V 
 
STUDY OF THE RATE OF DISINFECTION OF WATER 
 
 BY CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE I 
 
 BY 
 
 ' 
 
 I 
 
 CARL JOHN LAUTER 
 
 I 
 
 B. S. University of Illinois, 1911 
 
 THESIS 
 
 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the 
 
 Degree of 
 
 MASTER OF SCIENCE 
 
 IN CHEMISTRY 
 IN 
 
 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 1922 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2015 
 
 https://archive.org/details/studyofrateofdisOOIaut 
 
lv.51: 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 
 
 January- 1 92S_ 
 
 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY 
 
 SUPERVISION BY Carl Jolin Lauter 
 
 ENTITLED A STUDY OF TEii RAT J OF DTST TFKCTTnN 
 
 3Y CALCIUM HYPOCHLOE TTB. 
 
 BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMF:NTS FOR 
 THE DEGREE OF L la s t e r S n 1 ft nn ft J-CL„Ch e m 1 s t. r y « ^ 
 
 In Charge of 1 hesis 
 
 - ■ 
 
 ' Head of Department 
 
 Recommendation concurred in* 
 
 Committee 
 
 on 
 
 Final Examination* 
 
 *Required for doctor’s degree but not for master’; 
 
(3 ) 
 
 TA3Lj] OF COHTiiJMTS 
 
 1 . 
 
 HISTORICAL: 
 
 pages 4 to 8. 
 
 2 . 
 
 SXPERIII3HTAL. 
 
 A. Concentration change of Chlorine in water. 
 
 Pages 8 -15 Taoles I and II 
 
 3. Effect of Dissolved Organic matter on rate 
 of change of Chlorine concentration. 
 
 Pages 15 - 18, Tables A.3.C.D.E. 
 
 C. Effect of Bacterial Cells on rate of change 
 of Chlorine concentration. 
 
 Page 20. Table VII. 
 
 P. Effect of Air Stream through solution. 
 
 Page 22. Table VIII. 
 
 E. Death Rate of B.Coli with varying concen- 
 tration of Chlorine. 
 
 Pages 25 - 36. Tables A - I . 
 
 3. 
 
 CORCLUSIOKS. 
 
 Page 38. 
 
 4. 
 
 REFERENCES . 
 
 Page 39. 
 
 5. 
 
 aci:no"/ledgment. 
 
 Page 40. 
 
(4) 
 
 HISTOHICAL. 
 
 The first systematic worh on the disinfection of 
 water asing pure cultures of "bacteria were performed in 
 1886 by iiohert Koch. He investigated the effects of 
 Sulphur dioxide and Phenol, the then popular disinfectant 
 also demonstrating the great disinfecting value of Ller- 
 curic Chloride. 
 
 In 1887, Kronig and Paul published their classic 
 v/orh, known as the Garnet Method. They used cultures of 
 anthrax witn mercuric chloride as the disinfectant reagent 
 plating a part of the disinfected spores at various 
 intervals. They came to the conclusion that the disin- 
 fection was a gradual process and could be expressed by 
 the simple equasion ,n/n' times t/t’ equals K, v^here n 
 and n’ vi^ere the number of survivers at time t and t’. 
 
 In 1908 Henrietta Chick performed a series of very 
 exact experiments on pure cultures , using mercuric chloride 
 as the disinfectant , with the following conclusions. 
 
 1. That a very complete analogy exists between a 
 chemical reaction and the process of disinfection, one 
 reagent being represented by the disinfectant and the 
 other by the protoplasm of the bacterium. 
 
 2. Disinfection of anthrax spores proceed in 
 ooedience to the equasion of a monomolecuiar reaction, 
 where numuers of surviving bacteria take the place of 
 concentration of one reagent and the disinfectant the 
 
 other 
 
r?) 
 
 3. Para typhosus shov/s departure from this Law due 
 to differences of resistance of cells. 
 
 4. Power of disinfection is influenced by temper- 
 ature in the same manner as speed of a chemical reaction. 
 Phenol gave a somewhat higher rate for higher temperature. 
 
 5. iixper iments made with varying concentrations of 
 disinfectants using similar groups of bacteria from cul- 
 tures of para typhoid snowed a definite iogaritnmic 
 relation between the concentration of the disinfectant and 
 the mean reaction velocity of disinfection, existing in the 
 case of phenol. 
 
 hone of ChicK's work dealt with chlorine sterilization 
 all experiments with this reagent being more in regard to 
 the selective action of dis infectants toward bacteria 
 commonly lound iu water. 
 
 G. Hilliard came to tne follov/ing conclusions in lyl2. 
 
 i.. Sterilization by calcium hypochlorite in water 
 is very rapid at first, the maximum reduction being nearly 
 complete in three hours. 
 
 2. Of the organisms studied , P.Subtilus is tne most 
 resistant , tnen B. Anthrax; followed oy tne non spore 
 formers, B.Coli, Typhosus, and Prodigiosus. 
 
 3. At least 1.5 parts per million of Chlorine are 
 required by spore formersto afford a reduction of 9y^ 
 in six hours, while 0.5 P.P.IJ. is enough in case of the 
 non spore formers. 
 

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( 6 ) 
 
 D. - Investigations in lalDoratory experiments by 
 
 Jos. JULIES, brought forth the following: 
 
 L. Sterilization acxion is not instantaneous, being 
 retarded by low temperature and organic matter in the 
 water. Sterilization varies in a general way with the 
 concentration and the temperature. 
 
 S. Under certain conditions oleaching powder is 
 not a true sterilization agent, but one wnich inhibits 
 □acterial growtn in culture media. Organic matter in 
 form of broth greatly decreases the sterilizing action 
 of Q reach. Bacteria reappear in water where no organic 
 matter was present and where chlorine added was oetween 
 one tenth and one part per million available chlorine. 
 
 B. B Coli disappear oefore water oecomes sterile 
 and do not reappear. 
 
 E. “ Philbrick carried on some experiments v/ith tap 
 
 water to which ne added cultures of Ooli and Ilep-athar ium. 
 His results showed that five minutes contact had about the 
 same disinfectanx value as thirty minute conxact, using 
 chlorine in ammounts necessary for complete sterilization. 
 He added a brotn cuixure to nis water samples and the 
 
 I 
 
 chlorine was no douox all destroyed at tne end of live 
 minutes, which may account for cessation of disinfection 
 at the end of that time. 
 

