that shows any 
 sign of failure, however long it has been kept in corn, 
 even without manure, and with the repeated ploughing 
 under of the stalks it might be considered inexhaustible. 
 
 Grass and Pasturage. Timothy and clover produce a 
 large yield of hay, but are not so well adapted to pas- 
 turage. The blue grass luxuriates in this friable loam, 
 and for eight months of the year produces the richest 
 herbage. During the hot months, it is less luxuriant, but 
 through most of the winter it will, if not fed close in the 
 autumn, furnish a plentiful supply. Capt. J. !N". Brown, 
 who winters annually over seven hundred head of cattle 
 and horses, says that he feeds less than half a ton of hay 
 per head, and mostly when the weather is too inclement 
 to allow the stock in the open pasture. This grass im- 
 proves with feeding, and needs no breaking up and re-sod- 
 ing for renewal. It is not adapted to meadows. With 
 such a grass and corn-soil, it should be no matter of sur- 
 prise that Central Illinois stands so high in the beef and 
 pork-markets of the world. 
 
 Beef and the Dairy. The dryness of the climate, the 
 want of springs, the lack of succulent pasturage in the heat 
 of summer, make this less desirable for dairying ; while 
 the cheapness of corn, the rich pasturage afforded by the 
 blue grass for all except the hot months, giv to stock- 
 growing the advantage, and hence beef and pork are the 
 great staples of this part of the State.
 
 48 
 
 Vegetables require deep and thorough culture to with- 
 stand the heat of summer, and, with the exception of sweet 
 potatoes, are not so sure a crop as in the north. 
 
 Fruits. "We now meet with a decided improvement iu 
 the productions of the orchard. Yet even here orchards 
 will do better when protected by belts of timber, espec- 
 ially on the south and west. The peach-crop is not cer- 
 tain, yet often the trees are loaded to profusion. Grapes, 
 with open thorough culture, and proper winter protection, 
 will produce good crops. Raspberries, blackberries, and 
 strawberries produce abundantly. The currant and goose- 
 bery do not thrive so well unless shaded, the climate be- 
 ing too warm. 
 
 SOUTHERN ILLINOIS (Egypt). 
 
 . As we proceed south on the Chicago branch of the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad, near Kioga, we observe a change 
 of soil. Instead the blackish, or mulatto soil of Central 
 Illinois, we now meet with the dull gray, or whitish soil of 
 Egypt, the drift of which it is composed partaking largely 
 of lime. Winter wheat takes the place of spring wheat ; 
 oats and barley flourish; corn is also a favorite crop. 
 While Irish potatoes and vegetables make but a poor re- 
 turn, sweet potatoes grow luxuriantly. Apples and 
 peaches produce abundantly; currants and gooseberries 
 are more difficult of culture. Timothy produces a good 
 crop of hay; pasturage during the hot months is poor, 
 water is more difficult to be had ; and the products of the 
 dairy are of an inferior quality. The mild winters are fa- 
 vorable to stock-growing. Hemp and tobacco grow well, 
 but the great staple is winter-wheat, which is of superior 
 quality. Cattle, hogs, and fruit thrive, of which peaches 
 stand first and foremost in list of profitable products. 
 
 The Newton Pippin. In that portion of Egypt north 
 of the Big Muddy, the prairie-soil contains an excess of 
 lime, and this is essential to the growth and perfection of 
 this favorite American apple. Nowhere does this variety
 
 49 
 
 flourish better than in this lime-soil ; and in a few years, 
 this section of the State will be more celebrated for this 
 fruit, than the Hudson river valley or Pelham Farm, as 
 here this variety attains a size and fairness unexcelled. 
 
 Apple Orchards. From the adaptation of the soil, the 
 mildness of the climate, and the ready access to mar- 
 kets, in every direction, these belts of lime-mud drift 
 must ere long be mainly set to orchards ; as the de- 
 mand for fruit, both north and south, must not only be 
 constant, but increase in the direct ratio of the popula- 
 tion. There is no part of the United States so natural to 
 this fruit as this. Apples, pears, and peaches all grow 
 bountifully; but the apple will be the great staple, as a 
 failure is never known, and partial failures seldom occur. 
 
 Timber. South of the Big Muddy the land is densely 
 timbered, and rolling, or broken into ridges. The soil is 
 sandy loam, mixed with clay, and superior for the growth 
 and the perfect maturity of the pear. Jonesboro', nearly in 
 the centre of this tract, has a wide reputation for this val- 
 uable fruit. A large number of pear farms are opening, 
 mostly in the high broken knolls ; but when this timber is 
 cut away, so as to lower the frost line, nearly all the 
 country will be found adapted to this fruit. 
 
 Generalities. The subject of planting corn on prairie-sod, 
 broken up in May and early in June, has been the source 
 of much difference in opinion. Prairie in its natural state, 
 when not previously pastured by stock, and broken up 
 and planted at that season, will be found uncertain in its 
 results, and is not to be recommended to the new. settler ; 
 but when this grass has been well fed down, it presents a 
 very encouraging prospect of success. In this condition, it 
 usually yields twenty to forty bushels of corn per acre, and 
 will prove profitable. The soil before partially rotted, or 
 destroyed by the tramping of cattle, will soon decay, and 
 the ground will be in a good condition for the next crop. 
 Whenever it can be done, it is desirable to pasture the 
 prairie a year or two, before breaking. This has been
 
 50 
 
 my practice, and my best paying crops have been taken 
 from prairie-sod on the first breaking. 
 
 It requires but a glance to convince us that the dairy- 
 man should locate in the northern part of the State ; the 
 stock grower in the central; the apple orchardist in the 
 prairie portion of Egypt ; and the peach grower and gard- 
 ener in the southern, or timber portions : not that any or 
 all of these products cannot be grown in all parts of the 
 State, but that in these particular locations, all of the ele- 
 ments of success are fully developed. 
 
 PROGRESS OF DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 It is impossible for a foreigner to realize the progress of 
 development in the region north-west of the Ohio river. 
 It is now a little more than seventy years since the first 
 American colony was planted in that region. Since then, 
 great and wonderful changes have taken place: Seven 
 states carved out of this territory and incorporated into 
 the Union; cities founded, one of which exceeds 200,000, 
 and one 120,000 in population, and several which ex- 
 ceed 50,000; villages planted at frequent intervals, with 
 churches and school houses ; wide tracts of forest leveled 
 and converted into cultivated farms ; roads and post routes 
 everywhere opened; the bordering lakes and rivers float- 
 ing a commercial marine equal to that of a second class 
 power; the territory itself traversed by 8986 miles of rail- 
 way, and constructed at a cost of $230,476,910; and an 
 added population of about 9,000,000, or nearly one-third 
 of the entire population of the United States. In the 
 history of this period, there have been many commercial 
 revulsions; but the region has always shown a recupera- 
 tive power. Each census has exhibited a large increase 
 in population, and a large development of material wealth.
 
 51 
 
 INDUCEMENTS TO EMIGRATE. 
 
 [THE subjoined remarks are extracted from Caird's " Prairie Farming in America," 
 a work which at this time is exciting much attention in Great Britain. What he 
 says in reference to over-crowded population, and the enhanced value of land in the 
 Old World, is equally applicable to portions of the Atlantic States.] 
 
 " THK present position of the agricultural body in the United King- 
 dom is interesting and peculiar. The land-owner and the agricultural 
 laborer are both profiting by the same cause, a limited supply of the 
 commodity in which they deal. So long as this country continues to 
 prosper, the value of land must increase, for there can be no increase 
 of the land itself. But the demand for labor varies, and the supply is 
 subject to causes which render it uncertain. While, so long as the 
 present system of taxation continues, there must be a continued rise in 
 the value of land, there appears to me no equal certainty of a pro- 
 gressive advance in the rate of wages. 
 
