9mJ 
 
 ^1 iOS 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 I |t"* 
 
 BY AI.EXR. MONBO, ESQ.
 
 a I B R.AFLY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY 
 Of ILLINOIS 
 
 Af7Ss 
 
 ^U. \\XSX, si/RVpy
 
 
 _ /i. '■i
 
 STATISTICS 
 
 OF 
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF ITS GOLD FIELDS. 
 
 "SHIPS, COMMERCE, AND COLONIES." 
 
 BY ALEXANDER MONRO, ESQ,., 
 
 Axitlxor of a Treatise oiii Laii-d. Surveying; and. 
 
 History, Greog^aplij'', and. ]Prod\xctions of 
 
 Nova Scotia, T>revir Bmns-vvicli, and. 
 
 Prince Ed-ward Island. 
 
 &o. 6cc. 6cc. 
 
 HALIFAX, N. S. 
 
 PRINTED BY E. M. McDONALD. 
 
 1862.

 
 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 ^ — — * — 
 
 ''Statistics is the science which treats of the strength and resources of 
 n.ntions: — national resources, population, agriculture, commerce, manu- 
 factures, Ac.''— Worcester. 
 
 Ix submitting this work to the attention of his readers, the 
 writer disclaims all pretensions to originality. His labor has 
 j been that of a compiler, and he has quoted liberally from 
 * the Census Reports of the Colonics for 1851 and 18G1, as well 
 -^ as from all other resources within his reach. 
 r\i' In addition to personal knowledge, and in proof of tlie labor 
 "^ devoted to its preparation, he has examined upwards of tifty 
 ^ different reports and works relating to the country, and obtained 
 V4.I useful information from each, which is here placed before tho 
 jT public in a portable form. 
 ""^^ That the work may be found to contain reliable information. 
 ir) useful to all, is the desire of 
 "Tt^-r ALEXR. MONRO. 
 
 ^ Port Elgin, New Brukswick. "^^ 
 (^ October, 18G2. J
 
 TiiK writer is under special obligations, for Reports', kc. 
 
 To the Hon. P. J. 0. Cheaveau, of Canada, 
 " A. A. Dorion, " 
 
 " Joseph Couchou, '* 
 
 •' P. M. Vankoughnet, " 
 
 •' Sidney Smith, *' 
 
 Professor Dawson, •' 
 
 Doctor Ryerson, ** 
 
 John Lovell Esq., ** 
 
 lion. Jonathan McCully, — Nova Scotia, 
 '• Charles Tupper, M. D., '* 
 '* Robert Carter, 11. N., — Newfoundland, 
 
 W, II. Pope, — Prince Edward Island, 
 " A. E. Botsford, — New Drunswick, 
 A. R. McLellan, M. P. P.,
 
 1
 
 STATISTICS 
 
 OF 
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA 
 
 The British Colonial Empire has recently assumed 
 very large proportions. Its aggregate population 
 amounts to 195,000,000 souls; its imports and 
 exports to £176,000,000 sterling. The amount of 
 its imports from the Mother Country is £40,000,000 
 — being nearly one-third of the total exports of the 
 British Islands to all other countries. 
 
 3iany of the Colonies have sprung, within the last 
 (•eiitury, from mere settlements, ruled hy an Admin- 
 istrative Department in Great Britain, to Common- 
 wealths, possessing native Legislatures and Elective 
 (rovernments. Their growth in population, trade, 
 and material wealth, has but few parallels. 
 
 In this vast Colonial domain, 
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICxV 
 
 occupies a prominent place. It contains four millions 
 of square miles ; it is one-third in size of the American 
 Continent; it is larger than all Europe, or the 
 States. Federate and Confederate, of Amei-ica. Itn 
 poi)ulation numbers nearly four millions of inhab-
 
 8 STATISTICS OF 
 
 itants ; and its trade has more tlian quadrupled, being 
 $45,000,000 dollars within the last decade. In the 
 construction of Eailroads alone, British North 
 America exceeds the aggregate of Eussia, Rome. 
 Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Holland, Switzerland, 
 Portugal, Turkey, Egypt, and the Brazilian Empire. 
 In the extent of Telegraphic communication, it ex- 
 ceeds the aggregate of many of the nations of Europe ; 
 in the tonnage of its shipping, it ranks seventh 
 among the nations of the earth ; and in gold, silver, 
 coal, iron ore, copper, and other valuable minerals, 
 in agricultural capabilities, and piscatory advantages, 
 it has few parallels. 
 
 Boundaries. — British North America is bounded 
 southerly by the Atlantic Ocean and the States of 
 America (Lat. 49°) ; westerly by the Pacific Ocean 
 and Russian America ; northerly by the Arctic Ocean 
 and Baffin's Bay; and easterly by Davis' Straits and 
 the Atlantic Ocean; extending from 41° 50' to 71° 
 North Latitude, and from 52° 50' to 141° West 
 Longitude. Its greatest length, from the Atlantic 
 frontier of Nova Scotia to the Pacific Ocean at Van- 
 couver's Island, is 3,000 miles; and greatest breadth, 
 1,600 miles. Of its area 2,600,000 square miles is 
 land, a large part of which lies within the North 
 Temperate Zone. It has an aggregate seaboard, 
 accessible to shij^s at all seasons of the year, of 1,200 
 miles, besides 4,300 miles open for shorter periods.
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 9 
 
 Subdivisions. — British JSTorth America is divided 
 into Colonies and Territories, as follows : 
 
 Nova Scotia, and Nexvfouiidland on the south-east; 
 New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, north of 
 Nova Scotia ; British Columhia, on the Pacific Ocean ; 
 and Canada, and the Hudson's Bay Company's Terri- 
 tory, occupy the intervening space. 
 
 General Description. — External Waters. — These 
 Colonies and Territories have a seaboard, including 
 the space between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland 
 (50 miles), on the south-east, of 700 miles, open to 
 navigation at all seasons of the year; and easterly, 
 on the Atlantic, of 1,200 miles, navigable from three 
 to four months in the year; — making 1,900 miles on 
 the Atlantic Ocean. Davis Straits, Baffin's Bay, and 
 Barrow Strait, have an aggregate front of 1,800 
 miles, navigable for a few weeks only in the year. 
 A seaboard of 1,300 miles on the Arctic Ocean, a 
 frozen coast, and 500 miles on the Pacific, a large 
 extent of which is navigable at all seasons of the 
 year; — making a total of 5,500 miles, exclusive of the 
 indentations of the coast. 
 
 Inland Seas. — Within this vast area lies Hudson's 
 Bay, in the north, extending 900 miles north-easterly, 
 and 500 westerly. The Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the 
 south, extends from Canada southerly to the Atlantic 
 Ocean, 300 miles, and 250 miles from east to west, 
 from Canada to Newfoundland; it has a three-fold 
 outlet into the Atlantic Ocean, — one by the Strait
 
 10 STATISTICS OF 
 
 of Belle Isle, north of Newfoundland; one between 
 l^Tova Scotia and Newfoundland ; and a third between 
 Kova Scotia Proper and Cape Breton, by the Strait 
 of Canso. The third great tract of waters is the 
 fresh water lakes of Canada, which cover, in the 
 aggregate, an area of upwards of 100,000 square 
 miles. 
 
 Rivers. — The great Elvers of Britisli North Ame- 
 rica are, the St. Lawrence, Mackenzie, and Saskat- 
 chewan. Of these the St. Lawrence is the principal. 
 This river, with its chain of lakes, is 2,200 miles long, 
 and discharges its waters into the Gulf of St, 
 Lawrence. It varies in width from twenty-five to 
 three miles, and, exclusive of the lakes and their 
 connecting links, it is 756 miles in length. Its prin- 
 cipal tributaries are, the Saguenay, St. Maurice, and 
 Ottawa; the former penetrates northern Canada for 
 nearly 400 miles, and drains 26,000 square miles. 
 
 The St. Maurice intersects the same section of 
 country for about 500 miles, and drains 40,000 square 
 miles ; and the Ottawa penetrates north-Avestern 
 Canada for about 800 miles, and, with the aggrega- 
 tion of its tributaries, forms an extent of about 3,700 
 miles, and drains about 80,000 square miles. 
 
 The Mackenzie River, including Great Slave Lake, 
 with its tributary, Athabaska Eiver, is upwards of 
 2,000 miles long; it is navigable for 1,200 miles, and 
 discharges its Avaters, by several mouths, into the 
 Arctic Ocean, its western outlet being in lat. 68° 49' 
 n., and Ion. 135° 37' w. The River Saskatchewan,
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 11 
 
 including Lake Winnipeg, is 1,600 miles in length, 
 and, like the Mackenzie, takes its rise on tlie east- 
 ern slope of the Rocky Mountains. The Saskat- 
 clicwan discharires into Hudson's Bay, and is na^^i* 
 gable for steamers for two-thirds of its entire length. 
 The smaller rivers of British JN'orth America might 
 be counted by several hundreds; of these the Fraser, 
 and Stickeen, on the Pacific side of the Continent, 
 are the principal. The former is 900 miles long, and 
 takes its rise near the western slope of the Eocky 
 Mountains; with the Thompson, and other tribu- 
 taries, it drains tlic far famed gold fields of British 
 Columbia, and discharges into the Gulf of Georgia, 
 opposite Vancouver's Island, The Stickeen River is 
 al.>out 500 miles long, and discharges into the Pacific 
 Ocean 160 Tniles north of Fort Simpson ; it is navi- 
 <rable for steamers for 150 miles. The bed of this 
 river, as also that of the Fraser, is auriferous. Be- 
 tween the Fraser and the Stickeen, numerous rivers, 
 varying in length from 100 to 400 miles, penetrate 
 tlie country. 
 
 Newfoundland has no rivers, while those of the 
 other Lower Provinces number hundi-eds, and vary 
 iii length from 20 to 100 miles. The River St. John, 
 in Xew BrunsAvick, is 450 miles long. 
 
 Mountains, Plateaus, and Valleys. — In North Ame- 
 rica, there are two great valleys, separated by a 
 range of mountains known as the •• Rocky Mouu-^ 
 tains," which extend from the Isthmus of Panama, 
 in the south, to the Arctic Ocean. The country,.
 
 12 STATISTICS OF 
 
 easterly and westerly of this range, tlie summits oi 
 which are from 14.000 to 16.000 feet hio-h, are again 
 subdivided by numerous irregular mountain ranges 
 of comparatively limited extent and height. 
 
 The following are some of the principal mountain 
 and valley i*anges in British North America : 
 
 Beginning at the Atlantic frontier of Nova Scotia. 
 a range of highlands skirts the Atlantic sea-board, 
 and extends inland for fifteen or twenty miles. 
 This dislocated range of metamorphic hills nowhere 
 assumes the height of mountains. Sixty miles in- 
 land from this seaboard, and nearlj^ parallel thereto, 
 the " Cobequid Mountains," 1,100 feet high, traverse 
 Nova Scotia, from the Bay of Fundy to the Strait 
 of Canso. This range is clothed with a large grovv^th 
 of timber, to its summit, where agricultural products 
 grow luxuriantly. Between the Atlantic and Cobe- 
 quid ranges is a rich and fertile valley, embracing 
 the entire length of Nova Scotia Proper. 
 
 The third mountainous ran^ce, of moderate eleva- 
 tion, traverses the boundary between Canada and 
 New Brunswick, from the State of Maine to the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrei ce At the easterly side of this 
 range, the Eiver St. John as mmes at the " Grand 
 Falls," an elevation, above its ordinary level, of 120 
 feet, including the rapids below. Between this range 
 and the Cobequid Mountains, with which it runs par- 
 allel, is an extensive plateau of fertile lands, 230 miles 
 in width, embracing a large part of Nova Scotia, all 
 Prince Edw^ard Island, and nearly the whole of New 
 Brunswick. The coast of Labrador is mountainous.
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 13 
 
 The mountain formations of the country lying be- 
 tween the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Eocky 
 Mountains assume a different direction from the 
 lower mountain ranges above referred to. The 
 country pi-esents a terraced character ; the naviga- 
 tion of the principal streams is obstructed by nume- 
 rous falls and rapids, the result of convulsions of no 
 ordinary nature. The principal part of the moun- 
 tainous districts run in the direction of the great 
 rivers and lakes tying between the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence and the Eocky Mountains. 
 
 The Eiver St. Lawrence and its principal tribu- 
 taries, the Saguenay, St. Maurice, and Ottawa Elvers, 
 are skirted on each side by birchen ranges of conical 
 mountains, some of which rise to the height of 3,000 
 feet. South of the St. Lawrence, and about 65 miles 
 therefrom, along the boundary between the States 
 and Canada, a range of mountainous lands runs 
 nearly parallel to the St. Law^rence. 
 
 About 200 miles north of the St. Lawrence, and 
 nearly parallel therewith, are the '* Laurentiau' 
 Mountains,^^ an extensive range of high lands- 
 North of this range, agricultural vegetation is un- 
 profitable; but between these mountains and the 
 Eiver St. Lawrence, agriculture is pursued with 
 profit. The country watered by the Ottawa, St. 
 Maurice, and Saguenay Elvers, is one of the bc&t 
 lumbering districts in America. 
 
 The Eiver St. Lawrence, between Montreal and 
 Lake Ontario, assumes a terraced character; nume- 
 rous rapids obstructing its navigation. At the cele-
 
 14 STATISTICS OF 
 
 brated Falls of Niagara, the country is apparently 
 upheaved 165 feet above its general level. Although 
 Canada West is generally considered a flat country, 
 still there are some hilly and mountainous districts j 
 One of these, in the Townships of Albion and Cobden, 
 extends to Lake Huron, and terminates in the " Blue 
 Mountains," on the Georgian Bay. One of thesei 
 mountains is 1,900 feet above the level of the lake. 
 Between each of the mountain ranges above described, 
 extensive plateaus and vallej^s of fertile lands inter- 
 vene, o:i^'inff to the countrv a valuable character in 
 an agricultural point of view. 
 
 The country Ij'ing between Lake Superior and the 
 Hocky Mountains is intersected by numerous chains 
 of mountainous ranges, with extensive valleys of 
 fertile lands skirting the Saskatchewan, Assiniboine, 
 xind Red Rivers. Between Hudson's Bay and Lake 
 Winnipeg, there is an extensive mountain range, 
 which runs northward parallel to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. 
 
 The Rocky Mountains run nearly parallel to the 
 Pacific Ocean. Where these mountains cross British 
 Territory, they assume a comparatively moderate 
 height, aifording the only practicable path for a rail- 
 road acros^s the northern part of this continent. The 
 Rocky Mountains are about 500 miles from the Pa- 
 cific coast. Between this coast and these mountains.'^ 
 iind nearly parallel therewith, are two ranges known 
 as the '■ Cascade," and " Blue Mountains." Some of 
 the rivers discharging into the Pacific are skirted by 
 hills of considerable magnitude.
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 1^ 
 
 The principal part of the hyperborean territory- 
 lying around Hudson's Bay, is a terra incognita to 
 geographers generally. Future explorations will, no 
 doubt, reveal peculiarities in this vast region useful 
 to science and commerce. 
 
 The country north of this region has long been a 
 Bcene of interest to the world. Here repeated explo- 
 rations have been made, at a great sacrifice of valu- 
 able life and property, in search for a " Xorth-west 
 Passage,'^ which, after numerous fruitless attempts, 
 was found by Captain McClure, in 1852. Science, it 
 is true, has been advanced by this discovery, and by 
 the numerous explorations made; but the benefits 
 arising to science and commerce are incommensurate 
 with the vast expenditures incurred. The passage, 
 though discovered, is impracticable as a highway for 
 ships passing between the two great oceans of the 
 world — the Atlantic and the Pacific. 
 
 BOUNDARIES AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF EACH 
 PROVINCE, &c. 
 
 Canada, including Canada East and Canada West, 
 united in 1841, is bounded westerly by Lakes Supe- 
 rior, Huron, and St. Clair, and their connecting 
 rivers ; southerly by Lakes Erie and Ontario, the St. 
 Lawrence, and the States of New York, Vermont, 
 New Hampshire, and Maine, the Province of New 
 BrunsAvick, and the Bay Chaleur; easterly by the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence and Labrador; and north- 
 erly by the Hudson's Bay Territory. It contains 
 357,822 square miles, and a population of 2,507,571.
 
 16 STATISTICS OF 
 
 A full description of all the attributes of this inval- 
 uable Colony is beyond our present limits. Its great 
 leading features are all we attempt to describe. 
 
 Lakes. — Lake Ontario, the lowest of the series, is 
 756 miles from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The next 
 in ascending order are Lakes Erie, St. Clair, Huron, 
 and Superior, leaving Lake Michigan, which is wholly 
 within the boundaries of the Northern States, on the 
 south. 
 
 The line dividing Canada from the States passes 
 through the centre of the lakes bounding on Canada. 
 Some of these lakes lie one above another in plateaus. 
 Lake Nipisin is 40 miles long and 20 miles in width, 
 and disch^ges, by the Eiver St. Francis, into the 
 Georgian Bay, an indentation of Lake Huron. There 
 are scores of lakes in Canada, some of which are of 
 considerable magnitude.
 
 BRITISH KORTH AMERICA. :17 
 
 The following Tabular Statement will convey an idea of the 
 mag7iitude of some of these Inland Seas. 
 
 Names of Lakes. 
 
 Distance from 
 mouth of the 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 
 •i-i 
 
 ^ . 
 
 
 e3 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o -^ 
 
 
 Ontario 
 
 756 
 1041 
 1355 
 
 180 
 240 
 250 
 810 
 20 
 355 
 
 65 
 80 
 
 200 
 90 
 36 
 
 160 
 
 500 
 100 
 800 
 800 
 20 
 908 
 
 260 
 655 
 574 
 687 
 571 
 602 
 
 7000 
 
 Erie 
 
 11000 
 
 Huron 
 
 20000 
 
 Michigan 
 
 2000O 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 
 360 
 
 Superior 
 
 1640 
 
 40000 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 1815 
 
 646 
 
 
 
 98360 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Canals.' — The continuous navigation of tlie St. Law- 
 rence, the great lakes, and their tributary streams, 
 being obstructed by falls and rapids, numerous canals 
 have been constructed, affording a passage for the 
 ships of the ocean into the very centre of British 
 North America. Along the rapids of the St. Law^ 
 rence, seven ship canals of various lengths, from one 
 to twelve miles (but in the aggregate 41 miles of 
 canal), have been constructed. By these canals sea- 
 going vessels are enabled to ascend 116 miles of the 
 river, overcoming a fall of 225 feet above the level of 
 2
 
 18 STATISTICS OF 
 
 tide-water, whicli added to 52 miles of sailing, — 168 
 miles, above Montreal, to Lake Ontario. This lake 
 is connected with Lake Erie by the ^Niagara Eiver, 
 35 miles long, the navigation of which is obstructed 
 by the Niagara Falls. Vessels of 450 tons, carrying 
 3,000 barrels of flour, pass from Lake Ontario to 
 Lake Erie by the Welland Canal. This canal, which 
 is 28 miles long, is composed of 37 cut stone locks, 
 each of which has a length of chamber of 150 feet by 
 26 feet in breadth. By it vessels are enabled to sur- 
 mount an elevation of 330 feet. It is navigable for 
 250 days in the year, and is the most profitable of all 
 the canals of Canada. The average number of sail- 
 ing vessels and steamers which passed through this 
 canal during the last eighteen years, was 3,671 per 
 annum; and in 1861, not less than 4,315 vessels 
 passed through it. 
 
 The amount of revenue collected in 1859 was 
 $139,068; in 1860, $176,760 ; and in 1861, $241,029. 
 There was, in the latter year, after deducting the 
 costs of repairs and management, a nett revenue of 
 $184,476. 
 
 Lake Erie is connected with Lake Huron by the 
 Detroit Eiver, and by the Lake and Eiver St. Clair, 
 in all, 75 miles of navigation. Lakes Huron and Su- 
 perior are connected by St. Mary's Eiver, 39 miles 
 long. The navigation of this river is obstructed for 
 about one mile and a-half, which is overcome by a 
 canal at the Sault St. Marie, on the United States 
 side of this river. 
 
 The Eideau Canal, 142 miles long, unites the'Cities
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 19 
 
 of K'mo-ston and Ottawa. It was constructed by the 
 Imperial Government for military purposes, and is 
 composed of 47 locks. It is now^ a highway for pas- 
 sengers, and the products of a fertile country. At 
 its eastern extremity stands the City of Ottawa, on 
 the west bank of, and 127 miles from the mouth of 
 the Ottawa Kiver. On this river there are numerous 
 rapids which impede navigation; these are being 
 overcome by the construction of dams and canals. 
 The navigation of the St. Maurice and Saguenay 
 Eivers is similarly obstructed, which is also being, 
 overcome by the construction of canals and dams,, 
 affording an outlet to the St. Lawrence for the vast 
 stores of forest products w^hich the country, watered 
 by these northern rivers, contains ; besides facilitat- 
 ing settlement, for which large sections are highly 
 adapted. 
 
 The aggregate length of the canals of Canada is- 
 216 miles, and cost $16,000,000. 
 
 Niagara Falls, and Bridges. — The name 'Niagara, 
 signifying in the Iroquois language, Thunder of 
 Waters, is very appropriately given to this river. 
 These falls are the most celebrated in the world.. 
 The River Niagara, 34 miles long, which unites 
 Lakes Ontario and Erie, is the passage for all the 
 waters of Lakes Erie, Huron., St. Clair, Superior, 
 Michigan, Nipissing, and other minor lakes, and their 
 numerous affluents. It varies in width from one- 
 fourth to three-fourths of a mile, and its mural sides 
 are 250 feet high.. The waters of these lakes, over
 
 20 STATISTICS OF 
 
 which, during six months of the year, thousands of 
 tons of shipping daily pass, cover an area nearly 
 equal to one-half the fresh water lakes in the world. 
 From this fact some conception may be formed of the 
 immense volume of water continually precipitated 
 over Niagara Falls. The Falls, which are situated 
 14 miles above Lake Ontario, are 165 feet high. 
 Over this river two suspension bridges have been 
 constructed ; one at Queenstown. for passengers, and 
 the other at Elgin, near the Falls, a railway and 
 passenger bridge. 
 
 These Falls may well be considered one of nature's 
 grand achievements; and the suspension bridges, 
 especially that near the Falls, as master-pieces of 
 human ingenuity and labor. The beauty and gran- 
 deur of this " Thunder of Waters,'' and its surround- 
 ings, are calculated to render it the most attractive 
 scene on this continent. 
 
 Victoria Bridge. — This bridge, which was opened to 
 the public in 18G0, spans the River St. Lawrence, at 
 Montreal. It forms a part of the Grand Trunk Rail- 
 w^ay, and is one of the most stupendous and massive 
 structures of modern times. It is tubular, consisting 
 of 23 spans of 240 feet each, and one in the centre of 
 880. These spans are approached on each side by 
 causewavs, terminating: in abutments of solid ma- 
 sonry. The southern causeway is 240 feet long, and 
 the northern, 1,400; the width of each being 90 feet. 
 The total length of the bridge is two miles, less fifty 
 yards. It cost nearly two and a-half million pounds
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 21 
 
 Bterling. By this bridge, two extensive and populous 
 sections of country are united; thus adding to their 
 social, agricultural, and commercial development. 
 
 The Ottawa and its Tributaries. — This river is one 
 of the most important tributaries of the St. Law- 
 rence. It is the northern boundary between Eastern 
 and Western Canada, and is the outlet of vast stores 
 of timber. On its w^estern bank is situated the City 
 of Ottawa, the seat of the Canadian Government. 
 
 The following brief description may not be unin- 
 teresting : 
 
 The Eiver Ottawa, or Grand River, empties into the 
 St. Lawrence, near the City of Montreal, 590 miles 
 from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Fifty miles above 
 its confluence with the St. Lawrence, the Eiver du 
 Kord, 160 miles long, joins it from the north, and the 
 Assumption, 130 miles long, from the west. At this 
 point the rapids are avoided by a canal. At 70 miles 
 it receives the River Rouge, 90 miles long, and at 93 
 miles, the north and south Nation Rivers, each 100 
 miles long. The River du Lievre, 260 miles long, 
 enters from the north, 108 miles above the St. Law- 
 rence; and at 126 miles, the River Gatineae, which 
 drains 12,000 square miles, enters from the same 
 quarter. Above the St. Lawrence, 127 miles, stands 
 Byetown, now the City of Ottawa, and the capital 
 of Canada, near which the Rideau River, 116 miles 
 long, and the Rideau Canal, enter the Ottawa. At 
 loo miles are the Chaudiere Falls, 40 feet in height. 
 Here the Ottawa almost disappears, giving rise to
 
 22 STATISTICS OF 
 
 the expression — " A liimdrecl rivers struggling for a 
 passage.'^ Above the St. Lawrence, 164 miles, are 
 three miles of rapids, which obstruction to navigation 
 is overcome by a canal. At 166 miles, the Mada- 
 waska, 210 miles long, empties into it from the west, 
 and at 177, the Eonnachere, 110 miles in length; at 
 197, the Contage, 160 miles long ; at 206 miles. Black 
 Eiver, 130 miles in length, and at 242 miles, the 
 Petewawa, 140 miles long, empty into it from the 
 same side. At 440 miles from the St. Lawrence, the 
 Ottawa receives the waters of the Mattawa, an ex- 
 tensive river, from the north-west; at 772 miles, 
 those of the Dumoine, and at 776 those of the Keep- 
 awa. 120 miles long; the two latter, it is said, anom- 
 alously take their rise in one lake, which is 50 miles 
 long. Near the head of the Ottawa, the Montreal, 
 120 miles long, and the Blanche, 90, enter from the 
 north. 
 
 Steamers ascend the Ottawa for nearly 200 miles, 
 which, with the St. Maurice, and Saguenay Elvers, 
 and their numerous and extensive tributaries, drains 
 150,000 square miles of the best timbered country in 
 America, a large portion of which is excellent tillage 
 land. 
 
 These rivers hardly form a moiety of the river 
 navigation of Canada. The whole of Canada West 
 is drained by numbers, which pour their waters into 
 the " Great Lakes;" and, allowing Canada to include 
 the country lying around Lake Winnipeg — an inland 
 sea as large as Lake Erie — her i-iver communication 
 is very extensive. Into Lake Winnipeg flow the
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 23 
 
 Saskatchewan, Eed, and Assiniboine Elvers, from 
 the north-west. The rivers flowing into Lake Supe- 
 rior are also numerous and extensive. 
 
 For grandeur of scenery, some of the rivers of 
 Canada are unequalled. Although want of space 
 forbids details, yet we cannot pass the Saguenay 
 without making a few brief observations. This 
 river discharges its contents into the St. Lawrence, 
 about 110 miles below Quebec, and is one of the most 
 extraordinary in the world. Its dark waters, 100 
 fathoms in depth, with its lofty mural sides, broken 
 at intervals to receive the waters of numerous tribu- 
 taries, present a scene of wild and unparalleled mag- 
 nificence. In ascending from its confluence with the 
 St. Lawrence, Capes Trinity and Eternity exhibit 
 grand phenomena. A little farther, and Tableau 
 Eock, a column of dark colored granite, 600 feet high 
 by 300 wide, appears in bold relief, its sides smooth 
 as if they had just received the last polishing stroke 
 from the artisan's chisel. Such is the appearance of 
 this river from its mouth to its source. Six miles 
 above its junction with the St. Lawi'ence is the town 
 of Tadoussac, surrounded by beautiful and romantic 
 scenery. 
 
 Heads, Lands for settlement, c&c— Canada, in addition 
 to 2,000 miles of railway in operation, has its net- 
 work of common roads. All the settled portions of 
 it are traversed by excellent highways. In this 
 Province, as in other Colonies, roads are first opened 
 by a grant from the public Eevenue, and, to some
 
 2i STATISTICS OF 
 
 extent, kept in repair by government appropriation. 
 Statute Labor is also performed by the inhabitants, 
 in their respective districts. 
 
 The Legislature of Canada annually expends large 
 amounts in the projection of " Colonization Eoads," 
 the opening of which is the preparatory step to the 
 settlement of the wilderness. There are numbers of 
 these roads now in course of construction, some of 
 which are very extensive. 
 
 In Lower Canada, the Ottawa, St. Maurice, and 
 Saguenay Eiver districts, on the north of the Eiver 
 St. Lawrence, especially the two former, are now 
 being opened up, by roads and cross roads, for hun-i 
 dreds of miles. Here a country more than double 
 the size of the State of New York, and equally as 
 fertile, is being laid open to settlement. 
 
 On the south side of the St. Lawrence, the Tache 
 Boad has been projected, 209 miles into the country 
 lying between the settlements in the district of 
 Quebec, and the l^ew Brunswick boundary. There 
 are numerous cross roads, designed to intersect this 
 great highway, bounded on all sides ^by fertile lands. 
 
 The lands surveyed in Lower Canada, up to the 
 beginning of 1860, " cover an area of 366,495 acres, 
 dispersed through an aggregate of 21 townships ; the 
 whole within five and a-half townships of the ordi- 
 nary dimensions of 10 miles square." The average 
 cost of making roads in the wilderness, where bridg- 
 ing is not very expensive, is two hundred dollars per 
 mile. 
 
 In "Western Canada, also, the wildernesses and
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 25 
 
 solitary parts are being penetrated hj Colonization 
 Eoads. The country lying between the Georgian 
 Bay, an oifehoot of Lake Huron, and the City of 
 Ottawa, 200 miles, is traversed by one leading line of 
 road, which is intersected by numerous cross roads. 
 One of these projected lines will open for settlement, 
 in its length of 120 miles, a large tract of superior 
 land. Another road has been projected, running 
 from Sault St. Marie to the eastern boundary of 
 Georgian Bay, 135 miles in length. 
 
 Civil Divisions. — Lower Canada embraces the 
 country north of the St. Lawrence, and east of the 
 Ottawa Eivers, and also the country south of the St. 
 Lawrence, adjoining the United States and New 
 Brunswick. It is divided into Counties and Town- 
 ships. 
 
 The following Table contains the Population of Canada 
 East, by Cities and Counties, in 1861. 
 
 Montreal City 90,323 
 
 Quebec City 61,109 
 
 Three Eivers City 6,058 
 
 Sherbrooke Town 5,899 
 
 COUNTIES. POPULATION. 
 
 1. L'Assomption 17,355 
 
 2. Argenteuil 12,897 
 
 3. Arthabaska 13,473 
 
 4. Bagot 18,841
 
 26 STATISTICS OF 
 
 COUNTIES. POPULATION. 
 
 5. Beaiice 20,416 
 
 6. Beauharnois 15,742 
 
 7. Bellechasse 16,062 
 
 8. Berthier 19,608 
 
 9. Bonaventure 13,092 
 
 10. Brorne 12,732 
 
 11. Chambly 13,132 
 
 12. Champlain 20,008 
 
 13. Charleroix 15,223 
 
 14. Chateaugnay 17,837 
 
 15. Chicoutimi 10,478 
 
 16. Compton 10,210 
 
 17. Dorchester 16,195 
 
 18. Drummond 12,356 
 
 19. Gaspe, and Magdalen Islands 14,077 
 
 20. Hochelaga 16,474 
 
 21. Hnntmgdon 17,491 
 
 22. Iberville 16,891 
 
 23. L'Islet 12,300 
 
 24. Jacques Cartier 11,218 
 
 25. Joliette 21,198 
 
 26. Kamouraska 21,058 
 
 27. La Prairie 14,475 
 
 28. Laval 10,507 
 
 29. Levis 22,091 
 
 30. Lotbiniere 20,018 
 
 31. Maskinonge 14,790 
 
 32. Megantic 17,889 
 
 33. Missisquoi 18,608 
 
 34. Montcalm 14,758
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA; 27 
 
 COUNTIES. POPULATION. 
 
 35. Montrnagny 13.386 
 
 36. Montmorency 11,136 
 
 37. Napierville 14,513 
 
 38. Nicolet 21,563 
 
 39. Ottawa 27,757 
 
 10. Pontiac 14,125 
 
 41. Portneuf. 21,291 
 
 42. Quebec 27,893 
 
 43. Eicbelieu 19,070 
 
 44. Eichmond 8,884 
 
 45. Eimouska 20,854 
 
 46. Eouville 18,227 
 
 47. Saguenay 6,101 
 
 48. Shefford 17,779 
 
 49. Soulanges 12,221 
 
 50. St. Hyacintbe 18,877 
 
 51. St. Jobn's , 14,853 
 
 52. St. Maurice 11,100 
 
 53. Stanstead 12,258 
 
 54. Temiscouata 18,561 
 
 55. Terre Bonne 19,460 
 
 56. Two Mountains 18,408 
 
 57. Yaudreuil 12,282 
 
 58. Yercberes 15,485 
 
 59. Wolfe 6,548 
 
 60. Yamaska 16,045 
 
 Tbe total population of tbe four cities and the 
 sixty counties of Lower Canada is 1,111,556. In 
 1851, tbis section of Canada contained 36 counties,
 
 28 
 
 STATISTIC 
 
 whicli contained an aggregat 
 showing an increase of 24 
 inhabitants. The total nunil 
 and parishes, are 606. 
 
 The" following Table contains tJ' 
 West^ by Cities and Co 
 
 City of Hamilton 
 
 " Kingston 
 
 " London 
 
 " Ottawa 
 
 " Toronto 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 1. Brant 
 
 2. Brues 
 
 B. Carleton 
 
 4. Dundas 
 
 5. Durham 
 
 6. Elo-in 
 
 O 
 
 7. Essex 
 
 8. Frontenac 
 
 9. Glengary 
 
 10. Grenville 
 
 11. Grey 
 
 12. Haldimand 
 
 13. Holton 
 
 14. Hastings 
 
 15. Huron 
 
 16. Kent 
 
 ■Illation of 890,261, 
 ities, and 221,305 
 ' wards, townships, 
 
 >pulatio?i of Canada 
 -s,. in 1861. 
 
 19,096 
 
 13,743 
 
 11,555 
 
 14,669 
 
 44,821 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 30,338 
 
 27,499 
 
 29,620 
 
 18J77 
 
 39,115 
 
 32,050 
 
 25,211 
 
 27^347 
 
 21,187 
 
 24,191 
 
 37,750 
 
 23,708 
 
 22,794 
 
 44,970 
 
 51,954 
 
 31,183
 
 BRITIP 
 
 3IITH AMERICA. 
 
 29 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 17. Lambton 
 
 18. Lanark 
 
 19. Leeds 
 
 20. Lennox, and A 
 
 21. Lincoln 
 
 22. Middlesex 
 
 23. :N'orfolk 
 
 24. Xortliumberlaii 
 
 25. Ontario 
 
 26. Oxford 
 
 27. Peel 
 
 28. Perth 
 
 29. Peterborough.., 
 80. Prescott 
 
 31. Prince Edward 
 
 32. Renfrew 
 
 33. Russell 
 
 34. Simcoe 
 
 35. Stormont 
 
 36. Victoria 
 
 37. Waterloo 
 
 38. Welland 
 
 39. Wellington 
 
 40. Wentworth 
 
 41. York 
 
 42. Algoma Distric 
 
 43. Nipissing Disl: 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 24,916 
 
 31,639 
 
 35,750 
 
 .■ton 28,002 
 
 27,625 
 
 48.736 
 
 28,590 
 
 40,592 
 
 41,604 
 
 46,226 
 
 27^240 
 
 38,083 
 
 24,651 
 
 15,499 
 
 20,869 
 
 20,326 
 
 6,824 
 
 44J20 
 
 18,129 
 
 23,039 
 
 38,750 
 
 24,988 
 
 49,200 
 
 31,832 
 
 59,674 
 
 4,916 
 
 2,094 
 
 The total popula 
 Lie^ of Canada Wes 
 
 )f the five cities and 43 coun- 
 ,396,091. Population in 1851
 
 "'•30 STATISTICS OF 
 
 was 952,004; increase in ten years, 444,087. The 
 townships, &c., of Canada West number 480 ; making 
 in the Province of Canada 103 counties, and 1,086 
 subdivisions, known as wards, townships, and par- 
 ishes. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 This Province, including the Island of Cape Breton, 
 is bounded north-westerly by the Province of Kew 
 Brunswick and the Bay of Fundy ; south-easterly by 
 the Atlantic Ocean, and north-westerly by the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, and the Straits of Northumberland. 
 It is situate between 43° and 47° north latitude, and 
 between 59° 40' and 66° 25' west longitude, and con- 
 tains an area of 18,600 square miles. Population 
 330,857. 
 
 Geographical Features. — From the peculiar con- 
 fiiTuration of the Province, stretchino; out like a wharf 
 into the Atlantic Ocean, and only bound to New 
 Brunswick by an isthmus fifteen miles wide, it has 
 few rivers which exceed fifty miles in length, though 
 they number scores. The Avon, Annaj^olis, and 
 Shubenacadie, are among its largest. It contains 
 upwards of 400 lakes, of which Lakes Rosignol and 
 St. George, the former, 30 miles long, are the largest. 
 
 Nova Scotia has a coast line of nearly 1,000 miles, 
 indented by numerous excellent harbors, of which 
 Halifax is the principal on the Atlantic. Besides the 
 Bay of Fundy, and its extensions, Chignecto and 
 Cumberland Bays, Minas Basin, an eastern arm of
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 31 
 
 the former, extends fifty miles into the Province. It 
 is from 15 to 20 miles in width. The Strait of Canso, 
 one of the outlets of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, divides 
 Nova Scotia Proper from the Island of Cape Breton ; 
 it is 16 miles long, and from half a mile to two miles 
 in width, affording a safe and convenient passage for 
 ships between the Ocean and the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence. Gape Breton contains an area of nearly 3,000 
 square miles. In its interior is an inland sea, the 
 Bras d'Or, supplied from the Atlantic by two chan- 
 nels, each about 80 miles in length. This salt-water 
 lake covers an area of about 500 square miles. 
 
 In our general description of British North Ame- 
 rica will be found a brief description of the principal 
 mountain ranges of Nova Scotia, therefore it is only 
 necessary to say, in addition, that in the Island of 
 Cape Breton, as in Nova Scotia Proper, there are 
 several hilly districts, separated by fertile vales, 
 which give to the country a picturesque appearance. 
 Indeed the Province is beautifully interspersed with 
 mountains, hills, lakes, rivers, and fertile plains. 
 
 Eoads extend across the Province, in all directions j 
 up its rivers, along its valleys, and almost around its 
 sea-girt boundary. Along these roads the settle- 
 ments are almost continuous; and at almost every 
 one of its harbors, a town is springing up, some of 
 which have already extended, in population and ma- 
 terial wealth, to the magnitude of cities. 
 
 Sable Island, which has been the scene of frequent 
 shipwrecks, is situated between the parallels of 43° 
 ,and U° north latitude, and between 60° 10' and 59°
 
 32 STATISTICS 0? 
 
 38' west longitude. It is 88 miles from Cape Canseaii, 
 in Nova Scotia. It is in the form of a crescent, and 
 is about 25 miles in length, by about a mile in width, 
 formed of sand hills, thrown up by the sea, some of 
 which are eighty feet in height. Its north-eastern 
 bar extends about 13 miles into the sea, at which 
 point the water is six fathoms in depth. It possesses 
 herds of wild horses, known as Sable Island ponies^ 
 which feed on the wild grasses with which the island 
 abounds. 
 
 Commercially, Nova Scotia occupies a prominent 
 position on the American Continent. Her nume* 
 rous sea-ports and rivers, arable lands, inexhaust* 
 ible mineral treasures — gold, copper, iron ore, coal, 
 &c. ; her fisheries, and maritime position, being in 
 the track of ships from Europe, with the ultimate 
 prospect of being the Atlantic terminus of the St. 
 Lawrence and Atlantic Bailroad; with hundreds of 
 local advantages, add materially to her commercial 
 wealth.
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 33 
 
 Progressive Population of Nova Scotia by Counties. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Halifax 
 
 Lunenburg ... 
 