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( 7 ) 
 
 F*- Results of Westbrook, Wnittaiier and MoJiIer. 
 
 I. Mississippi River water treated with Large ammounts 
 of caicium hypochlorite couid noi be completely sterilized. 
 Predominant organisms remaining after treatment were found 
 to oe spore forming hacilLus. 
 
 Treatment of this organism in pure cultures demonstrated 
 great resistance to this chemical di s inf ec tant , failure 
 to produce complete sterility ueing a logical result after 
 disappearance of Free Chlorine. 
 
 

 
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(b) 
 
 The purpose of this worK is to study tne death rate 
 of oacteria, in this case bacillus coii, using varying 
 concentrations of Chlorine with calcium nypocniorite as the 
 disinfecting reagent. 
 
 However oefore proceeding with the worh on oacteria 
 a numoer of experiments were made on the rate of disappear- 
 ance of chlorine in v/ater , using varying concentrations of 
 chlorine on thesarae water at same temperature; also effect 
 of definite amiaounts of dissolved organic matter on rate 
 of disappearance of free chlorine. 
 
 Tne quantity of chlorine added to waters tested v/as 
 generally less than one part per million, and the amraount 
 of free chlorine at various time intervals was determined 
 color imetricaily wioh or tho-toludine . 
 
 To insure accuracy in regard to the ammount oi chlorine 
 added to water in each specific case, the reagent solution 
 of calcium hypochlorite was standardized before each run 
 against a two hundredth normal solution of sodium triio- 
 suifate, and number of grams of free chlorine per cuuic 
 centimeter thus determined. 
 
 The calcium hypochlorite solution was also auout 
 two hundredths normal; containing about .0002 grams of 
 free chlorine per cubic centimeter. 
 
I 
 
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( 9 ) 
 
 In tne first run as snown in Taoie I ,ten Liters 
 of distilled water was used, oeing placed in a paraffine 
 lined metal cylinder, surrounded by a stream of water at 
 lb degrees , contents oeing constantly stirred oy a 
 rotating paddle. 
 
 From table I it will oe seen that upon introduction 
 of tne calcium hypochlorite solution, there was a sudden 
 drop in the aramount of free cnlorine from .230 to . l&b 
 parts per million, tne latter figure beinp- determined 
 imtmediately after introduction of the bleach solution. 
 
 This sudden drop was present in every case following 
 and greater in tap v/ater and in tnose waters containing 
 the dissolved organic material, as will be observed. 
 
 In plotting the curves to snow the loss of cnlorine 
 tne ammount called "initial free chlorine" was this ammount 
 determined immediately afer introduction of tne oleach. 
 
 Values of K were determined using the following 
 
 formula: K = Log.lJ - Log.]^’ ; where H is the initial 
 
 t - t’ 
 
 concentration of chlorine, W the concentration at time 
 t ' . 
 

 
 _L0- 
 
 
 
 
 
 TABLE 1 
 
 
 
 Addition of 0.E30 parts per miLLion Chlorine to 
 
 
 ten Liters of distilled water . Temperature 16® 
 
 C. 
 
 time in 
 minutes. 
 
 i’ree Clp 
 
 P.P.M. 
 
 Log. cone. 
 Cl. 
 
 K. 
 
 Log.N-Lop IV 
 — 
 
 \ 
 
 0. 
 
 .156 
 
 2.194 
 
 - - - - 
 
 
 20. 
 
 .130 
 
 2.115 
 
 .00395 
 
 
 1 47. 
 
 .104 
 
 2.017 
 
 .00376 
 
 
 . 
 
 CO 
 
 .088 
 
 1.945 
 
 .00320 
 
 
 ' 110. 
 
 .073 
 
 1.864 
 
 .00300 
 
 
 140. 
 
 .057 
 
 1.757 
 
 .00312 
 
 
 170. 
 
 .005 
 
 1.699 
 
 .00291 
 
 
 230. 
 
 .025 
 
 1.399 
 
 .00346 
 
 
 £45. 
 
 .025 
 
 1.398 
 
 .00325 
 
 
 260. 
 
 .014 
 
 1.146 
 
 .00400 
 
 
 290. 
 
 .010 
 
 1.000 
 
 .00410 
 
 
 
 
 
 .0034 7 
 
 
 
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1 
 
( 12 ) 
 
 The next series of taoles, i. 2. and 3 were made 
 with three samples of city water, running all of them 
 tnru at the same time and under similar conditions. 
 
 Seven hundred fifty cubic centimeter flasks were used, con- 
 taining five hundred cubic centimetrs of water in each case 
 and the three coxicentrations of free chlorine added being 
 1.0, 0.5, and 0.25 P.P.M. respectively. 
 
 This was added to the water in five minute intervals 
 in order to give time to make a determination of tne ammt 
 of free cnlorine immediately after introduction of the 
 above ammounts, same being determined with O.Toludine. 
 
 In each case there was an initial drop in the 
 ammount of chlorine as in tablel, and roughly proportional 
 to the concentration of chlorine added. 
 
 The values of K, calculated as before do not show 
 the same close agreement as in the proceeding table where 
 distilled water was ysed. This is no doubt due to the 
 organic and mineral content of tap virater. 
 
 Curves for this run are shown on platell, following. 
 
 Analysis of University water supply. 
 
 Ions 
 
 P.P.M. 
 
 Hyp. Combinations 
 
 P.P 
 
 Potassium 
 
 2.6 
 
 Potassium Nitrate 
 
 1.1. 
 
 Sodium 
 
 29.0 
 
 Potassium Chloride 
 
 2.9 
 
 Ammonium 
 
 2.3 
 
 Sodium Chloride 
 
 3.5 
 
 Ilagnesium 
 
 34.9 
 
 Sodium Sulfate 
 
 3. 6 
 
 Calcium 
 
 70.1 
 
 Sodium Carbona:t3-e 
 
 60*5 
 
 Iron 
 
 1.0 
 
 Ammonium Carbonate 
 
 6.1 
 
 Aluminum 
 
 1.3 
 
 Magnesium Carbonate 
 
 121.2 
 
 nitrate 
 
 .7 
 
 Calcium Carbonate 
 
 175.2 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 3.5 
 
 Iron Carbonate f ous ' 
 
 2.1 
 
 Sulfate 
 
 2.3 
 
 A luraina 
 
 2.5 
 
 Silica 
 
 18.9 
 
 Silica 
 
 18.9 
 
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-13- 
 
 Tables showing the rate of disappearance of 5’ree Chlorine 
 with varying concentrations of Chlorine. 
 
 fl) 
 
 
 Chlorine added: 1 
 
 .00 P.P.M. 
 