 " But the hirer of land, the farmer, must inevitably suffer from the 
 continued competition for its possession. He has not only to meet his 
 own class, a necessarily increasing body, in this competition, but to 
 contend with men who, having made money in other pursuits, wish to 
 retire to the more pleasurable occupations of a country life. It is this 
 competition which is the true cause of the reduced profits -of farming, 
 and this is more likely to increase than diminish. Great Britain is the 
 most attractive place of residence on the surface of the globe, whether 
 we regard its equable and healthy climate, its varied scenery and field 
 sports, the almost sacred character of the rights of property in the 
 eyes of its people, and the admirable combination of liberty and order 
 which is preserved under its political constitution. Men will pay for 
 these advantages, when they can afford it, a price which is not measur- 
 ed by the ordinary rates of profit. 
 
 " Besides this competition, which raises the rate of rent, the fanner 
 must now meet in his own market the produce of lower-priced foreign 
 lands. He will, no doubt, always have the cost of transport in his 
 favor, and this would generally be sufficient to balance the difference 
 of rent ; but the land of this country cannot be cultivated without 
 manure, and the farmers of those foreign countries whose soil is rich 
 enough to yield corn for many years without manure, are thereby able 
 to undersell the British producer in his own market. The cost of 
 labor when the value of food of the working stock is calculated, is near-
 
 52 
 
 ly the same at home and abroad, and superior fertility alone will be 
 found to turn the advantage in favor of the foreign producer. 
 
 " The special adaptation of Britain for the production of live stock, 
 and the constantly increasing demand for that branch of the farmer's 
 produce, have hitherto modified the effects of foreign competition in 
 corn. But even these, excellent though they have proved, cannot per- 
 manently counteract the cause of the farmer's diminished profits : viz., 
 home competition for the possession of land. The soil here is now 
 becoming more valuable for other purposes than ordinary fanning, and 
 the proportion between the producers and consumers of food is under- 
 going a rapid change. It appears from the Census that, in 1851, only 
 16 per cent, of the adult population of England was occupied in the 
 business of agriculture. During the previous twenty years the propor- 
 tion had fallen from 28 to 16 per cent., from no actual decrease of the 
 numbers employed in agriculture, but from the far greater proportional 
 increase of trade. The same gradual change is going on. At this 
 time there is probably not more than one-tenth of the adult population 
 of England employed in the culture of the land. The manufacturing, 
 mining, and town populations are thus gradually absorbing the business 
 of the country, increasing the value of the land, the profits of the land- 
 owner, but in the same proportion diminishing the area left for ordinary 
 fanning. 
 
 " The time seems thus to have arrived when the farmers must thin 
 the ranks of home competition by sending off the young and enter- 
 prising to countries where they may become the owners of a fertile 
 soil, and profitably contribute to supply the wants of the old country, 
 whose land can no longer meet the demands of her dense population. 
 During the last year we have imported into this country at the rate of 
 nearly one million quarters of grain each month. We have thus in 
 addition to our home crop, consumed each day the produce of TEN 
 THOUSAND acres of foreign land, a demand so vast as to offer to young 
 men of our own country the strongest inducements to take their share 
 in its supply. 
 
 "Having, during last autumn, had an opportunity of making a 
 pretty careful inspection of a part of the valley of the Upper Missis- 
 sippi, probably the most fertile corn region in the world, I have col- 
 lected for publication, in the form of a series of letters, the notes made 
 by me at the time. There may be other countries which present equal- 
 ly good prospects to the agricultural emigrant. I venture to speak 
 only of that which I have seen. This seems to me to offer the very
 
 53 
 
 field which we want at present, a virgin soil of easy culture, with 
 no forests to clear, of extraordinary natural fertility, in a country 
 traversed by a most perfect system of railways, where no settler need 
 be more than ten miles from a station, whose shore is washed by one 
 of those great lakes through which an outlet is found to the Atlantic, 
 and which possesses in the Mississippi itself a vast artery of commerce, 
 navigable by steamers for thousands of miles. A great part of the 
 country is underlaid with coal, iron, and lime, thus affording a present 
 supply of such minerals, and the prospect of a great increase of value 
 should the people ever turn their attention to manufactures. There is 
 a complete organization of markets throughout the country ; and, set- 
 ting aside the export to England, there is a very large and increasing 
 local demand for every article of agricultural produce. The price of 
 labor is economized by the most extensive and profitable use of agri 
 cultural machinery, and by the comparatively small cost of maintain- 
 ing horses and working cattle. The grazing of cattle and sheep is 
 very profitable, and the production of merino wool, already large, 
 admits of vast increase. 
 
 " The fee simple of this land can be purchased at from 40s. to 50s. 
 and 60s. [from $8 to $14] an acre. 
 
 " As a mere investment, this land would pay well to purchase and 
 hold for a few years, and the increasing supply of gold, of which 
 America herself yields an annual crop of ten millions sterling, will 
 every year contribute to the higher relative value of land here and 
 elsewhere. But the British emigrant, when he purchases this land, 
 secures to himself not only the profits of farming it, but has also the 
 growing increase in the value of the land itself, a right to which he 
 can have no share at home. The country is now brought within a fort- 
 night's journey from our shores, and is actually more accessible from 
 Great Britain than most parts of Ireland were fifty years ago." 
 
 " There are two branches of his business to which I would specially 
 ask the attention of the British emigrant to Illinois, viz. stock farming, 
 and the cultivation of Indian corn. Full details will be found on both 
 subjects in these letters. A good stock of cattle or sheep can be 
 bought by a comparatively small outlay of capital ; and, so long as the 
 open prairie is thinly settled, grass for half the year may be had for 
 nothing, and hay for the other half for only the cost of saving it. Tn 
 regard to Indian corn, both climate and soil are more suitable to it 
 than wheat. It can be grown to any extent, with a certain measure of 
 success, every year, and, unlike wheat, this grain may be harvest <>il
 
 54 
 
 with safety over a period of many weeks. A small and regular sup- 
 ply of labor thus suffices for the management of a large extent of land. 
 There is always a market for it, and the lowest price at which we have 
 ever seen it in England will afford a very good return to the prairie 
 farmer of Illinois, after deducting all the charges of transporting. 
 
 " An emigrant from this country may be set down in Illinois at a 
 total cost from Liverpool or Glasgow of 61. 7s., [about $30] inclusive 
 of provisions. 
 
 " The present is a most favorable time for commencing to farm in 
 Illinois. The panic of 1857 has not yet been forgotten, and the 
 prices at which every sort of contract (building, fencing, ploughing,) 
 may be executed, are 50 per cent, below the average rates." 
 
 THE LANDS AND HOMES OF THE WEST. 
 {From the New York Tribune, April 21st, 1858.] 
 
 As an almost unprecedented immigration is going forward to the rich 
 and fertile prairies of the West, from the exhausted soils and over- 
 crowded cities of the East, in consequence of the late commercial and 
 business crisis, it is important to the farmer, the mechanic, and the la- 
 borer, who contemplates changing his home, to note the following facts : 
 
 1. No State in the Valley of the Mississippi offers so great induce- 
 ments to the settler as the State of Illinois. Forming a part of that pro- 
 lific belt which extends from the Atlantic to the Missouri river, and in- 
 cludes the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, and 
 Northern Missouri, it holds a commanding and central position ; while 
 the great lake on one side, and the great rivers on the other, give it 
 easy and equal access to the North, the South, the East and the West. 
 