 Queen's 
 
 Shelburne 
 
 Yarmouth 
 
 Digby 
 
 Annapolis 
 
 King's 
 
 Hants 
 
 Cumberland.. 
 
 Colchester 
 
 Pictou 
 
 Guysborough, 
 
 Sydney 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Cape Breton., 
 
 Victoria , 
 
 Inverness , 
 
 18 Counties. 
 
 County Towns. 
 
 City of Halifax. 
 
 Lunenburg 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 Shelburne 
 
 Yarmouth ...... . 
 
 Digby 
 
 Annapolis 
 
 Kentville 
 
 Windsor 
 
 Amherst 
 
 Truro 
 
 Pictou 
 
 Guysborough... 
 
 Antigonishe 
 
 Arichat , 
 
 Sydney 
 
 Baddeck 
 
 Port Hood 
 
 Increase. 
 
 1838. 
 
 28570 
 
 12058 
 
 5798 
 
 6831 
 
 9189 
 
 9269 
 
 11989 
 
 13709 
 
 11399 
 
 7572 
 
 11228 
 
 21449 
 
 7447 
 
 7103 
 
 7667 
 
 14111 
 
 13642 
 
 199028 
 
 1851. 
 
 39112 
 16395 
 7256 
 10622 
 13142 
 12252 
 14285 
 14138 
 14330 
 14339 
 15469 
 25593 
 10838 
 13467 
 10381 
 17500 
 10100 
 10917 
 
 276117 
 
 77089 
 
 1861. 
 
 49021 
 19632 
 
 9365 
 10668 
 15446 
 14751 
 16753 
 18731 
 17460 
 19533 
 20045 
 28785 
 12713 
 14871 
 12607 
 20866 
 
 9643 
 19967 
 
 330857 
 
 54740 
 
 Progressive Population of the City of Halifax. 
 In 1790 it contained 4,000 inhabitants, 
 " 1827 " 14^439 
 
 " 1851 " 19,949 " 
 
 1861 
 
 25,026 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 This island is bounded easterly and southerly by 
 the Atlantic Ocean, and westerly by the Grulf of St. 
 Lawrence and the Strait of Belle Isle. It is situate 
 3
 
 34 STATISTICS OF 
 
 between the parallels of 46° 40' and 51° 40' north 
 latitude, and between 52° 44' and 59° 30' west longi- 
 tude, and contains 36,000 square miles, with a poini- 
 lation, including part of Labrador, of 122,250. 
 
 Labrador, in the early history of the country, was 
 attached to the G-overnment of Newfoundland, after- 
 wards united to Canada, and re-united to the former 
 in 1808. It is separated from Newfoundland Proper 
 by the Strait of Belle Isle, which is twelve miles 
 wide and fifty miles in length. It extends from the 
 fiftieth to the sixty-first degree of north latitude, and 
 from the fifty-sixth to the seventy-eighth degree of 
 west longitude — from the Strait of Belle Isle to Hud- 
 son's Bay, 1,000 miles, and from the parallel of fifty, 
 north latitude, to Hudson's Strait, 800 miles; con- 
 taining an area of about 400,000 square miles. This 
 vast section of country, though situated far north in 
 a frigid climate, where the mean temperature of the 
 year does not exceed freezing point, and where noth- 
 ing can grow capable of supporting human life, still 
 contains a resident population of 10,000 or 12,000, 
 including the Moravians and Esquimaux, who live, 
 principally, by fishing and hunting. The Moravians 
 have numerous mission stations along the extensive 
 coast line of this almost inhospitable region. The 
 coast of Labrador is also visited, during the summer 
 season, by from 20,000 to 30,000 persons, for fishing 
 purposes, for which it is famed. 
 
 Leavino;, for want of reliable information, a further 
 description of this sterile region, we direct the
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 35 
 
 reader's attention to the more important section of 
 the Newfoundland domain, jSTewfoundland Proper. 
 
 This island is 290 miles in breadth, b}' 370 in 
 length, and about 1,000 miles in circumference. It 
 lies nearly in the form of an equilateral triangle, 
 with its northern angle towards Labrador, and its- 
 western angle within fifty miles of Nova Scotia. 
 
 The physical formation of Newfoundland differs 
 materially from that of its neighboring Colonies,, 
 presenting from the sea a wild and sterile appear- 
 ance. Its surface is diversified by mountains, hills, 
 marshes, barrens, lakes, and ponds. Some of the 
 mountains between Conception and St. Mary's Bays, 
 on the south, range from 1,000 to 1,400 feet in height. 
 There are numerous other places, both on the east 
 and west sides, where the mountain summits reach 
 the height of 1,000 feet; and the hills, varying in 
 height from 300 to 700 feet, may be counted by hun^ 
 dreds. 
 
 The tracts known as marshes, are open tracts, 
 covered with moss, which acts as a sponge, in the 
 retention of water. Some of the mossy districts 
 produce marsh plants, and grass, which are of little 
 use as food for cattle. The barrens occupy the tops 
 of hills. 
 
 The most remarkable of the physical peculiarities 
 of Newfoundland is the number of its lakes and 
 ponds. Contrary, however, to general usage, the 
 larger sheets of water are designated " ponds." and 
 the smaller ones "lakes." From the top of Powder- 
 horn Hill, at the head of Trinity Bay, it is said,
 
 36 STATISTICS OF 
 
 upwards of 150 ponds have been counted. Some are 
 situated on the tops of the hills, as well as in the 
 valleys. They vary in size, from fifty yards in diam- 
 eter to lakes upwards of four miles in breadth, and 
 thirty in length. The agregate area of the fresh 
 water lakes and ponds of this island is estimated to 
 be equal to one-third its whole area. Their outlets 
 to the sea are narrow winding streams, which no- 
 where assume the magnitude of navigable rivers, 
 though many of them are capable of driving water- 
 power machinery. 
 
 Harbors. — Xevrfoundland is a country of harbors. 
 Its Avhole contour is indented by bays and estuaries, 
 which penetrate to the bases, and wind between the 
 spurs of the hills and mountains. Many of these 
 harbors are capable of containing, in safety, the 
 whole British Xavy. The water is generally deep to 
 the base of its rocky coast line. Beginning at Cape 
 Eace, the southern extremity of the island, the prin- 
 cipal vv^esterly bays are, St. Mary's, Placentia, For- 
 tune, St. George's, Bay of Islands, Bonne, and St. 
 John. From Cape Eace. north-easterly, the prin- 
 cipal are, St. John's, at the capital, Conception, 
 Trinity (70 miles long by 30 in breadth), Bonavista, 
 Xotre Dame, AVhite, and Hare Bays. These bays 
 vary in length, from 25 to 70 miles, and are of great 
 breadth, affording, vrithin each of them, numerous 
 well sheltered harbors; in addition to which, the 
 whole coast is lined w^ith excellent harbors, affording 
 safe anchorage for all classes of vessels.
 
 BEITISH NORTH AMERICA. 37 
 
 The forest trees of ]N"ewfoundland are generally of 
 small growth, indicating the sterility of the soil. 
 There are some isolated spots, however, where they 
 are of large size, and where the soil is productive ; 
 "but the rocky character of the country retards its 
 cultivation. 
 
 " There is," sa3^s an intelligent correspondent, who 
 holds a high ofiicial position in the Colony, and takes 
 special interest in its progress, " considerable culti- 
 vation along the seaboard of the settled districts; 
 and a large portion of the land around St. John's is 
 under cultivation ; but agriculture is only pursued as 
 an auxiliary to the fisheries, and it will require no 
 small degree of privation to be endured by the settlers 
 of this Colony, to force them to give more attention 
 to the cultivation of the soil than has hitherto been 
 the case; the prosecution of the fisheries alone, not. 
 as a general rule, sufficing to keep the people (unaided 
 by agriculture) in comfort and independence. The 
 settled districts are principally limited to the south- 
 east coast. A description of the minerals, fisheries, 
 and other resources of this Colony, will be found 
 under their proper heads.
 
 38 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 The following Tahle shows the Civil Divisions, Population, and 
 Representatives of each District for 1857. 
 
 Names of Districts. 
 
 
 St. .John s, East 17352 
 
 St. John's, West | 13124 
 
 Harbor Maine (Conception Bay) j 5386 
 
 Port-de-Grave ditto } 6489 
 
 Harbor Grace ditto j 10067 
 
 Carbonear ditto i 5233 
 
 r>ay-de-Yerds ditto ' 6221 
 
 Trinity Bay : 10736 
 
 Bon a vist a j 8850 
 
 Twillingate and Fogo 9717 
 
 Ferryland \ 5228 
 
 Placentia and St. ^lai-y's j 8334 
 
 Burin j 5529 
 
 Fortune Bny ! 3492 
 
 Burgeo and LaPoile 3545 
 
 Totals 119304 
 
 French Shore ! 3334 
 
 28 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 This Province is bounded north-westerly by Can- 
 ada and the Bay Chaleur; north-easterly by the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence and the Strait of Northumberland ; 
 southerly by Xova Scotia and the Bay of Fundy ; 
 and south-wcsterlj' b}' the State of Maine. It lies 
 between the parallels of 45° and 48° north latitude,
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 39 
 
 and between 64° and 68° west longitude. Its area 
 is 32,000 square miles, and its population is 252,047. 
 
 Bays, Eivers, Lakes, Highlands, Eoads, ac. — 
 Bays. — The whole seaboard of the Province is in- 
 dented with sj^acious bays and inlets, affording safe 
 anchorage for shipping. The principal are the Bay 
 of Fundy, 100 miles long, its greatest width being 45 
 miles; Chignecto and Cumberland Bays are exten- 
 sions of the Bay of Fundy ; Passamaquoddy Bay, at 
 the southerly angle of the Province. On the north- 
 east are. Bay Yerte, Shediac, Cocaigne, Eichibucto, 
 and Miramichi, offshoots of Northumberland Strait ; 
 and in the north-west is the spacious Bay Chaleur, 
 or Bay of Heats, as its name imports, 80 miles long ; 
 its greatest breadth is 27 miles. 
 
 Rivers. — Almost every square mile of New Bruns- 
 -wick is watered by running streams. The Eiver St. 
 John, which takes its rise partly in Canada, and 
 partly in the State of Maine, is 450 miles long, and 
 discharges into the Bay of Fundy. It has numerous 
 tributary streams, some of which are 100 miles long, 
 and interlock with the Miramichi and Eestigouche. 
 This river traverses seven counties of the Province, 
 affording an outlet for the products of the forests, 
 mines, and soils. The other principal rivers empty- 
 ing into the Bay of Fundy are the St. Croix, eighty 
 miles long, forming a part of the boundary between 
 this Province and Maine, and the Petitcodiac, 100 
 miles long, discharging into Chignecto Bay. On the
 
 40 STATISTICS OF 
 
 north coast, the Eichibucto fifty miles long, the Mira- 
 michi, and Eestigouche, each 200 miles long, are the 
 principal rivers. The two former discharge into 
 harbors of the same name, and the latter into the 
 Bay Chaleur. Along the coast line of the Province, 
 including the Bays Chaleur and Fundy, 500 miles, 
 there are scores of rivers, varying in length from ten 
 to forty miles. 
 
 Lakes. — The whole country is dotted with lakes, 
 from those of a square mile in area to that eontam- 
 ing 100 square miles of surface. Those discharo-ino- 
 into St. John Eiver are Teiniscouata, at its head, 
 Grand, and Washademoah Lakes, in Queen's County, 
 Belle Isle Bay, a recess of the Eiver St. John, and 
 the two Oromocto Lakes. The others are small. 
 
 Highlands. — New Brunswick is generally a flat 
 country. On its north-eastern coast, from the Bay 
 Chaleur to the boundary of Nova Scotia, 200 miles, 
 there is hardly a hill exceeding three hundred feet in 
 height. There are some elevated lands, far below 
 the height of mountains, skirting the Bay of Fundy, 
 and Eiver St. John ; but the only section of a moun- 
 tainous character is that bordering on Canada and 
 the Eiver Eestigouche, which forms a part of the 
 boundary, and here the country is beautifully diver- 
 sified by oval-topped hills, varying from five hundred 
 feet to eight hundred feet in height, clothed with 
 lofty forest trees almost to their summits, and sur- 
 rounded by fertile valleys and table lands.
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 41 
 
 Roads. — Nearly the whole external boundary of 
 the Province, 800 miles, is traversed by coach roads. 
 There are few roads across the Province from the 
 Strait of Northumberland to the Eiver St- John, 
 There are excellent roads on both sides of this river, 
 and roads are to be found bordering almost every 
 stream of any magnitude, besides cross roads piercing 
 the wilderness at all points. The settlements along 
 the principal roads are nearly all continuous. 
 
 The roads are divided into great roads and bye 
 roads ; the great roads being under the control of the 
 Board of Works, and the bye roads under local com- 
 missioners. 
 
 The total length of great roads in the Province in 
 1855 was 1,630 miles, and in 1861, 2,203 miles. 
 
 The total cost of building and repairing roads and 
 bridges was, in 1858, $72,856; in 1859, $81,973; in 
 1860^ 890,716, and in 1861, $81,973. 
 
 The streams are spanned by bridges, principally of 
 wood. The Eiver St. John, however, is crossed, in 
 two places by susj)ension bridges; that near the 
 lower falls, at the City of St. John, is 630 feet long, 
 and the other, at the Grand Falls, is nearly the same 
 length.
 
 42 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Progressive Pojiulaiion of New Brunsivick by Cities arid Counties. 
 
 Name. 
 
 County Towns. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1851. 
 
 1861. 
 
 City of St. John 
 
 
 19281 
 4002 
 13676 
 14464 
 8232 
 4260 
 9993 
 
 \ 11219 
 
 18178 
 
 1 17686 
 
 7477 
 
 14620 
 
 7751 
 
 3161 
 
 22745 
 
 4458 
 15630 
 18842 
 10634 
 
 5301 
 13170 
 11108 
 
 5408 
 19938 
 
 6313 
 17814 
 11410 
 15064 
 11704 
 
 4161 
 
 
 " Fredericton. 
 
 
 
 County of St. John. . 
 " Kind's 
 
 City of St. John 
 
 Kingston 
 
 *48922 
 23283 
 
 " Queen's .... 
 " Sunbury. . . 
 
 " York 
 
 " Carleton 
 
 " Victoria. . . . 
 " Charlotte... 
 " Albert 
 
 Gagetown 
 
 13359 
 
 Oromocto 
 
 6057 
 
 Fredericton 
 
 Woodstock 
 
 Grand Falls 
 
 St. Andrews 
 
 Hopewell 
 
 *23393 
 16663 
 
 7701 
 23663 
 
 9444 
 
 '' Westmorland 
 
 Dorchester 
 
 25547 
 
 " Kent 
 
 Richibucto 
 
 15854 
 
 ** Northumbl'd 
 
 Newcastle 
 
 18801 
 
 " Gloucester. . 
 
 Bathurst 
 
 15076 
 
 " Kestigouche. 
 
 Dalhousie 
 
 4874 
 
 
 
 Totals, 14 ( 
 
 ]!!ounties 
 
 154000 
 
 193800 
 
 252047 
 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 39800 
 
 58247 
 
 
 
 
 The increase in population lias been very remark- 
 able, being three and a-half times in the last 37 years, 
 and two and a-quarter times in the last 27 years. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 
 
 Is situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is 
 divided from ISTova Scotia and JSTew Brunswick by 
 the Strait of INorthumberland. It lies between 45° 
 
 *In the population for St. John and York, for 1861, are included that of 
 tlie cities also.
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 43 
 
 56' and 47° 4' north latitude, and between 62° and 
 64° 23' west longitude. Its extreme length is 134 
 miles; its breadth varies from four to thirty-four 
 miles : its area is 2,173 square miles, and its popula- 
 tion is 80,857. 
 
 Prince Edward Island is an undulating country. 
 Tlie only hills of any magnitude, few of which rise 
 above tlie height of 300 feet, are situated near the 
 eastern and northern extremities, and along the cen- 
 tral districts; nearly all of Avhich are capable of 
 being profitably cultivated, to their very summits. 
 
 Numerous bays and harbors indent its coast line. 
 The principal bay on the south is Cardigan, the 
 entrance to George Town — the shire town of King's 
 County. Hillsborough Bay, the entrance to Char- 
 lotte Town, the capital of the island, faces the Strait 
 of Northumberland. These two bays are deep and 
 spacious, affording safe anchorage for a large class of 
 ships. The other bays facing the strait are Bedeque 
 and Egmont; and those on the east side, facing the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, are Holland, Eichmond, and 
 St. Peter's Bays. There are seven other small bays, 
 which afford safe anchorage for small class vessels. 
 The harbors on the north-east side are obstructed by 
 sand bars, rendering them accessible only to small 
 vessels. 
 
 The rivers of the island, though numbering up- 
 wards of thirty, are not extensive. At the heads of 
 the bays and harbors small rivers diverge into the 
 heart of the country, rendering road-making expen- 
 sive, in consequence of the number and extent of
 
 44 STATISTICS OF 
 
 bridges. The countiy, nevertheless, is traversed, in 
 all directions, by excellent highways. 
 
 There is no section of the Lower Provinces, of the 
 same extent, where the per centage of good land is 
 so large as on this island. Its soils are principally 
 composed of red sandstone ; hence their adaptation 
 to the growth of wheat, oats, and other cereals, and 
 also potatoes. This little island, not more than a 
 tenth in size of New Brunswick, produces food for 
 nearly double its own population. 
 
 The civil divisions of Prince Edward Island are 
 somewhat different from those of the other Colonies. 
 It was originally laid out into counties, parishes, and 
 lots. Each locality is generally known by the num- 
 ber of its lot.
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 45 
 
 The folloiving Table shetcs the Subdivisions, Progressive Population, 
 and Number of Representatives, of Prince Edward Island. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Population. ^^ 
 
 County. 
 
 Shire Towns. 
 
 Lots. 
 
 Parishes. 
 
 
 Vh qp 
 
 
 
 
 
 O CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 1S27 
 
 1841 
 
 1848 
 
 1861 
 
 . 0) 
 
 
 
 1 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 14 
 
 North Parish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 16 
 
 Egmont 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prince... 
 
 Summerside 
 
 6 IS 
 
 7 19 
 
 8 25 
 
 9 2(3 
 
 10 27 
 
 11 28 
 12 
 
 Halifax 
 Richmond 
 St. David's 
 
 
 
 15017 
 
 21401 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 20 65 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 33!GranTille 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 37 
 
 Charlotte 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Queen's 
 
 Charlotte Town 
 
 24 49 
 38 50 
 34 57 
 32 68 
 
 29 60 
 
 30 62 
 31 
 
 Hillsborough 
 Bedford 
 St. John 
 
 
 
 32017 
 
 395-25 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 43 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 53 
 
 East Parish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 52 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 51 
 
 3t. Patrick's 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 King's .. 
 
 George Town... 
 
 38 66 
 
 
 
 
 15475 
 
 19931 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 39 59lSt. George 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 6l| 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 63 St. Andrew's 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals ... 
 
 3 
 
 ea 
 
 14 
 
 23266 
 
 47033 
 
 62599 
 
 80867 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 King's County is situated in the east, Prince Coun> 
 ty in the north, and Queen's County in the centre.
 
 46 STATISTICS OF 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 This Colony, constituted in 1858, is situated on the 
 Pacific side of the American Continent, and bounded 
 westerly by the Gulf of Georgia ; southerly by Wash- 
 ington Territory, United States (49° north latitude) ; 
 easterly by the Eocky Mountains, and northerly by 
 Simpson Eiver; including Yancouver's Island, which 
 lies between the Gulf of Georgia and the Pacific 
 Ocean. This Colony is 700 miles in length, from 
 south to north, and 500 miles wide, from the Eocky 
 mountains to the Pacific. 
 
 The physical features of this extensive Colony are 
 but partially known. Until very recently it was 
 considered a valueless country, not, in the estimation 
 of a leading member of the British Parliament, worth 
 twenty thousand pounds. It is now known to con- 
 tain gold, in great abundance, coal, iron ore, copper, 
 silver, and other useful minerals, and a vast extent 
 of fertile lands. The whole country is beautifully 
 diversified b}^ lofty hills and mountains, and well- 
 watered vales ; the latter afi'ording rich pasturage. 
 
 The Eraser Elver, 900 miles long, traverses nearly 
 the entire leno;th of the Colonv. from north to south. 
 It has over fifty tributaries, the Thomj^son and the 
 Stewart being the principal. The northern branch 
 of the Columbia Eiver skirts the western slope of the 
 Eocky Mountains, running parallel to the Fj*aser 
 Eiver, for four hundred miles. Simpson Eiver runs 
 through the northern boundary" of this Province for 
 300 miles. The Fraser is navigable for steamers for 
 upwards of 200 miles. These rivei\s with their east-
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 47 
 
 ern affluents, traverse the far-famed Carriboo Gold 
 Fields, allowed to be the richest in the world. Vic- 
 toria, on Yancouver's Island, and New Westminister, 
 on the main land, are the principal centres of trade. 
 The former, situated at Eoyal Bay, on the south of 
 the island, is the seat of government, and contains 
 4,000 inhabitants -, the latter is fifteen miles up the 
 Eraser Eiver, and contains about 2,000 souls. 
 
 The climate on the Pacific is as mild as that of 
 England; but the summer season diminishes in 
 lenirth accordinsT to the increase of distance inland. 
 At the Eocky Mountains, where snow continually 
 lies on the tops of the highlands, the summer season 
 does not exceed three months in the year. 
 
 The seaboard and rivers teem with fish; salmon 
 are very abundant. The river banks, and other 
 parts of the interior, are clothed with heavy forest 
 timber. 
 
 The products of the forests exported to Australia, 
 China, and South America, in 1856, amounted to 
 5,200,000 feet. 
 
 Area, 220,000 square miles. 
 
 HUDSON'S BAY TERRITORY. 
 Nominally this territory embraced all the country, 
 exclusive of Canada, between the coast of Labrador 
 and the Pacific Ocean; including British Columbia, 
 the North-west Indian Territories, lying between 
 British Columbia and Canada, Labrador, and the 
 Northern Eegions; containing about 3,000,000 acres. 
 The population of the whole is variously estimated.
 
 48 STATISTICS OP 
 
 It probably does not exceed 200,000, 130,000 of whom 
 are Indians. A charter of all this territory was 
 granted to the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670, the 
 fur trade of which they monopolized for 189 years. 
 The country is divided into 150 trading stations, to 
 which the hunters and trappers resort with furs. 
 The total number of persons employed by the Com- 
 pany is about 3,000. This charter ceased in 1859. 
 
 By the treaty of 1825, between England and 
 Eussia, the boundary between English and Eussian 
 America, on the Pacific, begins at the south-west 
 end of Prince of Wales Island, in latitude 54° 40', X., 
 and follows the Pacific coast, northerly for 300 miles, 
 with a breadth of 30 miles inland. Along this fron- 
 tier numerous navigable rivers, the Stickeen, 500 
 miles long, and others of less magnitude, penetrate 
 the interior. The bed of this hyperborean river, 170 
 miles north of Fort Simpson, is auriferous. In fact, 
 the western slope of the Eocky Mountains, beginning 
 at the United States boundary, and extending five 
 hundred miles northward, is apparently one vast 
 gold field. 
 
 The principal rivers have been already referred to 
 in a former part of this work. The Katchewan, and 
 its two leading affluents, the north and south Saskat- 
 chewan, traverse 900 miles of the country between 
 Lake Winnij^eg and the Eocky Mountains. Further 
 north, the Mackenzie Eiver, with its tributaries, the 
 Peace, and others, waters the country. The whole 
 territory is dotted with lakes, of which Great Bear 
 Lake, far north, is 250 miles long by 240 broad;
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 49 
 
 Great Slave Lake, 300 miles long by 50 broad ; Atbu- 
 basca Lake, 250 miles long b}' 40 broad; Lake Win- 
 nipeg, situate G50 miles north-west of Lake Superior. 
 280 miles lon^c bv 50 broad, and the Lake of tbe 
 Woods, a tributary of Lake Superior. TO miles each 
 way. 
 
 The country betvv'een Lake Winnipeg and the 
 Kocky Mountains, along the southern boundary, is 
 well adapted for colonization. Numerous herds of 
 buffalo find abundance of excellent pasturage upon 
 its fertile plains. 
 
 A railway from Canada to the Pacific Ocean is a 
 desideratum, as a means of aiding the settlement of 
 the country, and a sa speedy and safe mode of transit 
 between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 
 4
 
 50 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Table of Laiitmles and Longitudes, and Longitudes in Time, of some 
 of the principal Places and Headlands in British North America. 
 
 Names of Places. 
 
 North 
 Latitude. 
 
 West Long 
 
 itude 
 
 • 
 
 In Arc. 
 
 In Time. 
 
 IN CANADA. 
 
 D. 
 
 M. 
 
 D. 
 
 M. 
 
 H. 
 
 M. 
 
 s. 
 
 Quebec Cit\' 
 
 46 
 44 
 47 
 45 
 43 
 48 
 
 48 
 08 
 50 
 31 
 39 
 45 
 
 71 
 76 
 69 
 73 
 79 
 64 
 
 12 
 40 
 32 
 35 
 21 
 12 
 
 4 
 5 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 4 
 
 44 
 06 
 
 38 
 54 
 17 
 16 
 
 50 
 
 Kingston 
 
 40 
 
 River du Loup 
 
 07 
 
 Alontreal 
 
 20 
 
 Toronto 
 
 24 
 
 Gaspe 
 
 50 
 
 Carlisle 
 
 48 
 
 00 
 
 65 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 IN NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iHalifa x 
 
 44 
 
 39 
 
 63 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 Annapolis 
 
 Amherst 
 
 44 
 45 
 
 49 
 49 
 
 65 
 64 
 
 44 
 13 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 22 
 16 
 
 56 
 51 
 
 Brier Island Light 
 
 44 
 
 14 
 
 66 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 Digby Gut Liglit 
 
 44 
 
 33 
 
 65 
 
 47 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 Sydney Light, Cape Breton ........ 
 
 46 
 
 18 
 
 60 
 
 09 
 
 4 
 
 00 
 
 36 
 
 Whiteliaven 
 
 45 
 
 14 
 
 61 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 04 
 
 44 
 
 Wallace 
 
 45 
 
 49 
 
 63 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 Pugwasli Harbor 
 
 45 
 
 53 
 
 63 
 
 37 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 43 
 
 ■Sable Island (west end) 
 
 43 
 
 57 
 
 60 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 " " (east end) 
 
 43 
 
 59 
 
 59 
 
 48 
 
 3 
 
 59 
 
 12 
 
 Causo Light 
 
 45 
 
 19 
 
 61 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 04 
 
 00 
 
 Pictou Light 
 
 45 
 
 41 
 
 62 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 41 
 
 IN NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 St .Johns 
 
 47 
 47 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 
 52 
 
 59 
 
 43 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 3 
 
 30 
 57 
 
 52 
 
 •Cape Rav 
 
 21 
 
 Cape Race 
 
 46 
 
 40 
 
 53 
 
 08 
 
 
 
 
 IN NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 16 
 
 66 
 
 04 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 •Campobello 
 
 44 
 
 53 
 
 66 
 
 58 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 50 
 
 Frcdericton 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 57 
 20 
 
 66 
 65 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 26 
 22 
 
 08 
 
 •Quaco Light 
 
 08 
 
 Woodstock 
 
 46 
 
 1 
 
 09 
 
 67 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 30 
 
 19
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 51 
 
 TahU of Latitudes and Longitudes, ^'c. — Continued. 
 
 Names of Places. 
 
 IN NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Bay Verte...., 
 
 Cape Tormentine 
 
 Shediac 
 
 Cocaigne Head 
 
 Richibucto River (mouth) 
 
 Point Escumenac 
 
 Fox Island, Miramichi 
 
 Shippegan Harbor, Bay Chaleur 
 Bathurst Harbor 
 
 IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
 
 Charlotte Town 
 
 East Point 
 
 Point Prim 
 
 IN FOREIGN PLACES. 
 
 Liverpool, England 
 
 Valentia, Ireland 
 
 Boston Light, Massachusetts... 
 
 New York..... 
 
 Portland Light, Maine 
 
 North 
 Latitude. 
 
 D. M. 
 
 46 01 
 
 46 09 
 
 46 25 
 
 46 19 
 
 46 43 
 
 47 05 
 47 04 
 47 45 
 47 39 
 
 46 14 
 
 46 27 
 46 03 
 
 53 25 
 
 51 50 
 
 42 20 
 40 43 
 
 43 37 
 
 West Longitude. 
 
 In Arc. In Time. 
 
 D. M. 
 
 64 02 
 
 63 49 
 
 64 35 
 64 31 
 64 19 
 
 64 48 
 
 65 04 
 
 64 43 
 
 65 38 
 
 63 08 
 62 00 
 68 05 
 
 2 59 
 
 10 23 
 
 70 54 
 
 74 01 
 
 70 13 
 
 H. M. S. 
 
 4 16 08 
 
 15 16 
 
 18 18 
 
 18 05 
 
 19 14 
 
 19 13 
 
 20 16 
 18 52 
 22 31 
 
 4 12 32 
 4 08 00 
 4 13 40 
 
 12 00 
 
 41 32 
 
 4 43 34 
 
 4 56 04 
 
 4 40 51 
 
 These Colonies have erected one hundred light 
 houses along their coasts, rendering navigation com- 
 paratively safe. 
 
 a OF ILL LIB.
 
 62 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 
 
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 ■1 1-1 r-t
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 
 
 53 
 
 The British North American Colonies ranked according 
 to Population. 
 
 Canada 2,501,370 
 
 Nova Scotia 330,857 
 
 New Brunswick 252,047 
 
 Newfoundland 122,250 
 
 British Columbia, Hudson's Bay Territory, 
 
 and Labrador 280,000 
 
 Prince Edward Island 80,857 
 
 Total population in 1861 3,487,381 
 
 The following Table shows the Length, Breadth, number of Acres, 
 and Head Quarters of each Colony. 
 
 Name of Colony 
 
 Length. 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 1200 
 
 300 
 
 350 
 
 100 
 
 190 
 
 150 
 
 130 
 
 30 
 
 409 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 700 
 
 290 
 
 55 
 
 No. Acres. 
 
 Head Quarters. 
 
 Canada 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 New Brunswick.. 
 Prince E. Island 
 Newfoundland ... 
 British Columbia 
 Vancouver's Is'ld 
 
 160405220 
 
 13534200 
 
 17600000 
 
 1360000 
 
 23040000 
 
 220000000 
 
 8320000 
 
 Ottawa. 
 Halifax. 
 Fredericton. 
 Charlotte Town. 
 St. John's. 
 
 I Victoria.
 
 54 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 A Comparative Statement of the quantity of Arable Lands in the 
 following Countries. 
 
 
 Name of Country. 
 
 Good Land. 
 
 Poor Land. 
 
 Total Acres 
 
 Canada 
 
 130000000 
 
 14000000 
 
 10000000 
 
 1300000 
 
 3000000 
 
 30405220 
 
 3600000 
 
 3534200 
 
 60000 
 
 20040000 
 
 160405220 
 
 NeTV BrunsTvick 
 
 17600000 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 13534200 
 
 Prince Edward Island 
 
 1360000 
 
 Kewfoundland 
 
 23040000 
 
 British Columbia 
 
 
 Eno'land and Wales 
 
 32728000 
 11215000 
 17025280 
 
 4361400 
 8523930 
 2416664 
 
 37189400 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Ireland 
 
 19738930 
 19441944 
 
 The preceding estimates for England, Scotland, 
 and Ireland, are extracted from Spademan's Eeports, 
 London; and those for the Colonies are made up 
 from various Provincial Eeports, and will be found 
 a very close approximation to the truth. The pro- 
 portion of •• good lands " in the Colonies bears a very 
 favorable comparison with that in the Mother Coun- 
 try.
 
 •BRITISH KORTH AMERICA. 
 
 55 
 
 JSituaiions, Di}nen.sio?is, and Areas, of some of tlic principal 
 Islands of British North Ajnerica. 
 
 Name of Island. 
 
 1 
 Situation. 
 
 1 
 Leth.iBdth. 
 Miles.'Miles. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 
 .■Atlantic Ocean 
 
 S70! 290 
 Sj 3 
 
 121 9 
 
 23040000 
 
 Belle Isie ) 
 
 N, E. coast Newfoundland... 
 
 29, Strait of Bellisle 
 
 East end Nova Scotia 
 
 
 Ko^'o I'^Uind'' V 
 
 
 Long Island J 
 
 ^linoa'"" I'^lfind'^ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 45! 10 
 
 
 Cape Breton If^land 
 
 Prince Edward Island.. 1 
 
 Antieo?-ti j 
 
 Queen Charlotte Island 
 
 Vaneouver's Island j' 
 
 Salile Inland. 
 
 110! 85 
 130! 30 
 123; 30 
 IGO; 40 
 291 1 55 
 251 liy^ 
 
 2000000 
 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 
 1360000 
 
 Pacific Ocean 
 
 2000000 
 
 
 4tlantic Ocean 
 
 8320000 
 
 St. Paul's Island 
 
 Jloutrea! Island ] 
 
 Isle Jesus ! 
 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 
 River St. Lawrence 
 
 3 
 32 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 10 2000CO 
 6 SOOOO 
 
 " Orleans | 
 
 Laks Huron 
 
 
 " Bin..... J 
 
 
 .::::::::i""::::.:" 
 
 75 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 15 
 5 
 2 
 3 
 
 
 
 Bay of Fundy 
 
 Northumherland Strait 
 
 
 
 Campobello )■ 
 
 West Isles j 
 
 Pietou Island 
 
 
 
 3000 
 
 
 Gulf ot St. Lawrence 
 
 7 in No. Ditto 
 
 4 
 35 
 
 1 
 56 
 
 M;i<i;dalene Islands 
 
 780C0 
 
 The coast line of British Xortli America is studded 
 with hundreds of islands, of which the above are tlic 
 laro'cst and most notable.
 
 56 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Length of Seaboard of each section of British Xorth 
 ' America. 
 
 Newfoundland 1,100 miles. 
 
 Nova Scotia 1,000 
 
 New Brunswick 500 
 
 Canada 1,000 
 
 Prince Edward Island 350 
 
 Labrador & Hudson's Bay 
 
 Territory 1 1,500 " 
 
 British Columbia. including 
 the waters around Yan- 
 couver's Island 900 " 
 
 Total 6,350 " 
 
 Exclusive of Hudson's Bay, which has a circuit of 
 2,000 miles, and Hudson's Strait, vrhich has a coast 
 line of 1,500 more. 
 
 Add to this extensive seaboard the length of curva- 
 tures of the coast lines, and we have not less than 
 12.000 miles, besides the rivers and lakes of the inte- 
 rior. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 There are few subjects, connected with these Col- 
 onies, on which so much misconception, and even 
 misrepresentation, exists, as there does with refer- 
 ence to the climate. 
 
 '* The farmer is condemned, during one season, to unwelcome 
 indolence." — Murray's British America.
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 57 
 
 "Winter commences in November, -svhen thick fogs and snow 
 storms are frequent." — Chambers'' Information for the People. 
 
 " Winter is by far the pleasantest season, for then everybody 
 is idle." — Bachivoodsman. 
 
 "Winter, in Canada, is a season of joy and pleasure; the 
 cares of business are laid aside, and all classes and ranks 
 indulge in a general cai'nival." — Montgomery Martin. 
 
 "In November, thick fogs and snow storms betoken that 
 winter has set in." — Butler s Guide to Canada. 
 
 From these representations, a stranger would con- 
 elude that the inhabitants of British North America 
 are sealed up, during six months of the year, in 
 mountains of snow; ''the farmer condemned to un- 
 welcome indolence ;" the merchant freed from •' the 
 cares of business," and that " all classes and ranks 
 indulge in a general carnival f and in order to move 
 in the open air, they must be enrobed in furs of the 
 ■warmest kind. Suffice it to say that all experience 
 testifies to the incorrectness of these statements. 
 
 With regard to health, what Professor Johnston, 
 Dr. Gesner, Moses H. Perley. Esq., and Dr. Waddell, 
 have said of New Brunswick, is equally ai^plicable 
 to the other Colonies. 
 
 " In regard to the climate of New Brunswick, I feel myself 
 compelled, by all the evidence I have collected, unreservedly to 
 admit that it is an exceedingly healthy climate." — Professor 
 Johnston. 
 
 " Although the winters of New Brunswick are severe (less so, 
 however, than those of Lower Canada), yet the climate is 
 exceedingly healthy." — M. II. Perley.
 
 58 STATISTICS OF 
 
 "The Climate is decidedly healthy, and there is no disease 
 peculiar to New Brunswick."' — Dr. Gesncr. 
 
 *' As regards climate, none is more healthful.'' — Dr. Waddell, 
 Siqyerintoident of the Lunatic Asyhini, 
 
 The climate of Western Canada, and the Pacific 
 coast, at Yancouver's Ishmd, and IS^ova Scotia, is 
 warmer than that of Canada East, Prince Edward 
 Island, or Xew Brunswick, although a large portion 
 of the latter is similar to that of Nova Scotia. In 
 Xewfoundland winter is severe^ yet snow does not 
 lie long on the south-east cost. It is generally said 
 that winter, in these Colonies, lasts five months, 
 Avhich, in one sense is true, but in another it is not. 
 Winter, in reality, cannot be said to last longer than 
 three months, commencing about the middle of 
 December, and ending about the middle of March. 
 During this period there are, in the coldest sections 
 of Lower Canada, from twenty to twenty-five cold 
 days, Avhen the thermometer ranges from fifteen to 
 twenty degrees below zero. The cold is driven from 
 the Arctic Eegions by north-west winds, passing 
 over the countr}^ in waves, lasting for about three 
 days at a time — familiarly known as •' cold snaps." 
 During the intervals between these periods of cold, 
 the thermometer ranges about zero. 
 
 There are, generally, from four to seven snow 
 storms, during each winter, when the snow fails, in 
 Canada West, to the depth of about one foot in the 
 aggregate; in Xova Scotia, from one to two feet; in 
 Kcw Brunswick, Canada East, and Prince Edward
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 59 
 
 Island, from two to four feet. To these general rules 
 there are frequent exceptions. Some seasons the 
 snow exceeds these depths ; and very frequently, in 
 Xova Scotia, and a large portion of iSTew Brunswick, 
 the snow does not average one foot in depth. The 
 " Januar}' thaw " often sweeps the snow from the 
 face of the country, leaving the ground, contrary to 
 the interests of agriculture, uncovered for weeks. In 
 Western Canada, where a large quantity of winter 
 wheat is raised, these thaws are particulary injurious. 
 At Yancouver's Island there is comparatively no 
 frost. During a large portion of winter, in the cold 
 parts of the Colonies, the thermometer ranges from 
 ten to forty degrees above zero. 
 
 Deep snow adds to the fertility of the soil. The 
 ground is so pulverized by the action of the frost as 
 to be rendered friable, and more easily ploughed. 
 
