342.73 / ■ wW ER^TrT )R £gon library diversity of Ore, " 2 . Librattr Eugene,, Oregon IT 9 ff,r *^v f»- LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOP m ‘ - tcuv ; APR 20 iu, LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATIVE THERETO, COM- PARED WITH THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE IV, MICHIGAN CONSTITUTION. [Compiled by the Michigan Legislative Reference Department for the Committee on Printing of the Constitutional Convention of 1907.] • ( N. B. — As constitutional provisions are differently grouped in sections in different states, no sharp classification can be made and topics will sometimes be found under other headings. LEGISLATIVE POWER VESTED. (5) Sec. 1. The legislative power is vested in a senate and house of representatives. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 44. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in a legis- lature, which shall consist of a senate and a house of representatives. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 1. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in a gen- eral assembly, which shall consist of the senate and house of represen- tatives.— Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 1. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in a senate and assembly, which shall be designated the legislature of the state of California; and the enacting clause of every law shall be as follows: ‘‘The people of the state of California, represented in senate and assem- * bly, do enact as follows.”— Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 1. The legislative power shall be vested in the general assembly, and shall consist of a senate and house of representatives, both to be elected by the people. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 1. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in two dis- tinct houses or branches; the one to be styled the senate, the other the 860284 t 2 house of representatives, and both together the general assembly. The style of their laws shall be, Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives in general assembly convened. — Conn. (1818), Art. 3. Sec. 1. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 1. The legislative authority of this state shall be voted in a senate and a house of representatives, which shall be designated, “The legisla- ture of the state of Florida,” and the sections thereof shall be held at the seat of government of the state. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 1. Par. 1. The legislative power of the state shall be vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate and house of repre- sentatives. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 7. Par. 22. The general assembly shall have power to make all laws and ordinances consistent with this constitution, and not repug- nant to the constitution of the United States, which they shall deem necessary and proper for the welfare of the state. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 1. The legislative power of the state shall be vested in a senate and house of representatives. The enacting clause of every bill shall be as follows : “Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Idaho.” — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 1. The legislative power shall be vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives, both to be elected by the people. — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 1. The legislative authority of the state shall be vested in a gen- eral assembly, which shall consist of a senate and house of represen- tatives. The style of every law shall be, “Be it enacted by the general assemblv of the state of Indiana;” and no law shall be enacted except by bill. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 16. Each house shall have all powers necessary for a branch of the legislative department of a free and independent state. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 1. The legislative authority of this state shall be vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate and house of repre- sentatives; and the style of every law shall be — “Be it enacted by the general assembly of the state of Iowa .” — Ioica (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 1. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in a house of representatives and senate. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 29. The legislative power shall be vested in a house of represen- tatives and a senate, which, together, shall be styled the “General as- sembly of the commonwealth of Kentucky.” — Ky. (1891), Sec. 29. I 34a. 73 jvjsrJL su 3 n* r\ ' ^ rv V N Art. 21. The legislative power of the state shall be vested in a gen- eral assemblv, which shall consist of a senate and house of representa- tives.— La. (1898), Art. 21. Sec. 1. The legislative power shall be vested in two distinct branches, a house of representatives, and a senate, each to have a negative on the other, and both to be styled the legislature of Maine and the style of their acts and laws, shall bo, “Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives in legislature assembled.” — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 1. Sec. 1. The legislature shall consist of two distinct branches — a senate and a house of delegates — and shall be styled the general assembly of Maryland. — Aid. (1867), Art. 3. Art. 1. The department of legislation shall be formed by two branches, a senate and house of representatives, each of which shall have a negative on the other. [The general court shall assemble every year on the first Wednesday of January and do all the other acts which are by the con- stitution required to be made and done at the session which has hereto- fore commenced on the last Wednesday of May. And the general court shall be dissolved on the day next preceding the said first Wednesday of January, without any proclamation or other act of the governor. But nothing herein contained shall prevent the general court from as- sembling at such other times as they shall judge necessary, or when called together by the governor,] and shall be styled the general court of Massachusetts. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 1, Art. 1 (Amdt.). Art. 4. And further, full power and authority are hereby given and granted to the said general court, from time to time to make, ordain, and establish, all manner of wholesome and reasonable orders, laws, statutes, and ordinances, directions and instructions, either with penalties or with- out ; so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this constitution, as they shall judge to be for the good and welfare of this commonwealth, and for the government and ordering thereof, and of the subjects of the same, and for the necessary support and defence of the government thereof ; and to name and settle annually, or provide by fixed laws for the naming and settling, all civil officers within the said commonwealth, the election and constitution of whom are not hereafter in this form of gov- ernment otherwise provided for; and to set forth the several duties, pow- ers, and limits, of the several civil and military officers of this common- wealth, and the forms of such oaths or affirmations as shall be respect- ively administered unto them for the execution of their several offices and places, so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this constitution ; and to impose and levy proportional and reasonable assessments, rates, and taxes, upon all the inhabitants of, and persons resident, and estates lying, within the said commonwealth; and also to impose and levy rea- sonable duties and excises upon any produce, goods, wares, merchandise, and commodities, whatsoever, brought into, produced, manufactured, or being within the same; to be issued and disposed of by warrant, under the hand of the governor of this commonwealth for the time being, with the advice and consent of the council, for the public service, in the neces- sary defence and support of the government of the said commonwealth. 4 and the protection and preservation of the subjects thereof, according ' to such acts as are or shall be in force within the same. And while the public charges of government, or any part thereof, shall be assessed on polls and estates, in the manner that has hitherto been practiced, in order that such assessments may be made with equality, there shall be a valuation of estates within the commonwealth, taken anew once in every ten years at least, and as much oftener as the gen- eral court shall order. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 1, Sec. 1, Art. 4. Sec. 1. The legislature shall consist of the senate and house of rep- resentatives, which shall meet biennially at the seat of government of the state, at such time as shall be prescribed by law, but no session shall exceed the term of ninety (90) legislative days; and no new bill «haii be introduced in either branch, except on the written request of the governor, during the last twenty (20) days of such sessions, except the attention of the legislature shall be called to some important matter of general interest by a special message from the governor. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4 (Arndt. 1888). Sec. 33. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in the leg- islature, which shall consist of a senate and a house of representatives. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 1. Subject to the limitations herein contained, shall be vested in a senate and house of representatives, to be styled “The general assem- bly of the state of Missouri.” — _l/o. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 1. The legislative power shall be vested in a senate and house of representatives, which shall be designated “The legislative assembly of the state of Montana.” — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 1. The legislative authority is vested in a senate and house of representatives. — Neb. (1815), Art. 3. Sec. 1. The legislative authority of this state shall be vested in a senate and assembly, which shall be designated “The legislature of the state of Nevada,” and the sessions of such legislature shall be held at the seat of government of the state. — Ncv. (1864), Art. 4. Art. 2. The supreme legislative power within this state shall be vested in the senate and house of representatives, each of which shall have a negative on the other. — N. H. Part 2, Art. 2. Art. 4. The general court shall forever have full power and authority to erect and constitute judicatories and courts of record or other courts, to be holden in the name of the state, for the hearing, trying, and deter- mining all manner of crimes, offences, pleas, processes, plaints, actions, causes, matters and things whatsoever, arising or happening within this state, or between or concerning persons inhabiting, or residing, or brought within the same, whether the same be criminal or civil, br whether the crimes be capital or not capital, and whether the said pleas be real, per- sonal, or mixed, and for the awarding and issuing execution thereon, to A which courts and judicatories are hereby given and granted full power and authority, from time to time, to administer oaths or affirmations for the better discovery of truth in any matter in controversy or depend- ing before them. — N. H. Part 2, Art. 4. Art. 5. And, further, full power and authority are hereby given and granted to the said general court, from time to time, to make, ordain, and establish all manner of wholesome and reasonable orders, laws, stat- utes, ordinances, directions, and instructions, either with penalties or without, so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this constitution, as they may judge for the benefit and welfare of this state and for the governing and ordering thereof and of the subjects of the same, for the necessary support and defence of the- government thereof, and to name ' and settle biennially, or provide by fixed laws for the naming and set- tling of, all civil officers within this state, such officers excepted the elec- tion and appointment of whom are hereafter in this form of government otherwise provided for; and to set forth the several duties, powers, and limits of the several civil and military officers of this state, and the forms of such oaths or affirmations as shall be respectively administered unto them for the execution of their several offices and places, so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this constitution ; and also to impose fines, mulcts, imprisonments, and other punishments; and to impose and levy proportional and reasonable assessments, rates, and taxes upon all the inhabitants of, and residents within, the said state, and upon all estates within the same, to be issued and disposed of by warrant, under the hand of the governor of this state for the time being, with the advice and con- sent of the council, for the public service, in the necessary defence and support of the government of this state and the protection and preserva- tion of the subjects thereof, according to such acts as are or shall be in force within the same : Provided, That the general court shall not author- ize any town to loan or give its. money or credit, directly or indirectly, for the benefit of any corporation having for its object a dividend of profits, or in any way aid the same by taking its stock or bonds. — A. H. Part 2, Art. 5. 1. The legislative power shall be vested in a senate and general as- sembly. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 1, Cl. 1. Sec. 1. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in the senate, and assembly. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 1. The legislative authority shall be vested in two distinct branches, both dependent on the people, to wit : A senate and house of representatives. — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 25. The legislative power shall be vested in a senate and house of representatives. — A 7 . Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 52. The senate and house of representatives jointly shall be desig- nated as the legislative assemblv of the state of North Dakota. — -N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. ¥ 6 Sec. 1. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate, and house of representatives. — Ohio. (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 1 . The legislative authority of the state shall be vested in a legis- lature, consisting of a senate and a house of representatives; but the people reserve to themselves the power to propose laws and amendments to the constitution and to enact or reject the same at the polls inde- pendent of the legislature, and also reserve power at their own option, to approve or reject at the polls anv act of the legislature. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 2. The first power reserved by the people is the initiative, and eight per centum of the legal voters shall have the right to propose any legislative measure, and fifteen per centum of the legal voters shall have the right to propose amendments to the constitution by petition, and every such petition shall include the full text of the measure so proposed. The second power is the referendum, and it may be ordered (except as to laws necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety), either by petition signed by five per centum of the legal voters or by the legislature as other bills are enacted. The ratio and per centum of legal voters herein before stated shall be based upon the total number of votes cast at the last general election for the state office receiving the highest number of votes at such election. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 3. Referendum petitions shall be filed with the secretary of state not more than ninety, days after the final adjournment of the session of the legislature which passed the bill on which the referendum is de- manded. The veto power of the governor shall not extend to measures voted on by the people. All elections on measures referred to the people of the state shall be had at the next election held throughout the state, except when the legislature or the governor shall order a special election for the express purpose of making such reference. Any measure re- ferred to the people by the initiative shall take effect and be in force when it shall have been approved by a majority of the votes cast in such elec- tion. Any measure referred to the people by the referendum shall take effect and be in force when it shall have been approved by a majority of the votes cast thereon and not otherwise. The style of all bills shall be: “Be it enacted by the people of the state of Oklahoma.” Petitions and orders for the initiative and for the referendum shall be filed with the secretary of state and addressed to the governor of the state, who shall submit the same to the people. The legislature shall make suitable provisions for carrying into effect the provisions of this article. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 4. The referendum may be demanded by the people against one or more items, sections, or parts of any act of the legislature in the same manner in which such power may be exercised against a complete act. The filing of a referendum petition against one or more items, sections, or parts of an act shall not delay the remainder of such act from becoming operative. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. 7 Sec. 5. The powers of the initiative and referendum reserved to the people by this constitution for the state at large, are hereby further re- served to the legal voters of every county and district therein, as to all local legislation, or action, in the administration of county and district government in and for their respective counties and districts. The manner of exercising said powers shall be prescribed by general laws, except that boards of county commissioners may provide for the time of exercising the initiative and referendum powers as to local legis- lation in their respective counties and districts. The requisite number of petitioners for the invocation of the initiative and referendum in counties and districts shall bear twice, or double, the ratio to the whole number of legal voters in such county or district, as herein provided therefor in the state at large. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 6. Any measure rejected by the people through the powers of the initiative and referendum cannot be again proposed by the initiative within three years thereafter by less than twenty -five per centum of the 9 legal voters. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 7. The reservation of the powders of the initiative and referendum in this article shall not deprive the legislature of the right to repeal any law T , propose or pass any measure, wh^ich may be consistent with the con- stitution of the state and the constitution of the United States. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 8. Laws shall be provided to prevent corruption in making, pro- curing and submitting initiative and referendum petitions. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 36. The authority of the legislature shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation, and any specific grant of authority in this consti- tution, upon any subject whatsoever, shall not work a restriction, limita- tion, or exclusion of such authority upon the same or any other subject or subjects whatsoever. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 1. The legislative authority of the state shall be vested in a legislative assembly, consisting of a senate and house of representatives, but the people reserve to themselves power to propose laws and amend- ments to the constitution and to enact or to reject the same at the polls, independent of the legislative assembly, and also reserve power at their own option to approve or reject at the polls any act of the legislative as- sembly. The first power reserved by the people is the initiative, and not more than eight per cent of the legal voters shall be required to proposd any measure by such petition, and every such petition shall include the full text of the measure so proposed. Initiative petitions shall be filed with the secretary of state not less than four months before the election at which they are to be voted upon. The second power is the referendum, and it may be ordered (except as to laws necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health or safety), either by the petition signed by five per cent of the legal voters, or by the legislative assembly, as other bills are enacted. Referendum petitions shall be filed with the secretary of state not more than ninety days after the final adjourn- 8 ment of the session of the legislative assembly which passed the bill on which the referendum is demanded. The veto power of the governor shall not extend to measures referred to the people. All elections on measures referred to the people shall be had at the biennial regular general elections, except when the legislative assembly shall order a special election. Any measure referred to the people shall take effect and become the law when it is approved by a majority of the votes cast thereon, and not otherwise. The style of all bills shalf be : “Be it enacted by the people of the state of Oregon.” This section shall not be con- strued to deprive any member of the legislative assembly of the right to introduce any measure. The whole number of votes cast "for justice of the supreme court at the regular election last preceding the filing of any petition for the initiative or for the referendum shall be the basis on which the number of legal voters necessary to sign such petition shall be counted. Petitions and orders for the initiative and for the referen- dum shall be filed with the secretary of state, and in submitting the same to the people he, and all other officers, shall be guided by the general laws and the act submitting this amendment, until legislation shall be especially provided therefor. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. la. The referendum may be demanded by the people against one or more items, sections or parts of any act of the legislative assembly, in the same manner in which such power nnay be exercised against a com- plete act. The filing of a referendum petition against one or more items, sections or parts of an act shall not delay the remainder of that act from becoming operative. The initiative and referendum powers reserved to the people by this constitution are hereby further reserved to all local, special and municipal legislation of every character, in and for their respective municipalities and districts. The manner of exercising said powers shall be prescribed by general laws, except that cities and towns may provide for the manner of exercising the initiative and referendum powers as to their municipal legislation. Not more than ten per cent of the legal voters may be required to order the referendum nor more than fifteen per cent to propose any measure, by the initiative, in any city or town. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 17. Each house shall have all powers necessary for a branch of the legislative department of a free and independent state. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4, Sec. 17. Sec. 1. The legislative power of this commonwealth shall be vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate and a house of representatives. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 2. The legislative power, under this constitution, shall be vested in two houses, the one to be called the senate, the other the house of representatives; and both together the general assembly. Tli concur- rence of the two houses shall be necessary to the enactment of laws. The style of their laws shall be, It is enacted by the general assembly as follows: — R. I. (1842), Art 4. Sec. 1. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in two 9 distinct branches, the one to be styled the “senate” and the other the “house of representatives,” and both together the “general assembly of the state of South Carolina.” — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 1. The legislative power shall be vested in a legislature which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives. Except that the people expressly reserve to themselves the right to propose measures, which measures the legislature shall enact and submit to a vote of the electors of the state, and also the right to require that any laws which the legislature may have enacted shall be submitted to a vote of the electors of the state before going into effect, (except such laws as may be necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health or safety, support of the state government and its existing public in- stitutions.) Provided, That not more than five per centum of the qualified electors of the state shall be required to invoke either the initiative or the refer- endum. This section shall not be construed so as to deprive the legislature or any member thereof of the right to propose any measure. The veto power of the executive shall not be exercised as to measures referred to a vote of the people. This section shall apply to municipalities. The enacting clause of all laws approved by vote of the electors of the state shall be: “Be it enacted by the people of South Dakota.” The legis- lature shall make suitable provisions for carrying into effect the pro- visions of this section. — 8. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 3. The legislative authority of this state shall be vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate and house of repre- sentatives, both dependent on the people, who shall hold their offices for two years from the day of the general election. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 1. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in a senate and house of representatives, which together shall be styled “The legis- lature of the state of Texas.” — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 1. The legislative power of this state shall be vested: 1. In a senate and- house of representatives, which shall be designated the legislature of the state of Utah. 2. The people of the state of Utah, as hereinafter stated: The legal voters, or such fractionaUpart thereof, of the state of Utah, as may be provided by law, under such conditions, and in such manner and within such time as may be provided by law, may initiate any desired legislation and cause the same to be submitted to a vote of the people for approval or rejection, or may require any law passed by the legislature, (except those passed by a two-thirds vote of the members elected to each house of the legislature) to be submitted to the voters of the state before such law shall take effect. The legal voters or such fractional part thereof as may be provided by law, of any legal subdivision of the state, under such conditions and in such manner and within such time as may be provided by law, may in- itiate any desired legislation and cause the same to be submitted to a rote of the people of said legal subdivision for approval or rejection, or 2 — Legislative Dept. 10 may require any law or ordinance passed by the law-making body of said legal subdivision to be submitted to the voters thereof before such law or ordinance shall take effect . — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 2. The supreme legislative power shall be vested in a house of representatives of the freemen of the commonwealth, or state of Ver- mont.— Ft. (1793), Chap. 2. Art. 3. The supreme legislative power of this state shall hereafter be exercised by a senate and the house of representatives; which shall be styled “The general assembly of the state of Vermont.” Each shall have and exercise the like powers in all acts of legislation; and no bill, reso- lution, or other thing, which shall have been passed by the one, shall have the effect of, or be declared to be, a law, without the concurrence of the other: Provided, That all revenue bills shall originate in the house of representatives, but the senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. Neither house during the session of the general assembly, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that, in which the two houses shall be sitting, and in case of disagreement between the two houses, with respect to adjournment, the governor may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper. — Vt. (1793), Arndt. Art. 3. Sec. 9. The representatives so chosen (a majority of whom shall con- stitute a quorum for transacting any other business than raising a state tax, for which two-tliirds of the members elected shall be present) shall meet on the second Thursday of the succeeding October, and shall be styled “The general assembly of the state of Vermont;” they shall have power to choose their speaker, secretary of state, their clerk, and their necessary officers of the house, sit on their own adjournments, prepare bills and enact them into laws, judge of the elections and qualifications of their own members; they may expel members, but not for causes known to their constituents antecedent to their election ; they may ad- minister oaths and affirmations in matters depending before them, re- dress grievances, impeach state criminals, grant charters of incorpora- tion, constitute towns, boroughs, cities and counties; they may annually on their first session after their election, in conjunction with the council (or oftener if need be) elect judges of the supreme and several county and probate courts, sheriffs and justices of the peace; and also, with the council, may elect major-generals and brigadier-generals, from time to time, as often as there 'shall be occasion; and they shall have all other powers necessary for the legislature of a free and sovereign state ; but they shall have no power to add to, alter, abolish, or infringe any part of this constitution. — Vt. (1793), Chap. 2. Sec. 40. The legislative power of the state shall be vested in a gen- eral assembly, which shall consist of a sepate and house of delegates. — Va. (1902) , Art. 4. Sec. 1. The legislative powers shall be vested in a senate and house of representatives, which shall be called the legislature of the state of Washington. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. 11 Sec. 1. The legislative power shall be vested in a senate and house of delegates. The style of their acts shall be, “Be it enacted by the legis- lature of West Virginia.” — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. i. The legislative power shall be vested in a senate and assem- bly.— Wis. (1848), Art. 4. Sec. 1. The legislative power shall be vested in a senate and house of representatives, which shall be designated “The legislature of the state of Wyoming.” — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. POWER OF INVESTIGATION. Sec. 10. Either house shall have power to compel the attendance of witnesses upon any investigations held by itself, or by any of its commit- tees ; the manner of the exercise of such power shall be provided by law. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 24. The house of delegates may inquire, on the oath of witnesses, into all complaints, grievances and offenses, as the grand inquest of the state, and may commit any person for any crime to the public jail, there to remain until discharged by due course of law. They may ex- amine and pass all accounts of the state, relating either to the collection or expenditure of the revenue, and appoint auditors to state and adjust the same. They may call for all public or official papers and records, and send for persons whom they may judge necessary, in the course of their inquiries, concerning affairs relating to the public interest, and may direct all office bonds which shall be made payable to the state to be sued for any breach thereof; and with the view to the more certain pre- vention or correction of the abuses in the expenditures of the money of the state, the general assembly shall create, at every session thereof, a joint standing committee of the senate and house of delegates, wiio shall have powder to send for persons and examine them on oath and call for public and official papers and records ; and w’hose duty it shall be to ex- amine and report upon all contracts made for printing, stationery, and purchases of the public offices and the library, and all expenditures therein; and upon all matters of alleged abuse in expenditures, to which their attention may be called by resolution of either house of the general assembly. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. POW r ER OF SUSPENDING LAW’S. Sec. 21. That no pow’er of suspending law^s shall be exercised except by the legislature. — Ala. (1901), Art. 1. Sec. 12. No powder of suspending or setting aside the law T or law r s of the state shall ever be exercised except by the general assemblv. — Ark. (1874), Art. 2. Sec. 10. No pow’er of suspending law’s shall be exercised but by au- thority of the general assembly. — Del. (1897), Art. 1. 12 Sec. 26. The operation of the laws shall never be suspended, except by the authority of the general assembly. — Ind. (1851), Art. 1. Sec. 15. No power to suspend laws shall be exercised, unless by the general assembly or its authority. — Ky. (1891), Bill of Rights. Art. 168. No power of suspending the laws of this state shall be ex- ercised unless bv the general assembly, or bv its authority. — La. (1898), Art. 168. Sec. 13. The laws shall not be suspended but by the legislature or its authority. — Me. (1819), Art. 1. Art. 9. That no power of suspending laws or the execution of laws, unless by, or derived from the legislature, ought to be exercised, or al- lowed. — Md. (1867), Dec. of Rights. Art. 20. The power of suspending the laws, or the execution of the laws, ought never to be exercised but by the legislature, or by authority derived from it, to be exercised in such particular cases only as the legislature shall expressly provide for. — Mass. (1780), Part 1. Art. 29. The power of suspending the laws or the execution of them ought never to be exercised but by the legislature, or by authority de- rived therefrom, to be exercised in such particular cases only as the legislature shall expressly provide for. — X. H., Part 1. Sec. 9. All power of suspending laws, or the execution of lgws, by any authority, without the consent of the representatives of the people, is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be exercised. — X. C. (1875), Art. 1, Sec. 9. Sec. 18. No power of suspending laws shall ever be exercised, ex- cept by the general assembly. — Ohio (1851), Art. 1. Sec. 22. The operation of the laws shall never be suspended except by the authority of the legislative assembly. — Ore. (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 12. No power of suspending laws shall be exercised unless by the legislature, or by its authority. — Pa. (1873), Art. 1. Sec. 13. The power of suspending the laws or the execution of the laws shall only be exercised by the general assembly or by its authority in particular cases expressly provided for by it. — S. C. (1895) , Art. 1. Sec. 21. No power of suspending laws shall be exercised unless by the legislature or its authority. — S. D. (1889), Art. 6. Sec. 28. No power of suspending laws in this state shall be exercised except by the legislature. — Tex. (1875), Art. 1. Art. 15. The power of suspending laws, or the executions of laws, 13 ought never to be exercised but by the legislature, or by authority derived from it, to be exercised in such particular cases, as this constitution or the legislature shall provide for. — Vt. (1793), Chap. 1. Sec. 7. That all power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by any authority, without consent of the representatives of the people, is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be exercised. — Va. (1902), Art. 1. SENATE AND SENATORIAL DISTRICTS. (6) Sec. 2. The senate shall consist of thirty-two members. Sena- tors shall he elected for tioo years and hy single districts. Such dis- tricts shall he numbered from one to thirty-two inclusive , each of which shall choose one senator. No county shall he divided in the formation of senate districts , except such county shall he equitably entitled to two or more senators. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 50. The legislature shall consist of not more than thirty-five senators, and not more than one hundred and five members of the house of representatives, to be apportioned among the several districts and counties as prescribed in this constitution : Provided , That in ad- dition to the above number of representatives each new county here- after created shall be entitled to one representative. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 107. The whole number of senators shall not be less than one- fourth, or more than one-third of the whole number of representatives. — Ala. (1901), Art. 9. Sec. 2. The senate shall never consist of less than thirty nor more than thirty-five member. — Ark. (1879), Art. 5. Sec. 3. The senate shall consist of members to be chosen every four years by the qualified electors of the several districts. At the first session of the senate the senators shall divide themselves into two classes by lot, and the first class shall hold their places for two years only, after which all shall be elected for four years. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 3. Senatorial districts shall at all times consist of contiguous territory, and no county shall be divided in the formation of a sena- torial district. — Ark. (1874), Art. 8. Sec: 5. The senate shall consist of forty members, and the assembly of eighty members, to be elected by districts, numbered as hereinafter provided. The seats of the twenty Senators elected in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-two from the odd-numbered districts shall be va- cated at the expiration of the second year, so that one half of the sen : ators shall be elected every two years : Provided, That all the senators elected at the first election under this constitution shall hold office for the term of three years.— Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 3. Senators shall be elected for the term of four years except 14 as hereinafter provided, and represenatives for the term of two years. — Colo. (1876) , Art. 5. Sec. 5. The senators at their first session, shall be divided into two classes. Those elected in districts designated by even numbers shall constitute one class: those elected in districts designated by odd num- bers shall constitute the other class, except that senators elected in each of the districts having more than one senator shall be equally divided between the two classes. The senators of one class shall hold for two years; those of the other class shall hold for four years — to be decided by lot between the two classes, so that one-half of the senators, as near as practicable, may be biennially chosen forever thereafter. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 46. The senate shall consist of twenty-six, and the house of representatives of forty-nine members, which number shall not be in- creased until the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety, after which time the general assembly may increase the number of senators and representatives, preserving as near as may be the present proportion as to the number in each house : Provided. That the aggre- gate number of senators and representatives shall never exceed one hun- dred. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 1. From and after the Wednesday after the first Monday of Jan- uary, 1905, the senate shall be composed of not less than twenty-four and not more than thirty-six members, who shall be elected at the elec- tors' meetings held biennially on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. — Conn. (1818), Arndt. Art. 31. Sec. 2. The house of representatives shall be composed of thirty -five members, who shall be chosen for two years. The senate shall be com- posed of seventeen members, who shall he chosen for four years. — Del. (1897), Art. 2, Sec. 2. Sec. 2. The legislature shall consist of not more than thirty-two members of the senate, and of not more than sixty-eight members of the hones of representatives. The members of the house of representa- tives shall be elected for terms of two years, and the members of the senate shall be elected for terms of four years, except as hereinafter provided. The elections for members of the house of representatives and senate shall be at the same time and places. The terms of office of the senators elected in October A. D. 1896, shall expire on the first Tues- day after the first Monday in November A. D. 1900, and the terms of those elected in November A. 1). 1898, shall expire on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November A. 1). 1902, and thereafter all sena- tors shall be elected for four years. — Fla. (1885), Art 7 (Arndt. 1896). Sec. 4. When any senatorial district is composed of two or more counties, the counties of which such district consists shall not be en- tirely separated by any county belonging to another district. Any new county that may be created shall be entitled to one member in the house •of representatives until the next apportionment thereafter; and shall 15 be assigned when created to one of the adjoining senatorial districts as shall be determined by the legislature. — Fla. (1885), Art. 7. Sec. 2. Par. 1. The senate shall consist of forty-four members. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 4. Par. 1. The members of the general assembly shall be elected for two years, and shall serve until their successors are elected. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 2. The senate shall consist of eighteen members and the house of representatives of thirty-six members. The legislature may increase the number of senators and representatives: Provided , The number of senators shall never exceed twenty-four, and the house of representatives shall never exceed sixty members. The senators and representatives shall be chosen by the electors of the respective counties or districts into which the state may from time to time be divided by law . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 5. A senatorial or representative district, when more than one county shall constitute the same, shall be composed of contiguous coun- ties and no county shall be divided in creating such districts . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 2. The senate shall not exceed fifty, nor the house of representa- tives one hundred members; and they shall be chosen by the electors of the respective counties or districts into which the state may, from time to time, be divided. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 6. A senatorial or representative district, where more than one county shall constitute a district, shall be composed of contiguous counties; and no county, for senatorial apportionment, shall ever be divided. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 5. Senators shall be chosen for the term of four years at the same time and place as representatives; they shall be twenty -five years of age, and possess the qualifications of representatives as to residence and citizenship . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 6. The number of senators shall not be less than one-third nor more than one-half the representative body; and shall be so classified by lot that one class, being as nearly one-half as possible, shall be elected every two years. When the number of senators is increased, they shall be annexed by lot to one or the other of the two classes, so as to keep them as nearly equal in numbers as practicable . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 34. The senate shall be composed of fifty members to be elected from the several senatorial districts, established by law and at the next session of the general assembly held following the taking of the state and national census, they shall be apportioned among the several coun- 1G ties or districts of the state, according to population as shown by the last preceding census . — Ioiva (1857), Art. 3 (Amdt.). Sec. 37. When a congressional, senatorial, or representative district shall be composed of two or more counties, it shall not be entirely separated by any county belonging to another district; and no county shall be divided in forming a congregational, senatorial, or representa- tive district . — Ioica (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 2. The number of representatives and senators shall be regulated by law, but shall never exceed one hundred and twenty-five representa- tives and forty senators. From and after the adoption of this amend- ment tire house of representatives shall admit one member for each county in which at least two hundred and fifty legal votes were cast at the next preceding general election; and each organized county in which less than two hundred legal voters were cast at the next preceding general election shall be attached to and constitute a part of the repre- sentative district of the county lying next adjacent to it on he east. — Kan. (1857), Art. 2 (Amdt. 1873). Art. 19. The general assembly, in every year in which it shall ap- portion representation in the house of representatives, shall divide the state into senatorial districts. No parish shall be divided in the forma- tion of a senatorial district, the parish of Orleans excepted. Whenever a new parish is created, it shall be attached to the senatorial district from which most of its territory is taken, or to another contiguous district, at the discretion of the general assembly, but shall not be attached to more than one district. The number of senators shall not be more than forty-one nor less than thirty-six, and they shall be ap- portioned among the senatorial districts according to the total popula- tion contained in the several districts. — La. (1898) , Art. 19. Sec. 1. The senate shall consist of not less than twenty, nor more than thirty-one members, elected at the same time, and for the same term, as the representatives, by the qualified electors of the districts into which the state shall from time to time be divided. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, part 2. Sec. 8. Immediately after the senate shall have convened, after the first election, under this constitution, the senators shall be divided by lot into two classes, as nearly equal in number as may be. Senators of the first class shall go out of office at the expiration of two years, and senators shall be elected on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, eighteen hundred and sixty-nine, for the term of four years, to supply their places; to that, after the first elec- tion, one-half of the senators may be chosen every second year. In case the number of senators be hereafter increased, such classification of the additional senators shall be made as to preserve, as nearly as may be, an equal number in each class. — Md. (18G7), Art. 8. Art. 22. A census of the legal voters of each city and town, on the first day of May, shall be taken and returned into the office of the secretary IT of the common wealth, on or before the last day of June, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven ; and a census of the inhabi- tants of each city and town, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, and of every tenth year thereafter. In the census afore- said, a special enumeration shall be made of the legal voters, and in each city said enumeration shall specify the number of such legal voters aforesaid, residing in each ward of such city. The enumeration afore- said shall determine the apportionment of senators for the periods be- tween the taking of the census. The senate shall consist of forty mem- bers. The general court shall, at its first session after each next pre- ceding special enumeration, divide the commonwealth into forty dis- tricts of adjacent territory, each district to contain, as nearly as may be, an equal number of legal voters, according to the enumeration afore- said : Provided , however , That no town or ward of a city shall be divided therefor; and such districts shall be formed, as nearly as may be, without uniting two counties, or parts of two or more counties, into one district. Each district shall elect one senator, who shall have been an inhabitant of this commonwealth five years at least immediately preceding his election, and at the time of his election shall be an inhabi- tant of the district for which he is chosen ; and he shall cease to repre- sent such senatorial district when he shall cease to be an inhabitant of the commonwealth. [Not less than sixteen senators shall constitute a quorum for doing business; but a less number may organize tem- porarily, adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of ab- sent members.]— Mass. (1780), Arndt. Art. 22. Sec. 2. The number of members who compose the senate and house of representatives shall be prescribed by law, but the representatives in the senate shall never exceed one member for every 5,000 inhabitants, and in the house of representatives one member for every 2,000 inhabi- tants. The representation in both houses shall be apportioned equally throughout the different sections of the state, in proportion to the popula- tion thereof, exclusive of Indians not taxable under the provisions of law. — Minn. (1857) , Art. 4. Sec. 24. The senators shall also be chosen by single districts of con- venient contiguous territory, at the same time that members of the house of representatives are required to be chosen, and in the same manner; and no representative district shall be divided in the forma- tion of a senate district. The senate district shall be numbered in a regular series. The terms of office of senators and representatives shall be the same as now prescribed by law until the general election of the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight (1878), at which time there shall be an entire new election of all the senators and representatives. Representatives chosen ,at such election, or at any election thereafter, shall hold their office for the term of two years, except it be to fill a vacancy; and the senators chosen at such election by districts designated as odd numbers shall go out of office at the expiration of the second year, and senators chosen by districts desig- nated by even numbers shall go out of office at the expiration of the fourth year ; and thereafter senators shall be chosen for four years, except there shall be an entire new election of all the senators at the election of 3 — Legislative Dept. 18 representatives next succeeding each new apportionment provided for in this article. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 35. The senate shall consist of members chosen every four years by the qualified electors of the several districts. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 5. The senate shall consist of thirty-four members, to be chosen by the qualified voters of their respective districts for four years. For the election of senators the state shall be divided into convenient dis- tricts, as nearly equal in population as may be, the same to be ascer- tained by the last decennial census taken bv the United States. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 9. Senatorial and representative districts may be altered, from time to time, as public convenience may require. When any senatorial district shall be composed of two or more counties, they shall be con- tiguous; such district to be as compact as may be, and in the forma- tion of the same no county shall be divided. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 4. The legislative assembly of this state, until otherwise pro- vided by law, shall consist of sixteen members of the senate, and fifty- five members of the house of representatives. It shall be the duty of the first legislative assembly to divide the state into senatorial and representative districts, but there shall be no more than one senator from each county. The senators shall be divided into two classes. Those elected from odd numbered districts shall con- stitute one class, and those elected from even numbered districts shall constitute the other class; and when any additional senator shall be provided for by law his class shall be determined by lot. One-half of the senators elected to the first legislative assembly shall hold office for one year, and the other half for three years; and it shall be determined by lot immediately after the organization of the senate, whether the senators from the odd or even numbered districts shall hold for one or three years. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 2. Senators shall be elected for the term of four years, and representatives for the term of two years, except as otherwise provided in this constitution. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 4. Whenever new counties are created, each of said counties shall be entitled to one senator, but in no case shall a senatorial district consist of more than one county. — Mont. (1889), Art. G, See. 4. Sec. 4. Senators shall be chosen at the same time and places as mem- bers of the assembly, by the qualified electors of their respective dis- tricts, and their term of office shall be four years from the day next after their election. — Nev. (18G4), Art. 4. Art. 24. The senate shall consist of twenty-four members, who shall hold their office for two years from the first Wednesday of January next ensuing their election. — X, //. Part 2, Art. 24. 19 1. The senate shall be composed of one senator from each county in the state, elected by the legal voters of the counties, respectively, for three years. — N. J. (i844), Art. 4, Sec. 2, cl. 1. 2. As soon as the senate shall meet after the first election to be held in pursuance of this constitution, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the first year; of the second class at the expiration of the second year; and of the third class at the expiration of the third year, so that one class may be elected every year; and if the vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, the per- sons elected to supply such vacancies shall be elected for the unexpired terms only. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 2, cl. 2. Sec. 2. The senate shall consist of fifty members, except as herein- after provided. The senators elected in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety -five shall hold their offices for three years, and their successors shall be chosen for two years. The assembly shall consist of one hundred and fifty members who shall be chosen for one year. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 3. The senate shall be composed of fifty senators, biennially chosen by ballot. — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 26. The senate shall be composed of not less than thirty nor more than fifty members. — N. Dale. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 27. Senators shall be elected for the term of four years, except as hereinafter provided. — N. Dak. (1889), ArP. 2. Sec. 6. The ratio for a senator shall forever, hereafter, be ascer- tained, by dividing the whole population of the sate by the number thirty-five. — Ohio (1851), Art. 11. Sec. 8. The same rules shall be applied, in apportioning the fractions of senatorial districts, and in annexing districts, which may hereafter have less than three-fourths of a senatorial ratio, as are applied to rep- resentative districts. — Ohio (1851), Art. 11. Sec. 9. Any county forming part of a senatorial district, having ac- quired a population equal to a full senatorial ratio, shall be made a separate senatorial district, at any regular decennial apportionment, if a full senatorial ratio shall be left in the district from which it shall be taken.— Ohio (1857), Art. 11. Sec. 9. The senate, except as hereinafter provided, shall consist of not more than forty-four members, whose term of office shall be four years : Provided , That one senator elected at the first election from each even numbered district shall hold office until the fifteenth day succeeding the regular state election in Nineteen hundred and eight, and one elected from each odd numbered district at said first election shall hold office until the fifteenth day succeeding the day of the regular 20 state election in nineteen hundred and ten : And provided further , That in districts electing two senators, the two elected at the first election shall cast lots in such manner as the legislature may prescribe to de- termine which shall hold the long and which the short term. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 9. (a) At the time each senatorial appointment is made after the year nineteen hundred and ten the state shall be divided into forty- four districts, to be called senatorial districts, each of which shall elect one senator; and the senate shall always be composed of forty- four senators, except that in event any county shall be entitled to three or more senators at the time of any appointment such additional senator or senators shall be given such county in addition to the forty- four senators and the whole number to that extent. Said districts shall be numbered from one to forty-four inclusive, and each of said districts shall contain as near as may be an equal number of inhabi- tants, such population to be ascertained by the next preceding federal census, or in such manner as the legislature may direct, and shall be in as compact form as practicable and shall remain unaltered until the next decennial period, and shall at all times consist of contiguous terri- tory. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 9. No county shall ever be divided in the formation of a sena- torial district except to make two br more senatorial districts wholly in such county. No town, and no ward is a city, when constituting only one voting precinct, shall be divided in the formation of a senatorial district, nor shall any senatorial district contain a greater excess in population over an adjoining district in the same county than the population of a town, or ward in a city, constituting only one voting precinct ^herein, adjoining such district. Towns, and wards in cities, constituting only one voting precinct, which may, from their location, be included in either of two senatorial districts, shall be so placed as to make such districts most nearly equal in number of inhabitants. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 2. The senate shall consist of sixteen, and the house of repre- sentatives of thirty-four members, which number shall not be increased until the year eighteen hundred and sixty, after which time the legis- lative assembly may increase the number of senators and representa- tives; always keeping, as near as may be, the same ratio as to the num- ber of senators and representatives: Provided, That the senate shall never exceed thirty, and the house of representatives sixty members. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 4. The senators shall be elected for the term of four years, and representatives for the term of two years from the day next after their general election : Provided , however. That the senators elect, at the first session, of the legislative assembly under this constitution, shall be divided by lot into two equal classes, as nearly as may be; and the seats of senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of two years, and those of the second class at the expiration of four years; so that one-lialf, as nearly as possible, shall be chosen biennially 21 forever thereafter. And in case of the increase of the number of sena- tors, they shall be so annexed by lot to one or the other of the two classes as to keep them as nearly equal as possible. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 7. A senatorial district, when more than one county shall con- stitute the same, shall be composed of contiguous counties, and no countv shall be divided in creating senatorial districts. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. > Sec. 16. The state shall be divided into fifty senatorial districts of compact and contiguous territory as nearly equal in population as may be, and each district shall be entitled to elect one senator. Each county containing one or more ratios of population shall be entitled to one senator for each ratio, and to an additional senator for a sur- plus of population exceeding three-fifths of a ratio, but no county shall form a separate district unless it shall contain four-fifth of a ratio, except where the adjoining counties are each entitled to one or more senators, when such county may be assigned a senator on less than four- fifths and exceeding one-half of a ratio; and no county shall be divided unless entitled to two or more senators. No city or county shall be entitled to separate representation exceeding one-sixth of the whole number of senators. No ward, borough or township shall be divided in the formation of a district. The senatorial ratio shall be ascertained bv dividing the whole population of the state bv the number fifty. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 1. The senate shall consist of the lieutenant-governor and of one senator from each town or city in the state. — R. I. (1842), Art. 6. Sec. 6. The senate shall be composed of one member from each county, to be elected for the term of four years by the qualified electors in each county, in the same manner in which members of the house of repre- sentatives are chosen. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 2. The senate shall consist of thirty-one members, and shall never be increased above this number. The house of representatives shall consist of ninety-three members until the first apportionment after the adoption of this constitution, when, or at any apportionment there- after, the number of representatives may be increased by the legislature, upon the ratio of not more than one representative for every fifteen thousand inhabitants: Provided , The number of representatives shall never exceed one hundred and fifty. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 3. The senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors for the term of four years; but a new senate shall be chosen after every appor- tionment, and the senators elected after each apportionment shall be divided by lot into two classes. The seats of the senators of the first- class shall be vacated at the expiration of the first two years, and those of the second-class at the expiration of four years, so that one-half of the senators shall be chosen biennially thereafter. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 25. The state shall be divided into senatorial districts of con 22 tiguous territory according to the number of qualified electors, as nearly as may be, and each district shall be entitled to elect one senator, and no single county shall be entitled to more than one senator. — Tex . (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 4. The senators shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the respective senatorial districts, at the same times and places as members of the house of representatives, and their term of office shall be four years from the first day of January next after their election : Provided , That the senators elected in 1896 shall be divided by lot into two classes as nearly equal as may be; seats of senators of the first-class shall be vacated at the expiration of two years, and those of the second-class at the expiration of four years; so that one-half, as nearly as possible, shall be chosen biennially thereafter. In case of increase in the number of senators, they shall be annexed by lot to one or the other of the two classes, so as to keep them as nearly equal as practicable . — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 3. The senate shall consist of eighteen members, and the house of representatives of forty-five members. The legislature may increase the number of senators and representatives, but the senators shall never exceed thirty in number, and the number of representatives shall never be less than twice nor greater than three times the number of senators. — Utah (1896), Art. 9. Sec. 4. When more than one county shall constitute a senatorial district, such counties shall be contiguous, and no county shall be divided in the formation of such districts unless such county contains sufficient population within itself to form two or more districts, nor shall a part of anv county be united with anv other countv in forming anv district. — Utah (1896), Art. 9. Art. [23.] The senate shall be composed of thirty senators, to be of the freemen of the county for which they are elected, respectively, who shall have attained the age of thirty years, and they shall be elected annually by the freemen of each county respectively. The senators shall be apportioned to the several counties, according to the population, as ascertained by tl^e census taken under the authority of congress in the year 1S40, regard being always had, in such appor- tionment to the counties having the largest fraction, and giving to each county at least one senator. The legislature shall make a new apportionment of the senators to the several counties, after the taking of each census of the United States, or after a census taken for the purpose of such apportionment, under the authority of this state, always regarding the above provisions of this article— Vt! (1793), Arndt., Art.' 23. Sec. 4. The term of office of senators and town representatives shall be two years, commencing on the first Wednesday of October following their election. — Vt. (1793), Arndt.,. Art. 24. Sec. 41. The senate shall consist of not more than forty and not less 23 than thirty-three members, who shall be elected quadrennially by the voters of the several senatorial districts, on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 2. The senate shall be composed of twenty- four, and the house of delegates of sixty -five members, subject to be increased according to the provisions hereinafter contained. — W. Va. (1872), Art. G. Sec. 3. Senators shall be elected for the term of four years and dele- gates for the term of two years. The senators first elected, shall divide themselves into two classes, one senator from every district being assigned to each class ; and of these classes, the first to be designated by lot in such manner as the senate may determine, shall hold their seats for two years; and the second for four years, so that after the first election, one-half of the senators shall be elected biennially. W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 50. The legislature may provide for submitting to a vote of the people at the general election to be held in 1876, or at any general elec- tion thereafter, a plan or scheme of proportional representation in the senate of this state; and if a majority of the votes cast at such election be in favor of the plan submitted to them, the legislature shall, at its session succeeding such election, rearrange the senatorial districts in accordance with the plan .so approved by the people. — W. Va. (1872) r Art. 6. Sec. 2. The number of the members of the assembly shall never be less than fifty-four, nor more than one hundred. The senate shall consist of a number not more than one-third, nor less than one-fourth of the number of the members of the assembly. — Wis. (1898), Art. 4. Sec. 2. Senators shall be elected for the term of four (4) years and representatives for the term of two (2) years. The senators elected at the first election shall be divided by lot into two classes as nearly equal as may be. The seats of senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the first two years, and of the second class at the ex- piration of four years. No person shall be a senator who has not at- tained the age of twenty-five years, or a representative who has not at- tained the age of twenty-one years, and who is not a citizen of the United States and of this state and who has not, for at least twelve months next preceeding his election resided within the county or dis- trict in which he was elected. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ; DISTRICTS. (7) Sec. 3. The house of representatives shall consist of not less than sixty-four nor more than one hundred members. Representatives shall he chosen for two years and by single districts. Vach representative district shall contain, as nearly as may be, an equal number of inhabi- tants, exclusive of persons of Indian descent who are not civilized or are members of any tribe, and shall consist of convenient and contigu- ous territory. But no township or city shall he divided in the formation of a representative district. When any township or city shall contain a population which entitles it to more than one representative , then such township or city shall elect hy general ticket the number of representa- tives to which it is entitled. Each county hereafter organized , with such territory as may he attached thereto , shall he entitled to a sep- arate representative when it has attained a population equal to a moiety of the ratio of representation. In every county entitled to more than one representative the hoard of supervisors shall assemble at such time and place as the legislature shall prescribe and divide the same into representative districts, equal to the number of representatives to which such county is entitled hy law , and shall cause to he filed in the offices of the secretary of state and clerk of such county , a description of such representative districts, specifying the number of each district and population thereof, according to the last preceding enumeration. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 198. The house of representatives shall consist of not more than one hundred and five members unless new counties shall be created, in which event each new county shall be entitled to one representative. The members of the house of representatives shall be apportioned by the legislature among the several counties of the state, according to the number of inhabitants in them respectively, as ascertained by the de- cennial census of the United States, which apportionment when made shall not be subject to alteration until the next session of the legisla- ture after the next decennial census of the United States shall have been taken. — Ala. (1901), Art. 9. Sec. 2. The house of representatives shall consist of members to be chosen everv second vear bv the qualified electors of the several counties. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 1. The house of representatives shall consist of not less than seventy-three, nor more than one hundred members. Each county now organized shall always be entitled to one representative, the remainder to be apportioned the several counties according to the number of adult male inhabitants, taking two thousand as the ratio, until the number of representatives amounts to one hundred, when they shall not be further increased; but the ratio of representation shall, from time to time, be increased, as hereinafter provided, so that the representatives shall never exceed that number. And until the enumeration of the inhabitants is taken by the United States government, A. D. 1880, the representatives shall be apportioned among the several counties, as follows: [The rest of the section is local matter.] — Ark. (1874), Art . 8, Sec. 1. Art. 15. The house of representatives shall consist of electors resid- ing in towns from which they are elected. Every town which now con- tains, or hereafter shall contain, a population of five thousand, shall be entitled to send two representatives, and every other one shall be entitled to its present representation in the general assembly. The population of each town shall be determined by the enumeration made under the authority of the census of the United States next before the election of representatives is held. — Conn. (1818), Arndt. Art. 15. Art. 18. In case a new town shall hereafter be incorporated, such new town shall not be entitled to a representative in the general as- sembly unless it has at least twenty-five hundred inhabitants, and un- less the town from which the major portion of its territory is taken has also at least twenty-five hundred inhabitants; but until such towns shall each have at least twenty -five hundred inhabitants, such new town shall, for the purpose of representation in the general assembly, be. attached to and be deemed to be a part of, the town from which the major por- tion of its territory is taken, and it shall be an election district of such town for the purpose of representation in the house of representatives. — Conn. (1818), Arndt. Art. 18. ' Sec. 3. Par. 1. The house of representatives shall consist of 175 representatives. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Secs. 7 and 8. The house of representatives shall consist of three times the number of the members of the senate, and the term of office shall be two years. Three representatives shall be elected in each senatorial district at the general election in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, and every two years thereafter. In all elections of representatives aforesaid, each qualified voter may cast as many votes for one candidate as there are representatives to be elected, or may distribute the same, or equal parts thereof, among the candidates, as he shall see fit: and the candidates highest in votes shall be declared elected. — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 35. The house of representatives shall consist of not more than one hundred and eight members. The ratio of representation shall be determined by dividing the whole number of the population of the state as shown by the last preceding state or national census, by the whole number of counties then existing or organized, but each county shall constitute one representative district and be entitled to one representa- tive, but each rounty having a population in excess of the ratio number, as herein provided of three-fifth or more of such ratio number shall be entitled to one addition representative, but said addition shall extend only to the nine counties having the greatest population . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3 (Arndt.). Sec. 35. The number of representatives shall be one hundred, and the number of senators thirty-eight.— Ky. (1891), Sec. 35. Sec. 2. The house of representatives shall consist of one hundred and fifty-one members, to be elected by the qualified electors, for one year from the day next preceding the annual meeting of the legislature. /The legislature, which shall first be convened under this constitution, shall, on or before the fifteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, and the legislature, within every subsequent period of at most ten years, and at least five, cause the num- ber of the inhabitants of the state to be ascertained, exclusive of for- eigners not naturalized and Indians not taxed. The number of repre- sentatives shall, at the several periods of making such enumeration, be fixed and apportioned among the several counties as near as may be, 4 — Legislative Dept. 26 according to the number of inhabitants, having regard to the relative increase of population. The number of representatives shall, on said first appointment, be not less than one hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty. — Me. (1819) , Art. 4, Part 1. ‘Sec. 2. The house of representatives shall consist of one hundred fifty-one members, to be elected by the qualified electors, and hold their office two years from the day next preceding the biennial meeting of the legislature, and the amendment herein proposed, if adopted, shall de- termine the term of office of senators and representatives to be elected .at the annual meeting in September, in the year eighteen hundred and eighty, as well as the term of senators and representatives thereafter to be elected. The legislature, which shall first be convened under the constitution, shall on or before the fifteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, and the leg- islature, within every subsequent period of at most ten years, and at least five, cause the number of the inhabitants of the state to be ascer- tained, exclusive of foreigners not naturalized and Indians not taxed. The number of representatives shall, at the several periods of making such enumeration, be fixed and apportioned among the several counties, as near as may be, according to the number of inhabitants, having re- gard to the relative increase of population. The number of representa- tives shall, on said first apportionment, be not less than one hundred and not more than one hundred and fiftv.’ — Me. (1819), Art. 25 (Arndt.). Sec. 2 . Art. 1. There shall be, in the legislature of this commonwealth, a representation of the people, annually elected, and founded upon the principle of equality. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 1, Sec. 3, Art. 1. Art. 2. And the house of representatives shall have power from time to time to impose fines upon such towns as shall neglect to choose and return members to the samp, agreeably to this constitution. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 2, Sec. 3, Art. 2. Art. 21. A census of the legal voters of each city and town, on the first day of May, shall be taken and returned into the office of the secretary of the commonwealth, on or before the last day of June, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven; and a census of Ihe inhabitants of each city and town, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty -five, and of every tenth year thereafter. In the cen- sus aforesaid, a special enumeration shall be made of the legal voters; and in each city, said enumeration shall specify the number of such legal voters aforesaid, residing in each ward of such city. The enumera- tion aforesaid shall determine the apportionment of representatives for the periods between the taking of the census. The house of representatives shall consist of two hundred and forty members, which shall be apportioned by the legislature, at its first ses- sion after the return of each enumeration as aforesaid, to the several counties of the commonwealth, equally, as nearly as may be, according to their relative numbers of legal voters, as ascertained by the next pre- ceding special enumeration; and the town of Cohasset, in the. county of / 27 Norfolk, shall, for this purpose, as well as in the formation of districts, as hereinafter provided, be considered a part of the county of Plymouth; and it shall be the duty of the secretary of the commonwealth, to cer- tify, as soon as may be after it is determined by the legislature, the number of representatives to which each county shall be entitled, to the board authorized to divide each county into representative districts. The mayor and aldermen of the city of Boston, the county commission- ers of other counties than Suffolk, — or in lieu of the mayor and aider- men of the city of Boston, or of the county commissioners in each county other than Suffolk, such board of special commissioners in each county, to be elected by the people of the county, or of the towns therein, as may for that purpose be provided by law, — shall, on the first Tuesday of August next after each assignment of representatives to each county, assemble at a shire town of their respective counties, and proceed, as soon as may be, to divide the same into representative districts of con- tiguous territory, so as to apportion the representation assigned to each county equally, as nearly as may be, according to the relative number of legal voters in the several districts of each county; and such districts shall be so formed that no town or ward of a city shall be divided there- for, nor shall any district be made which shall be entitled to elect more than three representatives. Every representative, for one year at least next preceding his election, shall have been an inhabitant of -the dis- trict for which he is chosen, and shall cease to represent such district when he shall cease to be an inhabitant of the commonwealth. The dis- tricts in each county shall be numbered by the board creating the same, and a description of each, with the numbers thereof and the number of legal voters therein, shall be returned by the board, to the secretary of the commonwealth, the county treasurer of each county, and to the clerk of every town in each district, to be filed and kept in their respective offices. The manner of calling and conducting the meetings for the choice of representatives, and of ascertaining their election, shall be prescribed by law. — Mass. (1780), Arndt. Art. 21 (1857). Sec. 34. The house of representatives shall consist of members chosen every four years by the qualified electors of the several counties and rep- resentative districts. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 2. The house of representatives shall consist of members to be chosen every second year by the qualified voters of the several coun- ties, and apportioned in the following manner. The ratio of representa- tion shall be ascertained at each apportioning session of the general as- sembly, by dividing the* whole number of inhabitants of the state, as ascertained by the last decennial census of the United States, by the number two hundred. Each county having one ratio, or less, shall be entitled to one representative; each county having two and a half times said ratio shall be entitled to two representatives; each county having four times said ratio shall be entitled to three representatives; each county having six times such ratio shall be entitled to four representa- tives, and so on above that number, giving one additional member for every two and a half additional ratios. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 3. The house of representatives shall consist of eighty-four mem- •28 bers and the senate shall consist of thirty members, until the year eight- een hundred and eighty after which time the number of members of each house shall be regulated by law. But the number of representatives shall never exceed one hundred, nor that of senators, thirty-three. The sessions of the legislature shall be biennial, except as otherwise provided in this constitution. — Neb. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 6. The aggregate number of members of both branches of the leg- islature shall never exceed seventy-five. — Nev. (1864), Art. 15. Sec. 3. 1. The general assembly shall be composed of members annually elected by the legal voters of the counties, respectively, who shall be apportioned among the said counties as nearly as may be ac- cording to the number of their inhabitants. The present apportionment shall continue until the next census of the United States shall have been taken, and an apportionment of members of the general assembly shall be made by the legislature at its first session after the next and every subsequent enumeration of census, and when made shall remain unal- tered until another enumeration shall have been taken : Provided , That each county shall at all times be entitled to one member; and the whole number of members shall never exceed sixtv. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 3, Cl. 1. Sec. 5. The house of representatives shall be composed of one hun- dred and twenty representatives, biennially chosen by ballot, to be elected by the counties respectively, according to their population, and each county shall have at least one representative in the house of representa- tives, although it may not contain the requisite ratio of representation; this apportionment shall be made by the general assembly at the respec- tive times and periods when the districts of the senate are hereinbefore directed to be laid off. — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 32. The house of representatives shall be composed of not less than sixtv, nor more than one hundred and fortv members. — N. Dak „ (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 33. Representatives shall be elected for the term of two years. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 10. The house of representatives, until otherwise provided by law, shall consist of not more than one hundred and nine members who shall hold office for two years: Provided, That the representatives elect- ed at the first election shall hold office until the fifteenth day succeeding the day of the regular state election in nineteen hundred and eight: And , Provided , That the day on which state elections shall be held shall be fixed by the legislature. (a) The first legislature shall meet at the seat of government upon proclamation of the governor on the day named in said proclamation, which shall not be more than thirty days nor less than fifteen days after the admission of the state into the Union. (b) The apportionment of this state for members of the legislature 29 shall be made at the first session of the legislature after each decennial federal census. (c) The whole population of the state as ascertained by the federal census, or in such manner as the legislature may direct, shall be divided by the number one hundred and the quotient shall be the ratio of repre- sentation in the house of representatives for 'the next ten years succeed- ing such apportionment. (d) Every county having a population equal to one-half of said ratio shall be entitled to one representative; every county containing said ratio and three-fourths over shall be entitled to two representatives, and so on, requiring after the first two an entire ratio for each additional represen- tative: Provided , That no county shall ever take part in the election of more than seven representatives. (e) When any county shall have a fraction above the ratio so large that being multiplied by five the result will be equal to one or more ra- tios, additional representatives shall be apportioned for such ratio among the several sessions of the decennial period. If there are two ratios, representatives shall be alloted to the fourth and third sessions, respec- tively; if three, the third, second and first sessions, respectively; if four, to the fourth, third, second, and first sessions, respectively. W Any county forming with another county or counties a represen- tative district during one decennial period if it has acquired sufficient population, at a fixed decennial period, shall be entitled to an additional representative, if there shall be left in the district from which it shall have been seperated a population sufficient for a representative. No such change shall be made except at the regular decennial period for the apportionment of representatives. (g) If in fixing any decennial ratio, a county previously a separate representative district shall have less than the number required by the ratio for a representative, such country shall be attached to a county ad- joining it and become a part of such representative district. (h) No county shall ever be divided in the formation of representa- tive districts except to make two or more representative districts in such county. No town, or ward in a city, where it constitutes only one voting precinct, shall be divided in the formation of representative districts, nor shall any representative district contain a greater excess in population over an adjoining district in the same county than the population of a town or ward in a city, constituting only one voting precinct adjoining such district. Counties, towns, or wards in cities, constituting only one voting precinct, which, from location, may be included in either of two districts, shall be so placed as to make said districts most nearly equal in number of inhabitants. (i) Ascertaining the ratio of representation according to the federal census, or such other enumeration as the legislature may provide, and at- taching any county, previously having a separate representative but found to have less than the number required by the ratio, to an adjoining county; and determining the number of representatives each county or district shall be entitled to, and for what sessions of the legislature with- in the next decennial period; and apportioning the senators, shall be done by the legislature and be presented to the governor for his approval in the same manner as other bills which may be passed by the legislature. a) An apportionment by the legislature shall be subject to review 30 bv the supreme court at the suit of any citizen, under such rules and regulations as the legislature may prescribe. And such court shall give all cases involving apportionment precedence over all other cases and proceedings ; and if said court be not in session, it shall convene promptly for the disposal of the same.^ — Olrta. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 1. The house of representatives shall never exceed seventy-two members, and shall be constituted on the basis of population, always al- lowing one representative for a fraction exceeding half the ratio; but each town or city shall always be entitled to at least one member; and no town or city shall have more than one-sixth of the whole number of members to which the house is hereby limited. The present ratio shall be one representative to every fifteen hundred and thirty inhabitants, and the general assembly may, after any new census taken by the author- ity of the United States or of this state, reapportion the representation by altering the ratio ; but no town or city shall be divided into districts for the choice of representatives. — R. I. (1842), Art . 5. Sec. 2. The house of representatives shall be composed of members chosen by ballot every second year by citizens of this state, qualified as in this constitution is provided. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 3. The house of representatives shall consist of one hundred and twenty-four members, to be apportioned among the several counties ac- cording to the number of inhabitants contained in each. Each county shall constitute one election district. An enumeration of the inhabitants for this purpose shall be made in the year nineteen hundred and one, and shall be made in the course of every tenth year thereafter, in such manner as shall be by law directed : Provided. That the general assembly may at any time, in its discretion, adopt the immediately preceding United States census as a true and correct enumeration of the inhab- itants of the several counties, and make the apportionment of repre- sentatives among the several counties according to said enumeration. — £. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 2. The number of members of the house of representatives shall not be less than seventy -five, nor more than one hundred and thirty -five. The number of members of the senate shall not be less than twenty-five nor more than forty-five. The sessions of the legislature shall be biennial except as otherwise provided in this constitution. — S. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 4. The members of the house of representatives shall be chosen by the qualified electors, and their term of office shall be two years from the day of their election. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 7. In order that the freemen of this state might enjoy the benefit of election as equally as may be, each town within this state, that con- sists, or may consist of eighty taxable inhabitants, within one septenary or seven years next after the establishing of this constitution, may hold elections therein, and choose each two representatives; and each other inhabited town in this state, may, in like manner, choose each one repre- 31 sentative to represent them in general assembly, during the said sep- tenary, or seven years, and after that, each inhabited town may, in like manner hold such election, and choose each one representative forever thereafter. — Vt. (1793), Chop. 2. Sec. 8. The house of representatives of the freemen of this state, shall consist of persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, to be chosen by ballot, by the freemen of every town in this state, respectively, on the first Tuesday of September annually, forever. — Vt. (1793), Chap. 2. Art. 2. The most numerous branch of the legislature of this state shall hereafter be styled the . house of representatives. — Vt. (1793), (Arndt.), Art. 2. Sec. 42. The house of delegates shall consist of not more than one hundred and not less than ninety members, who shall be elected biennially by the voters of the several house districts, on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 2. The house of representatives shall be composed of not less than sixty-three nor more than ninety-nine members. The number of senators shall not be more than one-half nor less than one-third of the number of members of the house of representatives. The first legislature shall be composed of seventy members of the house of representatives and thirty-five senators. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. ORGANIZATION OF HOUSE. Sec. 7. The mode of organizing the house of representatives, af the commencement of each regular session, shall be prescribed by law. — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. CENSUS AND APPORTIONMENT. (8) Sec. 4. The legislature shall provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants in the year eighteen hundred and fifty-four and every ten year's thereafter ; and at the first session after each enumeration so made , and also at the first session after each enumeration by the author- ity of the United States : the legislature shall rearrange the senate dis- tricts and apportion anew the representatives among the counties and districts, according to, the number of inhabitants , exclusive of persons of Indian descent who are not civilized or are members of any tribe. Each apportionment and the division into representative districts by any board of supervisors shall remain unaltered until the return of another enumeration. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 199. It shall be the duty of the legislature at its first session after the taking of the decennial census of the United States in the year nineteen hundred and ten, and after each subsequent decennial census, to fix b}^ law the number of representatives, and apportion them among 32 the several counties of the state, according to the number of inhabitants in them respectively: Provided. That each county shall be entitled to at least one representative. — Ala. (1901), Art. 9. Sec. 200. It shall be the duty of the legislature at its first session after taking the decennial census of the United States in the year nine- teen hundred and ten, and after each subsequent decennial census, to fix by law the number of senators and to divide the state into as many senatorial districts as there are senators, which districts shall be as nearly equal to each other in the number of inhabitants as may be, and each shall be entitled to one senator, and no more; and such districts when formed, shall not be changed until the next apportioning session of the legislature, after the next decennial census of the United States shall have been taken : Provided. That counties created after the next preceding apportioning session of the legislature may be attached to senatorial districts. No county shall be divided between two districts, and no district shall be made of two or more counties not contiguous to each other. — Ala. (1901), Art. 9. Sec. 201. Should any decennial census of the United States not be taken, or if when taken, as to this state, be not full and satisfactory, the legislature shall have power at its first session after the time shall have elapsed for the taking of said census, to provide for an enumeration of all the inhabitants of this state, upon which it shall be the duty of the legislature to make the apportionment of representatives and senators as provided for in this article. — Ala. (1901), Art. 9. Sec. 2. The legislature shall from time to time divide the state into convenient senatorial districts in such manner that the senate shall be based upon the adult male inhabitants of the state, each senator repre- senting an equal number as nearly as practicable, and until the enumer- ation of the inhabitants is taken by the United States government, A. D. 1880, the districts shall be arranged as follows: — Ark. (1871), Art. 5. Sec. 4. The division of the state into senatorial districts and the apportionment of representatives to the several counties shall be made by the general assembly at the first regular session after each enumer- ation of the inhabitants of the state by the federal or state government shall have been ascertained, and at no other time. — Ark. (1874), Art. 8. Sec. 6. For the purpose of choosing members of the legislature, the state shall be divided into forty senatorial and eighty assembly districts, as nearly equal in proportion as may be, and composed of contiguous ter- ritory, to be called senatorial and assembly districts. Each senatorial district shall choose one senator, and each assembly district shall choose one member of assembly. The senatorial districts shall be numbered from one to forty, inclusive, in numerical order, and the assembly districts shall be numbered from one to eighty in the same order, commencing at the northern boundary of the state and ending at the southern boundary thereof. In the formation of such districts no county, or city and county shall be divided, unless it contains sufficient population within itself to form two or more districts, nor shall a part of any county, or of any 33 city and county, be united with any other county, or city and county, in forming any district. The census taken under the direction of the con- gress of the United States in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty, and every ten years thereafter, shall be the basis of fixing and adjusting the legislative districts; and the legislature shall, at its first session after each census, adjust such districts and reapportion the representation so as to preserve them as near equal in population as may be. But in making such adjustments no persons who are not eligible to become citizens of the United States, under the naturalization laws, shall be counted as forming a part of the population of any district. Until such districting as herein provided for shall be made, senators and assemblymen shall be elected by the districts according to the appor- tionment now provided for by law. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 45. The general assembly shall provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants of the state in the year of our Lord 1885, and every tenth year thereafter; and at the session next following such enumer- ation, and also at the session next following an enumeration made by the authority of the United States, shall revise and adjust the apportionment for senators and representatives on the basis of such enumeration, ac- cording to the ratios to be fixed by law. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 47. Senatorial and representative districts may be altered from time to time, as public convenience may require. When a senatorial or representative district shall be composed of two or more counties, they shall be contiguous, and the district as compact as may be. No county shall be divided in the formation of a senatorial or representative dis- trict.— Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 2. The general assembly which shall be held on the Wednesday after the first Monday of January, 1903, shall divide the state into sena- torial districts, as hereinafter provided; the number of such districts shall not be less than twenty-four nor more than thirty-six, and each dis- trict shall elect only one senator. The districts shall always be composed of contiguous territory, and in forming them regard shall be had to popu- lation in the several districts, that the same may be as nearly equal as possible under the limitations of this amendment. Neither the w T hole or a part of one county shall be joined to the whole or a part of another county to form a district, and no town shall be divided, unless for the purpose of forming more than one district wholly within such town, and each county shall have at least one senator. The districts, when estab- lished as hereinafter provided, shall continue the same until the session of the general assembly next after the completion of the next census of the United States, which general assembly shall have power to alter the same, if found necessary to preserve a proper equality of population in each district, but only in accordance with the principles above recited; after which said districts shall not be altered, nor the number of senators altered, except at a session of the general assembly next after the com- pletion of a census of the United States, and then only in accordance with the principles hereinbefore provided. — Conn. (1818), Amdt. Art. 31. Sec. 3. The legislature that shall meet A. D. 1887, and those that shall 5 — Legislative Dept. 34 meet every ten years thereafter, shall apportion the representation in the senate, the whole number of senators not to exce'ed thirty-two members; and at the same time shall also apportion the representation in the house of representatives, the whole number of representatives not to exceed sixty-eight members. The representation in the house of representatives shall be apportioned among the several counties as nearly as possible ac- cording to population : Provided, Each county shall have one representa- tive at large in the house of representatives, and no county shall have more than three represntatives. — Fla. (1885), Art . 7. Sec. 5. The legislature shall provide for an enumeration of all the in- habitants of the state by counties for the year 1895, and every ten years thereafter. — Fla. (1885), Art. 7. Sec. 2. Par. 3. The general assembly may change these districts after each census of the United States: Provided , That neither the number of districts nor the number of senators from each district shall be increased. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 3. Par. 2. The above apportionment shall ie changed by the gen- eral assembly at its first session after each census taken by the United States government, so as to give the six counties having the largest popu- lation three representatives each ; and to the twenty-six counties having the next largest population two representatives each ; but in no event shall the aggregate number of representatives be increased. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 4. The members of the first legislature shall be apportioned to the several legislative districts of the state in proportion to the number of votes polled at the last general election for delegate to congress, and there- after to be apportioned as may be provided by law : Provided , Each county shall be entitled to one representative . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 6. The general assembly shall apportion the state every ten years, beginning with the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, by dividing the population of the state, as ascertained by the federal census, by the number fifty-one, and the quotient shall be the ratio of represen- tation in the senate. The state shall be divided into fifty-one senatorial districts, each of which shall elect one senator, whose term of office shall be four years. The senators elected in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in districts bearing odd numbers, shall vacate their offices at the end of two years, and those elected in districts bearing even numbers at the end of four years, and vacancies occurring by the expiration of term shall be filled by the election of senators for the full term. Senatorial districts shall be formed of contiguous and compact territory, bounded by county lines, and contain as near as prac- ticable an equal number of inhabitants; but no district shall contain less than four-fifths of the senatorial ratio. Counties containing not less than the ratio and three-fourths may be divided into separate districts, and shall be entitled to two senators, and to one additional senator for each number of inhabitants equal to the ratio contained by such counties in excess of twice the number of said ratio. — III. (1870), Art. 4. 35 Sec. 7. The population of the state, as ascertained by the federal census, shall be divided by the number one hundred and fifty-three, and the quotient shall be the ratio of representation in the house of represen- tatives. Every county or district shall be entitled to one representative, when its population is three-fifths of the ratio; if any county has less than three-fifths of the ratio, it shaH’be attached to the adjoining county having the least population, to which no other county has, for the same reason, been attached, and the two shall constitute a separate district. Every county or district having a population not less than the ratio and three-fifths, shall be entitled to two representatives, and for each ad- ditional number of inhabitants, equal to the ratio, one representative. Counties having over two hundred thousand inhabitants, may be divided into districts, each entitled to not less than three nor more than five repre- sentatives. After the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty, the whole population shall be divided by the number one hundred and fifty- nine, and the quotient shall be the ratio of representation in the house of representatives for the ensuing ten years, and six additional repre- sentatives shall be added for every five hundred thousand increase of population at each decennial census thereafter, and be apportioned in the same manner as above provided. — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 8. When a county or district shall have a fraction of population above what shall entitle it to one representative, or more, according to the provisions of the foregoing section, amounting to one-fifth of the ratio, it shall be entitled to one additional representative in the fifth term of each decennial period ; when such fraction is two-fifths of the ratio, it shall be entitled to an additional representative in the fourth and fifth terms of said period; when the fraction is three-fifths of the ratio, it shall be entitled to an additional representative in the first, second and third terms, respectively; when a fraction is four-fifths of the ratio, it shall be entitled to an additional representative in the first, second, third and fourth terms, respectively. — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 4. The general assembly shall, at its second session after the adoption of this constitution, and every sixth year thereafter, cause an enumeration to be made of all the male inhabitants over the age of twenty-one years. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 5. The number of senators and representatives shall, at the ses- sion next following each period of making such enumeration, be fixed by law, and apportioned among the several counties, according to the num- ber of male inhabitants, above twenty-one years of age, in each : Pro- vided, That the first and second elections of members of the general as- sembly, under this constitution, shall be according to the apportionment last made bv the general assembly before the adoption of this constitution. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 33. The general assembly shall, in the years one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, and one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five and every ten years thereafter, cause an 36 enumeration to be made of all the inhabitants of the state . — Ioica (1857), Art. 3 (Arndt. 1S68). Sec. 36. The general assembly shall, at the first regular session held following the adoption of this amendment, and at each succeeding regular session held next after the taking of such census, fix the ratio of repre- sentation, and apportion the additional representatives, as herein before required . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3 (Arndt. 1868). Sec. 26. The legislature shall provide for taking an enumeration of the inhabitants of the state at least once in ten years. The first enumera- tion shall be taken in A. D. 1865. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 1. In the future apportionments of the state, each organized county shall have at least one representative; and each county shall be divided into as many districts as it has representatives. — Kan. (1859), Art. 10. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the first legislature to make an appor- tionment, based upon the census ordered by the last legislative assembly of. the territory; and a new apportionment shall be made in the year 1866, and every five years thereafter, based upon the census of the preced- ing year. — Kan. (1859), Art. 10. # Sec. 33. The first general assembly after the adoption of this con- stitution shall divide the state into thirty-eight senatorial districts, and one hundred representative districts, as nearly equal in population as may be without dividing any county, except where a county may include more than one district, which districts shall constitute the senatorial and representative districts for ten years. Not more than two counties shall be joined together to form a representative district: Provided, In doing so the principle requiring every district to be as nearly equal in population as may be shall not be violated. At the expiration of that time, the general assembly shall then, and every ten years thereafter, re-district the state according to this rule, and for the purposes expressed in this section. If, in making said districts, inequality of population should be unavoidable, any advantage resulting therefrom shall be given to districts having the largest territory. No part of a county shall be added to another county to make a district, and the counties forming a district shall be contiguous. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 33. Art. 18. Representation in the house of representatives shall be equal and uniform and shall be based upon population. Each parish and each ward of the city of New Orleans shall have at least one representative. At its first regular session after the United States census of 1900, and after each census thereafter, the general assembly shall, and it is hereby directed to apportion the representation among the several parishes and representative districts on the basis of the total population shown by such census. A representative number shall be fixed, and each' parish and representative district shall have as many representatives as such representative number is contained in the total number of the inhabitants of such parish or representative district and one additional representative 37 for every fraction exceeding one-half the representative number. The number of representatives shall not be more than one hundred and sixteen nor less than ninety-eight. — La. (1898), Art. 18. Sec. 3. Each town having fifteen hundred inhabitants may elect one representative; each town having three thousand seven hundred and fifty may elect two; each town having six thousand seven hundred and fifty may elect three; each town having ten thousand five hundred may elect four; each town having fifteen thousand may elect five; each town having twenty thousand two hundred and fifty may elect six; each town having twenty-six thousand two hundred and fifty may elect seven; but no town shall ever be entitled to more than seven representatives; and towns and plantations duly organized, not having fifteen hundred inhabi- tants, shall be classed, as conveniently as may be, into districts contain- ing that number, and so as not to divide towns ; and each such district may elect one representative ; and, when on this apportionment the number of representatives shall be two hundred, a different apportion- ment shall take place upon the above principle; and, in case the fifteen hundred shall be too large or too small to apportion all the representa- tives to any county, it shall be so increased or diminished as to give the number of representatives according to the above rule and proportion; and whenever any town or towns, plantation or plantations not entitled to elect a representative shall determine against a classification with any other town or plantation, the legislature may, at each apportionment of representatives, on the application of such town or plantation, authorize it to elect a representative for such portion of time and such periods, as shall be equal to its portion of representation; and the right of repre- sentation, so established, shall not be altered until the next general apportionment. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 1. Sec. 2. The legislature, which shall be first convened under this con- stitution, shall, on or before the fifteenth day of August in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, and the legis- lature at every subsequent period of ten years, cause the state to be di- vided into districts for the choice of senators. The districts shall con- form, as near as may be, to county lines, and be apportioned according to the number of inhabitants. The number of senators shall not exceed twenty at the first apportionment, and shall at each apportionment be increased, until they shall amount to thirty-one, according to the increase in the house of representatives, — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 2. Sec. 16. The legislature may by law authorize the dividing of towns having not less than four thousand inhabitants, or having voters residing on any island within the limits thereof, into voting districts for the elec- tion of representatives to the legislature, and prescribe the manner in which the votes shall be received, counted, and the result of the election declared. — Me. (1819), Art. 9. Sec. 2. The city of Baltimore shall be divided into four legislative districts, as near as may be, of equal population and of contiguous ter- ritory, and each of said legislative districts of Baltimore city, as they may from time to time be laid out, in accordance with the provisions 38 hereof, and each county in the state shall be entitled to one senator, who shall be elected by the qualified voters of the said legislative districts of Baltimore city, and of the counties of the state, respectively, and shall serve for four years from the date of his election, subject to the classification of senators hereafter provided for. — Md. (1867), Art. 3 (Arndt. 1901). Sec. 4. As soon as may be, after the taking and publishing of the national census of 1900, or after the enumeration of the population of this state, under the authority thereof, there shall be an apportionment of representation in the house of delegates, to be made on the following basis, to wit: Each of the several counties of the state, having a popu- lation of eighteen thousand souls or less, shall be entitled to two dele- gates; and every county having a population of over eighteen thousand and less than twenty-eight thousand souls, shall be entitled to three delegates; and every county having a population of twenty-eight thousand and less than forty thousand souls, shall be entitled to four delegates; and every county having a population of forty thousand and less than fifty-five thousand souls, shall be entitled to five delegates; and every county having a population of fifty- five thousand souls and upwards, shall be entitled to six delegates and no more; and each of the legislative districts of the city of Baltimore shall be entitled to the number of delegates to which the largest county shall or may be entitled under the foregoing apportionment, and the gen- eral assembly shall have the power to provide by law, from time to time, for altering and changing the boundaries of the existing legislative districts of the city of Baltimore, so as to make them as near as may be of equal population; but said district shall always consist of con- tiguous territory. — Md. (1867), Art. 3 {Arndt. 1901). Sec. 5. Immediately after the taking and publishing of the next national census, or after any state enumeration of population, as afore- said, it shall be the duty of the governor, then being, to arrange the rep- resentation in said house of delegates in accordance with the apportion- ment herein provided for; and to declare, by proclamation, the number of delegates to which each county and the city of Baltimore may be en- titled under such apportionment; and after every national census taken thereafter, or after any state enumeration of population thereafter made, it shall be the duty of the governor for the time being to make similar adjustments of representation, and to declare the same by proclamation, as aforesaid. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 23. The legislature shall provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants of this state in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty -five, and every tenth year thereafter. At their first session after each enumeration so made, and also at their first session after each enumeration made by the authority of the United States, the legis- lature shall have the power to prescribe the bounds of congressional, senatorial and representative districts, and to apportion anew the sena- tors and representatives among the several districts according to the provisions of section second of this article. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. 39 Sec. 105. The legislature shall provide for the enumeration of the whole number of inhabitants, and the qualified electors of the state, once in every ten years ; and the first enumeration shall be made during the two months beginning on the first Monday of June, 1895, and the legislature shall provide for the same by law. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 3. When any county shall be entitled to more than one represen- tative, the county court shall cause such county to be subdivided into districts of compact and contiguous territory, corresponding in number to the representatives to which such county is entitled, and in population as nearly equal as may be, in each of which the qualified voters shall elect one representative, who shall be a resident of such district: Provided , That when any county shall be entitled to more than ten representatives, the circuit court shall cause such county to be subdivided into districts, so as to give each district not less than two nor more than four repre- sentatives, who shall be residents of such district — the population of the districts to be apportioned to the number of representatives to be elected therefrom. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 7. Senators and representatives shall be chosen according to the rule of apportionment established in this constitution, until the next de- cennial census by the United States shall have been taken, and the result thereof as to this state ascertained, when the apportionment shall be revised and adjusted on the basis of that census, and every ten years thereafter upon the basis of the United States census; or if such census be not taken, or is delayed, then on the basis of a state census; such apportionment to be made at the first session of the general assembly after each census : Provided , That if at any time, or from any cause, the general assembly shall fail or refuse to district the state for senators, as required in this section, it shall be the duty of the governor, secretary of state and attorney-general, within thirty days after the adjournment of the general assembly on which such duty devolved, to perform said duty, and to file in the office of the secretary of state a full statement of the districts formed by them, including the names of the counties em- braced in each district, and the numbers thereof; said statement to be signed by them, and attested by the great seal of the state, and upon the proclamation of the governor, the same shall be as binding and effectual as if done by the general assembly. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 2. The legislative assembly shall provide by law for an enumer- ation of the inhabitants of the state in the year 1895 and every tenth year thereafter ; and at the session next following such enumeration, and also at the session next following an enumeration made by the authority of the United States, shall revise and adjust the apportionment for repre- sentatives on the basis of such enumeration according to ratios to, be fixed by law. — Mont. (1889), Art. 6. Sec. 3. Representative districts may be altered from time to time as public convenience may require. When a representative district shall be composed of two or more counties, they shall be contiguous, and the districts as compact as may be. No county shall be divided in the forma- tion of representative districts. — Mont. (1889), Art. 6. Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants of the state in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-five and every ten years thereafter; and at its first regular session after each enumeration, and also after each enumeration made by the authority of the United States, but at no other time, the legislature shall apportion the senators and representatives according to the number of inhabitants* excluding Indians not taxed, and soldiers and officers of the United States army and navy. — Neb. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 13. Representation shall be apportioned according to population. — Nev. (1864), Art. 1. Sec. 13. The enumeration of the inhabitants of this state shall be taken, under the direction of the legislature, if deemed necessary, in A. D. eighteen hundred and sixty-five, A. D. eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, A. D. eighteen hundred and seventy-five, and every ten years thereafter; and these enumerations, together with the census that may be taken under the direction of the congress of the United Staes in A. D. eighteen hundred and seventy, and every subsequent ten years, shall serve as the basis of representation in both houses of the legislature. — Nev. (1864 ) r Art. 15. Art. 9. There shall be, in the legislature of the state, a representation of the people, biennially elected, and founded upon the principles of equality; and, in order that such representation may be as equal as circumstances will admit, every town, or place entitled to town privil- eges, and wards of cities having six hundred inhabitants by the last gen- eral census of the state, taken by authority of the United States or of this state, may elect one representative ; if eighteen hundred such inhab- itants, may elect two representatives ; and so proceeding in that propor- tion, making twelve hundred such inhabitants the mean increasing num- ber for any additional representative : Provided , That no town shall be divided or the boundaries of the wards of any city so altered as to in- crease the number of representatives to which such town or city may be entitled by the next preceding census: And , provided, further , That to those towns and cities which since the last census have been divided or had their boundaries or ward lines changed, the general court, in ses- sion next before these amendments shall take effect, shall equitably ap- portion representation in such manner that the number shall not be greater than it would have been had no such division or alteration been made. — N. H Part 2, Art. 9. Art. 10. Whenever any town, place, or city ward shall have less than six hundred such inhabitants, the general court shall authorize such town, place, or ward to elect and send to the general court a representative such proportionate part of the time as the number of its inhabitants shall bear to six hundred ; but the general court shall not authorize any such town, place, or ward to elect and send such representative, except as herein provided. — N. H., Part. 2, Art. 10. Art. 25. And, that the state may be equally represented in the senate, the legislature shall, from time to time, divide the state into twenty-four 41 districts, as nearly equal as may be without dividing towns and unincor- porated places; and, in making this division, they shall govern themselves by the proportion of direct taxes paid by the said districts, and timely make known to the inhabitants of the state the limits of each district. — N. H., Part 2, Art. 25. Sec. 4. An enumeration of the inhabitants of the state shall be taken under the direction of the secretary of state, during the months of May and June, in the year one thousand nine hundred and five, and in the same months every tenth year thereafter ; and the said districts shall be so altered by the legislature at the first regular session after the return of every enumeration that each senate district shall contain as nearly as may be an equal number of inhabitants, excluding aliens, and be in as compact form as practicable, and shall remain unaltered until the return of another enumeration, and shall at all times consist of contiguous ter- ritory, and no county shall be divided in the formation of a senate dis- trict except to make two or more senate districts wholly in such county. No town, and no block in a city inclosed by streets or public ways, shall be divided in the formation of senate districts ; nor shall any district con- tain a greater excess in population over an adjoining district in the same county, than one population of a town or block therein adjoining such district. Counties, towns or blocks which, from their location, may be included in either of two districts, shall be so placed as to make said districts most nearly equal in number of inhabitants, excluding aliens. No county shall have four or more senators unless it shall have a full ratio for each senator. No county shall have more than one-third of all the senators ; and no two counties or the territory thereof as now organized, which are adjoining counties, or which are separated only by public waters, shall have more than one-half of all the senators. The ratio for apportioning senators shall always be obtained by divid- ing the number of inhabitants, excluding aliens, by fifty, and the senate shall always be composed of fifty members, except that if any county having three or more senators at the time of any apportionment shall be entitled on such ratio to an additional senator or senators, such ad- ditional senator or senators shall be given to such county in addition to the fifty senators, and the whole number of senators shall be increased to that extent. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. 2. The population of the townships in the several counties of the state and of the several w r ards shall be ascertained by the last preceding census of the United States, until the legislature shall provide, by law, some other mode of ascertaining it. — N. J. (1844), Art. 6, Sec. 7, Cl. 2. Sec. 4. The senate districts shall be so altered by the general assembly, at the first session after the return of every enumeration by order of congress, that each senate district shall contain, as near as may be, an equal number of inhabitants, excluding aliens and Indians not taxed, and shall remain unaltered until the return of another enumeration, and shall at all times consist of contiguous territory; and no county shall be divided in the formation of a senate district, unless such county shall be equitably entitled to two or more senators. — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. 6 — Legislative Dept. 42 Sec. 6. In making the apportionment in the house of representatives, the ratio of representation shall be ascertained by dividing the amount of the population of the state, exclusive of that comprehended within those counties, which do not severally contain the one hundred and twentieth part of the population of the state, by the number of represen- tatives, less the number assigned to such counties; and in ascertaining the number of the population of the state, aliens and Indians not taxed shall not be included. To each county containing the said ratio and not twice the said ratio, there shall be assigned one representative; to each county containing two but not three times the said ratio, there shall be assigned two representatives, and so on progressively, and then the remaining representatives shall be assigned severally to the counties having the largest fraction. — X. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 20. The legislative assembly shall fix the number of senators, and divide the state into as many senatorial districts as there are sena- tors, which districts as nearly as may be, shall be equal to each other in the number of inhabitants entitled to representation. Each district shall be entitled to one senator and no more, and shall be composed of compact and contiguous territory; and no portion of any county shall be attached to any other county, or part thereof, so as to form a district. The districts as thus ascertained and determined shall continue until changed by law. — X. Dale. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 20. The senatorial districts shall be numbered consecutively from one upwards, according to the number of districts prescribed, and the senators shall be divided into two classes. Those elected in the dis- tricts designated by even numbers shall constitute one class, and those elected in districts designated by odd numbers shall constitute the other class. The senators of one class elected in the year 1890 shall hold their office for two years, those of the other class shall hold their office four years, and the determination of the two classes shall be by lot, so that one-half of the senators, as nearlv as practicable, may be elected bi- ennially. — N. Dale. (1889) ,, Art. 2.' Sec. 35. The members of the house of representatives shall be appor- tioned to and elected at large from each senatorial district. The legis- lative assembly shall, in the year 1895, and every tenth year, cause an enumeration to be made of all the inhabitants of this state, and shall at its first regular session after each enumeration, and also after each federal census, proceed to fix by law the number of senators, which shall constitute the senate of North Dakota, and the number of repre- sentatives which shall constitute the house of representatives of North Dakota, within the limits prescribed by this constitution and j\t the same session shall proceed to reapportion the state into senatorial districts, as prescribed by this constitution, and to fix the number of members of the house of representatives to be elected from the several senatorial dis- tricts: Provided , That the legislative assembly may at any regular ses- sion, redistrict the state into senatorial districts, and apportion the senators and representatives respectively. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 1. The apportionment of this state for members of the general 43 assembly shall be made every ten years, after the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, in the following manner: The whole popu- lation of the state, as ascertained by the federal census, or in such other mode as the general assembly may direct, shall be divided by the number “one hundred,” and the quotient shall be the ratio of representation in the house of representatives, for ten years next succeeding such appor- tionment . — Ohio (1851), Art. 11. Sec. 2. Every county having a population equal to one-half of said ratio, shall be entitled to one representative; every county, containing said ratio, and three-fourths over, shall be entitled to two representatives ; every county, containing three times said ratio, shall be entitled to three representatives; and so on, requiring after the first two, an entire ratio for each additional representative . — Ohio (1851), Art. 11. Sec. 3. When any county shall have a fraction above the ratio, so large, that being multiplied by five the result will be equal to one or more ratios, additional representatives shall be apportioned for such ratios, among the several sessions of the decennial period, in the following manner : If there be only one ratio, a representative shall be allotted to the fifth session of the decennial period; if there are two ratios, a repre- sentative shall be allotted to the fourth and third session, respectively; if three, to the third, second, and first sessions, respectively; if four, to the fourth, third, second, and first sessions, respectively . — Ohio (1851), Art. 11. Sec. 4. Any county, forming with another county or counties, a rep- resentative district, during one decennial period, if it have acquired suf- ficient population at the next decennial period, shall be entitled to a separate representation, if there shall be left, in the district from which it shall have been separated, a population sufficient for a representative; but no such change shall be made, except at the regular decennial period for the apportionment of representatives . — Ohio (1851), Art. 11. Sec. 5. If, in fixing any subsequent ratio, a county, previously en- titled to a seperate representation, shall have less than the number re- quired by the new ratio for a representative, such county shall be at- tached to the county adjoining it, having the least number of inhabi- tants; and the representation of the district, so formed, shall be deter- mined as herein provided . — Ohio (1857), Art. 11. Sec. 10. For the first ten years after the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, the apportionment of representatives shall be as provided in the schedule, and no change shall ever be made in the prin- ciples of representation, as herein established, or, in the senatorial dis- tricts, except as above provided. All territory, belonging to a county at the time of any apportionment, shall, as to the right of representa- tion and suffrage, remain an integral part thereof, during the decennial period . — Ohio (1851), Art. 11. Sec. 11. The governor, auditor, and secretary of state, or any two of them, shall, at least six months prior to the October election, in the year 44 one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and, at each decennial period thereafter, ascertain and determine the ratio of representation, accord- ing to the decennial census, the number of representatives and senators each county or district shall be entitled to elect, and for what years, within the next ensuing ten years, and the governor shall cause the same to be published, in such manner as shall be directed by law. — Ohio (1851), Art . 11. Sec. 13. The general assembly shall attach any new counties, that may hereafter be erected, to such districts or subdivisions thereof as shall be most convenient . — Ohio (1851), Art. 11. Sec. 5. The legislative assembly shall, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-five, and every ten years after, cause an enumeration to be made of all the white population of the state. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 6. The number of senators and representatives shall, at the session next following an enumeration of the inhabitants by the United States or this state, be fixed by law, and apportioned among the several counties according to the number of white population in each. And the ratio of senators and representatives shall be determined by dividing the whole number of white population of such county or district, by such respective ratios; and when a fraction shall result from such division, which shall exceed one-half of such ratio, such county or district shall be entitled to a member for such fraction. And in case any county shall not have the requisite population to entitle such county to a member, then such county shall be attached to some adjoining county for sena- torial or representative purposes. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 17. The members of the house of representatives shall be appor- tioned among the several counties, on a ratio obtained by dividing the population of the state, as ascertained by the most recent United States census, by two hundred. Every county containing less than five ratios shall have one representative for every full ratio, and an ad- ditional representative when the surplus exceeds half a ratio; but each county shall have at least one representative. Every county containing five ratios or more shall have one representative for every full ratio. Every city containing a population equal to a ratio shall elect separately its proportion of the representatives allotted to the county in which it is located. Every city entitled to more than four representatives, and every county having over one hundred thousand inhabitants shall be divided into districts of compact and contiguous territory, each district to elect its proportion of representatives according to its population, but no district shall elect more than four representatives. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 18. The general assembly at its first session after the adoption of this constitution, and immediately after each United States decennial census, shall apportion the state into senatorial and representative dis- tricts, agreeably to the provisions of the two next preceding sections. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 2. Representation in the house of representatives shall be ap- portioned according to population. — S. C. (1895), Art. 1. 45 Sec. 4. In assigning representatives to the several counties, the gen- eral assembly shall allow one representative to every one hundred and twenty-fourth part of the whole number of inhabitants in the state: Provided , That if in the apportionment of representatives any county shall appear not to be entitled, from its population, to a representative, such county shall, nevertheless, send one representative; and if there be still a deficiency in the number of representatives required by section third of this article, such deficiency shall be supplied by assigning rep- resentatives to those counties having the largest surplus fractions. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 5. No apportionment of representatives shall take effect until the general election which shall succeed such apportionment. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 5. The legislature shall provide by law for the enumeration of the inhabitants of the state in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five and every ten years thereafter; and after its first regular session, after each enumeration and also after each enumeration made by authority of the United States, but at no other time, the legislature shall apportion the senators and representatives according to the num- ber of inhabitants, excluding Indians, not taxed, and soldiers and of- ficers of the United States army and navy: Provided , That the legis- lature may make an apportionment at its first session after the admis- sion of South Dakota as a state. — 8. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 4. An enumeration of the qualified voters, and an apportion- ment of the representatives in the general assembly, shall be made in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, and within every subsequent term of ten years. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 5. The number of representatives shall, at the several periods of making the enumeration, be apportioned among the several counties or districts, according to the number of qualified voters in each; and shall not exceed seventy-five until the population of the state shall be one million and a half, and shall never (“thereafter” in constitution of 1834) exceed ninety-nine: Provided , That any county having two-thirds of the ratio shall be entitled to one member. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 6. The number of senators shall, at the several periods of mak- ing the enumeration, be apportioned among the several counties or dis- tricts, according to the number of qualified voters in each, and shall not exceed one-third the number of representatives. In apportioning the senators among the different counties the fraction that may be lost by any county or counties, in the apportionment of members to the house of representatives, shall be made up to such county or counties in the senate, as near as may be practicable. When a district is composed of two or more counties, they shall be adjoining; and no county shall be divided in forming a district. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 26. The members of the house of representatives shall be appor- tioned among the several counties, according to the number of population 46 in each, as nearly as may be, on a ratio obtained by diyiding the popula- tion of the state, as ascertained by the most recent United States census, by the number of members of which the house is composed : Provided , That whenever a single county has sufficient population to be entitled to a representative, such county shall be formed into a separate represen- tative district, and when two or more counties are required to make up the ratio of representation, such counties shall be contiguous to each other ; and when any one county has more than sufficient population to be entitled to one or more representatives, such representative or repre- sentatives shall be apportioned to such county, and for any surplus of population it may be joined in a representative district with anv other contiguous county or counties.— Tea*. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 28. The legislature shall, at its first session after the publication of each United States decennial census, apportion the state into sena- torial and representative districts, agreebly to the provisions of sections 25 and 26 of this article; and until the next decennial census, when the first apportionment shall be made by the legislature, the state shall be and it is hereby divided into senatorial and representative districts as provided by an ordinance of the convention on that subject. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants of the state, A. D. 1905, and every tenth year thereafter, and at the session next following such enumeration, and also at the session next following an enumeration, made by the authority of the United States, shall revise and adjust the apportionment for senators and representatives on the basis of such enumeration according to ratios to be fixed by law . — Utah (1896), Art. 9. Sec. 43. The apportionment of the state into senatorial and house districts, made by the acts of the general assembly, approved April the second, nineteen hundred and two, is hereby adopted ; but a re-apportion- ment may be made in the year nineteen hundred and six, and shall be made in the year nineteen hundred and twelve, and every tenth year thereafter. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 3. The legislature shall provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants of the state in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five, and every ten years thereafter; and at the first session after such enumeration, and also after each enumeration made by the authority of the United States, the legislature shall apportion and district anew the members of the senate and house of representatives, according to the number of inhabitants, excluding Indians not taxed, soldiers, sailors and officers of the United States armv and navy in active service. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 4. For the election of senators, the state shall be divided into twelve senatorial districts, which number shall not be diminished, but may be increased as hereinafter provided. Every district shall elect two senators, but where the district is composed of more than one county, both shall not be chosen from the same county. The districts 47 shall be compact, formed of contiguous territory, bounded by county lines, and, as nearly as practicable, equal in population, to be ascer- tained by the census of the United States. After every such census, the legislature shall alter the senatorial districts, so far as may be necessary to make them conform to the foregoing provision. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 6. For the election of delegates, every county containing a popu- lation of not less than tliree-fifths of the ratio of representation for the house of delegates, shall, at each apportionment, be attached to some contiguous county or counties, to form a delegate district. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 7. After every census the delegates shall be apportioned as fol- lows : The ratio of representation for the house of delegates shall be ascertained by dividing the whole population of the state by the number of which The house is to consist and rejecting the fraction of a unit, if any, resulting for such division. Dividing the population of every dele- gate district, and of every county not included in a delegate district, by the ratio thus ascertained, there shall be assigned to each a number of delegates equal to the quotient obtained by this division, excluding the fractional remainder. The additional delegates necessary to make up the number of which the house is to consist, shall then be assigned to those delegate districts, and counties not included in a delegate district, which would otherwise have the largest fractions unrepresented; but every delegate district and county not included in a delegate district shall be entitled to at least one delegate. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 10. The arrangement of the senatorial and delegate districts, and apportionment of delegates, shall hereafter be declared by law, as soon as possible after each succeeding census, taken by authority of the United States. When so declared they shall apply to the first general election for members of the legislature, to be thereafter held, and shall continue in force unchanged, until such districts shall be altered, and delegates apportioned, under the succeeding census. — W. Va (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 3. The legislature shall provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants of the state in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty -five, and at the end of every ten years thereafter ; and at their first session after such enumeration, and also after each enumeration made by the authority of the United States, the legislature shall apportion and district anew the members of the senate and assembly, according to the number of inhabitants, including Indians not taxed, and soldiers and officers of the United States army and navy. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. Sec. 3. Each county shall constitute a senatorial and representative district ; the senate and house of representatives shall be composed of members elected by the legal voters of the counties respectively, every two (2) years. They shall be apportioned among the said counties as nearly as may be according to the number of their inhabitants. Each county shall have at least one senator and one representative ; but at no time shall the number of members of the house of representatives be less than twice nor greater than three times the number of members of the 48 senate. The senate and house of representatives first elected in pur- suance of this constitution shall consist of sixteen and thirty-three mem- bers respectively. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants of the state in the year 1895, and every tenth year thereafter, and at the session next following such enumeration, and also at the session next following an enumeration made by the authority of the United States, shall revise and adjust the apportionment for senators and representatives, on a basis of such enumeration according to ratios to be fixed by law.— Wyo. (1889), Art. 3 A. Sec. 3. Representative districts may be altered from time to time as public conveniences may require. When a representative district shall be composed of two or more counties, they shall be contiguous, and the districts as compact as may be. No county shall be divided in the forma- tion of representative districts. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3 A. qualifications; removal from district. (9) Sec. 5. Setiators and representatives shall he citizens of the United States and qualified electors in the respective counties and dis- tricts ichich they represent. A removal from their respective counties or districts shall he deemed a vacation of their office. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 47. Senators shall be at least twenty-five years of age, and repre- sentatives twenty-one years of age at the time of their election. They shall have been citizens and residents of this state for three years, and residents of their respective counties or districts for one year next be- fore their election, if such county or district shall have been so long established; but if not, then of the county or district from which the same shall have been taken; and they shall reside in their respective counties or districts during their terms of office. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 54. A member of the legislature expelled for corruption shall not thereafter be eligible to either house; and punishment for contempt or disorder lv behavior shall not bar an indictment for the same offense. — Ala, (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 4. No person shall be a senator or representative who, at the time of his election, is not a citizen of the United States, nor any one who has not been for two years next preceding his election a resident of this state, and for one year next preceding his election a resident of the county or district whence he may be chosen. Senators shall be at least twenty-five years of age and representatives at least twenty-one vears of ag e.—Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 4. Senators shall be chosen for the term of four years, at the same time and place as members of the assembly, and no person shall be a member of the senate or assembly who has not been a citizen and 49 inhabitant of the state three years, and of the district for which he shall be chosen one year, next before his election. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 4. No person shall be a representative or senator who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, who shall not be a citizen of the United States, wdio shall not for at least twelve months next pre- ceding his election have resided within the territory included in the limits of the county or district in which he shall be chosen : Provided , That any person who, at the time of the adoption of this constitution, w r as a qualified elector under the territorial laws, shall be eligible to the first general assembly. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of tw r enty-seven years and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the state three years next preceding the day of his election and the last year of that term an inhabitant of the senatorial district in which he shall be chosen, unless he shall have been absent on the public business of the United States or of this state. No person shall be a representa- tive who shall not have attained the age of twenty-four years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the state three years next preceding the day of his election, and the last year of that term an inhabitant the day of his election, and the last year of that term an inhabitant of the representative district in which he shall be chosen, unless he shall have been absent on the public business of the United States or of this state. —Del, (1897), Art, 2. Sec. 4. Senators and members of the house of representatives shall be duly qualified electors in the respective counties and districts for which they w T ere chosen. The pay of members of the senate and house of representatives shall not exceed six dollars a day for each day of session, and mileage to and from their homes to the seat of government, not to exceed ten cents a mile each way, by the nearest and most prac- ticable route. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 8. The seat of a member of either house shall be vacated on his permanent change of residence from the district or county from which he w r as elected. — Fla, (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 4. Par. 8. The seat of a member of either house shall be va- cated on his removal from the district or county from which he was elected. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 5. Par. 1. The senators shall be citizens of the United States, who have attained the age of tw^enty-five years, and who shall have been citizens of this state for four years, and for one year residents of the district from wdiich elected. — Ga, (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 6. Par. 1. The representatives shall be citizens of the United States, w^ho have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall have been citizens of this state for two years, and for one year residents of the counties from which elected. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. 7 — Legislative Dept. t 50 Sec. 6. No person shall be a senator or representative who at the time of his election is not a citizen of the United States and an elec- tor of this state, nor any one who has not been for one year next pre- ceding his election an elector of the county or district whence he may be chosen . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, or a representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty-one years. No person shall be a senator or a repre- sentative who shall not be a citizen of the United States and who shall not have been for five years a resident of this state, and for two years next preceding his election a resident within the territory forming the district from which he is elected. No judge or clerk of any court, sec- retary of state, attorney general, state’s attorney, recorder, sheriff, or collector of public revenue, members of either house of congress, or persons holding any lucrative office under the United States or this state, or any foreign government, shall have a seat in the general as- sembly: Provided, That appointments in the militia, and the offices of notary public and justice of the peace, shall not be considered lucrative. Nor shall any person holding any office or honor or profit under any foreign government, or under the government of the United States, (except postmasters whose annual compensation does not exceed the sum of three hundred dollars) hold any office of honor or profit under the authority of this state. — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 7. No person shall be a senator or a representative, who, at the time of his election, is not a citizen of the United States; nor any one who has not been, for two years next preceding his election, an inhabitant of this state, and for one year next preceding his election, an inhabitant of the county or district whence he may be chosen. Sena- tors shall be at least twenty -five, and representatives at least twenty- one years of age. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 4. No person shall be a member of the house of representatives who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years; be a male citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this state one year next preceding his election, and at the time of his election shall have had an actual residence of sixty days in the county or district he may have been chosen to represent . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3 (Arndt. 1880). Sec. 4. No person shall be a member of the legislature who is not at the time of his election a qualified voter of, and a resident in, the county or district for which he is elected. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 32. No person shall be a representative who, at the time of his election, is not a citizen of Kentucky, has not attained the age of twenty- four years, and who has not resided in this state two years next pre- ceding his election, and the last year thereof in the county, town or city for which he may be chosen. No person shall be a senator who, at the time of his election, is not a citizen of Kentucky, has not attained the age of thirty years, and has not resided in this state six years next i 51 preceding his election, and the last year thereof in the district for which he may be chosen. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 32. Art. 24. Every elector under this constitution, shall be eligible to a seat in the house of representatives, and every elector who has reached the age of twenty-five years , shall be eligible to the senate: Provided , That no person shall be eligible to the general assembly unless at the time of his election he has been a citizen of the state for five years, and an actual resident of the district or parish from which he may be elected for two years immediately preceding his election. The seat of any member who may change his residence from the district or parish which he represents shall thereby be vacated, any declaration of a re- tention of domicile to the contrary notwithstanding; and members of the general assemblv shall be elected for a term of four years. — La. (1898), Art. 24. Sec. 6. The senators shall be twenty-five years of age at the com- mencement of the term, for which they are elected, and in all other respects their qualifications shall be the same, as those of the repre- sentatives. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 2. Sec. 4. No person shall be a member of the house of representatives, unless he shall, at the commencement of the period for which he is elected, have been five years a citizen of the United States, have arrived at the age of twenty-one years, have been a resident in this state one year, or from the adoption of this constitution ; and for the three months next preceding the time of his election shall have been, and, during the period for which he is elected, shall continue to be a resi- dent in the town or district which he represents. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 1. Sec. 9. No person shall be eligible as a senator or delegate who, at the time of his election, is not a citizen of the state of Maryland, and who has not resided therein for at least three years next preceding the day of his election, and the last year thereof, in the county, or in the legislative district of Baltimore city, which he may be chosen to rep- resent, if such county or legislative district of said city shall have been so long established; and if not, then in the county or city, from which, in whole or in part, the same may have been formed; nor shall any person be eligible as a senator unless he shall have attained the age of twenty-five years, nor as a delegate unless he shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, at the time of his election. — Me. (1867), Art. 3. Art. 5. Provided , nevertheless, That no person shall be capable of being elected as a senator, [who is not seized in his own right of a free- hold, within this commonwealth, of the value of ‘three hundred pounds at least, or possessed of personal estate to the value of six hundred pounds at least, or of both to the amount of the same sum, and] who has not been an inhabitant of this commonwealth for the space of five years immediately preceding his election, and, at the time of his elec- tion, lie shall be an inhabitant in the district for which he shall be chosen. — Mass. (1780), Part , 2, Chap 1, Sec. 2. Art. 13. * * * No possession of a freehold, or of any other es- tate, shall be required as a qualification for holding a seat in either branch of the general court, or in the executive council. — Mass. (1780), Art. 13 (Amdt.). Sec. 25. Senators and representatives shall be qualified voters of the state, and shall have resided one year in the state and six months immediately preceding the election in the district from which they are elected. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 41. No person shall be a member of the house of representa- tives who shall not have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall not be a qualified elector of the state, and who shall not have been a resident citizen of the state four years, and of the county two years; immediately preceding his election. The seat of a member of the house of representatives shall be vacated on his removal from the county or flotorial district from which he was elected. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 42. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of twenty -five years, who shall not have been a qualified elec- tor of the state four years, and who shall not be an actual resident of the district or territory he may be chosen to represent for two years before his election. The seat of a senator shall be vacated upon his removal from the district from which he is elected. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 4. No person shall be a member of the house of representatives who shall not have attained the age of twenty-four years, who shall not be a male citizen of the United States, who shall not have been a qualified voter of this state two years, and an inhabitant of the county or district which he may be chosen to represent one year next before the day of his election, if such county or district shall have been so long established, but if not, then of the county or district from which the same shall have been taken, and who shall not have paid a state and county tax within one year next preceding the elec- tion. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. G. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of thirty years, who shall not be a male citizen of the United States, who shall not have been a qualified voter of this state three years, and an inhabitant of the district which he may be chosen to represent one year next before the day of his election, if such district shall have been so long established, but if not, then of the district or districts from which the same shall have been taken, and who shall not have paid a state and county tax within one year next preceding the election. When any county shall be entitled to more than one sen- ator, the circuit court shall cause such county to be subdivided into districts of compact and contiguous territory, and of population as 53 nearly equal as may be, corresponding in number with the senators to which such county may be entitled; and in each of these one senator, who shall be a resident of such district, shall be elected by the qualified voters thereof. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 13. If any senator or representative remove his residence from the district or county for which he was elected, his office shall thereby be vacated. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. V _ y Sec. 3. No person shall be a representative who shall not have at- tained the age of twenty-one years, or a senator who shall not have at- tained the age of twenty-four years, and who shall not be a citizen of the United States, and who shall not (for at least twelve months next preceding his election) have resided within the county or district in which he shall be elected. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 5. No person shall be eligible to the office of senator, or mem- ber of the house of representatives, who shall not be an elector and have resided within the district from which he is elected for the term of one^year next before his election, unless he shall have been absent on the public business of the United States, or of this state. And no per- son elected as aforesaid shall hold his office after he shall have removed from such district. — Neb. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 5. Senators and members of the assembly shall be duly qualified electors in the respective counties and districts which they represent, and the number of senators shall not be less than one-third nor more than one-half of that of the members of the assembly. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. Art. 13. Every member of the house of representatives shall be chosen by ballot, and, for two years, at least, next preceding his elec- tion, shall have been an inhabitant of this state; shall be, at the time of his election, an inhabitant of the town, parish, or place he may be chosen to represent; and shall cease to represent such town, parish, or place immediately on his ceasing to be qualified as aforesaid. — N. H., Part 2, Art. 13. Art. 28. Provided, nevertheless, That no person shall be capable of being elected a senator who is not of the age of thirty years, and who shall not have been an inhabitant of this state for seven years imme- diately preceding his election; and, at the time thereof, he shall be an inhabitant of the district for which he shall be chosen. — N. H., Paid 2, Art. 28. 2. No person shall be a member of the senate who shall not have attained the age of thirty years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the state for four years, and of the county for which he shall be chosen one year, next before his election; and no person shall be a member of the general assembly who shall not have attained the age of twenty-one years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the state for two years, and of the county for which he shall be chosen one year 54 next before his election: Provided, That no person shall be eligible as a member of either house of the legislature, who shall not be en- titled to the right of suffrage. — -N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 1, Cl. 2. Sbc. 7. Each member of the senate shall not be less than twenty-five years of age, shall have resided in the state as a citizen two years, and shall have usually resided in the district for which he is chosen, one year immediately preceding his election. — N. C. (1875) , Art. 2. Sec. 8. Each member of the house of representatives shall be a quali- fied elector of the state, and shall have resided in the county for which he is chosen, for one year immediately preceding his election. — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 28. No person shall be a senator who is not a qualified elector in the district in which he may be chosen, and who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and have been a resident of the state or territory for two years next preceding his election. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 34. No person shall be a representative who is not a qualified elector in the district from which he may be chosen, and who shall not have attained the age of twenty-one years, and have been a resident of the state or territory for two years next preceding his election. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2.' Sec. 38. No member of the legislative assembly, expelled for cor- ruption, and no person convicted of bribery, perjury or other infamous crime, shall be eligible to the legislative assembly, or to any office in either branch thereof. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. %. Sec. 3. Senators and representatives shall have resided in their re- spective counties; or districts, one year next preceding their election, unless they shall have been absent on the public business of the United States, or of this state . — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 17. Members of the senate shall be at least twenty -five years of age, and members of the house of representatives twenty-one years of age at the time of their election. They shall be qualified electors in their respective counties or districts and shall reside in their respective counties or districts during their term of office. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 19. A member of the legislature expelled for corruption shall not thereafter be eligible to membership in either house. Punishment for contempt or disorderly conduct, or for any other cause, shall not bar an indictment for the same offense. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 8. No person shall be a senator or representative who, at the time of his election, is not a citizen of the United States; nor any one who has not been for one year next preceding his election an inhabi- tant of the county or district whence he may be chosen. Senators and 00 representatives shall be at least twenty-one years of age.— Ore. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 5. Senators shall be at least twenty-five years of age and repre- sentatives twenty-one years of age. They shall have been citizens and inhabitants of the state four years, and inhabitants of their respective districts one year next before their election (unless absent on the pub- lic business of the United States or of this state), and shall reside in their respective districts during their terms of serve.— Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 7. No person shall be eligible to a seat in the senate or house of representatives who, at the time of his election, is not a duly quali- fied elector under this constitution in the county in which he may be chosen. Senators shall be at least twenty-five and representatives at least twenty-one years of age. — S. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 3. No person shall be eligible to the office of senator who is not a qualified elector in the district from which he may be chosen, and a citizen of the United States, and who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and who shall not have been a resident of the state or territory for two years next preceding his election. No person shall be eligible to the office of representative who is not a qualified elector in the district from which he may be chosen, and a citizen of the United States, and who shall not have been a resident of the state or territory for two years next preceding his election, and who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years. No judge or clerk of any court, secretary of state, attorney general, state’s attorney, recorder, sheriff or collector of public moneys, mem- ber of either house of congress, or person holding any lucrative office under the United States, or this state, or any foreign government, shall be a member of the legislature: Provided , That appointments in the militia, the offices of notary public and justice of the peace shall not be considered lucrative ; nor shall any person holding any office of honor or profit under any foreign government or under the government of the United States, except postmasters, whose annual compensation does not exceed the sum of three hundred dollars, hold any office in either branch of the legislature or become a member thereof. — S. D . (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 9. No person shall be a representative unless he shall be a citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, and shall have been a citizen of this state for three years, and a resident in the county he represents one year, immediately preceding the election. — Term. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 10. No person shall be a senator unless he shall be a citizen of the United States, of the age of thirty years, and shall have resided three years in this state, and one year in the county or district, imme- diately preceding the electiop. No senator or representative shall, dur- ing the time for which he was elected, be eligible to any office or place of trust, the appointment to which is vested in the executive or the 56 general assembly, except to the office of trustee of a literary institution. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 1. Whereas ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedi- cated to God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the great duties of their functions; therefore no minister of the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatever, shall be eligible to a seat in either house of the legislature. — Tenn. (1870), AH. 9. i Sec. 6. No person shall be a senator unless he be a citizen of the United States, and at the time of his election a qualified elector of this state, and shall have been a resident of this state five years next preceding his election, and the last year thereof a resident of the district for which he shall be chosen, and shall have attained the age of twentv-six vears. —Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 7. No person shall be a representative unless he be a citizen of the United States, and at the time of his election a qualified elector of this state, and shall have been a resident of this state two years next preceding his election, the last year thereof a resident of the district for which he shall be chosen, and shall have attained the age of twenty- one years. — Tex. (1875), AH. 3. Sec. 23. If any senator or representative remove his residence from the district or county for which he was elected, his office shall thereby become vacant, and the vacancy shall be filled as provided in section 13 of this article. — Tex. (1875), AH. 3. Sec. 5. No person shall be eligible to the office of senator or repre- sentative, who is not a citizen of the United States, twenty-five years of age, a qualified voter in the district from which he is chosen, a resident for three years of the state, and for one year of the district from which he is elected . — Utah (1896), AH. 6. Sec. 18. No person shall be elected a representative, until he has resided two years in this state; the last of which shall be in the town for which he is elected. — Vt. (1793), Chap. 2. Sec. 44. Any person may be elected senator who, at the time of election, is actually a resident of the senatorial district and qualified to vote for members of the general assembly ; and any person may be elected a member of the house of delegates who, at the time of election, is actually a resident of the house district and qualified to vote for mem- bers of the general assembly. But no person holding a salaried office under the state government, and no judge of any court, attorney for the commonwealth, sheriff, sergeant, treasurer, assessor of taxes, com- missioner of the revenue, collector of taxes, or clerk of any court, shall be a member of either house of the general assembly during his continuance in office, and the election of any such person to either house of the general assembly, and his qualification as a member thereof, shall vacate any such office held by him ; and no person holding any office or post of profit or emolument under the United States govern- ment or who is in the employment of such government, shall be eligi- ble to either house. The removal of a senator or delegate from the dis- trict for which he is elected, shall vacate his office. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 7. No person shall be eligible to the legislature who shall not be a citizen of the United States and a qualified voter in the district for which he is chosen. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 12. No person shall be a senator or delegate who has not for one year next preceding his election, been a resident within the dis- trict or county from which he is elected; and if a senator or delegate remove from the district or county for which he w T as elected, his seat shall be thereby vacated. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 4. No person, except citizens entitled to vote, shall be elected or appointed to any state, county or municipal office; but the governor and judges must have attained the age of thirty, and the attorney general and senators the age of twenty-five years, at the beginning of their re- spective terms of service; and must have been citizens of the state for five years next preceding their election or appointment, or be citizens at the time this constitution goes into operation. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 4. Sec. 6. No person shall be eligible to the legislature, who shall not have resided one year within the state, and be a qualified elector in the district Avhich he may be chosen to represent. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. CERTAIN OFFICERS INELIGIBLE. (10) Sec. 6. No person holding any office under the United States [or this state ] or any county office , except notaries public, officers of the militia and officers elected by toivnships, shall be eligible to, or have a seat in either house of the legislature , and all votes given for any such person shall be void. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 7. No judge of the supreme, circuit or inferior courts of law or equity, secretary of state, attorney general for the state, auditor or treasurer, recorder, clerk of any court or record, sheriff, coroner, mem- ber of congress, nor any other person holding any lucative office under the United States or this state (militia officers, justices of the peace, postmasters, officers of public schools and notaries excepted), shall be eligible to a seat in either house of the general assembly. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 20. No person holding and lucrative office under the United States, or any other power, shall be eligible to any civil office of profit under this state : Provided, That officers in the militia who receives no annpal salary, local officers or postmasters whose compensation does not exceed five hudred dollars per annum, shall not be deemed to hold lucrative offices. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. % Sec. 4. No judge of the superior court, or of the supreme court of 8 — Legislative Dept. 58 errors; no member of congress; no person holding any office under the authority of the United States; no person holding the office of treas- ruer, secretary, or comptroller; no sheriff or sheriff’s deputy shall be a member of the general assembly. — Conn. (1818), Art. 10. Sec. 7. No person holding a lucrative office or appointment under the United States or this state, shall be eligible to a seat in the legisla- ture of this state. — Fla. (1885) , Art. 3. Sec. 4. Par. 7. No person holding a military commission or other appointment or office, having any emolument or compensation annexed thereto, under this state, or the United States, or either of them, except justices of the peace and officers of the militia, nor any defaulter for public money, or for any legal taxes required of him, shall have a seat in either house; nor shall any senator or representative, after his quali- fication as such, be elected by the general assembly, or appointed by the governor, either with or without the advise and consent of the senate, to any office or appointment having any emolument annexed thereto, during the time for which he shall have been elected. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 9. No person holding a lucrative office or appointment, under the United States, or under this state, shall be eligible to a seat in the general assembly; nor shall any person hold more than one lucrative office at the same time, except as in this constitution expressly per- mitted: Provided , That offices in the militia, to which there is attached no annual salary, and the office of deputy postmaster, where the com- pensation does not exceed ninety dollars per annum, shall not be deemed lucrative: And provided , also , That counties containing less than one thousand polls may confer the office of clerk, recorder and auditor, or any two of said offices, upon the same person. — Ind. (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 22. No person holding any lucrative office under the United States, or this state, or any other power, shall be eligible to hold a seat in the general assembly. But offices in the militia, to which there is attached no annual salary, or the office of justice of the peace, or postmaster, whose compensation does not exceed #100 per annum, or notary public, shall be deemed lucrative . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 5. No member of congress or officer of the United States shall be eligible to a seat in the legislature. If any person after his elec- tion to the legislature, be elected to congress or elected or appointed to any 'office under the United States, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat. — Kan. (1859), Art . 2. Art. 104. No member of congress, nor person holding or exercising any office of trust or profit under the United States, or any state, or under any foreign power, shall be eligible as a member of the general assembly, or hold or exercise any office of trust or profit under the state.— La. (1898), Art. 164. Sec. 11. No member of congress, nor person holding any office under 59 the United States (post-officers excepted) nor office of profit under this state, justices of the peace, notaries public, coroners and officers of the militia excepted, shall have a seat in either house during his being such member of congress, or his continuance in such office. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part. 3. Sec. 2. No person holding the office of justice of the supreme judicial court, or of any inferior court, attorney general, county attorney, treas- urer of the state, adjutant general, judge of probate, register of pro- bate, register of deeds, sheriffs or other deputies, clerks of the judicial courts, shall be a member of the legislature; and any person holding either of the foregoing offices, elected to, and accepting a seat in the congress of the United States, shall thereby vacate said office; and no person shall be capable of holding or exercising at the same time within this state, more than one of the offices before mentioned. — Me. (1819), Art. 9. Sec. 10. No member of congress, or person holding any civil or military office under the United States shall be eligible as a senator or delegate; and if any person shall, after his election as senator or dele- gate, be elected to congress, or be appointed to any office, civil or mil- itary, under the government of the United States his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 11. No minister or preacher of the gospel, or of any religious creed or denomination, and no person holding any civil office of profit or trust under this state, except justices of the peace, shall be eligible as senator or delegate. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Art. 8. No judge of any court of this commonwealth, (except the court of sessions,) and no person holding any office under the authority of the United States, (postmasters excepted,) shall, at the same time, hold the office of governor, lieutenant-governor, or councillor, or have a seat in the senate or house of representatives of this commonwealth; and no judge of any court in this commonwealth, (except the court of sessions,) nor the attorney-general, solicitor-general, county attorney, clerk of any court, sheriff, treasurer and receiver-general, register of probate, nor register of deeds, shall continue to hold his said office after being elected a member of the congress of the United States, and ac- cepting that trust; but the acceptance of such trust, by any of the offi- cers aforesaid, shall be deemed and taken to be a resignation of his said office; and judges of the courts of common pleas shall hold no other office under the government of this commonwealth, the office of justice of the peace and militia offices excepted. — Mass. (1780), Art. 8 {Arndt. 1821). Sec. 4. No person holding an office of profit under the United States shall during his continuance in such office, hold any office of profit under this state. — Mo. (1875), Art. 14. Sec. 6. No person holding office under the authority of the United States or any lucrative office under the authority of this state, shall be 60 eligible to, or have a seat in the legislature, but this provision shall not extend to precinct or township officers, justices of the peace, notaries public, or officers of the militia, nor shall any person interested in a contract with, or an adjusted claim against the state, hold a seat in the legislature. — Neb. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 9. No person holding any lucrative office under the government of the United States, or any other power, shall be eligible to any civil office of profit under this state: Provided, That postmasters whose com- pensation does not exceed five hundred dollars per annum, or commis- sioners of deeds, shall not be deemed as holding a lucrative office. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. Art. 94. No person holding the office of judge of any court (except special judges), secretary, treasurer of the state, attorney-general, com- missary-general, military officers receiving pay from the continent or this state (excepting officers of the militia occasionally called forth on an emergency), register of deeds, sheriffs, or officers of the cus- toms, including naval officers, collectors of excise and state and con- tinental taxes hereafter appointed, and not having settled their accounts with the respective officers with whom it is their duty to settle such accounts, members of congress, or any person holding any office under the United States, shall at the same time hold the office of governor, or have a seat in the senate or house of representatives or council ; but his being chosen and appointed to and accepting the same shall operate as a resignation of his seat in the chair, senate, or house of representatives, or council, and the place so vacated shall be filled up. No member of the council shall have a seat in the senate or house of representatives. — N. ff. Part 2, Art. 94. 2. If any member of the senate or general assembly shall be elected to represent this state in the senate or house of representatives of the United States, and shall accept thereof, or shall accept of any office or appointment under the government of the United States, his seat in the legislature of this state shall thereby be vacated. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 5, cl. 2. 3. No justice of the supreme court, nor judge of any other court, sheriff, justice of the peace nor any person or persons possessed of any office of profit under the government of this state, shall be entitled to a seat either in the senate or in the general assembly; but, on being elected and taking his seat, his office shall be considered vacant; and no person holding any office of profit under the government of the United States shall be entitled to a seat in either house. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 5, cl. 3. Sec. 8. No person shall be eligible to the legislature, who at the time of his election, is, or within one hundred days previous thereto has been, a member of congress, a civil or military officer under the United States, or an officer under any city government. And if any person shall, after his election as a member of the legislature, be elected to congress, or appointed to any office, civil or military, under the 61 government of the United States, or under any city government, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 7. Xo person, who shall hold any office or place of trust or profit under the United States, or any department thereof, or under this state, or under any other state or government, shall hold or exercise any other office or place of trust or profit under the authority of this state, or be eligible to a seat in either house of the general assembly : Pro- vided, That nothing herein contained shall extend to officers in the militia, justices of the peace, commissioners of public charities; or com- missioners for special purposes. — X. C. (1875), Art. 14. Sec. 37. Xo judge or clerk of any court, secretary of state, attorney general, register of deeds, sheriff or person holding any office of profit under this state, except in the militia or the office of attorney at law, notary public or justice of the peace, and no person holding any office of profit or honor under any foreign government, or under the govern- ment of the United States, except postmasters whose annual compensa- tion does not exceed the sum of three hundred dollars, shall hold any office in either branch of the legislature assembly or become a member thereof. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 4. Xo person holding office under the authority of the United States, or any lucrative office under the authority of this state, shall be eligible to or have a seat in the general assembly; but this provision shall not extend to township officers, justices of the peace notaries public, or officers of the militia . — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 18. Xo person shall serve as a member of the Legislature who is at the time of such service, an officer of the United States or state government, or is receiving compensation as such; nor shall any person be eligible to election to the legislature, who has been adjudged guilty of a felony. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 10. Xo person holding a lucrative office or appointment under the United States, or under this state, shall be eligible to a seat in the legislative assembly; nor shall any person hold more than one lucrative office at the same time, except as in this constitution expressly per- mitted : Provided, That officers in the militia, to which there is attached no annual salary, and the office of postmaster, where the compensation does not exceed one hundred dollars per annum, shall not be deemed lucrative. — Ore. (1857), Art. 2. Sec. 6. Xo person holding any office under the government of the United States, or of any other state or country, shall act as a general officer, or as a member of the general assembly, unless at the time of taking his engagement he shall have resigned his office under such government; and if any general officer, senator, representative or judge shall, after his election and engagement, accept any appointment under any other government, his office under this shall be immediately vacated ; but this restriction shall not apply to any person appointed to take 62 depositions or acknowledgement of deeds, or other legal instruments^ by the authority of any other state or country. — R. I. {1842), Art. 9. Sec. 24. No person shall be eligible to a seat in the general assembly while he holds any office or position of profit or trust under this state, the United States of America, or any of them, or under any other power, except* officers in the militia and notaries public ; and if any member shall accept or exercise any of the said disqualifying offices or positions he shall vacate his seat. — S. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 26. No judge of any court of law or equity, secretary of state, attorney -general, register, clerk of any court of record, or person hold- ing any office under the authority of the United States, shall have a seat in the general assembly, nor shall any person in this state hold more than one lucrative office at the same time: Provided, That no appointment in the militia, or to the office of justice of the peace, shall be considered a lucrative office, or operative as a disqualification to a seat in either house of the general assembly. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 12. No member of congress, nor person holding or exercising any office of profit or trust under the United States, or either of them, or under any foreign power, shall be eligible as a member of the legis- lature, or hold or exercise any office of profit or trust under this state* —Tex. (1875), Art. 16. Sec. 19. No judge of any court, secretary of state, attorney general, clerk of any court of record, or any person holding a lucrative office under the United States, or this state, or any foreign government, shall, during the term for which he is elected or appointed, be eligible to the legislature. — Tew. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 6. No person holding any public office of profit or trust under authority of the United States, or of this state, shall be a member of the legislature: Provided, That appointments in the state militia, and the offices of notary public, justice of the peace, United States com- missioner, and postmaster of the fourth class, shall not, within the meaning of this section, be considered offices of profit or trust. — Utah i 1896), Art. 6. Sec. 14. No person, being a member of congress, or holding any civil or military office under the United States or any other power, shall be eligible to be a member of the legislature; and if any person after his election as a member of the legislature shall be elected to congress or be appointed to any other office, civil or military, under the govern- ment of the United States, or any other power, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat: Provided, That officers of the militia of the state who receive no annual salary, local officers and postmasters, whose compensation does not exceed three hundred dollars per annum, shall not be ineligible. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 13. No person holding a lucrative office under this state, the United States, or any foreign government; no member of congress; no 63 person who is a salaried officer of any railroad company, or who is sheriff, constable, or clerk of any court of record, shall be eligible to a seat in the legislature. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 13. No person being a member of congress, or holding any mil- itary or civil office under the United States, shall be eligible to a seat in the legislature, and if any person shall, after his election as a mem- ber of the legislature, be elected to congress, or be appointed to any office, civil or military, under the government of the United States, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat.— Wis. (1848), Art. 4. PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERS. (11) Sec. 7. Senators and representatives shall in all cases , ex- cept treason , felony , or breach of the peace , be privileged from arrest. They shall not be subject to any civil process during the session of the legislature, or for fifteen days next before the commencement and after the termination of eaeh session. They shall not be questioned in any other place for any speech in either house. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 56. Members of the legislature shall in all cases, except treason, felony, violation of their oath of office, and breach of the peace, be privi- leged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their re- spective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or bebate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 15. The members of the general assembly shall, in all cases except treason, felony and breach or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the sessions of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. — Ala. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 11. Members of the legislature shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest, and shall not be subject to any civil process during the session of the legislature, nor for fifteen day next before the commencement and after the termina- tion of each session. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 16. The members of the general assembly shall in all cases ex- cept treason, felony, violation of their oath of office, and breach or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the sessions of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speaeli or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 10. The senators and representatives shall, in all cases of civil process, be privileged from arrest during the session of the general as- sembly, and for four days before the commencement and after the term- ination of any session thereof. And for any speech or debate in either 64 house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. — Conn. (1818), Art. 3. Sec. 13. The senators and representatiyes shall, in all cases, except treason, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest dur- ing their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 7. Par. 3. The members of both houses shall be free from arrest during their attendance on the general assembly and in going thereto or returning therefrom, except for treason, felony, larceny, or breach of the peace; and no member shall be liable to answer in any other place for anything spoken in debate in either house. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 7. Senators and representatives, in all cases except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during the session of the legislature, and in going to and returning from the same, and shall not be liable to any civil process during the session of the legislature, nor during the ten days next before the commencement thereof ; nor shall a member for words uttered in debate in either house be questioned in any other place . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 14. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases, except trea- son, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session of the general assembly, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 8. Senators and representatives, in all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during the session of the general assembly, and in going to and returning from the same; and shall not be subject to any civil process during the session of the general assembly, nor during the fifteen days next before the commencement thereof. For any speech or debate in either house, a member shall not be questioned in anv other place. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 11. Senators and representatives, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the peace shall be privileged from arrest during the session of the general assembly and in going to or returning from the same . — Ioiva (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 22. For any speech or debate in either house the members shall not be questioned elsewhere. No member of the legislature shall be subject to arrest — except for felony or breach of the peace — in going to, or returning from, the place of meeting, or during the continuance of the session; neither shall he be subject to the service of any civil process during the session, nor for fifteen days previous to its com- mencement. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. 65 Sec. 43. The members of the general assembly shall, in all cases except treason, felony, breach or surety of the peace, be priyileged from arrest during their attendance on the sessions of their respectiye houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 43. Art. 28. The members of the general assembly shall in all cases, ex- cept treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be priyileged from arrest during their attendance at the sessions of their respectiye houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or de- bate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. — La. (1898), Art. 28. Sec. 8. The senators and representatiyes shall, in all cases except treason, felony or breach of the peace, be priyileged from arrest during their attendance at, going to, and returning from each session of the legislature; and no member shall be liable to answer for anything spoken in debate in either house, in any court or place elsewhere. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 3. Art. 10. That freedom of speech and debate, or proceedings in the legislature, ought not to be impeached in any court of judicature. — Md. (1867), Dec. of Rights. Sec. 18. Xo senator or delegate shall be liable in any ciyil action or criminal prosecution whateyer for words spoken in debate. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Art. 21. The freedom of deliberation, speech, and debate, in either house of the legislature, is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation of any accusation or prosecution, action or complaint, in any other court or place whatsoeyer. — Mass. (1780), Part 1. Sec. 8. The members of each house shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be priyileged from arrest during the session of their respectiye houses, and in going to or returning from the same. For any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 48. Senators and representatiyes shall, in all cases, except trea- son, felony, theft, or breach of the peace, be priyileged from arrest dur- ing the session of the legislature, and for fifteen days before the com- mencement and after the termination of each session. — Miss. (1890), Aid. 4. Sec. 12. Senators and representatiyes shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be priyileged from arrest during the session of the general assembly, and for fifteen days next before the commencement and after the termination of each session ; and for 9 — Legislative Dept. 66 any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. — Mo. (1875), Art. 14. Sec. 15. The members of the legislative assembly shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, violation of their oath of office and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the ses- sions of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 12. Members of the legislature in all cases except treason, felony or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during the session of the legislature, and for fifteen days next before the commencement and after the termination thereof. — Neb. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 23. No member of the legislature shall be liable in any civil or criminal action whatever for words spoken in debate. — Neb. (1875) , Art. 3. Sec. 11. Members of the legislature shall be privileged from arrest on civil process during the session of the legislature, and for fifteen days next before the commencement of each session. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. Art. 30. The freedom of deliberation, speech, and debate in either house of the legislature is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation of any action, complaint, or prosecution in any other court or place whatsoever. — N. H., Part 1, Art. 30. Art. 20. No member of the house of representatives or senate shall be arrested or held to bail on mesne process during his going to, re- turning from, or attendance upon, the court. — N. H., Part 2, Art. 20. 8. Members of the senate and general assembly shall, in all cases except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the sitting of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate, in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 4, Cl. 8. Sec. 12. For any sj>eech or debate in either house of the legisla- ture, the members shall not be questioned in any other place. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 42. The members of the legislative assembly shall in all cases except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from ar- rest during their attendance at the sessions of their respective houses, and in going to or returning from the same. For words used in any speech or debate in either house, thev shall not be questioned in any other place.— N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 12. Senators and representatives, during the session of the gen- 07 eral assembly, and in going to, and returning from the same, shall be privileged from arrest, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace; and for any speech, or debate, in either house, they shall not be questioned elsewhere . — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 22. Senators and representatives shall, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session of the legislature, and in going to and returning from the same, and, for anv speech or debate in either house, shall not be questioned in any other place. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 9. Senators and representatives in all cases except for treason, felony, or breaches of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during the session of the legislative assembly, and in going to and returning from the same; and shall not be subject to any civil process during the session of the legislative assembly, nor during the fifteen days next before the commencement thereof. Nor shall a member, for words uttered in debate in either house, be questioned in any other place. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 15. The members of the general assembly shall in all cases except treason, felony, violation of their oath of office and breach or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the sessions of their respective houses and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 5. The person of every member of the general assembly shall be exempt from arrest, and his estate from attachment in any civil ac- tion, during the session of the general assembly, and two days before the commencement and two days after the termination thereof, and all process served contrary hereto shall be void. For any speech in de- bate in either house, no member shall be questioned in anv other place. — R. I. (1842), Art. 4. Sec. 14. The members of both houses shall be protected in their persons and estates during their attendance on, going to and returning from the general assembly, and ten days previous to the sitting and ten days after the adjournment thereof. But these privileges shall not protect any member who shall be charged with treason, felony or breach of the peace. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 11. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases except treason, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the ses- sion of the legislature, and in going to and returning from the' same; and for words used in any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. — 8. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 13. Senators and representatives shall in all cases, except trea- son, felony, or breach of the pegee, be privileged from arrest during the session of the general assembly, and in going to and [“or” in constitu- tion of 1796] returning from the same; and for any speech or debate 68 in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. (Con- stitution of 1796, Art. 1, Sec. 10.) — Term. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 14. Senators and representatives shall, except in cases of trea- son, felony or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session of the legislature, and in going to and returning from the same, allowing one day for every twenty miles such member may reside from the place at which the legislature is convened. — Tex. (1875) , Art. 3. Sec. 21. No member shall be questioned in any other place for words spoken in debate in either house. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 8. Members of the legislature, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during each ses- sion of the legislature, for fifteen days next preceding each session, and in returning therefrom : and for words used in any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place . — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Art. 14. The freedom of deliberation, speech, and debate, in the leg- islature, is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation of any accusation or prosecution, action or complaint, in any other court or place whatsoever. — Vt. (1793), Chap. 1, Art. 14. Sec. 48. Members of the general assembly shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the sessions of their respective houses; and for any speech or debate in either house shall not be questioned in any other place. They shall not be subject to arrest, under any civil process, during the sessions of the general assembly, or the fifteen days next before the beginning or after the ending of any session. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 16. Members of the legislature shall be privileged from arrest in all cases except treason, felony and breach of the peace; they shall not be subject to any civil process during the session of the legislature, nor for fifteen days next before the commencement of each session. — Wash. (1889), AH. 2. Sec. 17. No member of the legislature shall be liable in any civil action or criminal prosecution whatever for words spoken in debate. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 17. Members of the legislature shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session, and for ten days before and after the same; and for words spoken in debate, or any report, motion or proposition made in either house, a member shall not be questioned in any other place. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 15. Members of the legislature shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest; nor shall they be subject to any civil process, during the session of the legislature, 69 nor for fifteen days next before the commencement and after the termi- nation of each session. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. Sec. 16. No member of the legislature shall be liable in any civil action, or criminal prosecution whatever, for words spoken in debate. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. Sec. 16. The members of the legislature shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, violation of their oath of office and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the sessions of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. quorum; adjournment; absentees. (12) Sec. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day ; and compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may prescribe. — Mich. (1850) , Art. 4. Sec. 52. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each house may provide. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a small number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 11. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 11. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and com- pel the presence of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as it may prescribe. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 4. Par. 4. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to transact business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and compel the presence of its absent members as each house may pro- vide. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 10. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as such house may provide. A quorum being in attend- ance, if either house fail to affect an organization within the first four days thereafter, the members of the house so failing shall be entitled to no V 70 compensation from the end of the said four days until an organization shall have been effected . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 11. Two-thirds of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may meet, adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members. A quorum being in at- tendance, if either house fail to effect an organization within the first five days thereafter, the members of the house so failing shall be en- titled to no compensation from the end of the said five days, until an organization shall have been effected. — Ind. (1851). Art. 4. Sec. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to tran- sact business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day. and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and un- der such penalties as each house may provide . — Ioica (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum. Each house shall establish its own rules, and shall be judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members. — Kan. (1859). Art. 2. Sec. 37. Not less than a majority of the members of each house- of the general assembly shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and shall be authorized by law to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as may be prescribed by law. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 37. Art. 34. Not less than a majority of the members of each house of the general assembly shall form a quorum to transact business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and shall have power to compel the attendance of absent members. — La. (1898), Arf. 34. Sec. 20. A majority of the whole number of members elected to each house shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day. and compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may prescribe. — Aid. (1867), Art . 3. Art. 33. A majority of the members of each branch of the general court shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but a less number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members. All the provisions of the existing constitution in- consistent with the provisions herein contained are hereby annulled. — Mass. (1780), Art. 33 (Arndt. 1891). Sec. 54. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a less number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such pen- alties as each shall provide. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 18. A majority of the whole number of members of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may 71 adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 10. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and com- pel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may prescribe. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 7. The session of the legislature shall commence at 2 o’clock (noon) on the first Tuesday in January in the year next ensuing the election of members thereof, and at no other time, unless as provided by this constitution. A majority of the members elected to each house shall constitute a quorum ; each house shall determine the rules of its pro- ceedings, and be the judge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its members, shall choose its own officers, and the senate shall choose a temporary president, to preside when the lieutenant-governor shall not attend as president, or shall act as governor. The secretary of state shall call the house of representatives to order at the opening of each new legislature, and preside over it until a temporary presiding officer thereof shall have been chosen, and shall have taken his seat. No mem- ber shall be expelled by either house, except by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to that house, and no member shall be twice expelled for the same offense. Each house may punish by imprisonment any person not a member thereof who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house, by disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence, but no such imprisonment shall extend beyond twenty-four hours at one time, unless the person shall persist in such disorderly or contemptuous behavior. — Neb. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 13. A majority of all the members elected to each house shall constitute a quorum to transact business, but a smaller number may adjourn, from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may prescribe. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. Art. 19. A majority of the members of the house of representatives shall be a quorum for doing business, but, when less than two-thirds of the representatives elected shall be present, the assent of two-thirds to those members shall be necessarv to render their acts and proceedings valid. — -N. H., Part 2, Art. 19. Sec. 10. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business. Each house shall determine the rules of its own proceedings, and be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members; shall choose its own officers; and the senate shall choose a temporary president to preside in case of the absence or impeachment of the lieutenant-governor, or when he shall refuse to act as president, or shall act as governor. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 46. A majority of the members of each house shall constitute a quorum, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members, in such a manner, and under such a penalty, as may be prescribed by law. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 12. Two-thirds of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may meet, adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members. A quorum being in attendance, if either house fail to effect an organization within the first five days thereafter, the members of the house so failing shall be en- titled to no compensation from the end of the said five days until an or- ganization shall have been effected. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 10. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and compel the attendance of absent members. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 8. A quorum of the grand committee shall consist of a majority of all the members of the senate and a majority of all the members of the house of representatives duly assembled pursuant to an invi- tation from one of said bodies which has been accepted by the other, and the acceptance of which has been communicated by message to the body in which such invitation originated, and each house shall be at- tended by its secretaries and clerks. No act or business of any kind shall be done in grand committee other than that which is distinctly specified in the invitation by virtue of which such grand committee is assembled, except to take a recess or to dissolve: Provided , That the grand committee may appoint a sub committee of its own members to count anv ballots delivered to it and report the result of such count. — R. I. (1842), Arndt. Art. 11. Sec. 10. Two-thirds of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and com- pel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. / Sec. 11. A majority of the members of each house shall constitute a quorum to transact business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house mav prescribe . — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 24. A majority of the members elected to each house of the leg- islature, shall constitute a quorum. But a smaller number may ad- journ from day to day, and shall be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, as each house may provide. Each house shall de- termine the rules of its proceedings and be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members. The senate shall choose, from its own body, a president; and the house of delegates, from its own body, a speaker. Each house shall appoint its own officers, and remove them at pleasure. The oldest delegate present shall call the house to order, at the opening of each new house of delegates, and preside over it until the speaker thereof shall have been chosen, and have taken his seat. The oldest member of the senate present at the commencement of 73 each regular session thereof, shall call the senate to order, and preside over the same until a president of the senate shall have been chosen and have taken his seat. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 11. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and com- pel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may prescribe. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. officers; rules; qualification, election and return of members; EXPULSION. (13) Section 9. Each house shall choose its own officers, determine the rules of its proceedings and judge of the qualifications, elections and returns of its members, and may , with the concurrence of two thirds of all the members elected, expel a member. No member shall be expelled a seco'nd time for the same cause, nor for any cause known to his constituents antecedent to his election ; the reason for such ex- pulsion shall be entered upon the journal, with the names of the mem- bers voting on the question. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 51. The senate, at the beginning of each regular session, and at such other times as may be necessary, shall elect one of its members president pro tem thereof, to preside over its deliberations in the absence of the lieutenant-governor; and the house of representatives, at the be- ginning of each regular session, and at such other times as may be nec- essary, shall elect one of its members as speaker; and the president of the senate and the speaker of the house of representatives shall hold their offices, respectively, until their successors are elected and qualified. In case of the temporary disability of either of said presiding officers, the house to which he belongs may elect one of its members to preside over that house, and to perform all the duties of such officer during the continuance of his disability; and such temporary officer, while per- forming duty as such, shall receive the same compensation to which the permanent officer is entitled by law, and no other. Each house shall choose its own officers, and shall judge of the election, returns and qualifications of its members. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 53. Each house shall have power to determine the rules of its proceedings, and to punish its members and other persons, for contempt or disorderly behavior in its presence; to enforce obedience to its pro- cesses; to protect its members against violence or offers of bribery or corrupt solicitation ; and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of the house, to expel a member, but not a second time for the same offense; and the two houses shall have all the powers necessary for the legislature of a free state. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 67. The legislature shall prescribe by law the number, duties and compensation of the officers and employes of each house, and no payment shall be made from the state treasury or be in any way au- thorized to any person except to an acting officer or employe elected or appointed in pursuance of law. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. 10 — Legislative Dept. 74 Sec. 11. Each house shall appoint its own officers, and shall be sole judge of the qualifications, returns and elections of its own members. A majority of all the members elected to each house shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house shall provide. — Ark. (1874) r Art. 5. Sec. 12. Each house shall have the power to determine the rules of its proceedings; and punish its members or other persons for contempt or disorderly behavior in its presence; enforce obedience to its process; to protect its members against violence or offers of bribes or private solicitations; and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same cause. A member expelled for cor- ruption shall not thereafter be eligible to either house; and punishment for contempt or disorderly behavior shall not bar an indictment for the same offense. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings and from time to time publish the same, except such parts as require secrecy; and the yeas and nays on any question shall, at the desire of any five members, be entered on the journals. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 18. Each house, at the beginning of every regular session of the general assembly, and whenever a vacancy may occur, shall elect from its members a presiding officer to be styled, respectively, the presi- dent of the senate and the speaker of the house of representatives ; and whenever, at the close of any session, it may appear that the term of the member elected president of the senate will expire before the next regular session, the senate shall elect another president from those members whose terms of office continue over, who shall qualify and remain president of the senate until his successor may be elected and qualified; and who, in the case of a vacancy in the office of governor, shall perform the duties and exercise the powers of governor, as else- where herein provided. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 36. Proceedings to expel a member for a criminal offense, whether successful or not, shall not bar an indictment and punishment, under the criminal laws, for the same offense. — Ark. (1874). Art. 5. Sec. 7. Each house shall choose its officers, and judge of the qualifi- cations, elections, and return of its members. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. fl. Each house shall determine the rule of its proceeding, and may, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members elected, expel a member. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 10. The senate shall, at the beginning and close of each regular session, and at such other times as may be necessary, elect one of its members president pro tempore. The house of representatives shall elect one of its members as speaker. Each house shall choose its other offi- cers, and shall judge of the election and qualification of its members. — Colo. (1876), Art . 5. Sec. 12. Each house shall have power to determine the rules of its proceedings and punish its members or other persons for contempt or disorderly behavior in its presence; to enforce obedience to its process; to protect its members against violence, or offers of bribes or private solicition, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, to expel a member, but not a second time for the same cause, and shall have all other powers necessary for the legislature of a free state. A member expelled for corruption shall not thereafter be eligible to either house of the same general assembly, and punishment for contempt or disorderly behavior shall not bar an indictment for the same offense. — Colo. (187G), Art. 5. Sec. 27. The general assembly shall prescribe by law the number, duties and compensation of the officers and employes of each house ; and no payment shall be made from the state treasury, or be in any way authorized to any person, except to an acting officer or employe elected or appointed in pursuance of law. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 7. The house of representatives, when assembled, shall choose a speaker, clerk, and other officers. The senate shall choose its clerk and other officers except the president. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house mav prescribe. — Conn. (1818) , Art. 3. Sec. 8. Each house shall determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish members for disorderly conduct, and, with the consent of two- thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same cause; and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the legislature of a free and independent states — Conn. (1818), Art. 3. Sec. 7. The senate at each biennial session shall choose one of its members president pro tempore, who shall preside in the absence of the lieutenant-governor, or in case the later shall become governor or while he continues in the exercise of the office of governor by reason of disa- bility of the governor. The senate shall also choose its other officers and in the absence of the lieutenant governor and its president pro tempore may, from time to time, as occasion may require, appoint one of its members to preside. The house of representatives shall choose one of its members speaker and also choose its other officers, and in the ab- sence of the speaker may, from time to time as occasion may require, appoint one of its members to preside. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 8. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members; and a majority of all the members elected to each house shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and shall have power to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as shall be deemed expedient. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 9. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, pun- ish any of its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concur- 76 rence of two-thirds of all the members elected thereto expel a member, and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the legis- lature of a free and independent state. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 6. Each house shall judge of the qualifications, elections and returns of its own members, chose its own officers, and determine the rules of its proceedings. The senate shall, at the convening of each regu- lar session thereof, choose from among its own members a perment president of the senate, who shall be its presiding officer. The house or representatives shall, at the convening of each regular session thereof, choose from among its own members a permanent speaker of the house of representatives, who shall be its presiding officer. Each house may punish its own members for disorderly conduct; ami each house, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all of its members present, may expel a member. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 5. Par. 2. The presiding officer of the senate shall be styled the president of the senate, and shall be elected viva voce from the senators. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 6. Par. 2. The presiding officer of the house of representatives shall be styled the speaker of the house of representatives, and shall be elected viva voce from the body. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 7. Par. 1. Each house shall be the judge of the election, re- turns and qualifications of its members, and shall have power to punish them for disorderly behavior, or misconduct, by censure, fine, impris- onment, or expulsion; but no member shall be expelled except by a vote of two-thirds of the house to which he belongs. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 8. Par. 1. The officers of the two houses, other than the presi- dent and speaker, shall be a secretary of the senate and clerk of the house of representatives, and such assistants as they may appoint; but the clerical expenses of the senate shall not exceed sixty dollars per day for each session, nor those of the house of representatives seventy dollars per day for each session. The secretary of the senate and clerk of the house of representatives shall l>e required to give bond and se- curity for the faithful discharge of their respective duties. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 9. Each house when assembled shall choose its own officers, judge of the election, qualifications, and returns of its own members, determine its own rules of proceedings, and sit upon its own adjournments; but neither house shall, without the concurrence of the other, adjourn more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which it may be sitting . — Idaho (1889), AH. 3. Sec. 111. Each house may, for good cause shown, with the concur- rence of two-thirds of all the members, expel a member . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 9. The sessions of the general assembly shall commence at twelve o’clock noon, on the Wednesday next after the first Monday in January, in the year next ensuing the election of members thereof, and at no other time, unless as provided by this constitution. A majority of the members elected to each house shall constitute a quorum. Each house shall determine the rules of its proceedings, and be the judge of the elec- tion, returns and qualifications of its members; shall choose its own offi- cers; and the senate shall choose a temporary president to preside when the lieutenant governor shall not attend as president, or shall act as governor. The secretary of state shall call the house of representatives to order at the opening of each new assembly, and preside over it until a temporary presiding officer thereof shall have been chosen and shall have taken his seat. No member shall be expelled by either house, ex- cept by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to that house, and no member shall be twice expelled for the same offense. Each house may punish by imprisonment any person not a member who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house by disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence. But no such imprisonment shall extend beyond twenty- four hours at one time, unless the person shall persist in such disorderly or contemptuous behavior. — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 10. Each house, when assembled, shall choose its own officers (the president of the senate excepted), judge the elections, qualifications and returns of its own members, determine its rules of proceediing, and sit upon its own adjournment. But neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any place other than that in wffiich it may be sitting. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 14. Either house may punish its members for disorderly behavior, and may, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member; but not a second time for the same cause. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 11. Whenever the lieutenant-governor shall act as governor, or shall be unable to attend as president of the senate, the senate shall elect one of its own members as president for the occasion. — Ind. (1851), Art. 5. Sec. 7. Each house shall choose its own officers, and judge of the qualification, election, and returns of its own members. A contested election shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law. — Ioica (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 9. Each house shall sit upon its own adjournments, keep a jour- nal of its proceedings, and publish the same ; determine its rules of pro- ceedings, punish members for disorderly behavior, and with the consent of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same of- fense; and shall have all others power necessary for a branch of the general assembly of a free and independent state . — Iovm (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 34. The house of representatives shall choose its speaker and other officers, and the senate shall have power to choose its officers bi- ennially. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 34. 78 Sec. 38. Each house of the general assembly shall judge of the quali- fications, elections and returns of its members, but a contested election shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed bv law. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 38. Sec. 39. Each house of the general assembly may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish a member for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same cause, and may punish for contempt any person who re- fuses to attend as a witness, or to bring any paper proper to be used as evidence before the general assembly, or either house thereof, or a committee of either, or to testify concerning any matter which may be a proper subject of inquiry by the general assembly, or offers or gives a bribe to a member of the general assembly, or attempts by other cor- rupt means or device to control or influence a member to cast his vote or withhold the same. The punishment and mode of proceeding for con- tempt in such cases shall be prescribed by law, but the term of im- prisonment in any such case shall not extend beyond the session of the general assembly. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 39. Sec. 249. The house of representatives of the general assembly shall not elect, appoint, employ or pay for, exceeding one chief clerk, one as- sistant clerk, one enrolling clerk, one sergeant-at-arms, one doorkeeper, one janitor, two cloak room keepers and four pages; and the senate shall not elect, appoint, employ or pay for, exceeding one chief clerk, one as- sistant clerk, one enrolling clerk, one sergeant-at-arms, one doorkeeper, janitor, one cloak room keej>er and three pages; and the general as- sembly shall provide, by general law, for fixing the per diem or salary of all of said employes. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 249. Art. 25. Each house shall be the judge of the qualifications, elec- tions and returns of its own members, choose its own officers, except president of the senate, determine the rules of its proceedings, and may punish its members for disorderly conduct and contempt, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all its members elected, expel a mem- ber.— La. ( 1898), Art. 25. Art. 43. The clerical officers of the two houses shall be a secretary of the senate and clerk of the house of representatives, with such as- sistants as may be necessary; but the expenses for said officials, in- cluding the sergeant-at-arms, of each house, together with all clerks of committees and all other employes of whatever kind, shall not exceed one hundred dollars daily for the senate, nor one hundred and twenty dollars daily for the house, and the chairman of the committee on con- tingent expenses of each house shall not issue warrants for any com- pensation in excess of said amounts : Provided. This shall not affect the employes of the present general assembly. No donation of any un- expended balances shall be made as extra compensation or for any pur- pose. — La. (1898), Art. 43. Sec. 7. The house of representatives shall choose their speaker, clerk and other officers. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 1. Sec. 8. The senate shall choose their president, secretary and other officers. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 2. Sec. 3. Each house shall be the judge of the elections and qualifi- cations of its own members, and a majority shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each house shall provide, — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 3. Sec. 4. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, pun- ish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same cause. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 3. Sec. 19. Each house shall be judge of the qualifications and elections of its members, as prescribed by the constitution and laws of the state; •shall appoint its own officers, determine the rules of its own proceedings, ])unish a member for disorderly or disrespectful behavior, and with the consent of two-thirds of its whole number of members elected, ex- pel a member; but no member shall be expelled a second time for the same offence. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Art. 4. The senate shall be the final judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of their own members, as pointed out in the constitu- tion; and shall, [on the said last Wednesday in May] annually, deter- mine and declare who are elected by each district to be senators [by a majority of votes; and in case there shall not appear to be the full num- ber of senators returned elected by a majority of votes for any district, the deficiency shall be supplied in the following manner, viz. : The mem- bers of the house of representatives, and such senators as shall be de- clared elected, shall take the names of such persons as shall be found to have the highest number of votes in such district, and not elected, amounting to twice the number of senators wanting, if there be so many voted for; and out of these shall elect by ballot a number of senators sufficient to fill upon the vacancies in such district; and in this manner all such vacancies shall be filled up in every district of the common- wealth; and in like manner all vacancies in the senate, arising by death, removal out of the state, or otherwise, shall be supplied as soon as may be, after such vacancies shall happen.] — Mass. (1870), Part 2, Chap 1, Sec. 2. Art. 7. The senate shall choose its own president, appoint its own officers, and determine its own rules of proceedings. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 1, Sec. 2. Art. 10. The house of representatives shall be the judge of the re- turns, elections, and qualifications of its own members, as pointed out in the constitution ; shall choose their own speaker ; appoint their own officers, and settle the rules and orders of proceeding in their own house. They shall have authority to punish by imprisonment every person, not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house, by any disord- erly or contemptuous behavior in its presence; or who, in the town 80 where the general court is sitting, and during the time of its sitting, shall threaten harm to the body or estate of any of its members, for anything said or done in the house ; or who shall assault any of them therefor ; or who shall assault, or arrest, any witness, or other person, ordered to attend the house, in his way in going or returning; or who shall rescue any person arrested by the order of the house. And no member of the house of representatives shall be arrested, or held to bail on mesne process, during his going unto, returning from, or his attending the general assembly. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 1, Sec. 3. Sec. 3. Each house shall be the judge of the election returns and eligibility of its own members; (a) a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to transact business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members in such man- ner under such penalties as it may provide. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 4. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, sit upon its own adjournment, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member; but no member shall be expelled the second time for the same offense. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 5. The house of representatives shall elect its presiding officer and the senate and house of representatives shall elect such other officers as may be provided by law ; they shall keep journals of their proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, and the yeas and nays, when taken on any question, shall be entered on such journals. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 38. Each house shall elect its own officers, and shall judge of the qualifications, return and election of its own members. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 39. The senate shall choose a president pro tempore to act in the absence or disability of its presiding officer. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 55. Each house may determine rules of its own proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present, expel a member; but no member, unless expelled for theft, bribery, or corruption, shall be expelled the second time for the same offense. Both houses shall, from time to time, publish journals of their proceedings, except such parts as may, in their opinion, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays, on any question, shall be entered on the journal, at the request of one-tenth of the mem- bers present; and the yeas and nays shall be entered on the journal on the final passage of every bill. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 17. Each house shall appoint its own officers; shall be §ole judge of the qualifications, election and returns of its own members; may de- termine the rules of its own proceedings, except as herein provided; may arrest and punish by a fine not exceeding three hundred dollars, or 81 imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding ten days, or both, any person, not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house by any disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence during its sessions; may punish its members for disorderly conduct, and, with the concur- rence of two-thirds of all members elect, may expel a member; but no member shall be expelled a second time for the same cause. — Nov. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 9. The senate shall, at the beginning and close of each regular session, and at such other times as may be necessary, elect one of its members president, pro tempore. The house of representatives shall elect one of its members speaker. Each house shall choose its other officers, and shall judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its members. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 11. Each house shall have power to determine the rules of its proceedings, and punish its members or other persons for contempt or disorderly behavior in its presence; to protect its members against vio- lence or offers of bribe or private solicitation, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, to expel a member, and shall have all other powers neces- sary for the legislative assembly of a free state. A member expelled for corruption shall not thereafter be eligible to either house of the legislative assembly; and punishment for contempt or disorderly behavior shall not bar a criminal prosecution for the same offense.— Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 28. The legislative assembly shall prescribe by law, the number duties and compensation of the officers and employes of each house ; and no payment shall be made from the state treasury, or be in any way authorized to any such person, except to an acting officer or employe elected or appointed in pursuance of law. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 6. Each house shall judge of the qualifications, elections, and returns of its own members, choose its own officers (except the president of the senate), determine the rules of its proceedings, and may punish its members for disorderly conduct, and with the concurrence of two- thirds of all the members elected, expel a member. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. Art. 21. The house of representatives shall choose their own speaker, appoint their own officers, and settle the rules of proceedings in their own house, and shall be judge of the returns, elections, and qualifications of its members, as pointed out in this constitution. They shall have author- ity to punish by imprisonment every person who shall be guilty of dis- respect to the house, in its presence, by any disorderly and contemptuous behavior, or by threatening or ill-treating any of its members, or by obstructing its deliberations; every person guilty of a breach of its privileges in making arrests for debt, or by assaulting any member dur- ing his attendance at any session; in assaulting or disturbing any one of its officers in the execution of any order or procedure of the house; in assaulting any witness or other person ordered to attend by, and during his attendance of, the house, or in rescuing any person arrested by order of the house, knowing them to be such. — N. H., Part 2, Art. 21. 11 — Legislative Dept. 82 Art. 22. The senate, governor, and council shall have the same powers in like cases : Provided, That no imprisonment by either for any offense exceed ten days. — N. H., Part 2, Art. 22. Art. 34. The senate shall be final judges of the elections, returns, and qualifications of their own members, as pointed out in this constitution. — N. H., Part 2, Art. 34. Art. 36. The senate shall appoint their president and other officers, and determine their own rules of proceedings. And not less than thirteen members of the senate shall make a quorum for doing business ; and, when less than sixteen senators shall be present, the assent of ten, at least, shall be necessarv to render their act and proceedings valid. — N. H., Part 2, Art. 36. 2. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and quali- fications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house mav provide. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 4. Cl. 2. 3. Each house shall choose its own officers, determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, may expel a member. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4. Sec. 4. Cl. 3. Sec. 18. The house of representatives shall choose their own speaker and other officers. — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 20. The senate shall choose its other officers and also a speaker (pro tempore) in the absence of the lieutenant governor, or when he shall exercise the office of governor. — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 22. Each house shall be judge of the qualifications and election of its own members, shall sit upon its own adjournment from day to day, prepare bills to be passed into laws; and the two houses may also jointly adjourn to any further day or other place. — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 31. The senate, at the beginning and close of each regular session, and at such other times as may be necessary, shall elect one of its mem- bers president pro tempore, who may take the place of the lieutenant governor under rules prescribed by law. — N. D. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 36. The house of representatives shall elect one of its members as speaker. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 47. Each house shall be the judge of the election returns and qualifications of its own members. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 48. Each house shall have the power to determine the rules of proceeding, and punish its members or other persons for contempt or 83 disorderly behavior in its presence; to protect its members against vio- lence or offers of bribes or private solicitations, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, to expel a member; and shall have all other powers neces- sary and usual in the legislative assembly of a free state. But no im- prisonment by either house shall continue beyond thirty days. Punish- ment for contempt or disorderly behavior shall not bar a criminal prose- cution for the same offense. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. G. Each house shall be judge of the election returns, and quali- fications of its own members; a majority of all the members elected to each house shall be a quorum to do business; but a less number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent mem- bers, in such manner, and under such penalties/ as shall be prescribed by law . — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 8. Each house, except as otherwise provided in this constitution, shall choose its own officers, may determine its own rules of proceeding, punish its members for disorderly conduct; and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member, but not the second time for the same cause; and shall have all other powers, necessary to provide for its safety, and the undisturbed transaction of its business . — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 28. The senate shall, at the beginning of each regular session and at such other times as may be necessary, elect one of its members presi- dent pro tempore, who shall preside over its deliberations in the absence or place of the lieutenant governor; and the senate shall provide for all its standing committees and, by a majority vote, elect the members thereof. — Olda. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 29. The house of representatives shall, at the beginning of each regular session and at such other times as may be necessary, elect one of its members speaker. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 49. The legislature shall not increase the number of emolument of its employes, or the employes of either house, except by general law, which shall not take effect during the term at which such increase was made. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 30. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent mem- bers, in such manner and under such penalty as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same. The yeas and nays of the members of either house or any question, at the desire of one-fifteenth of those present shall be entered upon its journal. Neither house, during the session of the legislature, shall, without 84 the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 11. Each house, when assembled, shall choose its own officers, judge of the election, qualifications and returns of its own members, determine its own rules of proceeding, and sit upon its ow r n adjourn- ments; but neither house shall without the concurrence of the other, adjourn for- more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which it may be sitting. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 15. Either house may punish its members for disorderly be- havior, and may, with the concurrence of tw T o-thirds, expel a member; but not a second time for the same cause. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 9. The senate shall, at the beginning and close of each regular session, and at such other times as may be necessary, elect one of its mem- bers president pro tempore, wiio shall perform the duties of the lieu- tenant governor, in any case of absence or disability of that officer, and whenever the said office of lieutenant governor shall be vacant. The house of representatives shall elect one of its members as speaker. Each house shall choose its other officers and shall judge of the election and qualification of its members. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 10. The general assembly shall prescribe by law' the number, duties and compensation of the officers and employes of each house, and no payment shall be made from the state treasury or be in any w r ay au- thorized to any person except to an acting officer or employe elected or appointed in pursuance of law. — Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 11. Each house shall have power to determine the rules of its proceedings, and punish its members or other persons for contempt or disorderly behavior in its presence, to enforce obedience to its process, to protect its members against violence or offers of bribes or private solicitation, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, to expel a mem- ber, but not a second time for the same cause, and shall have all other powders necessary for the legislature of a free state. A member expelled for corruption shall not therefore be eligible to either house, and pun- ishment for contempt or disorderly behavior shall not bar an indict- ment for the same offense. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 6. Each house shall be the judge of the elections and qualifica- tions of its members; and a majority shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to da} 7 , and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner, and under such penalties, as may be prescribed by such house or by law. The organ- ization of the tw 7 o houses may be regulated by law, subject to the limita- tions contained in this constitution. — R. I. (1842), Art. 4. Sec. 7. Each house may determine its rules of proceeding, punish contempts, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member; but not a second time for the same cause. — R. I. (1842), Art. 4. Sec. 2. The house of representatives shall have authority to elect its speaker, clerks and other officers. The senior member from the town of Newport, if any be present, shall preside in the organization of the house. — R. I. (1842), Art. 5. Sec. 3. If, by reason of death, resignation, absence, or other cause, there be no governor or lieutenant governor present, to preside in the senate, the senate shall elect one of their own members to preside during such absence or vacancy; and until such election is made by the senate, the secretary of state shall preside. — R. I. (1842), Art. 6. Sec. 4. The secretary of state shall, by virtue of his office, be secre- tary of the senate, unless otherwise provided by law, and the senate may elect such other officers as they may deem necessary. — R. I. (1842), Art. 6. Sec. 11. Each house shall judge of the election returns and qualifi- cations of its own members, and a majority of each house shall con- stitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as may be provided by law or rule. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 12. Each house shall choose its own officers, determine its rules of procedure, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same cause. — $. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 9. Each house shall be the judge of the election returns and qualifications of its own members. A majority of the members of each house shall constitute a quorum, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such a manner and under such penalty as each house may provide. Each house shall determine the rules of its proceedings, shall choose its own officers and employes and fix the pay thereof, except as other- wise provided in this constitution. — 8. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 11. The senate and house of representatives, when assembled, shall each choose a speaker and its other officers, be judges of the quali- fications and elections of its members, and sit upon Its own adjourn- ments from day to day. Not less than two-thirds of all the members to which each house shall be entitled, shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized by law to compel the attendance of absent members. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 12. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, pun- ish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offense; and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the legislature of a free state. — T enn. (1870), Art. 2. 86 Sec. 8. Each house shall be the judge of the qualifications and election of its own members; but contested elections shall be determined in such manner as shall be provided by law. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 9. The senate shall, at the beginning and close of each session, and at such other times as may be necessary, elect one of its members presi- dent pro tempore, who shall perform the duties of the lieutenant gov- ernor in any case of absence or disability of that officer, and whenever the said office of lieutenant governor shall be vacant. The house of representatives shall, when it first assembles, organize temporarily, and thereupon proceed to the election of a speaker from its own members; and each house shall choose its other officers. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 11. Each house may determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish members for disorderly conduct, and, with the consent of two- thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offense. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 10. Each house shall be the judge of election and qualifications of its members, and may punish them for disorderly conduct, and with the concurrence of two-tliirds of all the members elected, expel a mem- ber for cause . — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 12. Each house shall determine the rules of its proceedings, and choose its own officers and employes . — Utah (1896) , Art. 6. Art. 6. The senate shall have the like powers to decide on the election and qualifications of, and to expel any of its members, make its own rules, and appoint its own officers, as are incident to, or are possessed by, the house of representatives. A majority shall constitute a quorum. The lieutenant governor shall be president of the senate, except when he shall exercise the office of governor, or when his office shall be vacant, or in his absence, in which cases the senate shall appoint one of its own mem- bers, to be president of the senate, pro tempore. And the president of the senate shall have a casting vote, but no other. — Vt. (1793), Amdt . Art. 6. Sec. 47. The house of delegates shall choose its own speaker; and, in the absence of the lieutenant-governor, or when he shall exercise the office of governor, the senate shall choose from their own body a president pro tempore. Each house shall select its officers, settle its rules of pro- cedure, and direct writs of election for supplying vacancies which may occur during the session of the general assembly; but, if vacancies occur during the recess, such writs may be issued by the governor, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. Each house shall judge of the election, qualification, and returns of its members; may punish them for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. — T 7 a. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 66. The clerk of the house of delegates shall be keeper of the rolls of the state but shall receive no compensation from the state for his services as such. The general assembly by general law shall pre- 87 scribe the number of employees of the senate and house of delegates, including the clerks thereof, and fix their compensation at a per diem for the time actually employed in the discharge of their duties. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 8. Each house shall he the judge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. — Wash. (1889), Art, 2. Sec. 9. Each house may determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish for contempt and disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members elected, expel a member, but no member shall be expelled a second time for the same offense. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 10. Each house shall elect its own officers, and, when the lieu- tenant governor shall not attend as president, or shall act as governor, the senate shall choose a temporary president. When presiding, the lieu- tenant-governor shall have the deciding vote in case of an equal division of the senate. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 25. Each house may punish its own members for disorderly be- havior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds Nof the members elected thereto, expel a member, but not twice for the same offense. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 7. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members; and a majority of each shall con- stitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. Sec. 8. Each house may determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish for contempt and disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members elected, expel a member; but no mem- ber shall be expelled a second time for the same cause. — TFis. (1848), Art. 4. Sec. 9. Each house shall choose its own officers, and the senate shall choose a temporary president, when the lieutenant-governor shall not attend as president, or shall act as governor. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. Sec. 0. The elective officers of the legislature, other than the pre- siding officers, shall be a chief clerk and a sergeant-at-arms, to be elected by each house. — Wis. (1848), Art. 13. Sec. 10. The senate shall, at the beginning and close of each regular session and at such other times as may be necessary, elect one of its 88 members president; the house of representatives shall elect one of its members speakers; each house shall choose its own officers, and shall •judge of the election returns and qualifications of its members. — Wyo. (1.889), Art. 3. Sec. 12. Each house shall have power to determine the rules of its proceedings, and to punish its members or other persons for contempt or disorderly behavior in its presence; to protect its members against violence or offers of bribes or private solicitation, and with the concur- rence of two-thirds, to expel a member, and shall have all other powers necessary to the legislature of a free state. A member expelled for cor- ruption shall not thereafter be eligible to either house of the legislature, and punish for contempt or disorderly behavior shall not bar a criminal prosecution for the same offense. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 29. The legislature shall prescribe by law the number, duties and compensation of the officers and employes of each house, and no payment shall be made from the state treasury, or be in any way authorized to any such person except to an acting officer or employe elected or ap- pointed in pursuance of law. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. PUNISHMENT FOR CONTEMPT. Sec. 9. Either house during the session may punish by fine or im- prisonment any person not a member who shall have been guilty of disorderly or contemptuous conduct in its presence, or of a refusal to obey its lawful summons, but such imprisonment shall not extend be- yond the final adjournment of the session. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 7. Par. 2. Each house may punish by imprisonment, not extend- ing beyond the session, any person, not a member, who shall be guilty of a contempt, by any disorderly behavior in its presence, or who shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, any person arrested by order of either house.— On. 1 1 877 ), Art . Sec. 15. Either house, during its session, may punish, by imprison- ment, any person not a member, who shall have been guilty of dis- respect to the house, by disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence; but such imprisonment shall not, at any time, exceed twenty- four hours. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Art. 2G. Either house, during the session, may punish by imprison- ment any person not a member who shall have been guilty of dis- respect, or disorderly or contemptuous behavior; but such imprison- ment shall not exceed ten days for each offense.— La. (1898), Art. 26. Sec. 6. Each house, during its session, may punish by imprison- ment any person, not a member, for disrespectful or disorderly behavior in its presence, for obstructing any of its proceedings, threatening, assaulting or abusing any of its members for anything said, done, or doing in either house: Provided , That no imprisonment shall extend beyond the period of the same session. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 3. 89 Sec. 23. Each house may punish by imprisonment, during the session of the general assembly, any person not a member, for disrespectful or disorderly behavior in its presence, of for obstructing any of its pro- ceedings, or any of its officers in the execution of their duties: Pro- vided, Such imprisonment shall not at any one time exceed ten days. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Art. 11. The senate shall have the same power in the like cases; and the governor and council shall have the same authority to punish in like cases: Provided , That no imprisonment on the warrant or order of the governor, council, senate, or house of representatives, for either of the above described offences, be for a term exceeding thirty days. And the senate and house of representatives may try and determine all cases where the rights and privileges are concerned, and which, by the constitution, they have authority to try and determine, by com- mittees of their own members, or in such other way as they may re- spectively think best. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 1, Sec. 33. Sec. 18. Each house may punish by imprisonment, during its session, any person, not a member, who shall be guilty of any disorderly or contemptuous behavior in their presence, but no such imprisonment shall at any time exceed twenty-four hours. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 7. Either house, during the session, may punish, by imprison- ment, any person, not a member, who shall have been guilty of disrespect to the house by disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence; but such imprisonment shall not extend beyond the final adjournment of the session. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. Sec. 42. In any legislative investigation, either house of the legisla- ture, or any committee thereof, duly authorized by the house creating the same, shall have power to punish as for contempt, disobedience of pro- cess, or contumacious or disorderly conduct, and this provision shall also apply to joint sessions of the legislature, and also to joint committees thereof, when authorized by joint resolution of both houses. — Olcla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 16. Either house, during its session, may punish by imprisonment any person not a member, who shall have been guilty of disrespect to the house, by disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence, but such imprisonment shall not at anv time exceed twenty-four hours. — Ore. (1857) , Art. 4. Sec. 13. Each house may punish by imprisonment during its sitting any person not a member who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house by any disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence, or who, dur- ing the time of its sitting, shall threaten harm to the body or estate of any member for anything said or done in either house, or who shall assault any of them therefor, or who shall assault or arrest any witness or other person ordered to attend the house in his going thereto or re- turning therefrom, or who shall rescue any person arrested by order of the house: Provided, That such time of imprisonment shall not in any 12 — Legislative Dept. 90 case extend beyond the session of the general assembly. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 14. Each house may punish, by imprisonment, during its session, any person not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house, bv any disorderly or any contemptuous behavior in its presence. — Term. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 15. Each house may punish, by imprisonment, during its sessions, any person not a member, for disrespectful or disorderly conduct in its presence, or for obstructing any of its proceedings: Provided, such im- prisonment shall not, at any time, exceed forty-eight hours. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 26. Each house shall have power to provide for its own safety, and the undisturbed transaction of its business, and may punish by imprisonment, any person not a member, for disrespectful behavior in its presence; for obstructing any of its proceedings, or of its officers in the discharge of his duties, or for an assault, threat or abuse of a member, for words spoken in debate. But such imprisonment shall not extend beyond the termination of the session, and shall not prevent the punishment of any offense, by the ordinary course of law. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. journal; yeas and nays; dissent and protest. (14) Sec. 10. Each house shall lecp a journal of its proceedings and publish the same except such parts as mag require secrecy. The yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question, shall be entered on the journal at the request of one-fifth of the members elected. Any mem- ber of either house may dissent from and protest against any act , pro- ceeding or resolution which he may deem injurious to any person or the public , and have the reason of his dissent entered on the journal. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 55. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and cause the same to be punished immediately after its adjournment, excepting such parts as, in its judgment, may require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the request of one-tenth of the members present, be entered on the journal. Any member of either house shall have liberty to dissent from or protest against, any act or resolution which he may think injurious to the public, or to an individual, and have the reason for his dissent entered on the journal. — Ala. (1901), Aid. 4. Sec., 14. Whenever an officer, civil or military, shall lie appointed by the joint or concurrent vote of both houses, or by the separate vote of either house of the general assembly, the vote shall be taken viva voce and entered on the journals. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 10. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and pub- lish the same; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, 01 or any question, shall, at the desire of any three members present, be entered on the journal. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 13. Each house' shall keep a journal of its proceedings; and may in its discretion, from time to time, publish the same, except such parts as require secrecy, and the ayes and noes on any question shall, at the •desire of anv two members, be entered on tbe journal. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 9. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings^ and pun- ish the same, when required by one-fifth of its members, except such parts as, in the judgment of a majority, require secrecy. The yeas and nays of the members of either house shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journals. — Conn. (1818), Art. 3. Sec. 12. Each house shall keep a journal of its own proceedings, which shall be published, and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of any five members present, be entered on the journal. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 7. Par. 4. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish it immediately after its adjournment. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 7. Par. 5. The original journal shall be preserved, after publi- cation, , in the office of secretary of state, but there shall be no other record thereof. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 7. Par. 6. The yeas and nays on any question shall, at the de- sire of one-fifth of the members present, be entered on the journal. — Ga. (1877) , Art. 3. Sec. 7. Par. 12. No bill or resolution appropriating money shall become a law, unless, upon its passage, the yeas and nays, in each house, are recorded. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 7. Par. 21. Whenever the constitution requires a vote of two- thirds of either or both houses for the passage of an act or resolution, the veas and navs on the passage thereof shall be entered on the journal. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 13. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question, shall at the request of anv three members present, be entered on the journal. — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 12. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and pub- lish the same. The yeas and nays, on any question, shall, at the request of any two members, be entered, together with the names of the members demanding the same, on the journal : Provided , That on a motion to ad- journ, it shall require one-tenth of the members present to order the yeas and nays. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. 92 Sec. 26. Any member of either house shall have the right to protest, and to have his protest, with his reasons for dissent, entered on the journal. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 10. Every member of the general assembly shall have the liberty to dissent from or protest against any act or resolution which he may think injurious to the public or an individual, and have the reasons for his dissent entered on the journals; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of any two members present, be entered on the journals . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 10. Each house shall keep and publish a journal of its proceed- ings. The yeas and nays shall be taken and entered immediately on the journal, upon the final passage of every bill or joint resolution. Neither house, without the consent of the other, shall adjourn for more than two days, Sundays excepted. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 11. Any member of either house shall have the right to protest against any act or resolution; and such protest shall without delay or alteration be entered on the journal. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 40. Each house of the general assembly shall keep and publish daily a journal of its proceedings; and the yeas and nays of the mem- bers on any question shall, at the desire of any two of the members elected, be entered on the journal. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 40. Art. 30. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and cause the same to be published immediately after the close of the session ; when practicable, the minutes of each day’s session shall be printed and placed in the hands of members on the day following. The original journal shall be preserved, after publications, in the office of the secre- tary of state, but there shall be required no other record thereof. — La. (1898), Art. 30. Art. 36. The yeas and nays on any question in either house shall, at the desire of one-fifth of the members elected, be entered on the journal. —La. (1898), Art. 36. Sec. 5. Each house shall keep a journal, and from time to time pub- lish its proceedings, except such parts as in their judgment may require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journals. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Paid; 3. Sec. 22. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and cause the same to be published. The yeas and nays of members on any question shall, at the call of any five of them in the house of delegates, or one in the senate, be entered on the journal. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 16. Two or more members of either house shall have liberty to dissent and protest against any act or resolution which they may think injurious to the public or to any individual, and have the reason of their dissent entered on the journal. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. 93 Sec. 42. Each house shall, from time to time, publish a journal of its proceedings and the yeas and nays on any question shall be taken and entered on the journal at the motion of any two members. Whenever the yeas and nays are demanded, the* whole list of members shall be called, and the names of the absentees shall be noted and published in the journal. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 12. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings and may, in its discretion, from time to time, publish the same, except such parts as require secrecy, and the ayes and noes on any question, shall, at the request of any two members, be entered on the journal. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 8. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and pub- lish them (except such parts as may require secrecy) and the yeas and nays of the members on any question, shall at the desire of any two of them be entered on the journal. All votes in either house shall be viva voce. The doors of each house and of committee of the whole shall be open, unless when the business shall be such as ought to be kept secret. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days. — Neb. (1875), Art . 3. Sec. 14. Each house shall keep a journal of its own proceedings, which shall be published, and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of any three members present, be entered on the journal. — Nev. (1864) , Art. 4. Art. 23. The journals of the proceedings and all public acts of both houses of the legislature shall be printed and published immediately after every adjournment or prorogation, and, upon motion made by any one member, the yeas and nays upon any question shall be entered on the journal, and any member of the senate or house of representatives shall have a right, on motion made at the same time for that purpose, to have his protest or dissent, with the reasons against any vote, resolve, or bill passed, entered on the journal. — N. H., Part 2, Art. 23. 4. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 4, Cl. 4. Sec. 11. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and pub- lish the same, except such parts as may require secrecy. The doors of each house shall be kept open, except when the public welfare shall require secrecy. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, ad- journ for more than two days. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 16. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, which shall be printed and made public immediately after the adjournment of the general assembly. — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 17. Any member of either house may dissent from and protest 94 against any act or resolve, which he may think injurious to the public, or any individual, and have the reasons of his dissent entered on the journal. — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 26. Upon motion made and seconded in either house by one- fifth of the members present, the yeas and nays upon any question shall be taken and entered upon the journals. — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 49. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and the yeas and nays on any question shall be taken and entered on the journal at the request of one-sixth of those present. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 9. Each house shall keep a correct journal of its proceedings, which shall be published. At the desire of any two members, the yeas and nays shall be entered upon the journal ; and, on the passage of every bill, in either house, the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays, and en- tered upon the journal ; and no law shall be passed in either house with- out the concurrence of a majority of all the members elected thereto. — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 10. Any member of either house shall have the right to protest against any act or resolution thereof, and such protest, and the reasons therefor, shall, without alteration, commitment, or delay, be entered upon the journal. — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 13. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings. The yeas and nays on any question, shall, at the request of any two members, be entered, together with the names of the members demanding the same, on the journal : Provided. That on a motion to adjourn, it shall require one-tenth of the members present to order the veas and nays. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 26. Any member of either house shall have the right to protest, and have his protest, with his reasons for dissent, entered on the journal. —Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 12. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings and from time to time to publish the same, except such parts as require secrecy, and the yeas and nays of the members on any question shall, at the desire of any two of them, be entered on the journal. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 8. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings. The yeas and nays of the members of either house shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. — R. I. (1842), Art. 4. Sec. 22. Each house shall keep a journal of its own proceedings, and cause the same to be published immediately after its adjournment, ex- cepting such parts as, in its judgment, may require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of ten members of the house or five members of the senate, re- spectively, be entered on the journal. Any member of either house shall have liberty to dissent from and protest against any act or resolution 95 which he may think injurious to the public or to an individual, and have the reasons of his dissent entered on the journal. — S. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 13 - Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings and pub- lish the same from time to time, except such parts as require secrecy, and the yeas and nays of members on any question shall be taken at the de- sire of one-sixth of those present and entered upon the journal. — 8. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 21. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and pub- lish it, except such parts as the welfare of the state may require to be kept secret; the ayes and noes shall be taken in each house upon the final passage of every bill of a general character, and bills making appro- priations of public moneys; and the ayes and noes of the members on any question shall, at the request of any five of them, be entered on the journal. — Term.. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 27. Any member of either house of the general assembly shall have liberty to dissent from and protest against any act or resolve which he may think injurious to the public or to any individual, and to have the reasons for his dissent entered on the journals. — Term. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 12. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and pub- lish the same ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of any three members present, be en- tered on the journals. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 14. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, which, except in case of executive sessions, shall be published, and the yeas and nays on any question, at the request of five members of such house, shall be entered upon the journal . — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 14. The votes and proceedings of the general assembly shall be printed (when one-third of the members think it necessary) as soon as convenient after the end of each session, with the yeas and nays on any question, when required by any member (except where the votes shall be taken by ballot), in which case, every member shall have a right to insert the reasons of his vote upon the minutes. — Vt. (1783), Chap. 2. Sec. 49. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, which shall be published from time to time, and the yeas and nays of the mem- bers of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 11. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings and pub- lish the same, except such parts as require secrecy. The doors of each house shall be kept open, except when the public welfare shall require secrecy. Neither house shall adjourn for more than three days, nor to any place other than that in which they may be sitting, without the con- sent of the other. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. 96 Sec. 21. The yeas and nays of the members of either house shall be entered on the journal on the demand of one-sixth of the members pres- ent.—^ Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 41. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and cause the same to be published from time to time, and all bills and joint reso- lutions shall be described therein, as well by their title as their number, and the ayes and nays on any question, if called for by one-tenth of those present, shall be entered on the journal. — IT 7 . Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 10. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings and pub- lish the same, except such parts as require secrecy. The doors of each house shall be kept open except when the public welfare shall require secrecy. Neither house shall, without consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. Sec. 20. The yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question shall, at the request of one-sixth of those present, be entered on the journal. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. Sec. 13. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings and may, in its discretion, from time to time, publish the same, except such parts as require secrecy, and the yeas and nays on any question, shall, at the request of two members, be entered on the journal. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 25. No bill shall become a law, except by a vote of a majority of all the members elected to each house, nor unless on its final passage the vote taken by ayes and noes, and the names of those voting be en- tered on the journal. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. viva voce votes; nominations to the senate. (15) Sec. 11. In all elections by either house or in joint convention the votes shall be given viva voce. All vote s on nominations to the senate shall be taken by yeas and nays , and published with the journal of its proceedings. Sec. 83. In all elections by the legislature the members shall vote viva voce, and the votes shall be entered on the journal. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 12. All elections by persons acting in a representative capacity shall be viva voce. — Ark. (1874), Art. 3. Sec. 28. In all elections by the legislature the members thereof shall vote viva voce, and the vote shall be entered on the journal. — Cal. (1880), Art . 4. Sec. 7. All elections by the general assembly shall be viva voce, and the vote shall appear on the journal of the house of representatives. When the senate and the house of representatives unite for the purpose 97 of elections, they shall meet in the representative hall, and the president of the senate shall, in such cases, preside and declare the result. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 38. In all elections by the general assembly, the members thereof shall vote viva voce; and the vote shall be entered on the journal. — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 30. In all elections to be made by the legislature, the members thereof shall vote viva voce, and their votes shall be entered on the journal. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 76. In all elections by the legislature the members shall vote viva voce, and the votes shall be entered on the journals. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 6. All elections, by persons in a representative capacity, shall be viva voce. — Mo. (1875), Art. 8. Sec. 9. In the election of all offipers, whose appointment shall be con- ferred upon the general assembly by the constitution, the vote shall be viva voce. — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 54. In all elections to be made by the legislative assembly, or either house thereof, the members shall vote viva voce, and their votes shall be entered in the journal. — N. Dak. (1889) , Art. 2. Sec. 27. The election and appointment of all officers, and the filling of all vacancies, not otherwise provided for by this constitution, or the constitution of the United States, shall be made in such manner as may be directed by law; but no appointing power shall be exercised by the general assembly, except as prescribed in this constitution, and in the election of United States senators; and in these cases the vote shall be taken viva voce. — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 31. In all elections made by the legislature, except for officers and employes thereof, the members thereof shall vote yea or nay, and each vote shall be entered upon the journal. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 15. In all elections by the legislative assembly, or by either branch thereof, votes shall be given openly or viva voce, and not by ballot, forever; and in all elections by the people, votes shall be given openly, or viva voce, until the legislative assembly shall otherwise direct. — Ore. (1857), Art. 2. Sec. 12. All elections by persons in a representative capacity shall be viva voce. — Pa. (1873.), Art. 8. Sec. 20. In all elections by the general assembly, or either house there- of, the members shall vote viva voce, and their votes, thus given, shall be entered upon the journal of the house to which thev respectivelv belong. —S. C. (1895), Art. 3. 13 — Legislative Dept. 98 Sec. 14. In all elections to be made by the legislature the members thereof shall vote viva voce and their votes shall be entered in the journal. —8. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 4. In all elections to be made by the general assembly, the mem- bers thereof shall vote viva voce, and their votes shall be entered on the journal. All other elections shall be by ballot. — Term. (1870) , Art. 4. Sec. 41. In all elections by the senate and house of representatives, jointly or separately, the vote shall be given viva voce, except in the election of their officers. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 27. In all elections by the legislature the members shall vote viva voce, and their votes shall be entered on the journal. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 44. In all elections to office which may hereafter take place in the legislature, or in any county, or municipal body, the vote shall be viva voce, and be entered on its journals. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 30. In all elections to be m&de by the legislature the members thereof shall vote viva voce, and their votes shall be entered on the journal. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. ELECTIONS IN THE LEGISLATURE. Sec. 31. The legislature shall elect United States senators in the manner prescribed bv the congress of the United States and by this constitution. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 3. Par. 2. The successors to the present incumbent shall be elected by the general assembly as follows: To the half (as near as may be) whose commissions are the oldest, in the year 1878; and to the others in the year 1880. All subsequent elections shall be at the session of the general assembly next preceding the expiration of the terms of incum- bents, except elections to fill vacancies. The day of election may be fixed by the general assembly. — Oa .* (1877), Art. 6. Sec. 4. And in case the elections required by this constitution on the first Wednesday of January annually, by the two houses of the legisla- ture, shall not be completed on that day, the same may be adjourned from day to day, until completed, in the following order ; the vacancies in the senate shall first be filled; the governor shall then be elected, if there be no choice by the people; and afterwards the two houses shall elect the council. — Me. (1819), Art. 9. Sec. 26. Members of the senate of the United States from this state shall be elected by the two houses of the legislature in joint convention, 'fit such time and in such manner as may be provided bv law. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. 99 Sec. 99. The legislature shall not elect any other than its own officers,, state librarian, and United States senators; but this section shall not prohibit the legislature from appointing presidential electors. — Miss. (1890) , Art. 4. Sec. 34. In all elections for United States senators such elections shall be held in joint convention of both houses of the legislature. It shall be the duty of the legislature which convenes next preceding the expiration of the term of such senator, to elect his successor. If a vacancy in such senatorial representation from any cause occur, it shall be the duty of the legislature then in session, or at the succeeding session thereof, to supply such vacancy. If the legislature shall, at any time, as herein provided, fail to unite in a joint convention Avithin twenty days after the commencement of the session of the legislature for the election [of] such senator, it shall be the duty of the governor, by proclamation, to convene the two houses of the legislature in joint convention Avithin not less than five days, nor exceeding ten days, from the publication of his proclamation, and the joint convention when so assembled shall proceed to elect the senator as herein provided. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. Art. 65. And, Avhereas, the elections appointed to be made by this constitution on the first Wednesday of January biennially, by the two houses of the legislature, may not be completed on that day, the said elections may be adjourned from day to day until the same be completed. And the order of the elections shall be as follows : The vacancies in the senate, if any, shall be first filled up ; the governor shall then be elected, provided there shall be no choice of him by the people; and afterwards, the tAvo houses shall proceed to fill up the vacancy, if any, in the council. —N. H., Part 2, Art. 65. Sec. 18. It shall be the duty of the two houses, upon the request of either, to join in grand committee for the purpose of electing senators in congress, at such times and in such manner as may be prescribed by law for said elections. — R. I. (1842), Art. 4. Sec. 7. In elections by the general assembly in grand committee the person receiving a majority of the votes shall be elected. Every person elected by the general assembly to fill a vacancy, or pursuant to section 3 of this article, shall hold his office for the remainder of the term or for the full term, as the case may be, and until his successor is, elected and qualified. — R. I. (1842), (Arndt.), Art. 11. OPEN DOORS ; ADJOURN M ENT OVER THREE DAYS. (16) Sec. 12. The doors of each house shall he open unless the public welfare requires secrecy. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than where the legislature may then he in session. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 57. The doors of each house shall be opened except on such occa- sions as, in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy ; but no person 100 shall be admitted to the floor of either house while the same is in session, except as members of the legislature, officers and employes of the two houses, the governor and his secretaries, representatives of the press and other persons to whom either house, by unanimous vote, may extend the privileges of its floor. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 58. Neither house shall, without consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they may be sitting, except as otherwise provided in this constitution. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 13. The session of each house and of committees of the whole shall be open, unless when the business is such as ought to be kept secret. —Art. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 28. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 13. The doors of each house shall be open, except on such oc- casions as, in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 14. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, ad- journ for more than three days, nor to any place other than that in which they may be sitting. Nor shall the members of either house draw pav for anv recess. or adjournment for a longer time than three days. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 14. The sessions of each house, and of the committees of the whole, shall be open, unless when the business is such as ought to be kept secret. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 15. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, ad journ for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 11. The debates of each house shall be public, except on such occasions as, in the opinion of the house, may require secrecv. — Conn. (1818), Art. 3. Sec. 11. The doors of each house, and of committees of the whole, shall be open unless when the business is such as ought to be kept secret. — Del, (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 12. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, ad- journ for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 13. The doors of each house shall be kept open during its session, except the senate while sitting in executive session ; and neither shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, or 101 to anv other town than that in which thev mat be holding their session. — Fla. (1885). Art. 3. Sec. 7. Par. 24. Neither house shall adjourn for more than three days, or to any other place, without the consent of the other : and in case of a disagreement between the two houses on a question of adjournment, the governor may adjourn either or both of them. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 12. The business . of each house, and of the committee of the whole, shall be transacted openlv and not in secret session. — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 10. The door of each house and of committees of the whole shall be kept open, except in such cases as. in the opinion of the house, re- quire secrecy. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days, or to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, which shall be published. In the senate, at the request of two members, and in the house, at the request of five members, the yeas and nays shall be taken on any question, and entered upon the journal. Any two members of either house shall have liberty to dissent from and protest, in respectful language, against any act or resolution which they think injurious to the public or to any individual, and have the reasons of their dissent entered upon the journals. — III. (1870). Art. 4. Sec. 13. The doors of each house, and of committees of the whole, shall be kept open, except in such cases as. in the opinion of either house, may require secrecy. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 13. The doors of each house shall be open except on such oc- casions as. in the opinion of the house, mav require seereev. — Iowa (1857), An. 3. Sec. 14. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, ad- journ for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they may be sitting. — Iowa (1857), Art . 3. Sec. 41. Neither house, during the session of the general assembly, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to anv other place than that in which it mav be sitting. — Kij. (1891), Sec. 41. Art. 35. Neither house, during the sitting of the general assembly, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to anv other place than that in which it mav be sitting. — La. (1898). A rt. 35.* Sec. 12. Neither house shall, during the session, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days, nor to any other place than that in which the houses shall be sitting. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 3. Sec. 21. The doors of each house and of the committee of the whole 102 shall be open, except when the business is such as ought to be kept secret. — M d. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 25. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, ad- journ for more than three days at any one time, nor adjourn to any other place than that in which the house shall be sitting, without the concurrent vote of two-thirds of the members present. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Art. 6. The senate shall have power to adjourn themselves, provided such adjournments do not exceed two days at a time. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 1, Sec. 2. Art. 8. The house of representatives shall have power to adjourn themselves; provided such adjournment shall not exceed two days at a . time. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 1, Sec. 3. Sec. 6. Neither house shall, during a session of the legislature, ad- journ for more than three days (Sundays excepted), nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be assembled, without the consent of the other house. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 19. Each house shall be open to the public during the sessions thereof, except in such cases as in their opinion may require secrecy. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 57. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, ad- journ for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 58. The doors of each house, when in session, or in committee of the whole, shall be kept open, except in cases which may require secrecy ; and each house may punish, by fine and imprisonment, any person not a member who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house by any disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence, or who shall in any way dis- turb its deliberations during the session; but such imprisonment shall not extend be} T ond the final adjournment of that session. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 19. The sessions of each house shall be held with open doors, ex- cept in cases which may require secrecy. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 21. Every adjournment or recess taken by the general assembly for more than three days shall have the effect of and be an adjournment sine die. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 22. Every adjournment or recess taken by the general assembly for three days or less shall be construed as not interrupting the session at which they are had or taken, but as continuing the session for all the purposes mentioned in section sixteen of this article. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 23. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn 103 for more than two days at any one time, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses may be sitting. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 13. The sessions of each house and of the committees of the whole shall be open unless the business is such as requires secrecy. — * Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 14. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, ad- journ for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 15. The doors of each house shall be kept open during its ses- sion, except the senate while sitting in executive session, and neither shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they may be holding their sessions. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. Art. 8. The doors of the galleries of each house of the legislature shall be kept open to all persons who behave decently, except when the welfare of the state, in the opinion of each branch, shall require secrecy. — N. H., Part 2, Art. 8. Art. 18. The house of representatives shall have power to adjourn themselves, but no longer than two days at a time.— A. H., Part 2, Art. 18. Art. 35. The senate shall have power to adjourn themselves, provided such adjournments do not exceed two days at a time: Provided, never- theless, That, whenever they shall sit on the trial of any impeachment, they may adjourn to such time and place as they may think proper, although the legislature be not assembled on such day or such place. — IV. H., Part 2, Art. 35. 5. Neither house, during the session of the legislature shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. — r N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 4, Cl. 5. Sec. 50. The sessions of each house and of the committee of the whole shall be open unless the business is such as ought to be kept secret. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 51. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting, except in case of epidemic, pestilence or other great danger. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 13. The proceedings of both houses shall be public, except in cases which, in the opinion of two-thirds of those present, require secrecy. — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 14. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, ad- journ for more than two days, Sundays excluded ; nor to any other place 104 than that, in which the two houses shall be in session . — Ohio (1851) r Art. 2. Sec. 14. The doors of each house, and of committees of the whole shall be kept open, except in such cases as in the opinion of either house may require secrecy. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 13. The sessions of each house, and of committees of the whole,, shall be open, unless when the business is such as ought to be kept secret. —Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 14. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 0. Neither house shall, during a session, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days nor to any other place than that in which they may be sitting. — R. I. (1842), Art. 4. Sec. 21. Neither house, during the session of the general assembly r shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which it shall be at the time sitting. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 23. The doors of each house shall be open, except on such oc- casions as in the opinion of the house may require secrecy. — 8. C . (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 15. The sessions of each house and of the committee of the whole shall be open, unless when the business is such as ought to be kept secret. — >8. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 16. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. — S. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 16. Neither house shall, during its session, adjourn without the consent of the other for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. — Tenth. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 22. The doors of each house and of committees of the whole shall be kept open, unless when the business shall be such as ought to be kept secret. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 16. The sessions of each house shall be open, except the senate when in executive session. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 17. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that where the legislature may be sitting. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. 105 Sec. 15. All sessions of the legislature, except those of the senate while sitting in executive session, shall be public; and neither house, with- out the consent of the other, shall adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which it may be holding session. — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 13. The doors of the house in which the general assembly of this commonwealth shall sit, shall be open for the admission of all persons who behave decently, except only when the welfare of the state may require them to be shut. — Vt. (1793), Cliap. 2. Sec. 23. Neither house shall, during the session, adjourn for more than three days, without the consent of the other. Nor shall either, without such consent, adjourn, to any other place than that in which the legislature is sitting. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 14. The sessions of each house and of the committee of the whole shall be open unless the business is such as requires secrecy. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 15. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, ad- journ for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. ADJOURNMENT BY GOVERNOR. Sec. 11. In case of a disagreement between the two houses with respect to the time of adjournment, the governor shall have power to adjourn the legislature to such time as he may think proper: Provided , It be not beyond the time fixed for the meeting of the next legislature. — Oal. (1880), Art. 5. Sec. 10. The governor, in case of a disagreement between the two bouses as to the time of adjournment, may, upon the same being certi- fied to him, by the house last moving adjournment, adjourn the general assembly to a dav not later than the first day of the next regular session. — Colo. (1876), Art. 4. Sec. 7. The governor, in case of a. disagreement between the two bouses of tbe general assembly respecting tbe time of adjournment, may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper, not beyond the day of the next stated session. — Conn. (1818), Art. 4. Sec. 10. In case of a disagreement between the two houses with respect to the time of adjournment, the governor shall have power to adjourn the legislature to such time as he may think proper, provided it be not beyond the time fixed for the meeting of the next legislature. — Fla. (1885), Art. 4. Sec. 9. In case of a disagreement between the two houses with respect to the time of adjournment, the governor may, on the same 14 — Legislative Dept. 106 being certified to him by the house first moving the adjournment, ad- journ the general assembly to such time as he thinks proper, not beyond the first day of the next regular session. — III. (1870), Art. 5. Sec. 13. In case of a disagreement between the two houses with respect to the time of adjournment, the governor shall have power to adjourn the general assembly to such time as he may think proper; but no such adjournment shall be beyond the time fixed for the regular meeting of the next general assembly . — Iowa (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 6. In case of a disagreement between the two houses in respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn the legislature to such time as he mav think proper, not beyond its regular meeting. — Kan. (1859 ) r Art. 1. Art. 6. In cases of disagreement between the two houses, with re- gard to the necessity, expediency, or time of adjournment or proroga- tion, the governor, with advice of the council, shall have a right to adjourn or prorogue the general court, not exceeding ninety days, as he shall determine the public good shall require. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 2, 31. Sec. 9. In case of a disagreement between the two houses with re- spect to the time of adjournment, the governor may, on the same being certified to him by the house first moving the adjournment adjourn the legislature to such time as he thinks proper not beyond the first day of the next regular session. — Kel). (1875), Art. 5. Sec. 11. In case of a disagreement between the two houses, with re- spect to the time of adjournment, the governor shall have power to adjourn the legislature to such time as he may think proper: Provided , It be not bevond the time fixed for the meeting of the next legislature. — Ktev. (1864), Art. 5. Art. 49. The governor, with advice of council, shall have full power and authority, in recess of the general court, to prorogue the same from time to time, not exceeding ninety days in any one recess of said court, and, during the sessions of said court to adjourn or prorogue it to any time the two houses may desire; and to call it together sooner than the time to which it may be adjourned or prorogued, if the welfare of the state should require the same. — N. H., Part 2. Sec. 9. In case of a disagreement between the two houses, in respect to the time of adjournment, he shall have power to adjourn the general assembly to such time as lie may think proper, but not beyond the regular meetings thereof . — Ohio (1851), AH. 3. Sec. 14. In case of a disagreement between the two houses of the legislature, at a regular or special session, with respect to the time of adjournment, the governor may, if the facts be certified to him, by the presiding officer of the house first moving the adjournment, adjourn them to such time as he shall deem proper, not beyond the day of the next 0 107 stated meeting of the legislature. He may convoke the legislature at or adjourn it to another place, when, in his opinion, the public safety or welfare, or the safety or health of the members require it : Provided , how- ever « That such change or adjournment shall be concurred in by a two- thirds vote of all the members elected to each branch of the legislature. — Okln. (1907), Art. 6. Sec. 6. In case of disagreement between the two houses of the general assembly, respecting the time or place of adjournment, certified to him by either, he may adjourn them to such time and place as he shall think proper : Provided , That the time of adjournment shall not be extended beyond the day of the next stated session. — R. I. (1842), Art. 7. Sec. 7. In case of a disagreement between the two houses of the legislature at any special session, with respect to the time of adjourn- ment, the governor shall have power to adjourn the legislature to such time as he may think proper: Provided , It be not beyond the time fixed for the convening of the next legislature. — Utah (1896), Art. 7. ORIGINATION OF BILLS. (17) Sec. 13. Bills may originate in either house of the legislature. —Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 70. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives. The governor, auditor and attorney-general shall, before each regular session of the legislature, prepare a general revenue bill, to be submitted to the legislature for its information, and the secretary of state shall have printed for the use of the legislature a sufficient number of copies of the bill so prepared, which the governor shall transmit to the house of representatives as soon as organized to be used or dealt with as that house may elect. The senate may propose amendments to revenue bills. No revenue bill shall be passed during the last five days of the session. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 31. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives; but the senate may propose amendments, as in case of other bills. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 2. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives ; but the senate may propose alterations as on other bills ; and no bill from the operation of which, when passed into a law, revenue may incidentally arise shall be accounted a bill for raising revenue; nor shall any matter or clause whatever not immediately relating to and necessary for raising revenue be in any manner blended with or annexed to a bill for raising revenue. — Del. (1897), Art. 8. Sec. 14. Any bill may originate in either house of the legislature, and after being passed in one house may be amended in the other. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. 108 Sec. 7. Par. 10. All bills for raising revenue or appropriating money shall originate in the house of representatives, but the senate may pro- pose or concur in amendments as in other bills. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 14. Bills may originate in either house, but may be amended or rejected in the other, except that bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives. — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 17. Every act or joint resolution shall be plainly worded, avoid- ing as far as practicable the use of technical terms. — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 17. Bills may originate in -either house, but may be amended or rejected in the other, except that bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 20. Every act and joint resolution shall be plainly worded, avoiding, as far as practicable, the use of technical terms. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 15. Bills may originate in either house, and may be amended, altered, or rejected by the other; and every bill having passed both houses shall be signed by the speaker and president of their respective houses. — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 12. Bills may originate in either house, but may be amended or rejected by the other. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2 (Amdt. 1864). Sec. 47. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives, but the senate may propose amendments thereto : Pro- vided, No new matter shall be introduced, under color of amendment, which does not relate to raising revenue. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 47. Art. 37. All bills, for raising revenue or appropriating money, shall originate in the house of representatives, but the senate may propose or concur in amendments, as in other bills. — La. (1898), Art. 37. Sec. 9. Bills, orders or resolutions, may originate in either house, and may be altered, amended or rejected in the other; but all bills for raising a revenue shall originate in the house of representatives, but the senate may propose amendments as in other cases: Provided, That they shall not under color of amendment, introduce any new matter which does not relate to raising a revenue. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 3. Sec. 27. Any bill may originate in either house of the general as- sembly, and be altered, amended or rejected by the other; but no bill shall originate in either house during the last ten days of the session, unless two-thirds of the members elected thereto shall so determine by yeas and nays; nor shall any bill become a law until it be read on three differ- ent days of the session in each house, unless two-tliirds of the members elected to the house where such bill is pending shall so determine by 100 yeas and nays; and no bill shall be read a third time until it shall have been actually engrossed for a third reading. — Aid. (1807), Arf. 3. Art. 7. All money bills shall originate in the house of representatives; but the senate may propose or concur with amendments, as no other bills. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 1, Sec. 3. Sec. 10. All bills for raising a revenue shall originate in the house of representatives, but the senate may propose and concur with amendments as on other bills. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 59. Bills may originate in either house, and be amended or re- jected in the other; and every bill shall be read on three different days in each house, unless two-thirds of the house where the same is pending shall dispense with the rules; and every bill shall be read in full imme- diately before the vote on its final passage; and every bill, having passed both houses, shall be signed by the president of the senate and the speaker of the house of representatives, in open session; but before either shall sign any bill, he shall give notice thereof, suspend business in the house over which he presides, have the bill read by its title, and, on the demand of any member, have it read in full ; and all such proceed- ings shall be entered on the journal. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 26. Bills may originate in either house, and may be amended or rejected by the other ; and every bill shall be read on three different days in each house. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 32. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives ; but the senate may propose amendments, as in the case of other bills. — Alont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 9. Any bill may originate in either house of the legislature, ex- cept bills appropriating money, which shall originate only in the house of representatives, and all bills passed by one house may be amended by the other. — Xeh. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 16. Any bill may originate in either house of the legislature, and all bills passed by one may be amended in the other. — Xev. (1864), Art. 4. Art. 17. All money bills shall originate in the house of representa- tives, but the senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills — N. H., Part 2, Art. 17. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of assem- bly ; but the senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 6. Chap. 1. Sec. 13. Any bill may originate in either house of the legislature, and all bills passed bv one house mav be amended bv the other. — X. Y. (1894),. Art. 3. Sec. 23. Sections seventeen and eighteen of this article [relating to 110 including other acts or parts of acts and to local legislation] shall not apply to any bill, or the amendments to any bill, which shall be reported to the legislature by commissioners who have been appointed pursuant to law to revise the statutes. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 57. Any bill may originate in either house of the legislative as- semblv, and a bill passed by one house may be amended bv the other. — N. Dak, (1889) , Art. 2. Sec. 15. Bills may originate in either house; but may be altered, amended, or rejected in the other . — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 33. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives. The senate may propose amendments to revenue bills. No revenue bill shall be passed during the five last da vs of the session. — • Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 18. Bills may originate in either house, but may be amended or rejected in the other, except that bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives. — Ore. (1857) , Art. 4. Sec. 21. Every act and joint resolution shall be plainly worded, avoiding, as far as practicable, the use of technical terms. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 14. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives but the senate may propose amendments, as in other bills. —Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 15. Bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of repre- sentatives, but may be altered, amended or rejected by the senate; all other bills may originate in either house, and may be amended, altered or rejected by the other. — S. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 20. Any bill may originate in either house of the legislature and a bill passed bv one house may be amended in the other. — $. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 17. Bills may originate in either house; but may be amended, altered, or rejected by the other. No bill shall become a law which em- braces more than one subject, that subject to be expressed in the title. All acts which repeal, revive, or amend former laws shall recite in their caption, or otherwise, the title or substance of the law repealed, revived, or amended. — Term. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 31. Bills may originate in either house, and when passed by such house mav be amended, altered or rejected by the other. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 33. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives, but the senate may amend or reject them as other bills. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Ill Sec. 20. Any bill may originate in either house of the legislature, and a bill passed by one house may be amended in the other. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 28. Bills and resolutions may originate in either house, but may be passed, amended or rejected by the other. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 19. Any bill may originate in either house of the legislature, and a bill passed bv one house may be amended bv the other. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. Sec. 33. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives; but the senate may propose amendments, as in case of other bills. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. APPROPRIATION BILLS. Sec. 71. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropriations for the ordinary expenses of the executive, legislative and judicial departments of the state, for interest on the public debt, and for the public schools. The salary of no officer or employe shall be in- creased in such bill, nor shall any appropriation be made therein for any officer or employe, unless his employment and the amount of his salary have already been provided for by law. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 30. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but ap- propriations for the ordinary expense of the executive, legislative and judicial departments of the state. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 29. The general appropriation bill shall contain no item or items of appropriation other than such as are required to pay the salaries of the state officers, the expenses of the government, and of the institutions under the exclusive control and management of the state. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 34. No bill making an appropriation of money, except the general appropriation bill, shall contain more than one item of appropriation, and that for one single and certain purpose, to be therein expressed. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 32. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but ap- propriations for the ordinary expenses of the executive, legislative or judicial departments of the state, interest on the public debt, and for public schools. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 4. Par. 9. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing 112 except appropriations fixed by previous laws, the ordinary expenses of the executive, legislative and judicial departments, of the government, payment of the public debt and interest thereon, and the support of the public institutions and educational interests of the state. All other ap- propriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Art. 55. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropriations for the ordinary expenses of the government, interest on the public debt, public schools and public charities; and such bill shall be so itemized as to show for what account each and every appro- priation shall be made. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one object. — La. (189S), Art. 55. Art. 5G. Each appropriation shall be for a specific purpose, and no appropriation shall be made under the head or title of contingent; nor shall any officer or department of government receive any amount from the treasury for contingencies or for a contingent fund. — La. (1898), Art. 56. Sec. 22. No provision or enactment shall be embraced in the annual appropriation or supply bill, unless it relates specifically to some particu- lar appropriation in the bill; and any such provision or enactment shall be limited in its operation to such appropriation. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 56. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropriation for the expenses of the executive, legislative, and judicial departments of the state, and for interest on the public debt. The salary of no officer or employe of the state, or any subdivision thereof, shall be increased in such bill, nor shall any appropriation be made therein for any such officer or employe, unless his employment and the amount of his salary, shall have been already provided for by law. All other ap- propriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 63. No appropriation bill shall be passed by the legislature which does not fix definitely the maximum sum thereby authorized to be drawn from the treasury. — -Miss. (1890), Art . 4. Sec. 64. No bill passed after the adoption of this constitution to make appropriations of money out of the state treasury shall continue in force more than six months after the meeting of the legislature at its next regular session ; nor shall such bill be passed except by the votes of a majority of all the members elected to each house of the legislature. — Miss. (1.890) , AH. 4. Sec. 68. Appropriation and revenue bills shall, at regular sessions of the legislature, have precedence in both houses over all other business, and no such bills shall be passed during the last five davs of the session. —Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 69. General appropriation bills shall contain only the appropri- ations to defray the ordinary expenses of the executive, legislative, and 113 judicial departments of the government; to pay interest on state bonds, and to support the common schools. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. Legislation shall not be engrafted on appropriation bills, but the same may prescribe the conditions on which the money may be drawn, and for what purposes paid. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 34. The general appropriation bills shall embrace nothing but appropriations for the ordinary expenses of the legislative, executive and judicial departments of the state, interest On the public debt, and for public schools. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. LIMIT OF INTRODUCTION OF BILLS. Sec. 34. No new bill shall be introduced into either house during the last three days of the session. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Art. 38. No bill, ordinance or resolution, intended to have the effect of a law, which shall (have) been rejected by either house, shall be again proposed in the same house during the same session, under the same or any other title, without the consent of a majority of the house by which the same was rejected. — La. (1898), Art. 38. Sec. 67. No new bill shall be introduced into either house of the legis- lature during the last three days of the session. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 21. No bill for the appropriation of money, except for the ex- penses of the government, shall be introduced within ten days of the close of the session, except by unanimous consent of the house in which it is sought to be introduced. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 60. No bill for the appropriation of money, except for the ex- penses of the government, shall be introduced after the fortieth day of the session, except by unanimous consent of the house in which it is sought to be introduced. — -N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 36. No bill shall be considered in either house unless the time for its introduction shall have been at least ten days before the final adjournment of the legislature, unless the legislature shall otherwise direct by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house, said vote to be taken by yeas and nays and entered upon the journal, or unless the same be at a special session. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 22. No bill for the appropriation of money, except for the ex- penses of the government, shall be introduced within five (5) days of the close of the session, except by unanimous consent of the house in which it is sought to be introduced. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. 15 — Legislative Dept. APPROVAL OF BILLS. (18) Sec. 14. Every bill and concurrent resolution , except of ad- journment, passed by the legislature, shall be presented to the governor before it becomes a law . If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not , lie shall return it, with his objections , to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the objections at large upon their journal, and recon- sider it. On such reconsideration if two-thirds of the members elected agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall be reconsidered. If approved by two-thirds of the members elected to that house, it shall become a law. In such case the vote of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journals of each house respectively. If any bill be not returned by the governor within ten days, Sundays excepted, after it has been pre- sented to him, the same shall become a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature, by their adjournment , prevent its return, in which case it shall not become a law. The governor may approve, sign wnd file in the office of the secretary of state, within five days after the adjournment of the legislature, any act passed during the last five days of the session, and the same shall become a law. — Mich. (1850), Art. 14. Sec. 125. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the legis- lature, except as otherwise provided in this constitution, shall be pre- sented to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the objections at large upon the journal and proceed to re- consider it. If the governor’s message proposes no amendment which would remove his objections to the bill, the house in which the bill or- iginated may proceed to reconsider, and if a majority of the whole num- ber elected to that house vote for the passage of the bill, it shall be sent to the other hotise, which shall in like manner reconsider, and if a majority of the whole number elected to that house vote for the passage of the bill, the same shall become a law, notwithstanding the governor's veto if the governor’s message proposes amendment, which would remove his objections, the house to which it is sent may so amend the bill and send it with the governor’s message to the other house, which may adopt but cannot amend, said amendment; and both houses concurring in the amendment, the bill shall again be sent to the governor and acted on by him as other bills. If the house to which the bill is returned refuses to make such amendment, it shall proceed to reconsider; and if a majority of the whole number elected to that house shall vote for the passage of the bill, it shall be sent with the objections to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by a majority of the whole number elected to that house, it shall become a law. If the house to which the .bill is returned makes the amendment and the other house declines to pass the same, that house shall proceed to reconsider, as though the bill had originated therein, and such proceedings shall be taken thereon as above provided. In every such case the vote of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for or against the bill shall be entered upon the journals of each house re- spectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within six . 115 days, Sundays excepted, after it shall have been presented, the same shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legis- lature, by its adjournment, prevent the return, in which case it shall not be a law; but when return is prevented by recess such bill must be returned to the house in which it originated within two days after the reassembling, otherwise it shall become a law, but bills presented to the governor within five days before the final adjournment of the legislature may be approved by the governor at any time within ten days after such adjournment, and if approved and deposited with the secretary of state within that time shall become law. Every vote, order, or resolution to which concurrence of both houses may be necessary, except on questions of adjournment and the bringing on of elections by the two houses, and amending this constitution, shall be presented to the governor; and, before the same shall take effect, be approved by him ; or, being disap- proved, shall be repassed by both houses according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. — Ala. (1901), Art. 5. Sec. 126. The governor shall have power to approve or disapprove any item or items of any appropriation bill embracing distinct items, and the part or parts of the bill approved shall be the law, and the item or items disapproved shall be void, unless repassed according to the rules and limitations prescribed for the passage of bills over the executive veto; and he shall in writing state specifically the item or items he dis- approves, setting the same out in full in his message, but in such case the enrolled bill shall not be returned with the governors’ objection.^ Ala. (1901), Art. 5. Sec. 15. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the general assembly shall be presented to the governor; if he approve it he shall sign it; but if he shall not approve it, he shall return it, with his ob- jections, to the house in which it originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon their journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, a majority of the whole number elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent with the objec- tions to the other house, by which, likewise, it shall be reconsidered; and, if approved by a majority of the whole number elected to that house, it shall be a law; but in such cases the votes of both houses shall be de- termined by “yeas and nays,” and the names of the members voting for or against the bill shall be entered on the journals. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within five days, Sundays excepted, after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like man- ner as if he had signed it, unless the general assembly, by their adjourn- ment, prevent its return, in which case it shall become a law, unless he shall file the same, with his objections, in the office of the secretary of state and give notice thereof by public proclamation within twenty days after such adjournment. — Ark. (1874), Art. 6. Sec. 16. Every order or resolution in which the concurrence of both houses of the general assembly may be necessary, except on questions of adjournment, shall be presented to the governor, and, before it shall take effect, be approved by him; or, being disapproved, shall be repassed 116 by both houses, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. — Ark. (1874), Art. 6. Sec. 17. The governor shall have power to disapprove any item or items of any bill making appropriation of money, embracing distinct items; and the part or parts of the bill approved shall be the law, and the item or items of appropriations disapproved shall be void, unless repassed according to the rules and limitations prescribed for the pass- age of other bills over the executive veto. — Ark. (1874), Art. 6. Sec. 16. Every bill wdiich may have passed the legislature shall, be- fore it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve it, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it originated, which shall enter such objections upon the journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsiderations, it again passes both houses, by yeas and nays, two-thirds of the members elected to each house voting therefor, it shall become a law, notwith- standing the governor’s objections. If any bill shall not be returned within ten days after it shall have been presented to him (Sundays ex- cepted), the same shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature, by adjournment, prevent such return, in which case it shall not become a law, unless the governor, within ten days after such adjournment (Sundays excepted), shall sign and deposit the same in the office of the secretary of state, in which case it shall become a law in like manner as if it had been signed by him before adjournment. If any bill presented to the governor contains several items of appropria- tion of money, he may object to one or more items, while approving other portions of the bill. In such case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement of the items to which he objects, and the rea- sons therefor, and the appropriations so objected to shall not take effect unless passed over the governor’s veto, as hereinbefore provided. If the legislature be in session, the governor shall transmit to the house in which the bill originated a copy of such statement, and the items so objected to shall be separately reconsidered in the same manner as bills which have been disapproved by the governor. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 11. Every bill passed by the general assembly before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it, and thereupon it shall become a law; but if he do not approve, he shall re- turn it with his objections to the house in which it originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider the bill. If then, two-thirds of the members elected agreed to pass the same, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of the members elected to that house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the objections of the governor. In all such cases the vote of each house shall be determined by ayes and noes, to be entered upon the journal. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within ten days after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the general assem- bly shall, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall be filed, with his objections, in the office of the secretary of state 117 within thirty days after such adjournment or else become a law. — Colo. (1876), Art. 4. Sec. 12. The governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items of any bill making appropriations of money, embracing distinct items, and the part or parts of the bill approved shall be law, and the item or items disapproved shall be void, unless enacted in the manner following: If the general assembly be in session, he shall transmit to the house in which the bill originated a copy of the item or items thereof disapproved, together with his objections thereto, and the items ob- jected to shall be separately considered, and each item shall then take the same course us is prescribed for the passage of bills over the execu- tive veto. — Colo. (1876), Art. 4. Sec. 39. Every order, resolution or vote to which the concurrence of both houses may be necessary, except on the question of adjournment, or relating solely to the transaction of business of the two houses, shall be presented to the governor, and before it shall take effect, be approved by him, or being disapproved, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of both houses, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in cases of a bill. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 12. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the gen- eral assembly shall be presented to the governor. If he approves, he shall sign and transmit it to the secretary, but if not he shall return it to the house in which it originated, with his objections, which shall be entered on the journals of the bouse, who shall proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after such reconsideration, that house shall again pass it, it shall be •sent, with objections, to the other house, which shall also reconsider it. If, approved, it shall become a law. But in such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the mem- bers voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journals of ■each house respectively. If the bill shall not be returned by the gover- nor within three days, Sundays excepted, after it shall have been pre- sented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the general assembly, by their adjournment, prevents its re- turn ; in which case it shall not be a law. — Conn. (1818), Art. 4. Sec. 18. Every bill shall have passed both houses of the general as- sembly shall, before it comes a law, be presented to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if he shall not approve, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it shall have origin- ated, which house shall enter the objections at large on the journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, three- fifths of all the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent together with the objections to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by three- fifths of all the members elected to that house, it shall become a law; but in neither house shall the vote be taken on the day on which the bill shall be returned to it. In all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each 118 house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within ten days, Sundays excepted, after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it* unless the general assembly shall, by adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not become a law without the approval of the governor. No bill shall become a law after the final adjournment of the general assembly, unless approved by the governor within thirty days after such adjournment. The governor shall have power to dis- approve of any item or items of any bill making appropriations of money, embracing distinct items, and the part or parts of the bill approved shall be the law, and the item or items of appropriation disapproved shall be void, unless repassed according to the rules and limitations prescribed for the passage of other bills, over the executive veto. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of both houses of the general assembly may be necessary, except on a question of adjournment, shall be presented to the governor, and be- fore the same shall take effect be approved by him, or being disap- approved by him, shall be repassed by three-fifths of all the members elected to each house of the general assembly, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. — Del. (1897), Art. 3. Sec. 28. Every bill that may have passed the legislature shall, before becoming a law, be presented to the governor; if he approves it he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it originated; which house shall cause such objections to be en- tered upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider it; if, after such recon- sideration, it shall pass both houses by a two-thirds vote of members present, which vote shall be entered on the journal of each house, it shall become a law. If any bill shall not be returned within five days after it shall have been presented to the governor (Sunday excepted) the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it. If the legislature, by its final adjournment prevent such action, such bill shall be a law, unless the governor, within ten days after the adjournment, shall file such bill, with his objections thereto, in the office of the secre- tary of state, who shall lay the same before the legislature at its next session and if the same shall receive two-thirds of the votes present, it shall become a law. — Flu. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 18. The governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items of any bills making appropriations of money embracing distinct items, and the part or parts of the bill approved shall be the law, and the item or items of appropriation disapproved shall be void, unless re- passed according to the rules and limitations prescribed for the passage of other bills over the executive veto. — Fla. (1885), Art. 4. Sec. 7. Par. 14. No bill shall become a law unless it shall receive a majority of the votes of all the members elected to each house of the gen- eral assemblv, and it shall, in everv instance, so appear on the journal. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 7. Par. 23. No provision in this constitution, for a two-thirds r vote of both houses of the general assembly, shall be construed to waive 119 the necessity for the signature of the governor, as in any other case, ex- cept in the case of the two-thirds’ vote required to override the veto, and in case of prolongation of a session of the general assembly. — Ga. (1977), Art. 3. Sec. 1. Par. 16. The governor shall have the revision of all bills passed by the general assembly, before the same shall become laws, but two-thirds of each house may pass a law, notwithstanding his dissent; and if any bill shall not be returned by the governor within five days (Sundays excepted) after it has been presented to him, the same shall be a law, unless the general assembly, by their adjournment, shall pre- vent its return. He may approve any appropriation, and disapprove any other appropriation, in the same bill, and the latter shall not be effectual, unless passed by two-tliirds of each house. — Ga. (1877), Art. 5. Sec. 1. Par. 17. Every vote, resolution or order, to which the concur- rence of both houses may be necessary, except on a question of election or adjournment, shall be presented to the governor, and before it shall take effect be approved by him, or being disapproved, shall be repassed by two-thirds of each house. Sec. 10. Every bill passed by the legislature shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it, and thereupon it shall become a law; but if he do not approve, he shall re- turn it with his objections to the house in which it originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon its journals and proceed to reconsider the bill. If then two-thirds of the members present agree to pass the same it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; and if approved by two-thirds of the members present in that house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the objections of the governor. In all such cases the vote of each house shall be determined by yeas and nays, to be en- tered on the journal. Any bill which shall not be returned by the gov- ernor to the legislature within five days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, shall become a law in like manner, as if he had signed it, unless the legislature shall by adjournment, pre- vent its return, in which case it shall be filed, with his objections, in the office of the secretary of state within ten days after such adjourn- ment (Sundays excepted), or become a law . — Idaho (1889), Art. 4. Sec. 11. The governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items of any bill making appropriations of money embracing dis- tinct items, and the part or parts approved shall become a law and the item or items disapproved shall be void unless enacted in the man- ner following: If the legislature be in session, he shall within five days transmit to the house within which the bill originated a copy of the item or items thereof disapproved, together with his objections thereto, and the items objected to shall be separately reconsidered, and each item shall then take the same course as is prescribed for the passage of bills over the executive veto . — Idaho (1889), Art. 4. Sec. 16. Every bill passed by the general assembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall 120 sign it, and thereupon it shall become a law; but if he do not approve, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it shall have originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon its journal and proceed to reconsider the bill. If then two-thirds of the members elected agree to pass the same, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two-thirds of the members elected to that house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the objections of the governor; but in all such cases the vote of each house shall be deter- mined by yeas and nays, to be entered upon the journal. Bills making appropriations of money out of the treasury shall specify the objects and purposes for which the same are made, and appropriate to them respectively for their several amounts in distinct items and sections. And if the governor shall not approve any one or more of the items or sections contained in any bill, but shall approve the residue thereof, it shall become a law, as to the residue, in like manner as if he had signed it. The governor shall then return the bill, with his objections to the items or sections of the same not approved by him, to the house in which the bill shall have originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider so much of said bill as is not approved by the governor. The same proceedings shall be had in both houses in reconsidering the same as is hereinbefore provided in case of an entire bill returned by the governor with his objections; and if any item or section of said bill not approved by the governor shall be passed by two-thirds of the members elected to each of the two houses of the general assembly, it shall become part of said law, notwithstanding the objections of the governor. Any bill which shall not be returned by the governor within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the general assembly shall by their adjournment pre- vent its return, in which case it shall be filed with his objections in the office of the secretary of state, within ten days after such adjourn- ment, or become a law. — III. (1870), Art. 5 (Arndt. 