 2. The climate, removed alike from the rigorous severity of the 
 more northern States, and the oppressive heats of the more southern, 
 is both salubrious and agreeable. According to the federal census of 
 1850, the rate of mortality in Illinois is less than in several of the 
 New England States. The soil, composed of a deep, rich loam, is as 
 fertile as any on the globe. It is, for the most part, so easily worked 
 requiring no grubbing up of stumps and picking off of stones that 
 the labor of one man is as effective, commonly, as that of two or three 
 men on the rockier soils of the East, and far more productive. One 
 man on the prairies can break from two to three acres, and afterward 
 plough from six to eight acres per day, while in the East he can only 
 break from one-half to one acre per day, and plough from two to three 
 acres afterward. The yield of the prairies, at the same time, is 
 nearly three-fold greater. In fact, Illinois was long ago designated 
 by popular instinct as the Garden State of the West ; and now that it
 
 55 
 
 has been brought so extensively under cultivation, it more tlian ever 
 deserves the name. 
 
 3. Illinois is not a frontier State, in which the settler is exposed to 
 the severe privations and hardships of early settlement, but it contains 
 tfver a million and a half of residents, numerous cities, towns, and 
 villages, and 2775 miles of completed railway, which is more than any 
 other State of the Union has, with the exception of New York and 
 Ohio. Ninety millions of dollars have been expended on works of 
 internal improvement, without resorting to a State debt, and to conse- 
 quent taxation; and 1,800,000 acres of land have been devoted to 
 purposes of education and general utility. These improvements 
 will supply a revenue to the State for the public expenditures for all 
 time to come, and consequently taxation will be merely nominal. 
 
 4. It is often said that Illinois is unwoodcd ; but the fact is, that 
 there is scarcely a county in the State without considerable forests, 
 while the southern part of it alone contains 2,000,000 acres of tim- 
 ber. In the year 1857 there was brought into Chicago 460,000,000 
 feet of lumber. Chicago is also the greatest grain depository in the 
 world, and is the terminus of 3953 miles of finished railway. In 
 different parts of the State, iron, coal, and fine building stone are 
 found in abundance. 
 
 5. Nowhere can excellent land be procured on more favorable terms 
 than in Illinois. The Central Railroad Company, to which the State 
 granted the 2,590,000 acres which had been donated by the General 
 Government extending through the centre of the State, north and 
 south, fifteen miles on each side of the railroad having disposed of 
 1,200,000 acres, offers the rest at moderate prices, on long credits and 
 moderate rates of interest. The prices vary from $6 to $30, and 
 the credits extend over a period of seven years. 
 
 6. There are on the line of the Central Railroad 100 cities and vil- 
 lages, with populations varying from 200 to 12,000 souls with facto- 
 ries, mills, stores, post-offices, schools, and churches all rapidly 
 growing in numbers and wealth, and affording the comforts of civil- 
 ized life to the settler, while they open every opportunity and prospect 
 of business to the mechanic and trader. The counties contiguous to 
 the road embrace a population of over 600,000, for the most part 
 thrifty, enterprising, and industrious. 
 
 7. Thus it will be seen that the lands of Illinois are largely peopled 
 and cultivated ; their products are within easy reach of all the great 
 western centres of trade, and may be transported, by way of the lake, 
 to the Eastern markets, at less cost than from many intermediate 
 points ; and though these lands are now sold for from $6 to $30 per 
 acre, they must inevitably advance to $50, and even $100, within a 
 few years. Lands that were lately sold by the Company for $15 or 
 ^'25 per acre will now bring from $50 to $100. The Illinois Central 
 Company gives no encouragement to speculative purchasers, for its 
 own interests prompt it to prefer the actual settler, who raises the 
 value of neighboring lands, and contributes to the traffic of the road.
 
 A\ 
 
 Of 
 
 IS Oil tllC 
 
 H 
 
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 i 
 
 a 
 
 d 
 
 
 1 
 S 
 
 1853 
 
 1835 
 1828 
 1850 
 1854 
 1850 
 1852 
 1853 
 1850 
 1838 
 
 1855 
 
 1854 
 1855 
 1839 
 1850 
 1855 
 1853 
 
 1839 
 1850 
 1855 
 1856 
 1854 
 1853 
 1857 
 1853 
 1836 
 1832 
 1856 
 1853 
 1845 
 1855 
 
 1829 
 1854 
 1853 
 1855 
 1855 
 1855 
 1851 
 1820 
 is;,. 
 1855 
 1854 
 
 Inhabitants, 
 1850. 
 
 Inhabitants, 
 
 1856. 
 
 Inhabitants, 
 1859. 
 
 Houses, 1856. 
 
 I-H 
 1 
 
 Churches, 1859. 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 1" 
 
 OQ 
 
 gj 
 j. 
 
 ?/ 
 
 Flour Mills, 1859. 
 
 3 
 
 j 
 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Acres in Wheat, 
 1858. | 
 
 1 
 
 F 
 
 Acres in Corn, 
 
 1855. 
 
 Northern Division. 
 Dunleith,*t 
 
 5 
 No 
 6,000 
 300 
 14 
 None 
 25 
 None 
 6 
 18 
 1,400 
 No 
 None 
 No 
 None 
 None 
 640 
 16 
 None 
 None 
 No 
 200 
 3 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 25 
 2,200 
 None 
 None 
 800 
 None 
 No 
 600 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 360 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 
 1,800 
 town 
 12,000 
 500 
 292 
 200 
 800 
 400 
 350 
 750 
 6,000 
 town 
 153 
 town 
 2,500 
 105 
 4,500 
 2,500 
 1,098 
 1,400 
 town 
 7,250 
 240 
 1,200 
 70 
 130 
 195 
 None 
 208 
 110 
 7,000 
 200 
 350 
 1,600 
 28 
 town 
 4,000 
 28 
 400 
 40 
 850 
 8( 
 
 1.60C 
 
 23 
 80 
 120 
 
 2,000 
 laid 
 15,000 
 800 
 300 
 250 
 1,100 
 600 
 750 
 250 
 7,000 
 laid 
 425 
 laid 
 3,500 
 123 
 3,500 
 3,000 
 1,300 
 3,000 
 laid 
 8,100 
 800 
 600 
 170 
 180 
 250 
 600 
 165 
 212 
 8,500 
 300 
 400 
 2,600 
 130 
 laid 
 7,000 
 30 
 375 
 400 
 798 
 117 
 150 
 1,800 
 55 
 60 
 400 
 
 2,600 
 out 
 2,500 
 120 
 40 
 40 
 150 
 78 
 116 
 150 
 1,600 
 out 
 30 
 out 
 600 
 30 
 515 
 350 
 158 
 242 
 out 
 1,550 
 60 
 300 
 12 
 28 
 39 
 None 
 47 
 23 
 2,986 
 20 
 73 
 350 
 3 
 out 
 800 
 
 150 
 7 
 86 
 22 
 10 
 265 
 3 
 5 
 30 
 
 30C 
 yet. 
 3,100 
 75 
 60 
 56 
 325 
 104 
 150 
 62 
 1,800 
 yet. 
 101 
 yet. 
 750 
 33 
 550 
 380 
 300 
 700 
 yet. 
 1,960 
 150 
 100 
 26 
 35 
 45 
 120 
 48 
 42 
 3,200 
 64 
 80 
 500 
 21 
 yet. 
 1,150 
 
 8E 
 40 
 171 
 22 
 30 
 300 
 10 
 14 
 60 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 5 
 2 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 4 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 3 
 