 By a wise and economical division of time, all 
 classes of the people may be, and generally are, as 
 profitably employed during the winter months, as in 
 summer. It is a great mistake to say that winter is 
 necessarily a period of idleness and inactivity; the 
 reverse is the fact. Our winters are pleasant, and 
 their long evenings afford the student ample time for 
 the acquisition of useful knowledge. There is no 
 season of the year so well adapted to the cultivation 
 of literary, domestic, and social intercourse, as that 
 of a JSTorth American winter. It is the lecturing 
 season, in the institutes and halls, with which nearly 
 every community is supplied; it is the season when 
 the several Colonial Legislatures sit, and the season
 
 60 STATISTICS OF 
 
 when the press is doubly vigilant in supplying the 
 public with useful information Indeed the winter 
 season, in these Colonies, is very pleasant, affording 
 enjoyment and profit to the inhabitants. 
 
 The prevailing winter winds are the north-west, 
 north, and north-east ; in spring, south, and in the 
 summer, west, and south-west. In the interior of 
 Canada East, and New Brunswick, the heat of sum- 
 mer sometimes rises to eighty, and even ninety 
 degrees; while along the seaboard the climate is 
 more equable, and the air wholesome and bracing. 
 Vegetation progress «^ with great rapidity. 
 
 The autumn is the most delightful season in the 
 year. In the language of J. Y. Ellis — " the summer 
 still lingers, as if regretting to quit the scenes of 
 beauty it has created — and then is produced the 
 ' Indian Summer,' a season of rare and exquisite 
 loveliness, that unites the warmth of summer with 
 the mellowness of autumn." 
 
 The fogs which sometimes prevail along a part of 
 the Atlantic coast line, seldom extend more than five 
 miles inland. The Gulf and Eiver St. Lawrence are 
 more free from fogs than the Bay of Fundy, and the 
 Atlantic coasts ; but in none of these places are they 
 found to impede navigation, or produce effects detri- 
 mental to the general interests of the country.
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 61 
 
 The foUoiving Comparative Statement uill sJioiv the 
 amount of Sickness among the Troops stationed in the 
 Countries named in the Tables, from 1837 to 1846 : 
 
 COUNTRIES. RATES PER THOrSAND. 
 
 Canada 39.0 
 
 Kova Scotia & New Brunswick 34.8 
 
 United Kingdom from 42.9 to 48.0 
 
 Gibraltar 43.0 
 
 Malta 43.0 
 
 Ionian Islands 44.0 
 
 Bermudas 55.8 
 
 The relative mortality, in these several countries, 
 stands in about the same proportion as the above, 
 showing the decisive advantages, in point of health, 
 these Colonies possess over other healthy countries.
 
 62 
 
 STATISTICS 01* 
 
 Mean Temperatures, for each Month in the Year, of the respective 
 Places named in the follow ing Table. 
 
 Months. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 England. 
 
 Toronto. 
 
 Montreal. 
 
 Greenwich. 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 24° 67 
 24 14 
 80 83 
 42 17 
 51 84 
 61 42 
 
 66 54 
 65 76 
 
 67 11 
 44 50 
 36 57- 
 27 18 
 
 18° 58 
 16 08 
 28 96 
 41 04 
 56 12 
 68 97 
 71 36 
 71 04 
 58 50 
 44 53 
 32 36 
 18 50 
 
 37° 79 
 37 06 
 42 20 
 47 10 
 53 64 
 
 60 03 
 
 61 43 
 61 19 
 56 99 
 49 33 
 44 57 
 39 97 
 
 The following Scale of Mean Temperatures for the year^ 
 are extracted from tables prepared by the Smith- 
 sonian Institute in 1860. 
 
 Labrador. 
 
 jS^aine , 25° 11 
 
 Boothia Felix 3 70
 
 BEITISH NORTH AMF.RICA. 63 
 
 Hudson's Bay Territory. 
 
 Fort Simpson 25° 12 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Montreal 44 65 
 
 Quebec 40 31 
 
 Hamilton 49 20 
 
 Toronto 44 32 
 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 St. John's 39 18 
 
 Kova Scotia. 
 
 Pictou 42 09 
 
 Windsor 51 43 
 
 United States. 
 
 Portland 42 78 
 
 Kew York City 51 92 
 
 Boston 48 66 
 
 Philadelphia 52 06 
 
 Richmond 56 15 
 
 Charleston 65 98 
 
 Mobile 66 14 
 
 Professor King found the mean temperature of the 
 year, at Toronto, in 1860, to be 44° 32'; the mean 
 humidity, 77°; depth of rain, 23 inches, and the 
 amount of snow 45.6 inches; both snow and rain 
 combined fell short of the average by 8.5 inches. 
 There were 31 thunder storms, and 58 auroras during 
 the year.
 
 64 STATISTICS OF 
 
 The Mean Slimmer Temperatures. 
 
 At Greenwich 60° 88 
 
 - Paris 60 02 
 
 ^' Berlin 64 04 
 
 '• London (England) 64 01 
 
 " Hamilton (Canada) 72 35 
 
 " Quebec " 65 84 
 
 '' Pictou (Nova Scotia) 63 52 
 
 The temperature required for the cultivation of 
 wheat, in Canada West, is 57°. 
 
 At Pictou, Kova Scotia, ux:>on an average of nine 
 years, it stormed 115.8 days, thus leaving 249.2 days 
 of the year for out-door labor. 
 
 The'oflacial statistics of Canada and the United 
 States show the average of longevity to be nearly 70 
 per cent less in Illinois than in Canada. In Canada 
 West the annual mortality, per thousand, of the poj)- 
 ulation is 8.0, while in Illinois it is 13.6. This differ- 
 ence is accounted for by the great number of diseases 
 produced by malaria. The prairie lands of the far 
 west, fertile though they be, are wanting in two of 
 the most important elements of civilization — w^ood 
 and water — which British Xorth America has in 
 great abundance. 
 
 There are no endemical. and few epidemical dis- 
 eases in British jS'orth America. The country is 
 remarkably healthy, as the longevity of human life 
 fully testilies. The frosts are less severe than in 
 many of the populous countries of Christendom, and 
 the summers are less calid than in many of the
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 65 
 
 soutliern climes where civilization is making rapid 
 progress. Indeed the climate of one-third, at least, 
 of British North America is highly adapted to the 
 progress of civilization. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL. 
 
 In viewing the physical structure of British North 
 America, several geological areas naturally present 
 themselves, a mere outline of some of which is alT 
 our limits will allow ; we therefore leave the reader 
 to fill in the details from the able geological works 
 of Sir W. E. Logan^ Professor Dawson, and Doctor 
 Gesner. 
 
 The first subdivision embraces Canada East, New 
 Brunswick, Nova Scotia, P. E. Island, Newfoundland, 
 and the Island of Anticosti. and a part of the adjoin- 
 intr States of the American Union. This extensive 
 section may be described as part of a great sedi- 
 mentary trough, resting upon primary rocks, the 
 centre of which is occupied by an immense coal field, 
 covering one-third of New Brunswiclc, a considerable 
 part of Nova Scotia, and the somth-west section of 
 Newfoundland, while a large portion of it is lost 
 beneath the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Within this car- 
 boniferous area some of the coal fields of Nova 
 Scotia, and the Albertite coal of New Brunswick, are 
 of great economic value. The coal formation seems 
 to rest unconformably on the subjacent rocks. These 
 lower formations, in Canada, lie north of the Eiver 
 St. LaAvrence. The carboniferous system overlies 
 the Devonian and Silurian fbrnmtions. The Atlantic 
 5
 
 66 STATISTICS OF 
 
 frontier of Xova Scotia is highly metamorphie, con- 
 sisting of altered rocks, such as gneiss, clay, mica 
 slates, and quartz rocks; the latter is very hard, and 
 yields slowly to abrasion, or the action of the ele- 
 ments. It is in this metamorphic district that the 
 recent discoyeries of gold have been ni..de, the geo- 
 lo£cic'al asre of which has not yet been determined. 
 It is older than the Carboniferous, and mav be older 
 than the Devonian rocks. 
 
 Within this sedimentary basin, tho Devonian, 
 upper and lower Silurian, Cambrian, Carboniferous, 
 or Grey Sandstone, and Eed Sandstone formations, 
 appear in various places. 
 
 If, as Professor Johnston says, '' tlie agricultural 
 capabilities of a country depend essentially upon its 
 geological structure," it is very important tliat the 
 geological formations of this sedimentary section of 
 British North America should be minutely defined. 
 The actual features and geographical limits of each 
 geological formation are j-et undefined, therefore the 
 knowledge extant is too limited to afford t;ie reader 
 a fair view of its geological structure. The time, 
 however, it is presumed, is not far hence when a full 
 and complete geological survey of this section will 
 be ma le, when, we have no doubt, important infor- 
 mation will be obtained. The nature and commercial 
 importance of the minerals of each Province will be 
 given hereafter. 
 
 The noxt great geological area comprises the prin- 
 cipal part of Canada West, and extends into the 
 .adjoining States. The rock formations wbich cover
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 67 
 
 a large part of this section, may be described as a 
 basin of fo ssiliferoiis strata, conformable from the 
 summit of the coal measures to the bottom of the 
 very lowest formations, containing organic remains. 
 It is believed however, that the profitable portion of 
 the three great coal fields of the United States, which 
 covers an aggregate area of 120,000 square miles, 
 does not come within the Province of Canada. 
 These coal fields belong to the Devonian and Silurian 
 ej)Ochs. The lowest of the fossiliferous strata is a 
 sandstone of variable quality, which is silicious at 
 the bottom, and calciferous at the top. It underlies 
 a thick and very extensive deposit of limestone, con- 
 taining crg^-nic remains. This limestone formation 
 extends into Lower Canada also, where lime is man- 
 ufactured, in the vicinity of Quebec, and other places. 
 A bed of limestone, 35 miles in width, runs from 
 Kingston to G eorgian Bay. 
 
 There are numerous parts within the p;eographical 
 limits of the rock formations of Canada West, where 
 tertiary and alluvial deposits, the former coi^sisting 
 of beds of clay, sand, and gravel, and the h;tter of 
 alluvial drift, associated with boulders of ligneous 
 origin, peat, marl, and bog iron ore, appear in great 
 abundance. On the summits of some of the tertiary 
 hills, from 300 to 500 feet above the level of the sea, 
 numerous marine shells, of the same species as the 
 shell-fish which now inhabit the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 and northern seas, have been found. 
 
 The sandstones, like those of Eastern Canada and 
 the Lower Provinces, present various lithological 
 appearances.
 
 68 STATISTICS OF 
 
 The third geological area lies north of Lakes 
 Huron and Superior, and the Elver Ottawa. This 
 section, though not yet fully explored, is found to 
 contain many useful minerals, such as copper and 
 lead ores, marbles, limestone, plumbago, porcelain 
 clays, and magnetic and specular oxides of iron, in 
 great abundance. 
 
 Of the geological features of the fourth great area, 
 drained by the Saskatchewan and Mackensie Elvers, 
 lying between Lake Superior and the Eocky Moun- 
 tains, as well as of that lying between this section 
 and the Pacific Ocean, little is yet known. Even 
 British Columbia, the richest gold district in the 
 world, has not yet been surveyed, except by the foot- 
 steps of miners and trappers. 
 
 The Geological Structure Agriculturally 
 Considered. — After removing the loose covering of 
 the earth, the underlying soils will be found generally 
 to partake of the chemical character and composition 
 of the subjacent rocks; if sandstone, the soil is 
 sandy; if limestone, it is more or less calcareous; if 
 claystone, it is, more or less, stiff clay ; and if these 
 substances are all found intermingled, that is sand- 
 stone, claystone, and limestone, the soil will be found 
 to be composed of a similar mixture. Soils generally 
 have been formed of the solid rock. 
 
 The following definitions, where the climate is 
 suitable, may be generally adopted : 
 
 1. The soils of the red sandstones form some of 
 the richest and most productive lands in these Prov-
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 69 
 
 inces — as those of Prince Edward Island, parts of 
 Canada, N'ova Scotia, and New Brunswick. 
 
 2. The gray sandstone forms second rate soils, 
 requiring much labor and skill to render them profit- 
 able. The gray sandstone of the British North 
 American Provinces is of variable quality ; forming, 
 in some instances, a light, porous, and hungry soil ; 
 while in others, a stiff clayey soil, expensive to w^ork, 
 but productive when properly tilled. 
 
 3. The soils formed by the crumbling of the rocks 
 composing the Silurian and Cambrian systems — mica 
 slate, gneiss, and trap — are not generally favorable 
 to agricultural operations, except where lime and 
 magnesian rocks mingle their remains, when soils of 
 a fair character are produced. 
 
 4. Yaluable soils are produced where a limestone 
 and a clay mingle their mutual ruins. 
 
 5. vSome of the best soils in these Provinces are 
 composed of alluvial and sedimentary matter, con- 
 sisting of crumbled rocks, and decayed vegetation — 
 as river intervales and valleys, and the marshes of 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, surrounding the 
 head waters of the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 MINES AND MINERALS. 
 
 Canada contains gold and silver, in small quan- 
 tities, copper in great abundance, extensive deposits 
 of iron ore, galena, plumbago, gypsum, limestone, 
 marbles, building stones, and other ores and minerals 
 of economic value, which are being rapidly developed. 
 
 In a small work like this it is impossible to enu-
 
 70 STATISTICS OF 
 
 merate and specify all the localities in which useful 
 minerals have been found. In general terms, how- 
 ever, we may state the position and manufacture of 
 some of the most important minerals. 
 
 There is a large auriferous country in Canada, but 
 gold has not yet been found sufficiently plenty to pay 
 the expense of procuring it. Small quantities have 
 been obtained in the valleys of the Eivers du Loup 
 and Chaudiere, in Lower Canada, j^ative silver has 
 been discovered in numerous places, and small quan- 
 tities have been obtained from the copj)er and lead 
 mines, but the per eentage is small. 
 
 At Battersea, fifteen miles from Kingston, there is 
 a valuable deposit of Galena; it has been found also 
 in other places. Copper has been found in great 
 abundance on Lakes Huron and Superior, in Upper 
 Canada, and at Acton, in Canada East; and sul- 
 phurets of copper of various characters, and native 
 copper in small quantities, have been found in many 
 places, in both L^j^per and Lower Canada. At the 
 Acton mines, in Bagot County, where the facilities 
 for transportation are excellent, the copper is valued 
 at $150 per ton, and a large business in mining is 
 being done. In the Quebec group of rocks, on the 
 south side of the St. Lawrence, abundant deposits of 
 copper are found. In 1861, in the short space of 
 nine weeks, 300 tons of copper, valued at $45,000, 
 were obtained from the Acton mines, near Montreal. 
 In nine months, 1825 tons, valued at $130,502 were 
 obtained. It is said to contain 30 per cent of pure 
 metal. At Leeds, Megantic County, a valuable
 
 BEITISH NORTH AMERICA. 71 
 
 dei^osit of eoppor ore has been discovered, and 
 extensive mining operations are there carried on 
 with skill and profit. 
 
 Very valuable copper-bearing rocks liave been dis- 
 covered on Lakes Huron and Superior; those on the 
 Canadian side are the richest. In 1850 tlicre were 
 7,000 tons shipped from Lake Superior mines. Ac- 
 cording to the census report of 1861, 1,011 tons of 
 copper, worth $328,581, were raised, principally in 
 the Algoma District, Canada AYest. Copper mining 
 has been prosecuted in Canada for many years ; in 
 1853, copper was exported to the value of $92,080. 
 
 Iron ore is abundant, and smelting has been carried 
 on, successfully, at the St. Maurice, in Lower Canada, 
 for the last centurj^. The iron produced is excellent, 
 ])Lit the deposit is now said to he nearly exhausted. 
 and the operations have ceased. In the interior of 
 the same district, how^ever. an extensive deposit of 
 excellent ore has been discovered. 
 
 At South Sherbrook, Marmora. Hull, Madoc, &c.. 
 magnetic iron ores, containing from 40 to 50 per 
 cent, and of excellent quality, are in great abundance, 
 and mining is carried on with success. Specular 
 iron ore is abundant on Lake Huron, and other 
 places in Canada West, and bog ore is abundant in 
 all parts of Canada. Petroleum, naptha, asphalt, 
 &c., are also found. 
 
 Petroleum springs have been found in numerous 
 places in Canada. The oil, which is obtained by 
 boring, is said to be derived from Silurian, Devonian, 
 and Carboniferous rocks, and is conjectured to bo a
 
 72 STATISTICS OF 
 
 product of the chemical action hy which ligneous 
 matter is transmuted into coal. To obtain the petro- 
 leum, borings are made to the depth of from 150 to 
 500 feet. The oil region is said to cover about 7,000 
 square miles. The oil is used for ilium iiiating and 
 lubricating ]Durposes. Some of tlie wells pour fortli 
 immense quantities. 
 
 New Brunswick. — In this Province gold-bearing 
 quartz ha,s been discovered, in King's County, and 
 other places, on the south-east side of the Province ; 
 but whether sufficiently rich to pay Avorking ex- 
 penses, is not known. The north-western section of 
 the Province, bounding on Canada East, where gokl 
 has been discovered, has not ^'et been geologically 
 explored. Silver has been found in small quantities, 
 and numerous deposits of copper are known to exist. 
 (3n the Nepisiguit Piver, Bay Chaieur, on the Bay 
 of Fundy coast, and at Woodstock, the ores arc- 
 most abundant. 
 
 The coal-field of New Brunswick, although cov- 
 ering one -third the area of the Province, is not, so 
 far as tested, with the exception of the asphaltic 
 coal of Albert County, of great economic value; the 
 measures being thin and in nearly all of the mines 
 opened, impure. But the Albertite, as it is called, of 
 Albert County, is an anomaly. It is the most vahi- 
 able deposit of bituminous matter on the American 
 Continent, and so far apparently inexhaustible. It 
 produces 100 gallons of crude oil per ton. From this
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA; 73 
 
 deposit, in 1859, $225,000 worth was exported, afford- 
 ing the stockholders 110 per cent profit. 
 
 Coal is known to exist in upwards of fifty places 
 in the Province, but little has been done in mining 
 it; the principal part of the coal used is imported 
 from Xova Scotia. Coal was raised, in 1851, to the 
 amount of 2,842 tons; in 1861, 18,214. A seam of 
 good coal has recently been discovered at Sussex. 
 
 Manganese of the best quality is abundant in Albert 
 County, Avhere mining has been prosecuted for sev- 
 eral years. 
 
 Iron ore of excellent quality is very abundant at 
 AYoodstock, where mining operations have been suc- 
 cessfully carried on for a number of years. 
 
 There are many other places on the Eiver St. John, 
 and its tributaries, and also in other sections of the 
 Province, where iron ore of good quality exists. 
 
 Gypsum, plumbago, and limestone are very abun- 
 dant. Small quantities of galena and antimony have 
 been found. Brine springs abound in Kings County. 
 
 The freestone of New Brunswick is unsurpassed, 
 in this section of America, for beauty and durability ; 
 it commands high prices in the markets of the Ame- 
 rican States. 
 
 In 1861, there were taken out 42.965 casks of lime; 
 42,476 grindstones ; 14,080 tons building stone; 14,000 
 tons of gypsum, and 408 tons of other minerals. 
 
 Prince Edward Island. — But few minerals of 
 economic value have been discovered in this Prov- 
 ince. Copper, and bog iron ore, are known to exist 
 in small quantities.
 
 74 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Impure limestone exists in numerous places, and 
 small quantities of the oxide of manganese have also 
 been found. 
 
 The sandstones may be classed under two heads, 
 red and gray — the former covers a large portion of 
 the island. 
 
 Nova Scotia. — Tliis is one of the most important 
 sections, in a geological and mineralogical point of 
 view, on the Atlantic side of British North America. 
 It is rich in gold, coal, iron ore, and other valuable 
 minerals. 
 
 Coal raised in Nova Scotia. 
 
 Years. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 T" 
 
 m • 
 
 =c . 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 a> c 
 
 OrS 
 
 a> 
 
 
 
 a O 
 
 .5 fl 
 
 rt 
 
 >% 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 So 
 
 ^ S 
 
 ^-1 c3 
 
 1^ 
 
 P 
 
 a'& 
 
 
 00 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 
 C ^^ 
 
 13 
 
 O 
 
 Totals. 
 
 1850 
 
 Chald's. 
 
 S->279 
 27725 
 34873 
 44437 
 
 Tons. 
 165055 
 
 Chald's. 
 2G248 
 24773 
 
 28146 
 27578 
 
 Tons. 
 100098 
 
 Chald's. 
 1215 
 1322 
 1798 
 1996 
 
 Tons. 
 5295 
 
 Chald's. 
 
 Chald's. 
 
 61742 
 
 1851 
 
 
 
 53820 
 
 1852 
 
 
 
 64777 
 
 1853 
 
 - 
 
 
 74011 
 
 1860 
 
 Tons. 
 35300 
 
 Tons. 
 
 y 213400 
 
 1861 
 
 7G52 
 
 
 
 

 
 BEITISH NORTH AMERICA. 75 
 
 Large quantities are raised in otlicr localities. 
 More than half the coal raised is shipped to the 
 United States. 
 
 The vertical thickness of the Pietou coal vein is 
 06 feet; Ling;; p., nine feet; Joggins, four feet; the 
 Cape Breton coal vein is also of great thickness. 
 The coal field f Sydney covers an area of 250 square 
 miles. Each square mile, of 24 vertical feet of coal, 
 will yield 23,00^,000 tons. 
 
 The facilities for shipment from the coal mines of 
 Nova Scotia are excellent. 
 
 Iron ores, of various descriptions, and containing 
 large per centages of excellent iron, are found in 
 numerous places. The principal deposit is at Lon- 
 donderry, on the southern slope of the Cobequid 
 Mountains. The vein is 120 feet in breadth, and 
 produces 60 per cent of the best quality of iron. 
 
 Smelting has been commenced, and, in 1859, 
 $65,000 worth was exported. Smelting works have 
 also been established at the Nictaux Eiver, and at 
 Clements, in the County of Annapohs. The Nictaux 
 vein is six feet thick, and of good quality. 
 
 There is an extensive bed of ore on the East Eiver, 
 Pietou, near the Albion Coal Mines. It contains 
 about 42 per cent of metal. There are many other 
 places where smaller deposits are found, and bog iron 
 ore is very abundant. There are eleven iron found- 
 ries in operation throughout the Province, valued at 
 $114,600. 
 
 The quantity of iron smelted in 1851 was 400 tons, 
 and in 1801, 1,200 tons, valued at $80 per ton.
 
 76 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Copper ore has been discovered, in small quantities, 
 in six or seven different localities, in the Province. 
 In the Connty of Pictou, and other places, the ore is 
 sufficiently rich, if larger deposits could be found, to 
 remunerate hibor and costs. 
 
 Gypsum is very abundant, in numerous places. In 
 1851,79,795 tons were exported, valued at $41,992. 
 In 1861, the quantity exported was 126,-400 tons, 
 valued at 685,076. 
 
 There were 46,496 grindstones made in 1861, of the 
 value of $44,100. The number made in 1851 was 
 37,570 valued at. $23,428. 
 
 Limestone is abundant. 
 
 Marble.'^, manganese, galena, — the latter in small 
 quantities; building stones of every description, and 
 in great abundance; mineral paints, brine springs, 
 &c. There is a seam of highly bituminous coal, situ- 
 ate at Coal Brook, in Pictou County. It underlies 
 the Albion coal seams, and is known as the " Fraser 
 Oil Coal." It produces 70 gallons of crude oil per 
 ton. In 1860, 2000 tons were raised. 
 
 Gold Fields of Nova Scotia. — The metamorphic 
 district of this Province, which is the most rigid and 
 uninviting portion of its surface, is now, beyond dis- 
 pute, one of its richest sections. The hills and vales 
 of its Atlantic frontier, which have been heedlessly 
 trodden, for untold centuries, by wandering Indians, 
 are now yielding their treasured wealth to the hand 
 of civilization. 
 
 Facing the seaboard, numerous estuaries, bays,
 
 BRITISH KORTH AMERICA. 77 
 
 and rivers wind fcetween the spurs of the hills, giving 
 to this section of the country a picturesque appear- 
 ance. Along the coast line for 250 miles, and from 
 eight to thirty-five miles inland, gold-bearing quartz 
 has been found. 
 
 By what exact agency, and at what geological 
 epoch, gold was formed among the granite and met- 
 amorphic rocks, and distorted and sedimentary 
 strata of Xova Scotia, is a secret not easily divulged. 
 This part of the Province has probably been the 
 theatre of igneous action, and to that action, and its 
 influence upon the contiguous rocks, may be attrib- 
 uted the formation of gold. The gold exists chiefly 
 in quartz bands, five or six in number, running 
 nearly parallel to the Atlantic seaboard of the Prov- 
 ince. Each band consists of numerous veins, and, in 
 gold-mining parlance, '' leads," which vary in thick- 
 ness from a fraction of an inch to several feet ; of 
 various degrees of hardness and Hchness, and at 
 various depths from the surface. 
 
 Generally, the quartz rock is hard, and yields 
 slowly to abrasion, or the action of frost. In some 
 places the veins are folded and otherwise distorted ; 
 in others, they follow the geographical undulations, 
 and geological sinuosities of the subjacent, overlying, 
 and contiguous rock. In a few places, auriferous 
 drift, the result of disintegration of pre-existing 
 quartz veins, and decomposed rocks, afl'ord " alluvial," 
 or "placer" diggings; but not, so far as known, of 
 sufficient extent and richness to warrant extensive 
 operations. The richness, depth, and dip of the
 
 78 STATISTICS OF 
 
 veins appear to be governed by ig imn^iuable law. 
 In some places the richest veins are deep in the 
 earth, while in others they are near the surface. It 
 is only by denudation that the leads can, in some 
 places, be traced. 
 
 It is now beyond dispute that there are vast quan- 
 tities of gold locked up in these quartz bands, which 
 can only be brought to light by skill, industry, and 
 large pecuniary appropriations. It is needless for 
 those of small means to undertake quartz mining, in 
 Nova Scotia, excej)t as servants. By the skillful 
 application of means, however, gold in vast quan- 
 tities may be obtained. Sufficient timo has not yet 
 transpired, since its discovery in thid Province, to 
 allow a full develoj)mcnt of the gold-bearing leads. 
 Many oi the veins are highly remunerative, and 
 richer ones are continually being discovered. Some 
 of the iLiore recently discovered veins doscend per- 
 pendicultu-ly, to a great depth, from the surface, 
 between walls of other rocks, of various kinds, and 
 of different degrees of hardness, which 3 re generally 
 removed by blasting, when the quartz is obtained. 
 Crushing machines have been erected in the 2)rincipal 
 mining localities. 
 
 Situatid, as these mines are, in the vicinities of 
 excellent roads, growing towns and settlements, and 
 navigable wat<;r&, their commercial importance can- 
 not be too higli^y estimated. 
 
 It is nov/ belioved that the diffusion cl gold is as 
 general, throughout the world, as tbit of other 
 metals. Almost every year adds new gold fields to 
 the already numerous catalogue.
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 79 
 
 These discoveries seem recently to have followed 
 each other in such rapid succession, that it is impos- 
 sible, even for geologists, to predict vrhat new dis- 
 coveries a year may bring forth. The effects of such 
 discoveries, upon the social character, are not more 
 remarkable than the discoveries themselves. The 
 diffusion and intermingling of different races of our 
 being, has, no doubt, a moral effect. Law and order 
 have, for a time, been subverted, in some places; but 
 this is not the case in ISTova Scotia, although a large 
 influx of population has repaired " to the diggings." 
 In reality, law and order are not more highly 
 respected in any part of the world. 
 
 Gold has been discovered at sixt}' or seventy dif- 
 ferent places, in the Province, but regular mining 
 operations have been carried on only at the following 
 places : At Lunenburg, 75 miles west of Halifax; at 
 AYaverley, 10 miles from Dartmouth, on the road to 
 Truro ; at Lawrencetown, 12 miles eastwardly from 
 Halifax, on the shore ; at Tangier, 45 miles east of 
 Halifax; at AVine Harbor, 55 miles east of Tangier, 
 and near the mouth of St. Mary's Elver; at Sher- 
 brooke, eight miles up the said river; at Isaac's 
 Harbor, 15 miles east of AVine Har])or; at Country 
 Harbor, a low miles further inland than the last 
 named locality ; at Eenfrew, on the Nine Mile Eiver, 
 in the County of Hants; and at Oldham, in the 
 County of Halifax; these two last named gold fields 
 being, respectively, only ten and three miles distant 
 from the Elmsdale railway station, which is 30 miles 
 from the City of Halifax.
 
 80 STATISTICS OF 
 
 In Xova Scotia, as in other gold-producing conn- 
 tries, gold mining is among the industrial pursuits ; 
 and is superintended by a commissioner, and deputy 
 commissioners, who regulate the disposal of claims, 
 and the collection of revenue from the gold fields, 
 under an Act of the Legislature, passed in March. 
 1862. The size,' and annual rental of claims, and the 
 number of days labor to be performed on each, under 
 the provisions of the law above mentioned, are as 
 follows : 
 
 Size^ Cost, dx\, of Mining Leases in Nova Scotia. — 
 Quartz Area, No. 1—150 by 250 feet— $40— 100 days 
 per annum. 
 
 Quartz Area, No. 2—150 by 500 feet— $80— 200 
 days per annum. 
 
 Quartz Area, No. 3—300 by 500 feet— $160— 400 
 days per annum. 
 
 Quartz Area, No. 4—450 by 500 feet— $240— 600 
 days per annum. 
 
 Alluvial or placer diggings to contain 1,000 square 
 feet, and to paj' a rent of $5 per annum. 
 
 Lots may differ, in size, from the above, according 
 to circumstances. Quartz lots are leased for 21 
 years; alluvial lots for one year. Unproductive 
 seams, or diggings, ma}^ be abandoned, when the 
 rent, &c., ceases. 
 
 In all lots a royalty of three per cent, upon the 
 gross amount of gold mined, is to be paid to the 
 government; if the royalty exceeds the rent, then 
 the former only to be paid ; but if it does not exceed
 
 BRITISn NORTH AMERICA. 81 
 
 the rent, then the rent oiily sliall be paid. Mining 
 leases revert to the Crown on lessees failing to per- 
 form the amount ofMabor above stated. All rents to 
 be paitl quarterly in advance. 
 
 The large number of 2,274 claims were granted up 
 to the first of September, 1862. How many of these 
 may ultiraately prove unproductive, it is impossible 
 to say; but that they ^vill all yield a remunerating 
 return for labor is not to be expected; while, on the 
 other hand, not a few of them have proved valuable,, 
 and are richly repaying their owners for capital in- 
 vested. Of the whole number of claims, about 800- 
 are small 1,000 feet areas, granted before the passing; 
 of the law quoted above; but of the remainder, many 
 are of the larger, or ^o. 4 area, so tliat the aurifierous 
 disLi'icts of jN'ova Scotia woidd seem to be af eensid- 
 erable extent. Xo official records have been kept 
 that will show a correct statement of the' gold real- 
 ized by the mines; large quantities conjoin g into the 
 market through private hands, of which the govern- 
 ment receive no account; but the returns in the 
 gokl commissioner's office show that the business of 
 gold mining is ver}' productive. The return of the 
 deputy commissioner for the Sherbrooke district, for 
 the 7nonth of September, shows a total of 400 tons of 
 quartz raised, 219 tons of which were crushed, yield- 
 ing 515 ounces. During the month there were 216 
 men at work ; but only a part o£ their labor went to 
 produce the above result, much of it being spent in 
 prospecting, sinking shafts, Sivid other preparatory 
 operations. Over 110,000 woiith of gold was sent 
 6
 
 82 STATISTICS OF 
 
 iVom Nova Scotia to the World's Exhibition, at Lon- 
 don, in March, 1862. 
 
 British Columbia. — Gold^ i^-c. — Both sides, the 
 AUantie and Pacific, of the British Possessions of the 
 North American Continent, are rich in all minerals 
 of commercial value. In British Columbia, gold, 
 silver, copper, coal, iron ore, &c., are very abundant. 
 
 The o-old-bearino* districts of British Columbia 
 differ materially from those of Xova Scotia. In the 
 latter, gold is found most abundant in the quartz 
 rocks, while in the former it is found most plentiful 
 in the beds of streams, plains, gulches, and in the 
 valleys between the hills. At the source of i\\.Q- 
 Eraser, and other rivers, the gold being nearer the 
 quartz rocks, from Avhence it is derived, is found in 
 large " nuggets," which, in the descent, become 
 liner and finer, until it is found near the mouths of 
 the rivers, and at Vancouver's Island, as fine as dust. 
 In this section, by the process of disintegration, 
 commenced in remote ages, the quartzitic rocks 
 have become pulverized, and, Avashed by the torrents 
 tsweepi ng down the mountain slopes, the gold has 
 been deposited among the sand, gravel, and clays of 
 tlie lower countries. 
 
 In some places the gold is found plentiful near the 
 surface, among alluvial matter, of Avhich it composes 
 a part; in others, it is found deep in the banks of 
 streams, and in the clays of the table land. 
 
 The hills of the interior are, to a great extent, 
 composed of veins and boulders of quartz rock ; but
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 83 
 
 their gold-bearing value has not been tested, as the 
 placer, or alluvial diggings have been found highly 
 remunerative. 
 
 According to recent rej^orts, the auriferous section 
 of British Columbia occupies a belt of land, on the 
 western slope of the Rocky Mountains, upwards of 
 300 miles in length by 40 or 50 miles in width. All 
 testimony concurs in rejiorting this section to be the 
 richest p-old-bearino- countrv vet discovered. 
 
 The best gold-producing localities are at Carriboo, 
 400 miles, direct, or 500 miles, by circuitous paths, 
 from Vancouver's Island. Eoads are being con- 
 structed on both sides of the Fraser Eiver, extending 
 from the frontier in the direction of the mines. The 
 time occupied in travelling from Victoria to Carriboo 
 is about 15 days, and the expense about $50. 
 
 Gold is generally worth from $16 to $18 per ounce. 
 The amount exported from British Columbia, through 
 agencies, was, in 1858, $337,775; in 1859, $1,211,309; 
 in 1860, $1,303,332 ; in 1861, $1,636,870. 
 
 These amounts are in addition to large quantities 
 not specially reported, and it is believed that the 
 products of 1862 will nearly double those of the pre- 
 vious year. A mint has been established at New 
 Westminster, on the Fraser Eiver, Avhich is 25 
 miles, by steamer, from Victoria. 
 
 Gold has also been discovered in the beds of some 
 of the rivers east of the Eocky Mountains. 
 
 Coal, of good quality, is very abundant on Van- 
 couver's Island, and the facilities for mining and 
 shipment are excellent.
 
 84 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Esthnates of Coal. 
 
 SQUARE MILES. 
 
 British ]N'ortli America cantains... 7,500 
 
 Great Britain " ... 5,400 
 
 France « .., 984 
 
 Belgium " ... 510 
 
 Eussia " ... 100 
 
 Spain " ... 200 
 
 Bohemia " ... 400 
 
 United States " ... 199,000 
 
 The coal fields of all Europe amount to only 9,090 
 square miles, while those of British IN'orth America 
 comprise 7,500 square miles. The extent of the 
 United States coal fields has no parallel. 
 
 The coal fields of Europe are said to be much 
 thicker than those of America. 
 
 Newfoundland. — This island was surveyed, geo- 
 logically, in 1839 and 1840. From this survey it 
 appears that the aqueous, or stratified rocks, consist 
 of "upper and lower coal formation, magnesian lime- 
 stone, upper and lower slate formation, gneiss, and 
 mica slate. There are also chlorite, quartz rock^ 
 primary limestone, granite," &c. It is now generally 
 believed that this Colony is rich in useful min- 
 erals. Silver, copper, galena, marble, limestone, 
 gypsum, roofing slate, and coal, the latter in small 
 quantities, are of frequent occurrence. A silver mine 
 is being worked, on a small scale, at Placentia Bay. 
 There is a rich mine of copper, called the '• Terra
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 85 
 
 Xova" mine, to the northward, on what is called 
 the French Shore. At La Manche, in Placentia Bay, 
 there is a rich lead mine, of which Professor Shepard, 
 in a recent report, says, " I saw three thousand five 
 hundred pounds of clean, pure galena, thrown from 
 the vein by a single blast. * ^ t~ -^~ From my 
 explorations, made with great care and circum- 
 spection, I feel confident that you may safely calcu- 
 late on one hundred feet of the vein, in depth, above 
 water level, extending twelve hundred feet inland, 
 at least. I have estimated four inches of solid galena 
 as an average thickness therein ; but believing it 
 better to be under estimate, rather than exceed, I 
 will call the average thickness three inches for 
 twelve hundred feet from the landmark, and one 
 hundred feet in depth above the sea level. This will 
 give thirty thousand cubic feet of solid galena, which 
 is a little more than seven times as heavy as the 
 same bulk of water;" which gives '-a product of 
 upwards of thirteen millions of pounds, together 
 with the additional chances of quadrupling that 
 amount by sinking below the sea level, and extend- 
 ing inland. The mining is the easiest imaginable." 
 He places it on a par '' with the greatest lead deposits 
 in tlie United States." And adds, ''that this mine is 
 accessible, not only by small boats, but even the 
 smaller class of ocean steamers." On analyzation, 
 a sample was found to contain 83.64 of lead, 13.87 
 sulphur, and the remaining 2.49 parts consisted of 
 silver, copper, zinc, carbonate of lime, and silica. 
 This valuable mine has fallen into the hands of a
 
 86 STATISTICS OF 
 
 I^ew York Company. Another mine has been dis- 
 covered in the same vicinity. 
 
 Mining, in IS'ewfoundland. is still in its infiincy; 
 future researches, and the application of skill and 
 capital, have, on this island, a favorable field for 
 operations. 
 
 BOTANICAL. 
 
 Classification and Uses of some of the different Varieties 
 
 of British North American Woods and Shrubs. 
 
 1. Order Acerinae. 
 
 Acer Saccharinum — "White Sugar 
 Maple. 
 
 Highly ornamental, and 
 much used for Cabinet 
 
 " Nigrum-Black Sugar Maple. \_^^,^^ ^-,7 ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ 
 
 - Da.s^-carpuni- White Sugar fir^t Sugar is made. 
 
 Maple. J *= 
 
 " Rubrum — Red Maple. 
 " Stratium — Sti-iped Maple — !Moose\vood. 
 " Moutanum — Mountain Maple. 
 
 2. Order BetuJaceae. 
 
 _,,,_,, ,. „ T.- 1 ^ Excellent for cabinet work» 
 
 Betula Excelsa-l ellow Birch. I r,^^,^,^,,,^^ implements, 
 
 " N^gva-Black Birch. J ship-building, &c 
 
 -r. 11-1 •. T>- 1 1 Bark used by tlie Indians 
 
 Papvracea—^^hite Birch. I . ,„,.,,:„/ n.pir ^nnn^s 
 
 , „, -r,^^ rtoi' coveruig tlicir canoes 
 
 Lenta — Cherry Birch. i • 
 
 •' J and wigwams. 
 
 " Populi-folia — Poplar-leaved Birch. 
 Alnus Serulata — Alder. 
 
 Carpinus Americana — Hornbeam, used for agricultural imple- 
 ments. 
 
 8. Order CupvUferae. 
 
 Fagus Sylvatica — "White Beech. 
 
 " Ferruginea — Red Beech. 
 Quercus Rubra — Red Oak. 
 
 '« Alba— "White Oak. 
 
 Used for agricultural im- 
 plements, & shipbuilding. 
 Tliere are twenty varieties 
 of oak in B. N. America.
 
 BRITISH NOIITH AMERICA. 
 
 Quercus Anibigna — Gvny On I:. 
 " Nigra— Black Oak. 
 
 <' Bicolor — Svranip Wliite 
 
 Casfanea Vesca — Client mi(. 
 Ostryna Vii-ginica — Iron V>'oocl. 
 Corylus Americana — Hazel. 
 