 
 Time .minutes. 
 
 P.P.M. Cls 
 found. 
 
 Log. cone. Cl 
 
 K. 
 
 0. 
 
 .668 
 
 2.826 
 
 • ““ 
 
 36. 
 
 .516 
 
 2.713 
 
 .00322 
 
 135. 
 
 .589 
 
 2.591 
 
 .00174 
 
 17E. 
 
 .318 
 
 2.503 
 
 .00187 
 
 210. 
 
 .282 
 
 2.450 
 
 .00178 
 
 
 (2) 
 
 
 
 
 Chlorine added: 0 
 
 .500 P.P.M. 
 
 
 0. 
 
 .329 
 
 2.517 
 
 - - - - 
 
 17. 
 
 . 256 
 
 2.409 
 
 • 00635 
 
 37. 
 
 .195 
 
 2.291 
 
 .00611 
 
 52. 
 
 .172 
 
 2.236 
 
 .00521 
 
 00 
 
 -a 
 
 . 
 
 .143 
 
 2.156 
 
 .00415 
 
 117. 
 
 .102 
 
 2009 
 
 .00434 
 
 172. 
 
 .077 
 
 1.887 
 
 .00366 
 
 216. 
 
 .062 
 
 1.793 
 
 .00335 
 
 257. 
 
 .056 
 
 1.749 
 
 .00300 
 
 
 (3) 
 
 
 
 
 Chlorine added : 0.250 P.P.M. 
 
 
 0. 
 
 .122 
 
 2.087 
 
 - - - - 
 
 17. 
 
 .092 
 
 1.964 
 
 .00727 
 
 37. 
 
 .072 
 
 1.849 
 
 .00618 
 
 52. 
 
 .016 
 
 1.786 
 
 .00580 
 
 00 
 
 -a 
 
 . 
 
 .052 
 
 1.717 
 
 .00413 
 
 126. 
 
 .047 
 
 1.673 
 
 .00329 
 
 192. 
 
 .036 
 
 1.557 
 
 .00276 
 
1 
 
(ib) 
 
 In order to determine the eifect of organic matter 
 upon the disappearance of ±ree chlorine, a series of sagar 
 solutions was prepared using concentra tions of twenty, 
 forty, sixty, eignty, and one hundred grams per liter in one 
 liter samples of distilled water, each concentration run in 
 triplicate . 
 
 ■ The ammount of chlorine added was the same in each 
 case, the object of this particular run being to determine 
 if any relation exists betv/een concentration of sugar 
 and initial drop of free chlorine. 
 
 From taole I it will oe seen that the ammount of 
 free chlorine found in like concentrations of sugar solutioxi 
 agree very well at the end of the five period of contact. 
 
 From the taole belov/ it v/ould seem that the loss of 
 chlorine in parts per million Dears a direct relation to 
 concentration of dissolved organic matter. 
 
 Grams Sugar 
 
 Loss Free Chlor 
 
 Liter • 
 
 P.P.M. 
 
 20 
 
 .1000 
 
 40 
 
 .228 
 
 60 
 
 .345 
 
 80 
 
 .406 
 
 100 
 
 .604 
 
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 Tables showing the effects of varying ammounts of 
 concentrations on Loss of Free Chlorine, 
 
 Distilled ,/ater- One Liter samples - Temp. 19,® 
 
 Five concentrations ,run in triplicate. ( 1-2-3-4 
 
 Sugar 
 
 C. 
 
 -5-6] 
 
 Grams Sugar per Liter 
 
 .000 
 
 .000 
 
 .000 
 
 ( 1 ) Chlorine added-P.P.M. 
 
 ,660 
 
 .660 
 
 .660 
 
 Free Clg found P.P.M. 
 
 .610 
 
 .610 
 
 .610 
 
 Grams Sugar per Liter 
 
 20.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 ( 2 ) Chlorine added-P.P.M. 
 
 ,660 
 
 .660 
 
 .660 
 
 1 Clg found in 2 min. 
 
 .510 
 
 .510 
 
 .610 
 
 1 Grams Sugar per Liter 
 
 40.00 
 
 40.00 
 
 40.00 
 
 l{ 3 ) Chlorine added -P.P.M. 
 
 .660 
 
 • 66 0 
 
 . 66 0 
 
 Clg found in 2 min. 
 
 .382 
 
 .382 
 
 .382 
 
 I Grams Sugar per Liter 
 
 60.00 
 
 60. oO 
 
 60.00 
 
 ( 4 ) Chlorine added -P.P.M. 
 
 .660 
 
 .66 0 
 
 . 660 
 
 Clg found in 2 min. 
 
 . 255 
 
 .255 
 
 • 255 
 
 Grams Sugar per Liter 
 
 80.00 
 
 80.00 
 
 80.00 
 
 (5) Chlorine added -P.P.M. 
 
 .660 
 
 . 660 
 
 • 660 
 
 Clg found in 2 rain. 
 
 .204 
 
 .200 
 
 - - 
 
 Grams Sugar per Liter 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 ^ 0 ^ Chlorine added -P.P.M. 
 
 .660 
 
 .660 
 
 
 Clg found in 2 rain. 
 
 • 038 
 
 - - - 
 
 

(IV) 
 
 Table VT following carried the preceeding experiment 
 thru a long range ot time, making deter minations oftne 
 free chlorine at these time intervals. 
 
 Similar volumes of one liter of distilled water 
 with four concentrations of sugar solutions were used as 
 before, namely; 2o, 40, 60, and bO grams per liter. 
 
 Here again there is evidence of a loss of free 
 chlorine proportional to concentration of dissolved sugar 
 after the short interval of five minutes. 
 
 In each case the value of the constant calculated 
 by previously stated formula shows a constantly decreasing 
 value, but indicating an index for the speed of reaction 
 for disappearance of the chlorine. It is not a case of 
 a monornolecular reaction. 
 
 Table VIII follov/ing shows the effect of the 
 addition of a loop ui oacterial cells after a time inter- 
 val of nineteen minutes, showing the sudden drop in 
 chlorine concentration immediately after the introduction 
 of the bacteria, as compared to a blank in which the 
 original chlorine added was the same, but no bacteria added 
 at nineteen minute period. 
 