 2 
 .1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 16 
 1 
 
 1 
 8 
 1 
 
 i:; 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 .1 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 4 
 
 "2 
 I 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 (i 
 3 
 9 
 6 
 
 15 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 '21 
 1 
 1 
 (i 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 21.'i 
 
 2 
 8 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 4 
 70 
 
 6 
 
 85 
 8 
 68 
 
 ~2 
 40 
 
 HJO 
 8 
 6 
 1 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 
 125 
 2 
 8 
 
 '20 
 8 
 
 98 
 1 
 
 12 
 5 
 13 
 6 
 8 
 18 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 8 
 
 '2 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 1 
 6 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 
 12 
 2 
 2 
 8 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 '2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 1 
 8 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 4 
 11 
 
 1 
 12 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 4' 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1,000 
 200 
 13,000 
 7,000 
 6,900 
 3,000 
 6,000 
 10,500 
 5,000 
 8,000 
 22,000 
 6,000 
 9,000 
 3.000 
 12,000 
 1,450 
 20,000 
 22,000 
 3,800 
 25,200 
 6,000 
 7,000 
 21,500 
 25,000 
 4,360 
 6,700 
 18,000 
 1,000 
 12,740 
 
 10,000 
 
 4", 000 
 20,000 
 11,200 
 2,500 
 ,500 
 1,200 
 24,000 
 3,000 
 25,000 
 2,000 
 2,000 
 1,300 
 6,200 
 1,000 
 1,500 
 400 
 300 
 
 1,000 
 500 
 15,300 
 2,000 
 5,300 
 7,000 
 8,000 
 20,000 
 8,000 
 10,000 
 45,000 
 11,000 
 20,000 
 8,000 
 18,000 
 2,000 
 8,600 
 9,000 
 12,600 
 65,000 
 17,000 
 11,000 
 23,500 
 60,000 
 11,600 
 40,000 
 30,000 
 15,000 
 7,500 
 16,950 
 70,000 
 20,000 
 30000 
 23,000 
 8,000 
 3,000 
 50,000 
 4,000 
 50,000 
 15,000 
 8,000 
 4,000 
 12,000 
 12,000 
 4,000 
 3,000 
 2,000 
 
 1,600 
 600 
 17,400 
 2,000 
 5,700 
 8,000 
 10,000 
 30,000 
 8,000 
 12,000 
 50.000 
 15,000 
 25,000 
 4,000 
 20,000 
 3,270 
 5,340 
 10,500 
 25,000 
 60,000 
 8,000 
 9,000 
 24,500 
 70,000 
 12,000 
 50,000 
 32,000 
 13,000 
 8,480 
 18,540 
 70,000 
 25,000 
 35,000 
 12,000 
 4,000 
 4,200 
 40,000 
 2,000 
 30,000 
 18,000 
 6,000 
 4,000 
 10,000 
 14,000 
 5,000 
 4,000 
 4,000 
 
 300 
 100 
 1,000 
 4,000 
 10,400 
 2,500 
 6,000 
 6,200 
 2,000 
 4,0' ,0 
 15.000 
 7,000 
 6,500 
 2,000 
 9,000 
 3800 
 24,000 
 34000 
 8.060 
 32,400 
 9,000 
 20,000 
 28.500 
 20,300 
 8,000 
 
 12',000 
 2,000 
 30,100 
 20,000 
 45,000 
 
 2l'5'M) 
 32,000 
 4,000 
 3,000 
 60,000 
 500 
 4,000 
 4,000 
 12,000 
 20,000 
 15,600 
 4,000 
 3,000 
 1,800 
 1,400 
 
 Mt'nominee, 
 
 
 Council Hill, 
 Scales Mound,* 
 Apple River,* 
 
 Warren, t* 
 
 Nora,* 
 
 
 Eleroy, 
 
 Freeport.t* 
 
 < 'rane's Grove, 
 
 Forreston,* 
 
 Haldane, , 
 
 Polo,t* 
 
 Woosung, 
 
 Dixon,t* 
 
 Amboy,*t 
 
 Sublette,* 
 
 Mcndota,t*.. 
 
 Homer, 
 
 LaSalle,t* 
 
 Tonioa, 
 
 Wenona,* 
 
 Rutland,* 
 
 Minouk,* 
 
 Panola,' 
 
 El Paso,t* 
 
 Kappa,* 
 
 Hudson,* ,. . . . 
 
 Bloomington,t* 
 Heyworth,* 
 
 Wapella,t* 
 
 Clinton,t* 
 
 Maroa,* 
 
 Forsyth, 
 
 Decatur,t* 
 
 Macon,* 
 
 Moaweqna,* 
 
 Assumption ,* 
 
 Pana,t* 
 
 Oconoe,* 
 
 Ramsey,* 
 
 Vandalia,t* 
 
 Shobonier,* 
 
 Patoka,* 
 
 Sandoval,t* 
 
 
 442,390 
 
 816,750 
 
 846,030 
 
 567,060 
 
 tions supplied with Maps of vacant lands belonging to the Railroad Company, with prices. Parties -wishing 
 ine lands belonging to the Company can ap 
 
 * Stations sup 4 
 
 to examine lands belonging to the Company can apply to the Eailroad Station Agents for information and assistance. 
 _Yo other agencies are recognized by the Land Department. 
 
 t Telegraph Stations. 
 
 The above tables are intended to set forth the condition of the railroad Towns, with the territo- 
 ries tributary to them, on or about July 1, 1859. At some of the stations, small settlements existed 
 before the organization of a town, which accounts for population appearing on the statement, in a 
 few instances, before the date given for its organization. 
 
 In making up the returns for 1856, a few of the agents sent in statistics of population and build- 
 ings embraced in a whole township, as if contained in the town limits only. These errors have 
 been corrected in the returns for 1859, and therefore the tables show an apparent decrease in tho 
 prosperity of some places, such as Council-Hill, Wenona, Manteno, Chebanse, Jonesboro', &c. ; 
 whereas, the increase at these points has been really very considerable. The floating population 
 of laborers, &c., is also reckoned in these returns, and this may bo distributed at any time to other 
 points. It does not, however, materially affect the general result.
 
 57 
 
 Illinois 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 1 > 
 
 a 
 
 E 
 
 s" 
 
 w o 
 
 W>0 
 
 <a<* 
 
 30 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 .2 
 
 "P >> 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 CS ~ 
 
 ps 1 "! 
 
 is 
 
 kg 
 
 rM 
 
 L 
 
 c3 
 
 1 .1 1 
 
 fs 
 
 .5S8 
 
 fc 
 
 & S 
 
 *1 
 
 If 
 
 SM 
 
 a e 
 
 Is 
 
 (Sri 
 
 1 a l 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 U S. 
 
 K S, 
 
 
 Jw 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 *o 
 
 < 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 W 
 
 
 P 
 
 s 
 
 250 
 
 1,000 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 $3,000 
 
 85,500 
 
 1,500 
 
 3,000 
 
 Germany and Ireland. 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 200 
 
 250 
 
 New England. 
 
 1.560 
 
 1,980 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 104,400 
 
 223,300 
 
 35,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 New York and New England. 
 
 2,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 25,000 30,000 
 
 400 
 
 650 
 
 England. 
 
 8,000 
 
 9,400 
 
 72 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 65,000 
 
 86,000 
 
 2,500 
 
 3,600 
 
 England and Germany. 
 
 2,500 
 
 3,000 
 
 70 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 20,000 
 
 30.000 
 
 140 
 
 250 
 
 British Islands. 
 