 Wliite oak abounds in Can- 
 ada, and is much used for 
 sliijibuilding and puncheon 
 and barrel s^taves. It cuts 
 to about 18 inches square, 
 J and about -50 feet long. 
 
 4. Oi'der Oleaeenc. 
 
 Fraxinus Aeuininata — "Wlilfc Asli 
 '• Saitibucifolia — lU"k Ash. 
 
 " Inglandifolia — Swamp 
 
 Ash. 
 
 ] Used for cabinet work. 
 I farming implements, ba.s- 
 [kets, &c. ; white ash, for 
 I making oars ; and some are 
 J ornamental. 
 
 5. Order Ulmaceae. 
 
 Ulmus Americana — "Wliite Elm. "] The Avood is used for ox 
 " Fiilva — Red or .Slippery Elm \ beams, and is very elastic. 
 " Kacemosa — Rock Elm. Tlie bark is used for cluiiv- 
 
 " " — Gray Elm. J bottoms. 
 
 G. Order Tii'jJandaceae. 
 
 Inglans Cinerea — IJutternut. 
 " Nio-ra — Black Walnut. 
 
 ] Used for cabinet work. It 
 [is highly ornamental, and 
 j unequalled for beauty on 
 
 J the American Continent. 
 
 Corva Alba— Shell Bavk Uickary. 1 t- i f • i . i. ^f 
 • ~ c, 1 1. 1 I sed for implements ot 
 
 " Tormeniosa — hmootli bark V, , i ^ 
 
 ,,. , husbandrv. 
 
 Hickory. J 
 
 '• Glabra — Rignut. 
 
 " Amara — Bitternut. 
 
 7. Order Saliacac. 
 
 Populus Tremuloides — Aspen Pop- 1 t^ ^ • .i e ^, ^^ 
 
 '■ 1 • • L sed in the manufacture of 
 
 r. 1- 1 i m '^'^T, 1 sleitjhs. and other vehicles. 
 " Grandindata — I ree i oplar ,- ^^ . t i. i 
 
 n 1- AVI •* 1 ^ ^t IS very light when sea- 
 
 " Candicans — >>hite Leaved i 
 
 T, 1 soned. 
 
 Poplar. J 
 
 " Monilifera — NecklacePop- ' 
 
 lar. Used for ornamental pur- 
 
 Salix Nigra — Black Willow. ( poses. 
 
 " Eriocephala — Swamp Willow^
 
 88 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Salix Viminaiis — Basket Willow, used in basket making. 
 Rose Willow. Bark medicinal. 
 
 8. Order Amif(/-'hneae. 
 
 Pyrus Micracarpa — Rowan or M'tn 
 
 Ash. 
 Cerasus Pennsjdvanica — lied Ch'ry 
 
 " Soratina — Black Cherry. 
 
 " Virginiana — Choke Cherry 
 Pruaus imericana — Wild Plum. 
 
 Produces edible fruit. The 
 wood of some of the cherry 
 trees is very durable and 
 highly ornamcntai. 
 
 9. Order Bosaceae. 
 
 Produces edible fruit abun- 
 
 Cratalaegus Punctata — Apple Th'n 
 
 " Occinca — Ued Thorn. 
 
 " Crus— White Thorn. 
 
 Amelancheier Canadensis — Service f danily. 
 
 lierry. | 
 Ptubus Strigasus — Raspberry. J 
 
 Ilosa Gallica — Red Rose, a beautiful hedge ornament. 
 
 10. Order CaprifoJlaceae. 
 
 Viburnum Lautanoides — Moose ] 
 
 Bush. I The berries are edible, es- 
 " Oxycoccus — Tree Cran- j- peciall}' those of the Tree 
 berry j Cranberry. 
 
 Cornus Canadensis — Dogwood. I 
 
 Sambucus Pubecenes — Red Berried Elder. 
 
 11. Order FUiaceae. 
 
 Filia Americana — Basswood, used in the construction of car- 
 riages. It is light and durable. 
 
 12. Order Anacardiaceae. 
 Rhus Typhina — Sumac. 
 
 13. Order Lauraceae. 
 Sassafras Officinal e — Sassafras.
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 89 
 
 14. Order Planfajiaceae. 
 Plantanus Occldentalis — Buttonwood, American Sycamore. 
 
 15. 
 
 Finns Strobus — White Pine. 
 
 '* Eosinosa — l\ed Pine. 
 
 " Rigida — Pitch Pine. 
 
 *♦ Mitis — Yellow Pine. 
 
 '• Canadensis — Ilemlk Spruce. 
 
 " Nigra — Black Spruce. 
 
 " llubra — lied Spruce. 
 
 " Alba— V>'hit.e Spruce. 
 
 " Balsaniinea — P>alsam Fir. 
 
 " Pendula — Larch. llMcmatack. 
 Thuga Occidenfali>: — Wliite Cedar. 
 Taxus Canadensis — Gr'd Hemlock. 
 Juniperus Communis — Ground Ju- 
 niper. 
 
 Order Conlfcrae. 
 
 The principal pari of this 
 family is highly useful, both 
 for home consumplion and 
 for exportation. The pines 
 and spruces are used in 
 shipbuilding; also, sawed 
 
 .into deals for exportation. 
 
 ' The hackmatack is a supe- 
 rior Avood forsiiip-building, 
 railway sleepers, &c. The 
 white pine of Canada oc- 
 casionally reaches 200 feet 
 in height, will square 20 
 inches, and 60 feet long. 
 
 These woods are found in almost all parts of the 
 woodland sections of British North America, except 
 the families of CupuJiferae and Tnglandaceae, which 
 are more particularly the produce of the Avesteru 
 section of Canada, while these of the Acerinae and 
 Coniferae are more particularly that of Canada East 
 and the Lower Provinces, except ISTewfoundland, 
 where the forest woods are comparatively few in 
 number, and generally of a small growth. 
 
 Not less than fifty of the woods of these Pi-ovinces 
 grow to Ite large forest trees, averaging in size from 
 one foot in diameter at the trunk to the great pines 
 of Canada East and New Brunswick. 
 
 Of the woods of British North America, Canada 
 sent to the London Exhibition 98 specimens, and 490 
 native plants ; New Brunswick TO ; Nova Scotia
 
 90 STATISTICS OF 
 
 speciir.ens of woods, native plants; and the other 
 Colonies also sent a large number of specimens. 
 
 At Eed Eiver the oak, sugar maple, cedar and ash, 
 cease to grow. The only trees are spruce, scrubby 
 pines, balsam, aspen, poplar, and birch. Further 
 north there are nothing but sombre forests of worth- 
 less timbei*. 
 
 On the Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, 
 from 6,500 to 900 feet above the level of the sea, 
 Doctor Hector found 819 species of flowering plants 
 and ferns, which is nearly one-half of the flora of 
 British Xorth America. 
 
 Indigenous fruit of most every variety, is very 
 abundant. Much of it is highly delicious and medi- 
 cinal. In the maritime provinces, cranberries, a most 
 useful product, are very abundant, and command two 
 dollars per bushel iu the markets. Strawberries, a 
 very delicious fruit, literall3^ cover the pasture-flelds 
 during earl^^ summer; and raspberries, a highly es- 
 teemed fruit, are also abundant. Most all the infe- 
 rior soils produce blueberries to a great extent. Of 
 the nuts — the beech, butter, and hazel, are the prin- 
 cJDal. 
 
 There are numerous other edible berries among 
 the indigenous products of America, which are also 
 much esteemed. 
 
 ZOOLOGICAL. 
 
 Order — Carnwora — or flesh-eating animals. The 
 bear (Ursus Americanus) ; wild cat ( Felis Cana- 
 densis) ; wolf (Canis Occidentalis) ; red fox (Yulpes
 
 BEITISH NORTH AMERICA. 91 
 
 Fulvus) ', silver-gray fox (Yulpes ArgcPxtatiis) ; wol- 
 verine (Gulo Liisiis) ; Eaccoon (Procyon Lotor). 
 There arc five species of the weasel (Mustelidae), 
 and three species of the mouse (Sorex) ; mole (Con- 
 dylura Long-icaudata) ; bat (Yespertilio) ; martin 
 (Mustela Americana) ; otter (Lutra Canadensis). 
 
 Order — Bum inantia — ruminating animals. Carri- 
 boo or reindeer (Cervus Tarandus); moose or elk 
 (Alces Americana). 
 
 Order — Bodentia — gnavring animals. The beaver 
 (Castor Canadensis) ; porcupine (Ilystrix Dorsata) ; 
 hare or rabbit (Lepus Americanus) ; woodchuck 
 (Arctemys); squirrels, three species (Sicurus Lis- 
 teri) ; musk rat (Fiberzibethicus. 
 
 Eeptiles. — The reptiles are few and liaT'mless; 
 three species of the snake; two varieties each of the 
 toad and frog; two varieties of the lizard; and two 
 of the turtle. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGICAL. 
 
 The principal part of the Birds of EriLisli North 
 America are migratory; they leave for southern 
 climes in the autumn, and return in th=e sprijig ; 
 though some of the migratory birds of the duck 
 family have been known to remain in the country 
 throughout the year. 
 
 The following catalogue contains the principal part 
 of the birds of British North America : 
 
 1. Order Baptores — or birds of prey. Under this 
 order there are two species of the eagle, four species 
 of the hawk, and four of the owl.
 
 92 STATISTICS OP 
 
 2. Order Insessores — or perclimg birds. The night- 
 luiAvk (Caprimulgus Americaiuis) ; the swallow (Ili- 
 rundo); song-siiarrow (Fringilla); and the chirping- 
 sparrow (Fringilla Socialis), are very numerous ; two 
 species of the finch (Fringilla). The thrush or robin 
 (Turdus Migratorius), arrives early in the spring, 
 and remains until late in autumn -, shore-lark (Alauda 
 Alpestris). There are about thirty species of the 
 warblers (Sylviadae) ; the majority of the warbler 
 family arrive here in spring, remain a few days, and 
 pass on to Hudson's Bay Territory, where they bring 
 up their young, returning to southern latitudes as 
 cold approaches. The other birds of the family of 
 perchers are the wren, nut-hatch, humming bird, 
 snow bird, sparrow, crow, raven, grackle, starling, 
 kingfisher, whip-poor-will, and two species of the jay. 
 
 3. Order Sea nsores — or climbing birds. There are 
 six species of the woodpecker in this section of 
 America. 
 
 4. Order Easores — or scraping birds. The rufi'ed 
 grouse (Tetrao Umbellus), or birch partridge, and 
 the spotted or spruce grouse (Tetrao Canadensis) : 
 this tribe of gallinaceous birds are numerous in 
 Xorth America; the pigeons are very numerous 
 also. The principal part of the domestic fowls be- 
 long to this order. 
 
 5. Order Crrallatores — wading birds. The crane, 
 S]iipe, woodcock, eoote, and sand-piper. 
 
 6. Order Natatores — swimming birds. The ducks 
 and geese (Anatidae,) are numerous. Of the latter 
 there are two species, the wild goose and the brant
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA; 93 
 
 goose, whieli arrive in the bays and estuaries of the 
 Strait of Northumberland and Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence about the last of March, remain about two 
 months, and pass on to the coasts of Labrador, 
 where they bring up their young, and return in au- 
 tumn to their old feeding grounds, where they re- 
 main until winter sets in, when they leave for the 
 warmer parts of the United States coast. Gulls are 
 also numerous along most all our seaboard. Grebes, 
 Auks, and Ganncts, frequent the sea shore. 
 
 Of wild ducks, the case sent by Nova Scotia to the 
 London Exhibition in 1862, represents nearly all that 
 are to be found in British North America, namely : 
 " Wood ducks (Anas Sponsa) ; scoup ducks (Fuligula 
 Marila) ; eider ducks (Fuligula Molissima) ; king 
 eider ducks (Fuligula Spectabilis) ; blue-winged teal 
 (Anas Discors) ; green-winged teal (Anas Carolinen- 
 sis) ; harlequin duck (Fuligula Ilistrionica") ; ring- 
 necked duck (Fuligula Eutiforgenes); dusky duck 
 (Anas Obscura) ; and Shoveller (Anas Ciypeata)." 
 
 Of the birds of North America, Wilson discovered 
 in 1841, 283 species; Bonaparte, in 1858, discovered 
 471; Audubon, in 1844, 506; and the Smithsonian 
 Institute published in 1856, a list of no less than 716 
 species. 
 
 A very large number of the feathered tribe are 
 isolated from civilization. Those which follow in 
 the path of civilization, in these Colonies, are swal- 
 lows, which leave the Lower Provinces about the 
 first of September; robins, crows, blue jays, cedar 
 birds, Canada jays, with a few others.
 
 94 STATISTICS OF 
 
 There are few countries better adapted than Brit- 
 ish North America to meet the desires of the sports- 
 man ; fishj birds, and animals, are plenty, 
 
 FISHERIES OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 This section of the American Continent has a sea- 
 board, including the Gulf and Elver St. Lawrence, 
 Straits of Belle Isle, Hudson's Bay and outlets, and 
 St. George's Channel, of 5,500 miles of coast, along 
 which are to be found, at different seasons of the 
 year, a greater abundance and variety of fish and 
 marine animals than in any other part of the world. 
 The shoals of herring, cod, and mackerel, which 
 approach this vast coastline for purposes connected 
 with the reproduction of their species, are immense 
 and inexhaustible. Then, about the end of Novem- 
 ber, innumerable herds of seals enter the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence, by the Straits of Belle Isle. Besides, 
 many of the bays and rivers teem w^th salmon, shad, 
 alewives, trout, and other fish. 
 
 While the comparatively unproductive lands along 
 the coasts of Newfoundhmd. Labrador, and Hudson's 
 Bay, do not yield to the hand of agricultural indus- 
 trj', still the accessible treasures of the deep are of 
 incalculable value, and already afford a revenue 
 equal, if not greater, than that derived b^^ some of 
 the far-famed States of the West from their ascHcul- 
 tural products. Having the world for a market, the 
 fisheries of British North America might be made to 
 yield annually many millions of pounds of additional 
 revenue.
 
 BEITISH NORTH AMERICA. 95 
 
 France and the United States. avIio give bounties 
 to their fishermen, are annually drawing from these 
 waters an immense wealth, vrhile the inhabitants of 
 British North America, Newfoundland excepted, 
 merel}' take a few thousands of dollars worth. 
 
 As to the habits of man}^ of the finny tribes, man 
 is an entire stranger. It is only ver}^ recently 
 that this important subject has received any atten- 
 tion from Naturalists ; not indeed until the fisheries 
 in many parts of the world were nearly destroyed. 
 The river and lake fisheries in these Colonies have 
 suffered much from improper modes and times of 
 catching ; so much so. that legislative action has be- 
 come necessary to protect them. 
 
 This coast is inhabited b}^ numerous families, each 
 composed of many species of the tribes of the deep; 
 the following, however, being those most useful in 
 commerce, are all our limited space Avill permit us to 
 give : 
 
 1. Gadidae — the Cod family. The common cod, 
 tomcod, haddock, hake, and pollock. 
 
 Of this family, the most important is the common 
 cod (Morrhua Vulgaris) which is found all along the 
 shores of the St. Lawrence. The cod inhabits cold 
 and temperate climes; it is found in immense quan- 
 tities on the Great Banks of Newfoundland; it is 
 also found along the coasts of Greenland, Labrador, 
 Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. 
 
 The cod appears in the Gulf of St. Lawrence be- 
 tween the tenth of May and the tenth of June. In 
 these waters it has favorite spawning and feeding 
 places.
 
 96 STATISTICS OF 
 
 2. CIu2:ieadae—t'\ie Herring family. The common 
 lierring. American shad, and gaspereaux, or alewife. 
 
 The herring (Chipea Ilarengns), or the genus 
 Ch'pea, is very abundant, along the coast, from New 
 York to Hudson's Bay. It is not agreed among 
 Naturalists, whether or not there is more than one 
 variety of this fish. In winter it disappears from 
 these coasts, and reappears as soon as the ice leaves 
 in the spring, in immense shoals, especially at the 
 Bay Chaleur, Magdalen Islands, Strait of Canso, and 
 on the southern coast of Newfoundland. 
 
 Shad are verv abundant in the Ba^' of Fundy, and 
 some arc taken in the Strait of Northumberland, but 
 are much inferior in quality to those taken in the 
 former place. The shad does not frequent the At- 
 lantic coast of Nova Scotia. 
 
 Graspercaux. or alewives, enter many of the rivers 
 of the Northumberland Strait, as far north as Mira- 
 michi, in immense shoals. In the Bay of Fundy 
 they are abundant, and of a better quality than those 
 of the vStrait. 
 
 3. Salmonidae — the Salmon family. Trout, three 
 species, salmon, smelt, capelin, and white fish. 
 
 Of this family, the salmon (Salmo Salar) is the 
 most important. It is brought from the rivers, 
 where it passes three-quarters of the year. As soon 
 as the ice breaks up, in the spring, it migrates 
 towards the sea, but returns to its old haunts in the 
 rivers, in the months of June and July, for the pur- 
 pose of spawning. 
 
 It is considered the most valuable fish caught, and
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 97 
 
 was, during the early settlement of the country, 
 found in great abundance in almost every one of the 
 hundreds of rivers which penetrate British North 
 America. In consequence of the application of im- 
 proper agencies in catching, it now enters only 
 a few rivers in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 
 and somewhere about fifty in Lower Canada. It 
 enters a great many of the rivulets and streams of 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 If the laws now in force, in each Colony, for the 
 protection and regulation of the fisheries generally, 
 especially the river and lake fisheries, are not more 
 stringently enforced, some of those, the most impor- 
 tant, will shortly be matters of history. 
 
 The white fish (Corregonus Albus) is an inhab- 
 itant of fresh water lakes, and, unlike most other 
 aquatic creatures, is a vegetarian ; it feeds on Algae 
 Confervae^ and moss which is found to grow on the 
 bottom of lakes. The white fish enter the rivers 
 and shallow places of the lakes in the spring, for 
 purposes connected with reproduction, when they 
 are taken, in immense quantities, in Canada; and in 
 some of the upper lakes of the Eiver St. John, New 
 Brunswick, to a limited extent. After spawning, 
 they return to the deep waters of the lakes, where 
 they remain the greater part of the year. The white 
 fish weighs, generally, from two to three pounds; 
 some, however, have been known to weigh seven 
 pounds. It is a delicious fish, and is highly prized, 
 commercially. 
 
 The lakes of Canada, with their connecting links, 
 7
 
 98 STATISTICS OF 
 
 form a curvilineal frontier of nearly five thousand 
 miles, along which these fish are caught in immense 
 numbers. Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, 
 are their great haunts ; but the improper times and 
 agencies employed in catching them, are now found 
 materially to lessen the quantity caught. Lake 
 Ontario, to which great numbers of fish, especially 
 salmon, migrate every year, from the ocean, still 
 supplies large quantities, of various kinds ; but even 
 in this lake, from the destructive agencies employed 
 in catching, the value of the fisheries is on the de- 
 cline. 
 
 The Canadian lakes are also inhabited by vast 
 numbers of herrings, salmon trout, and speckled 
 trout. Some of the trout of these lakes weigh from 
 sixty to eighty pounds. There are three kinds of 
 bass — black, white, and yellow — chub, perch, suckers, 
 sturgeon, pickerel, pike, &c. ; the most valuable, how- 
 ever, of all the lake fisheries, are the herring, white 
 fish, salmon, and trout, which form a large item both 
 for home consumption and exportation. 
 
 4. Percidae — the Perch family, to which many of 
 the fish inhabiting the Canadian lakes belong, con- 
 sists of yellow perch, bass, and pond fish. The bass 
 is a salt water fish, and is caught in most of the 
 rivers of these Provinces; it enters some of them in 
 the winter season, when it is caught in large quan- 
 tities by scooping through holes cut in the ice ; it is 
 considered delicious when fresh. 
 
 5. Scomberoideae — the Mackerel family, embraces 
 the spring and fall mackerel (Scomber Yernalis), of
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 99 
 
 the goniis Scomber^ the common tunny, and the sword 
 fish. 
 
 The mackerel is among the most valuable fish that 
 visit the coasts. It is met with from Cape Ann, in 
 the United States, along the coast, and in the large 
 bays, as far north as Newfoundland ; it is found in 
 the Bay of Fundy, off the Atlantic coast of ]^ova 
 Scotia, and in the Gut of Canso ; but no where more 
 plentiful than along the shores of the St. Lawrence. 
 especially off the coast of Prince Edward Island, in 
 the Bay Chaleur, in the lower part of the Eiver St. 
 Lawrence, and at the Magdalen Islands. It arrives 
 about the end of May, or the beginning of June, its 
 spawning season, when it proceeds to deep water, 
 returns in August, and remains till the last of Octo- 
 ber. 
 
 6. Mammalia. — The seal, or sea calf, is a carniv- 
 orous and am^^hibious animal, belonging to the order 
 Mammalia. There are several varieties; those com- 
 mon to these coasts are the hooded seal (Phoca 
 Leonina), which is sometimes eight feet long, and 
 has a movable sack on its head, formed of several 
 folds of skin, with -svhich, at pleasure, it can cover its 
 eyes and nose; the harbor seal (Phoca Vitubina), 
 whose average length is three feet; and the harp 
 seal (Phoca Groenlandica), the average length of 
 which is five feet. 
 
 The harp seal and hooded seal herd together, and 
 are migratory. They enter the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 by the Strait of Belle Isle, in the month of JS'ovem- 
 ber. where they remain, amid the ice, nea-rly ail
 
 100 STATISTICS OF 
 
 winter, tlien repair to tlie ocean, and. it is thought 
 by some writers, to Hudson's Bay. and the Arctic 
 seas, from whence they return to the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, about the last of May. The harbor seals 
 appear to live apart from the others, and remain in 
 the same places at all seasons of the year. 
 
 Seals are of great commercial value ; the oil and 
 skins are largely" exported from Newfoundland, and 
 other sections of British ]S"orth America. 
 
 Seals are sometimes caught in nets -, but the most 
 profitable seal fisheries are those carried on by large 
 schooners and brigs, solidly built, and having their 
 bows plated with iron, to prevent being cut through 
 by the ice. They have crews of from twenty to fifty 
 men, and carry from six to ten boats, which the men 
 ■draor over the ice when in search of seals. These 
 Tessels leave the ports of Newfoundland every year, 
 in March and April. Seal hunting on the ice-fields 
 is a very dangerous and laborious occupation, but 
 when successful, it is highly remunerative. 
 
 Cetacea. — Of this genus of the finny tribe, the 
 whale, of which there are several varieties — the 
 black, humpbacked, sulj^hur-bottomed, and finner 
 whale — are the most useful. The black whale, 
 though scarce in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is the 
 most valuable of all. The humpbacked whale, so 
 called on account of a hump on its back, is the most 
 plentiful in the Gulf, and easiest taken ; the other 
 kinds of whale are numerous, but not easily killed. 
 
 Their principal haunts are at the Mingan Islands, 
 .at the west point of the Island of Anticosta, the
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 101 
 
 Straits of Belle Isle, and the Coast of Labrador. 
 The whale, it is said, spends its winters on the south- 
 west coast of the United States, where it brings forth 
 its young. Towards the end of May whales appear 
 in the Gulf with their calves, which they defend from 
 the attack of man or beast with furv. The black 
 wdiale will yield from one hundred to five hundred 
 barrels of oil, besides the fins, which are of great 
 value. The other varieties of the whale produce 
 from twenty to one hundred barrels of oil only. 
 
 Shell Fish. — Under this head may be enumerated 
 lobsters, oysters, clams, mussels, razor-fish, crabs, 
 and shrimps, all of which are found in the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence. Lobsters are abundant along the 
 whole coast-line of the Gulf. Oysters are plentiful 
 on the north-east coast of New Brunswick, and 
 south-west coast of Prince Edward Island, and other 
 places in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Canadians 
 are engaged in planting artificial beds along their 
 coast with success. The oyster-beds of the Gulf are 
 not so productive as formerly, arising, not so much 
 from the large quantities annually taken, as from the 
 improper agencies employed in removing them from 
 the beds. On many of the oyster-beds of the Strait 
 of Northumberland, where a few years ago oysters 
 were very plentiful, only shells, without life, are now 
 to be found. 
 
 Commercial Value of the Fisheries. — Canada. 
 — It is impossible to arrive at a correct account of 
 the value of the fish caught, in the waters of British
 
 102 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Xortli America, in any one year. The following is 
 only an approximation : 
 
 The total value of fish exported to the Mediterra- 
 nean, West Indies, and South America, from the 
 ports of Lower Canada, in 1859, was $722,616. The 
 value of whales caught at Gaspe, in 1859, v/as 
 S26.256. One man alone caught 7,000 barrels of 
 salmon. 
 
 The fisheries of Lower Canada give employment 
 to 100 vessels, and from 1,200 to 1,500 boats annually. 
 In 1859 Lower Canada exported fish to the value of 
 $1,026,288. 
 
 In 1861 the Magdalen Islands owned 38 schooners 
 and 232 fishing boats; and the products of the iisli- 
 cries were 104,000 barrels of pickled fish, 16,000 
 quintals of dried fish, and 30,000 gallons of oil. 
 
 The total value of the fisheries of Upper Canada 
 was, in 1859, §380,000, — making for all Canada 
 $1,406,288 worth of fish caught in one year. 
 
 This contrasted with the value of fish caught in 
 1850, 8146,084, and in 1852, $297,848, shows great 
 progress made in this department of industry. 
 
 According to the Census of 1861, there were offish 
 dried 2,517 quintals, salted 10,013 barrels, and the 
 quantity sold fresh amounted to 175,744 pounds. 
 
 Nova Scotia Fisheries — 
 
 1851. 1861. 
 
 Number of vessels employed 812 900 
 
 boats *• 5,161 8816 
 
 " men " 10,394 14,322
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 103 
 
 1851. 1861. 
 
 Quintals of dried fish 196,434 396,425 
 
 Barrels of mackerel 100,047 66,108 
 
 shad 3,536 7,649 
 
 " herrings 53,200 194,170 
 
 " alewives 5,343 12,565 
 
 salmon 1,669 2,481 
 
 Smoked " 2,738 
 
 Boxes of herring 15,409 35,557 
 
 Total value offish caught in 1861 was $2,072,081. 
 
 New Brunswick Fisheries. — The Census of 1861 
 gives the total value of fish caught at $518,530. 
 
 Prince Edicard Island Fisheries. — 
 Barrels of mackerel caught in 1861 7,163 
 
 " alewives and herrings 22,416 
 
 Quintals of codfish and hake 39,776 
 
 Gallons of fish oil made 17,609 
 
 Number of fishing boats owned 1,239 
 
 Total value offish caught in 1861 was $220,000. 
 
 Neiofoundland Fisheries. — The waters around this 
 Colony teem with every variety of valuable fish. 
 The fisheries constitute the principal industrial pur- 
 suit of the inhabitants, and fish is the ' principal 
 export. There are two classes of fisheries — the 
 "Shore Fishery," and the "Bank Fishery; the 
 former is confined to the bays and shores of the 
 island, while the latter is between 500 and 600 miles 
 in length, with a breadth of 200 miles. The " Banks 
 of Newfoundland " form the most extensive subma-
 
 104 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 rine elevation in tlie world. The depth of water 
 varies from twenty to one hundred fathoms. The 
 best fishing ground is said to be between lat. 42° and 
 46° N. The south-eastern coast is subject to dense 
 fogs, which are thought to arise from the union (on 
 the Grand Bank) of the tropical and polar waters, 
 which, with their accompanying atmospheres, being 
 of different temperatures, produce, by evaporation 
 and condensation, continual vapors. 
 
 Statistics of the Fisheries of Newfoundland for the Years named. 
 
 Years. 
 
 1836. 
 
 1845. 
 
 1858. 
 
 860854 
 
 1000233 
 
 1058059 
 
 
 442 
 3545 
 
 1688 
 2726 
 
 1847 
 
 1534 
 
 20903 
 
 82155 
 
 384321 
 
 352702 
 
 507626 
 
 2959 
 
 2037 
 
 2004 
 
 563003 
 
 663466 
 8408 
 
 920819 
 
 41872 
 244826 
 
 323241 
 359524 
 
 243646 
 
 807829 
 
 907112 
 
 1280343 
 
 1861. 
 
 Cod, quintals 
 
 Cove (pickled cod), tubs 
 
 Salmon, tierces 
 
 Herring, barrels 
 
 Seal skins 
 
 No. of furs 
 
 Value fish, furs, & skins, £ 
 
 Seal and cod oil, tons... 
 
 Other oils, gallons........ 
 
 Oils, value of, £ 
 
 Products of the sea, ") « 
 total value of / 
 
 1021720 
 
 cwt. 372 
 
 2924 
 
 64377 
 
 375282 
 
 3886 
 
 931292 
 
 8375 
 
 tons, 23 
 
 338361 
 
 1269546
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMEEICA. 105 
 
 We have no means of knowing the quantity offish 
 consumed in either this or the other Colonies; it is 
 estimated, however, that 250,000 quintals of codfish 
 were consumed, in 1861, by the inhabitants of IS^ew- 
 foundland; which would make the total quantity 
 caught in that year, 1,271,720 quintals. The number 
 of vessels engaged in the seal fisherj^, in 1851, was 
 823 ; aggregate tonnage, 29,545 tons ; manned by 
 11,377 men. 
 
 In 1857, the number of vessels employed in the 
 seal, and other fisheries, w^as 777 ; manned by 14,433 
 men; total amount of tonnage, 57,898. The number 
 of boats employed was 11,683, and the nets and 
 seines numbered 2,354. 
 
 The number of men em2:>loyed in the fisheries of 
 this island, in 1861, was 24,000 ; the French employed 
 12,000 more. France claims a right, by treaty, to 
 cure fish on a part of the coast of Newfoundland. 
 
 Prince Edward Island Fisheries. — In 1853, there 
 were caught, 750 barrels of mackerel, 2,704 barrels 
 of herring, 4,277 quintals of codfish, and 2,812 gallons 
 of oil were made. 
 
 In 1861 the quantities caught were, 7,163 barrels 
 of mackerel, 22,416 barrels of herring and alewives, 
 89,776 quintals of hake. The quantity of oil made 
 was 17,609 gallons, and the number of boats owned, 
 for fishing purposes, 1,239.
 
 106 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Total Annual Value of Fish caught in the following 
 
 Colonies : 
 
 Canada $1,406,288 
 
 -NoYH Scotia 2,072,081 
 
 New Brunswick 518,530 
 
 Newfoundland 5,178,184 
 
 Prince Edward Island 206,000 
 
 Total $9,378,083 
 
 Exclusive of the value of tlie fish consumed by the 
 inhabitants, in each fishing locality, which must be 
 considerable, and also of the value of those caught in 
 British Columbia, and other sections of British North 
 America. 
 
 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The highest authority in British North America is 
 vested in the Governor General — the Representa- 
 tive of the Crown of Great Britain — who resides in 
 Canada. The government of each of the other Colo- 
 nies is vested in a Lieutenant-Governor, who 
 resides at the Head Quarters of his respective Colony, 
 and is only nominally subordinate to the Governor 
 General; the office of Governor General being only a 
 distinction of rank, as the administration of the gov- 
 ernment of the Colonies is in no respect connected. 
 
 Each Colony has its separate Legislative and 
 Executive Departments. 
 
 The Legislature consists of a ITouse of Assembly, 
 elected quadrennially by the inhabitants of the cities 
 and counties, into which each Colony is divided, and
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 107 
 
 a Legislative Council^ appointed by the Crown, except 
 in Canada, Avhere, since 1856, the Legislative Council 
 is elective. 
 
 The Executive Council, the responsible advisers of 
 the Governor, are chosen from the two branches of 
 the Legislature, and appointed by the Crown. 
 
 These three bodies, in their respective Colonies, 
 are miniatures of the Commons, Lords, and Cabinet, 
 of Great Britain. 
 
 The political offices, known as " Heads of Depart- 
 ments," are held by members of the Executive 
 Council.
 
 108 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Tabular Statement of the Legislative, JExecutive, and 
 Departmental Machinery of each Colony. 
 
 
 
 
 r^' 
 
 ri 
 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 o 
 
 ee 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ce 
 
 Heads. 
 
 eS 
 
 02 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 I— 1 
 
 
 "C 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 e2 
 > 
 
 W 
 
 
 S3 
 
 O 
 
 ;^ 
 
 
 Pu 
 
 House of Assembly, No. of Members 
 Legislative Council, " 
 
 Executive Council, " 
 
 President of the Council 
 
 Attorney General 
 
 Solicitor General 
 
 Surveyor Gcner.al 
 
 Commissioner of Public Y\'orks 
 
 Speaker of Legislative Council , 
 
 Provincial Secretary 
 
 Post Master General 
 
 Minister of Finance 
 
 Receiver G eneral 
 
 130 
 
 55 
 
 41 
 
 29 
 
 Gl 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 14 
 
 The government of British Cohimbia is adminis- 
 tered by a Lieutenant-Governor, Chief Justice, Com- 
 missioners of Lands and Works, Chief Commissioner
 
 [BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 109 
 
 of Police, Collector, and Colonial Secretary, who are 
 all appointed, and directed in tbeir operations, by 
 the Imperial Government. The Provincial appoint- 
 ments are, a Stipendiary Magistrate, in each town 
 and district; Land Agents; a Gold Commissioner; 
 County Judges, and other subordinate officers. 
 
 The principles of Responsible Government have been 
 conceded to some of the Colonies. In Canada, Nova 
 Scotia, and New Brunswick, this modern form of 
 constituting executive power is in full operation. 
 The heads of the principal departments hold seats at 
 the Council Board, in their respective Colonies, and 
 remain members of Council as long as they retain 
 the confidence of the electors, as expressed through 
 their representatives. Under this s^^stem, the num- 
 ber of political offices is on the increase. The extent 
 of the principle is quite arbitrary. In Nova Scotia, 
 the offices of Surveyor General, Commissioner of 
 Public Works, and Post Master General, are non- 
 political, although political in New Brunswick; the 
 Minister of Finance, and Peceiver General, are non- 
 political, in the latter Colony, yet political in Nova 
 Scotia. In Canada, the Solicitors General are not 
 necessarily members of the Cabinet. High salaries 
 are attached to all the departmental offices, as the 
 reader will see, on reference to the tables in another 
 part of this work. 
 
 The elective franchise is variously granted ; gener- 
 ally the income or freehold on which it is based is of 
 mere nominal value. Indeed, some of the Colonies 
 are approximating universal suifrage.
 
 110 STATISTICS OF j 
 
 Before a statute becomes law. the assent of the jj 
 
 two branches of the Legislature and the Crown is 
 necessary. In some of the Colonies the Executive 
 Council initiate all money grants, while in others all 
 money bills originate in the elective branch of the 
 Legislature. The power of the Legislatures is almost 
 unchecked; they make laws for the regulation of 
 taxes, customs, private and public rights, and the 
 general government of the country : the Crown 
 seldom withholding, as it has power to do, its assent 
 from a measure. 
 
 Each Legislature holds its sessions annually, and 
 although elected quadrennially, may be previously 
 dissolved by the Governor. 
 
 The heads of all the political departments, on the 
 acceptance of office, unless a Legislative Councillor 
 of the Lower Provinces, must present himself to the 
 electors for re-election. 
 
 In each of these Colonies the Common Law of 
 England, and Statuary Law, prevail; but the Stat- 
 uary Law has from time to time modified the existing 
 laws, as circumstances demanded ; except in Lower 
 Canada, where a different system prevails. 
 
 The Province of Quebec, as Canada was once called, 
 when a Colony of France, was originally peopled by 
 natives of that nation, who introduced many of the 
 laws and edicts of France. These laws have con- 
 tinued, in civil matters, with some slight modifica- 
 tions, to be the laws of Canada East. The English 
 Criminal Law prevails in criminal matters. The 
 retention of the old French laws, with the feudal
 
 BRITISH NOHTH AMERICA; 111 
 
 system of fiefs and seigniories, has retarded the 
 progress of Canada East. This system, however, has 
 recently undergone great changes. 
 
 LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEMS. 
 
 The legal and judicial systems of the British North 
 American Colonies are very dissimilar, especially in 
 the extent of jurisdiction. Many of our laws are in- 
 volved in contradictions and technical difficulties. 
 One general principle, however, prevails in the Su- 
 preme Courts of all the Colonies. Its equitable, 
 legal and criminal jurisprudence is similar, in all the 
 Provinces, and also to that of the Supreme Court in 
 England, with an appeal, in certain cases, to the 
 Queen in Council. The Statutes, in some of the Col- 
 onies, have recently been revised ; but much requires 
 to be done to render the laws sufficiently intelligible 
 to be applicable to the wants of the country. 
 
 In Canada West the Division Court has jurisdiction 
 up to $100; the County Court, $400; the Queen's 
 Bench, Common Pleas, and Chancery Courts have 
 unlimited power. The Court of Appeals has juris- 
 diction in all cases over $2,000. The other courts 
 consist of Courts of Quarter Sessions, Probate, Ee- 
 corders. Surrogate, Insolvent Debtors, and Heir and 
 Devisee Courts 
 
 In Canada East there are Commissioners' Courts, 
 jurisdiction $25, and Circuit Courts, jurisdiction $200. 
 The other courts are similar to those of Canada 
 West. 
 
 In Is'ova Scotia the Justices' Courts have jurisdic-
 
 112 STATISTICS OF 
 
 tion up to $40. At the General Sessions larcenies of 
 $40 and under may be tried. The Supreme Court 
 has jurisdiction from 820 and upwards ] this court is 
 the Court of Appeal from Justices' Courts. There 
 are also Courts of Probate, Marriage and Divorce, 
 and Vice Admiralty. 
 
 In New Brunswick the Supreme Court has similar 
 power to that of Canada and the other Colonies. 
 The Court of Common Pleas, in each County, has a 
 concurrent jurisdiction at law with the Supremo 
 Court, in all civil causes not affecting lands, and 
 where decision is final. Justices' Courts have juris- 
 diction of civil causes where the amount claimed 
 does not exceed $20, and actions of tresspass to per- 
 sonal and real property, not exceeding §8 ; and, as 
 in the other Provinces, hold criminal examinations. 
 The decisions of Justices' Courts are subject to a 
 review by a Judge of the Supreme Court. The other 
 courts are similar to those of Nova Scotia. 
 
 In Newfoundland the courts consist of— Supreme, 
 Sessions', Stipendiary Magistrates', and Justices' 
 Courts. 
 
 In the Colony of Prince Edward Island the Small 
 Debt Courts have jurisdiction up to twenty pounds. 
 The other Courts are similar to those of Nova Scotia 
 and New Brunswick. 
 
 Court of Chancery.— ThQ business of this court is 
 done much more expeditiously than in its parent 
 court, in the Mother Country. Its equitable jurisdic- 
 tion, in Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, is* 
 transferred to the equitable side of the Supreme Court.
 
 BRITISH NOHTH AMERICA. 113 
 
 The dissimilarity in the extent of jurisdiction in 
 the small debt courts, in these Colonies, is very ob- 
 vious. In Canada West they collect as high as £25 j 
 in Canada East, £6 5s. ; in Prince Edward Island, 
 £20 ; in Nova Scotia, £10, and in New Brunswick, 
 £5. 
 
 MUNICIPAL SYSTEM. 
 
 Each Colony is divided into counties, which are 
 subdivided into parishes, or townships. The govern- 
 ment of each County is managed by local oflEicers. 
 In both sections of Canada the municipal system 
 prevails, while in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 
 it has but a nominal existence. In Newfoundland 
 and Prince Edward Island the subject has not re- 
 ceived the attention of the Legislatures. 
 