 ^ 3(:'''' '.i "i' .-■ -■ > '■' 
 
 " ^': % liij- . ' '■ .^-s» ■■^' , 'f • " 
 
 ^ ASl’ ' ^ Q '^ '\ ' '^’ ’ 
 
 ' > t » ' "^ ■' n ■ " 
 
 ' . - / ft jui^'/U aso'ix 
 
 .'‘■'.:< l ' . • *:.'ii,v. - -y ■ a,il,.<L.'- . .j .* ' ‘ '« 
 
 
 vv 
 
 
 
 •i'. 
 
 1 - *r,iv r a !• : /*’ ea|‘#<; «h « anrc;/<-9 Icf ?;> i tiSaf* 
 
 J %*, > •♦•. •' '-V. ■ ■.. 1* ‘ • ,-■• •••■'•■; .'-^Jiv -A^^''. 
 
 
 
 i’# 
 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 i-r » j 
 
 
 l^« 
 
 »?;■ fw.t i'l'u . ' ■-»■<. * 
 
 . : -A 
 
 ^'<'a 
 
 fcvM;’ ’ 
 
 '^1 J A.' ' , ,■ 
 
 ■■-':r 
 
 f'r:--sr-vn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?r »#^:- 
 
 
 *-tgy:**;‘'''*?ir»-t'^y'7''>t>- .fr‘ * |*t *i> ,|f.Ma^ ^ t, "*ti i *t ixvyj0^jy »ywy L y» y ^,| pt«># '^l *» i> i !t *|yt» 
 
 
-18- 
 
 Sables A. 3. C. D. 
 
 Tables shov;ing effect of varying Sug.ar concentrations on 
 dissapearance of Chlorine over longer periods of time. 
 
 Grams 
 Sug/L. 0. 
 
 1 o 
 
 O 
 
 -B- 
 
 20.00 
 
 O 1 
 
 . o 
 
 00 
 
 -I 
 
 60. 
 
 00 
 
 — "3— 
 
 80. 00 
 
 Time 
 
 rain. 
 
 Clg 
 
 ppm 
 
 K. 
 
 Cl? 
 
 ppm 
 
 
 Cl? 
 
 ppm 
 
 K’ ’ 
 
 Cl? 
 
 ppm 
 
 jr 1 1 1 
 
 Cl., 
 
 ppm. 
 
 
 0. 
 
 1.240 
 
 
 1.240 
 
 
 1.240 
 
 
 1.240 
 
 
 1.240 
 
 
 5. 
 
 1.200 
 
 .002 
 
 .958 
 
 .0217 
 
 .758 
 
 .0420 
 
 .506 
 
 .0571 
 
 .379 
 
 .1022 
 
 20. 
 
 1.010 
 
 .0042 
 
 .500 
 
 .0195 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45. 
 
 .800 
 
 .00415 
 
 .405 
 
 .0107 
 
 .304 
 
 
 .180 
 
 .0185 
 
 .180 
 
 .0185 
 
 110. 
 
 .708 
 
 . 002C 
 
 .328 
 
 .0052 
 
 .189 
 
 .0073 
 
 .138 
 
 .0086 
 
 .138 
 
 .0086 
 
 140. 
 
 .643 
 
 .0020 
 
 .288 
 
 .0045 
 
 .150 
 
 .0065 
 
 .110 
 
 .0074 
 
 .110 
 
 .0074 
 
 170. 
 
 
 
 .227 
 
 
 .126 
 
 
 .055 
 
 
 • 055 
 
 I 
 
 h 
 
 
 Showing loss of Chlorine 
 
 after 
 
 first period 
 
 of 5 minutes 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 5. 
 
 .000 
 
 
 .242 
 
 
 .442 
 
 
 .694 
 
 
 .821 
 
 
 i 
 

 
 ■^1 -V- «.i*-ii-^il«-3ijldw^ 
 
 7 ' 
 
 
 y^r''‘ t't: 
 
 
 
 ■ 7 i' ,. ' < 
 
 ■ ' ' .' ■ r 
 
 m 
 
 
 . i .< 
 
 ■..^C i ^ ■' T Ml - rue ; ■ . .' 
 
 •j <• 
 }. :> 
 ^i* 
 
 <*» 
 
 /:,;i 
 
 I-,. -4'( r.itifii ^-' 
 
 ,e; 
 
 '■iM 
 
 tl 
 
 ,■' utf 
 
 ’ ;; I _ 0 . 
 V,''' 'Of 
 
 ■ '1 
 
 -i»— 
 
 ' .'JS» 
 
 I ;*:■:•■ 
 
 
 ^ ■ ■!?«> 
 
 . J' 'i 
 
 
 L.. 
 
 ^ [ 
 
 
 -': i’ 
 
 .i • 
 
 , t-s 
 
 
 • ' % 
 
 t * ' ! 
 
 I. 
 
 ■■ ‘M ■ ' 
 
 . \ \ \ n 
 
 i 
 
 I' - 
 
 
 • • 
 
 r- 
 
 ...iL. 
 
 ^ :.xi*c ' r 
 
 1 7 
 
 
 '■ ■< 
 
 l y ■■:. 
 
 ; n; 
 
 y. 
 
 < ,• '■ » 
 
 li> 
 
 ■<>'J 
 
 
 v'. .,;•' •, •;■ «;•'•■•„ . .•■' ••;.«C-.4iv 
 
( 
 
 1 
 

 
 -20- 
 
 
 
 
 Taole VII 
 
 
 
 Showing influence of addition of Bacterial cells to 
 
 reduction of r’ree Chlorine. 
 
 
 
 Volume ; 500 c.c. Distilled water 
 
 . Temperature 
 
 20°C. 
 
 Chlorine added; 1. 
 
 24 P.P.M. 
 
 
 
 
 (1) 
 
 (2) 
 
 
 
 Time min. 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 M. 
 
 K' 
 
 
 P.P.M. 
 
 P.P.M. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.24 
 
 
 
 ; 1. 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.14 
 
 .0000 
 
 .0000 
 
 20. 
 
 .957 
 
 . .957 
 
 .00379 
 
 .00379 
 
 30. 
 
 .708 
 
 .885 
 
 .00689 
 
 .00366 
 
 50. 
 
 .667 
 
 . V84 
 
 .00476 
 
 .00325 
 
 . 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 .456 
 
 .759 
 
 .00499 
 
 .00221 
 
 110. 
 
 .360 
 
 .682 
 
 .00454 
 
 .00203 
 
 140. 
 