 8,000 
 
 9,000 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 25 
 
 10,600 
 
 20,000 
 
 450 
 
 2,500 
 
 Ohio and New York. 
 
 20,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 80 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 19,500 
 
 82.500 
 
 400 
 
 1,100 
 
 New York. 
 
 2,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 200,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 4,f'00 
 
 5,000 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 9.000 
 
 12,000 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 3300 
 
 23,100 
 
 225 
 
 800 
 
 Ireland and Germany. 
 
 40,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 65 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 120,600 
 
 200,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 New England. 
 
 53,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 35,000 
 
 50,00 ) 
 
 250 
 
 325 
 
 New York and Pennsylvania. 
 
 14,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 49 
 
 41 
 
 50 
 
 45,000 
 
 125,000 
 
 90 
 
 425 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 7,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 25,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 40 
 
 110 
 
 New York and Massachusetts. 
 
 11.000 
 
 12,000 
 
 60 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 20,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 New York and Maryland. 
 
 3,000 
 
 5,200 
 
 34 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 4,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 54 
 
 425 
 
 New England. 
 
 7,500 
 
 10,680 
 
 80 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 191.600 
 
 186,100 
 
 4,107 
 
 7,602 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 7,000 
 
 8,500 
 
 70 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 60,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 10,500 
 
 New England. 
 
 15,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 200.000 
 
 450.000 
 
 2,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 New York. 
 
 60,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 100 
 
 150 
 
 75 
 
 15,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 1.800 
 
 5,000 
 
 Ohio and Germany. 
 
 20,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 34 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 19,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 '300 
 
 450 
 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania. 
 
 30,000 
 
 35,000 
 
 125 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 80,000 
 
 360,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 Ireland and Germany. 
 
 50.500 
 
 85,500 
 
 180 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 150,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,800 
 
 New England. 
 
 3o;ooo 
 
 40,000 
 
 100 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 40,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 1,200 
 
 6,000 
 
 Middle States. 
 
 6,500 
 
 13,800 
 
 128 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 5,000 
 
 95,000 
 
 57 
 
 1,200 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 15,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 179 
 
 150 
 
 75 
 
 8,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 200 
 
 2,000 
 
 Middle States. 
 
 16,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 100 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 100,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 2,500 
 
 3,000 
 
 New York. 
 
 30,000 
 
 54,500 
 
 73 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 12,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 60 
 
 450 
 
 New York. 
 
 15,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 60 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 60,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 1,800 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 24,000 
 
 31,220 
 
 21 
 
 35 
 
 20 
 
 50,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 1,200 
 
 2,400 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 65,000 
 
 95,000 
 
 400 
 
 2CO 
 
 200 
 
 500,000 
 
 1,250,000 
 
 13, 000 
 
 24,000 
 
 Ohio and Kentucky. 
 
 30,000 
 
 35.000 
 
 70 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 75.000 
 
 125,000 
 
 1.4001 2>00 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 40,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 140 
 
 20 
 
 100 
 
 300,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 3.000 
 
 6,000 
 
 Ohio and Kentucky. 
 
 20,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 75 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 378,000 
 
 600.000 
 
 8,500 
 
 11,500 
 
 Ohio and Kentucky. 
 
 4,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 15.000 
 
 60,000 
 
 400 
 
 1,500 
 
 Illinois and Ohio. 
 
 7,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 10,000 
 
 35,000 
 
 60 
 
 480 
 
 Pennsylvania and Kentucky. 
 
 70,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 160,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio. 
 
 600 
 
 2,000 
 
 38 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 12,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 75 
 
 200 
 
 New York. 
 
 5,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 172,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 750 
 
 4,000 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 18,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 60,000 
 
 180,000 
 
 59 
 
 4,000 
 
 Canada and Louisiana. 
 
 20,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 25 
 
 65 
 
 20 
 
 253,000 
 
 344,800 
 
 250 
 
 1,482 
 
 Eastern States. 
 
 20,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 
 65,000 
 
 200,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 Tennessee and Kentuky. 
 
 20,000 
 
 23,500 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 149,700 
 
 295,200 
 
 5 
 
 150 
 
 Tennessee and Kentucky. 
 
 10,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 20,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 9.000 
 
 Kentucky and Tennessee. 
 
 3,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 10,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 
 l,i >00 
 
 Ohio and New York. 
 
 4,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 *j 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 15,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 300 
 
 500 
 
 Kentucky and Tennessee. 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,500 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 50,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,800 
 
 Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee. 
 
 786,210 
 
 1,100,180 
 
 
 
 
 $3,937,600 
 
 $8,099,500 
 
 
 
 The statistics of the Towns proper are embraced in the first thirteen columns ; the 
 remaining fourteen having reference to the territory fairly to be considered as tributary to 
 each station. 
 
 The areas in cultivation have been estimated by parties at each station well acquainted 
 vnth the surrounding country, and reference has been made to the assessors' books whenever 
 this was practicable. The valuations of stock have generally been obtained from this source, 
 and should be considered as varying from thirty-three to fifty per cent, below the true 
 value. In some localities, owing to the establishment of new Stations, part of the territo- 
 ry included in the previous returns from one Station, has been transferred to another. 
 
 Corn and Wheat being the great staples of Illinois, the most prominent positions have 
 ":ecn assigned to these products. In the Northern part of the State, Oats is an important 
 product of agriculture, in some localities occupying an equal area in its cultivation with 
 either Corn or Wheat. So, also, of Fruit, in the Southern part. About Makanda, for 
 instance, over 10,000 acres are planted with peach trees; and in 1858, 150 r OOO bushels of 
 peaches were shipped from Cobden station alone; while the shipments of this season will
 
 58 
 
 St/t;IStOS Ol' TOATVIXS 0X1 tlo.0 
 
 i 
 
 o 
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 "5 
 
 I 
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 'a 
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 1 ' 
 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 : 
 
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 247 
 
 168 
 
 600 
 800 
 34 
 750 
 3640 
 600 
 None 
 50 
 None 
 320 
 110 
 
 174 
 
 "S . 
 
 OSCS 
 
 -" "O 
 
 "5 
 
 1" 
 
 M 
 
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 i 
 
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 z 
 
 
 
 I 
 
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 3 
 
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 9 
 
 i 
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 ^oi 
 
 2 3 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 O *o 
 
 i~ 
 V 
 
 Chicago Division. 
 
 1838 
 1853 
 1856 
 1853 
 IS50 
 1856 
 1854 
 1853 
 1854 
 1857 
 1*55 
 1857 
 1854 
 1852 
 1S.7J 
 1855 
 1857 
 1855 
 1856 
 1835 
 1856 
 1854 
 1857 
 1855 
 1857 
 1855 
 1856 
 1855 
 1856 
 1855 
 1856 
 1856 
 
 ]S;V, 
 
 1856 
 1856 
 1853 
 1854 
 1840 
 1854 
 1856 
 1854 
 1857 
 1853 
 1854 
 1853 
 1854 
 1857 
 1818 
 1857 
 isr,fj 
 1854 
 1WH 
 1854 
 
 1853 
 
 60 
 None 
 None 
 10 
 146 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 15 
 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 500 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 65 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 None 
 14 
 None 
 684 
 Vone 
 Vone 
 tfone 
 ^fone 
 tfone 
 
 300 
 
 50 
 260 
 98 
 1,000 
 840 
 24 
 600 
 
 66 
 31 
 
 47 
 80 
 8 
 200 
 820 
 125 
 None 
 6 
 None 
 64 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 367 
 None 
 6 
 None 
 4 
 2 
 113 
 
 41 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 275 
 156 
 100 
 24 
 17 
 