 In Canada the system is efficient, comprehensive, 
 and fully adapted to the wants of the country. Its 
 administration is effected through county and town- 
 ship councils. Every township having one hundred 
 resident freeholders is a corporate body, with power 
 to elect a Reeve; when possessed of five hundred 
 freeholders it has a right to elect a Deputy Eeeve. 
 The Peeve and Deputy Reeve are entitled to seats 
 in the county council. The council has charge of all 
 county and parish matters — county buildings, roads 
 and bridges, levy taxes, appropriate educational 
 moneys, fix and pay the salaries of county officers, 
 enforce statute labor, regulate inns, &c., &c. In car- 
 rying out the system, each county draws a small 
 amount of money from the "Municipal Loan Fund/^ 
 8
 
 114 STATISTICS OF 
 
 The total amount of this fund is $12,000,000 ; it is 
 equally divided between Canada East and Canada 
 West. An assessment of six per cent interest is 
 made on all ratable property, and two per cent per 
 annum to be applied towards a sinking fund, designed 
 to liquidate the municipal debt. 
 
 Such are a few of the leading features of the Cana- 
 dian municipal system, which is tending to habituate 
 the people to self-government, business habits, and 
 local legislation. In a word, this system is every- 
 where training up men to fill the various positions in 
 life, to which industry, energy, and ability may ele- 
 vate them. 
 
 Each of the other Colonies has city corporations, 
 and county and township officers, through which 
 local matters are managed. In New Brunswick each 
 parish annually elects its township officers, who are 
 confirmed in their offices by the justices in session. 
 In the other Colonies, the Greneral Sessions make the 
 appointments annually. In the Lower Colonies the 
 taxes are light, amounting to little more than is 
 necessary to support the poor, of whom the number, 
 depending upon public support, is comparatively 
 small. 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 In each Colony, from an early period, chartered 
 Banks have been established, with powers defined by 
 their respective Parliaments, and with an amount of 
 capital regulated by their charters of incorporation. 
 As each Colony grew, their operations became more
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERia\. 115 
 
 extended. OtLer banks and bank ageneies have 
 been established. In fe^v countries has the banking 
 system been more prudently managed. 
 
 Canadian BanT<s. 
 
 CATITAL. DIVIDEND. 
 
 Bank of British Xorth America $5,000,000— 6 per ct. 
 
 Montreal 5,000.000—7 '^ 
 
 Upper Canada 5,000,000—7 " 
 
 Commercial Bank 5,000,000—7 " 
 
 Gore Bank 320,000—6 " 
 
 City Bank, Montreal 1,800,000—6 " 
 
 Quebec Bank 1,000,000—.. " 
 
 La Banque du Peuple 800,000—.. '■ 
 
 The total number of Banks, and Bank Agencies, in- 
 Canada is one hundred and t\Yenty-five. 
 
 The Bank of British North America "vvas estab- 
 lished by Eoyal Charter, and has its head quarters in 
 London, England. It has agencies in all the British 
 North American Colonies. 
 
 In Nova Scotia, the principal Banks are — the Bank 
 of Xova Scotia, Union Bank of Halifax, Halifax 
 Banking Company, and Provincial Savings Bank. 
 The two former have agencies at the principal tOA^^l3 
 in the Province. 
 
 JVew Brunswick Banks. 
 
 CAPITAL. 
 
 Commercial Bank $1,200,000 
 
 Bank of New Brunswick 600,000 
 
 Westmoreland Bank 80,000
 
 116 _ STATISTICS OF 
 
 CAPITAL. 
 
 Central Bank $200,000 
 
 St. Stephens Bank 200,000 
 
 Charlotte Bank 60,000 
 
 The extent of notes in circulation, in 1840, was 
 
 $1,400,000; in 1850, $625,516; in 1854, $2,680,000; 
 
 and in 1858, $944,000. 
 
 Prince Edward Island has only one Bank, called 
 the Bank of Prince Edward Island. 
 
 Nexcfoundland has three Banks. The Union Bank 
 circulated notes, in 1861, to the extent of $472,520, 
 and the Commercial Bank, $213,628. The assets of 
 the Savinjji;s Bank, in 1860, amounted to $744,504. 
 and its liabilities were $671,792. 
 
 CURRENCY. 
 
 The currency has undergone, and still continues to 
 undergo, many changes. The dissimilarity in the 
 value of the currency of these Colonies is very great, 
 which is a source of dissatisfaction. Eecently the 
 decimal mode of computation (doHars and cents) has 
 been adopted by Canada, JSTew Brunswick and Nova 
 Scotia, each of which has introduced copper and 
 silver coins, to replace those formerly in use; the old 
 coins being still in circulation, at various values. 
 The laws and regulations differ in every Colony, and 
 in some instances the law and the practice differ in 
 the same Province. The bank notes of some of the 
 Colonies pass at a discount in others. Indeed, the
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 117 
 
 rates at Avliicli many of the coins in circulation are 
 current, are merely conventioual. In Prince Edward 
 Island the currency has been depreciated to the pro- 
 portion of £1 10s. currency to the pound sterling. 
 
 The grain crops, in a part of Lower Canada, are 
 taken in the minot, and not in the bushel. In like 
 manner the acres are taken in arpents. A minot is 
 about one-eighth more than a bushel, and an arpent 
 is about one-seventh less than an acre.
 
 118 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 
 n3 
 
 12^ 
 
 H 
 
 -^ ct CO o 
 
 l^ ct CT CC 
 
 I— I 
 
 5i 
 .A. 
 
 o "ts 
 
 
 « CO 
 !^ £3 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 GC c^i I— I c-i I— I 'Ti ir X Tf o Tf T— I rH Cv »o 
 
 tH 1— I O I— I 
 
 O it) C' 1 »0 O O i-C. T ) 
 
 O C^4 r-< Cs| ,-1 C-1 O 
 
 
 O 't* -M u-t C5 iC O C: C^ C: C: X GO O 
 
 QO t^^ T-i r I T-1 CI -^ X -* c -^ 1—1 
 
 •^ T-l O I— 
 
 O O :r? O O tl C; w C'l .-I O C: 
 O rH rH lC CI rf -M C: CI 
 
 1—1 T— I 
 
 bij 
 
 3 C S in i> :^_ 
 
 c •— i" ce ^ '— 
 to 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 :_) 
 
 P M riii r^ 
 
 S 6 ^ ^ • 
 
 Z '^ ^ .^ . "^ 
 
 > ^
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 
 
 119 
 
 Amount of Coinage issued by Canada, Nova 
 Scotia, and New Brunswick. — Canada issued, in 
 20 cent pieces, $146,078; in 10 cent pieces, $121,640, 
 and in 5 cent pieces, $73,019 ; making a total of silver, 
 $340,737. Of bronze coins— one cent each— $96,903 ; 
 making a total of $437,640. Of this amount $346,978 
 were in circulation in 1861. The total cost of the 
 coin was $358,279, and nominal value, $437,640. One 
 hundred Canadian cents weigh one pound. 
 
 New Brunsivick has ordered, in one cent pieces 
 (bronze), $10,000; in 20 cent pieces (silver), $30,000; 
 in 10 cent pieces (silver), $15,000, and in 5 cent pieces 
 (silver), $5,000 ; total, $60,000. 
 
 Nova Scotia has procured an amount nearly equal 
 to that of New Brunswick. 
 
 The follow mg Table will he found convenient. 
 
 s. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 CENTS. 
 
 s. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 CENTS. 
 
 s. 
 
 D. 
 
 CENTS. 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 is 
 
 2i 
 
 1 
 
 10^- 
 
 is 
 
 37| 
 
 3 
 
 Ih is 72^ 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 5" 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 3 
 
 9" 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 
 IJ 
 
 
 42.1 
 
 3 
 
 10^ 
 
 ' m 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 45" 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 12^ 
 
 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 47^ 
 
 4 
 
 1^ ' 
 
 82^ 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 * 85" 
 
 
 
 10^ 
 
 
 17^ 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 
 52i 
 
 4 
 
 4J ' 
 
 871 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 90" 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 22J 
 
 2 
 
 10^ 
 
 
 57| 
 
 4 
 
 n * 
 
 ' 92i 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 95 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 27i 
 
 3 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 62i- 
 
 4 
 
 10.1 
 
 * 971 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 G5 
 
 5 
 
 o" 
 
 * $1 00 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 32^ 
 
 3 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 67^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 35 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 70 
 
 

 
 120 STATISTICS OF 
 
 The foUoicing Tables of Monies of different Countries with which 
 British North America holds Commercial Intercourse, reduced to 
 their equivalents, in Sterling Coinage, may be useful. 
 
 United States of America. 
 
 DOLS. CTS. £ 
 
 4 80 1 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 10 00 gold eagle 2 
 
 5 00 half do 1 
 
 1 00 
 
 1 
 
 One dollar is equal to one hundred cents. 
 
 Brazils. 
 
 REIS. £, 
 
 6400 or gold piece 1 
 
 4000 " 1 
 
 1200 or silver piece 
 
 960 
 
 640 
 
 320 
 
 200 
 
 One mil reis is equal to one thousand reis. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 REIS. £ 
 
 4120 1 
 
 206 
 
 20 or one vintern 
 
 6400 or gold joannose 1 
 
 1000 silver cro^n, or mil reis 
 
 400 or crusado 
 
 One mil reis is equal to one thousand reis. 
 
 France. 
 
 PCS. CTS. £ 
 
 25 00 1 
 
 1 25 
 
 10 
 
 20 00 or gold Napoleon 
 
 5 00 or silver do 
 
 1 00 do. 
 
 10 
 
 One franc is equal to one hundred centimes. 
 
 S. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 s. 
 
 D. 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 s. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 IB 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 s. 
 
 D. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 .6 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 1
 
 BEITISH NOETH AMERICA. 121 
 
 Naples, 
 
 ducats. grant. <£ s. d. 
 
 6 3 10 
 
 30 1 
 
 21 1 
 
 30 00" piece of 5 
 
 1 00 silver ducat 3 4 
 
 120 or dollar 4 
 
 20 piece of 8 
 
 10 piece of 4 
 
 One ducat is equal to 100 grani. 
 
 Spain, 
 
 dols. reals. £, s. d. 
 
 4 14 10 
 
 5 barelv 1 
 
 IG 00 or gold doubloon 3 6 
 
 4 00 or gold pistole 16 6 
 
 1 00 or silver dollar 4 3 
 
 1 or real vellon 2| 
 
 One dollar is equal to twenty reals. 
 
 POSTAL SYSTEMS. 
 
 The postal sj^stems of these Colonies are in effect- 
 ive operation, and since these departments have been 
 subject to the control of the Legislatures, tl»e number 
 of Post Offices, and the extent of mail communica- 
 tion, has been largely extended. During the time 
 their postal systems were under the control of the 
 Imperial Government, varying and arbitrary rates 
 of postage were in force ; but since each Colony has 
 had the management of its postal affairs, a uniform 
 rate of three pence per ounce has been introduced, 
 with excellent effect, throughout the whole of British 
 Korth America. The postage to and from other 
 countries varies considerably. 
 
 The following statistics will show, to some extent,
 
 122 STATISTICS OF 
 
 the efficiency of this department, in the several Col- 
 onies referred to. 
 
 Canada. . 
 
 In 1851 there were 601 Post Offices. 
 
 Ijength of post route 7,595 miles. 
 
 Over which the annual trans- 
 portation of mails was 2,487,000 miles. 
 
 The gross amount of revenue $375,200 
 
 In 1861 the number of offices 
 
 was 1,775 
 
 Length of mail route 14,608 miles. 
 
 Annual travel 5,855,000 " 
 
 Number of letters by post ^Qv 
 
 annum 9,400,000 
 
 Postal revenue $683,034 
 
 Total expenditure $560,132 
 
 Number of five cent stamps 
 
 issued 3,085,075 
 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 In 1852 the number of offices was... 135 
 
 Total length of mail routes 2,160 miles. 
 
 Number of miles per annum 474,471 *' 
 
 In 1861, length of mail route 2,824 " 
 
 Number of offices 364 
 
 Total distance travelled 817,612 " 
 
 Kevenue $46,971 
 
 Expenditure $71,501 
 
 Number of letters posted 1,109,202 
 
 Newspapers 4,262,961
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA; 123 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 In 1851, the number of offices was 143 
 
 " 1854, " •' 260 
 
 Distance travelled in 1851 was 2,487 
 
 Total mileage travelled in 1851 was 352,000 
 
 " expenditure in 1854 was S40,63G 
 
 " revenue $27,620 
 
 In 1861, ^o. of offices 453 
 
 Eevenue 840,350 
 
 Expenditure $69,444 
 
 Number of letters passed through 705,696 
 
 '-' newspapers 3,353,824 
 
 Prince Edward Island. 
 The Legislative Eeports of this Colou}^ do not fur- 
 nish full details of its postal affairs. We gather, 
 however, from tlie report of the Post Master General 
 for 1861, that there were 82 offices, in that year, and 
 the revenue collected amounted to $5,696, and the 
 amount paid to office keepers was $2,952. 
 
 MILITIA ORGANIZATIONS. 
 
 Previous to the last fifteen years, the "Muster 
 Polls" of these Colonies numbered a considerable 
 militia force. Since that time, however, there ap- 
 peared to be but little inclination on the part of the 
 governments, and less on the part of the people, to 
 keep these organizations in being, so that until Avith- 
 in the last year, when the militia laws were revised, 
 and encouragement was given to the formation of 
 rifle companies, &c., little was done. Each Colony
 
 124 STATISTICS OF 
 
 now, however, vies with its neiirhbor in '' rifle shoot- 
 ing," and each tries to win the Cwp. the Urn, &c. 
 Canada is now organizing a part (30,000) of lier 
 militia force, and the probability is that the militia 
 of all these Colonies will shortly be placed on a more 
 efficient footing. 
 
 Tlie mir.iber in each Province capable of bearing Ar}ns may be 
 estimated as follotcs. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Nova Scotia. ;N. Brunswick Newf dland. P. E. Isl'd. 
 
 1 1 
 
 813720 
 
 41320 31500 
 
 14910 
 
 10070 
 
 Thiis, allowing one-eighth of the population of 
 these Colonies capable of carr^dng arms, we have a 
 total force of 411.520; and taking one-seventh of the 
 population as the number capable of doing militia 
 duty, we have a force of 469,900. However, in case 
 of eraern-encv. 400.000 able-bodied men could be 
 called into the field, for the defence of their country. 
 Taking the Census returns, upon which these cal- 
 culations are based, Prince Edward Island had, in 
 18G1, 11,144 who were between the ages of 21 and 
 45 3'ears, and allowing the same proportion in the 
 other Pro%^inces, of this age, the whole force is very 
 large. 
 
 In jS^ova Scotia, as far back as 1846, there was an 
 oriranized militia force of 56.000, and the Census of 
 1861 gives nearly 70,000 males between the ages of
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 125 
 
 21 and 60. The Census of New Brunswick shows 
 57,000 between the ages of 16 and 50 years. 
 
 DISTANCES AND MEANS OF TRANSIT. 
 
 From the Atlantic to the Pacific. — From Hali- 
 fax to Truro, by railroad, 61 miles ; from Truro to 
 New Brunswick, 70 miles. From Nova Scotia, by 
 Major Robinson's eastern railway line, to Restigouche 
 — Canada boundary — 231 miles. 
 
 There are two circuitous lines of communication, 
 by coach, from Nova Scotia to Canada: one by the 
 Strait of Northumberland, 822 miles, the other by 
 the River St. John route, 439 miles. From Resti- 
 gouche to River du Loup is 122 miles, by coach; 
 from thence, by railroad through Canada : 
 
 River du Loup to Quebec, 114 miles; Quebec to 
 Montreal, 180; Montreal to Prescott, 112; Prescott 
 to Kingston, 62 ; Kingston to Cobourg, 99 ; Cobourg 
 to Toronto, 67; Toronto to Stratford, 90; Stratford 
 to Sarnia, Lake St. Clair, 102. 
 
 Total, — 826 miles from River du Loup, by railroad, 
 to Lake St. Clair, in Canada West ; thence, by water 
 communication : 
 
 Up Lake Huron, 220 jniles, to St. Mary's River; 
 thence by this river, 60 miles, to Lake Superior, and 
 up the latter lake, 200 miles ; from Lake Superior to 
 Dog Lake, 28 miles (no road) ; along Dog Lake and 
 Dog River, 35 miles, and thence to Savannah River 
 (no road), five miles; thence along Savannah River, 
 and Lac des Mille Lacs, 65 miles; thence through 
 the wilderness, past rapids (no road), 67 miles to
 
 126 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Eainy Lake. Fron\ Eainy Lake to Lake of the 
 Woods (except the Falls of St. Francis), is navigahle 
 for 208 miles. From Lake of the Woods to Eed 
 Eiver, at Fort Garrv, is 91 miles (no road) ; thence 
 down Eed Eiver, and through Lake Winnipeg, to 
 the rapids of Lake Saskatchewan, 296 miles. From 
 this point upwards the navigation of the Saskatche- 
 wan is obstructed, for 20 miles, by rapids. From 
 the rapids, the northern branch of the latter river is 
 navigable, for 750 miles, to Acton House ; from thence 
 across the Eocky Mountains to the navigable waters 
 of the Fraser Eiver, 300 miles — a very mountainous 
 section, without any road ] thence down the Fraser 
 Eiver, 250 miles. The navigation of this river is ob- 
 structed by rapids, caused by the Cascade and other 
 Mountains. Steamers ascend 100 miles from its 
 mouth, to the Cascade Mountains, where navigation 
 is dangerous even for boats. Above the rapids the 
 Fraser is again navigable for steamers, for a consid- 
 erable distance. 
 
 By this dangerous path the principal part of the 
 Carriboo miners reach the diggings. Eoads are now 
 being constructed, up both sides of the Fraser Eiver. 
 
 From the mouth of the said river, across the Gulf 
 of Georgia, to Vancouver's Island, 30 miles, and 
 thence across the Island, 50 miles, to the Pacific 
 Ocean. Thus making it 3,985 miles, by this circuit- 
 ous path, from Halifax, ]S"ova Scotia, through British 
 territory, to the Pacific Ocean, at Vancouver's Island. 
 
 Of this great distance, 887 miles are traversed by 
 railroads; 2,114, by navigable waters; and of the re-
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 127 
 
 niaining 984 miles, 350, at least, are traversed by 
 coach roads — leaving 634 miles of road to make, 
 including the 50 miles across Yancouver's Island. 
 
 By uniting the Canadian and Xova Scotian rail- 
 roads, 458 miles, there would be an unbroken railway 
 communication of 1,310 miles, between Halifax and 
 Lake St. Clair. Add to this distance 480 miles of 
 navigable waters, and we have 1.790 miles to the 
 head of Lake Superior. A railway from Lake Supe- 
 rior to the navigable Avaters of the Eraser River 
 would be 1,900 miles long — making it 3,690 miles 
 from Halifax to the navigable waters of the Eraser 
 Eiver, in British Columbia. 
 
 The long talked of railroad from Halifax to Que- 
 bec, it is now believed, will shortly be completed ; 
 when efforts will, no doubt be made to secure com 
 munication, by steamboats and railroads, to the 
 Pacific Ocean : affording a safe and speedy means of 
 transit for the gold and other products of British 
 Columbia, and the commerce of China and India, 
 through British ISTorth America, to the Atlantic 
 Ocean. 
 
 Canada — The railways of Canada are under six- 
 teen different corporations. They afford safe and 
 speedy means of communication between all the 
 principal places in the Colony, and the United States. 
 The following are the j^rincij^al lines : 
 
 MILKS. 
 
 Grand Trunk, in Canada 873 
 
 Great Western, and Branches 345 
 
 Buffalo, and Lake Huron 162
 
 128 STATISTICS OP 
 
 MILES. 
 
 Northern 95 
 
 Montreal and Champlain, in Canada 82 
 
 Port Hope, Lindsay, and Beverton 60 
 
 Prescott and Ottawa. » 54 
 
 Brockville and Ottawa 63 
 
 Cobourg and Peterboro' 28 
 
 Welland 25 
 
 London and Port Stanley 24 
 
 Erie and Ontario 17 
 
 Grenville and Carrillan 13 
 
 St. Lawrence and Industrie , 12 
 
 St.ansteadj Shefford, and Charably 45 
 
 ArtLabaska and Three Rivers 35 
 
 1933 
 Lines built in the States by Canada.. 227 
 
 2160 
 
 Since the publication of the railway report of 
 Bamiiel Eeefer, Esq., in 1860, several of the former 
 lines have been extended, and new lines built within 
 the Province. The Brockville and Ottawa line is 
 about being extended to Pembroke, the centre of the 
 lumber trade, 130 miles — including a branch of 11 
 miles — 64 miles of which are already in operation. 
 
 Taking the City of Quebec as a centre, it is 137 
 miles to St. Hyacinthe, by railroad ; 180 miles, by 
 steamboat — passing on the way, the City of Three 
 Rivers, 80 miles. Port St. Francis, 90 miles, and 
 Sorel, 135 miles. From Quebec, by the St. Lawrence, 
 it is 600 miles to Shediac, N. B. ; 650 to Charlotte 
 Town, P. E. Island, and 700 to Pictou, N. S. Mon- 
 treal to Kingston is 190 miles; Kingston to Cobourg, 
 or Port Hope, 100 ; Kingston to Toronto, 180, and 
 from Toronto to Hamilton, 40 — making 590 miles, by
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 129 
 
 railroad, from Quebec to Hamilton. From Quebec 
 to the bead of Lake Superior, by water, is 2,000 
 miles, and from Quebec to the Port of Chicago, in 
 the State of Illinois, is 1,600 miles. Steamboats ply 
 on the canals and lakes, during six months of the 
 year. Passengers and goods may be conveyed from 
 the ships' side, at Quebec, without further tranship- 
 ment, to any of the numerous ports on Lakes Ontario, 
 Erie, Huron or Michigan. The aggregate length of 
 the St. Lawrence and lake canals is 66 miles. Ves- 
 sels of 400 tons, carrying 3,300 barrels of flour, pass 
 from the St. Lawrence into the great lakes. Thus, 
 steamboats and rail cars run almost side by side for 
 800 miles. 
 
 From Montreal to Portland, in Maine, is 290 miles, 
 by railroad. Kingston is 198 miles distant from 
 Montreal y 378 from Quebec ; 120 from Ottawa ; 177 
 from ToT'onto, and 67 from Oswego. From Ogdens- 
 burgh, on the United States side, it is 228 miles, by 
 steamer to Lewiston — touching at Kingston, Oswego, 
 Rochester, and other intermediate places. Montreal 
 to Sherbrooke is 96 miles. 
 
 From Toronto to Kingston, 165 miles; to Niagara 
 Falls, 50, and to Oswego, 140. Oswego to Syracuse 
 35 ; thence to Albany 147, and from Albany to New 
 York, 147 — making 469 miles from Toronto to New 
 York- Toronto to Lewiston, 43 miles ; from thence 
 to Albany — passing through Lockport, Eochester, 
 Auburn, Syracuse, and Utica — 356 miles. From 
 Toronto to New York, via Lewiston, is 546 miles; 
 or, from Toronto to New York, via Rochester, by 
 9
 
 130 STATISTICS OF 
 
 steamboat, 95 miles; from thence, by railroad, 251 
 miles, to Albany, and from thence to New York, 147 
 — making 493 miles by this line. The route, via Os- 
 wego, is 77 miles shorter than by Lewiston, and 24 
 miles shorter than by Eochester ; and the Eochester 
 route is 53 miles shorter than that by Lewiston. 
 From Albany to Boston is 200 miles by railroad — 
 making it, via the shortest route, 522 miles from 
 Toronto to Boston. Toronto to Sault St. Marie 
 469 ; and from Toronto to Quebec is 555 miles. 
 
 The city of Ottawa is 53 miles by railroad from 
 
 Prescott ; 126 by the Eideau Canal from Kingston ; 
 
 and 100 miles by the Ottawa Eiver from Montreal. 
 
 London, Canada West, is connected by railroad 
 
 with Hamilton (80 miles), and Detroit 120 miles. 
 
 From Chippewa, in Canada, to Buffalo, in the 
 State of New York, is 18 miles; from thence to 
 Cleaveland, 191 ; thence to Detroit, 136 ; from De- 
 troit to Port Sarnia, in Canada, 72 ; Sarnia to Mil- 
 waukie, 524 ; and from thence to Chicago is 90 — 
 making 1031 miles from to Chippewa to Chicago, in 
 Illinois. 
 
 In addition to the Grand Trunk Eailroad, which 
 passes through most all the principal places along 
 the Lake and Eiver frontier, nine or ten branch rail- 
 roads connect with the chief towns and settlements 
 of the interior. Indeed, every town, village and 
 settlement in the Province is connected by safe and 
 speedy means of conveyance, and, also, with all 
 the principal places in the American Union. Can- 
 ada pays an annual subsidy of $180,000 to a line
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 131 
 
 of steamers which runs from Canada, via the St. 
 Lawrence, to Great Britain, in summer, and between 
 Portland, Maine, and Great Britain, in winter. The 
 railway from Portland to Montreal, which conveys 
 the cargoes of the steamers to Canada, is owned by 
 the Grand Trunk Eailway Company. 
 
 Lower Provinces. — Nova Scotia and New Bruns- 
 wick are connected with Canada by two coach roads 
 — one via Amherst, Moncton, and the river St. John 
 route; the other via the shore of the Strait of 
 Northumberland and the Gulf and River St. Law- 
 rence. . By the former route, it is 570 miles from 
 Halifax to Eiver du Loup ; or, taking the Windsor- 
 route from Halifax, it is only 489 miles. A steamer 
 plys between Pictou, Nova Scotia, and Quebec, 
 during the summer season, touching at Charlotte- 
 town, Prince Edward Island, Shediac, Pichibucto, 
 and Miramichi, New Brunswick, and other inter- 
 mediate ports. There is also a connection by mail- 
 coach, and by steamer in summer, between St. 
 John, New Brunswick, and Portland. ]\Laine. The 
 Cunard Steamship Company run a weekly steamer 
 between Halifax and St. John's, Newfoundland. 
 Thus, Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince 
 Edward Island, and Newfoundland, are connected 
 with each other by mail and passenger communica- 
 tion; and also with the cities and. towns of the Ame- 
 rican Union.
 
 132 STATISTICS OF 
 
 New Brunswick. — Nearly the whole external boun- 
 dary of this Province is traversed by good roads, 
 besides numerous cross-roads. The city of St. John 
 is connected with Shediac by Eailroad, 107 miles. 
 vSteamers run daily, during six months in the year, 
 between St. John and Fredericton— 84 miles; and to 
 Woodstock during the spring and autumn freshets — 
 65 miles; and to the Grand Falls, 73 miles further- 
 making 222 miles by water from St. John to the 
 Grand Falls. The distances by coach-road are — St. 
 John to Fredericton, 65 miles ; thence to Woodstock, 
 62; to Grand Falls, 73; Little Falls, 26; and thence to 
 River du Loup, 80— in all, 306 miles. From St. John 
 to Portland, Maine, is 230 miles ; from St. John to St. 
 Andrew's by coach, 65 miles; St. John to St. Stephen's, 
 via St. Andrew's, is 98 miles ; St. Andrew's to Wood- 
 stock, by railroad, is 100 miles ; St. John to Amherst, 
 Nova Scotia, is 132 miles. From Fredericton to St, 
 Andrew's, 75 miles; to Pichibucto, 104 miles; to 
 St. Stephen's, 70 miles, and to Chatham, Miramichi, 
 1C9 miles. Shediac to Sackville, via Bay Vcrte, is 
 -50 miles; to Moncton, 15 miles; to Richibucto, 36 
 miles ; to Chatham, 76 miles ; to Bathurst, Bay Cha- 
 Icur, 122 miles; to Dalhousie, 175 miles; and to 
 Gampbkton, Restigouche, 191 miles. Shediac, by 
 steamer, to Charlottetown is 75 miles ; and from 
 Shediac to Pictou, by steamer, is 100 miles. From 
 Campbleton to River St. John, at Tobique, is 132 
 miles. From Bay Vcrte to Cape Tormentine, is 20 
 miles ; from thence across Northumberland Strait to 
 Prince Edward Island, 9 miles.
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 133 
 
 Nova Scotia. — From Halifax to Truro, by railroad. 
 is 61 miles; to Windsor, by railroad, 42 miles; and 
 from thence to St. John, by steamer, 120 miles. Ha- 
 lifax to Pictou, 103 miles; to Amherst, 125 miles. 
 Halifax to Lunenburg, 72 miles ; Lunenburg to Li- 
 verpool, 36 miles; Liverpool to Shelburne, 40 miles; 
 and from Shelburne to Yarmouth 58 — making 206 
 miles from Halifax to Yarmouth. From Halifax to 
 Digby, ina AYindsor, is 145 miles. Halifax, hy 
 packet, to St. John, N. B., is 300 miles. Halifax to 
 St. John's. Newfoundland, 050 miles ; to Bermuda, 
 900 miles; to Boston, 428 miles; to Portland, 350 
 miles; and to New York, 550 miles. From Pictou, 
 via Antigonishe (50), to Canso is 83 miles. Pictou, 
 via Pugwash, to Amherst, 88 miles. Amherst to 
 Bay Verte, 20 miles. From Plaster Cove, Strait 
 of Canso, to Port Hood, Cape Breton, is 30 miles ; 
 Plaster Cove to Sydney via ^i. Peter's, 110 miles; 
 Plaster Cove to Arichat, 27 miles. From Sydney to 
 Maro;arce. via Sydnev Mines, is 84 miles. 
 
 The Province of Nova Scotia is traversed, inter- 
 nally and externalij'. by good roads, on some of 
 which weekly, tri-weekly, and daily mails run. 
 
 Newfoundland. — The peculiar configuration of thi/* 
 island — indented by deep bays, along with the rocky 
 character of the country — renders road-making very 
 expensive. Tliere are no roads across the Province. 
 The principal roads skirt the south-eastern and 
 south-western seaboard. Assuming*; the city of vSt* 
 John's as a centre, it is, by northerly route, 30 mile*
 
 134 STATISTICS OF 
 
 to Conception Bay; GO to Harl.or Grace; 72 to 
 Salmon Cove ; and 105 to Bay tie Yords. St. John'.s 
 to Carbonear, G7 ; to Bonavista, 143 ; and to Twil- 
 lingate, 220 miles. From St. John's to Cape St. 
 Francis, 21 miles; to Great Cove, 113 miles; and 
 from St. John's to Topsail, via Portugal Cove, 20 
 miles. From St. John's, via southern route, to Great 
 Placentia, 80; Burin, 152; Harbor Briton, 197; 
 Burgeo, 308 ; and to Cape Eay, 406 miles. From St. 
 John's to Trepassy, Ferry land route, crossing the 
 country, 81 miles; by the shore path, 88 miles; and 
 by the Salmonier route, 80 miles. The principal 
 means of communication are by water. A steamer 
 plies between St. John's and Halifax once a fort- 
 night, in summer, and once a month, in winter. 
 News is obtained from the passing steamers from 
 Europe, and sent b^^ telegraph to all parts of the 
 American continent nearly two days before its arrival 
 at New York. 
 
 Prince Edward Island. — From CharlottetoAvn to 
 St. Eleanor's, in Prince County, 40 ; to Port Hill, 53; 
 to Egraont Ba}-, 56; to Bcdeque, 38; and to George- 
 town, 30 miles. Mails and passengers are conveyed, 
 in winter, from Cape Traverse, in ice-boats, across 
 the Strait of Northumberland (9 miles) to Cape 
 Tormentine, in New Brunswick. Ail parts of the 
 Island are traversed by coach-roads. During the 
 summer season, a communication is kept up by 
 steamer with Pietou, 40 miles ; Shcdiac, 75 miles ; 
 and Quebec, 650 miles.
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 135 
 
 TELEGRAPH LINES. 
 
 The Telegraph extends to all the principal cities 
 and towns on the Atlantic side of British North 
 America. Canada has constructed 40-46 miles ; New 
 Brunswick, 450 miles; Nova Scotia, 1150 miles; 
 Prince Edward Island, 50 miles — ten of which are 
 submarine; and Newfoundland, 400 miles — fifty of 
 which, from Cape Bay to Cape Breton, are subma- 
 rine, — making, in the aggregate, 6546 miles. 
 
 SUBSIDIES TO PACKETS, &c. 
 
 The Cunard line of Packets is subsidized by Great 
 Britain to the amount of $1,000,000 annually, besides 
 paying the United States government $100,000 per 
 annum for carrying mails. Canada pa^^s an annual 
 subsidy to her steam-packets of $180,000. The 
 Cunard line of steamers commenced running four 
 steamers in 1840 ; in 1861 it had eleven, with several 
 branch lines, employing an aggregate of 50,000 tons. 
 
 DISTANCES BETWEEN AMERICA AND EUROPE. 
 
 From Quebec to Liverpool, via Strait of Belleisle, 
 2680 miles; Quebec to Galway, Ireland, 1860; Hali- 
 fax to Liverpool, 2800 ; St. John, N. B., to Liverpool, 
 3050; Shediac to Liverpool, 2880; Charlottetown to 
 Liverpool, 2800 ; St. John's, Newfoundland, to Gal- 
 way, 1700 ; New York to Ireland, 2815 ; and from 
 Portland, Maine, to Liverpool, is 3800 miles.
 
 136 STATISTICS OF 
 
 PROVINCIAL EXPENDITURES FOR 1861. 
 
 Heads of Expenditure. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 & 
 
 o 
 
 
 -<-> 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 ce 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 '3 
 
 QQ 
 
 3 
 
 
 cS 
 
 >- 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 f^ 
 PU 
 
 SALARIES OF OFFICERS. 
 
 Ciovernor 
 
 Governors' Secretaries 
 
 Attorney General, Canada East 
 
 Solicitor General, do. 
 
 Contingencies, do. 
 
 Attj. & Solicitor General, C. "West. 
 
 Contingencies 
 
 Provincial Secret ary 
 
 Clerks and Contingencies 
 
 Surveyor General 
 
 Clerks and Contingencies 
 
 Commissioner of Public Works 
 
 Clerks and Contingencies 
 
 Post Master General 
 
 Clerks, &c 
 
 Receiver General 
 
 Clerks, &c 
 
 Financial Secretary 
 
 Clerks, &c 
 
 Bureau of Agriculture 
 
 Provincial Register 
 
 Contingencies 
 
 Clerk of the Crown 
 
 Colonial Treasurer 
 
 Auditor General, Clerks, &c 
 
 Collector of Impost 
 
 Executive Council, Expenses 
 
 Master of the Rolls 
 
 UOLLS. 
 
 31111 
 
 12846 
 5000 
 3000 
 3850 
 8000 
 3790 
 5000 
 
 30522 
 5000 
 
 94047 
 5000 
 
 35520 
 5000 
 
 31315 
 5000 
 
 23829 
 5000 
 
 43649 
 
 14896 
 1810 
 9020 
 
 25516 
 
 DOLLS. 
 
 15000 
 1750 
 2000 
 
 16 
 
 2800 
 4089 
 2000 
 3155 
 1600 
 
 2000 
 
 2606 
 2504 
 2400 
 1878 
 
 845 
 
 DOLLS. 
 
 13846 
 
 1723 
 
 2400 
 
 932 
 
 60J 
 
 D0LL3. 
 7500 
 
 500 
 1400 
 
 2400 
 3250 
 2400 
 6835 
 2400 
 2400 
 24001 
 10064 
 1600 
 526 
 
 JOOO' 
 
 12824 
 
 1400 
 
 1200 
 
 1400 
 
 665 
 
 512 
 1400 
 
 665 
 4300 
 1600
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 137 
 
 Provincial Expenditures for 1861. — Continued. 
 
 Heads of Expenditure. 
 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 e8 
 
 o 
 
 
 "o 
 
 00 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 as 
 
 e3 
 
 w 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 
 OTHER EXPENDITURES. 
 
 Fof Education 
 
 Administration of Justice 
 
 Postal Communication 
 
 Hoads and Bridges 
 
 Fisheries 
 
 •Collecting Revenue 
 
 Legisjlation 
 
 Election Expenses 
 
 Hospitals, Charities, Asylums, &c... 
 
 Toronto University 
 
 Militia 
 
 A gricul ture 
 
 Emigration and Quarantine 
 
 Ocean and River Steam Service 
 
 Railway Commissioners, Clerks, &c. 
 
 Kxpended by Board of Works 
 
 Light Flouses, &c 
 
 Collection of Post Office 
 
 do. Public Works 
 
 do. Territorial 
 
 DOLLS. 
 
 506793 
 670549 
 442521 
 181668 
 
 27342 
 363401 
 409565 
 
 53559 
 272041 
 179945 
 
 84687 
 102620 
 
 48435 
 432022 
 
 DOLLS. DOLLS. DOLLS 
 
 998815 
 110462 
 442521 
 279006 
 277503 
 
 66749 
 
 17108 
 
 49841 
 
 100463 
 
 52396 
 47643 
 
 125621 
 
 14614 
 
 71969 
 
 119026 
 
 740 
 
 42875 
 
 48126 
 
 4233 
 
 31633 
 
 200001 
 1550 
 
 22286 
 
 186107 
 
 52400 
 
 1920 
 
 1 1840 
 
 23000 
 
 3772 
 8000 
 
 220<> 
 
 5137 
 
 15626 
 
 2637 
 
 7600 
 
 207085 
 
 13696 
 
 JVic Aagregate of the Salaries and Contingencies of Office, con- 
 tained in the foregoing Table, for Canada, Nova Scotia, and 
 New Brunswick, are as follows. 
 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 N. Brunswick 
 
 Salaries 
 
 $78921 
 
 281309 
 
 50000 
 
 $29800 
 
 13735 
 
 6483 
 
 $29046 
 
 C-ontincencies 
 
 35847 
 
 Printing 
 
 1294l» 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 $410230 
 
 $50018 
 
 $77835 
 

 
 138 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 The cost of governing these Colonies is dispro- 
 portioned to the revenues received and the duties 
 performed, and shows the necessity for retrench- 
 ment, which a union of the British North American 
 
 Provinces might eifect. 
 
 COMMERCIAL. 
 
 Tabular Statement of the Principal Sources of Revenue for the 
 undernamed Colonies. 
 
 Items — (in Dollars). 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 TJ 
 
 
 • 
 
 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 e3 
 
 
 e3 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 r— 1 
 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 ■wi 
 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 fl 
 
 -d 
 
 xn 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 O 
 
 ess 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 ««-i 
 
 a 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 <s 
 
 O 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ;zi 
 
 ;z 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 w 
 
 ^ 
 
 Customs 
 
 Excise 
 
 Export Duties 
 
 Post Office 
 
 Public Works 
 
 Territorial, &c 
 
 InscriptioH of Stock 
 
 Sink'g Fund, Imp'l Loan. 
 
 Municipal Loan Fund 
 
 Municipalities Fund 
 
 Light Duty 
 
 Casual Revenue 
 
 From various sources 
 
 1861. I 18G1. 18G0. 1860. I 1860. 
 4768192,606939 694217l868040i 83412 
 306536!. 
 
 57541 
 
 330865 
 264230 
 644806 
 2326154 
 3158614 
 306547 
 419556 
 
 25836 
 
 1023 
 
 16598 
 
 1663175 
 
 20033 
 
 64912 
 
 46283 
 
 46056 
 
 21347 
 27947 
 14163 
 
 7120 
 
 29100 
 
 28932
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 139 
 
 Tabular Siatemcnt of the Number and Tonnage of Ships Oivncd, 
 Ouhcards and Imcards, and Built, in each of the underinentioned 
 Colonies, for the Year 1860. 
 
 Colony. 
 