 • 
 
 • 632 
 
 • 
 
 .00184 
 
 Taoles 1 and 2 v/ere run under similar conditions and 
 
 exactly parallel up 
 
 to nineteen minutes, at which time 
 
 one loop of B Coli was added to ho. 1 , nothing 
 
 being 
 
 added 
 
 to ho. 2. 
 
 
 
 
 Tests for T’ree Chlorine were continued as shown by 
 
 time intervals . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 -22- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table VIII 
 
 
 
 
 (1) ilo air thru solution. 
 
 
 
 
 (2) Passage 
 
 of a stream air thru solution. 
 
 
 Volume: One 
 
 liter, distilled water. 
 
 
 
 Temperature 
 
 20. °C. 
 
 
 
 
 (1) 
 
 ( 2 ) 
 
 (1) 
 
 (2) 
 
 Time rain. 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 K 
 
 K’ 
 
 
 P.P.M. 
 
 P.P.M. 
 
 No Air 
 
 Air . 
 
 1 . 
 
 .736 
 
 .736 
 
 - - - 
 
 - - - 
 
 15 
 
 .576 
 
 .576 
 
 .00714 
 
 .00714 
 
 30 
 
 .552 
 
 .414 
 
 .00416 
 
 .00830 
 
 45 
 
 
 .391 
 
 
 .00591 
 
 60 
 
 .506 
 
 .345 
 
 .00271 
 
 . 00565 
 
 75 
 
 
 .285 
 
 
 .00557 
 
 90 
 
 .391 
 
 .230 
 
 .00300 
 
 .00561 
 
 105 
 
 .368 
 
 .184 
 
 .00285 
 
 .00 574 
 
 150 
 
 .300 
 
 .092 
 
 .00260 
 
 .00600 
 
 IbO 
 
 .283 
 
 .083 
 
 .00242 
 
 .00520 
 
 210 
 
 .276 
 
 .073 
 
 .00201 
 
 .00486 
 
 Sample L, where 
 
 air was passed thru shows an almost 
 
 constant value for K' ,as in Table I; 
 
 the Chlorine being 
 
 mechanically removed , 
 
 hydrolysis of hypochlorite 
 
 pr oceeding 
 
 at a constant rate. 
 
 
 
 
s.. 
 
 . I 
 
 
 0 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 i ' . 
 
 :r 
 
 f- 
 
 1 
 
 , “ * ■ I '? I.. ' 
 
 r- 
 
 - ' - if 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 r • 
 
 f 
 
(24 ( 
 
 Section 2. 
 
 In the next series of tables and carves an effort 
 was made to study the gradually decreasing concentration 
 of bacteria after definite time intervals v;ith varying 
 conditions and ammounts of free chlorine to begin with. 
 
 Bacillus Coli was chosen as the organism for all 
 of xhe runs and a pure culture wasfirst ootained, then taking 
 all possible precaution to keep the strain as nearly 
 constant as possible , by making 24 hour transfers on 
 agar slants. 
 
 In making the innoculation to the water samples 
 no medium was added. J-n each case about two and a half 
 liters of water was sterilized at 15 pounds for a half 
 hour, and allowed to cool. 'I'his was innoculated with a 
 24 hour old culture by addition of one loop of coli from 
 the agar slant. i^’rom this flask it was poured into 
 sterilized flasks up to a five hundred c.c. mark, the proper 
 dilutions made and plated. This gives the original or 
 initial number of cells before addition of bleach. 
 
 A definite ammount of calcium hypochlorite , the 
 same solution as used in preceeding experiments, was used 
 as the source of the available chlorine ,, making pre- 
 liminary titrations as before to determine the strength of 
 the bleach . 
 
 ■^fter addition of chlorine the flasks were given a 
 
 slight rotating and shaking motion, and samples plated at 
 intervals of one minute after introduction of chlorine. 
 

 ' f/^vV v'^.' ..VI 
 
 
 
 PN*. 
 
 ’ ^ ' ' ‘ ' ■^' :■■'' ‘'I ■ V ''' -'ijA* '''<2!i 
 
 ►a'J i’" ‘^y. Aft f 
 
 I-.’ lift t<^ 
 
 •f ' 
 
 3i? 
 
 » . 
 
 .V 
 
 itB*' 
 
 
 ■ I Vi a«'X^4<l . "jcei -h^w ■ O'^ ' f»c f «MS|. aa 
 
 .. ‘ . i c lyf' ij’b.viOD'/ei '^'ff ■■jils'.U-f%i&:^’^^ ,:rf 
 
 
 
 r< ■ ;■■' 
 
 r 
 
 ^4 
 
 
 V..;.; 
 
 '"'•t 
 
 ^0 
 
 
 '.nti 
 
 
 U. j<-?.*xr i gusv . 
 
 
 ■ >vi ■* •‘:.' 
 
 , , ** I • '•■•■ ■•■ . _. ■ ■ »■' ' •• ‘r^ »>'*'■.• ■':*'> .• ^ .>.. '^.'■.•»_Y^.^- j. ',-,'<®' _.:»tr'- ■ 
 
 ' 1 
 
 . IV' 
 
 ,i5vx. ' V*H';j’ -''' ,■ - ^-Wf vt 
 
 ■MlfiL a4rt^:IMiw '■ 
 
 ST'(^^‘-. 
 fi' ¥ 
 
 • . ' . ... ' *,^‘’’'!|'** I ■■ (’ ' ' . - ‘ ' i'*' ■ ' 
 
 . ' I ’ * •^ ' ' • , - ‘ • 
 
 •I'V' ;.« 1 - ■ S... ■ ‘■. ' ■,,^. L‘'j 
 
 -*•‘•1 
 
 i ' .- 
 
 ^ ■»f , . *' , ^'-.:'!.x ' , ^:'YTwi > 
 
 ■ ’ 13 , ,' . ^ ' ' ,%' V' 
 
 ^mm al, 
 
 .'i^J ' in I i- • « ^ . 
 
 Vi 
 
 
 
 
-25- 
 
 TabLe .A, 
 
 Chlorine added: 0.250 P.P.M. 
 
 Volume water : 500 c.c. Distilled. 
 
 Innoculated with 24 hour 3. Coli. 
 
 Temperature 
 
 Time min. 
 
 3acter ia 
 surviver s 
 
 1. 
 
 10100 
 
 1 2. 
 
 5400 
 
 o. 
 
 450^ 
 
 4. 
 
 3800 
 
 5. 
 