 40 
 80 
 110 
 4 
 2 
 263 
 None 
 23 
 33 
 30 
 12 
 
 400 
 
 6 
 68 
 
 24 
 251 
 87 
 9 
 74 
 !)4f 
 J7 
 
 a 
 
 4f 
 35 
 12f 
 2f 
 ; 
 
 131 
 65 
 8 
 IS 
 !)5f 
 IK 
 9 
 3( 
 7( 
 6 
 4<X 
 27 
 CO 
 7 
 47 
 8 
 8 
 73 
 
 4 
 
 2(iii 
 
 ;25 
 25o 
 150 
 2li 
 lOli 
 
 71 
 
 300 
 175 
 220 
 8 
 37 
 120 
 24 
 34 
 86 
 30 
 25 
 
 590 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 l 
 
 1 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 l 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 : 
 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 P> 
 2 
 2 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 \ 
 1 
 7 
 6 
 1 
 1 
 ! 
 1 
 .1 
 2 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 1 
 I 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 8 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 2 
 8 
 
 1 
 1 
 8 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 3 
 3 
 5 
 (j 
 1 
 8 
 50 
 3 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 3 
 54 
 6 
 2 
 6 
 6 
 1 
 30 
 3 
 8 
 2 
 7 
 2 
 2 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 in 
 9 
 6 
 
 4 
 12 
 2 
 J2 
 8 
 1C 
 2 
 4 
 9 
 5 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 3 
 
 60 
 
 ' 
 
 ] 
 
 
 t> 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 t; 
 * 
 
 n 
 A 
 
 < 
 
 l 
 
 8 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 .' 
 1 
 I 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 7 
 2 
 8 
 
 4 
 1 
 3 
 8 
 8 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 8 
 2 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 f) 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 3 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 2 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 4 
 15 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 200 
 
 700 
 1,200 
 800 
 700 
 3,500 
 10,600 
 6,000 
 260 
 1,000 
 6,250 
 300 
 3,000 
 1,000 
 600 
 400 
 2,000 
 210 
 4,240 
 5,680 
 2,600 
 3,140 
 2,800 
 1,500 
 1,000 
 2,000 
 3,000 
 6,000 
 500 
 4,000 
 1,500 
 3,000 
 800 
 1,800 
 740 
 2,000 
 1.5CO 
 3,COO 
 2,000 
 1,000 
 4,200 
 2,400 
 2,000 
 4,320 
 3,000 
 4,200 
 7,000 
 21,000 
 9,000 
 7,200 
 1,000 
 3,000 
 2,000 
 
 200 
 1,040 
 4,000 
 4,000 
 2,240 
 2,600 
 11,000 
 31,000 
 10,000 
 2,000 
 12,000 
 500 
 5,000 
 2,500 
 1,700 
 2,600 
 4,000 
 800 
 4,000 
 20,000 
 10,000 
 8,000 
 6,400 
 60,000 
 3,000 
 8,000 
 4,000 
 10,000 
 500 
 6,000 
 5,000 
 6,000 
 1,000 
 12,000 
 1,800 
 3,000 
 12,000 
 20,000 
 8,000 
 4,300 
 8,000 
 3,240 
 6,000 
 6,000 
 5,000 
 10,000 
 7,000 
 16,000 
 12,000 
 7,000 
 1,000 
 8,000 
 5,060 
 
 100 
 
 1,200 
 4,750 
 4,500 
 2,400 
 3,000 
 11,000 
 43,000 
 15,000 
 4,000 
 6,000 
 2,000 
 12,000 
 3,000 
 2,000 
 1,300 
 15,000 
 1,000 
 6,700 
 20,000 
 12,000 
 12,000 
 10,500 
 60,000 
 3,000 
 6,000 
 3,000 
 18,000 
 500 
 8,000 
 6,500 
 9,370 
 6,600 
 10,000 
 2,000 
 4,000 
 14,500 
 20,000 
 10,000 
 4,300 
 9000 
 3,030 
 6,600 
 6,500 
 6,000 
 6,000 
 8,000 
 23,000 
 15,000 
 7,000 
 2,000 
 9,000 
 7,000 
 
 600 
 1,100 
 2,000 
 3,000 
 4,500 
 3400 
 14,500 
 10,000 
 1,500 
 3,000 
 1,800 
 700 
 8,100 
 2,340 
 800 
 300 
 16,000 
 2,460 
 2,000 
 12,000 
 6,000 
 4,270 
 3,700 
 60,000 
 16,000 
 65,000 
 42,000 
 12,000 
 2,000 
 17,000 
 11,000 
 10,000 
 5,000 
 9,400 
 14,000 
 12,000 
 6,000 
 35,600 
 8,000 
 8,000 
 18,000 
 3,240 
 12,400 
 12,000 
 6,200 
 4,500 
 12,000 
 43,000 
 10,000 
 6,000 
 25,000 
 4,100 
 4,000 
 
 Thornton,* 
 
 
 Kichton 
 
 Monee t* 
 
 
 
 Kankakee,t* 
 
 4,900 
 70 
 175 
 444 
 130 
 600 
 140 
 17 
 900 
 400 
 39 
 90 
 4,000 
 550 
 60 
 105 
 350 
 31 
 1,400 
 130 
 300 
 40 
 200 
 48 
 60 
 300 
 
 40 
 
 650 
 2,500 
 1,200 
 1,000 
 121 
 400 
 648 
 1,200 
 800 
 1,100 
 43 
 150 
 700 
 150 
 185 
 325 
 201 
 72 
 
 5,200 
 
 
 Clifton,* 
 
 Ashkum,* 
 
 Gilman,t* 
 
 
 Spring Creek, 
 
 Bulkley,* . . . . 
 
 Loda * 
 
 Paxton.t* 
 
 15 
 
 28 
 125 
 3,285 
 None 
 33 
 None 
 20 
 
 472 
 16 
 200 
 25 
 
 G 
 
 1,900 
 718 
 300 
 113 
 60 
 
 300 
 500 
 700 
 50 
 6 
 1,209 
 
 Pera,* 
 
 Rantoul,* 
 
 
 
 Pesotum,* 
 
 Tuscola,* 
 
 Okaw,* 
 
 Milton,* 
 
 Mattoon,t* 
 
 Neo<*a,* 
 
 KfBncham,t* 
 
 Watson, 
 
 Mason, 
 
 Pklgewood,* 
 
 Farina,* 
 
 K.inmundy,t* 
 
 iTonti,*... 
 
 Odin,f* 
 
 
 Centralia,t* 
 
 Richview.* 
 
 Ashley,t* 
 
 Coloma,* 
 
 Tamaroa,* 
 
 St. John's, t 
 
 Du Quoin,t* 
 
 De Soto.* 
 
 Carbondale,t* 
 
 Makanda,* 
 
 Cobden,* 
 
 Jonesboro',t* 
 
 Dongola. . . . 
 
 Wetang ' . 
 
 120 
 250 
 150 
 96 
 
 3,000 
 
 Ullin.* 
 
 l j ulaski,t* 
 
 Villa Ridge, 
 fMound City Junc'n 
 llCairo.t* 
 
 
 160,840 
 
 393,320 
 
 473,250 
 
 595,510 
 
 J Town laid out, but no improvements yet made. J A few houses only, occupied by Irish laborers, tc. No 
 town laid out yet. No agricultural country tributary to it. | No agricultural country tributary to it. 
 
 probably considerably exceed that amount. Jonesboro' also ships large quantities of peaches, 
 as well as vegetables and berries from the extensive market gardens located near the town. 
 About 1,500 hogsheads of tobacco will be shipped this season from Makanda station. 
 