 Owned. 
 
 OutAvards. Inwards. 
 
 Built. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. Tons. 
 
 No. Tons. No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Ctiiadfi 
 
 
 
 
 2468 
 6328 
 3397 
 1440 
 1161 
 
 1089035 
 696763 
 631779 
 
 96 33187 
 
 Nova Scotia... 
 N. Brunswick 
 Ncwf dland... 
 P E Island- 
 
 3258 
 
 825 
 
 1394 
 
 248061 
 
 147083 
 
 92639 
 
 6089 
 3310 
 1266 
 1153 
 
 695582 
 665595 
 
 233 
 
 100 
 
 20684 
 41003 
 
 91420 
 
 82376 
 
 1 
 621 8187 
 
 
 
 
 ! 1 
 
 The number of vessels, outwards and inwards, for 
 Newfoundland, is for the year 1858. 
 
 In 184G, Canada owned 004 vessels; Xova Scotia, 
 2583; NeAv Brunswick, 730; Newfoundland, 937; 
 and Prince Edward Island, 265 : the aggregate ton- 
 nage amounted to 252,832 tons. In 1856, Canada 
 had 239 vessels on the Lakes, measuring 42,536 tons. 
 Total tonnage to and from Canadian ports in 1856 
 was 7,130,000.
 
 140 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 The folloxcing Table shoics with what Countries Nova Scotia and 
 New Brunsioick Trade ; also, the Number and Toiviage of Ves- 
 sels to and from these Colonies to the Countries named. 
 
 Names 
 of Countries. 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 Inwards. 
 
 Outwards. • Inwards. 
 
 Outwards, 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Great Britain... 
 B. W. Indies.... 
 Other Colonies.. 
 United States... 
 Other Countries 
 
 104; 97538 152 
 
 259i 31436 
 26811227596 
 
 2851 
 
 338 
 
 476 
 2655 
 
 68289 225 
 
 52890 
 
 2390362442 
 
 106142 
 
 225 107653 
 
 290854 2366 321951 
 
 30363812509 
 36555i 297 
 
 306333 
 29034 
 
 623 
 
 105 
 
 196038 
 38945 
 
 614 
 105 
 
 197324 
 38863
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 141 
 
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 ts 
 
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 ^ 
 
 P4 
 
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 t- i- 
 
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 ~»^ 
 
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 142 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 "« -c**^ 
 
 R a, 
 
 IS- 
 
 
 8n ::^ 
 
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 e
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 143 
 
 Tabular Epitome of the Imports into Canada, by the St. Laiorence, 
 from the other British North American Provinces, and the Ex- 
 ports from Canada to the same Colonies, for the Years named. 
 
 
 1858. 
 
 1859. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1861. 
 
 Imports 
 
 $317148 
 960428 
 
 $352022 
 840475 
 
 $415812 
 723534 
 
 $478130 
 1030939 
 
 Exports 
 
 
 
 The total imports of the Maritime Provinces, from 
 the American Union, of articles which Canada might 
 supply, on better terms for the Lower Colonies than 
 at present obtained, are nearly equal to the total 
 exports from Canada to the States. 
 
 These facts show the necessity of completing the 
 Atlantic and St. Lawrence Eailroad.
 
 144 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 8 
 
 
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 rj^ 
 
 
 
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 r-i Ci (M 
 
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 1
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 145 
 
 stable showing the Receipts, Expenditures, Imports, Exports, Lia- 
 bilities, ^-c, in Dollars, of each of the undermentioned Colonies, 
 for the Years named. 
 
 Items. 
 
 
 
 A4 
 
 -J" 
 
 d 
 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 .1-1 
 
 o "-^ 
 
 CO 
 
 •^ O 
 
 ^ 
 
 § o 
 
 S o 
 
 c o 
 
 a 
 
 01 oo 
 
 C CO 
 
 :: 00 
 
 I— 1 
 
 «^ 
 
 =2^ 
 
 cH 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 ;25 
 
 Iz; 
 
 Ah" 
 
 Receipts 
 
 Expenditure 
 
 Imports 
 
 Exports 
 
 Public Debt 
 
 Interest thereon. 
 Duties collected. 
 
 39615G64 
 35995747 
 34447935 
 34631890 
 G5626478 
 3479010 
 4758465 
 
 892324 
 1017502 
 7613227 
 5774334 
 4901305 
 242100 
 588351 
 
 833324 
 
 833688 
 
 7233700 
 
 4581850 
 
 4685407 
 
 281124 
 
 792000 
 
 868040 
 
 603640 
 
 6270640 
 
 6358560 
 
 168000 
 196764 
 920216 
 805736 
 277281 
 11200 
 
 The principal part of the trade of British North 
 America is with Great Britain and the United States, 
 The import trade of Canada from England amounts 
 to six dollars per head, while that from the United 
 States is two dollars per each inhabitant of the 
 Province. Great Britain exported to the Xorth 
 American Colonies, in 18G0, to the value of $13,636,- 
 750; and in 1861,818,458,230. 
 10
 
 146 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Tabular Ejntome of the value of the principal Products of the 
 undermentioned Colonies for 1860, in Dollars. 
 
 Products. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 New 
 Bruns'k. 
 
 New- 
 foundl'd 
 
 P. E. 
 
 isrd. 
 
 A PTifiultnral 
 
 14259225 
 558306 
 
 11012353 
 
 833646 
 
 1194732 
 
 78652C 
 658257 
 767136 
 3094499 
 972448 
 
 7709382 
 380000 
 
 3360000 
 518530 
 
 1476000 
 
 
 
 T*rnfliiftt<* of ATines 
 
 
 
 n <« Forest 
 
 
 
 » " Sea.... 
 
 4231820 
 
 220000 
 294732 
 
 
 
 
 Tabular Statement of length of Railways in operation, cost per mile, 
 and the total cost, in the u7idermentioned Colonies, for 1862. 
 
 Colony. 
 
 L'gth 
 
 in 
 miles. 
 
 Cost 
 
 per 
 
 mile, $ 
 
 Total 
 cost, $ 
 
 Lines. 
 
 -Canada 
 
 Nova Scotia .. 
 New Bruns'k. 
 
 1974 
 94 
 
 190 
 
 49218 
 43107 
 24150 
 
 97179641 
 4267628 
 4588561 
 
 f Grand Trunk & Great 
 \ Western & Branches, 
 r Halifax to Truro and 
 \ Windsor. 
 1 St John to Shediac, & St 
 \ Andw's. to Woodstock. 
 
 Railioay Statistics, 1861. 
 
 Colony. 
 
 en 
 
 
 Total 
 mileage 
 travell'd. 
 
 t3 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 107389231 
 
 54 
 
 141053 
 
 2 
 
 171291 
 
 6 
 
 Average 
 
 speed 
 
 pass, trains. 
 
 Ton»« of 
 
 freight 
 carr'd. 
 
 CftQftda 
 
 Nova Scotia ... 
 New Bruns'k 
 
 $6722668 
 120917 
 130678 
 
 $5675511 
 94114 
 94245 
 
 1825755 
 
 81359 
 
 171291 
 
 24m.perh, 
 
 20 " " 
 20 " " 
 
 1459446 
 
 33335
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 147 
 
 The total Icnii'tli of railvvavs in Canada, incladinir 
 the lines on the United States side of the boundary, 
 built b}^ Canadian capital, is 2371 miles. The Eail- 
 way Eeport of Canada for ISGO — the last published 
 — is incomplete; therefore, the foregoing tables only 
 convey returns of the revenue and expenditure of 
 ten of the principal lines. The total cost of these 
 lines, up to the end of 1860, was ^97,179,611 — mak- 
 ing the average cost per mile $49,218. The number 
 killed on all the railways in Canada, in 1858, was 51, 
 and 27 injured; in 1850, 53, and 47 injured; and in 
 1860, 54, and the same number injured. There were 
 six killed in New Brunswick within the last two 
 years. The aggregate cost of Canadian railway's 
 is said to amount to the large sum of $1,175,000,000, 
 and gross annual interest to $120,000,000. In New 
 ]>runswick, the cost of the St. John and Shcdiac 
 line is $4,267,628; and annual interest $43,107. 
 
 The principal part of the Government appropria- 
 tions of these (Colonies for railways and other public 
 works are represented by debentuj'cs, bearing vari- 
 ous rates of interest, wliich are principally held by 
 British capitalists. This stock, in tlie English 
 market, has varied from 102 to 111. Some of the 
 stock, however, is held in tlie Colonies. In Nova 
 Scotia, $500,000 in debentures are held in the Pro- 
 vince. In Canada, a large amount is held by capi- 
 talists in the Province. A part of the Canadian 
 debentures were endorsed l>y the Ijnperial Govern- 
 ment, Avhcn tlie money was obtained at a low 
 rate of interest. Of the amount thus obtained,
 
 148 
 
 STATISTICS OP 
 
 17,500,000 was expended in the construction of the 
 Lawrence Canal. 
 
 The commerce of Canada has made great pro- 
 gress during the last 20 years. Her revenue rose 
 ifrom $1,250,000 in 1841, to $9,500,000 in 1861. Her 
 imports increased during the last decade from $22,- 
 000,000 to 834,000,000. Ship-building, through a 
 recent treaty with France, admitting Canadian-builfe 
 ships into the markets of that nation on equitable 
 terms, is making rapid progress. Emigration is 
 flowing into the country at a much increased rate. 
 Her lake, river, and railway trade is also on the 
 increase. 
 
 Tabular Statement of the Finances of Canada for the laH fire Yearis. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 Payments. 
 
 Debentures 
 issued. 
 
 Debenture* 
 redeemed. 
 
 1857 
 
 $6981062 
 
 $11846690 
 
 $836376 
 
 $3603744 
 
 1868 
 
 8072536 
 
 11163939 
 
 239649 
 
 2198755 
 
 1850 
 
 8157346 
 
 9630592 
 
 1377768 
 
 2416116 
 
 1860 
 
 9014331 
 
 12585652 
 
 23410155 
 
 30601 33S 
 
 1861 
 
 9738277 
 
 11962652 
 
 2780181 
 
 2917304 
 
 Totals. $41963552 
 
 $57189466 $28044129 ! $4173724;^ 
 
 Trade between the British North American Colo- 
 nies and the American Union has received a great 
 stimulus since the Elgin Treaty in 1854. In that
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 149 
 
 rear the United vStatcs tonnage to the maritime 
 Colonies amounted to 11,105 tons; and the Provin- 
 cial tonnage to the States, 358,460. In 1860 the 
 States tonnage was 62,957, and the Colonial, 475,- 
 051. During this period, not more than 42 United 
 States vessels ascended the St. Lawrence; while 
 little over half that number descended the St. Law- 
 rence to the ocean. 
 
 The railroads and canals furnish a more speedy 
 and safe mode of transit for goods, &c., from the 
 t^eaboard to the interior, and vice versa. The value of 
 the exports from Canada to the United States, in 
 1851, was $4,071,544; and imports, $8,365,764. In 
 1855 — the year following the Elgin Treaty — the ex- 
 ports amounted to $16,737,276, and imports to 
 $20,828,676. And in 1860, Canada exported to the 
 States to the value of $18,127,968, and imported to the 
 amount of $47,273,029. Amount of the wdaole trade 
 was $35,700,997. The exports from New BransAvick 
 to the States, in 1855, amounted to $615,635; while 
 in 1860 it was $1,241,990— having doubled in five 
 years. The imports, in the same time, increased 
 to the amount of $5,455. 
 
 These Colonies have been large consumers of the 
 ])roducts of the Union; even the raw products of 
 the Colonies have been extensively shipped to the- 
 States, and there manufactured and returned to these 
 ( 'olonies for consumption. This state of things ha* 
 recently undergone a great change; these Provinces^ 
 are becoming more self-sustaining; manufactories of 
 various kinds are springing up. The Census of 1861
 
 150 STATISTICS OF 
 
 shows a remarkable increase in manufactories, and 
 produce of all kinds. 
 
 And comparing the pcaceahle state of British N. 
 America, under the a^gis of Britain, with light taxes 
 self-imposed, and self-imposed legislation, with the' 
 convulsed state of the American Union, witli itf? 
 enormous taxes, the Colonists should be satisfied to 
 press onward to the still brighter prospects looming 
 in the distance. 
 
 The Census Eeports of British Xorth America 
 contain a large amount of useful information, the 
 substance of wliicli will be found in tiiis little work. 
 There is great dissimilarity, however, between some 
 of these reports ; they all omit matters of import- 
 ance, and include statistics of little com.parative 
 value. Tiie Census of Canada and IS'ova Scotia are 
 more complete than those of the other Colonies. 
 
 As the resources of these Colonies are similar, 
 there should, in future, be some preconcerted plan 
 adopted, on whicli the Census Eeports of all the 
 Colonies should be based, agreeing as nearly as pos- 
 sible Avith the system adopted in the adjoining States, 
 vrhen the real and comparative progress of each 
 Province, with itself as Avell as with other Provinces 
 and States, might be obtained. 
 
 INTERCOLONIAL RAILROAD. 
 
 The beginning of the end of this long-pending 
 subject is apparent!}' at hand. Upv/ards of twenty 
 years have elapsed since this subject was first 
 mooted, and fourteen years since the comj)letiou of
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 151 
 
 Major Eobinson's survey. During this time, nu- 
 merous and expensive delegations have been sent to 
 the Imperial Government from Canada, l^ova Scotia 
 and 'Ne^y Brunswick ; and each of these Colonies has 
 passed facility bills. Indeed, the numerous and 
 voluminous reports and dispatches on the subject, 
 shew that these Provinces have, for nearly a quarter 
 of a century, been humble solicitors at the Imperial 
 bar for aid to construct this line, which is only now 
 granted. However, during the interval, the Colo- 
 nies have not been idle: Canada has constructed 114 
 mileis — from Quebec to River du Loup; and Nova 
 Scotia, from Halifax to Truro, 61 miles — making 175 
 miles; and New^ Brunswick has constructed 107 
 miles, 50 of which — from Moncton to Sussex Vale 
 — might be adopted as a part of the Halifax and 
 Quebec line. 
 
 The aid now offered by the British Government is 
 a guarantee of interest on 3,000,000 sterling, or 
 £3,600,000 currency, which the Governments of the 
 three Colonies through which the line will pass have 
 agreed to accept, subject to the approval of their 
 respective Legislatures — Canada paying five-twelfths, 
 and ]S"ova Scotia and l^ew Brunswick seven- 
 tw^elfths. If the money can be obtained at 4 per 
 cent., and no doubt it can, and probably less, on an 
 Imperial guarantee, Canada will have to pay £50,- 
 000 sterling, and the other Provinces each £35,000 
 sterling — making £120,000 per annum; being the 
 interest of £8.000,000; the route to be selected by 
 Great Britain.
 
 152 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Although the country is generally flat, still there 
 are some engineering difficulties, the Cohequid and 
 Restigouche mountains to surmount. The line ap- 
 proved of by Major Bobinson is from — 
 
 Halifax to Truro 55 miles. 
 
 Truro to Bay Yerte 69 " 
 
 Bay Yerte to Shediac 26 " 
 
 Shediac to Miramichi 74 " 
 
 Miramichi to Bathurst 56 " 
 
 Bathurst to Dalhousie 48 " 
 
 Dalhousie to Matapedia River 30 '•' 
 
 Matapedia River to Quebec 277 " 
 
 — making a total distance from Halifax to Quebec 
 of 635 miles, of which 458 are yet to be built. 
 
 By adopting this line, the sum asked for, and now 
 guaranteed, is insufficient. Allowing the cost to be 
 £10,000 currency per mile, it will cost £4,580,000 to 
 build the line from Truro to River du Loup, which 
 is £980,000 more than the sum named in the Impe- 
 rial guarantee. Taking the expense of constructing 
 railways in Canada, and the Lower Provinces, as a 
 precedent, in connection with the mountainous char- 
 acter of a large portion of the country to be traversed, 
 no matter what route is adopted, this line, which 
 will be an extension of the Grand Trunk line, of 
 Canada, and, when completed, may be called the 
 Grand Trunk of British North America, will cost 
 £12,000 per mile. But, allowing the sum per mile 
 to be only £10,000 currency, then Canada would 
 have to pay £76,380, and each of the other Colonies
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 153 
 
 £53,431. However, if a practicable line could be ob- 
 tained, running from the St. John and Shediac line, 
 at Sussex Yale, direct to the Eestigouche, the portion 
 to be built would be thirty miles shorter than the 
 line approved of by Major Eobinson, while the total 
 distance from Halifax to Quebec would be the same. 
 The resources are thus estimated : 
 
 Cost of conveying the western mails now sent through 
 
 the American States £25000 
 
 Transmission of United States mails 25000 
 
 British Troops 10000 
 
 Halifax being 500 miles nearer England than New York, 
 
 ft saving of ocean service is estimated at 35000 
 
 £95000 
 
 It IS estimated that 36 hours would be gained in 
 the transmission of the western mails. 
 
 The funds arising from the conveyance of local 
 mails, and other traffic, will also be considerable. 
 
 PUBLIC LANDS AND FACILITIES FOR SETTLEMENT. 
 
 The extent of the public domain, in British Xorth 
 America, is very great. There are numerous exten- 
 sive tracts of fertile lands, each of which is large 
 enough to constitute a nation larger than many of 
 the nations of Europe, lying in a wilderness state, 
 awaiting the hand of civilization. Here twenty mil- 
 lions of additional inhabitants might obtain excellent 
 lands, in lots, at mere nominal prices. The climate 
 and soil are well adapted to the growth of all the 
 cereals and vegetables peculiar to the American Con- 
 tinent. The vast extent of Crown Lands still at the
 
 154 STATISTICS OF 
 
 disposal of tlie Colonial Governmeiits, along witli its 
 cheapness, and the general facilities afforded by the 
 country for migration, render British North America 
 the most favorable field for emigration on this con- 
 tinent. 
 
 In Canada East the price of public lands varies 
 from thirty cents to one dollar per acre, while in 
 Canada West, the price ranges from half a dollar to 
 one dollar per acre. AYhen offered for sale '• en 
 block," the external lines are defined at the expense 
 of the government. Lots vary in size from one to 
 two hundred acres. "When sold at half a dollar per 
 acre, " en block," it is payable in advance, and on 
 conditions that one-third of the quantity of land in 
 each tov\^nship, or block, shall be settled upon Avithin 
 two years from the date of sale; one-third more 
 within the following five years, that is, seven years 
 from the time of sale, and the residue within the 
 further period of three years. All lands not so 
 settled, at the expiration of ten years from the time 
 of sale, to become forfeited, and to revert to the 
 crown. This system affords facilities for settlement, 
 by associations. 
 
 In other townships the lands are sold both by 
 public auction and private sale, at seventy cents, 
 cash, per acre, and, on time, at one dollar per acre ; 
 one-fifth to be paid at the time of sale, and the re- 
 maining four-fifths, in four equal annual instalments, 
 Avith interest on the purchase money unpaid. 
 
 In some of the newly formed settlements and col- 
 onization roads, free grants are given, of a part of
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 155 
 
 the lands, in order to prepare the vray for settle- 
 ments, on a more extensive scale. 
 
 Lands are obtained through land agents, of Avhom 
 there are 45 in Western, and 40 in Eastern Canada. 
 There are also 500 Provincial Land Surveyors in the 
 Province. 
 
 The following statistics will convey some idea of 
 the progress being made in the settlement of Canada : 
 
 The total quantity of land surveyed in Canada 
 East, in 1845, was, 17,685,942 acres. Of this quan- 
 tity, 2,377,733 acres were set apart as Clergy Ee- 
 serves ; 3,424,243 for the Jesuits, and otlier bodies, 
 and the grants en seigneur, and fee and common 
 socau-e amounted to 11,543,629 acres. In Canada 
 West, in 1848, the whole quantity surveyed was 
 15,982,000 acres. Of these lands, 2,142,145 acres 
 were Clergy Eeserves ; 100,000, School Lands, and 
 the general grants amounted to 12,242,088 acres. 
 
 In Lower Canada, in 1859, there were surveyed, 
 ready for sale, 5,528,413 acres, of which, 132,422 acres 
 were sold, and 17,992 acres granted, gratuitously, 
 leaving 5,377,999 acres unsold. The total amount of 
 the purchase money of the lands sold was $76,960. 
 The amount of Clergy Lands surveyed was 478,846 
 acres, of which, 15,081 acres Avere sold, leaving 
 463,815 acres unsold. The proceeds of sales, &c., 
 amounted to $15,319. The gross reeceipts derived 
 from Jesuits' estates, were $18547. A part of this 
 amount was devoted to superior education, in Lower 
 Canada. In 1860, 44,545 acres of Clergy Lands were 
 Bold; in 1861, 41,299 acres; in 1860, the quantity of
 
 156 STATISTICS OF 
 
 CJrown Lands sold amounted to 290,026 acres, and in 
 1861, 273,835 acres. 
 
 In Canada AVest, in 1859, there were 1,910,103 
 acres of Crown Land surveyed, of which, 167,196 
 acres were sokl, and 33,392 set apart as free grants, 
 on the colonization roads, leaving 1,709,515 acres 
 undisposed of The proceeds of sales of lands, sold 
 during the year, amounted to $174,470. There were 
 75,698 acres of Clergy Lands sold, leaving 261,497 
 acres unsold. The proceeds of sales amounted to 
 $211,080. Of the School Lands, 5,247 acres wero 
 8old, and tlie proceeds (§9,447) devoted to the sup- 
 port of grammar schools, leaving 67,312 acres unsold. 
 In Canada West, 1,000,000 acres were set apart for 
 the hcnefit of common schools, 5,852 of which were 
 sold, during the year, leaving a balance of 19,736 
 acres undisposed of. The purchase money of tho 
 lands sold, during the year, was $13,392. The net 
 income from this fund, for the year 1859, was 
 $46,556 5 and the total net amount realized from 
 these lands was $568,914. 
 
 The quantity of Clergy Lands sold in 1860 was 
 62,522 acres; in 1861, 74,366. The quantity of 
 Crown Lands sold in 1860 was 126,413 acres, and in 
 1861, 257,933. 
 
 The gross proceeds of sales of Public Lands in tho 
 Province of Canada, 1860, was $845,158 ; in 1861, waa 
 $808,649. Total amount of free grants in 1861 on col- 
 onization roads was 9811 acres; there were surveyed 
 within the year 480,288 acres; there were surveyed 
 (ungranted) 5,593,833 acres ready for sale. The
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 157 
 
 amount of revenue collected from timber dues and 
 gi'ound rents in 1861 was $299,803. 
 
 There is in Canada 91,236 acres of lands held by 
 the Ordnance Department, some of which was pur- 
 cliased by the Home Government at a cost to the 
 Imperial Treasury of $1,360,000; the barracks and 
 buildings erected thereon cost $809,560. The gross 
 amount of sales for all Canada, of Crown, Clergy, 
 and School Lands, were : 
 
 Sold in 1858 209,889 acres. 
 
 " 1859 401,446 " 
 
 Amount of sales in 1858 $244,913 
 
 " " 1859 475,195 
 
 " Collections, 1858 271,293 
 
 1859 705,923 
 
 (( (( 
 
 The total revenue derived from sales of Crown 
 Lands in 1861, was — for Canada West, $276,660; 
 Canada East, $73,585; total, $350,245. 
 
 The lands held in Canada West in 1862 was 
 0,825,515 acres, and in 1861 it amounted to 13,359,907 
 acres. In Canada East the quantity held, in 1852, 
 was 8,113,000 acres, and in 1861 it amounted to 
 15,223,000 acres, shewing a total, for both sections 
 of the Province, in 1861, of 28,582,907 acres. 
 
 PRODUCTS OF THE FORESTS. 
 
 The products of the forests have long been a 
 source of w^ealth to this Colony. The exportation 
 of white and red pine, of which Canada has iuex-
 
 158 STATISTICS OF 
 
 liaiistible stores, deals, staves, masts, and birch and 
 other hardwood timber, to Britain, and sawed himber 
 to the States, forms an important section of the in- 
 dustrial pursuits. Of the woods annually exported 
 r50,000 tons are elm ; 40,000, oak; 400,000, white pine; 
 and 60,000 tons of red pine. 
 
 In 1852 the value of the products of the forests 
 amounted to 85,406,857 ; in 1800 it amounted to 
 §11,012,353. Tlie amount of revenue arising from 
 ground rents, timber dues, and slide dues, during the 
 year 1856, was S262,872; in 1857, ^289,839; in 1858, 
 '§232,624; and in 1859, it amounted to $316,056. 
 
 Canada exports annually about 30,000,000 cubic 
 ibet of rough timber, and about 400,000,000 feet, 
 superficial measure, of sawn lumber. The revenue 
 derived in 1860 from timber cut on the public lands 
 amounted to $500,000. 
 
 The lands lying westerly of Canada, between Lake 
 Superior and the valley of the Sascatchewan, are not 
 so highly adapted for farming as those more westerly. 
 From Rainy Lake to the Eocky Mountains — 1100 
 miles — the land is generally good. In this section 
 alone it is estimated that there are about 320,000,000 
 acres of available land, the southern portion of which 
 is equal to Yrcstcrn Canada, Vvdiile much of the 
 northern section is equal, in an agricultural point of 
 view, to the lands of Canada East or Ts'ew Bruns- 
 wick. 
 
 IS'ew Brunswick. — The public domain of this 
 Province is still considerable, aiibrdinfr an extensive
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 159 
 
 field for emigration. The report of the Surveyor- 
 General for 1861, the first formal report of this de- 
 partment published in the Province, does not state 
 how much land has been alienated from the Crown. 
 From other sources, however, we learn that the total 
 quantity disposed of up to the end of 1846, was 
 0,077,960 acres; and the total quantity sold up to the 
 end of 1852, was 6,636,329 acres. There still remains 
 10,000,000 acres ungranted. The Eeport states that 
 42,783 acres were sold during the year, and paid 
 partly by instalments, and partly by cash at the 
 times of sales, yielding a revenue of 826,258. There 
 was also sold during the same year (1861) under the 
 '• Labor Act,'^ 774 lots, representing 74,486 acres — 
 making a total of 117,269 acres disposed of during 
 the year. 
 
 There has been also, within the years 1859, 1860, 
 and 1861, fourteen tracts surveyed, containing in the 
 aggregate 131,100 acres. These lands were set apart 
 for actual settlement under the conditions of the 
 Labor Act. During the ten years previous to 1861 
 tliere were 797 lots, representing 76,555 acres appro- 
 priated under this act. 
 
 The Labor Act affords persons of limited means 
 important advantages. One hundred acres of land 
 may be obtained by paying in labor on the road ad- 
 joining, or passing through the land, a sum equal to 
 one-fourth of the price in each year, until the whole 
 be paid, when a grant will be issued. 
 
 Lands are also sold at half a dollar an acre, if i)aid 
 at the time of sale, or sixty cents per acre, payable
 
 160 
 
 STATISTICS OP 
 
 in three equal yearly instalments. There are local 
 Deputy Surveyors, in each of the fourteen Counties 
 into which the Province is divided, who attend to 
 the routine of sales, &c. 
 
 Timber and Lumber Exported {Superficial Feet). 
 
 Hardwood. 
 
 Pine Timber. Sawn Lumber. 
 
 In 1859 
 1860 
 1861 
 
 ] 7924 tons. 
 14637 " 
 16933 " 
 
 81588 tons. 
 40136 " 
 41459 " 
 
 283811249 
 237769094 
 297518645 
 
 Nova Scotia. — From the Reports of the Com?nis- 
 fiioncr of Crown Lands we glean that the Province 
 contains about 12,000,000 acres, three-fourths of 
 which are in Nova Scotia Proper, and one-fourth in 
 Cape Breton. In 1858 there remained ungranted 
 5,297,456 acres, 1,210,000 acres of whicli were in Cape 
 Breton. Of the 4,086,496 acres of ungranted lands 
 in Nova Scotia Proper, it was estimated that not 
 more than 1,370,000 acres were fit for profitable cul- 
 tivation; and of the 1,210,000 acres in Cape Breton 
 800,000 acres are fit for profitable tillage. 
 
 The number of grants actually issued in 1857 was 
 366, representing 63,083 acres. The number issued 
 in 1858 was 511, representing 78,231 acres. The 
 gross receipts for the year 1858 were ^19,793 ; and the 
 gross expenses of the department were 87,428, leaving
 
 BEITISH NOETH AMERICA. 161 
 
 as net proceeds from the sale of Crown Lands for 
 the year $12,364. Of the total quatity of ungranted 
 land in the Province, there are now about 2,000,000 
 acres fit for profitable cultivation. The price of 
 Crown Land is one shilling and nine pence, sterling, 
 per acre. It is obtained, principally, through the 
 local Deputy Surveyors. 
 
 There are reservations in thirteen Counties of the 
 Province, known as " Indian Eeserves," represent- 
 ing in the aggregate 26,027 acres, the principal part 
 of which is highly fit for oultivation, though but 
 little of it is yet cultivated. 
 
 The quantity of land alienated from the Crown to 
 the end of 1861 was 5,748,893 acres. Amount undis- 
 posed of was 5,319,820. 
 
 Newfoundland. — The Crowm Domain of this 
 Colony is still very extensive. The principal part 
 of the lands granted are confined to limited spots on 
 the sea shore. The reader will understand, from our 
 geographical description of Newfoundland, that a 
 very large portion of it is unfit for profitable cultiva- 
 tion. The late Surveyor-General Joseph Noad, Esq., 
 in his Eeport, however, in 1847, says " the soil,'' 
 around Bay St. George, " is rich and deep, and when 
 the trees and stumps are removed from it no further 
 obstacles exist to prevent the land from being at 
 once brought under the plough, while the husband- 
 man has at hand limestone and gypsum sufiicient for 
 the most extensive farming operations, and in addition 
 to which help a most valuable manure may be collected 
 11
 
 162 STATISTICS OF 
 
 almost to any extent/' At the Bay of Islands and the 
 Elver Humber we are informed that "the soil is well 
 adapted for all the purposes of cultivation. It is 
 deep and fertile, and possesses the means of its own 
 support, as limestone can be procured to any extent/' 
 There are several other tracts on the Island of equal 
 value. In these districts the birch, spruce, pine, and 
 other forest woods, grow to a large size, while in 
 other parts of the country the woods consist of 
 shrubs and other undergrowth. 
 
 The quantity of land alienated from the Crown is 
 comparatively small. The upset pnce of Crown land 
 is two shillings an acre. A lot of land containing 
 200 acres may be obtained by residing on it five 
 years, and cultivating two acres ; or by erecting a 
 saw or grist mill on the land applied for, and keep- 
 ing the same in operation for three years. 
 
 Prince Edward Island. — This Island, which con- 
 tains an area of 1,365,400 acres, was laid out in 66 
 Lota or Townships, each containing about 6,000 
 acres, 64 Lots of which were granted on certain 
 conditions in 1767, to about one hundred individuals, 
 the principal part of whom were members of Parlia- 
 ment, officers of the Army and ISTavy, and merchants. 
 Suffice to say, that the result of this appropriation of 
 the Colony has'given rise to much dissatisfaction, 
 both to the Imperial Government and the Legisla- 
 ture and people of the Island. It has done much to 
 retard the progress of general improvement, which 
 is the more to be regretted in consequence of the in-
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 163 
 
 Viiliiable character of its soils in an agricultural point 
 of view. In some cases the landlords, who princi- 
 pally reside in Great Britain, finding the taxes im- 
 posed by the conditions of the original grant unex- 
 pectedly bui'densome, have sold some of the lands to 
 the Government and people of the Island. In order 
 to a final settlement of the subject a Royal Commis- 
 sion was appointed in 1860, composed of three Com- 
 missioners, — one representing the Imperial Govern- 
 ment, one the tenants, and the other the proprietors. 
 This Commission rejDorted in 1861 , and the Legisla- 
 ture confirmed the report, which has been vetoed by 
 the Imperial Government. 
 
 The average price of land is about four dollars per 
 acre, and considerable quantities of land may be 
 purchased in different parts of the Island at this 
 price, and oven less, though in some places it is much 
 higher. 
 
 British Columbia. — From the limited informatioa 
 extant respecting this large and valuable section of 
 British North America, on the Pacific side of thiH 
 Continent, three thousand miles from the Atlantic 
 frontier of Xova Scotia, we are unable to afford our 
 readers full details of either the value and extent of 
 its arable lands, or the other individual elements 
 of wealth it possesses. Indeed, the explorations 
 heretofore made have been more with the view of 
 •prospecting" for gold than that of suitable land 
 for settlement. There are said to be millions of acre* 
 of rich arable land Ivins; between the Pacific frontier
 
 164 STATISTICS OF 
 
 and the mines. There are extensive tracts producing 
 wild grass of various kinds in great abundance. 
 About one-half the area of Vancouver's Island is suit- 
 able for cultivation; and there are extensive tracts 
 of good lands for settlement on the mainland. 
 The extent of land granted is very limited, and will 
 remain so until roads are made into the interior. 
 The price of land is one dollar per acre. One-half 
 the purchase money is required to be paid in advance, 
 and the remainder in two years from the date of 
 purchase. Lands are obtained through local land 
 .agents. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL. 
 The Educational Institutions of British I^orth 
 America consist principally of Universities, Colleges, 
 Academies, Normal and Training, Grammar, and 
 Mementary Schools. 
 
 Canada. — In this Province, each section, Canada 
 East and Canada West, has its separate system, 
 controlled by separate heads ; and in each separate 
 schools exist. The annual Legislative grant of ninety 
 -thousand pounds is divided between the two sections 
 of the Province; and each raises an amount equal to 
 the proportion it receives of the Provincial allow- 
 ance. The Elementary Schools of Upper Canada are 
 nearly all free; and a large number of those of 
 Lower Canada are also free. The Government has 
 appropriated one million acres of land in aid of Ele- 
 mentary and Grammar Schools, besides a largo area 
 in aid of the Colleges of Canada.
 
 BEITISn NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 165 
 
 Tabular Slatement of the Educational Institutions of Canada for 
 
 the Year 1860. 
 
 
 Canada East. 
 
 Canada West. 
 
 Institutions. 
 
 No. 
 
 Pupils 
 
 Cost, $ 
 
 No. 
 
 Pupils 
 
 Cost, $ 
 
 Universities 
 
 o 
 10 
 14 
 01 
 04 
 
 t) 
 33 
 
 552 
 
 2781 
 
 2333 
 
 0211' 
 
 14817 
 
 228 
 
 10337 
 
 5234 
 
 14258 
 
 8000 
 
 .:i 
 
 1 O — .T 
 
 lo 1 o 
 
 
 Classical Colleges.... 
 Industrial Colleges ... 
 Academies for Boys.. 
 <* *' Girl = 
 
 12855(> 
 
 15645 
 11277 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Xovnial Schools . 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 305 
 
 88 
 
 3060 
 
 
 30165 
 
 Afndol Schools 
 
 14803 
 
 
 
 Academies &c 
 
 6408 
 
 4546 
 
 315812 
 
 49780 
 
 Gvannnar Schools 
 
 
 
 
 80279 
 
 Elementai'y Schools.. 
 
 3070 
 
 144005 
 
 503850 
 
 1150774 
 
 Totals 
 
 3204il72155 
 
 573250 
 
 4379 320558 
 
 144844S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Educational Institutions, <Jt., in 1856. 
 
 Universities 
 
 Colleges 
 
 Granrniar Schools and Academics 
 
 Normal Schools 
 
 Model and ElementJirv Schools — 
 
 Canada East. Canada Wesi. 
 
 3 2 
 
 25 10 
 
 114 94 
 
 p 2 
 
 ..... 2736 3500 
 
 Total number of pupils 134767 
 
 240811
 
 166 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 
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 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 167 
 
 The Government Grant for Canada East, in 1860, 
 was $116,000, and the amount raised by vohmtary 
 assessment, $238,364. The gross amount raised by 
 the people, for the building and repairing of school 
 houses, and the suj)port of primary education, was 
 $387,859. The total contributions for 1861 amounted 
 to $526,219. The number of institutions has increased 
 in Lower Canada, since 1853, thirty-three per cent, 
 pupils, fifty-nine, and contributions, three hundred 
 per cent. 
 
 In addition to the various institutions named in 
 the foregoing tables, there are, in Canada East, six 
 schools under the control of the '' Brethren of the 
 Christian Doctrine," and nine under the charge of 
 the " Sisters of the Congregation of ISTotre Dame." 
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 are included in the total number given in the tables. 
 
 The total amount of the Parliamentary Grant, in 
 aid of elementary education, for the whole Province 
 of Canada, for the year 1862, is $444,000
 
 168 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
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 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 169 
 
 The increase of schools, in ten years, was 910 ; 
 pupils, 163,921, and expenditure, $806,058. These 
 figures present a remarkable increase, in one decade. 
 
 Religious Denomination of Teachers in Canada West. 
 
 1858. 1859. 
 
 Cliurch of England 662 
 
 Roman Catholic 440 
 
 Presby terian 1259 
 
 Methodist 1182 
 
 Baptist 240 
 
 747 
 
 460 
 
 1196 
 
 1236 
 
 225 
 
 In Canada East the principal part of the teachers 
 
 belong to the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 Apportionment of the Legislative Grant for Canada West, in 1856. 
 
 
 Mixed Schools. 
 
 Separate Schools. 
 
 Totals. 
 
 Counties 
 
 $120400 
 8153 
 5078 
 
 $1010 
 
 3555 
 
 365 
 
 $128082 
 
 Cities 
 
 11708 
 
 Towns 
 
 5443 
 
 Contingencies 
 
 571 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 $156590 
 
 
 
 
 
 Libraries of Canada. 
 
 Canada West. 
 
 Libraries. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 In 1855 
 " 1859 
 " 1860 
 
 260 
 
 354 
 
 2514 
 
 1180001 
 117580/ 
 224508 
 207544 
 3218 
 
 $94518 
 
 " 1861 
 
 246325 
 
 Prison Libi'aries 
 
 
 
 

 
 170 
 
 STATISTICS OP 
 Libraries^ ^c, — Continued. 
 
 Canada East. 
 
 Libraries. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Cobt. i 
 
 
 In 1856 
 
 
 96823 
 113142 
 
 102701 
 
 
 
 ♦' 1857 in Colleo-es&c 
 
 
 
 ♦' 1860, for Com- | 
 men Schools. / **' 
 
 143 
 
 
 
 There are many other Literary and Scientific In- 
 stitutions in Canada, of which the Canadian Liter- 
 ary Institute, Natural History Societies, Eotanical 
 Society, Medical Societies, Museums, Mechanics' In- 
 stitutes, and Circulating Libraries, are the principal. 
 Recently an Institute has been established at Fort 
 Garry, on Red River, a tributary to Lake Winipeg. 
 
 The proportion of the population attending school 
 was, in 1861, for Canada West, 22.65; exceeding that 
 of New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts, 
 which send respectively 22.52, 20.13, and 20.60. The 
 proportion sent to school by Canada East was in 
 the same year 13.26. 
 
 Universities, Colleges, &c. — The Educational Re- 
 ports of British North America do not give full de- 
 tails of the progress of Collegiate Education in their 
 respective Provinces. The statistics here presented, 
 though incomplete, contain much useful information. 
 Some of the Colleges, both in Canada and the Lower 
 Provinces, are largely endowed by the Legislature. 
 The Univei'sity of King's College, Canada West, has 
 an endowment of 225,000 acres of land, besides other
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 171 
 
 large appropriations. Its Library contains 13,000 
 volumes ; Museum, 70 species of mammalia, 1000 of 
 birds, 70 reptiles, 150 fishes, 600 geological, 400 min- 
 erals, 1500 chemical products, and 180 philosophical 
 instruments, &c. 
 