 2500 
 
 7.5 
 
 1500 
 
 10. 
 
 400 
 
 15. 
 
 70 
 
 20. 
 
 18 
 
 25. 
 
 8 
 
 20 ° C. 
 
 LogD-Logl'l ’ 
 
 t -V 
 
 remova 
 
 .000 
 
 
 .136 
 
 49.0 
 
 .114 
 
 55.0 
 
 .106 
 
 62.0 
 
 .123 
 
 75.00 
 
 .110 
 
 85 . 5 
 
 .140 
 
 95.5 
 
 .143 
 
 98.0 
 
 .137 
 
 99.3 
 
 .124 
 
 99.8 
 

(27 ) 
 
 Tables 3 and C were ran simuLtaneoasIy asing 
 0.36 andO.24 parts per million of chlorine respectively. 
 
 In 3 at the end of 15 minutes there is practically 
 the same redaction as in C at thee end of 20 minutes, the 
 
 time required in these two series being practically propor- 
 tional to concentration of chlorine , for a 98% removal. 
 
 r’rom the curve it will oe noted that there is a 
 rather sudden drop in bacteria concentration upon the addi- 
 tion of the reagent, then a lag in disinfection ammounting 
 to a practical standstill for a certain time, followed by 
 sudden increase in rate of death, after which the reaction 
 proceeds more gradual and without any irregularity to 
 practically complete sterilization. 
 
 It is further noticible that the lag period for the 
 0.24 parts per million concentration is about 8 minutes, and 
 for the 0.36 parts per million is about 5 minutes or just 
 about inversely to chlorine, concentration. 
 
 In both series 3 and 'C the excess of chlorine which 
 might remain in solution was destroyed before plating by 
 the addition of a drop of II. 10 sterile sodium thiosulfate 
 to the petri dish. The sodium thiosulfate has no action 
 on the growth-of colonibs, as original counts before 
 adding bleach gave the same number with or without the 
 thio sulfate added as above. 
 
ll-L-fcH i v: ^.' ~i |>.* ^ <. '' t. i < Pg Q fe I ?t'ir >. -sft i^- > .;.4 t . - j»i.c 
 
 r^' 
 
 '.’■^iv---s!!*!S<i/'Vi i-Qi JO-J^ i<i VSiliiit' xViJ-' StiO'; 
 
 .'"' \V . tV’.'T'W 
 
 !^y.' ■_*'). *■ >. ' .,1 /f ^ "i * 
 
 •■'L/ • ■;- ncUMrhz . 
 
 LAIc ’ * . * j> ; * ■ . ® ■*, ■ ^ 
 
 ■1 
 
 I* ‘i 
 
 
 H ' ‘ six 1 
 
 
 ‘v' *’■’■” *. 'V , •■' *^Q iTciJ’ii*: ^ 
 
 h' •■ ■’ '■ ‘V ^^■•^"^^ 
 
 Mt. -t»V ‘2bf'r;T<-<i ri»i' V 
 
 ftP. V^4’^V6jfe-tV 'f.;'tlf4’'‘Mi T ^ i J I Ifr' nfe -6; T X£j(l ^^- hT- ^ 
 
 '^-- 
 
 t: ■ '■ '^ »* • ■ .'‘^ «' jr-v'4'' , '■ V' • ■•'' , .' ■ .>^'^' vj y. 
 
 _ : .®7m- Ui r<o y/i'o4^'4r.'^ ^/;- ;iijK 
 
 I;. ■ I, i. V • ' V ■ ' 'fc ' ' >'-.’*• *" ■ 5 • ' ^ <*’.^- ^ ■ .■• V ' '■,■.• 'M, i" ,'■ '3 h 
 
 •K < 'f 
 
 fr, -.. 
 
 
 ■ ^C. 
 
 
 
 ." ' ': ‘C«T >1^.1 ♦ 'i . ^cy 
 
 J' 
 
 V' ■ ■-. 
 
 ^Jt'f^ipd<^ 
 
 
 
 ki ' . ',Wvi;4 >:.>•: f a .y. 'HirpiiF'- .;.,• iVAw-f^ 
 
 r; ■ 1 - ' :.’j 
 

 ( B ) 
 
 Chlorine added: 
 0.360 P.P.M. 
 
 -28 
 
 Tahles 
 
 3 and C 
 
 ( c ) 
 
 Chlorine added : 
 0.240 P.P.IJ. 
 
 
 time 
 
 surv ’ rs 
 
 K 
 
 % rem'vl 
 
 time 
 
 surv’ rs 
 
 Z' 
 
 rem’ vl 
 
 min 
 
 
 
 
 min. 
 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 16000 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 0. 
 
 18000 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 12500 
 
 
 30.6 
 
 2. 
 
 10800 
 
 
 44.0 
 
 3. 
 
 12000 
 
 
 33.33 
 
 4. 
 
 LOOOO 
 
 
 44.0 
 
 5. 
 
 10000 
 
 
 
 5. 
 
 9800 
 
 .0000 
 
 44.5 
 
 6 . 
 
 12000 
 
 
 33.33 
 
 8. 
 
 5500 
 
 .084 
 
 45.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 9. 
 
 4300 
 
 .0894 
 
 69.1 
 
 10. 
 
 12500 
 
 .0000 
 
 33.33 
 
 10. 
 
 4000 
 
 .0789 
 
 77.5 
 
 11. 
 
 9600 
 
 .1150 
 
 46.70 
 
 
 
 
 
 12. 
 
 7650 
 
 .107 
 
 55.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 13. 
 
 5760 
 
 .112 
 
 68.6 
 
 15. 
 
 317 
 
 .0490 
 
 98.6 
 
 14. 
 
 4570 
 
 .109 
 
 75.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 15. 
 
 2810 
 
 .129 
 
 84.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 20. 
 
 350 
 
 . 1552 
 
 98.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 25. 
 
 130 
 
 .1322 
 
 99.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 30. 
 
 55 
 
 .1178 
 
 99.7 
 
 


 
 
 -30 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tables 
 
 D and S 
 
 
 
 
 ( D ) 
 
 
 
 f S ) 
 
 
 
 
 Chlorine: 0.500 P. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 Chlorine ; 
 
 0.500 P.B.! 
 
 tiiriE 
 
 sur ' vr s 
 
 K. 
 
 % rem'vl. 
 
 time 
 
 sur ' vrs 
 
 X' 
 
 % rem'vl 
 
 f 
 
 0. 
 