 Extensive Coal mines are worked at La Salle, St. John's and Du Quoin stations ; also at 
 Bryant, on the Great Western Railroad, about thirty miles east of Tolono station.
 
 59 
 
 Illinois 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 E 
 
 a 
 
 q :* 
 
 f 
 
 -? 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 S 
 
 O 
 
 Ju 
 
 H 
 
 B 
 
 00 y? 
 
 CO OO 
 
 
 "3 r> 
 
 "3 as 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 '> fr*. 
 
 g 
 
 Q 
 
 Scb 
 
 Sao 
 
 t-i-i 
 
 **" *? 
 
 ^oB 
 
 _* 
 
 
 - f 1 
 
 oS 
 
 *" *O 
 
 . 
 
 ea 1 "! 
 
 w "^ 
 
 3 
 
 el 
 
 |1 
 
 P-IO 
 
 ! 
 
 
 1"" 
 
 1 
 
 ll 
 
 si 
 
 
 
 fc 
 
 "S o 
 
 S3 
 7302 
 
 53 02 
 
 M 
 
 <S 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 p<rt 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 | V * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 W 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 S 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 $6,000 
 
 $10,000 
 
 150 
 
 250 
 
 Holland and Germany. 
 
 3,000 
 
 4,500 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 14,000 
 
 21,000 
 
 430 
 
 1,250 
 
 Germany. 
 
 5,0.0 
 
 5,500 
 
 32 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 20,000 
 
 35,000 
 
 600 
 
 700 
 
 Germany. 
 
 6,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 35,ilOO 
 
 80,000 
 
 350 
 
 1,000 
 
 Germany. 
 
 7,600 
 
 7,800 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 20,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 350 
 
 840 
 
 Connecticut and Germany. 
 
 6,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 9,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 200 
 
 600 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 20,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 60,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 5,500 
 
 Mass., N. York and Canada. 
 
 61,000 
 
 97,000 
 
 300 
 
 320 
 
 350 
 
 482,700 
 
 602,400 
 
 10,010 
 
 21,500 
 
 New England. 
 
 20,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 36 
 
 2,500 
 
 50,000 
 
 200 
 
 1,500 
 
 New York and Massachusetts. 
 
 4,000 
 
 10,600 
 
 16 
 
 75 
 
 45 
 
 4,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 800 
 
 3,000 
 
 tu. -. -ehusetts and Canada. 
 
 10,000 
 
 13,000 
 
 68 
 
 106 
 
 122 
 
 11,000 
 
 32,000 
 
 600 
 
 1,300 
 
 N< 
 
 1,800 
 
 10,050 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 30 
 
 600 
 
 .liucl. 
 
 10.000 
 
 15,000 
 
 62 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 10,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 400 
 
 1, ie. \r England. 
 
 4,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 10,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 500 
 
 1,000 
 
 Ohio and Tennessee. 
 
 3,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 15,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 60 
 
 400 
 
 New York and Pennsylvania. 
 
 5,000 
 25,000 
 
 20,000 
 40,000 
 
 106 
 35 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 15 
 
 20,000 
 200,000 
 
 50,000 
 300,000 
 
 200 
 2,000 
 
 1,500 
 5,000 
 
 N.England and Middle States. 
 New York and Ohio. 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,600 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 20,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 21 
 
 39 
 
 Kentucky and Ohio. 
 
 6,000 
 
 13.500 
 
 84 
 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 100,000 
 
 111,000 
 
 100 
 
 630 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 16,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 117 
 
 125 
 
 100 
 
 340,500 
 
 625,400 
 
 4,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 Kentucky and New York. 
 
 20,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 41 
 
 43 
 
 35 
 
 17,800 
 
 250,000 
 
 300 
 
 17,500 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 15,000 
 12,150 
 60,000 
 
 20,000 
 30,130 
 80,000 
 
 78 
 23 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 18 
 18 
 12 
 
 125,000 
 75,000 
 15,000 
 
 600,000 
 100,000 
 100,000 
 
 300 
 600 
 500 
 
 1,500 
 2,500 
 2.000 
 
 N. Y., Penn. and Kentucky. 
 Kentucky and Indiana. 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania. 
 
 20,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 10,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 600 
 
 1,300 
 
 Virginia, Kentucky and Ohio. 
 
 30.000 
 
 60,000 
 
 18 
 
 61 
 
 40 
 
 102,000 
 
 160,000 
 
 2.500 
 
 7,500 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 4,600 
 9,000 
 5,000 
 
 8,000 
 40,000 
 21,000 
 
 34 
 
 20 
 16 
 
 30 
 100 
 20 
 
 10 
 50 
 17 
 
 18,500 
 40,000 
 10,000 
 
 60,000 
 100,000 
 10,000 
 
 250 
 6,000 
 700 
 
 1,450 
 10,000 
 700 
 
 Indiana and Germany. 
 Ohio, Indiana and Germany. 
 New York and Pennsylvania. 
 
 25,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 35 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 60,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 26 
 
 200 
 
 Ohio and Indiana. 
 
 15,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 15 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 150,000 
 
 225,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 5,500 
 
 N. Y., Kentucky & Tennessee. 
 
 16,000 
 
 22,400 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 40 
 
 20,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 480 
 
 2,200 
 
 Ind., Ky., N. Y. and England. 
 
 8,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 40 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 10,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,600 
 
 Ohio and Tennessee. 
 
 20,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 40,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 3,200 
 
 4,000 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 300 
 
 600 
 
 37 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 1,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 50 
 
 400 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 15,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 29 
 
 25 
 
 38 
 
 250,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 2,500 
 
 3,000 
 
 Ky., Tennessee and Vermont. 
 
 6.650 
 50,000 
 
 8,000 
 50,000 
 
 90 
 50 
 
 25 
 100 
 
 60 
 100 
 
 1 040,000 
 200,000 
 
 1,680,000 
 350,000 
 
 20,000 
 3,000 
 
 30,000 
 5,000 
 
 New England. 
 Tenn., N. Y and N. England. 
 
 10,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 300,000 
 
 450,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 Eastern States. 
 
 5,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 88 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 0,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,300 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 18,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 31 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 100,000 
 
 125,000 
 
 6,800 
 
 9,000 
 
 Ohio and Tennessee. 
 
 5,200 
 
 6,560 
 
 18 
 
 39 
 
 43 
 
 27,000 
 
 84,000 
 
 252 
 
 548 
 
 Tenn., Virginia & N. Carolina. 
 
 14,400 
 10,000 
 10,000 
 
 15,900 
 12,000 
 14,000 
 
 12 
 142 
 30 
 
 10 
 200 
 68 
 
 12 
 
 250 
 100 
 
 400,000 
 75,000 
 200,000 
 
 500,000 
 100,000 
 . 600,000 
 
 6,860 
 500 
 4,000 
 
 10,000 
 1,000 
 9,000 
 
 N.York, S. Carolina and Tenn. 
 Penn., Ky. and No. Illinois. 
 N. Y.,No. 111. and So. States 
 
 6,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 60,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 3,500 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 15,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 47 
 
 50 
 
 121 
 
 40,000 
 
 82,000 
 
 1,200 
 
 2,300 
 
 N.C.,Tenn.,N.Y.,Wis.& N.I11. 
 