 Ten of the Collegiate and Eeligious Institutions of 
 Lower Canada possess an aggregate area of 2,125,179 
 acres, from which a large annual revenue is derived. 
 Laval University Buildings cost $208,421 ; Library, 
 $13,196; Medical Museum, $8,120 3 Cabinet of Natu- 
 ral Philosophy, $6,264; salaries of Professors, $41,- 
 346; other cliarges, $19,066 — making a total expen- 
 diture up to end of 1860 of $296,363. The total 
 expenditure for 1860 was $14,626. The number of 
 students at the McGill Institutions in 1861. were — 
 studying Law, 57 ; Medicine, 124; Arts, 45; other 
 departments, 13. Total in the University, 239. 
 There were in the High School Department, 281 ; 
 Normal School, 61 ; and Model School, 300 — making 
 a total of 881 students. 
 
 Total number of Colleges, Canada East, 26 ; stu- 
 dents, 5666. In Canada West, 13 ; students, 1373— 
 making a total of 39 Colleges in Canada, attended 
 by an aggregate of 7039 students. 
 
 Doctor Morrin has given $48,000 towards the erec- 
 tion of a Presbyterian College at Quebec ; and the 
 Roman Catholics are about to erect an ^Agricultural 
 College at Toronto. 
 
 The Eno-lish lano:ua2:e is tauMit in nearly all the 
 Colleges of Lower Canada; and the French is taught 
 in the principal part of the Colleges of Canada West.
 
 172 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 It may here be stated that the curriculum of study 
 maintained in all the Colleges of British JSTorth 
 America includes the several branches of Mental 
 and Natural Philosophy, ^vith the ancient and mod- 
 
 ern languages. 
 
 Tabular Slaiemcnt of some of the principal Coller/iate Institutions 
 
 of Canada. 
 
 ICaiTie. 
 
 Situation. Denominat'ns. 
 
 No. of 
 Prof. 
 
 Stu- 
 dents. 
 
 University & University College 
 
 Queen's College ' 
 
 Trinity College 
 
 Victoria College 
 
 Mc(jrill College 
 
 Female College 
 
 Bishop's College 
 
 Laval University 
 
 Knox'.s College 
 
 St. Michael's College 
 
 Senuinav}^ College 
 
 Notre Diiinc College 
 
 By town College 
 
 Jacques Cartier 
 
 Literary Institute 
 
 Jesuit's College 
 
 St. Hyacinthe's College 
 
 Nicofet College 
 
 St. Francis College 
 
 L'Assuniption College 
 
 Regiopolis College 
 
 Toronto 
 
 Kingston 
 
 Toronto 
 
 Cobourg 
 
 Montreal 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Lennoxville... 
 Quebec 
 
 Toronto 
 Quebec .. 
 
 Non-Sectarian. 
 Presbyterian... 
 Episcopalian .. 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Protestant 
 
 Methodist 
 
 P^piscopalian .. 
 
 R. Catholic 
 
 IPre.-5V)yteriau .. 
 R. Catholic 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 Quebec 
 
 Woodstock ... 
 
 Montreal 
 
 St. Hyacinthe 
 
 Richmond .. 
 Sandwich .... 
 Kingston.... 
 
 Baptist 
 
 R. Catholic 
 
 Non Sectarian 
 R. Catholic 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 24 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 320 
 163 
 
 300 
 239 
 
 23 
 
 71 
 
 57 
 
 140 
 
 161 
 
 264 
 252 
 
 There are seven Collegiate Institutions in Canada 
 West receiving public aid, amounting in the aggre- 
 gate to $20,000 per annum. There are other CoUe- 
 o:iate, Natural Ilistorv, and other Institutions, includ- 
 ing four Observatories — one at Quebec, one at 
 Toronto, one at Kingston, and one at Isle Jesus — 
 which receive, in the aggregate, $17,000 per annum.
 
 BRITISH NORTH 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
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 174 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 
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 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 175 
 
 
 
 
 
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 176 
 
 STATISTICS OP 
 Libraries, ^t. 
 
 
 1859. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1861. 
 
 No. of Libraries 
 
 " Volumes 
 
 14 
 
 946 
 
 $359 
 
 25 
 1677 
 $814 
 
 8 
 751 
 
 Cost 
 
 $382 
 
 
 
 Of the teachers — 161 are Episcopalian, 172 Roman 
 Catholic, 144 Presbyterian, 118 Methodist, and 202 
 Baptist ] males 423, females 387. Of the teachers, 
 504 are trained. 
 
 Prince Edward Island. — The CoHogiate Institu- 
 tions are — Prince of Wales College, Charlotte Town, 
 ZsTon-Sectarian, and St. Dunstan's Gollcge, Charlotte 
 Town, Roman Catholic. A ISTormal School conduct- 
 ed by two teachers, one male — salary f!800 — and one 
 female — salary $180 ; average number of students, 80. 
 
 Elementary Schools. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Schools. 
 
 Pupils. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 1841 
 
 18i8 
 
 121 
 131 
 199 
 254 
 
 237 
 263 
 
 4356 
 4512 
 9922 
 11210 
 10575 
 9205 
 
 $4064 
 
 1854 
 1855 
 1857 
 
 28920 
 52000 
 
 1801 
 
 61148
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 177 
 
 In addition to the government appropriation, 
 which is raised by a land tax, the proprietors raise 
 from forty to sixty dollars, annually, towards the 
 support of each school, 
 
 Newfoundland. — Tabular Statement of Academical Institutions 
 of Education in Neufoundland. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Situation. 
 
 Denomination. 
 
 No. 
 Prof 
 
 Stu- 
 d'ts 
 
 Govt, 
 aid. 
 
 Vol. 
 aid. 
 
 Academy.... 
 
 Bonaventiare 
 College 
 
 Academy.... 
 Academy.... 
 
 St. John's... 
 
 I - 
 J 
 
 it 
 
 Episcopalian 
 
 Roman Catholic. 
 Wesleyan 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 2 
 1 
 
 44 
 
 79 
 69 
 30 
 
 $2000 
 
 4384 
 
 1000 
 
 750 
 
 $21 
 
 2748 
 
 500 
 
 Gen'l Protestant 
 
 750 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 222 
 
 8134 
 
 4019 
 
 
 
 
 
 Elementary Schools. 
 
 In 1857 there were 280 Schools, 14,136 Pupils ; Cost $ 
 
 1858 '' " 222 " 12,191 " " 
 
 1861 " " 257 '* 12,081 '' '< 46,995 
 
 The principal part of these Schools are highly sec- 
 tarian, Protestant and Catholic, and the Protestant 
 are subdivided into Episcopalian, Methodist and 
 Presbyterian. In the administration of the system 
 the Province is divided into 41 districts, 25 of which 
 are under a Protestant Board of Education and In- 
 spector; and 16 are under the control of a Catholic 
 Board and a Cathalic Inspector. The Government 
 12
 
 178 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 appropriation is proportion ally divided by the Legis- 
 lature between Catholics and Protestants. 
 
 Tabular Statement of the Protestant Schools. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Schools. 
 
 Pupils. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 1858. 
 1859. 
 1860. 
 1861. 
 
 131 
 136 
 
 139 
 147 
 
 6521 
 7912 
 8073 
 8413 
 
 $28560 
 26500 
 
 Of the 147 Schools in 1861, the Elementary Schools 
 nnmber 108, attended by 4968 pupils ; Commercial 
 Schools 4, with 159 pupils. The Colonial Church 
 and School Society Schools number 24, attended by 
 2524 pupils; Wesleyan School Society 8, and 593 
 pupils; Church of England 2 Schools, 108 pupils; 
 and the Presbyterian Church 1 School, attended by 
 61 pupils. Teacher's salaries vary from twenty to 
 sixty pounds sterling, and are made up partly by 
 Government and partly by a small amount of fees 
 paid by the School proprietors. 
 
 Tabular Statement of the Catholic Schools. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Schools. 
 
 Pupils. Cost. 
 
 1858. 
 1861. 
 
 91 
 114 
 
 5670 
 5028 
 
 S25060 
 20495
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 179 
 
 Of the Catholic iSchools in 1861, 81 are Elementary, 
 7 Commercial, and 10 Convent Schools — the latter 
 containing 1360 pupils. 
 
 The Government appropriates annually £400 to- 
 wards the training of Protestant teachers, who may 
 be trained in either of the Protestant Academies; 
 and £350 for Catholic tenchers, who are trained in 
 the Catholic College. 
 
 The Government contribute one-half of the cost of 
 erecting school liouses. 
 
 Synoptical Table, showing the state of Education in Canada, Nova 
 Scotia, Neio Brunswick, Prince Edivard Island, and Newfound- 
 land. 
 
 Colony. 
 
 No. of 
 Institu- 
 tions. 
 
 No. of 
 Pupils 
 
 Cost. 
 
 No. of Children absent 
 from School. 
 
 Canada 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 P. E. Island 
 
 Newfoundland.., 
 
 7724 
 
 501203 
 
 1974667 
 
 1193 
 
 38335 
 
 195235 
 
 865 
 
 29122 
 
 221327 
 
 265 
 
 9320 
 
 73668 
 
 260 
 
 12230 
 
 53700 
 
 {^ 
 
 37117 Canada West. 
 75000 " East. 
 
 41550 
 
 24000 
 
 3000 
 
 13260 
 
 Totals 10312 
 
 590210 251859/ 
 
 214580 
 
 The foregoing table presents an educational status 
 to which there are but few parallels in the world. 
 There are only a few sections of the American Union
 
 180 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 that exceed these figures, and still a less number 
 among the states of Europe. Here, in a sparsely 
 populated country, which less than three generations 
 ago was almost a total wilderness, there are 10,312 
 Institutions of Education, attended by 590,210 pupils 
 — one-sixth of its entire population — at a cost to its 
 inhabitants of $2,518,597. 
 
 In British Columbia Schools are being established; 
 but it will require more time to mature and organize 
 a system. 
 
 As the educational systems of British Xorth 
 America, like those of most all other countries, are 
 in a transition state, we omit the different laws by 
 which the systems are regulated. Suffice to say that 
 each Colony has its statutory enactments for the 
 encouragement of education, which differ from each 
 other, and are continually undergoing alterations. 
 Indeed, it is very difficult to enact educational laws 
 in any country that will meet the approbation of the 
 sectarian, sectional, and other views held by man- 
 kind. 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 Number of Newspapers and Periodicals published in British North 
 
 America. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Proportion to Inhabitants. 
 
 Canada 
 
 r West.., 
 tEast... 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 New Brunswick.., 
 
 Newfoundland .... 
 
 Prince E. Island. 
 
 British Columbia, 
 
 •'^^ I Total 203 1 paper to 12322 souls. 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 11815 
 
 (( 
 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 li 
 
 10082 
 
 it 
 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 10189 
 
 a 
 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 13476 
 
 It 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 

 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 181 
 
 Making a total of 277 papers and periodicals pub- 
 lished in British Xorth America. Of these there are 
 published in Canada 13 in French, 3 in German, 25 
 are sectarian, and the remainder (162) are devoted 
 to Literature, Science, Politics, and the development 
 of the resources of the country. 
 
 Canada West publishes one paper to every 9,115 
 of her inabitants. 
 
 The Press — the Fourth Estate — is efficient, and 
 extends its influence into every settlement in the 
 Provinces. The safe and speedy means of transmit- 
 ting kno^Yledge by steamboats, railroads, mail- 
 coaches, telegraph lines, &c., enables the Press to 
 send its productions with remarkable rapidity to 
 every town, village, and settlement in these Pro- 
 vinces. 
 
 In nearly every town containing from two to four 
 thousand inhabitants, a weekly paper is published; 
 and in each of the cities and larger towns there are 
 many — some of which are daily, others tri-weekly, 
 &c. The press is generally well sustained by the 
 people, Avhose desire for information is increasing. 
 
 The Quebec Gazette, published in 1763, was the first 
 paper established in Canada. Since its publication 
 upwards of two hundred papers have sprung into 
 existence, in that Colon^^ The Royal Gazette, pub- 
 lished in Halifax, now in its sixty-third year, and the 
 Courier, of St. John, N. B., now fiftj^-one j^ears old, 
 are the two oldest j^apers in the Lower Provinces. 
 The increase of the number published in these Colo- 
 vies is worthy of remark.
 
 182 STATISTICS OF 
 
 In Canada East, 19 papers were published, in 1836, 
 and in Canada AYest, 31 ; total — 50. In 1854, Can- 
 ada West published 114, and Canada East, 43 ; total 
 — 157. Total in 1861 — 203 ; increasing 64 papers in 
 the eighteen years previous to 1854, and 46 in the 
 last seven years. 
 
 In j^ova Scotia, in 1854, there were 21 papers pub- 
 lished, and in New Brunswick, 18 ; thus showing an 
 increase of 12, in the two Provinces, in seven years. 
 
 Allowing each paper published in British North 
 America to issue 2,000 copies weekly, there are 
 440,000 papers distributed over the country every 
 week, exclusive of thousands additional, which, on 
 their arrival from Europe and the United States, are 
 passed from the post ofl&ces into the hands of the 
 people. 
 
 In Canada there is a light postage on all papers, 
 except those devoted to science, education, agricul- 
 ture, and Government Eeports. In the other Colo- 
 nies all Provincial Papers pass through the post-office 
 free. British and Foreign Papers are subject to a 
 light postage in nearly all the Colonies. 
 
 Copy Eight. — Each of the Colonies has a copy 
 right law. In Canada, between the years 1841 and 
 1859, the number of copy rights and works secured 
 was 165. — of which 57 were published in 3Iontreal, 
 47 in Toronto, and 35 in Quebec.
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 183 
 
 CITIES AND TOWNS IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Canadian Cities. — Quebec is the oldest city in 
 British Xorth America, and the strongest fortified 
 city on the American Continent. It is situated on 
 the northern bank of the Eiver St. Lawrence, 400 
 miles from its mouth. The tide extends 90 miles 
 above the city. It is built on a promontary, which 
 is formed by the confluence of the St. Lawrence and 
 St. Charles Rivers, and is the termination of a ridge 
 of land varying in width from one to two miles, ex- 
 tending in an east and west direction. Cape Dia- 
 mond, at the lower end of which the city stands, is 
 a bold promontary 345 feet above the tidal water. 
 The fortifications, which cover 40 acres of ground, 
 extend across the peninsula, and shut in the ground 
 on which the city is built. The city is divided into 
 two parts, upper and lower. The former includes 
 the citadel and fortifications, and adjoins the plains 
 of Abraham; the latter is the seat of commerce. 
 Quebec is compactly and permanently built — stone 
 its sole material — founded upon a rock, environed 
 as to its most important parts by walls and gates, 
 and defended at every point by numerous heavy 
 cannon. The higher parts of the city overlook a 
 great extent of country, and also its spacious harbor, 
 which displays during nearly six months of the 
 3'ear fleets of foreign merchantmen. Its streets are 
 narrow, populous, and winding up and down almost 
 mountainous declivities. Its wharf accommodation 
 is extensive, and timber coves are numerous and 
 spacious.
 
 184 STATISTICS OF 
 
 This city is famous for its historical associations. 
 It was founded by the French in 1608; was taken 
 by Sir David Kirk in 1629, and restored in 1632. It 
 was unsuccessfully attacked by Admiral Phipps in 
 1690, but was finally captured by AYolf in 1759, 
 after an heroic defence by Montcalm. Both com- 
 manders lost their lives. An unsuccessful attempt 
 was made to regain it. It was attacked twice by 
 the Americans under Montgomery and Arnold in 
 1775. A large portion of it was destroyed. It has 
 remained a British possession since 1763. It has 
 suffered from epidemics and repeated conflagrations. 
 
 Among its public structures are Laval University, 
 Parliament House, Anglican and Roman Catholic 
 Cathedrals, 20 churches, 2 colleges, Xormal School, 
 Wolf and Montcalm's monuments, Post Office, Cus- 
 tom House, Marine Hospital, and Markets. It was 
 the capital of Lower Canada until the union in 1840, 
 and since that time it has been for a short time the 
 Parliamentary headquarters of united Canada. 
 
 The country around Quebec is not as well 
 adapted to agricultural operations as other sections 
 of Lower Canada. 
 
 Population in 1851 42,052 
 
 " 1861 51,109 
 
 Exports in 1851 84,091,988 
 
 " 1859 5,881,290 
 
 Imports in 1851 4,091,204 
 
 " 1859 3,003,752 
 
 The number of ships built in 1851 was 40; aggre- 
 gate tonnage amounted to 38,909 tons; in 1854, 78
 
 1861 
 
 u 
 
 1344 
 
 u 
 
 708,802 
 
 1851 
 
 u 
 
 1305 
 
 li 
 
 533,821 
 
 1861 
 
 ii 
 
 1344 
 
 (( 
 
 708,802 
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 185 
 
 vessels, amomiting to 46,554 tons ; and in 1861 there 
 were 51 built, aggregate tonnage 25,546 tons. 
 
 "Vessels outwards in 1851 were 1394 ; tonnage 586,093 
 " inwards 
 
 it u 
 
 The amount of revenue collected in 1861 was 
 8494,103. 
 
 Montreal City. — This city is situated on an Island 
 of the same name, at the foot of the " Eojal Moun- 
 tain," from which it takes its name — near the con- 
 fluence of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Eivers. 
 Montreal stands near the once confines of the Mo- 
 hawks, and is among the early (1642) settlements oT 
 Canada. Its history, like that of Quebec, is event- 
 ful. Montreal is noted for its excellent quays, which 
 are built of limestone, and are connected with the 
 cutstone wharves and locks of the Lachine Canal. 
 They present, for several miles, a display of continu- 
 ous masonry unequalled on this Continent. The 
 city is separated from the St. Lawrence by a broad 
 terrace, faced with stone, the parapets of which are 
 surmounted by iron railings. In this way the city 
 is protected from the annual phenomena arising 
 from the breaking up of the ice, which frequently 
 is piled mountains high, and departs en masse, 
 crushing against the unyielding quays. Ships do 
 not lie near Montreal in winter; but on the depar- 
 ture of the ice in spring hundreds of small vessels 
 surround the Island. Montreal was nearly all d«-
 
 186 STATISTICS OF 
 
 stroyed in 1765 by fires, and has suffered much from 
 subsequent conflagrations. This city is connected 
 by railroad with all the principal places in Canada 
 and the States ; and by the Eiver Ottawa with the 
 great lumbering region in the ]^orth-west. It is 
 also situated at the outlet of the lake trade via the 
 St. Lawrence ; and in the centre of the best agricul- 
 tural district in Canada East. 
 
 Its principal edifices are : The Church of oS'otre 
 Dame, 255 feet long. Its two towers are each 220 
 feet high, and its bell weighs 29,400 pounds; McGill 
 University, with its Law and Medical Faculties; 
 St. Mary's College ; Christ's Church, 187 feet by 70, 
 and spire 224 feet high; thirty other churches; Mar- 
 ket House, which cost $287,000; banks; Jesuits' 
 College ; six nunneries and some convents ; School 
 of Arts; Museum, and Mechanics' Institute. The 
 mills and water power machinery in its vicinity give 
 employment to 10,000 persons. There are 24 news- 
 papers and periodicals published in the city. The 
 population of this city has progressed rapidly. In 
 1720 it numbered 3000 souls; in 1851 it contained 
 57,715, and in 1861 it numbered 90,323; and includ- 
 ing suburbs, contained 101,439 souls. 
 
 YEAKS. EXPORTS. TEARS. IMPORTS. 
 
 1851 82.503,916 1851.... S9.177.164 
 
 1860 6,020,715 I860.... 15,334,010 
 
 Duties collected in 1857 $1,848,616; and in 1860 
 $2,453,853. 
 
 1851, 231 vessels, 55,660 tons. 245 vessels, 56,998 tons. 
 1861, 574 " 261.793 '' 674 " 261,798 "
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 187 
 
 The City of Three Rivers is situated at the mouth 
 of the St. Maurice River, which here separates into 
 three channels (hence the name of the city), and 
 about midway between Quebec and Montreal. 
 
 Iron ore has been smelted in the vicinity of this 
 city for one hundred years, but the ore is now nearly 
 exhausted, and consequently operations have ceased. 
 The Falls of Shaminigan, on the St. Maurice, are 
 second o\\\y to those of Niagara. The streets are 
 narrow, and its principal buildings are — a cathedral, 
 a convent, a college, and two academies. The popu- 
 lation in 1851 was 4,800, and in 1861 it numbered 
 G,058 souls. This city, though situated in front of 
 an immense lumbering forest with navigable outlets, 
 and a great extent of arable lands, has not made 
 much progress during the last decade. This section 
 of Canada seems to have been neglected by the Gov- 
 ernments of the country. The wilderness has not 
 been pierced by roads, hence settlement has been 
 retarded. Public attention is now being directed to 
 this valuable section of the Province. 
 
 Sherhrook. — This town lies on both sides of the 
 Eiver St. Francis, 91 miles, by railroad, below Mon- 
 treal. The population has nearly doubled in the last 
 ten years, being 3,000, in 1851, and 5,899, in 1861. 
 It has two colleges — Episcopalian and Roman Cath- 
 olic, a Protestant academy, a convent, and a public 
 library. There are two newspapers published here. 
 
 Hyacintlie contains about 4,000 souls; it has a col- 
 lege, a convent, and some manufactories.
 
 183 STATISTICS OF 
 
 There are a large number of small towns in Lower 
 Canada, varying in population from 1,000 to 4.000 
 souls each. 
 
 The above are all the cities, and some of the prin- 
 cipal towns in Canada East; the following are the 
 principal in Canada West : 
 
 City of Ottawa. — This city, formerly called Bye- 
 town, is situate on the Eiver Ottawa — the Outaovais 
 of the French, the name of an almost extinct tribe of 
 Indians — at the easterly terminus of the Eideau 
 Canal, 97 miles, by the Ottawa Eiver, from the St. 
 Lawrence, and 54 miles, by railway, from Prescott, 
 on the Grand Trunk Eailway. It is to be the Par- 
 liamentary head quarters of united Canada. The 
 Eiver Ottawa was the northern boundary between 
 Eastern and Western Canada. The surrounding 
 landscape is unsurpassed in beauty. The Chaudiere 
 and Eideau Falls, with the suspension bridge over 
 the Ottawa, resemble ISTiagara. At this point the 
 Gatineau Eiver joins the Ottawa, which, with Cape 
 Diamond, and other eminences towering in the dis- 
 tance, adds to the beauty of the scenery. The city 
 is well laid out, and the public edifices, although not 
 numerous, are spacious. The Parliamenlary Build- 
 ing in course of erection, will cost, it is said,.upwards 
 of two and a-half millions of dollars. It is 475 feet 
 long. The Legislative halls, one on each side of the 
 interior court, are as large as those of the British 
 Parliament, being 90 feet long and 45 in breadth. 
 The library apartment is capable of containinfj
 
 BRITISH NOKTH AMERICA. 189 
 
 300.000 volumes. Its other buildings of note are — a 
 cathedral, a college, an institute, and a bank. This 
 Younf); and oTOv/ino; city is situated in the midst of a 
 fertile country, and immense lumbering resources, 
 which give employment to about 13,000 men. The 
 population, in 1861, was 1-1,669. 
 
 Kingston stands on the Grand Trunk Eailway, near 
 the Lower end of Lake Ontario, and 198 miles above 
 Montreal. Kingston, the Cataraqui of the Indians, 
 is a strong military post. It was built in 1782, and 
 was the centre of a battle field, and also the seat of 
 Grovernment from 1841 to 1844. It is the westerly 
 outlet of the Eideau Canal. The streets are well 
 laid out. The public buildings are — two colleges, 
 Catholic and Presbyterian, a town hall, banks, and a 
 penitentiary; there are numerous mills, foundries, 
 and ship-yards in its vicinity. The harbor is safe, 
 and its entrance is guarded by two martello towers. 
 Fort William Henry stands on Point Henry, oppo- 
 site the city. Kingston is the burial place of Lord 
 Sydenham; its population, in 1851, was 11,585, and 
 in 1861, it was 13,743, 
 
 Toronto is situated near the head of Lake Ontario, 
 in the centre of a fertile country. It has been the 
 seat of the Canadian Parliament, and is connected, 
 by railroad, with all the principal places in Canada, 
 and the neighboring Union. The streets are wide, 
 and its public edifices are very attractive. The 
 University, about which many party diif^renoos havd
 
 190 STATISTICS OF 
 
 arisen, is Norman in style; its walls are built of 
 white stone from Ohio, and its columns, capitals, &c., 
 are composed of stone brought from France. It is 
 erected nearly in the form of a square, having an 
 internal quadrangle of about 200 feet square. The 
 east wing is 260 feet long, the west 336, and the two 
 avenues leading to the college cover, in the aggre 
 gate, 12 acres of land. The entrance hall is 43 feet 
 long, 25 wide, and 30 high; the convocation hall is 
 85 feet long, 38 broad, and 45 in height; the museum 
 hall is 75 feet long and 36 high ; the library apart- 
 ment is of the same dimensions, and contains 13,000 
 volumes. The museum of natural history contains 
 1,000 birds, 6,000 species of plants, and the same 
 number of geological and mineralogical specimens. 
 The natural philosophy apparatus is very complete, 
 and the observatory is 126 feet in length b}^ 73 in 
 width. It has, in addition to an annual Legislative 
 grant, an endowment of 225,000 acres of land, from 
 which it derives a large revenue. Among its other 
 institutions of education, are — Trinity College. Epis- 
 copalian, St. ^Michael's College, Eoman Catholic, 
 Knox's College, Presbyterian, and the Department 
 of Public Instruction, which are the principal. The 
 Normal School Department of the latter building is 
 184 feet in front, 85 in width, and the dome is 95 feet 
 high. This building is the largest of its kind in 
 America, and is Avell supplied Avith all the necessary 
 appurtenances. Toronto has 40 places of worship, a 
 crystal palace, 256 feet long by 144 wide, a lunatic 
 asylum, a Canadian Institute, and numerous mills,
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 191 
 
 foundries, and workshops. There are 20 journals 
 and periodicals published in the city. The popula- 
 tion, in 1851, was 30,775, and 44,821, in 1861; being 
 an increase of 14,046 in ten years. 
 
 Hamilton is situated on Burlington Bay, an inden- 
 tation of Lake Ontario, 38 miles, b}^ railroad, from 
 Toronto. It was founded in 1813. The streets are 
 wide, and its public and private buildings are elegant 
 — being built principally of white stone. Hamilton 
 is the site of a Wesleyan Female Academy, and the 
 chief station of the Great AYestern Railroad. Its 
 population, in 1851, was 14,112, and 19,096, in 1861. 
 
 London. — This city is situated on the banks of the 
 Thames, a tributary to Lake St. Clair, 114 miles 
 from Toronto, and at the junction of the Great West- 
 ern and Port Stanley Bailroad, It is 24 miles, by 
 the latter railroad, from Lake Erie. The river, and 
 the streets, bridges, &c., of this city have the same 
 names as those of its great namesake, the Metropolis 
 of England. London has grown from a wilderness, 
 since 1825, and contained 11,555 inhabitants, in 1861. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing five cities of Canada 
 West, there are a large number of growing towns in 
 this section of Canada, varying in population from 
 two to seven thousand, of which the following are 
 the principal : 
 
 Sarnia is situated on the Eiver St. Clair, at the 
 terminus of the Grand Trunk Eailway, and a branch
 
 192 STATISTICS OF 
 
 of the Great Western. It is a progressive town and 
 lias a population of 3,000. 
 
 Brockville is situated on the Grand Trunk Eailway, 
 between Montreal and Kingston. From this town a 
 branch of railway runs to the Ottawa— 63 miles. 
 Population 5,000 souls. 
 
 Belleville is located on the Eiver Moira, a tributary 
 to Quinte Bay, which is a deep indentation of Lake 
 Ontario. It is 220 miles above Montreal, and 113 
 below Toronto. Population 7,000. 
 
 Cobourg. — Tliis town is situated on the northern 
 shore of Lake Ontario, 28 miles by railroad from 
 Peterboro. Among its public edifices is a college 
 belonging to the Methodists. Population 7,000. 
 
 Peterboro is located on the Eiver Trent, a northern 
 tributary to Lake Ontario. Population 3,000. 
 
 Port Hope is situated near Cobourg, on the Grand 
 Trunk Eailway. From it a branch railway runs to 
 Lindsay and Beaverton — '60 miles. Population 3,000. 
 
 JBeaverton, lies on the eastern shore of Lake Simcoe, 
 a tributary to Georgian Bay. It is a growing town, 
 as are also Woodstock, Paris, and Brantford. 
 
 Colliyigivood, on the Georgian Bay, 96 miles, by 
 railway, from Toronto, contains 2,5 JO inhabitants. 
 
 Niagara, near the Falls of the same name, was a 
 place of note in the early history of th« country, and
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 193 
 
 still continues so, from its proximity to the Falls. 
 It was, under the name of Newark, the capital of 
 Western Canada. Population 3,000. 
 
 St. Catha?ine's is situated on the southern shore of 
 Lake Ontario, at the entrance to the Welland Canal, 
 to which it owes its j)i'osperity. Population about 
 7,000 souls. 
 
 In Canada when a village attains 3,000 inhabitants, 
 it may be erected into a town ; and a town attaining 
 a j)023ulation of 10,000 may be erected into a city. 
 
 [^Newfoundland. — St. JoJm's. — This city is the po- 
 litical and commercial capital of jSTewfoundland. It 
 is only 1665 miles from Europe. The entrance to 
 St. John's harbor is guarded by two rocky moun- 
 tains, between which are '' the Narrows," through 
 which ships of the largest class pass. Within the 
 Narrows is a deep and spacious basin, capable of 
 holding a national navy in safety. On each of the 
 rocky heights overlooking the Narrows numerous 
 batteries and fortifications are erected. This harbor, 
 accessible at all seasons of the year, and the nearest 
 to Europe on the American Continent, is yet des- 
 ■ tined to be the first port of entry and last port of 
 departure for steamers from and to Europe. It was 
 entered by ships as early as 1583; and during the 
 American wars was the scene of repeated conflicts. 
 The city is well laid out, on the side of a hill. The 
 principal edifices are : Government House, erected
 
 194 STATISTICS OP 
 
 at a cost of £60,000; Anglican and Eoman Catholic 
 cathedrals; Eoman Catholic college and convents; 
 three academies, Wesleyan, Episcopalian, and Gen- 
 eral Protestant ; Xormal School ; Mechanics' Insti- 
 tute ; Lunatic Asylum, and banks. 
 
 It is supplied with water brought from Twenty 
 3Iile Pond, distant four and a half miles from the 
 city. These water-works were recently erected 
 at a cost of £80,000, which was raised on a govern- 
 ment guarantee of five per cent. St. John's has suf- 
 fered severely from repeated conflagrations. In 1817 
 about 200 houses were destroyed; in 1832,97; and 
 in 1846 it was more than half destroyed. It has a 
 commodious floating dock, where vessels of from 600 
 to 700 tons may be repaired. The telegraph cable 
 puts it in constant communication with Continental 
 America; and by obtaining '-the news'' from the 
 passing steamers from Europe, it is the shortest me- 
 dium of information between the two hemispheres; 
 and if the Atlantic cable should be re-laid, Newfound- 
 land will again be the means of converse between 
 the Old and New Worlds. The annual value of the 
 St. John's seal fishery is about £375,000. In 1807 
 there were only two papers published on the whole 
 Island, while at present St. John's alone publishes 
 eight. Population in 1857 was 24,851, being a fifth 
 of the population of Newfoundland. 
 
 Of the towns, Harbor Grace, distant 63 miles 
 from St. John's, is a flourishing town. Population 
 5,095 souls.
 
 BEITISH NORTH AMERICA. 195 
 
 Carhonear^ situated 67 miles north of the capital, 
 contains 4,808 inhabitants. 
 
 Bonavista, 143 miles in the same direction from 
 St. John's, contains 2,150 souls. 
 
 TwilUngate, 220 miles northward of the city, con- 
 tains a population of 2,348. 
 
 Burin lies 152 miles southward of the capital, 
 and contains 2,020 souls. 
 
 The last census report made of IS'ewfoundland was 
 in 1857. 
 
 Nova Scotia. — The City of Halifax is situated on 
 the west side of the harbor of the same name which 
 forms a large bay, the Chebucto of the Indians, being 
 near the centre of the Atlantic frontier of the Pro- 
 vince. There is an outer and inner harbor, the latter 
 known as Bedford Basin, extending inland past the 
 city ten miles. The harbor is well sheltered, with 
 deep, bold water throughout, is accessible at all sea- 
 sons of the year, and is one of the best on the Conti- 
 nent of America. The city is built on the slope of 
 a hill, on the top of which stands Fort G-eorge, which 
 overlooks the city and harbor. Halifax is strongly 
 fortified. The principal streets are well laid out. 
 Being built chiefly of wood, the city has suffered 
 from repeated conflagrations ; but wooden buildings 
 are now giving place to those constructed of stone 
 and brick. Among its public buildings of note are — 
 the Province Building, which contains the Legisla--
 
 196 STATISTICS OF 
 
 tive Chambers, offices of the Heads of Departments, 
 the Public Library, &c. ; the County Court House ; 
 the City Council Building; the City Hospital; 
 several banks ; Dalhousie College; Temperance Hall ; 
 a Hospital for the Insane, situate on the east side of 
 the harbor, and many neat places of public worship. 
 A Law Society, a Medical Society, a Mechanics' 
 Institute, an<l several National Societies, are well 
 maintained by the citizens. Halifax is a place of call 
 for the steamers of the Eoyal Mail Steamship Com- 
 pany, or Cunard Line, plying between Liverpool, 
 England, and Boston ; it is also connected with New- 
 foundland and Bermuda, by steamers, and, by rail- 
 road, with Truro — 61 miles, and Windsor — 42 miles. 
 On the completion of the Intercolonial Railway, the 
 City of Halifax will become the great Atlantic outlet 
 for the products of the west and north-west sections 
 of British North America, It was founded by Gen- 
 eral Cornwallis in 1749. For population see page 33. 
 
 Imports in 1851, $4,080,400; in 1860, $6,431,68L 
 Exports " 1,663,616; " 3,904,638. 
 
 In 1851 there were 1,194 vessels cleared outwards, 
 with an aggregate tonnage of 176,604, and in 1861 
 there were 1,223 vessels, amounting to 190,610 tons. 
 In 1851 there arrived inwards 1,062 vessels, of the 
 aggregate tonnage of 161,079, and in 1861 the vessels 
 numbered 1,442, of the total amount of 217,950 tons. 
 
 The amount of revenue collected in 1860 was 
 $555,505 ; and the total value of the city property, 
 real and personal, in 1861, was §14,000,000.
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 197 
 
 Towns. — There are about thirty towns in this 
 Province, varying in population from 2,000 to 4,000 
 souls each. 
 
 Of the towns, Dartmouth, near Halifax, pop. 3,155; 
 Pictou, on the Strait of Northumberland, pop. 
 2,833 ; Albion Mines and I^ew Glasgow, near Pictou, 
 pop. 4,376 ; Pugwash 3,000 ; Amherst 2,767 ', Sj^dney, 
 Cape Breton, 2,467 ; Yarmouth 4,152 ; Windsor 2,271; 
 Liverpool 2,936; Antigonish 2,875; Truro 2,934; 
 Petit Eiviere 2,900; Lunenburg 3,048, are the prin- 
 cipal. 
 
 The aggregate population of the city of Halifax 
 and the towns is about 100,000 souls. The towns of 
 Pictou, Windsor, Truro, Dartmouth, Yarmouth, and 
 Sydney, do a large amount of business. 
 
 ISTew Brunswick. — The City of St. John is the most 
 populous in the Lower Provinces. It is built on an 
 undulating ridge of land on the eastern side of the 
 mouth of the Eiver St. John, the Oiigundy of the In- 
 dians. The harbor is deep, capacious, and accessible 
 to the largest class vessels at all seasons of the year. 
 The rise of tide, 26 feet, affords excellent facilities 
 for repairing and launching vessels. The city is 
 protected by batteries erected both at the entrance 
 and head of the harbor. It is systematically laid 
 out, and the private and public structures are neat. 
 Of the latter, the Eoman Catholic Cathedral, Peni- 
 tentiary, Court House, Institute, Lunatic Asylum 
 banks, places of jDublic worship, and Suspension 
 Bridge, over the Falls, are the principal. Among its
 
 198 STATISTICS OF 
 
 public associations, are its Natural History, Medical, 
 and Law Societies. St. John has suffered from nu- 
 merous conflao-rations. The Eiver St. John is the 
 passage for vast stores of lumber, timber, and farm 
 produce, which adds to the commercial importance 
 of the cit}'. The railway from St. John to Shediac 
 forms a highway for passengers and traffic from the 
 ports of Prince Edward Island, and the other har- 
 bors on the Strait of Xorthumberland. The exten- 
 sion of this line to a connection with the United 
 States lines would be of vast importance to the City 
 of St. John ; and if the contemplated Intercolonial 
 Eailwa}^ should pass near it, a great impetus would 
 be given to its progress. In 1851 the population was 
 22,745, and in 1861 it numbered 27,817 ; including 
 Portland, the total population is 38,817. 
 
 The total value of the real and personal estate of 
 the city in 1861 was $14,331,150. :N"early one-half of 
 the tonnage of ships built in ]S'ew Brunswick is built 
 at this port. Of the 727,138 tons of shipping entered 
 inwards, at the ports of I^ew Brunswick, in 1861, 
 435,661 tons were entered at St. John. The out- 
 wards tonnage is still larger. 
 
 Fredericton. — This city is the political capital of 
 i^ew Brunswick. It is situated on the south-west 
 bank of the Eiver St. John, 84 miles by the river, and 
 65 by coach, from the citj^ of St. John. Predericton, 
 formerly called St. Ann's, was constituted the Pro- 
 vincial capital of Xew Brunswick in 1785. It stands 
 on a plateau, environed by a chain of hills, which
 
 BEITISH NORTH AMERICA. 199 
 
 with the meandcrings of the Eiver St. John, adds to 
 the beauty of the surrounding scenerj^. The streets 
 are well laid out. Among its public edifices, — the 
 University of Xew Brunswick; the Parliament; 
 offices of Heads of Departments; the Governor's 
 Mansion ; Anglican Cathedral ; and the various 
 places of public worship, — are the principal. This 
 city, like most all American cities, has suffered from 
 conflagrations. Population in 1840 was 4002; in 
 1851, 4458; and in 1861 it was 5652. 
 
 Towns. — There are fifteen small towns in the Pro- 
 vince, varying in population from one to three thou- 
 sands each, containing in the aggregate about 22,000 
 souls, exclusive of Portland, which contains 11,500 
 inhabitants. Of the towns, St. Andrew's and St. 
 Stephen's in Charlotte County, each of which contain 
 2000 souls; Hampton, Kingston and Sussex, in 
 Kings, contain about 1000 each ; Gagetown in Queen's 
 1000 ; Woodstock in Carlton 2800 ; Dalhousie 1000, 
 Campbellton 600, and Bathurst 2400 inhabitants, on 
 the Bay Chaleur and Restigouche; Chatham 2500, 
 JNewcastle 2000, Douglastown 1500, on the Mirimachi, 
 and Richibucto, Moncton, Shediac and Sackville, have 
 each a population of 1300 souls. In each of these 
 towns a considerable amount of commercial business 
 is done. Sackville, in the County of Westmorland, 
 extends along the " Great Marsh " for several miles. 
 It is the site of two Wesleyan Academies, male and 
 female, College and Lecture Hall; Anglican, Baptist 
 and Wesleyan Churches.
 