 17000 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 17000 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 10100 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 14000 
 
 
 17.5 
 
 4. 
 
 9150 
 
 .0672 
 
 
 3. 
 
 13400 
 
 .034 
 
 
 6. 
 
 11000 
 
 .0331 
 
 35.0 
 
 5. 
 
 12000 
 
 . 0303 
 
 29.0 
 
 " 8. 
 
 11000 
 
 .0236 
 
 35.0 
 
 9. 
 
 12000 
 
 .0167 
 
 
 : 10. 
 
 7400 
 
 .0361 
 
 
 13. 
 
 11500 
 
 .0131 
 
 
 1 16. 
 
 6400 
 
 .0265 
 
 
 19. 
 
 10400 
 
 .0114 
 
 39.0 
 
 20. 
 
 7200 
 
 • 
 
 59.0 
 
 24. 
 
 5400 
 
 .0207 
 
 68.0 
 
 30. 
 
 2200 
 
 .0296 
 
 87.0 
 
 29. 
 
 2760. 
 
 .0272 
 
 84.0 
 
 35. 
 
 1100 
 
 .0337 
 
 94.0 
 
 36. 
 
 840 
 
 .0357 
 
 95.0 
 
 40. 
 
 240 
 
 .0462 
 
 98.0 
 
 39. 
 
 520 
 
 .0389 
 
 97.0 
 
 45. 
 
 230. 
 
 .0413 
 
 98.5 
 
 44. 
 
 160 
 
 .0460 
 
 98.0 
 
 
 
 Tables 0 and 2 v/ere 
 
 run simultaneously , using 
 
 
 500 c.G, 
 
 of tap water and twelve 
 
 hour cultures. 
 
 
 
 
 In table no thiosulfate was added 
 
 to the petri 
 
 
 dish in 
 
 plating ,to neutralize the chlorine that may 
 
 
 remain 
 
 : while in 
 
 E one drop of thiosulfate was added as 
 
 
 in all previous runs. 
 
 
 
 
 
it 
 

 -32- 
 
 Tables F and G. 
 
 Chlorine added: 
 
 0.780 P.P.I.I. 
 
 Chlorine added: 
 0.780 P.P.IJ. 
 
 
 
 bac ter ia 
 
 E. 
 
 
 
 bacteria 
 
 E'. 
 
 
 time 
 
 sarviv 'r£ 
 
 
 removal 
 
 time 
 
 surviv 'r 5 
 
 ! 
 
 removal 
 
 ■ 0. 
 
 14000 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 11500 
 
 .0000 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 10240 
 
 
 26.7 
 
 2. 
 
 9300 
 
 .046 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 9600 
 
 .019 
 
 16.6 
 
 1 ' 5. 
 
 9860 
 
 
 27.5 
 
 6 . 
 
 10900 
 
 
 
 ' 7. 
 
 10240 
 
 
 30. 6 
 
 8. 
 
 8340 
 
 .019 
 
 19.8 
 
 9. 
 
 9700 
 
 
 40.5 
 
 10. 
 
 8340 
 
 .014 
 
 19.8 
 
 11 . 
 
 7360 
 
 
 42.5 
 
 12 
 
 7700 
 
 .015 
 
 33 . 0 
 
 13. 
 
 7080 
 
 
 42.5 
 
 14. 
 
 6060 
 
 .020 
 
 47.4 
 
 15. 
 
 6400 
 
 
 54.2 
 
 16. 
 
 4230 
 
 .021 
 
 63.2 
 
 1'/. 
 
 2630 
 
 
 83.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 19. 
 
 1580 
 
 
 88.9 
 
 20. 
 
 2650. 
 
 .026 
 
 77.0 
 
 21. 
 
 1200 
 
 
 91.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 23. 
 
 500 
 
 
 96.5 
 
 24 
 
 1700 
 
 .034 
 
 85.5 
 
 29. 
 
 250 
 
 
 97.8 
 
 30 
 
 1380 
 
 .031 
 
 87.5 
 
 34. 
 
 150 
 
 
 99.2 
 
 35. 
 
 830 
 
 .032 
 
 92.5 
 
 39. 
 
 100 
 
 
 99 . b 
 
 40. 
 
 780 
 
 .029 
 
 93.4 
 
 
 
 Tables 
 
 F and G were run Simultaneously on 
 
 
 
 500 c. c 
 
 . samples 
 
 of tap water , F 
 
 was unfiltered and 
 
 G 
 
 
 filtered, after being boiled to 
 
 precipitate Iron. 
 
 
 
 
 Samples 
 
 v/ere innoculater! with 12 
 
 hour cultures 
 
(33) 
 
 and plated at intervals of two rainates. 
 
 igain we have the sadden initial drop, followed 
 by a lag period and then a secondary drop or second 
 disinfection period, 
 
 I'liVci calues of h calculated as before we find 
 that the rate of dying is about the same as in tables 
 B and G, where- .500 P.P.LI. of chlorine was added to the 
 tap water. 
 

 fso. ,,, — 
 
 r' ••T\fi 
 
 .■S' 
 
 '> 
 
 If ■■■^i'r'-^>^^->-'% -ktM^v^’jm 
 
 
 1 ■'; 
 
 •.' 'n 
 ' i‘ 
 
 ! TJJ 
 
 \' - '7 ' 
 
 ' \ ■ ' ’ <» '■'■ ' ' •'’fi tWif 
 
 *V, ‘ • ,qiO'Tb X'aW^adi vrf*V6^‘‘«U»si^vL® ;:^ 
 
 fr’W . • ’ '" ’ ■ ! ^ ;■ vSSS&i'A .>}A'#.' .. V^, • /X'& \ vS^ijk' 
 
 Jv >.r .^i^/'<ioo.4Jfc». ft iW;v« 
 
 “ixj . ’.■' ' * »'/..r**vj^’ 'r ■■ 'V NjMflc.? ' 
 
 ],it '’((i^f *i^l>5i^ 'r^a<»' ealif 
 
 ' Tm* ' * ■ 
 
 ■V* V’V 
 
 * 1. 5. , ^V 
 
 
 ■ cr ,.v '■ ;.|fe 
 
 • j* ' rlrW'-™ ' ••" '^‘ vik. « ' • t ' ■ ' T^lW «riW^M 
 
 r; i 
 
 tt ■^•‘•'; |:,.,--f; ” ,■:&; ;.,;Q . ^ 
 
 . fc;' ., ■:•,• ", ■' '^ ■■?••': , /. 
 