 26,000 
 
 31,000 
 
 118 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 65,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 1,700 
 
 3,000 
 
 Tennessee. i 
 
 12.000 
 
 15,000 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 80,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,200 
 
 North Carolina. 4 
 
 2,500 
 2,000 
 
 3,000 
 4,000 
 
 49 
 52 
 
 25 
 2 
 
 12 
 5 
 
 45,000 
 200 
 
 60,000 
 3,000 
 
 1,800 
 100 
 
 2,000 
 325 
 
 North Carolina. 
 Penn., Maine and New York. 
 
 5,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 45,000 
 
 55,400 
 
 5,200 
 
 6,000 
 
 Vermont, N.Y. and So. jtateg. 
 
 6,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 140,000 
 
 160,000 
 
 750 
 
 900 
 
 New England. 
 Ireland. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,300 
 
 5,200 
 
 1-3 Irish, 1-3 German, and bal- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ance from all parts of TJ. S. 
 
 692,200 1,052,940 
 
 
 
 
 $5,223,200 
 
 $9,066,200 
 
 
 
 
 Galena shipped in 1856, 190,770 pigs Lead, valued at $802,954. In 1858, 265,924 pigs, 
 valued at $1,115,200. 
 
 Stock raising is rapidly rising in value and importance, and the attention of farmers 
 is becoming very generally directed to it. 
 
 About 19,000,000 of acres are embraced in the territories given in the returns, though 
 a portion of the traffic arising from the cultivation, is directed to the East and West 
 Kailrnads which cross the Illinois Central,
 
 GO 
 
 ABSTRACT OF TITLE TO THE 
 
 Illinois Central Railroad Lands. 
 
 - The lands offered for sale by the Illinois Central Kailroad Company were granted by 
 the United States to the State of Illinois, by the Act of 20th September, 1850. All the 
 conditions stipulated in that Act have been fulfilled, and the title to these lands can no 
 longer be affected by legislation. 
 
 By the Act of 10th February, 1851, the State of Illinois incorporated this Company, 
 and directed the Governor to convey to said Company, by a deed in fee simple, all of 
 said lands, etc., which was done. 
 
 The said Act further required said Company to execute a Deed of Trust of all said 
 lands, etc., to certain persons named therein by the State, to secure the performance 
 of the conditions and stipulations required thereby. The bonds issuedunder this trust 
 are being paid as fast as the money is received from the sale of the lands set apart for 
 that purpose. All bonds, purchased with the proceeds of such lands, are officially can- 
 celed by the Trustees. 
 
 Where payment is made in full, the purchaser at once obtains his title from the 
 Trustees appointed by the State. If the sale is on credit, however, the title is not 
 given till final payment is made, but the purchaser receives a Contract, stipulating that 
 such title will be given on full payment, and compliance with the conditions specified 
 therein. The moneys received for the sale of lands are applied to the purchase of Bonds, 
 and the particular tract is at once exempted from liability, and a perfect title given by 
 the Trustees being in fact, the Jirst conveyance under the autJiority of the General Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 The sales are made under the sanction of the Trustees, and are authorized by an Act 
 of the State Legislature. The lands thus sold are exempted from taxation by said 
 law of the State till finally paid for. 
 
 The Trustees execute Deeds for all lands sold ; and the conveyance by said Trustees, 
 in the terms of the law, is " an absolute title in fee simple," and operates -" as a release 
 or an acquittance of the particular tract or tracts so sold from all liability or encumbrance 
 on account of said Deed of Trust, and the issue of said Bonds so as to vest in the pur- 
 chasers a complete and indefeasible title." 
 
 Thus it is seen that the Act of Congress making the grant secures the title in pur- 
 chasers, whatever may be the action of the State ; and the law of the State incorporat- 
 ing this Company, while amply securing the Bondholders, is alike careful to protect 
 purchasers of the lands, and to secure to them perfect and complete titles in any and 
 every contingency. 
 
 No assignment by this Company can, in the slightest degree, affect the titles of those" 
 who have purchased or may purchase any of these lands, as the titles to the whole of 
 them are in the Trustees appointed by the Act of the Legislature incorporating this 
 Company, whose duties are specifically designated, and the objects of the Trust fully 
 and clearly set forth tn that Act ; and, as all subsequent transactions have been had 
 with full notice that these lands were thus dedicated, none of those subsequent transac- 
 tions can interfere with that dedication. 
 
 JOHN MOORE, | 
 
 SAMUEL D. LOCKWOOD, } 
 
 March 1, 1859.
 
 Great Central and Southern Mail and Passenger Route, 
 
 TWO DAILY PASSENGER TRAINS 
 
 Leave Chicago, the Northeastern Terminus; Dunleith, the 
 Northwestern Terminus; and Cairo, the Southern Ter- 
 minus of the road, making connections as follows : 
 
 AT CAIRO; With the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, to and from Columbus, Trenton, 
 
 Jackson, Memphis, Grand Junction, Holly Springs, Oxford, Grenada, Canton, 
 
 Jackson, Miss., Vicksburg, Natchez, New Orleans, Galveston and Mobile. 
 AT CAIRO ; With the Cairo New Orleans Railroad Line of Steamers, to ami 
 
 from all points on the Lower Mississippi river. 
 AT SANDOVAL AND ODIN; With the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad to and from 
 
 St. Louis, Louisville and Cincinnati. 
 AT MATTOON AND TANA; With the Terre Haute, Alton & St. Louis Railroad, 
 
 to and from Alton, St Louis, St. Joseph, Terre Haute, Indianapolis, Wheeling, 
 
 Baltimore and Philadelphia. 
 AT TOLONO AND DECATUR; With the Great Western Illinois Railroad, to 
 
 and from Springfield, Jacksonville, Naples, Quincy, St. Joseph and Toledo. 
 AT GILM AN AND EL PASO ; With the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad, to and 
 
 from Peoria, Galesburg, Burlington, Quincy and Logansport. 
 AT CHICAGO; With the Michigan Central, Michigan Southern, and Pittsburg, 
 
 Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroads, to and from Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Niagara 
 
 Falls, Albany, New York, Boston, Montreal, Quebec, Portland, and all eastern 
 
 cities; also with Railroads and Steamboats to and from Milwaukee, Janesville, 
 
 Madison, &c. 
 AT LA SALLE; With the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad, to and from Rock 
 
 Island, Muscatine and Iowa City. 
 AT MENDOTA; With the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, to and from 
 
 Chicago, Galesburg, Burlington, Quincy and St. Joseph. 
 
 AT DIXON; With the Dixon Air-Line Railroad, to and from Chicago and Fulton. 
 AT FREEPORT; With the Galena & Chicago Union, and Racine & Mississippi 
 
 Railroads, to and from Chicago, Milwaukee, Janesvi'.le, Bcloit and Madison. 
 AT WARREN; With the Mineral Point Railroad, to and from Darlington and Min- 
 eral Point. 
 AT DUNLEITH; With the Dunleith & St. Paul Railroad Line of Steamers, to and 
 
 from Prairie Du Chien, La Crosse, Winona, Prescott, Stillwater, Hastings, ami 
 
 St, Paul. 
 AT DUBUQUE ; With the Dubuq'ue & Pacific Railroad, to and from Nottingham, 
 
 Manchester, Cedar Falls, and all parts of Central Iowa. 
 
 rimoclions Sleeping Curs are attacliod. to all nialit train*^" 
 
 / Luggage checked to all important points. 
 
 THROtTfiH TICKETS KOK SAT.K AT ATX KAIL.ROAT) OFFICKS. 
 
 W. P. JOHNSON, Gel. Pass. Agt., j ( W. B. ABTHUR, Gen. Supt., 
 
 ' Oliioa"O. ' I C/liion.jfo.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBAN* 
 
 917.73IL61G C001 
 
 A GUIDE TO THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD 
 
 30112025262301