 200 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Prince Edward Island. — Charlottetown, the capi- 
 tal of this Colony, is situated at the confluence of 
 York and East Eivers, at the head of Hillsborough • 
 Bay. The depth of water up to the town varies from, 
 seven to nine fathoms. The city is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on the acclivity of an undulating ridge. The 
 streets are well laid out. Government House ; the 
 Governor's Mansion; Prince of Wales' College; the 
 Roman Catholic College ; Bank ; Institute ; Asylum> 
 and places of worship, are among its public buildings. 
 Population in 1827 was 1649 ; and 1861 it contained 
 6706 souls. 
 
 Georgetown is the capital of Kings County, and is 
 a neat little town, situate at the confluence of Cardi- 
 gan and Brudinell Eivers. Its harbor is frequently 
 the refuge for from 100 to 200 fishing vessels. 
 
 St. Eleanor's, the capital of Prince County, is being 
 outrivalled by Summerside^ the principal shipping 
 place of produce to Shediac. 
 
 British Columbia. — Victoria, the capital of this 
 young Colony, is situate at the southern end of Yan- 
 couver Island, at the head of Royal Bay. It was 
 recently incorporated. Population, 3,500. 
 
 New Westminster is situate on the Fraser River, 
 about 14 miles from its mouth, and about 30 miles 
 from Yictoria. Population, 1,500. Farther north 
 are Forts Langley, Hope, and Yale.
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 201 
 
 The Cities of British North America arranged according to their 
 Respective Popuiations^ and the Origin shewn of a part of the 
 Poj}itlation of each. 
 
 Names of Cities, 
 
 England & 
 Wales. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 a 
 
 
 e3 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 P o 
 — « 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 1. Montreal 
 
 4293 
 2177 
 7112 
 1098 
 
 954 
 1077 
 2904 
 
 959 
 1276 
 2185 
 
 3196 
 792 
 
 2961 
 316 
 648 
 573 
 
 2202 
 666 
 620 
 999 
 
 14179 
 7373 
 
 12441 
 4528 
 6901 
 3843 
 4149 
 3249 
 4104 
 2146 
 
 43509 
 
 28689 
 435 
 
 22226 
 
 11346 
 
 18767 
 
 24225 
 
 16924 
 
 17787 
 
 7942 
 
 3249 
 
 7046 
 
 5119 
 
 90323 
 
 2. Quebec...,, 
 
 51109 
 
 3. Toronto 
 
 44821 
 
 4 St Jftlin's Nfl'd 
 
 30476 
 
 >5 St .John N B 
 
 
 27317 
 
 6 Halifax ... . 
 
 
 25026 
 
 7. Hamilton..... 
 
 79 
 
 3644 
 
 100 
 
 19096 
 
 8, Ottawa 
 
 9. Kingston 
 
 10. London 
 
 11 Charl-^ttetown 
 
 14669 
 
 13743 
 
 11555 
 
 6706 
 
 12. Three Rivers 
 
 13. Sherbrooke 
 
 40 
 
 394 
 220 
 
 41 
 140 
 116 
 
 78 
 
 494 
 
 1064 
 
 5367 
 1419 
 
 468 
 2906 
 3985 
 
 6058 
 5899 
 5652 
 
 
 
 
 Note. — The remainder of the population is divided among 
 kalf a dozen other couutries, the nuoiber from each being small. 
 
 IS
 
 202 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Tabular Statement of the Religious Denominations to icJiieh the 
 Inhabitants of the Cities of British Xorth America principally 
 belong. 
 
 Karnes of Cities. 
 
 5 O 
 
 i ff 
 
 ^C 
 
 
 
 o S3 
 
 CO .-< 
 
 1-2 
 
 CS 
 
 « ^ 
 
 Ph *^ 
 
 M 
 
 tog 
 
 <— bJO 
 
 -Montreal 
 
 /Quebec 
 
 ( Tliree Rivers 
 
 ^ )Sherbrooke 
 
 I '^Hamilton 
 
 ^ JKingston 
 
 I London 
 
 \Ottawa 
 
 ^Toronto 
 
 St. John, N. B 
 
 Fredericton, N. B.... 
 
 Halifax, N. S 
 
 St. John's, Newfl'd... 
 Charlottetown, P.E.I, 
 
 65896 
 
 9739 
 
 41477 
 
 5740 
 
 5583 
 
 229 
 
 1 2603 
 
 1638 
 
 4872 
 
 5814 
 
 4638 
 
 4129 
 
 2071 
 
 3452 
 
 8267 
 
 3351 
 
 12135 
 
 14125 
 
 10697 
 
 5966 
 
 i 1811 
 
 1312 
 
 1 11649 
 
 6078 
 
 21900 
 
 5655 
 
 2550 
 
 1440 
 
 6249 
 1957! 
 
 148; 
 
 146i 
 43071 
 2676! 
 1652' 
 1761 
 6604 
 3417 
 
 868! 
 2906: 
 
 251 1 
 10181 
 
 3774 
 
 1139 
 
 65 
 
 5981 
 2997 
 17381 
 2068| 
 
 988 
 69761 
 3511 
 
 945 
 1979 
 1882 
 1330 
 
 604 
 154 
 
 80 
 
 559 
 
 174 
 
 515 
 
 70 
 
 1288 
 
 3177 
 
 694 
 
 1512 
 
 7 
 
 185 
 
 768 
 
 234 
 
 14 
 
 446 
 
 209 
 
 177 
 
 145 
 
 64 
 
 826 
 
 282 
 
 11 
 
 37 
 
 92 
 
 Table shewing the Increase of the Denominations named therein, in 
 Canada and Nova Scotia, in the last ten years. 
 
 Place. 
 
 Roman 
 Catholic. 
 
 Episco- 
 palian. 
 
 Presby- 
 terian. 
 
 Method- 
 ist. 
 
 Baptist, 
 
 1 
 
 Canada ! 549480 
 
 Nova Scotia ' 16547 
 
 246602 
 49799 
 
 305009 
 15841 
 
 259515 
 10459 
 
 143662 
 20698 
 
 Totals ' 506027 
 
 I 
 
 296401 
 
 320850 
 
 269974 
 
 164360
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 203 
 
 
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 Ci 
 
 
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 t- -M •>! O 
 
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 "^ "^ tIh 
 
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 1—1 
 
 T— 1 X o rM 
 
 oo 
 
 
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 ^-- 
 
 C^l O-l CO X 
 
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 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CC' O O i-O 
 
 -tl 
 
 
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 uO CO CO O CO 
 
 cc 
 
 
 CI 
 
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 Ti^ 
 
 o
 
 204 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Srj 
 
 
 OQ 
 
 Si 
 
 •}dBQ .191^0 
 
 'IIIAV 89-tJ 
 
 •:jsT;dBa: 
 
 
 
 •qD.mTJO 88.TJ 
 
 •Ji^ra 
 
 lethodists. 
 
 •qtDK .i8q?o 
 
 •panuo^ ^uax 
 
 •isipoi{i8i\[ 
 
 c; or 
 
 I- o 
 
 T}* CO 
 
 1— I -^ 
 
 
 2J S 
 
 T-( CO 
 
 1^ i^^ 
 
 CO i-H 
 
 O CO 
 
 (M r-l 
 
 
 r-^ Oi :r> 
 
 ut; O CO 
 
 t^ o cc 
 
 l^ .— o 
 
 CO O 
 
 Ci 00 CO 
 
 '^ I- o 
 
 r-( CO rti 
 
 l-O T-H O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 00 00 CO 
 
 CO o o 
 
 O Ci c 
 
 CO OC Ct 
 
 (M C r- 
 
 
 
 I- 
 
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 1^ 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 .— GO 
 
 o o 
 
 '2 
 
 
 «3 
 
 
 
 ?^ 
 
 3 
 
 
 t;
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 205 
 
 The different Religious Bodies of the foregoing five Colonies ar- 
 ranged according to their status : 
 
 1. Roman Catholics...!, 404,043 | Protestants 10.021 
 
 2. Presbyterians -342,792 } Minionites, &c 8,9(35 
 
 3. Epi scovialians 51 ">, 1 95 
 
 4. Metliodists 488,454 
 
 5. Baptists 193,508 
 
 6. Lutheran 29,651 
 
 7. Congregationalists 18,104 
 
 8. Bible Christians 11,158 
 
 9. Quakers 7,700 
 
 Christians 7367 
 
 Unive -salists 6015 
 
 No leligion, and no "1 q-ooq 
 creed given j 
 
 The Census Eeports of ISTew Brunswick, Newfound- 
 land, and Prince Edward Island, for 1851, do not 
 give the '-Census by Eeligion;" and those of the 
 other Provinces which do, differ from each other in 
 many important particulars. The " Primitive Meth- 
 odists" of Canada are probably classed with " Other 
 Methodists." The "American Presbyterians," though 
 one of the most numerous congregations in Montreal 
 belong to this body, are not named in the Census; 
 and the " Eeformed Presbyterians" are also included 
 in some of the other bodies. In Nova Scotia tlie 
 latter body is set down at only 236, in 1861, while 
 there are four stationed ministers, and eight or ten 
 cono-reo-ations, numbering: some thousands of adher- 
 ents, belonging to this body, in the Province. The 
 same errors occur in the classification of the Baptist 
 bodies. Nova Scotia is the only Province which has 
 done this body justice in this respect. 
 
 Colored People. — Canada numbered 11,413, in 
 1861; Nova Scotia, 5,927; New Brunswick, 1,581. 
 The increase of these people has been in tlie same 
 ratio as the increase of the general population.
 
 206 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Indians. — The numerous Indian tribes which at 
 one time inhabited the entire Continent of America 
 are now reduced to a comparatively small number, 
 and confined to a few localities. They are said to 
 have belonged to nine or ten families. Four of these, 
 the Esquimaux, Chippewayans, Algonquins, and 
 Huron-Iroquois, occupy British ISTorth America. 
 Each of the original groups speak a distinct lan- 
 guage, and each group or family is divided into 
 various tribes, each of which speak a dialect of their 
 original tongue. Similar customs and institutions 
 prevail among all the tribes. In color, form, temper- 
 ament, and pursuits, they are nearly alike. In Ee- 
 ligion they all were superstitious alike. The men 
 were trained to war, hunting, and fishing, and the 
 women to the duties of the camp. Through the 
 introduction of Christianity a few have become civil- 
 ized, though still attached to their former habits. 
 
 The Chip2:)ewa tribe have a monthly newspaper 
 published at Sarnia, Canada West, entitled Petaubum, 
 signifying "Peep of Day." 
 
 Tabular Statement of the number of Indians in B. N. America. 
 
 1851. 1861. 
 British Columbia, Labrador, and Hudson's 
 
 Bay Territory, estimated at 125,000 
 
 Canada, by census 20,000 12,717 
 
 Kew Brunswick 1,110 625 
 
 Nova Scotia 1.050 1,407 
 
 Prince Edward Island '. 300 305 
 
 Newfoundland, by estimation 200 
 
 Total 140,25-t 
 
 These statistics show a large decrease in Canada 
 and ISTew Brunswick, which may have arisen more
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 207 
 
 from the nomadic habits of these people than from 
 any real diminution in their number. The aggregate 
 number in Kova Scotia, I^ew Brunswick and Prince 
 Edward Island in 1851 w^as 2,472 ; and in 1861 it was 
 2,337 : decrease only 135 in ten years. Probably 
 400 of those who usually inhabit i^ew Brunswick 
 may have been in the other Colonies and the States 
 when the last census was taken ; and a part of the 
 Canadian Indians may have been absent in the same 
 way during the taking of the census. 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 By far the greater part of the Provinces of ITova 
 Scotia, [N'ew Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Can- 
 ada, and the country lying between Canada and the 
 Pacific Ocean at Vancouver Island, is admirably 
 adapted for agricultural pursuits. The soil and cli- 
 mate are suited to the growth of all the usual pro- 
 ducts — cereals, vegetables and fruits — of temperate 
 climates, and few countries afford so large an extent 
 and so great a variety of indigenous products — useful 
 grasses and fruit. Agriculture is now assuming an 
 important place among the industrial avocations, 
 though in some parts it is still pursued subordinately 
 to lumbering, fishing, and ship buihling, which affords, 
 though much less sure, more speedy returns for la- 
 bor expended. 
 
 However, science, art, skill and labor, are now at 
 work in large sections of these Colonies, producing 
 important, results, as the foUowing statistics will 
 ghow :
 
 208 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 
 C3 n >« CC 
 
 
 : «> 1 
 
 
 c -+ ^ o 
 
 
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 •eiaiisna 
 
 ST. O: ^ cc 
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 212 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 The Census of P. E. Island was taken in 1848 and 
 1861, and that of Newfoundland in 1845 and 1857. 
 
 Tabular Statement of the total quantity of Wheat, Barley, Rye, 
 Buckwheat, Indian Corn, Peas and Beans, raised in the folloiv- 
 ing Colonies in 1851 and 18bl, and also the quantity per inha- 
 bitant. 
 
 Colony. 
 
 Bushels 
 
 raised in 
 
 1851. 
 
 Bushels 
 )er inhabi- 
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 Bushels 
 
 raised in 
 
 1861. 
 
 Bushels 
 per inha- 
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 Canada West 
 
 30129622 
 
 15190027 
 
 2168455 
 
 2485991 
 
 1041691 
 
 3U 
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 8 
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 16^ 
 
 74971828 
 
 23534903 
 
 2851767 
 
 3796487 
 
 2838025 
 
 54 
 
 East 
 
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 2U 
 
 8f 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 Prince E. Island 
 
 15 
 
 35 
 
 Wheat raised in 
 
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 3075868 
 
 297151' 
 
 206635 
 
 219719 
 
 13.^ 
 
 1 1-16 
 1 1-16 
 
 24620425 
 
 2563114 
 
 312081 
 
 279775 
 
 34612.- 
 
 
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 Nova Scotia 
 
 -"3 
 1 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 Prince E. Island.... 
 
 1 1-10 
 
 Oats raised in 
 
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 141116- 
 
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 111 
 
 5 
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 Nova Scotia 
 
 21220874 
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 2218578 
 
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 6 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
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 lOj 
 27i 
 
 Acres per inhabi- 
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 Acres. 
 
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 3 
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 3 
 
 Roods. 
 
 Prchs, 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Roods, 
 
 Prchs. 
 
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 30 
 
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 4 
 
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 2 
 
 13 
 
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 17 
 
 New Brunswick..,.. 
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 10 
 

 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 213 
 
 The foregoing tables present statistics of great im- 
 iwrtaiice to the inhabitants of these Colonies. The 
 quantity and productiveness of lands brought under 
 cultivation in each section differs very much. Can- 
 ada East, Xew Brunswick, and ]^ova Scotia, have 
 cultivated about the same quantity of land in pro- 
 portion to each inhabitant in 1861 that they did in 
 1851 ; and in the growth of wheat they produced less 
 in 1861, in proportion to the population, than they 
 did ten years previous, while Canada West and Prince 
 Edward Island have made great advances. In popu- 
 lation Western Canada advanced 40 per cent ; Can- 
 ada East 25 ; Nova Scotia 20, and New Brunswick 
 and Prince Edward Island each 30 per cent in the 
 last ten years. Canada West, during the last 25 
 years, has been receiving a constant increase to her 
 population through emigration, which necessitated 
 the opening up of her wilderness lands; besides, the 
 emigrants brought with them an improved system 
 of ao-riculture, Avhich enabled this section of Canada 
 to continue raising large crops on the old lands. 
 Prince Edward Island, as is obvious from the tables, 
 though unaided by emigration, has attended to the 
 cultivation of the soil. Canada East, Nova Scotia 
 and New Brunswick, have been but little benefitted 
 by emigration during the last fifteen years ; and the 
 inhabitants having divided their time betAveen farm- 
 ing, lumbering, fishing, ship building, and other pur- 
 suits, along with a general want of system in tilling 
 the soil, agriculture has made but slow progress. In 
 the growth of wheat, that great staple product, the
 
 214 STATISTICS OF 
 
 latter Colonies are actually on the decline in propor- 
 tion to population. It is calculated that it requires 
 five bushels of wheat per individual to feed our popu* 
 lation, while Eastern Canada raises but little over 
 two, and Xova Scotia and New Brunswick but one 
 bushel to each of their inhabitants. 
 
 Lower Canada, in 1800, exported 1,010,000 bushels 
 of wheat, besides supporting its own population. In 
 1831 it raised 3.40-1,750 bushels, being nearly six 
 bushels to each inhabitant; and in 1860 it only raised 
 2,563,114, being only 2^^ bushels to each inhabitant. 
 During the latter year Canada East imported nearly 
 3,000,000 bushels of wheat. Thus, while the wheat- 
 producing character of Lower Canada has been on 
 the decline, that of Canada ATest has been on the 
 advance. In 1842 Upper Canada raised 3.221,991 
 bushels — equal to six bushels per inhabitant; in 1848 
 it raised 7,558,773 ; in 1851 it produced 12,699.85' 
 bushels, being llf to each of its population; and i, 
 1860 it raised 24,620,426 bushels, being over 16 bush 
 els to each inhabitant, leaving a surplus, after feed 
 ing its own people, of 17,600,000 bushels for exporta 
 tion. 
 
 Prince Edward Island is well adapted to the growtl 
 of wheat and other cereals, as AVill appear from th' 
 tables. And that part of the Provinces of ISTov^ 
 Scotia and Xew Brunswick bordering on the Strai 
 of ]S'orthumberland, under a proper system of cul 
 ture, would produce large quantities of wheat. Tht 
 Counties of Sydney, Pictou, Colchester and Cumber- 
 land, in Xova Scotia; and the Counties of "Westmor-
 
 BIUTiSlI NOKTH AMERICA. 215 
 
 land. Kent, Northumberland. CTloncester, Restigouche 
 and Carlton, in jSTew Brunswick, raised in 1850 2^ 
 bushels of wheat to each of their inhabitants ) and 
 in 1860 2j, ^Yhile the two Provinces of Xova Scotia 
 and Xew* Brunswick, at large, only raised one bushel 
 to each inhabitant. The extent of the wheat-produc^ 
 ino' district of these two Provinces embraces a belt of 
 land focing the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 of 500 m.iies, which under a proper system of farm- 
 ing would produce as much wheat per acre as Prince 
 Edward Island, as the soil is similar to that of the 
 Island, and the climate equally as free from fogs, 
 Xova Scotia and Xew Brunswick possess a large ex« 
 tent of rich marsh lands, some of which have been 
 producing large crops of hay for upwards of a century 
 without any appliances whatever, which along with 
 the adaptation of the uplands to the growth of hay, 
 render these two Colonies the best hay-producing 
 country in America. In oats and potatoes they are 
 ver}' productive. Nova Scotia in 1860 raised 186,484 
 bushels of apples. Pears and plums also grow luxu- 
 riantly. In New Brunswick apple culture is now 
 taking a place among the industrial pursuits. Canada 
 West is also highly adapted to the culture of apples, 
 plums, and other fruit. 
 
 It is now fully conceded that a very large section 
 of British North America is highly adapted to the 
 growth of flax and hemp. Deep alluvial soils, which 
 are most suitable for fiax, are very extensive in each 
 of these Colonies. Canada West in 1860 manufac- 
 tured 1,225.934 pounds of dressed fiax and hemp. Of
 
 216 STATISTICS OF 
 
 this quantity Halton County produced 380,422 ; Wat- 
 erloo 369,243; Peel 188,023"; AYeilington 62,910, and 
 York 36,253 pounds. Canada East raises large 
 quantities also, especially of iiax, for which the 
 country is well adapted ; but we have not been able 
 to obtain a copy of the last agricultural statistics, 
 and are, therefore, unable to give details. 
 
 New Brunswick manufactured in 1860, 14,066 
 pounds of flax, of Avhich AYestmoreland raised 5,097^; 
 Victoria 2,507; and Kent 2.229 pounds. In the 
 Lower Provinces flax is cultivated principally by the 
 descendants of the Acadian French — tlie Habitans — 
 whose methods of culture and manufacture are very 
 simple. Hemp is not raised in the Lower Provinces. 
 The census of the other Colonies do not furnish sta- 
 tistics of the quantity of flax grown. 
 
 Of the population of Canada and the Lower Pro- 
 vinces, upwards of 450,000 reside in cities and towns, 
 which have to be fed by the inhabitants of the rural 
 districts. And their town population is increasing 
 faster than that of the country districts, showing the 
 necessity of an increased cultivation of the soil. Sci- 
 ence will have to be brought to bear upon the culture 
 of the old worn-out farms bordering the Eiver St. 
 Lawrence, as well as those ofthe Lower Provinces; 
 and the new lands (wilderness) will have to be pene- 
 trated by roads, and made to yield to the wants of a 
 rapidly growing people. 
 
 Canada West.— The Counties in this section of 
 Canada raising the largest quantities of wheat are —
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 217 
 
 Huron, 1J64,049 bushels; York, 1,397,789; AYent- 
 worth, 1,332,623; Perth, 1,230,800; and Middlesex, 
 1,122,378. 
 
 Of oats, the largest quantity was raised in York, 
 1,303,237 bushels; the quantities raised in the other 
 Counties vary from 264,000 to 966.000 bushels each. 
 
 Of buckwheat, Prince Edward County raised 220,- 
 054 bushels, being nearly three times the amount 
 raised by any of the other Counties. Essex is the 
 largest corn-growling County, 366.086 bushels; Kent, 
 304,854; Welland, 151,020 bushels. The quantities 
 of potatoes raised are generally distributed through- 
 out the Counties, varying from 300,000 to 600,000 
 bushels. The quantity of hay raised in each County 
 varies from 12,000 to 30,000 tons. 
 
 Canada East. — The agricultural statistics of this 
 section of Canada are not yet through the press, 
 therefore we are unable to furnish details of the agri- 
 cultural products for 1860. 
 
 Canada exported, in 1859, 2,625.000 bushels of oats; 
 1,766,000 bushels of barley and rye; 690,863 bushels 
 of peas; nearly 2,000,000 bushels of wheat, and 
 427,007 barrels of wheat flour. The aggregate value 
 of these and other agricultural products exported 
 was $5,872,000. In 1856, Canada produced 26,555,000 
 bushels of wheat. 
 
 XovA Scotia. — The County of Pictou is the largest 
 wheat-growing County in Xova Scotia. It raised
 
 218 STATISTICS OF 
 
 83,467 bushels; Cumberland, 54,412; Sydney, 43,865 ; 
 Hants, 22,217 ; Kings, 25,024. 
 
 Pietou raised 382,713 bushels of oats; Inverness,^ 
 258,006 bushels. Of buckwheat, Cumberland, 79,013 
 bushels, and Colchester, 38,511, are the largest. 
 Nearly all the corn raised was produced by Anna- 
 polis (8,256 bushels) and Kings (4,530 bushels). Of 
 potatoes. Kings, 858,551 bushels; Annapolis, 566.752; 
 Colchester, 358,001; Cumberland, 336,877; Pietou, 
 288,109, and Inverness, 242,451 bushels, are the most 
 extensive. The best hay -producing Counties are — 
 Colchester, 33,101 tons; Kings, 32,788 tons; Cum- 
 berland, 31,582; Annapolis, 28,424; Pietou, 27,494, 
 and Hants, 25,880 tons. 
 
 Of butter, Pietou made 471,486 pounds; Inverness, 
 467,172; Colchester, 398,229; Cumberland, 383,954; 
 Sydney, 357,856; Kings, 280,387; Hants, 258,835; 
 Annapolis, 250,977 pounds. 
 
 The County of Pietou, with 13.590 cows, only pro- 
 duced 471,486 pounds of butter — an average of 35 
 pounds per cow, while Cumberland, with 7,074 cows, 
 produced 383.954 pounds — being an average of 54 
 pounds from each cow — showing the superiority of 
 marsh over upland pastures. 
 
 Keav Brunsavick. — The best wheat-growing sec- 
 tions of this Province are — Gloucester, Kent, West- 
 moreland, and K'orthumberiand Counties — bordering 
 or on the Strait. In oats, Carlton, Kings, West- 
 moreland, and York, are in advance; and in buck- 
 wheat, Kings, Carlton, Queens, Westmoreland, and
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 219 
 
 York. The quantity of barley, rye, and corn raised 
 in each County is small. In the growth of potatoes, 
 "VYestmoreland, Kings, Gloucester, and Kent are the 
 first; and Kings, Westmoreland, York, Queens, and 
 Charlotte cut the most hay. The quantity of hay 
 cut in the Province, in 1861, exceeds that of 1851 by 
 44 per cent; wheat, 35 per cent; barley, 27 per cent; 
 oats, 88 per cent; buckwheat 31 j^er cent; potatoes, 
 44 per cent. In stock — Kings raised 27,966 head of 
 cattle, including 11,458 cows; AYestmoreland, 21,211, 
 including 7,615 cows; York, 16,309; Queens, 15,551; 
 Carlton, 14,999, and Charlotte, 12,920. The largest 
 number of horses are in Kings, Westmoreland, Carl- 
 ton, and York; the largest number of swine, in 
 Kings, Westmoreland, Gloucester, Carlton, Kent, and 
 Y^ork; and the largest number of sheep in Kings, 
 Westmoreland, York, Carlton, Queens, and Charlotte. 
 Of the stock of the Province, in 1861, there were 60 
 per cent more horses; 36 per cent more milch cows; 
 66 per cent more neat cattle; 27 per cent more 
 sheep, and 56 per cent more swine than in 1851. In 
 1861, there was 50 per cent more butter made than 
 in 1851, and 34 per cent less maple sugar. 
 
 Prince Edward Island. — Queens County raised 
 157,707 bushels of wheat ; Prince County, 120.818; 
 and Kings, 67,000. Each County raised nearly an 
 equal quantity of barley. Queens raised 1,112,887 
 bushels of oats, being about double the quantity 
 raised by either of the other Counties. Queens also 
 raised 1.642,775 bushels of potatoes, being more than
 
 220 STATISTICS OF 
 
 double the quantity raised by the other two Counties. 
 There were 15.560 tons of hay cut in Queens County, 
 9,507, in Prince County, and 6,821. in Kings County. 
 
 Newfoundland. — The principal part of the agri- 
 cultural produce of Newfoundland, in 1857, was raised 
 in the District of St. John's. The other Districts 
 produced comparatively small quantities. 
 
 EMIGRATION. 
 
 Although, generally speaking, there is a strong 
 attachment in man to the land of his nativity, arising 
 from his national, social, and natural predilections 
 and atfections, still the spirit of migration, and infu- 
 sion of tribes and nations has been going on from 
 time immemorial. 
 
 Soon after the discovery of the American Conti 
 nent, its colonization commenced. The tide of emi- 
 gration has been principally from Europe ; England, 
 Ireland, and Scotland furnishing by far the largest 
 quota. Between the years 1815 and 1845, inclusive, 
 43 years, not less than 4,683.194 persons emigrated 
 from the British Islands. Of this number, 2,830,678 
 went to the American Union; 1,170.342 to British 
 North America; 682.165 to Australia, and other 
 countries. Between the years 1847 and 1854, both 
 inclusive, 2,444,802 left the shores of Great Britain. 
 In the eleven years previous to 1858, a large number 
 (3,011,038) emigrated. The United States has been 
 the "land of promise '^ to the principal part of the 
 redundant population of Europe. Of the 212,878
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 221 
 
 persons who left the United Kingdom, in 1857, only 
 21,001 landed in British North America. In the five 
 years previous to 1859, there emigrated to Canada 
 15,890 from Hamburg; in 1861. 19,923 from Liver- 
 pool, and 11,132 from Grermany and Norway — mak- 
 ing a total of 31.055 into Canada last 3^ear, being 
 22,274 more than in 1859, and 20,892 more than in 
 1860. The arrivals into Canada from Europe in 
 1862 exceed those of the previous year. Besides, 
 large numbers have fled from the Federal States, 
 during the present year, to the British Provinces, 
 preferring monarchical to democratical rule. The 
 emigration to the Lower Provinces has been on a 
 limited scale. 
 
 The census reports of these Colonies for 1861 show 
 a population of 706,871 not native born, of which 
 96,000 were in Canada East; 493,212 in Canada 
 West; 35,141 in Nova Scotia; 52,602 in New Bruns- 
 wick; 11,905 in Newfoundland; and 18,011 were in 
 Prince Edward Island. Showing that one-fifth of the 
 present population of British North America have 
 emigrated from various countries, and at different 
 times. These statistics also show to what sections 
 of the country the majority of emigrants resort. 
 One-third of the population of Western Canada were 
 born in other countries, while not more than one- 
 tenth of the population of Newfoundland are of 
 transmarine birth. The census of New Brunswick 
 shows an arrival, between 1851 and 1861, of 12.000 
 emio-rants. of whom 2,750 were from Groat Britain — 
 averaging 275 per annum. Emigration to the Lower
 
 222 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Provinces has been on the decrease since 1845. and 
 many of those who arrived in the minor Provinces 
 left for the American Union and Western Canada. 
 There arrived in New Brunswick in 1844 not less 
 than 3,762; in 1845, 3,440; in 1846, 1,539, and in 1860 
 only 323. Hecently these Colonies have made extra 
 efforts, by the circulation of books treating on their 
 resources, in the Mother Country, to induce emigra- 
 tion thereto. And Canada and Xew Brunswick, 
 where the greatest facilities for settlement exists, 
 have each sent persons to the British Islands to lec- 
 ture on the advantages presented by these Provinces 
 to those desirous of emigrating. Both Provinces 
 have, however, recalled their Emigrant Agents. 
 Foreign emigration has done much to raise the 
 United States to a national standard. Each emigrant 
 is said to bring 876 into the country, besides sharing 
 in the payment of taxes, &c. 
 
 These Colonies are now becoming better known, 
 abroad. The visit of His Royal Highness the 
 Prince of Wales; the display of their products at 
 the London Exhibition, and their peaceable atti- 
 tude, tend to give the Colonics a standing in other 
 countries. And the " British Xorth American As- 
 sociation," recently formed in Great Britain, is 
 doing much to make the resources of this country 
 better known and appreciated. Through this and 
 other means, the vast territorial extent, mineral 
 wealth, fertility of soils, unparalleled fisheries, and 
 extensive forests, of these Colonies, are now begin- 
 nino- to be understood and valued. And bcino; free 
 
 I
 
 BEITISH NORTH AMERICA. 223 
 
 from war taxes, while the States, Federate and Con- 
 federate, are burthen ed with upwards of fifteen hun- 
 dred million of dollars, besides other state debts, and 
 the war still progressing on the most gigantic scale 
 known in modern times, we see no reason why the 
 current of emigration should not flow to the shores 
 of British Korth Amenca. 
 
 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 
 
 America discovered by Columbus 1492 
 
 Further discoTeries by Cabot 1497 
 
 St. Lawrence discovered by Cartier 1535 
 
 Cartier at Newfoundland 1540 
 
 De Monts claimed a part of America in the name of Francel604 
 
 Quebec founded by Champlain 1604 
 
 Newfoundland obtained by settlement 1608 
 
 Quebec capitulated 1629 
 
 Canada ceded to France 1632 
 
 Montreal founded 1 642 
 
 Phipps before Quebec 1690 
 
 Prince Edward Island obtained by settlement 1758 
 
 Quebec capitulated 1759 
 
 Battle of the Plains of Abraham 1759 
 
 Montreal capitulated 1760 
 
 Canada ceded to Great Britain 1760 
 
 Montgomery killed befoi'e Quebec 1775 
 
 First Parliament of Lower Canada 1792 
 
 United States' independence recognized 1 783 
 
 Nova Scotia divided, and New Brunswick constituted 1784 
 
 America declared War against Great Britain 1812 
 
 Battle of Lake Champlain 1814 
 
 Peace declared 1815
 
 224 
 
 STATISTICS OF 
 
 Great fire in New Brunswick 1825 
 
 First Railway in Canada 1836 
 
 First Pai'liament in United Canada 1841 
 
 Prince of Wales arrived in America (July 23) 1860 
 
 The Prince left America (Oct. 21) 1860 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF SOME OP THE 
 
 WORDS. 
 
 MORE DIFFICULT 
 
 Acadie fa-ca-di^'), 
 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Bras d' Or (bra-dor). 
 
 Bret-on. 
 
 Cari-bou (car-i-boo''). 
 
 Canada (kan''a-da) 
 
 Cobequid (c(5-be-kid^). 
 
 Canseau (can^-so). 
 
 Chebucto ('she-buk''-too). 
 
 Chaudier (sho-de-air'') 
 
 Chambly (sham-blee). 
 
 Columbia (ko-lumb'-ya). 
 
 Croix (krwah) (croy.) 
 
 Gaspe. 
 
 Gaspereaux fgaspero''). 
 
 Gatineau (gat-e-no). 
 
 Hyacinthe (hy-a-cinthc). 
 
 Iroquois (ir-o-kwah''). 
 
 Lachine (la-cheen^). 
 
 Long Sault (long-sd). 
 
 Montreal (mont-re-awl''). 
 
 Miramichi (mirama-shc). 
 
 Notre Dame (no-tcr-dam). 
 
 Niag''ara. 
 
 Newfoundland (nu-found''- 
 
 land). 
 Nova Scotia (no-va-sko'-sha). 
 New Brunswick (new-bruns''- 
 
 wick). 
 Placentia (pla-cen-sha). 
 Pictou (pik''-to). 
 Quinte (kan-teli''). 
 Quebec^. 
 
 Restigouche (restigoosh'). 
 Richelieu (reesh-e-lu). 
 Rideau (ridd). 
 River de Loup (loo). 
 Tobique (to-beek''). 
 TJiames (tems''). 
 Ta-dou-sac''. 
 Vancouver (van-koo''-ver).
 
 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 225 
 
 CORRIGENDA. 
 
 New Brt-xswick Railavays. — On page 147, line 18, the rail- 
 way trom St. Jolin to Shediac is represented to have cost only 
 SI, 267, 628; and annual interest .^43,107. This is an error: 
 this line cost, up to 1st of November, 1861, $4,548,564, or 
 §42,116 per mile; the annual interest on which, at 6 per cent, 
 is §272,913. 
 
 On page 146, second table, the cost per mile, "§24,150," and 
 total cost "§4,588,564," should be §32,781, and §4,708,- 
 564, being the aggregate amount for which New Bruns- 
 v/ick is liable, namely : §4,548,564 for St, John and She- 
 diac line, and §160,000 for the St. Andrew's line. The 
 latter line is built, with the exception of the last-named sum 
 and a quantity of Crown Lands, by private capital ; and has 
 only cost about §1,680,000, or §20,000 per mile, in the Avhole; 
 thus making the total cost of New Brunswick railways §6,228,- 
 504, ov ?32,781 per mile. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 7 line 8, for "40," read "46." 
 
 " j3 " 14, for "birchen," read "broken." 
 
 " 30 " 10, for " north-v.'esterly," read "north-easterly." 
 
 " 8G " 13, for "white," read "soft." 
 
 " 87 & 89 for "Inglandifolia," read " Juglandifolia ;" 
 for "Inglans," read "Juglans;" 
 for "ox beams," read "ox bows." 
 
 " 00 line 9, for "900," read "9,000." 
 
 " 96 " 25, for "from," read "forth in." 
 
 " 118 " 4, for "§486," read "§480." 
 
 " 146 & 147 see Corrigenda, page 225. 
 
 " 1 1)1 last line, for "help," read "kelp."
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 British North America 7 
 
 Geographical : — 
 
 Canada, 15; Lakes, 16; Canals, 17; Niagara Falls 
 and Bridges, 19 ; Victoria Bridge, 20 ; Ottawa, 21 ; 
 Roads and Lands, 23 ; Civil Divisions, 25. 
 Nova Scotia — Boundaries, Geographical Features, 30 ; 
 
 Progressive Population, 33. 
 Newfoundland, 33 ; New Brunswick, 38 ; Prince 
 Edward Island, 42; British Columbia, 46 ; Hudson's 
 Bay Territory, 47. 
 Latitudes and Longitudes, 50 ; Vital Statistics, 52 ; 
 Dimensions of Colonies, 53; Arable Lands, 54; 
 Islands, 55 ; Seaboard of Colonies, 56. 
 
 Climate o6 
 
 Geology 65 
 
 *' Agriculturally considered 68 
 
 Mines and Minerals : — 
 
 Canada, 69 ; New Brunswick, 72 ; Prince Edward 
 Island, 73 ; Nova Scotia, 74 ; British Cohimbia, 82 ; 
 Estimates of Coal, 84; Newfoundland, 84. 
 Natural History: — 
 
 Botanical, 86 ; Zoological, 90 ; Ornithological, 91 ; 
 Fisheries, 94, 
 
 Commercial Value of the Fisheries 101 
 
 Political Institutions 106 
 
 Legal and Judicial Systems, 111 ; Municipal, 113 ; 
 Banks, 114; Currency, 116; Postal Systems, 121; 
 Militia, 123.
 
 II CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Distances axd Means of Transit 125 
 
 From the Atlantic to the Pacific, 125; Canada, 127; 
 
 Lower Provinces, 131 : New Brunswick, 132; Nova 
 
 Scotia, 133 ; NewfoimcUaud, 133 ; Prince Edward 
 
 Island, 134. 
 
 Telegraph Lines, Subsidies to Packets, Distances 
 
 between America and Europe 135 
 
 Provincial Expenditure s 136 
 
 Commercial 138 
 
 Railway Statistics 140 
 
 Corrigenda — New Brunswick Railways 225 
 
 Finances 148 
 
 Intercolonial Railroad , 150 
 
 Public Lands 1 53 
 
 Canada, 154: Products of the Forests, 157: New 
 Brunswick, 158 ; Nova Scotia, IGO : Newfoundland, 
 161 ; Prince Edward Island. 162; British Columbia 163 
 Educational : — 
 
 Canada, 164; Nova Scotia, 173; New Brunswick, 
 175; Prince Edward Island, 176; Newfoundland, 
 177; Synoptical Table, 179; Literature, 180. 
 Cities AND Towns ; Canada: — 
 
 Quebec, 183; Montreal, 185; Three Rivers, 187; 
 Sherbrooke and Hyacinthe, 187 ; OttaAva, 188 ; 
 Kingston and Toronto, 189 ; Hamilton, London, 
 and Sarnia. 191 ; Brockville, Belleville, Cobourg, 
 Peterboro, Port Hope, Beaverton, Collingwood, 
 and Niagara, 192; St. Catherine's, 193. 
 Newfoundland:— St. John's, 193: Harbor Grace, 194; 
 
 Carbonear, Bonavista, Twillingate, Burin, 195. 
 Nova Scotia: — Halifax, 195; Dartmouth, Pictou, and 
 
 other towns, 197. 
 New Brunswick: — St. Jonu, 197; Fredericton, 198; 
 
 other towns, 199. 
 Prince Edward Island: — Charlottetown, Georgetown, 
 St. Eleanors, 200.
 
 CONTENTS. Ill 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 British Columbia: — Victoria, New Westminster, 200. 
 
 Population of chief Cities, 201, 
 
 Religious Denominations in Cities, 202. 
 Clekgymex and Adiierexts of Eeligious Denominatioxs 203 
 
 Colored Peorle 205 
 
 Indians : 206 
 
 Agriculture 207 
 
 Aggregate Population and Products, 208. 
 
 Occupants of Lands, and Acres under Cultivation, 21 1 . 
 
 Quantity of Grain raised, 212. 
 
 Canada West, 216; Canada East, 217; Nova Scotia, 
 217; New Brunswick, 218 ; Prince EdAvard Island. 
 219; Newfoundland, 220. 
 
 Emigration 220 
 
 Historical Memoranda 223 
 
 Pronunciation of some of the more Difficult Words 224 
 
 Corrigenda 225 
 
 Errata 225