 ■' i 
 
 pj-./ ■'•;?:■ V ' A* 
 
 
 -ij. If 
 
 m ik ^ ■■tj'.” ■.[ ■ ^USH- 'T*-' ^ 
 
 •v"*^ #: '■ ' i4,»'<v’ I& Vv »r F \ ■.', <'?4 J ^ W--7yK^ W,. .‘v‘ 
 
 
 • -Jr i o^ »7raTJ7u 
 
 ...»< ,V/7 . 
 
 “ir®^'.£ic5iS -7 -SaISi&S. 
 
• - 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 j 
 
 
 1 
 
 j 
 

 (H) 
 
 Chlorine added: 
 0.150 P.P.I/I. 
 
 -35- 
 
 Tables H 
 
 and T. 
 
 Chlorine added: 
 O.EOO P.P.M. 
 
 
 bime 
 
 surv ’ r s 
 
 K. 
 
 % 
 
 time 
 
 surv ' r s 
 
 K’ . 
 
 r-'l 
 
 min. 
 
 
 
 removal 
 
 min. 
 
 
 
 removal 
 
 0. 
 
 £1580 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 23800 
 
 
 
 I. 
 
 15000 
 
 .156 
 
 30.5 
 
 1. 
 
 5160 
 
 .664 
 
 77.2 
 
 i 
 
 11200 
 
 .0471 
 
 47.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1' L6. 
 
 3440 
 
 .0664 
 
 84.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 21. 
 
 1800 
 
 .0514 
 
 91.5 
 
 22. 
 
 1100 
 
 .0605 
 
 95.4 
 
 - 26. 
 
 1800 
 
 .0414 
 
 91.5 
 
 27. 
 
 672 
 
 .0574 
 
 97.0 
 
 • 
 
 to 
 
 680. 
 
 .0416 
 
 97.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 41. 
 
 783 
 
 .0351 
 
 
 42. 
 
 415 
 
 .0418 
 
 97.8 
 
 46. 
 
 480. 
 
 .0359 
 
 97.8 
 
 47. 
 
 200 
 
 .0440 
 
 99.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 55. 
 
 80 
 
 .0485 
 
 99.7 
 
 
 1 
 
 rabies H and I were run simultaneously using 
 
 
 
 appr oxamately the same number 
 
 of bacteria per c.c. but 
 
 with 
 
 
 tv/o concentrat i ons 
 
 of chlorine. 
 
 
 
 
 
 It will be 
 
 seen that 
 
 the same percent reduction 
 
 
 after 36 
 
 minutes in 
 
 the . 15 P 
 
 .P.M. 
 
 sample is 
 
 about the 
 
 same as 
 
 
 the 27 minute reduction of the .20 
 
 P.P.M. sample; or exactly 
 
 
 inversely 
 
 proportional to concentration; as was true 
 
 
t 
 
 t 
 
 •f 
 
 » * 
 
 
-56- 
 
 in the case of Tables (B) and (C) at 98 percent reduction. 
 
r 
 
(38) 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 L. The addition of Chlorine to distilled water is 
 
 followed hy a sadden drop in the initial concentration 
 of Chlorine and the rate of disappearance is rather 
 constant, following closely a logarithmic equasion 
 expressing a monomolecular reaction. 
 
 2. Organic matter in solution causes a great increase in 
 initial drop, the decrease at the end of first five 
 minutes being roughly proportional to the amraount of 
 organic matter in solution. 
 
 3. Bacterial cells behave in a similar manner to organic 
 matter in causing initial drop in chlorine concentra- 
 tion, with a constantly decreasing value in speed of 
 reduction as determined bjr K. 
 
 4. Aeration at atconstant rate removes the free chlorine 
 at a constant rate, causing disappearance to proceed 
 at the same rate as at beginning. 
 
 5. Death of bacteria is rapid at first, with a lag or 
 cessation of disinfection after about five minutes, 
 then followed by a second increase in disinfection to 
 about a 98 percent reduction, after half an hour to 
 forty minutes but without complete sterility after 
 one or two hours. 
 
 6. The rate of disinfection cannot be assumed to follow 
 a simple exponential law as expressed by the monomol- 
 ecular or law of adsorption, altho there is some rela- 
 tion to exponential values. 
 

 
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 (3^ 
 
 HEF3RFBCES. 
 
 A, 
 
 Kronig and Paul 
 
 Journal of Hygiene. 
 
 B. 
 
 Henrietta Chick 
 
 Journal of Hygiene Yol YIII 
 
 C. 
 
 C.M. Hilliard. College of City of Hew York. 
 
 Society for Experimental Biology. Ho. 9. 
 
 1912. 
 
 B. 
 
 Jos. vV. Films. Cincinnati Ohio. 
 
 Engineering Hews Hecord. Yol. 63 P. 471. 
 Effect of hleach on bacterial life in water. 
 
 
 B. Philbrick. San Francisco Cal. 
 
 Engineering Hews Record. Yol. 65. 
 
 Sterilization action of bleach. 
 
 F. 
 
 F.F. Yestbr ook & H. A. vYhittaker . Minneapolis I, linn. 
 
 Journ. American public Health Association. 
 Resistance of certain bacteria to bleach. 
 
 G. 
 
 Hoyes /s?.A. and Yhitney 
 
 Lewis’ System of ph:/sical chemistry. 
 Investigati on of velocity of dissolution. 
 7eit. Physik. Chem. Y.23 P 689. 
 
 H. 
 
 J.M.Helson & vV.C . Yosbu^g. Columbia University. 
 
 Journ. American Chem. Soc. Yol. 39 P.790 
 
 Kinetics of -‘•nvertase action. 
 
 I. 
 
 Determination of small ammounts of chlorine by 
 ortho toludin. 
 
 J. Ind. Eng. Chem. Yol. 6 P. 553 
 
 J. Ind. Eng. Chem. Yol. 5 P. 915-1030 
 
 J. 
 
 University Bulletin Ho 5 
 
 Bulletin State Water Survey, p 34. 
 
. V 
 
 
 
 V 
 
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 lljlljL 
 
This work was hegan under the direction of 
 Professor Edward Bartow, and completed Later 
 under supervision of Professor 1, M. Buswell. 
 
 llany vaLuahLe suggestions were also given 
 hy Dr. H. E. Greenfield. 
 
 I v/ish to take this opportunity to express 
 my appreciation and thanks for the interest 
 shown in this work by these gentlemen.