1884). Sec. 14. Every bill which shall have passed the general assembly shall be presented to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it shall have originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon its journals and proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after such reconsideration, a majority of all the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the governor's ob- jections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by a majority of all the members elected to that house, it shall be a law. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within three days, Sundays excepted, after it shall have been presented to him, it shall be a law without his signature, unless the general ad- journment shall prevent its return, in which case it shall be a law unless the governor, within five days next after such adjournment, shall file such bill, with, his objections thereto, in the office of the secretary of state, who shall lay the same before the general assembly at rts next session in like manner as if it had been returned by the governor. But no bill shall be presented to the governor within two days next previ- » ous to the final adjournment of the general assembly. Ind. (1851), Art. 5. Sec. 16. Every bill which shall have passed the general assembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he ap- prove, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objec- tions, to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the same upon their journal, and proceed to reconsider it; if, after such recon- sideration, it again pass both houses, by yeas and nays, by a majority of two-tliirds of the members of each house, it shall become a law, not- withstanding the governor’s objections. If any bill shall not be returned within three days after it shall have been presented to him (Sunday excepted), the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the general assembly, by adjournment, prevent such return. Any bill submitted to the governor for his approval during the last three days of a session of the general assembly, shall be deposited by him in the office of the secretary of state within thirty days after the ad- journment, with his approval, if approved by him, and with his objec- tions, if he disapproves thereof. — Ioica (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 14. Every bill and joint resolution passed by the house of representatives and senate shall, within two days thereafter, be signed by the presiding officers, and presented to the govenor; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it to the house of repre- sentatives, which shall enter the objections at large up its journal and proceed to reconsider the same. If, after such reconsideration, two- thirds of the members elected shall agree to pass the bill or resolution, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the senate, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the mem- bers elected, it shall become a law ; but in all such cases the votes shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered upon the journals of each house. If any bill shall not be returned within three days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to the governor, it shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature, by its ad- journment, prevent its return, in which case it ^aall not become a law. If any bill presented to the governor contain several items of appro- priation of money, he may object to one or more of such items, while approving the other portion of the bill ; in such case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement of the item or items to which he objects, and the reason therefor, and shall transmit such statement, or a copy thereof, to the house of representatives, and any appropriations so objected to shall not take effect unless reconsidered and approved by two-thirds of the members elected to each house, and, if so reconsidered and approved, shall take effect and become a part of the bill, in which case the presiding officers of each house shall certify on such bill such fact of reconsideration and approval. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2 (Arndt. 1894.). Sec. 88. Every bill which shall have passed the two houses shall be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it origi- nated, which shall enter the objections in full upon its journal, and pro- 16 — Legislative Dept. ceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, a majority of all the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall like- wise be considered, and if approved by a majority of all the members elected to that house, it shall be a law; but in such case the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered upon the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, it shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the general assembly, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall be a law, unless disapproved by him within ten days after the adjournment, in which case his veto message shall be spread upon the register kept by the secretary of state. The governor shall have power to disapprove any part or parts of appro- priation bills embracing distinct items, and the part or parts disap- proved shall not become a law unless reconsidered and passed, as in case of a bill. — Ky. (1897), Sec. 88. Sec. 89. Every order, resolution or vole, in which the concurrence of both houses may be necessary, except on a question of adjournment, or as otherwise x>™vided in this constitution, shall be presented to the governor, and, before it shall take effect, be approved by him; or be- ing disapproved, shall be repassed by a majority of the members elected to both houses, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in case of a bill. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 89. # Art. 70. Every bill which shall have passed both houses shall be presented to the governor. If he approves it, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return it, with his objections in writing, to the house in which it originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon the journal, and proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after such reconsidera- tion, two-thirds of all the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections to the other house, by which likewise it shall be reconsidered; and if passed by two-thirds of the members elected to that house, it shall be a law; but in such cases the votes of both houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be en- tered on the journal of each house, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within five days after it shall have been presented to him, it shall be a law in like manner if he signed it, un- less the general assembly, by adjournment, shall prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. — La. (1898), Art. 76. Art. 77. The governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items of any bill making appropriations of money, embracing dis- tinct items, and the part or parts of the bill approved shall be law, and the item or items of appropriation disapproved shall be void, unless repassed according to the rules and limitations prescribed for the passage of other bills over the executive veto. — La. (1898), Art. 77. Art. 78. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence 123 of both houses may be necessary, except on a question of adjournment, or matters of parliamentary proceedings, or an address for removal from office, shall be presented to the governor, and before it shall take effect, be approved by him, or, being disapproved, shall be repassed ac- cording to the rules and limitations prescribed for the passage of bills over the executive veto. — La. (1898), Art. 78. Sec. 2. Every bill or resolution having the force of law, to which the concurrence of both houses may be necessary, except on a question of adjournment, which shall have passed both houses, shall be pre- sented to the governor, and if he approve, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return it with his objections to the house, in which it shall have originated, which shall enter the objections at large on its journals, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass it, it shall be sent together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall be reconsidered, and, if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall have the same effect, as if it had been signed by the governor; but in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons, voting for and against the bill or resolution, shall be entered on the journals of both houses respectively. If the bill or resolution shall be entered on the journals of both houses respectively. If the bill or resolution shall not be returned by the governor within five days, (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, it shall have the same force and effect, as if he had signed it, unless the legis- lature, by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall have such force and effect, unless returned within three days after their next meeting. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 3. Sec. 17. To guard against hasty or partial legislation and encroach- ments of the legislative department upon the co-ordinate, executive and judicial department, every bill which shall have passed the house of delegates, and the senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor of the state; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it originated, which house shall enter the objections at large on its journal and pro- ceed to reconsider the bill; if, after such reconsideration, three-fifths of the members elected to that house shall pass the bill, it shall be sent with the objections to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if it pass by three-fifths of the members elected to that house it shall become a law; but in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within six days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he signed it, unless the general assembly shall, by adjournment, prevent its re- turn, in which case it shall not be a law. The governor shall have the power to disapprove of any item or items of any bills making appropriations of money embracing distinct items, and the part or parts of the bill approved shall be the law, and the item or items of appropriations disapproved shall be void unless 124 repassed according to the rules or limitations prescribed for the pass- age of other bills over the executive veto. — Md. (1867), Art. 2 (Arndt.). Sec. 30. Every bill, when passed by the general assembly, and sealed with the great seal, shall be presented to the governor, who, if he approves it, shall sign the same in the presence of the presiding officers and chief clerks of the senate and house of delegates. Every law shall be recorded in the office of the court of appeals, and in due time be printed, published and certified under the great seal, to the several courts, in the same manner as has been heretofore usual in this state. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Art. 2. No bill or resolve of the senate or house of representatives shall become a law, and have force as such, until it shall have been laid before the governor for his revisal ; and if he, upon such revision, approve thereof, he shall signify his approbation by signing the same. But if have any objection to the passing of such bill or resolve, he shall return the same, together with his objections thereto, in writing, to the senate or. house of representatives, in whichsoever the same shall have originated; who shall enter the objections sent down by the governor, at large, on their records, and proceed to reconsider the said bill or resolve. But if after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the said sen- ate or house of representatives, shall, notwithstanding the said ob- jections agree to pass the same, it shall, together with the objections, be sent to the other branch of the legislature, where it shall also be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of the members present, shall have the force of a law: but in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for, or against, the said bill or resolve, shall be entered upon the public records of the commonwealth. And in order to prevent unnecessary delays, if any bill or resolve shall not be returned by the governor within five days after it shall have been presented, the same shall have the force of a law. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 1, Sec. 1. Art. 1. If any bill or resolve shall be objected to, and not approved by the governor; and if the general court shall adjourn within five days after the same shall have been laid before the governor for his approbation, and thereby prevent his returning it with his* objections, as provided by the constitution, such bill or resolve shall not become a law, nor have force as such. — Mass. (1780), Arndt. Art. 1 (1821). Sec. 11. Every bill which shall have passed the senate and house of representatives, in conformity to the rules of each house and the joint rules of the two houses, shall, before it becomes a law, be pre- sented to the governor of the state. If he approve, he shall sign and deposit it in the office of secretary of state for preservation, and notify the house where it originated of the fact. But if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it shall have originated; when such objections shall be entered at large on the journal of the same, and the house shall proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, 125 it shall be sent, together, with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if it be approved by two- thirds of that house it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for or against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within three days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like man- ner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature, by adjournment within that time, prevents its return ; in which case it shall not be a law. The governor may approve, sign and file in the office of the secretary of state, within three days after the adjournment of the legislature, any act passed during the last three days of the session, and the same shall be- come a law. If any bill presented to the governor contain several items of ap- propriation of money, he may object to one or more of such items, while approving of the other portion of the bill. In such case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement of the items to which he objects, and the appropriation so objected to shall not take effect. If the legislature be in session, he shall transmit to the house in which the bill originated a copy of such statement, and the items objected to shall be separately reconsidered. If, on reconsideration, one or more of such items be approved by two-thirds of the members elected to each house, the same shall be a part of the law, notwithstanding the objections of the governor. All the provisions of this section, in relation to bills not approved by the governor, shall apply in cases in which he shall withhold his approval from any item or items contained in a bill ap- propriating money. — Minn. (1857), Art. 1 {Amclt. 1876). Sec. 12. Xo money shall be appropriated except by bill. Every or- der, resolution or vote requiring the concurrence of the two houses (except such as relate to the business or adjournment of the same) shall be presented to the governor for his signature, and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being returned by him with' his objections, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the members of the two houses, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in case of a bill. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 72. Every bill which shall pass both houses shall be presented to the governor of the state. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if he does not approve, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the objections at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsidera- tion two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other house, by which, likewise, it shall be reconsidered; and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law; but in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each respec- tively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within five days (Sundays excepted) after it has been presented to him it shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legisla- 126 ture, by adjournment, prevent its return in which case it shall be a law unless sent back within three days after the beginning of the next ses- sion of the legislature. No bill shall be approved when the legislature is not in session. — Miss. (1890), AH. 4. Sec. 73. The governor may veto parts of any appropriation bill, and approve parts of the same, and the portions approved shall be law. —Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 38. When the bill has been signed, as provided for in the pre- ceding section, it shall be the duty of the secretary of the senate, if the bill originated in the senate, and of the chief clerk of the house of rep- resentatives, if the bill originated in the house, to present the same in person, on the same day on which it was signed as aforesaid, to the governor, and enter the fact upon the journal. Every bill presented to the governor, and return within ten days to the house in which the same originated, with the approval of the governor, shall become a law, un- less it be in violation of some provision of this constitution. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 39. Every bill presented as aforesaid, but returned without the approval of the governor and with his objection thereto, shall stand as reconsidered in the house to which it is returned. The house shall cause the objections of the governor to be entered at large upon the journal, and proceed, at its convenience, to consider the question pend- ing, which shall be in this form: “Shall the bill pass, the objections of the governor thereto notwithstanding ?” The vote upon this ques- tion shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names entered upon the journal, and if two-thirds of all the members elected to the house vote in the affirmative, the presiding officer of that house shall certify that fact on the roll, attesting the same by his signature, and send the bill, with the objections of the governor, to the other bouse, in which like pro- ceedings shall be had in relation thereto, and if the bill receive a like majority of the votes of all the members elected to that house, the vote being taken by yeas and nays, the presiding officer thereof shall, in like manner, certify the fact upon the bill. The bill thus certified shall be deposited in the office of the secretary of state, as an authentic act, and shall become a law in the same manner and with like effect as if it had received the approval of the governor. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 40. Whenever the governor shall fail to perform his duty, as prescribed in section 12, article 5 of this constitution, in relation to any bill presented to him for his approval, the general assembly may, by joint resolution, reciting the fact of such failure and the bill at length, direct the secretary of state to enroll the same as an authentic act, in the achives of the state, and such enrollment, shall have the same effect as an approval by the governor : Provided , That such joint reso- lution shall not be submitted to the governor for his approval. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 12. The governor shall consider all bills and joint resolutions, which, having been passed by both houses of the general assembly. 127 shall be presented to him. He shall, within ten days after the same shall have been presented to him, return to the house in which they respectively originated, all such bills and joint resolutions, with his approval indorsed thereon, or accompanied by his objections : Provided , That if the general assembly shall finally adjourn within ten days after such presentation, the governor may, within thirty days thereafter, re- turn such bills and resolutions to the office of the secretary of state, with his approval or reasons for disapproval. — Mo. (1875), Art. 5. Sec. 13. If any bill presented to the governor contain several items of appropriation of money, he may object to one or more items while approving other portions of the bill. In such case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement of the items to which he objects, and the appropriations so objected to shall not take effect. If the general assembly be in session, he shall transmit to the house in which the bill originated a copy of such statement, and the items ob- jected to shall be separately reconsidered. If it be not in session, then he shall transmit the same witfiin thirty days to the office of the sec- retary of state, with his approval or reasons for disapproval. — Mo. (1875), Art. 5. Sec. 14. Every resolution to which the concurrence of the senate and house of representatives may be necessary, except on questions of ad- journment, of going into joint session, and of amending this constitu- tion, shall be presented to the governor, and before the same shall take effect, shall be proceeded upon the same manner as in the case of a bill : Provided , That no resolution shall have the effect to repeal, extend, alter or amend any law. — Mo. (1875), Art. 5. . Sec. 40. Every order, resolution or vote, in which the concurrence of both houses may be necessary, except on the question of adjournment, or relating solely to the transaction of the business of the two houses, shall be presented to the governor, and before it shall take effect be ap- proved by him, or, being disapproved, be repassed by two-thirds of both houses, as prescribed in the case of a bill. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 12. Every bill passed by the legislative assembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it, and thereupon it shall become a law, but if he do not approve, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it was orignated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon its journal and proceed to reconsider the bill. If then two-thirds of the members present agree to pass the same, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of the members present in that house it shall become a law notwithstanding the objections of the governor. In all such cases the vote of each house shall be de- termined by yeas and nays, to be entered on the journal. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within five days (Sundays ex- cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislative assembly shall by their adjournment prevent its return in which case 128 it shall not become a law, without the approval of the governor. No bill shall become a law after the final adjournment of the legislative assembly, unless approved by the governor within fifteen days after such adjournment. In case the governor shall fail to approve of any bill after the final adjournment of the legislative assembly it shall be filed, with his objections, in the office of the secretarv of state. — Mont. (1889), Art. 7. Sec. 13. The governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items of any bill making appropriations of money, embracing dis- tinct items, and the part or parts approved shall become a law, and the item or items disapproved shall be void, unless enacted in the man- ner following: If the legislative assembly be in session he shall within five days transmit to the house in which the bill originated, a copy of the item or items thereof disapproved, together with his objections thereto, and the items objected to shall be separately reconsidered, and each item shall take the same course as is prescribed for the pass- age of bills over the executive veto. — Mont. (1889), Art. 7. Sec. 15. Every bill passed by the legislature, before it becomes a law, and every order, resolution or vote to which the concurrence of both houses may be necessary, (except on questions of adjournment) shall be presented to the governor. If he approve he shall sign it, and thereupon it shall become a law; but if he do not approve, he shall re- turn it, with his objections, to the house in which it shall have origi- nated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider the bill. If then three-fifths of the members elected agree to pass the same, it shall be sent, together with the ob- jections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by three-fifths of the members elected to that house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the objections of the governor. In all such cases, the vote of each house shall be determined by yeas and nays, to be entered upon the journal. Any bill which shall not be returned by the governor within five days,( Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, shall become a law in like man- ner as if he had signed it; unless the legislature by their adjournment prevent its return; in which case it shall be filed, with his objections, in the office of the secretary of state within five days after such ad- journment, or become a law. The governor may disapprove any item or items of appropriation contained in bills passed by the legislature, and the item or items so disapproved shall be stricken therefrom, un- less repassed in the manner herein prescribed in cases of disapproval of bills. — NcJ). (1875), Art. 5. Sec. 35. Every bill which may have passed the legislature shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it originated, which house shall cause such objections to be entered upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider it; if, after such reconsideration, it again pass both houses, by yeas and nays, by a vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each house, it shall be- come a law, notwithstanding the governor’s objections. If any bill 129 shall not be returned within five days after it shall have been pre- sented to him (Sundays excepted), exclusive of the day on which he received it, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature, by its final adjournment, prevent such return, in which case it shall be a law, unless the governor, within ten days next after the adjournment (Sundays excepted), shall file such bill, with his objections thereto, in the office of the secretary of state, who shall lay the same before the legislature at its next session, in like manner as if it had been returned by the governor; and if the same shall receive the vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the legislature, upon a vote taken by yeas and nays, to be entered upon the journals of each house, it shall become a law. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. Art. 43. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the gen- eral court shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with such objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; and, if ap- proved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for or against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within five days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. — N. H., Part 2, Art. 43. Art. 44. Every resolve shall be presented to the governor, and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disap- proved by him, shall be repassed by the senate and house of representa- tives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. — N. PL., Part 2, Art. 44. Sec. 7. Every bill which shall have passed both houses shall be presented to the governor ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it; if, after such reconsideration, a majority of the whole number of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved of by a majority of the whole number of that house, it shall become a law ; but in neither house shall the vote be taken on the same day on which the bill shall be re- turned to it; and in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house re- spectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor, within 17 — Legislative Dept. 130 / five days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. If any bill presented to the governor contain several items of appropriations of money, he may object to one or more of such items while approving of the other portions of the bill. In such case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement of the items to which he objects, and the appropriation so objected to shall not take effect. If the legislature be in session he shall transmit to the house in which the bill originated, a copy of such statement, and the items objected to shall be separately recon- sidered. If, on reconsideration, one or more of such items be approved by a majority of the members elected to each house, the same shall be a part of the law, notwithstanding the objections of the governor. All the provisions of this section in relation to bills not approved by the governor shall apply to cases in which lie shall withhold his ap- proval from any item or items contained in a bill appropriating money. — N. J. (1844), Art. 5. Sec. 9. Every bill which shall have passed the senate and assembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it shall have originated, which shall enter the ob- jections at large on the journal and proceed to reconsider it. If after such recommendation, two-thirds of the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two-thirds of the members elected to that house, it shall become a law notwithstanding the objections of the governor. In all such cases, the votes in both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and . the names of the members voting shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. In any bill shall not be returned by the governor within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature shall, by their adjournment, pre- vent its return, in which case it shall not become a law without the approval of the governor. No bill shall become a law after the final adjournment of the legislature, unless approved by the governor within thirty days after such adjournment. If any bill presented to the gov- ernor contain several items of appropriation of money, he may object to one or more of such items while approving of the other portion of the bill. In such case, he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement of the items to which he objects; and the appropriation so objected to shall not take effect. If the legislature be in session, he shall transmit to the house in which the bill originated a copy of such statement, and the items objected to shall be separately reconsidered. If on reconsideration one or more of such items be approved by two- thirds of the members elected to each house, the same shall be part of the law, notwithstanding the objections of the governor. All the provisions of this section, in relation to bills not approved by the gov- ernor, shall apply in cases in which he shall withhold his approval from 131 any other item or items contained in a bill appropriating money. — ^V. Y. (1894), Art. 4. Sec. 79. Every bill which shall have passed the legislative assembly shall before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he ap- prove, he shall sign, but if not, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the objections at large upon the journal, and proceed to reconsider it.\ If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the members-elect shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if it be approved by two- thirds of the members-elect, it shall become a law; but in all such cases the vote of both houses shall be determined by the yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be en- tered upon the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within three days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law unless the legislative assembly, by its adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall be a law unless he shall file the same with his objections,, in the office of the secretary of state, within fifteen days after such adjournment. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 80. The governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items, or part or parts of any bill making appropriations of money or property embracing distinct items, and the part or parts of the bill approved shall be the law, and the item or items, and part or parts disapproved shall be void, unless enacted in the following manner: If the legislative assembly be in session he shall transmit to the house in which the bill originated a copy of the item or items, or part or parts thereof disapproved, together with his objections thereto, and the items or parts objected to shall be separately reconsidered, and each item or part shall then take the same course as is prescribed for the passage of bills over the executive veto. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 3. - Sec. 11. Every bill which shall have passed the senate and house of representatives, and every resolution requiring the assent of both branches of the legislature, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; if not, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large in the journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill or joint resolution, it shall be sent together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and, if approved by two-thirds of the mem- bers elected to that house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the objections of the governor. In all such cases, the vote in both cases the vote in both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill or resolution shall not be returned by the governor within five days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature shall, by their adjournment, prevent its 132 return in which case it shall not become a law without the approval of the governor. No bill shall become a law after the final adjourn- ment of the legislature; unless approved by the governor within fifteen days after such adjournment. — 01:1a. (1907), Art. 6. Sec. 12. Every bill passed by the legislature, making appropriations of money embracing distinct items, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor; if he disapproves the bill, or, any item, or appropriation therein contained, he shall communicate such disapproval, with his reasons therefor, to the house in which the bill shall have originated, but all items not disapproved shall have the force and effect of law according to the original provisions of the bill. Any item or items so disapproved shall be void, unless repassed by a two-thirds vote, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the preceding sec- tion in reference to other bills: Provided, That this section shall not relieve emergencv bills of the requirement of the three-fourths vote. — Okie. (1907), Art. 6. Sec. 15. Every bill which shall have passed the legislative assembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor; if he ap- prove he shall sign it; but if not. he shall return it with his objections to that house in which it shall have originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon the journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of the members present shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap- proved by two-thirds of the members present it shall become a law. But in all cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas und nays, and the names of the members voting for or against the bill -shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively; if any bill shall not be returned by the governor within five days (Sundays ex- cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, it shall be a law without his signature, unless the general adjournment shall prevent its return, in which case it shall be a law, unless the governor, within five days next after the adjournment (Sundays excepted) shall file such bill, with his objections thereto, in the office of secretary of state, who shall lay the same before the legislative assembly at its next session, in like manner as if it had been returned by the governor. — Ore. (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 26. Every order, resolution or vote to which the concurrence of both houses may be necessary (except on the question of adjourn- ment), shall be presented to the governor, and before it shall take effect be approved by him or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by two- thirds of both houses according to the rules and limitations prescribed in case of a bill. — Pa. (1813), Art. 3. Sec. 15. Every bill which shall have passed both houses shall be pre- sented to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if he shall not approve, he shall return it, with. his objections, to the house in which it shall have originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such 133 reconsideration, two-thirds of all the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent with the objections, to the other house, by which likewise it shall be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the members elected to that house, it shall be a law; but in such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journals of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within ten days after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like man- ner as if he had signed it, unless the general assembly, by their ad- journment prevent its return; in which case it shall be a law, unless he shall file the same with his objections, in the office of the secretary of the commonwealth, and give notice thereof by public proclamation within thirty days after such adjournment. — Pa. (1873), Art. 4. Sec. 16. The governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items of any bill making appropriation of money, embracing distinct items, and the part or parts of the bill approved shall be the law, and the item or items of appropriations disapproved shall be void unless repassed according to the rules and limitations prescribed for the pass- age of other bills over the executive veto. — Pa. (1873), Art. 4. Sec. 23. Every bill or joint resolution which shall have passed the general assembly, except on a question of adjournment, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor, and if he approves he shall sign it; if not, he shall return it with his objections, to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the objection at large on its journal and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two- thirds of that house shall agree to pass it, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house it shall have the same effect as if it had been signed by the governor; but in all such cases the vote of both houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill or joint resolution shall be entered on the journals of both houses respectively. Bills appro- priating money out of the treasury shall specify the objects and pur- poses for which the same are made, and appropriate to them respec- tively their several amounts in distinct items and sections. If the gov- ernor shall not approve any one or more of the items or sections con- tained in any bill, but shall approve of the residue thereof, it shall be- come a law as to the residue in like manner as if he had signed it. The governor shall then return the bill with his objections to the items or sections of the same not approved by .him to the house in which the bill originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon its journal and proceed to reconsider so much of said bill as is not approved by the governor. The same proceedings shall be had in both houses in reconsidering the same as is provided in case of an entire bill returned by the governor with his objections; and if any item or section of said bill not approved by the governor shall be passed by two-thirds of each house of the general assembly, it shall be- come a part of said law notwithstanding the objections of the governor. If a bill or joint resolution shall not be returned by the governor within 134 three days after.it shall have been presented to him, (Sundays excepted), it shall have the same force and effect as if he had signed it, unless the general assembly, by adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall have such force and effect unless returned within two days after the next meeting. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 4. Sec. 9. Every bill which shall have passed the legislature, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it with his objection to the house in. which it originated, which shall enter the objection at large upon the journal and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-tliirds of the members present shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be seat, together with the objection, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if it be approved by two-thirds of the members present, it shall become a law; but in all such cases the vote of both houses shall be determined by the yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered upon the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within three days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be law, unless the legislature shall by its adjournment prevent ‘its return; in which case it shall be filed, with his objection, in the office of the secretary of state, within ten days after such adjournment, or become a law. — 8. D. (1889), Art. 4. Sec. 10. The governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items of any bill making appropriations of money embracing distinct items, and the part or parts of the bill approved shall be law, and the item or items disapproved shall be void, unless enacted in the follow- ing manner: If the legislature be in session he shall transmit to the house in which the bill originated a copy of the item or items thereof disapproved, together with his objections thereto, and the items ob- jected to shall be separately reconsidered, and each .item shall then take the same course as is prescribed for the passage of bills over the executive veto. — $. D. (1889), Art. 4. Sec. 18. Every bill which may pass both houses of the general as- sembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor for his signature. If he approve it, he shall sign it, and the same shall be- come a law; but if he refuse to sign it, he shall return it, with his ob- jections thereto in writing, to the house in which it originated; and said house shall cause said objections to be entered at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after such reconsidera- tion, a majority of all the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill, notwithstanding the objections of the executive, it shall be sent, with said objections, to the other house, by which it shall be likewise reconsidered. If approved by a majority of the whole number elected to that house, it shall become a law. The votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of all the members voting for or against the bill shall be entered upon the journals of their respective houses. If the governor shall fail to return any bill with his objections, within five days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have 135 been presented to him, the same shall become a law without his signa- ture, unless the general assembly, by its adjournment, prevents its return, in which case it shall not become a law. Every joint resolution or order (except on questions of adjournment) shall likewise be pre- sented to the governor for his signature, and before it shall take effect shall receive his signature; and on being disapproved by him, shall, in like manner, be returned, with his objections; and the same, before it shall take effect, shall be repassed by a majority of all the members elected to both houses, in the manner and according to the rules pre- scribed in case of a bill. — Term. (1870),, Art. 3. Sec. 14. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the legisla- ture shall be presented to the governor for his approval. If he approves, he shall sign it; but if he disapprove it, he shall return it, with his ob- jections, to the house in which it originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the members present agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other house, by which likewise it shall be reconsidered ; and if approved by two-thirds of the members of that house, it shall become a law; but in such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respective^. If any bill shall not be re- turned by the governor with his objections within ten days (Saturday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature, by its adjournment, prevent its return; in which case it shall be a law unless he shall file the same, with his objections, in the office of the •secretary of state, and give notice thereof by public proclamation within twenty days after such adjournment. If any bill presented to the gover- nor contains several item of appropriation, he may object to one or more of such items, and approve the other portion of the bill. In such case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a statement of the items to which he objects, and no item so objected to shall take effect. If the legislature be in session, he shall transmit to the house in which the bill originated a copy of Such statement, and the items objected to shall be separately considered. If, on reconsideration, one or more of such items be approved by two-thirds of the members present of each house, the same shall be part of the law notwithstanding the objections of the governor. If any such bill, containing several items of appro- priation, not having been presented to the governor ten days (Sundays excepted) prior to adjournment, be in the hands of the governor at the tinie of adjournment, he shall have twenty days from such adjourn- ment within which to file objections to any items thereof, and make proclamation of the same, and such item or items shall not take effect. — Tex. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 15. Every order, resolution ur vote to which the concurrence of both houses of the legislature may be necessary, except on questions of adjournment, shall be presented to the governor, and, before it shall take effect, shall be approved by him ; or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by both houses ; and all the rules, provisions and limitations shall apply 136 thereto as prescribed in the last preceding section in the case of a bill. — Tex. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 8. Every bill passed by the legislature, before it becomes a law, shall be presented to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it, and thereupon it shall become a law; but if he do not approve, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon its journal and proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after such reconsideration, it again passes both houses by a yea and nay vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the gov- ernor’s objections. If any bill be not returned within five days after it shall have been presented to him (Sunday, and the day on which he received it excepted), the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature by its final adjournment prevent such return, in which case it shall be filed with his objections in the office of the secretary of state within ten days after such adjournment (Sundays excepted) or become a law. If any bill presented to the gov- ernor contain several items of appropriations of money, he may ob- ject to one or more such items, while approving other portions of the bill ; in such case he shall append to the bill .at the time of signing it a state- ment of the item or items which he declines to approve, together with his reasons therefor, and such item or items shall not take effect unless passed over the governor’s objections as in this section provided. — Utah (1896), Art. 7. Art. 11. Every bill which shall have passed the senate and house of representatives, shall, before it become a law, Jie presented to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return it, with his objections in writing, to the house, in which it shall have originated; which shall proceed to reconsider it. If, upon such reconsideration, a majority of the house shall pass the bill, it shall, together with the ob- jections, be sent to the other house, by which, it shall, likewise, be re- considered, and, if approved by a majority of that house, it shall be- come a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons, voting for or against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house, respec- tively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor, as aforesaid, within five days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall become a law, in like manner, as if he had signed it.; unless the two houses, by their adjournment, within three days after the presentment of such bill, shall prevent its return; in which case, it shall not become a law. — Vt. (1793), Arndt. Art. 11. Sec. 76. Every bill, which shall have passed the senate and house of delegates, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it; but, if not, he may return it with his objections to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the objections at large on its journal and proceed to reconsider the same. If, after such consideration, two-thirds of the members present, which two-thirds shall include a majority of the members elected to that house, shall agree to pass the bill it shall be sent, together with the objections, I 137 to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the members present, which two-thirds shall include a majority of the members elected to that house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the objections. The governor shall have the power to veto any particular item or items of an appropriation bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. The item or items objected to shall not take effect except in the manner heretofore provided in this sectiqn as to bills returned to the general assembly without his approval. If he approve the general purpose of any bill, but disapprove any part or parts thereof, he may return it, with recommendations for its amendment, to the house in which it originated, whereupon the same proceedings shall be had in both houses upon the bill and his recommendations in relation to its amendment, as is above provided in relation to a bill which he shall have returned without his approval, and with his objections thereto : Provided, That if after such reconsideration, both houses, by a vote of a majority of the members present in each, shall agree to amend the bill in accordance with his recommendations in relation thereto, or either house by such vote shall fail or refuse to so amend it, then, and in either case the bill shall be again sent to him, and he may act upon it as if it were then before him for the first time. But in all the cases above set forth the votes of both houses shall be determined by ayes and noes, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill, or item or items of an appropriation bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house. If any bill shall not be returned by the gov- ernor within five days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been pre- sented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the general assembly shall, by final adjournment, prevent such return ; in which case it shall be a law if approved by the governor in the manner and to the extent above provided, within ten days after such adjournment, but not otherwise. — Va. (1902), Art. 5. Sec. 12. Every act which shall have passed the legislature shall be, before it becomes a law, presented to the governor. If he approves, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon the journal and proceed to reconsider. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the members present shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of the members present, it shall become a law ; but in all such cases the vote of both houses shall be determined by the yeas and nays and the names of the members voting for or against the bill shall be entered upon the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within five days, Sunday excepted, after it shall be presented to him, it shall become a law without his signature, unless the general adjournment shall prevent its return, in which case it shall become a law unless the governor within ten days next after the adjournment, Sundays excepted, shall file such bill, with his objections thereto, in the office of secretary of state, who shall lay the same before the legislature at its next session in like manner as if it had been returned by the governor. If any bill presented to the 18 — Legislative Dept. 138 governor contain several sections or items, he may object to one or more sections or items while approving other portions of the bill. In such case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, a state- ment of the section or sections, item or items to which he objects and the reasons therefor and the section or sections, items or items, so ob- jected to shall not take effect unless passed over the governor’s objec- tion, as hereinbefore provided. — Wash. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 14. Every hill passed by the legislature shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve he shall sign it. and thereupon it shall become a law; but if not, he shall return it, with his ob- jections, to the house in which it originated, which house shall enter the objections at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, a majority of the members elected to that house, agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- tions, to the other house, by which it shall, likewise, be reconsidered, and if approved by a majority of the members elected to that house it shall become a law, notwithstanding the objections of the governor. But in all such cases the vote of each house shall be determined by yeas and nays to be entered on the journal. Any bill which shall not be returned by the governor within five days (Sunday excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature shall, by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall be filed with its objections, in the office of the secretary of state, within five davs after such adjournment, or become a law.—' W. Va. (1872), Art. 7. Sec. 15. Every bill passed by the legislature making appropriations of money, embracing distinct items, shall before It becomes a law, be pre- sented to the governor; if he disapprove the bill, or any item or appro- priation therein contained, he shall communicate such disapproval with his reasons therefor to the house in which the bill originated; but all items not disapproved shall have the force and effect of law according to the original provisions of the bill. Any item or items so disapproved shall be void, unless repassed by a majority of each house according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the preceding section in refer- ence to other bills. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 7. Sec. 10. Every bill which shall have passed the legislature shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not. he shall return it. with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objec- tions at large upon the journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of the members present shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of the members present, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall he determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for or against "the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within three days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, un- less the legislature shall, by their adjournment, prevent its return, iu which case it shall not be a law. — Wis. (1848), Art. 5. Sec. 41. Every order, resolution or vote, in which the concurrence of both houses may be necessary, except on the question of adjournment, or relating solely to the transaction of the business of the two houses, shall be presented to the governor, and before it shall take effect be ap- proved by him, or, being disapproved, be repassed by two-thirds of both houses as prescribed in the case of a bill. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 8. Every bill which has passed the legislature shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the objections at large upon the journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two- thirds of the members elected agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, to- gether with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if it be approved by two-thirds of the members elected, it shall become a law ; but in all such cases the vote of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered upon the journal of each house respectively. If any bill is not returned by the governor within three days (Sundays excepted) after its presentation to him, the same shall be a law, unless the legislature by its adjournment, prevent its re- turn, in which case it shall be a law, unless he shall file the same with his objections in the office of the secretary of state within fifteen days after such adjournment. — Wyo. (1889), AH. 4. Sec. 9. The governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items or part or parts of any bill making appropriations of money or property embracing distinct items, and the part or parts of the bill ap- proved shall be the law, and the item or items and part or parts disap- proved shall be void unless enacted in the following manner : If the legislature be in session he shall transmit to the house in which the bill originated a copy of the item or items or part or parts thereof disap- proved, together with his objections thereto, and the items or parts ob- jected to shall be separately reconsidered, and each item or part shall then take the same course as is prescribed for the passage of bills over the executive veto. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 4. compensation; extra sessions; mileage; limit of sessions. (19) Sec. 15. The compensation of the members of the legislature shall be three dollars per day for actual attendance and when absent on account of sickness , but the legislature may allow extra compensa- tion to the member's from the territory of the upper peninsula, not ex- ceeding two dollars per day during a session. When convened in extra session their compensation shall be three dollars a day for the first twenty days and nothing thereafter'; and they shall legislate on no other subjects than those expressly stated in the governors proclamation, or submitted to them by special message They shall be entitled to ten 140 cents and no more for every mile actually traveled in going to and re- turning from the place of meeting . on the usually traveled route \ and for stationery and newspapers not exceeding five dollars for each member during any session. Each member shall he entitled to one copy of the laws . journals and documents of the legislature of which he uns a mem- ber Jbut shall not receive . at the expense of the state, hooks , newspapers or other perquisites of office not expressly authorized by this constitution . — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. (20) Sec. 16. The legislature may provide by law for the payment of postage on all mailable matter received by its members and officers dur- ing the sessions of the legislature . but not on any sent or mailed by them. — Midi. (1850), Art. 4. (21) Sec. 17. The president of the senate and the speaker of the house of representatives shall be entitled to the same per diem compen- sation and mileage as members of the legislature, and no more. — Mich. (1850), Ari. 4. Sec. 86. The lieutenant governor, or president pro tempore of the senate, while he acts as president of the senate, shall receive for his services the same compensation which shall, for the same period, be allowed to the speaker of the house of representatives, and during the time he administers the government as governor, lie shall receive the same compensation which the governor would have received had he been employed in the duties of his office. — Ky. (1801), Sec. 86. Sec. 130. The lieutenant governor shall receive for his services the same compensation as the speaker of the house of representatives. — Miss. (1890), Art. 5. Sec. 18. The lieutenant-governor or the president pro tempore of the senate, while presiding in the senate, shall receive the same compensation as shall be allowed the speaker of the house of representatives. — Mo. (1875), Art. 5. (33) Sec. 29. In case of a contested election, the person only shall receive from the state per diem compensation and mileage who is de- clared to be entitled to a seat by the house in which the contest takes place. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 40. The pay of the members of the legislature shall be four •dollars per day, and ten cents per mile in going to and returning from the seat of government, to be computed bv the nearest usual route trav- eled.— Ala. (1001), Art. 4. Sec. 76. When the legislature shall be convened in special session, there shall be no legislation upon subjects other than those designated in the proclamation of the governor calling such session, except by a vote of two-thirds of each house. Special sessions shall be limited to thirty days. — Ala. (1001), Art. 4. 141 Sec. 16. The members of the general assembly shall receive such per diem pay and mileage for their services as shall be fixed by law. No member of either house shall, during the term for which he has been elected, receive any increase of pay for his services under any law passed during such term. The term of all members of the general assembly shall begin on the day of their election. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 17. The regular biennial sessions shall not exceed sixty days in duration, unless by a vote of two-thirds of the members elected to« each house of said general assembly: Provided, That this section shall not apply to the first session of the general assembly under this consti- tution, or when impeachments are pending. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. 1 Sec. 23. The members of the legislature shall receive for their services a per diem and mileage, to be fixed by law, and paid out of the public treasury; such per diem shall not exceed eight dollars, and such mileage shall not exceed ten cents per mile, and for contingent expenses not ex- ceeding twenty -five dollars for each session. No increase in compensation or mileage shall take effect during the term for which the members of either house shall have been elected, and the pay of no attache shall be increased after he is elected or appointed. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 6. Each member of the general assembly, until otherwise pro- vided by law, shall receive as compensation for his services, seven dollars ($7.00) for each day’s attendance and fifteen (15) cents for each mile necessarily traveled in going to and returning from the seat of govern- ment, and shall receive no other compensation, perquisite or allowance whatsoever. No session of the general assembly shall exceed ninety davs. No general assemblv shall fix its own compensation. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 9. No member of either house shall, during the term for which he may have been elected, receive any increase of salary or mileage, under any law passed during such term. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 3. The compensation of members of the general assembly shall not exceed three hundred dollars for the term for which they are elected, and one mileage each way for the regular session, at the rate of twenty- five cents per mile; they shall also receive one mileage at the same rate for attending any extra session called by the governor. — Conn. (181S), (Arndt.) Art. 27. Sec. 15. The members of the general assembly, except the presiding officers of the respective houses, shall receive as compensation for their services a per diem allowance of five dollars, and the presiding officers a per diem allowance of six dollars for each day of the session, not exceed- ing sixty days; and should they remain longer in session they shall serve without compensation. In case a special or extra session of the general assembly be called the members and presiding officers shall receive like compensation for a period not exceeding thirty days. The compensation of members of the general assembly and of the lieutenant governor as president of the senate shall be paid out of the treasury of the state. The cost of the state for stationery and other supplies for each member of the general assembly shall not exceed the sum of twenty-five dollars for anv regular session, or the sum of ten dollars for anv special session. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 4. Par. 0. No session of the general assembly shall continue longer than fifty days : Provided . That if an impeachment trial pending at the end of fifty days, the session may be prolonged till the completion of said trial. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 9. Par. 1. The per diem of members of the general assembly shall not exceed four dollars, and mileage shall not exceed ten cents for each mile traveled, by the nearest practicable route in going to and returning from the capital; but the president of the senate and the sjieaker of the house of representatives shall each receive not exceeding seven dollars per day. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 23. Each member of the legislature shall receive for his services a sum not exceeding five dollars per day from the commencement of the session, but such pay shall not exceed for each member, except the pre- siding officer, in the aggregate three hundred dollars for per diem allow- ances for any one session; and shall receive each the sum of ten rents per mile each way by the usual traveled route. When convened in extra session by the governor, they shall each receive five dollars per day; but no extra session shall continue for a longer period than twenty days, except in case of the first session of the legis- lature. They shall receive such mileage as is allowed for regular sessions. The presiding officers of the legislature shall each in virtue of his office receive an additional compensation equal to one-half his per diem allow- ance as a member. Provided , That whenever any member of the legis- lature shall travel on a free pass in coming to or returning from the session of the legislature, the number of miles actually traveled on such pass shall be deducted from the mileage of such member . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 21. The members of the general assembly shall receive for their services the sum of five dollars per day, during the first session held under this constitution, and ten cents for each mile necessarily traveled in going to and returning from the seat of government, to be computed by the auditor of public accounts; and thereafter such compensation as shall be prescribed by law, and no other allowance or emolument, directly or indirectly, for any purpose whatever, except the sum of fifty dollars per session to each member, which shall be in full for postage, stationery, newspapers and all other incidental expenses and perquisites; but no change shall be made in the compensation of the general assembly during the term for which they may have been elected. The pay and mileage allowed to each member of the general assembly shall be certified by the speakers of their respective houses, and entered on the journals, and published at the close of each session. — Til. (1870), Art. 4. 143 Sec. 29. The members of the general assembly shall receive for their services a compensation, to be fixed by law; but no increase of compen- sation shall take effect during the session at which such increase may be made. No session of the general assembly, except the first under this constitution, shall extend beyond the term of sixtv-one days, nor any special session beyond the term of forty days.— Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 25. Each member of the first general assembly under this con- stitution shall receive three dollars per diem while in session; and the further sum of three dollars for every twenty miles traveled in going to and returning from the place where such session is held, by the nearest traveled route; after which they shall receive such compensation as shall be fixed by law ; but no general assembly shall have the power to increase the compensation of its members. And when convened in extra session they shall receive the same mileage and per diem compensation as fixed by law for the regular session, and none other . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 3. The members of the legislature shall receive as compensation for their services the sum of three dollars for each day’s actual service at any regular or special session, and fifteen cents for each mile traveled by the usual route in going to and returning from the place of meeting ; but such compensation shall not in the aggregate exceed the sum of two hundred and forty dollars for each member, as per diem allowance for the first session held under this constitution, nor more than one hundred and fifty dollars for each session thereafter, nor more than ninety dollars for any special session. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 42. The members of the general assembly shall severally receive from the state treasury compensation for their services, which shall be five dollars a day during their attendance on, and fifteen cents per mile for the necessary travel in going to and returning from, the sessions of their respective houses : Provided, The same may be changed by law ; but no change shall take effect during the session at which it is made; nor shall a session of the general assembly continue beyond sixty legislative days, exclusive of Sundays and legal holidays; but this limitation as to length of session shall not apply to the first session held under this con- stitution, nor to the senate when sitting as a court of impeachment. A , legislative day shall be construed to mean a calendar day. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 42. Art. 29. The members of the general assembly shall receive a compen- sation not to exceed five dollars per day during their attendance, and five cents per mile going to and returning from the seat of government. — La. (1898), Art. 29. Sec. 7. The senators and representatives shall receive such compensa- tion, as shall be established by law ; but no law increasing their compen- sation shall take effect during the existence of the legislature which en- acted it. The expenses of the house of representatives in traveling to the legislature and returning therefrom, once in each session and no more, shall be paid by the senate out of the public treasury to every member, 144 who shall seasonably attend, in the judgment of the house, and does not depart therefrom without leave. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 3. Sec. 15. The general assembly may continue its session so long as in its judgment the public interest may require, for a period not longer than ninety days ; and each member thereof shall receive a compensation of five dollars per diem for every day he shall attend the session, but not for such days as he may be absent, unless absent on account of sick- ness or by leave of the house of which he is a member ; and he shall also receive such mileage as may be allowed by law, not exceeding twenty cents per mile; and the presiding officer of each house shall receive an additional compensation of three dollars per day. When the general assembly shall be convened by proclamation of the governor, the session shall not continue longer than thirty days, and in such case the compen- sation shall be the same as herein prescribed. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 16. No book, or other printed matter, not appertaining to the business of the session, shall be purchased or subscribed for, for the use of the members of the general assembly, or be distributed among them, at the public expense. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 35. No extra compensation shall be granted or allowed by the general assembly to any public officer, agent, servant or contractor, after the service shall have been rendered, or the contract entered into; nor shall the salary or compensation of any public officer be increased or diminished during his term of office. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 7. The compensation of senators and representatives shall be three dollars per diem during the first session, but may afterwards be prescribed by law (b). But no increase of compensation shall be pre- scribed which shall take effect during the period for which the members of the existing house of representatives may have been elected. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 36. The legislature shall meet at the seat of government in regular sessions on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January of the year A. D. 1892, and every four years thereafter; and in special session on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January of the year A. D. 1894, and every four years thereafter, unless sooner convened by the governor. The special sessions shall not continue longer than thirty days, unless the governor, deeming the public interest to require it, shall extend the sitting, by proclamation in writing, to be sent to and entered upon the journals of each house, for a specific number of days, and then it may continue in session to the expiration of that time. At such special sessions the members shall receive not more compensation or salary than ten cents mileage and per diem of not exceeding five dollars; and none but appropriation and revenue bills shall be considered, except such other matters as may be acted upon at an extraordinary session called by the governor. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 46. The members of the legislature shall severally receive from the state treasury compensation for their services, to be prescribed by 145 law, which may be increased or diminished; but no alteration of such compensation of members shall take effect during the session at which it is made. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 16. The members of the general assembly shall severally receive from the public treasury such compensation for their services as may, from time to time, be provided by law, not to exceed five dollars per day for the first seventy days of each session, and after that not to exceed one dollar per day for the remainder of the session, except the first session held under this constitution, and during revising sessions, when they may receive five dollars per day for one hundred and twenty days, and one dollar per day for the remainder of such sessions. In addition to per diem, the members shall be entitled to receive traveling ex- penses or mileage; for any regular and extra session not greater than now provided by law; but no member shall be entitled to traveling ex- penses or mileage for any extra session that may be called within one day after an adjournment of a regular session. Committees of either house, or joint committees of both houses, appointed to examine the institutions of the state, other than those at the seat of government, may receive their actual expenses, necessarily incurred while in the performance of such duty; the items of such expenses to be returned to the chairman of such committee, and by him certified to the state auditor, before the same, or any part thereof, can be paid. Each member may receive at each regular session an additional sum of thirty dollars, which shall be in full for all stationery used in his official capacity, and all postage, and all other incidental expenses and perquisites; and no allowance or emoluments, for any purpose whatever, shall be made to or received by the members, or any member of either house, or for their use, out of the contingent fund or otherwise, except as herein expressly provided; and no allowance or emolument, for any purpose whatever, shall ever be paid to any officer, agent, servant or employe of either house of the general assembly or of any committee thereof, except such per diem as mav be provided for by law, not to exceed five dollars. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4/ Sec. 55. The general assembly shall have no power, when convened in extra session by the governor, to act upon subjects other than those specially designated in the proclamation by which the session is called, or recommended by special message to its consideration by the governor after it shall have been convened. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 5. Each member of the first legislative assembly, as a com- pensation for his services shall receive six dollars for each day’s attend- ance, and twenty cents for each mile necessarily traveled in going to and returning from the seat of government to his residence by the usu- ally traveled route, and shall receive no other compensation, perquisite or allowance whatsoever. No session of the legislative assembly, after the first, which may be ninety days, shall exceed sixty days. After the first session, the compensation of the members of the legis- lative assembly shall be as provided by law: Provided , That no legis- lative assembly shall fix its own compensation. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. 19 — Legislative Dept. 146 Sec. 8. No member of either house, shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, receive any increase of salary or mileage un- der any law passed during such term.— Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 4. The terms of office of members of the legislature shall be two years, and they shall each receive pay at the rate of five dollars per day during their sitting, and ten cents for every mile they shall travel in going to and returning from the place of meeting of the legislature, on the most usual route: Provided , however That they shall not receive pay for more than sixty days at any one sitting, nor more than one hun- dred days during their term. That neither members of the legislature nor employes shall receive any pay or perquisites other than their salary and mileage. Each session, except special sessions, shall, not be less than sixty days. After the expiration of forty days of the session no bills nor joint resolutions of the nature of bills shall be introduced, unless the governor shall by special message call the attention of the legislature to the necessity of passing a law on the subject matter embraced in the message, and the introduction of bills shall be restricted thereto. — Net). (1875), Art. 3 {Arndt. 1886). Sec. 29. The first regular session of the legislature under this con- stitution may extend to ninety days, but no subsequent regular session shall exceed sixty days, nor any special session convened by the gov- ernor exceed twenty days. — Ac v. (1864), Art. 4. Sec. 33. The members of the legislature shall receive for their services a compensation to be fixed by law, and paid out of the public treasury; but no increase of such compensation shall take effect during the term for which the members of either house shall have been elected: Pro- vided , That an appropriation may be made for the payment of such actual expenses as members of the legislature may incur for postage, express charges, newspapers and stationery, not exceeding the sum of sixty dollars for any general or special session, to each member: And furthermore, provided. That the speaker of the assembly, and lieutenant governor, as president of the senate, shall each, during the time of their actual attendance as such presiding officers, receive an additional allow- ance of two dollars per diem. — Aev. (1864), Art . 4. Art. 14. The presiding officers of both houses of the legislature shall severally receive out of the state treasury as compensation in full for their services, for the term elected, the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars, and all other members thereof seasonably attending and not departing without license, the sum of two hundred dollars, exclusive of mileage: Provided, however. That when a special session shall be called by the governor, such officers and members shall receive for at- tendance an additional compensation of three dollars per day for a period not exceeding fifteen da vs, and the usual mileage. — A. H., Part 2, Art. 14. 7. Members of the senate and general assembly shall receive annu- ally the sum of five hundred dollars during the time for which they shall have been elected and while they shall hold their office, and no 147 other allowance or emolument, directly or indirectly, for any purpose whatever. The president of the senate and the speaker of the house of assembly shall, in virtue of their offices, receive an additional com- pensation, equal to one-third of their allowance as members. — X. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 4, Cl. 7. Sec. 6. Each member of the legislature shall receive for his services an annual salary of one thousand five hundred dollars. The members of either house shall also receive the sum of one dollar for every ten miles they shall travel in going to and returning from their place of meeting, once in each session, on the most usual route. Senators, when the senate alone is convened in extraordinary session, or when serving as members of the court for the trial of impeachments, and such mem- bers of the assembly, not exceeding nine in number, as shall be ap- pointed managers of an impeachment, shall receive an additional allow- ance of ten dollars a day. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 28. The members of the general assembly for the term for which they have been elected shall receive as a compensation for their services the sum of four dollars per day for each day of their session, for a period not exceeding sixty days; and should they remain longer in session, they shall serve without compensation. They shall also be entitled to receive ten cents per mile, both while coming to the seat of government and while returning home, the said distance to be computed by the nearest line or route of public travel. The compensation of the presid- ing officers of the two houses shall be six dollars per day and mileage. Should an extra session of the general assembly be called, the members and presiding officers shall receive a like rate of compensation for a period not exceeding twenty days. — X. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 45. Each member of the legislative assembly shall receive as a compensation for his services for each session, five dollars per day, and ten cents for every mile of necessary travel in going to and returning from the place of the meeting of the legislative assembly on the most usual route. — X. Dak, (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 56. No regular session of the legislative assembly shall exceed sixty days, except in case of impeachment, but the first session of the legislative assembly may continue for a period of one hundred and twenty days. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 31. The members and officers of the general assembly shall re- ceive a fixed compensation, to be prescribed by law, and no other allow- ance or perquisites, either in the payment of postage or otherwise; and no change in their compensation shall take effect during their term of office . — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 21. Members of the legislature shall receive six dollars per diem for their services during the session of the legislature, and ten cents per mile for every mile of necessary travel in going to and returning from the place of meeting of the legislature, on the most usual route, and shall receive no other compensation: Provided, That members of the 148 legislature, except during the first session thereof held under this con- stitution, shall receive only two dollars per diem for their services after sixty days of such session have elapsed. — Okla. (1907)., Art. 5. Sec. 25. The first session of the legislature, held by virtue of this constitution, shall not exceed one hundred and sixty days. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 29. The members of the legislative assembly shall receive for their services a sum not exceeding three dollars a day from the commence- ment of the session ; but such pay shall not exceed in the aggregate one hundred and twenty dollars for per diem allowance for any one session. When convened in extra session by the governor, they shall receive three dollars per day; but no extra session shall continue for a longer period than twenty days. They shall also receive the sum of three dollars for every twenty miles they shall travel in going to and returning from their place of meeting, on the most usual route. The presiding officers of the assembly shall, in virtue of their office, receive an additional com- pensation equal to two-thirds of their per diem allowance as members. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 8. The members of the general assembly shall receive such sal- ary and mileage for regular and special sessions as shall be fixed by law, and no other compensation whatever, whether for service upon commit- tee or otherwise. No member of either house shall, during the term for which he may have been elected, receive any increase of salary or mileage, under any law passed during such term. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 25. When the general assembly shall be convened in special ses- sion, there shall be no legislation upon subjects other than those desig- nated in the proclamation of the governor calling such session. — Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 1. There shall be a session of the general assembly at Providence commencing on the first Tuesday of January in each year. The sen- ators and representatives shall severally receive the sum of five dollars, and the speaker of the house of representatives ten dollars, for every day of actual attendance, and eight cents per mile for traveling expenses in going to and returning from the general assembly : Provided, That no compensation or mileage shall be allowed any senator or representative for more than sixty days attendance in any calendar year. The general assembly shall regulate the compensation of the governor and of all other officers, subject to the limitations contained in the constitution. — R. I. (1842), Arndt. Art. 11. Sec. 19. Each member of the general assembly shall receive five cents for evert mile for ordinary route of travel in going to and returning from the place where its sessions are held; no general assembly shall have the power to increase the per diem of its own members; and mem- bers of the general assembly when convened in extra session shall re- ceive the same compensation as is fixed bv law for the regular session. — S. C. (1895), Art. 3. 149 Sec. 6. The terms of the office of the members of the legislature shall be two years; they shall receive for their services the sum of five dol- lars for each day’s attendance during the session of the legislature, and ten cents for every mile of necessary travel in going to and returning from the place of meeting of the legislature on the most usual route. Each regular session of the legislature shall not exceed sixty days, except in cases of impeachment, and members of the legislature shall receive no other pay or perquisites except per diem and mileage. — -S. D. (1889), Art. 3. / Sec. 23. The sum of four dollars per day; and four dollars for every twenty-five miles traveling to and from the seat of government, shall be allowed to the members of each general assembly elected after the ratifi- cation of this constitution, as a compensation for their services. But no member shall be paid for more than seventy -five days of a regular session, or for more than twenty days of any extra or called session, or for any day when absent from his seat in the legislature, unless physically unable to attend. The senators, when sitting at a court of impeachment, shall each receive four dollars per day of actual attend- ance. — Term. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 24. The members of the legislature shall receive from the public treasury such compensation for their services as may from time to time be provided by law, not exceeding five dollars per day for the first sixty days of each session; and after that not exceeding two dollars per day for the remainder of the session; except the first session held under this constitution, when they may receive not exceeding five dollars per day for the first ninety days, and after that not exceeding two dollars per day for the remainder of the session. In addition to the per diem, the members of each house shall be entitled to mileage in going to and returning from the seat of government, which mileage shall not exceed five dollars for every twenty-five miles, the distance to be computed by the nearest and most direct route of travel by land regardless of rail- ways or water routes; and the comptroller of the state shall prepare and preserve a table of distances to each county seat now or hereafter to be established, and by such table the mileage of each member shall be paid; but no member shall be entitled to mileage for any extra session that* may be called within one day after the adjournment of a regular or called session. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 40. When the legislature shall be convened in special session, there shall be no 'legislation upon subjects other than those designated in the proclamation of the governor calling such session, or presented to them by the governor ; and no such session shall be of longer duration than thirty days. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 9. The members of the legislature shall receive such per ’diem and mileage as the legislature may provide, not exceeding four dollars per day, and ten cents per mile for the distance necessarily traveled going to and returning from the place of meeting on the most usual route, and they shall receive no other pav or perquisite .— Utah (1896), Art. 6. 150 Sec. 16. Xo regular session of the legislature (except the first, which mav sit ninety days) shall exceed sixty days, except in cases of impeach- ment. No special session shall exceed thirty days, and in such special session, or when a regular session of the legislature trying cases of impeachment exceeds sixty days, the members shall receive for com- pensation only the usual per diem and mileage . — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 45. The members of the general assembly shall receive for their services a salary to be fixed by law and paid from the public treasury ; but no act increasing such salary shall take effect until after the end of the terjn for which the members voting thereon were elected; and no member during the term for which he shall have been elected, shall be appointed or elected to any civil office of profit in the state except offices filled by election by the people. — Ya. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 23. Each member of the legislature shall receive for his services five dollars for each day's attendance during the session, and ten cents for every mile he shall travel in going to and returning from the place of meetiug of the legislature on the most usual route. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. 22. No session of the legislature, after the first, shall continue longer than forty-five days, without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members elected to each house. — W. Ya. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 33. The members of the legislature shall each receive for their services the sum of four dollars per day and ten cents for each mile trav- eled in going to and returning from the seat of government by the most direct route. The speaker of the house of delegates and the president of the senate, shall each receive an additional compensation of two dollars per day for each day they shall act as presiding officers. No other allow- ance or emolument than that by this section provided shall directly or indirectly be made or paid to the members of either house for postage, stationerv. newspapers, or anv other purpose whatever. — W. Ya. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 21. Each member of the legislature shall receive for his services, for and during a regular session, the sum of five hundred dollars, and ten cents for every mile he shall travel in going to and returning from the place of meeting of the legislature on the most usual route, in case of an extra session of the legislature, no additional compensation shall be allowed to any member thereof, either directly or indirectly, except for mileage, to be computed at the same rate as for a regular session. No stationery, newspaper, postage or other perquisite, except the salary and mileage above provided, shall be received from the state by any member of the legislature for his services, or in any other manner as such mem- ber. — Wis. (1848), (Arndt.) , Art. 4. Sec. 6. Each member of the first legislature, as a compensation for his services, shall receive five dollars for each day's attendance, and fif- teen cents for each mile traveled in going to and returning from the seat of government to his residence by the usual traveled route, and shall re- 151 ceive no other compensation, perquisite, or allowance whatever. No ses- sion of the legislature after the first, which may be sixty days, shall ex- ceed forty days. After the first session the compensation of the members of the legislature shall be as provided by law; but no legislature shall fix its own compensation. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 9. No member of either house shall, during the term for which he was elected, receive any increase of salary or mileage under any law passed during that term. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. MEMBERS INELIGIBLE TO APPOINTMENT; NOT TO BE INTERESTED IN CONTRACTS. (22) Sec. }8. No person elected a member of the legislature shall re- ceive any civil appointment within this state, or to the senate of the United States, from the governor , the governor and senate , from the legislature, or any other state authority, during the term for which he is elected. All such appointments and all votes given for any person so elected for any such office or appointment shall be void. No member of the legislature shall be interested , directly or indirectly , in any contract with the state or any county thereof , authorized by any law passed during the time for which he is elected , nor for one year thereafter. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 59. No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any office of profit under this state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such term, except such offices as may be filled b> election by the people. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 10. No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed or elected to any civil office under this state. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 19. No senator or member of assembly shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under the state which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which have been increased during such term, except such offices as may be filled by election by the people. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 8. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office under this state; and no member of congress, or other person holding any office (ex- cept of attorney-at-law, notary public, or in the militia) under the United States or this state, shall be a member of either house during his continu- ance in office. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 14. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office under this state which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during such time. No member of congress, nor any person holding any office under this state, or the United States, except officers usually appointed by the courts of justice respectively, attorneys- 152 at-law and officers in the militia, holding no disqualifying office, shall during his continuance in congress or in office be a senator or representa- tive; nor shall any person while concerned in any army or navy contract be a senator or representative. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 5. No senator or member of the house of representatives shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed or elected to any civil office under the constitution of this state that has been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time. — Fla, (1S85) , Art. 3. Sec. 15. No person elected to the general assembly shall receive any civil appointment within this state from the governor, the governor and senate, or from the general assembly, during the term for which he shall have been elected ; and all such appointments, and all votes given for any such members for any such office or appointment, shall be void; nor shall any member of the general assembly be interested, either di- rectly or indirectly, in any contract with the state, or any county thereof, authorized by any law passed during the term for which he shall have been elected, or within one year after the expiration thereof. — 111. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 30. No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he may have been elected, be eligible to any office, the election to which is vested in the general assembly, nor shall he be appointed to any civil office of profit, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during such term; but this latter pro- vision shall not be construed to apply to any office elective by the people. — 7/id. (1851). Art. 4. Sec. 21. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under this state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such term, except such offices as may be filled by elections by the people . — Ioira (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 44. No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he was elected, nor for one year thereafter, be appointed or elected to any civil office of profit in this commonwealth, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have beeu increased, during the said term, except to such offices as may be filled by the election of the ]>eople. — Ky. (1891) , Sec. 44. Art. 27. No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he was elected, nor for one year thereafter, be appointed or elected to any civil office of profit under this state which may have been created, or the emoluments of which may have been increased by the general as- sembly during the time such senator or representative was a member thereof. — La. (1898), Art. 27. Sec. 10. No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under this state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which increased during such term except such offices as may be filled by elec- tions by the people : Provided , That this prohibition shall not extend to the members of the first legislature. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 3. Sec. 17. No senator or delegate, after qualifying as such, notwith- standing he may thereafter resign, shall during the whole period of time for which he was elected be eligible to any office which shall have been created, or the salary or profits of which shall have been increased, dur- ing such term. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 9. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he is elected, hold any office under the authority of the United States or the state of Minnesota, except that of postmaster, and no senator or representative shall hold an office under the state which has been created or the emoluments of which have been increased during the session of the legislature of which he was a member, until one year after the expiration of his term of office in the legislature. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 45. No senator or representative, during the term for which he was elected, shall be eligible to any office of profit which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which have been increased during the time such senator or representative was in office, except to such offices as may be filled by an election of the people. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 142. In case of an election of governor or any state officer by the house of representatives, no member of that house shall be eligible to receive any appointment from the governor or other state officer so elected, during the term for which he shall be elected. — Miss. (1890), Art. 5. Sec. 109. No public officer or member of the legislature shall be in- terested, directly or indirectly, in any contract with the state, or any district, county, city, or town thereof, authorized by any law passed or order made by any board of which he may be or may have been a member, during the term for which he shall have been chosen, or within one year after the expiration of such term. — Miss. (1890). Art. 4. Sec. 12. No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any office under this state, or any municipality thereof; and no member of congress or person holding any lucrative office under the United States, or this state, or any munici- pality thereof (militia officers, justices of the peace and notaries public excepted), shall be eligible to either house of the general assembly, or remain a member thereof, after having accepted any such office or seat in either house of congress. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 7. No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office under the state; and no member of congress, or other person holding an office (ex- cept notary public, or in the militia) under the United States or this 20 — Legislative Dept. 154 state, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 13. No person elected to the legislature shall receive any civil ap- pointment within this state, from the governor and senate during the term for which he has been elected. And all such appointments, and all votes given for any such member for any such office or appointment, shall be void. Nor shall any member of the legislature, or any state officer be interested either directly or indirectly, in any contract with the state, county or city, authorized by any law passed during the term for which he shall have been elected, or within one vear after the expiration thereof. —Net). (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 8. No senator or member of assembly shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, nor for one year thereafter, be appointed to any civil office of profit under this state which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during such term, except such office as mav be filled bv elections bv the people. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. 1. No member of the senate or general assembly shall, during the time for which he was elected, be nominated or appointed by the governor, or by the legislature in joint meeting, to any civil office under the authority of this state which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 5, Cl. 1. Sec. 7. No member of the legislature shall receive any civil appoint- ment within this state, or the senate of the United States, from the gov- ernor, the governor and senate, or from the legislature, or from any city government, during the time for which he shall have been elected; and all such appointments and all votes given fo rany such member for any such office or appointment shall be void. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 39. No member of the legislative assembly shall, during the term for which he was elected, be appointed or elected to any civil office in this state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during the term for which he was elected; nor shall any member receive any civil appointment from the governor, or governor and senate, during the term for which he shall have been elected. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 19. No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, or for one year thereafter, be appointed to any civil office under this state, which shall lie created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during the term for which he shall have been elected . — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 23. No member of the legislature shall, during the term for which he was elected, be appointed or elected to any office or commission in the state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during his term of office, nor shall any member re- 155 <*eive any appointment from the governor, the governor and senate, or from the legislature, during the term for which he shall have l>een elected, nor shall any member during the term for which he shall have been elected or within two years thereafter, be interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract with the state, or any county or other subdivision thereof, au- thorized bv law passed during the term for which he shall have been elected. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 30. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he may have been elected, be eligible to any office, the election to which is vested in the legislative assembly; nor shall be appointed to any civil office of profit which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such term, but this latter pro- vision shall not be construed to apply to any officer elective by the people. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 0. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office under this commonwealth, and no member of congress or other person holding any office (except of attorney-at-law or in the militia) under the United States, or this commonwealth, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 12. No member of the legislature shall, during the term for which he was elected, be appointed or elected to any civil office in the state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during the term for which he was elected, nor shall any member receive any civil appointment from the governor, the gov- ernor and senate or from the legislature during the term for which he shall have been elected, and all such appointments and all votes given for any such members for any such office or appointment shall be void; nor shall any member of the legislature during the term for which he shall have been elected, or within one year thereafter, be interested, di- rectly or indirectly, in any contract with the state or any county thereof, authorized by any law passed during the term for which he shall have been elected. — S. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 18. No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he may be elected, be eligible to any civil office of profit under this state which shall have been created or the emoluments of which may have been increased during such term; no member of either house shall, dur- ing the term for which he is elected, be eligible to any office or place, the appointment to which may be made, in whole or in part, by either branch of the legislature; and no member of either house shall vote for any other member for any office whatever, which may be filled by a vote of the legislature, except in such cases as are in this constitution provided. Nor shall any member of the legislature be interested, either directly or indirectly, in any contract with the state, or any county thereof, au- thorized by any law passed during the term for which he shall have been elected. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. 8ec. 7. No member of the legislature, during the term for which he 156 was elected, shall be appointed or elected to any civil office of profit under this state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during the term for which he was elected. — Utah (1806), Art. 6. Sec. 13. No member of the legislature, during the term for which he is elected, shall be appointed or elected to any civil office in the state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during the term for which he was elected. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 15. No senator or delegate, during the term for which he shall have been elected, shall be elected or appointed to any civil office of profit under this state, which has been created, or the emoluments of which have been increased during such term, except offices to be tilled by election by the people. Nor shall any member of the legislature be interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract with the state, or any county thereof, authorized by any law passed during the term for which he shall have been elected. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 12. No member of the legislature shall, during the term for which he was elected, be appointed or elected to any civil office in the state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during the term for which he was elected. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. Sec. 8. No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the state, and no member of congress or other j>erson holding an office (except that of notary public or an office in the militia) under the United States or this state, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. THREE READINGS OF BILLS; FINAL PASSAGE. (23) Sec. 19. Keen / hill and joint resolution shall he read thre e times in eaeh house before the final passage thereof. Xo hill or joint resolution shall become a laic loithout the concurrence of a majoritg of all the members elected to eaeh house. On the final passage of all hills the rote shall he hg ages and nags and entered on the journal . — 11 ieh. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 63. Every bill shall be read on three different days in each house, and no bill shall become a law unless ou its final passage it be read at length, and the vote be taken by yeas and nays, the names of the mem- bers voting for and against the same be entered upon the journal, and a majority of each house Ik 1 recorded thereon as voting in its favor, except as otherwise provided in this constitution. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 22. Every bill shall be read at length on three different days in each house, unless the rules be suspended by two-thirds of the house. 157 when the same may be read a second or third time on the same day; and no bill shall become a law unless on its final passage the vote be taken by yeas and nays, the names of the persons voting for and against the same be entered on the journal, and a majority of each house be re- corded thereon as voting in its favor. — Ark . (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 15. No law shall be passed except by bill. Nor shall any bill be put upon its final passage until the same, with the amendments thereto, shall have been printed for the use of the members; nor shall any bill become a law unless the same be read on three several days in each house, unless, in case of urgency, two-thirds of the house where such bill ma}’ be pending shall, by a vote of yeas and nays, dispense with this provision. Any bill may originate in either house, but may be amended or rejected by the other; and on the final passage of all bills they shall be read at length, and the vote shall be by yeas and nays upon each bill separately, and shall be entered on the journal, and no bill shall become a law without the concurrence of a majority of the members elected to each house. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 22. Every bill shall be read by title when introduced, and at length on two different days in each house; all substantial amendments made thereto, shall be printed for the use of the members before the final vote is taken on the bill ; and no bill shall become a law except by vote of a majority of all the members elected to each house, nor unless on its final passage, the vote be taken by ayes and noes, and the names of those voting be entered on the journal. — Colo. (18*76), Art. 5. Sec. 10. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and pub- lish the same immediately after every session, except such parts as may require secrecy, and the yeas and nays of the members on any question shall, at the desire of any member, be entered on the journal. No bill or joint resolution, except in relation to adjournment, shall pass either house unless the final vote shall have been taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the same shall be en- tered on the journal, nor without the concurrence of a majority of all the members elected to each house. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 17. Every bill shall be read by its title, on its first reading, in either house, unless one-third of the members present desire it read by sections. Every bill shall be read on three several days unless two-thirds of the members present when such bill may be pending shall deem it expedient to dispense with this rule. Every bill shall be read by its sections on its second reading and on its final passage, unless on its second reading two-thirds of the members present in the house where such bill may be pending, shall deem it expedient to dispense with this rule. The Vote on the final passage of every bill or joint resolution shall be taken by yeas and nays to be entered on the journal of each house : Provided , That any general revision of the entire laws embodied in any bill shall not be required to be read by sections upon its final passage, and its reading may be wholly dispensed with by a two-third vote. A majority of the members present in each house shall be neces- sary to pass every bill or joint resolution, all bills or joint resolutions so 15S passed shall be signed by the presiding officer of the respective houses and by the secretary of the senate and the clerk of the house of representatives. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3 (Arndt. 1896). Sec. 7. Par. 7. Every bill, before it shall pass, shall be read three times, and on three separate days, in each house, unless in case of actual invasion or insurrection. But the first and second reading of each local bill and bank and railroad charters in each house shall con- sist of the reading of the title only, unless said bill is ordered to be engrossed. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 15. No law shall be passed except by bill, nor shall any bill be put upon its final passage until the same, with the amendments thereto, shall have been printed for the use of the members; nor shall any bill become a law unless the same shall have been read on three several days in each house previous to the final vote thereon : Provided, In case of urgency, two-thirds of the house where such bill may be pending may, upon a vote of the yeas and nays, dispense with this provision. On the final passage of all bills they shall be read at length, section by section, and the vote shall be by yeas and nays upon each bill separately, and shall be entered upon the journal ; and no bill shall become a law without the concurrence of a majoritv of the members present . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 12. Bills may originate in either house, but may be altered, amended or rejected by the other; and, on the final passage of all bills, the vote shall Ik 1 by yeas and nays, upon each bill separately, and shall be entered upon the journal; and no bill shall become a law without the concurrence of a majority of the members elected to each house. — 111. (1870 1 . Art. 4. Sec. 13. Every bill shall be read at large on three different days, in each house; and the bill and all amendments thereto shall be printed before the vote is taken on its final passage; and every bill, having passed both houses, shall be signed by the speakers thereof. No act hereafter passed shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be so expressed ; and no law shall be revived or amended by reference to its title only, but the law revived, or the section amended, shall be inserted at length in the new act. And no act of the general assembly shall take effect until the first day of July next after its passage, unless in case of emergency (which emergency shall be expressed in the preamble or body of the act), the general assembly shall, by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house, otherwise direct. — 111. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 18. Every bill shall be read by sections, on three several days in each hduse; unless, in case of emergency, two-thirds of the house where such bill may be depending shall, by a vote of yeas and nays, deem it expedient to dispense with this rule; but the reading of a bill by sec- tions, on its final passage, shall in no case be dispensed with ; and the 150 vote on the passage of every bill or joint resolution shall be taken by yeas and nays. — hid. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 25. A majority of all the members elected to each house shall be necessary to pass every bill or joint resolution; and all bills and joint resolutions so passed shall be signed by the presiding officers of the respective houses. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 17. No bill shall be passed unless by the assent of a majority of all the members elected to each branch of the general assembly, and the question upon the final passage shall be taken immediately upon its last reading and the yeas and navs entered on the journal . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 13. A majority of all the members elected to each house, voting in the affirmative, shall be necessary to pass any bill or joint resolution. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 15. Every bill shall be read on three separate days in each house, unless in case of emergency. Two-thirds of the house where such bill is pending may if deemed expedient suspend the rules; but the read- ing of the bill by sections on its final passage, shall in no case be dis- pensed with. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 46. No bill shall be considered for final passage, unless the same has been reported by a committee and printed for the use of the mem- bers. Every bill shall be read at length on three different days in each house; but the second and third readings may be dispensed with by a majority of all the members elected to the house in which the bill is pending. But whenever a committee refuses or fails to report a bill submitted to it in a reasonable time, the same may be called up by any member, and be considered in the same manner it would have been con- sidered if it had been reported. No bill shall become a law unless, on its final passage, it receives the votes of at least two-fifths of the mem- bers elected to each house, and a majority of the members voting, the vote to be taken by yeas and nays and entered in the journal : Provided , Any act or resolution for the appropriation of money or the creation of debt shall, on its final passage, receive the votes of a majority of all the members elected to each house. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 46. Art. 39. Every bill shall be read on three different days in each house, and no bill shall be considered for final passage unless it has been read once in full, and the same has been reported on by a committee; nor shall any bill become a law unless, on its final passage, the vote be taken by yeas and nays, the names of the members voting for or against the same be entered on the journal, and a majority of the members elected to each house be recorded thereon as voting in its favor: Provided, That bills revising the statutes or codes of this state, or adopting a criminal code as a whole, shall be read in such manner as may be prescribed by the general assembly. — La. (1898), Art. 39. Art. 40. No amendments to bills by one house shall be concurred in 160 by the other, nor shall reports of committees of conference be adopted in either house except by a majority of the members elected thereto, the vote to be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of those voting for or against recorded upon the journal. — La. (1898), Art. 40. Art. 57. No appropriation of money shall be made by the general assembly in the last five days of the session thereof. All appropria- tions, to be valid, shall be passed and receive the signatures of the president of the senate and the speaker of the house of representatives five full davs before the adjournment sine die of the general assemblv. — La. (1898) * Art. 57. Sec. 28. No bill shall become a law unless it be passed in each house by a majority of the whole number of members elected, and on its final passage the yeas and nays be recorded ; nor shall any resolution requir- ing the action of both houses be passed except in the same manner. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 20. Every bill shall be read on three different days in each separate house, unless, in case of urgency, two-thirds of the house where such bill is depending shall deem it expedient to dispense with this rule; and no bill shall be passed by either house until it shall have been previously read twice at length. — Mina. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 22. No bill shall be passed by either house of the legislature upon the day prescribed for the adjournment of the two houses. But this section shall not be so construed as to preclude the enrollment of a bill, or the signature and passage from one house to the other, or the reports thereon from committees, or its transmission to the executive for his signature. — Min n. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 65. All votes on the final passage of any measure shall be subject to reconsideration for at least one whole legislative day, and no motion to reconsider such vote shall be disposed of adversely on the day on which the original vote was taken except on the last dav of the session. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 70. No revenue bill, or any bill providing for assessments of property for taxation, shall become a law except by a vote of at least three-fifths of the members of each house present and voting. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 31. No bill shall become a law, unless on its final passage the vote be taken by yeas and nays, the names of the members voting for and against the same be entered on the journal, and a majority of the mem- bers elected to each house be recorded thereon as voting in its favor. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 35. When a bill is put upon its final passage in either house, and failing to pass, a motion is made to reconsider the vote by which it was defeated, the vote upon such motion to reconsider shall be immediately taken, and the subject finally disposed of before the house proceeds to any other business. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. 161 Sec. 24. No bill shall become a law except by a vote of a majority of all the members present in each house, nor unless on its final passage, the vote be taken by ayes and noes, and the names of those voting be entered on the journal. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 10. The enacting clause of a law shall be, “Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Nebraska,” and no law shall be enacted except by bill. No bill shall be passed unless by assent of a majority of all the members elected to each house of the legislature and the question upon final passage shall be taken immediately upon its last reading and the yeas and nays shall be entered upon the journal. — Neb. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 18. Every bill shall be read by sections on three several days in each house, unless, in case of emergency, two-thirds of the house where such bill may be pending shall deem it expedient to dispense with this rule; but the reading of a bill by sections, on its final passage, shall in no case be dispensed with, and the vote on the final passage of every bill or joint resolution shall be taken by yeas arid nays, to be entered on the journals of each house; and a majority of all the members elected to each house shall be necessary to pass every bill or joint resolution, and all bills or joint resolutions so passed shall be signed by the presiding officers of the respective houses, and by the secretary of the senate and clerk of the assembly. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. 6. All bills and joint resolutions shall be read three times in each house, before the final passage thereof; and no bill or joint resolution shall pass unless there be a majority of all the members of each body personally present and agreeing thereto; and the yeas and nays of the members voting on such final passage shall be entered on the journal. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 6, Cl. 6. Sec. 15. No bill shall be passed or become a law unless it shall have been printed and upon the desks of the members, in its final form, at least three calendar legislative days prior to its final passage, unless the governor, or the acting governor, shall have certified to the necessity of its immediate passage, under his hand and the seal of the state; nor shall any bill be passed or become a law, except by the assent of a major- ity of the members elected to each branch of the legislature; and uj>on the last reading of a bill, no amendment thereof shall be allowed, and the question upon its final passage shall be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered on the journal. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 25. On the final passage, in either house of the legislature, of any act which imposes, continues or revives a tax, or creates a debt or charge, or makes, continues or revives any appropriation of public or trust money or property, or releases, discharges or commutes any claim or demand of the state, the question shall be taken by yeas and nays, which shall be duly entered upon the journals, and three-fifths of all the members elected to either house shall, in all such cases, be necessary to constitute a quorum therein. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. 21 — Legislative Dept. 162 Sec. 23. All bills and resolutions of a legislative nature shall be read three times in each house, before they pass into laws ; and shall be signed by the presiding officer of both houses. — A 7 . C. (1875), Art . 2. Sec. 58. No law shall be passed, except by a bill adopted by both houses, and no bill shall be so altered and amended on its passage through either house as to change its original purpose. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 63. Every bill shall be read three several times, but the first and second readings, and those only, may be upon the same day; and the second reading may be by title of the bill unless a reading at length be demanded. The first and third readings shall be at length. No legis- lative day shall be shorter than the natural day. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 65. No bill shall become a law except by a vote of a majority of all the members elect in each house, nor unless, on its final passage, the vote be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of those voting be entered on the journal. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 16. Every bill shall be fully and distinctly read on three different days; unless in case of urgency, three-fourths of the house, in which it shall be pending, shall dispense with this rule. No bill shall contain more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title; and no law shall be revived, or amended, unless the new act contains the entire act revived, or the section or sections amended; and the section, or sec- tions, so amended, shall be repealed . — Ohio (1851), AH. 2. Sec. 34. Every bill shall be read on three different days in each house, and no bill shall become a law unless, on its final passage, it be read at length, and no law shall be passed unless upon a vote of a majority of all the members elected to each house in favor of such law; and the ques- tion, upon final passage, shall be taken upon its last reading, and the yeas and nays shall be entered upon the journal. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 19. Every bill shall be read by sections, on three several days, in each house, unless in case of emergency, two-thirds of the house where such bill may be depending, shall, by a vote of yeas and nays, deem it expedient to dispense with this rule; but the reading of a bill by sec- tions on its final passage shall in no case be dispensed with, and the vote on the passage of every bill or joint resolution shall be taken by yeas and nays. — Ore. (1857), AH. 4. Sec. 25. A majority of all the members elected to each house shall be necessary to pass every bill or joint resolution; and all bills and joint resolutions so passed shall be signed by the presiding officers of the re- spective houses. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 4. Every bill shall be read at length on three different days in each house; all amendments made hereto shall be printed for the use of the members before the final vote is taken on the bill, and no bill shall become a law, unless, on its final passage, the vote be taken by yeas and nays, the names of the persons voting for and against the same be entered 1G3 on the journal, and a majority of the members elected to each house be recorded thereon as voting in its favor. — Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 18. No bill or joint resolution shall have the force of law until it shall have been read three times and on three several days in each house, has had the great seal of the state affixed to it, and has been signed by the president of the senate and the speaker of the house of representa- tives : Provided , Thht either branch of the general assembly may provide bv rule for a first and third reading of any bill or joint resolution by its title only.— 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 17. Every bill shall be read three several times, but the first and second reading may be on the same day, and the second reading may be by title of the bill, unless the reading at length be demanded. The first and third readings shall be at length. — 8. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 18. Every bill shall be read once, on three different days, and be passed each time in the house where it originated, before transmission to the other. No bill shall become a law until it shall have been read and passed, on three different days in each house, and shall have received, on its final passage in each house, the assent of a majority of all the mem- bers to which that house shall be entitled under this constitution; and shall have been signed by the respective speakers in open session, the fact of such signing to be noted on the journal ; and shall have received the approval of the governor, or shall have been otherwise passed under the provisions of this constitution. — Term. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 32. No bill shall have the force of a law until it has been read on three several days in each house, and free discussion allowed thereon ; but in cases of imperative public necessity (which necessity shall be stated in a preamble, or in the body of the bill), four-fifths of the house in which the bill may be pending may suspend this rule, the yeas and nays being taken on the question of suspension, and entered upon the journals. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 22. No bill shall become a law unless on its final passage the vote be taken by yeas and nays, the names of the members voting for and against the same be entered on the journal of each house, and a ma- jority of the members elected to each house be recorded thereon as voting in its favor. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 29. No bill shall become a lay until it has been fully and dis- tinctly read, on three different days, in each house, unless, in case of urgency, by a vote of four-fifths of the members present, taken by yeas and na} s on each bill, this rule be dispensed with : Provided. In all cases, that an engrossed bill shall be fully and distinctly read in each house. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 32. Whenever the words, “a majority of the members elected to either house of the legislature,” or words of like import, are used in this constitution, they shall be construed to mean a majority of the whole number of members to which each house is, at the time, entitled, 164 under the apportionment of representation, established by the provisions of this constitution. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 8. On the passage in either house of the legislature, of any law which imposes, continues or renews a tax, or creates a debt, or charge, or makes, continues, or renews an appropriation of public, or trust money, or releases, discharges, or commutes a claim, or demand of the state, the question shall be taken by yeas and nays, which shall be duly entered on the journal ; and three-fiftlis of all the members elected to such house shall, in all cases be required to constitute a quorum therein. — Wis. (1898), Art. 8. BILLS TO BE REFERRED, REPORTED AND PRINTED. % Sec. 62. No bill shall become a law until it shall have been referred to a standing committee of each house, acted upon by such committee in session, and returned therefrom, which facts shall affirmatively appear upon the journal of each house. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 20. No bill shall be considered or become a law unless referred to a committee, returned therefrom and printed for the use of the members. — Colo. (1876) , Art. 5. Sec. 74. No bill shall become a law until it shall have been referred to a committee of each house and returned therefrom with a recom- mendation in writing. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 27. No bill shall be considered for final passage unless the same has been reported upon by a committee and printed for the use of the members. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 22. No bill shall be considered or become a law unless referred to a committee, returned therefrom and printed for the use of the members. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 2. No bill shall be considered unless referred to a committee, returned therefrom, and printed for the use of the members. — Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 23. No bill shall be considered or become a law unless referred to a committee, returned therefrom and printed for the use of the members. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 37. No bill shall be considered, unless it has been first referred to a committee and reported thereon; and no bill shall be passed which has not been presented and referred to and reported from a committee at least three days before the final adjournment of the legislature. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 50. No law shall be enacted except by bill. A bill may originate in either house, to be approved or rejected by the other, or may be amended by either, with the concurrence of the other. No bill shall become a law unless, prior to its passage, it has been, 165 (a) Referred to a committee of each house, considered by such com- mittee in session, and reported; (b) Printed by the house, in which it originated, prior to its passage therein ; (c) Read at length on three different calendar days in each house; and unless, (d) A yea and nay vote has been taken in each house upon its final passage, the names of the members voting for and against entered on the journal, and a majority of those voting, which shall include at least two-fifths of the members elected to each house, recorded in the affirma- tive. And only in the manner required in subdivision (d) of this section shall an amendment to a bill by one house be concurred in by the other, or a conference report be adopted by either house, or either house dis- charge a committee from the consideration of a bill and consider the same as if reported: Provided , That the printing and reading, or either, re- quired in subdivisions (b) and (c) of this section, may be dispensed with in a bill to codify the laws of the state, and in any case of emerg- ency by a vote of four-fifths of the members voting in each house taken by the yeas and nays, the names of the members voting for and against, entered on the journal: And, provided further, That no bill which cre- ates, establishes a new office, or which creates, continues, or revives a debt or charge, or makes, continues or revives any appropriation of public or trust money, or property, or releases, discharges or commutes any claim or demand of the state, or which imposes, continues or re- vives a tax, shall be passed except by the affirmative vote of a majority of all the members elected to each house, the vote to be by the yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against, entered on the journal. Every law imposing, continuing or reviving a tax shall specifically state such tax and no law shall be construed as so stating such tax, which requires a reference to any other law or any other tax. The presiding officer of each house shall, in the presence of the house over which he presides, sign every bill that has been passed by both houses and duly enrolled. Immediately before this is done, all other business being suspended, the title of the bill shall be publicly read. The fact of signing shall be entered on the journal. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. AMENDMENTS TO BILLS. Sec. 61. No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall be so altered or amended on its passage through either house as to change the original purpose. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 64. No amendment to bills shall be adopted except by a majority of the house wherein the same is offered, nor unless the amendment, with the names of those voting for and against the same, shall be entered at length on the journal of the house in which the same is adopted; and no amendment to bills by one house shall be concurred in by the other, unless a vote be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the members, voting for and against the same be recorded at length on the journal; and no report of a committee of conference shall be adopted 166 in either house except upon a vote taken by yeas or nays and entered on the journal as herein provided for the adoption of amendments. — Ala . (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 111. No bill introduced as a general law in either house of the legislature shall be so amended on its passage as to become a special, private or local law. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 21. No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall be so altered or amended on its passage through either house as to change its original purpose. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 17. No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall be so altered or amended on its passage through either house as to change its original purpose. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. # Sec. 23. No amendment to any bill by one house shall be concurred in by the other, nor shall the report of any committee of conference be adopted in either house except by a vote of a majority of the members elected thereto, taken by ayes and noes, and the names of those voting recorded upon the journal thereof. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 60. No bill shall be so amended in its passage through either house as to change its original purpose, and no law shall be passed except by bill ; but orders, votes, and resolutions of both houses, affecting the prerogatives and duties thereof, or relating to adjournment, to amend- ments to the constitution, to the investigation of public officers, and the like, shall not require the signature of the governor; and such resolu- tions, orders, and votes, may empower legislative committees to admin- ister oaths, to send for persons and papers, and generally make legis- lative investigations effective. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 62. No amendment to bills by one house shall be concurred in by the other except by a vote of the majority thereof, taken by yeas and nays and the names of those voting for and against recorded upon the journals; and reports of committees of conference shall in like manner be adopted in each house. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 25. No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall be so amended in its passage through either house as to change its original purpose. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 29. All amendments adopted by either house to a bill pending and originating in the same shall be incorporated with the bill by en- grossment, and the bill as thus engrossed shall be printed for the use of the members before its final passage. The engrossing and printing shall be under the supervision of a committee, whose report to the house shall set forth, in writing, that they find the bill truly engrossed, and that the printed copv furnished to the members is correct. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 30. If a bill passed by either house be returned thereto, amended 1G7 by the other, the house to which the same is returned shall cause the amendment or amendments so received to be printed under the same supervision as provided in the next preceding section, for the use of the members before final action on such amendments. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 32. No amendment to bills by one house shall be concurred in by the other, except by a vote of a majority of the members elected thereto, taken by yeas and nays, and the names of those voting for and against recorded upon the journal thereof; and reports of committees of conference shall be adopted in either house only by the vote of a majority of the members elected thereto, taken by yeas and nays, and the names of those voting recorded upon the journal. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 19. No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall be so altered or amended on its passage through either house as to change its original purpose. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 1. No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall be so altered or amended, on its passage through either house, as to change its original purpose. — Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 5. No amendments to bills by one house shall be concurred in by the other, except by the vote of a majority of the members elected thereto, taken by yeas and nays, and the names of those voting for and against recorded upon the journal thereof; and reports of committees of conference shall be adopted in either house only by the vote of a ma- jority of the members elected thereto, taken by yeas and nays, and the names of those voting recorded upon the journals. — Pa. (1873) , Art. 3. Sec. 30. No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall be so amended in its passage through either house as to change its original purpose. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 38. No amendment to anv bill shall change the scope or object of the bill. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 31. When a bill or joint resolution passed by one house, shall be amended by the other, the question on agreeing to the bill, or joint reso- lution, as amended, shall be again voted on, by yeas and nays, in the house by which it was originally passed, and the result entered upon its journals; in all such cases the affirmative vote of a majority of all the members elected to such house shall be necessary. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 20. No law shall be passed except by bill, and no bill shall be so altered or amended on its passage through either house as to change its original purpose. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. 168 MEMBERS INTERESTED NOT TO VOTE. Sec. 82. A member of the legislature who has a personal or private interest in any measure or bill proposed or pending before the legislature, shall disclose the fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 43. A member who has a personal or private interest in any measure or bill proposed or pending before the general assembly, shall disclose the fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not note thereon. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 20. Any member of the general assembly who has a personal or private interest in any measure or bill pending in the general as- sembly shall disclose the fact to the house of which he is a member and shall not vote thereon. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 57. A member who has a personal or private interest in any measure or bill proposed or pending before the general assembly, shall disclose the fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon upon pain of expulsion. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 57. Art. 52. Any member of the general assembly who has a personal or private interest in any measure, or bill proposed, or pending before the general assembly, shall disclose the fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon. — La. (1898), Art. 52. Sec. 44. A member who has a personal or private interest in any measure or bill proposed or pending before the legislative assembly shall disclose the fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 43. Any member who has a personal or private interest in any measure or bill proposed or pending before the legislative assembly, shall disclose the fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon without the consent of the house. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 24. A member of the legislature, who has a personal or private interest in any measure or bill, proposed or pending before the legis- lature, shall disclose the fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 33. A member who has a personal or private interest in any measure or bill proposed or pending before the general assembly, shall disclose the fact to the house of which he is a member and shall not vote thereon. — Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 22. A member who has a personal or private interest in any measure or bill, proposed or pending before the legislature, shall dis- close the fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. 169 Sec. 46. A member who has a personal or private interest in any measure or bill proposed or pending before the legislature shall dis- close the fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. REJECTED BILLS. Sec. 19. After a bill has been rejected, no bill containing the same substance shall be passed into a law during the same session. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 34. After a bill has been considered and defeated by either house of the legislature, no bill containing the same substance shall be passed into a law during the same session. After a resolution has been acted on and defeated, no resolution containing the same substance shall be considered at the same session. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. AUTHENTICATION OF BILLS PASSED. Sec. 66. The presiding officer of each house shall, in the presence of the house over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by the legislature, after the same shall have been publicly read at length immediately before signing, and the fact of reading and sign- ing shall be entered upon the journal; but the reading at length may be dispensed with by a two-thirds vote of a quorum present, which fact shall also be entered on the journal. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 26. The presiding officer of each house shall, in the presence of the house over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by the general assembly, after their titles shall have been publicly read, immediately before signing; and the fact of the signing shall be entered on the journal. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 7. Par. 13. All acts shall be signed by the president of the senate and the speaker of the house of representatives, and no bill, ordinance or resolution intended to have the effect of law, which shall have been rejected by either house, shall be again proposed during the same session, under the same or any other title, without the consent of two-thirds of the house by which the same was rejected. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 21. All bills or joint resolutions passed shall be signed by the presiding officers of the respective houses . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 56. No bill shall become a law until the same shall have been signed by the presiding officer of each of the two houses in open session ; and before such officer shall have affixed his signature to any bill, he shall suspend all other business, declare that such bill will now be read, and that he will sign the same to the end that it may become a law. The bill shall then be read at length and compared; and, if correctly en- 22 — Legislative Dept. 170 rolled, he shall, in presence of the house in open session, and before any other business is entertained, affix his signature, which fact shall be noted in the journal, and the bill immediately sent to the other house. When it reaches the other house, the presiding officer thereof shall imme- diately suspend all other business, announce the reception of the bill, and the same proceeding shall thereupon be observed in every respect as in the house in which it was first signed. And thereupon the clerk of the latter house shall immediately present the same to the governor for his signature and approval. — Ky. (1881), Sec. 56. Art. 41. Whenever a bill that has been passed by both houses has been enrolled and placed in possession of the house in which it origi- nated, the title shall be read, and, at the request of any five members, the bill shall be read in full, when the speaker of the house of repre- sentatives or the president of the senate, as the case may be, shall at once, sign it in open house, and the fact of signing shall be noted on the journal ; thereupon the clerk or secretary shall immediately convey the bill to the other house, whose presiding officer shall cause a suspension of all other business to read and sign the bill in open session and with- out delay. As soon as bills are signed by the speaker of the house and president of the senate, they shall be taken at once, and on the same day, to the governor by the clerk of the house of representatives or secretary of the senate. — La. (1S98), Art. 41. Sec. 21. Every bill having passed both houses shall be carefully enrolled, and shall be signed by the presiding officer, of each house. Any presiding officer refusing to sign a bill which shall have previous- ly passed both houses shall thereafter be incapable of holding a seat in either branch of the legislature, or hold any other office of honor or profit in the state, and in case of such refusal, each house shall, by rule, provide the manner in which such bill shall be properly certi- fied for presentation to the governor. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 37. No bill shall be come a law until the same shall have been signed by the presiding officer of each of the two houses in open session; and before such officer shall affix his signature to any bill, he shall suspend all other business, declare that such bill now be read, and that, if no objections be made, he will sign the same to the end that it may become a law. The bill shall then be read at length, and if no objection be made, he shall, in presence of the house, in open session, and before any other business is entertained, affix his signature, which fact shall be noted on the journal, and the bill immediately sent to the other house. When it reaches the other house, the presiding officer thereof shall immediately suspend all other business, announce the reception of the bill, and the same proceedings shall thereupon be ob- served, in every respect, as in the house in which it was first signed. If in either house any member shall object that any substitution, omis- sion or insertion has occurred, so that the bill proposed to be signed is not the same in substance and form as when considered and passed by the house, or that any particular clause of this article of the con- stitution has been violated in its passage, such objection shall be passed upon by the house, and if sustained, the presiding officer shall withold 171 his signature; but if such objection shall not be sustained, then any five members may embody the same, over their signatures, in a written pro- test, under oath, against the signing of the bill. Said protest, when offered in the house, shall be noted upon the journal, and the original shall be annexed to the bill to be considered by the governor in con- nection therewith. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 27. The presiding officer of each house shall, in the presence of the house over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by the legislative assembly immediately after their titles have been publicly read, and the fact of signing shall be at once entered upon the journal. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 66. The presiding officer of each house shall, in the presence of the house over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by the legislative assembly; immediately before such signing their title shall be publicly read and the fact of signing shall be at once entered on the journal. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. i Sec. 17. The presiding officer of each house shall sign, publicly in the presence of the house over which he presides, while the same is in ses- sion, and capable of transacting business, all bills and joint resolutions passed by the general assembly . — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 35. The presiding officer of each house shall, in the presence of the house over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by the legislature, immediately after the same shall have been publicly read at length, and the fact of reading and signing shall be entered upon the journal, but the reading at length may be dispensed with by a two-thirds vote of a quorum present, which vote, by yeas and nays, shall also be entered upon the journal. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 9. The presiding officer of each house shall, in the presence of the house over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions, passed by the general assembly, after their titles have been publicly read immediately before signing; and the fact of signing shall be entered on the journal. — Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 19. The presiding officer of each house shall in the presence of the house over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by the legislature, after their titles have been publicly read immediately before signing, and the fact of signing shall be entered upon the journal. — S. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 38. The presiding officer of each house shall, in the presence of the house over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by the legislature, after their titles have been publicly read be- fore signing; and the fact of signing shall be entered on the journals. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 24. The presiding officer of each house, in the presence of the house over which he presides, shall sign all bills and joint resolutions 172 passed by the legislature, after their titles have been publicly- read immediately before signing, and the fact of such signing shall be entered upon the journal. — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 32. No bill shall be come law until the same shall have been signed by the presiding officer of each of the two houses in open session, and under such rules as the legislature shall prescribe. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 28. The presiding officer of each house shall, in the presence of the house over which he presides, sign all bills and joint resolutions passed by the legislature immediately after their titles have been publicly read, and the fact of signing shall be at once entered upon the journal. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. OBJECT OF LAW; TITLE; TAKING EFFECT. (24) Sec. 20. No law shall embrace more than one object , which shall be expressed in its title. No public act shall take effect or be in force until the expiration of ninety days from the end of the session at which the same is passed, unless the legislature shall otherwise direct , by a tico-thirds vote of the members elected to each house. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 24. Every act shall embrace but one subject, which subject shall be expressed in its title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in its title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in its title. No law shall be revised or amended by reference to its title; but in such case the act revised or section amended shall be re-enacted and published at length as revised or amended; and all laws of the state of California, and all official writings, and the executive, legislative, and judicial proceedings, shall be conducted, preserved, and published in no other than the English language. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 19. No act of the general assembly shall take effect until ninety days after its passage (except in case of emergency, which shall be ex- pressed in the act), unless the general assembly shall, by a vote of two- thirds of all the members elected to each house, otherwise direct. No bill, except the general appropriation bill for the expenses of the govern- ment only, introduced in either house of the general assembly after the first thirty days of the session, shall become a law. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 21. No bill except general appropriation bills shall be passed containing more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title; but if any subject shall be embraced in any act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only to so much thereof as shall not be so expressed. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 16. No bill or joint resolution, except bills appropriating money for public purposes, shall embrace more than one subject, which shall be expressed in its title. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. 173 Sec. 16. Each law enacted in the legislature shall embrace but one subject and matter properly connected therewith, which subject shall be briefly expressed in the title; and no law shall be amended or revised by reference to its title only ; but in such case the act, as revised, or section, as amended, shall be re-enacted and published at length. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 18. No law shall take effect until sixty days from the final ad- journment of the session of the legislature at which it may have been enacted, unless, otherwise specially provided in such law. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 30. Laws making appropriations for the salaries of public officers and other current expenses of the state shall contain provisions on no other subject. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 7. Par. 8. No law or ordinance shall pass which refers to more than one subject-matter, or contains matter different from what is ex- pressed in the title thereof. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 16. Every act shall embrace but one subject and matters properly connected therewith, which subject shall be expressed in the title; but if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be embraced in the title . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 22. No act shall take effect until sixty days from the end of the session at which the same shall have been passed, except in case of emergency, which emergency shall be declared in the preamble or in the body of the law . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 16. The general assembly shall make no appropriation of money out of the treasury in any private law. Bills making appropriations for the pay of members and officers of the general assembly, and for the salaries of the officers of the government shall contain no provision on any other subject. — -III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 19. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters prop- erly connected therewith ; which subject shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act, w T hich shall not be ex- pressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in the title. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 25. No law shall be passed, the taking effect of which shall be made to depend upon any authority, except as provided in this constitu- tion. — Ind. (1851), Art. 1. Sec. 28. No act shall take effect until the same shall have been pub- lished and circulated in the several counties of this state, by authority, except in case of emergency; which emergency shall be, declared in the preamble or in the body of the law. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. 174 Sec. 26. No law’ of the general assembly, passed at a regular session, of a public nature, shall take effect until the fourth day of July next, after the passage thereof. Laws passed at a special session shall take effect ninety days after the adjournment of the general assembly by which they were passed. If the general assembly shall deem any law of immediate importance, they may provide that the same shall take effect by publication in newspapers in the state . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 29. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters properly connected therewith; which subject shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in the title . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 16. No bill shall contain more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title, and no law shall be revived or amended unless the new act contain the entire act revived, or the section or sec- tions amended, and the section or sections so amended shall be repealed. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 19. The legislature shall prescribe the time when its acts shall be in force, and shall provide for the speedy publication of the same; and no law of a general nature shall be in force until the same be published. It shall have the power to provide for the election or appointment of all officers and the filling of all vacancies not otherwise provided for in the constitution. — Kan. (1S59), Art. 2. Sec. 51. No law enacted by the general assembly shall relate to more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title, and no law shall be revised, amended, or the provisions thereof extended or conferred by reference to its title only, but so much thereof as is revised, amended, extended or conferred, shall be re-enacted and published at length. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 51. Sec. 55. No act, except general appropriation bills, shall become a law until ninety days after the adjournment of the session at which it was passed, except in cases of emergency, when, by the concurrence of a ma- jority of the members elected to each house of the general assembly, by a yea and nay vote entered upon their journals, an act may become a law when approved by the governor; but the reasons for the emergency that justifies this action must be set out at length in the journal of each house. — Ky. (1891), See. 55. Art. 31. Every law enacted by the general assembly shall embrace but one object, and that shall be expressed in its title. — La. (189S), Art. 31. Sec. 42. No law passed by the general assembly, except the general appropriation act, or act appropriating money for the expenses of the general assembly, shall take effect until promulgated. Laws shall be considered promulgated at the place where the state journal is published, the day after the publication of such law in the state journal, and in all 175 other parts of the state twenty days after such publication. The state journal shall be published at the capital. — La. (1898), Sec. 42. Sec. 31. No law passed by the general assembly shall take effect until the first day of June next after the session at which it may be passed, unless it be otherwise expressly declared therein. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 27. No law shall embrace more than one subject, which shall be expressed in its title. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 71. Every bill introduced into the legislature shall have a title, and the title ought to indicate clearly the subject matter or matters of the proposed legislation. Each committee to which a bill may be referred shall express, in writing, its judgment of the sufficiency of the title of the bill, and this, too, whether the recommendation be that the bill do pass or do not pass. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 75. No law of a general nature, unless therein otherwise pro- vided, shall be enforced until sixtv davs after its passage. — Miss . (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 28. No bills (except general appropriation bills, which may embrace the various subjects and accounts for and on account of which moneys are appropriated, and except bills passed under the third sub- division of section forty-four of this article) shall contain more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 36. No law passed by the general assembly, except the general appropriation act, shall take effect or go into force until ninety days after the adjournment of the session at which it was enacted, unless in case of an emergency (which emergency must be expressed in the pre- amble or in the body of the act), the general assembly shall, by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house, otherwise direct; said vote to be taken by yeas and nays, and entered upon the journal. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 23. No bill, except general appropriation bills, and bills for the codification and general revision of the laws, shall be passed containing more than one subject which shall be clearly expressed in its title; but if any subject shall be embraced in any act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be so expressed. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. v 33. The general appropriation bills shall embrace nothing but appropriations for the ordinary expenses of the legislative, executive and judicial departments of the state, interest on the public debt and for public schools. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 11. Every bill and concurrent resolution shall be read at large on three different days in each house, and the bill and all amendments thereto shall be printed before the vote is taken upon its final passage. No bill shall contain more than one subject, and the same shall be clearly expressed in its title. And no law shall be amended unless the new act contain the section or sections so amended and the section or sections so amended shall be repealed. The presiding officer of each house shall sign in the presence of the house over which he presides, while the same is in session and capable of transacting business, all bills and concurrent resolutions passed by the legislature. — Neb. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 19. Each legislature shall make appropriations for the expenses of the government until the expiration of the first fiscal quarter after the adjournment of the next regular session, and all appropriations shall end with such fiscal quarter. And whenever it is deemed necessary to make further appropriations for deficiencies, the same shall require a two-thirds vote of all the members elected to each house, and shall not exceed the amount of revenue authorized by law to be raised in such time. Bills making appropriations for the pay of members and officers of the legislature, and for the salaries of the officers of the government, shall contain no provision on any other subject. — Neb. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 24. No act shall take effect until three calendar months after the adjournment of the session at which it passed, unless in case of emerg- ency, to be expressed in the preamble or body of the act, the legislature shall, by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house, otherwise direct. All laws shall be published in book form within sixty days after the adjournment of each session and distributed among the several counties in such manner as the legislature may provide. — Neb. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 17. Each law enacted by the legislature shall embrace but one subject, and matter properly connected therewith, which subject shall be briefly expressed in the title ; and no law shall be revised or amended by reference to its title only; but, in such case, the act as revised, or section as amended, shall be re-enacted and published at length. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. 4. To avoid improper influences which may result from intermixing in one and the same act such things as have no proper relation to each other, every law shall embrace but one object, and that shall be expressed in the title. No law shall be revived or amended by reference to its title only; but the act revived, or the section or sections amended, shall be inserted at length. No general law shall embrace any provision of a private, special or local character. No act shall be passed which shall provide that any existing law, or any part thereof, shall be made or deemed a part of the act, or which shall enact that any existing law, or any part thereof, shall be applicable, except by inserting it in such act. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 7, Cl. 4. Sec. 16. No private or local bill, which may be passed by the legis- lature, shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be ex- pressed in the title. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 61. No bill shall embrace more than one subject, which shall be expressed in its title, but a bill which violates this provision shall be invalidated thereby only as to so much thereof as shall not be so ex- pressed. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 62. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but ap- propriations for the expenses of the executive, legislative and judicial departments of the state, interest on the public debt, and for public schools. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 67. No act of the legislative assembly shall take effect until July first, after the close of the session, unless in case of emergency (which shall be expressed in the preamble or body of the act) the legis- lative assembly shall, by a vote of two-thirds of all the members present in each house, otherwise direct. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 57. Every act of the legislature shall embrace but one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title, except general appropria- tion bills, general revenue bills, and bills adopting a code, digest, or revision of statutes; and no law shall be revived, amended, or the pro- visions thereof extended or conferred, by reference to its title only; but so much thereof as is revived, amended, extended, or conferred shall be re-enacted and published at length : Provided , That if any subject be embraced in any act contrary to the provisions of this section, such act shall be void only as to so much of the law as may not be expressed in the title thereof. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 58. No act shall take effect until ninety days after the adjourn- ment of the session at which it was passed, except enactments for carry- into effect provisions relating to the initative and referendum, or a general appropriation bill, unless, in case of emergency, to be expressed in the act, the legislature, by a vote of two-thirds of all members elected to each house, so directs. An emergency measure shall include only such measures as are immediately necessary for the preservation of the public peace, health, or safety, and shall not include the granting of franchises or license to a corporation or individual, to extend longer than one year, nor provision for the purchase or sale of real estate, nor the renting or encumbrance of real property for a longer term than one year. Emergency measures may be vetoed by the governor, but such measures so vetoed may be passed by a three-fourths vote of the house, to be duly entered on the journal. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 20. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters prop- erly connected therewith, which subjects shall be expressed in * the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in the title. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 28. No act shall take effect until ninety days from the end of the session at which the same shall have been passed, except in case of 23 — Legislative Dept. 178 emergency; which emergency shall be declared in the preamble or in the body of the law. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 7. Laws making appropriations for the salaries of public offi- cers and other current expenses of the state, shall contain provisions upon no other subject. — Ore. (1857), Art. 9. Sec. 3. No bills, except general appropriation bills, shall be passed, containing more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title.— Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 15. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropriations for the ordinary expenses of the executive, legislative and judicial departments of the commonwealth, interest on the public debt, and for public schools; all other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. — Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 17. Every act or resolution having the force of law shall relate to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title. — 8. O. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 21. No law shall embrace more than one subject, which shall be expressed in its title. — 8. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 22. No act shall take effect until ninety days after the adjourn- ment of the session at which it passed, unless in case of emergency (to be expressed in the preamble or body of the act), the legislature shall by v a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected of each house other- wise direct. — 8. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 20. The style of the laws of this state shall be, “Be it enacted by the general assembly of the state of Tennessee.” No law of a general nature shall take effect until forty days after its passage, unless the same or the caption shall state that the public welfare requires that it should take effect sooner. — Tcnn. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 35. No bill (except general appropriation bills, which may em- brace the various subjects and accounts for and on account of which moneys are appropriated) shall contain more than one subject, which shall be expressed in its title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be so expressed. — Tex . (1875), AH. 3. Sec. 39. No law passed by the legislature, except the general appro- priation act, shall take effect or go into force until ninety days after the adjournment of the session at which it was enacted, unless, in case of an emergency, which emergency must be expressed in a preamble or in the body of the act, the legislature shall, by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house, otherwise direct; said vote to be taken by yeas and nays, and entered upon the journals. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. 179 Sec. 23. Except general appropriation bills, and bills for the codi- fication and general revision of laws, no bill shall be passed containing more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title. — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 25. Al 1 / acts shall be officially published, and no act shall take effect until so published, nor until sixty days after the adjournment of the session at wilich it passed, unless the legislature by a vote of two- thirds of all the members elected to each house, shall otherwise direct. — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 52. No law shall embrace more than one object, which shall be expressed in its title; nor shall any law be revived or amended with reference to its title, but the act revived or the section amended shall be re-enacted and published at length. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 53. No law, except a general appropriation law, shall take effect until at least ninety days after the adjournment of the session of the general assembly at which it is enacted, unless in case of an emergency (which emergency shall be expressed in the body of the bill), the general assembly shall otherwise direct by a vote of four-fifths of the members voting in each house, such vote to be taken by the yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against entered on the journal. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 19. No bill shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 31. No law, except appropriation , bills, shall take effect until ninety days after the adjournment of the session at which it was en- acted, unless in case of an emergency (which emergency must be ex- pressed in the preamble or in the body of the act) the legislature shall otherwise direct by vote of tw^o-thirds of all the members elected to each house; said vote to be taken by yeas and nays and entered on the jour- nals. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 30. No act hereafter passed shall embrace more than one ob- ject, and that shall be expressed in the title. But if any object shall be embraced in an act which is not so expressed, the act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed, and no law shall be revived, or amended, by reference to its title only; but the law revived, or the section amended, shall be inserted at large, in the new act. And no act of the legislature, except such as may be passed at the first ses- sion under this constitution, shall take effect until the expiration of ninety days after its passage, unless the legislature shall by a vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each house, taken by yeas and nays, otherwise direct. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. 42. Bills making appropriations for the pay of members and offi- cers of the legislature, and for salaries for the officers of the government, shall contain no provision on any other subject. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. 180 Sec. 18. No private or local bill which may be passed by the legis- lature shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title. — Wis. (1878), Art. 4. Sec. 24. No bill, except general appropriation bills and bills for the codification and general revision of the laws, shall be passed contain- ing more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title; but if any subject is embraced in any act which is not expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be so expressed. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. EXTRA COMPENSATION PROHIBITED. (25) Sec. 21. The legislature shall not grant nor authorize extra compensation to any public officer , agent or contractor, after the service has been rendered or the contract entered into. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 68. The legislature shall have no power to grant, or to authorize or require any county or municipal authority to grant, nor shall any county or municipal authority have power to grant, any extra compen- sation, fee or allowance to any public officer, servant or employe, agent or contractor, after service shall have been rendered or contract made; nor to increase or decrease the fees and compensation of such officers, during their terms of office; nor shall any officer of the state bind the state to the payment of any sum of money, but by authority of law: Provided, This section shall not apply to allowances made by commis- sioners’ court, or boards of revenue to county officers for ex-officio services, nor prevent the legislature from increasing or diminishing at , any time the allowance to sheriffs or other officers for feeding, trans- ferring or guarding prisoners. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 27. No extra compensation shall be made to any officer, agent, employe or contractor after the service shall have been rendered or the contract made; nor shall any money be appropriated or paid on any claim, the subject matter of which shall not have been provided for by pre-existing laws; unless such compensation or claim be allowed by bill passed bv two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the general assembly. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. V Sec. 32. The legislature shall have no power to grant, or authorize any county or municipal authority to grant, any extra compensation or allowance to any public officer, agent, servant, or contractor, after service has been rendered, or a contract has been entered into and performed, in whole or in part; nor to pay, or to authorize the payment of, any claim hereafter created against the state, or any county or municipality of the state, under any agreement or contract made without express authority of law; and all such unauthorized agreements or contracts shall be null and void. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 28. No bill shall be passed giving any extra compensation to any public officer, servant or employe, agent or contractor, after services 181 shall have been rendered or contract made, nor providing for the pay-, ment of any claim made against the state without previous authority of law.— Co lo. (1876), Art. 5. Art. 24. Neither the general assembly nor any county, city, borough, town, or school district shall have power to pay or grant any extra com- pensation to any public officer, employe, agent, or servant, or increase the compensation of any public officer or employe, to take effect during the continuance in office of any person whose salary might be increased thereby, or increase the nay of compensation of any public contractor above the amount specified in the contract. — Conn. (1818), Amdt. Art. 24. Sec. 11. No extra compensation shall be paid to any officer, agent, employe, or contractor after the service shall have been rendered, or the contract made; nor shall any money be appropriated or paid on any claim, the subject matter of which shall not have been provided for by pre-existing laws, unless such compensation or claim be allowed by bill passed by two-thirds of the members elected to each house of the legislature. — Fla. (1885) , Art. 16. Sec. 16. Par. 2. The general assembly shall not grant or authorize extra compensation to any public officer, agent or contractor, after the service has been rendered, or the contract entered into. — Ga. (1877), Art. 7. Sec. 19. The general assembly shall never grant or authorize extra compensation, fee or allowance to any public officer, agent, servant or contractor, after service has been rendered or a contract made, nor authorize the payment of any claim, or part thereof, hereafter created against the state under any agreement or contract made without ex- press authority of law; and all such unauthorized agreements or con- tracts shall be null and void : Provided, The general assembly may make appropriations for expenditures incurred in suppressing insur- rection or repelling invasion. — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 31. No extra compensation shall be made to any officer, public agent, or contractor, after the service shall have been rendered, or the contract entered into; nor shall any money be paid on any claim, the subject-matter of which shall not have been provided for by pre-existing laws, and no public money or property shall be appropriated for local or private purposes, unless such appropriation, compensation, or claim be allowed by two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the general assembly . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 96. The legislature shall never grant extra compensation, fee, or allowance, to any public officer, agent, servant, or contractor, after service rendered or contract made, nor authorize payment, or part pay- ment, of any claim under any contract not authorized by law; but appropriations may be made for expenditures in repelling invasion, pre- venting or suppressing insurrections. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 48. The general assembly shall have no power to grant, or to 182 authorize any county or municipal authority to grant any extra com- pensation, fee or allowance to a public officer, agent, servant or con- tractor, after service has been rendered or a contract has been entered into and performed in whole or in part, nor pay nor authorize the pay- ment of any claim hereafter created against the state, or any county or municipality of the state, under any agreement or contract made •without express authority of law; and all such unauthorized agree- ments or contracts shall be null and void. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 29. No bill shall be passed giving any extra compensation to any public officer, servant or employe, agent or contractor, after services shall have been rendered or contract made, nor providing for the pay- ment of any claim made against the state without previous authority of law, except as may be otherwise provided herein. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 16. The legislature shall never grant any extra compensation to any public officer, agent, servant, or contractor after the services shall have been rendered or the contract entered into. Nor shall the com- pensation of any public officer be increased or diminished during his term of office. — Neb. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 28. The legislature shall not, nor shall the common council of any city, nor any board of supervisors, grant any extra compensation to any public officer, servant, agent or contractor. — 2V T . Y. (1884) , Art. 3. Sec. 29. No extra compensation shall be made to any officer, public agent, or contractor, after the service shall have been rendered, or the contract entered into; nor shall any money be paid, on any claim, the subject-matter of which shall not have been provided for by pre-existing law, unless such compensation, or claim, be allowed by two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the general assembly . — Ohia (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 11. No bill shall be passed giving any extra compensation to any public officer, servant, employe, agent or contractor after services shall have been rendered or contract made, nor providing for the pay- ment of any claim against the commonwealth without previous au- thority of law. — Pa. (1873), AH. 3. Sec. 30. The general assembly shall never grant extra compensation, fee or allowance to any public officer, agent, servant or contractor after service rendered, or contract made, nor authorize payment or part pay- ment of any claim under any contract not authorized by law ; but ap- propriations may be made for expenditures in repelling invasion, pre- venting or suppressing insurrection. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 44. The legislature shall provide by law for the compensation of all officers, servants, agents and public contractors, not provided for in this constitution, but shall not grant extra compensation to any officer, agent, servant or public contractors, after such public service shall have been performed or contract entered into for the performance of the same; nor grant, by appropriation or otherwise, any amount of 183 money out of the treasury of the state, to any individual, on a claim, real or pretended, when the same shall not have been provided for by pre-existing law ; nor employ any one in the name of the state unless authorized by pre-existing law. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 53. The legislature shall have no power to grant, or to author- ize any county or municipal authority to grant, any extra compensa- tion,' fee or allowance to a public officer, agent, servant or contractor, after service has been rendered, or a contract has been entered into, and performed in "whole or in part; nor pay, nor authorize the payment of, any claim created against any county or municipality of the state, under anv agreement or contract made without authority of law. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 30. The legislature shall have no power to grant, or authorize any county or municipality authority to grant, any extra compensa- tion, fee or allowance to any public officer, agent, servant or contractor, after service has been rendered or a contract has been entered into and performed in whole or in part, nor pay or authorize the payment of any claim hereafter created against the state, or any county or municipality of the state, under any agreement or contract made without authority of law : Provided . That this section shall not apply to claims incurred by public officers in the execution of the laws of the state.— Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 25. The legislature shall never grant any extra compensation to any public officer, agent, servant or contractor after the services shall have been rendered or the contract entered into, nor shall the compen- sation of any public officer be increased or diminished during his term of office. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 38. No extra compensation shall be granted or allowed to any public officer, agent, servant or contractor, after the services shall have been rendered or the contract made; nor shall any legislature authorize the payment of any claim or part thereof, hereafter created against the state, under any agreement or contract made, without express authority of law; and all such unauthorized agreements shall be null and void. Nor shall the salary of any public officer be increased or diminished during his term of office, nor shall any such officer, or his or their sure- ties be released from any debt or liability due the state : Provided , The legislature may make appropriations for expenditures hereafter incurred in suppressing insurrection, or repelling invasion. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 26. The legislature shall never grant any extra compensation to any public officer, agent, servant, or contractor, after the services shall have been rendered, or the contract entered into; nor shall the com- pensation of any public officer be increased, or diminished during his term of office.—' Wis. (1878), Art. k 5, Sec. 26. Sec. 30. No bill shall be passed giving any extra compensation to 184 any public officer, servant or employe, agent or contractor, after services are rendered or contract made. — Wyo. (1889), AH. 3. Sec. 32. Except as otherwise provided in this constitution, no law shall extend the term of any public officer or increase or diminish his salary or emolument after his election or appointment; but this shall not be construed to forbid the legislature from fixing the salaries or emoluments of those officers first elected or appointed under this con- stitution, if such salaries or emoluments are not fixed bv its provisions. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. STATE CONTRACTS. (26) Sec. 22. The legislature slwll provide by law that the furnish- ing of fuel and stationery for the use of the state, the printing and binding the laws and journals , all blanks, paper and printing for the executive departments and, all other printing ordered by the legislature , shall be let by contract to the lowest bidder or bidders , who shall give adequate and satisfactory security for the performance thereof. The legislature shall prescribe by law the manner in which the state print- ing shall be executed , and the accounts rendered therefor ; and shall prohibit all charges for constructive labor. They shall not rescind nor alter such contract , nor release the person or persons taking the same , or his or their sureties, from the performance of any of the conditions of the contract. No member of the legislature nor officer of the state shall be interested directly or indirectly in any such contract. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 69. All stationery, printing, paper and fuel used in the legis- lative and other departments of government, shall be furnished, and the printing, binding and distribution of laws, journals, department re- ports and all other printing, binding and repairing, and -furnishing the halls and rooms used for the meeting of the legislature and its com- mittees, shall be performed, under contract, to be given to the lowest responsible bidder below a maximum price, and under such regulations as shall be prescribed by law; no member or officer of any department of the government shall be in any way interested in such contracts, and all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor, auditor and treasurer. — Ala. (1901), Art . 4. Sec. 15. All stationery, printing, paper, fuel, for the use of the gen- eral assembly and other departments of government, shall be furnished, and the printing, binding and distributing of the laws, journals, de- partment reports and all other printing and binding and the repairing and furnishing the halls and rooms used for the meetings of the gen- eral assembly and its committees, shall be performed under contract to be given to the lowest responsible bidder, below such maximum price and under such regulations as shall be prescribed by law. No member or officer of any department of the government shall in any way be interested in such contracts, and all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor, auditor and treasurer. — Ark. (1874), Art. 19. 185 Sec. 29. All stationery, printing, paper and fuel used in the legisla- ture and other departments of government, shall be furnished; and the printing and binding and distributing of the laws, journals, department reports, and other printing and binding; and the repairing and furnish- ing the halls and rooms used for the meeting of the general assembly and its committees, shall be performed under contract; to be given to the lowest responsible bidder, below such maximum price and under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. No member or officer of any department of the government shall be in any way interested in any such contract; and all such contracts shall be subject to the ap- proval of the governor and state treasurer. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 8. All stationery, printing, paper and fuel used in the legisla- tive and other departments of government shall be furnished, and the printing, binding and distributing of the laws, journals, official reports, and all other printing and binding, and the repairing and furnishing the halls and rooms used for the meetings of the general assembly and its committees, shall be performed under contract to be given to the lowest responsible bidder below such maximum price and under such regulations as shall be prescribed by law. Such bids shall be opened in the presence of the persons making the bids or their representatives. No member or officer of any department of the government shall be in any way interested in any such contract when awarded to or by any such member, officer or department. — Del. (1897), Art. 15. Sec. 17. Par. 1. The office of the state printer shall cease with the expiration of the term of the present incumbent, and the general as- sembly shall provide, by law, for letting the public printing to the lowest responsible bidder, or bidders, who shall give adequate and satisfactory security for the faithful performance thereof. No mem- ber of the general assembly, or other public officer, shall be interested, either directly or indirectly, in any such contract. — Ga. (1877), Art. 7. Sec. 25. The general assembly shall provide, by law, that the fuel, stationery and printing paper furnished for the use of the state; the copying, printing, binding and distributing the laws and journals, and all other printing ordered by the general assembly, shall be let by contract to the lowest responsible bidder; but the general assembly shall fix a maximum price; and no member thereof, or other officer of the state, shall be interested, directly or indirectly, in such contract. But all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor, and if he disapproves the same, there shall be a reletting of the contract, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 4. All public printing shall be done by the state printer, who shall be elected by the people at the election held for state officers in November, 1906, and every two years thereafter, at the election held for state officers, and shall hold his office for two years and until his successor shall be elected and qualified. — Kan. (1859), Art. 15 (Amdt. 1904). Sec. 247. The printing and binding of the laws, journals, department U 24 — Legislative Dept. 186 reports, and all other public printing and binding, shall be performed under contract, to be given to the lowest responsible bidder, below such maximum and under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. No member of the general assembly, or officer of the commonwealth, shall be in any way interested in any such contract; and all such con- tracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor. — Kxj. (1891), Sec. 247. Art. 44. All stationery, printing, paper and fuel used in the legis- lative and other departments' of government shall be furnished, and the printing, binding and distribution of the laws, journals and department reports, and all other printing and binding, and the repairing and fur- nishing of the halls and rooms used for the meetings of the general assembly and its committees, shall be done under contract, to be given to the lowest responsible bidder below such maximum price and under such regulations as shall be prescribed by law. No member or officer of any of the departments of the government shall be in any way interested in the contracts; and all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor, the president of the senate and speaker of the house of representatives, or of any two of them.— La. (1898), Art. 44. Sec. 107. All stationery, printing, paper, and fuel, used by the legis- lature, and other departments of the government, shall be furnished, and the printing and binding of the laws, journals, department reports, and other printing and binding, and the repairing and furnishing the halls and rooms used for the meeting of the legislature and its commit- tees, shall be ]>erformed under contract, to be given to the lowest re- sponsible bidder, below such maximum and under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. No member of the legislature or officer of any department shall be in any way interested in such contract, and all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor and state treasurer. Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 30. All stationery, printing, paper, fuel and lights used in the legislative and other departments of government, shall be furnished, and the printing, and binding and distribution of the laws, journals, and department reports and other printing and binding, and the re- pairing and furnishing the halls and rooms used for the meeting of the legislative assembly, and its committees shall be performed under con- tract, to be given to the lowest responsible bidder, below such maximum price and under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. No member or officer of the government shall be in any way interested in any such contract; and all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor and state treasurer. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 2. The printing of the laws, journals, bills, legislative documents, and papers for each branch of the general assembly, with the printing required for the executive and other departments of state, shall be let, on contract, to the lowest responsible bidder, by such executive officers, and in such manner, as shall be prescribed by law. — Ohio (1851), Art. 15. 187 Sec. 8. All stationery required for the use of the state shall be fur- nished by the lowest responsible bidder, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. But no state officer, or member of the legis- lative assembly shall be interested in any bid or contract for furnish- ing such stationery. — Ore. (1857), Art. 9. Sec. 1. Laws may be enacted providing for the state printing and binding, and for the election or appointment of a state printer, who shall have had not less than ten years* experience in the art of print- ing. The state printer shall receive such compensation as may from time to time be provided by law. Until such laws shall be enacted the state printer shall be elected and the printing done as heretofore pro- vided by this constitution and the general laws. — Ore. (1857), Art. 12 ( Amdt . 1906.) Sec. 12. All stationery, printing, paper and fuel used in the legisla- tive and other departments of government shall be furnished and the printing, binding and distributing of the laws, journals, department reports and all other printing and binding, and the repairing and fur- nishing the halls and rooms used for the meetings of the general as- sembly and its committees shall be performed under contract to be given to the lowest responsible bidder below such maximum price and under such regulations as shall be prescribed by law; no member or officer of any department of the government shall be in any way in- terested in such contracts, and all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor, auditor general and state treasurer. — Pa, (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 5. The printing of the laws, journals, bills, legislative docu- ments and papers for each branch of the general assembly, with the printing required for the executive and other departments of the state, «hall be let, on contract, in such manner as shall be prescribed bv law. — £. C. (1895), Art. 17. Sec. 21. All stationery and printing, except proclamations and such printing as may be done at the deaf and dumb asylum, paper and fuel used in . the legislative and other departments of the governments, ex- cept the judicial department, shall be furnished and the printing and binding of the laws, journals and departments reports, and all other printing and binding, and the repairing and furnishing the halls and rooms used for the meetings of the legislature and its committees, shall be performed under contract, to be given to the lowest responsible bid- der, below such maximum price and under such regulations as shall be prescribed by law. No member or officer of any department of the government shall be in any way interested in such contracts; and all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor, secretary of state and comptroller. — Tex. (1875), Art. 16. Sec. 34. The legislature shall provide by law that the fuel, stationery nnd printing paper, furnished for the use of the state; the copying, printing, binding and distributing the laws and journals; and all other printing ordered by the legislature, shall be let by contract to the low- 188 est responsible bidder, bidding under a maximum price to be fixed by the legislature; and no member or officer thereof, or officer of the state, shall be interested, directly or indirectly, in such contract, but all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor, and in case of his disapproval of any such contract, there shall be a reletting of the same in the manner prescribed by law. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 25. The legislature shall provide by law, that all stationery re- quired for the use of the state, and all printing authorized and required by them to be done for their use, or for the state, shall be let by con- tract to the lowest bidder, but the legislature may establish a maximum price; no member of the legislature, or other state officer shall be in- terested, either directlv or indirectlv, in anv such contract. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. - Sec. 31. All stationery, printing, paper, fuel and lights used in the legislature and other departments of government, shall be furnished, and the printing and binding of the laws, journals and department re- ports and other printing and binding, and the repairing and furnish- ing of the halls and rooms used for the meeting of the legislature and its committees shall be performed under contract, to be given to the low- est responsible bidder, below such maximum price and under such regu- lations as may be prescribed by law. No member or officer of any de- partment of the government shall be in any way interested in any such contract; and all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor and state treasurer. — Wyo. (1880), Art. 3. SALE OR CONVEYANCE OF PRIVATE REAL ESTATE; VACATION OR ALTERATION OF HIGHWAYS OR STREETS. (27) Sec. 23. The legislature shall not authorize , by private or special late, the sale or conveyance of any real estate belonging to any person ; nor vacate nor alter any road laid out by commissioners of high- ways or any street in any city or village , or in any recorded town plat . Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 19. The general assembly shall not pass any local or special law relating to fences; the straying of live stock; ditches; the creation or changing the boundaries of school districts; or the laying out, open- ing, alteration, maintenance or vacation, in whole or in part, of any road, highway, street, lane or alley. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. 7. No private or special law shall be passed authorizing the sale of any lands belonging in whole or in part to a minor or minors, or other persons who may at the time be under any legal disability to act for themselves. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 7, cl. 7. 189 PRISON CHAPLAIN ; RELIGIOUS SERVICES IN LEGISLATE (28) Sec. 24. The legislature may authorize the empl chaplain for the state prison ; hut no money shall he app\ the payment of any religious services in either house of the teyisiu- ture.—Mich. (1850), Art. 4. AMENDMENT OP LAWS. (29) Sec. 25. No law shall he revised , altered or amended hy refer- ence to its title only; hut the act revised and the section or sections of the act altered or amended shall he re-enacted and published at length. —Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 23. No law shall be revived, amended, or the provisions thereof extended or conferred by reference to its title only ; but so much thereof as is revived, amended, extended or conferred shall be re-enacted and published at length.— Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 24. No law shall be revived, or amended, or the provisions there- of extended or conferred by reference to its title only, but so much thereof as is revived, amended, extended or conferred, shall be re-enacted and published at length. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 7. Par. 17. No law, or section of the code, shall be amended or repealed by mere reference to its title, or to the number of the sec- tion of the code, but the amending or repealing act shall distinctly de- scribe the law to be amended or repealed, as well as the alteration to be made. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 18. No act shall be revised or amended by mere reference to its title, but the section as amended shall be set forth and published at full length. — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 21. No act shall ever be revised or amended by mere reference to its title; but the act revised, or section amended, shall be set forth and published at full length. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Art. 32. No law shall be revived, or amended by reference to its title, but in such cases the act revived, or section as amended, shall be re-enacted and published at length. — La. (1898), Art. 32. Art. 33. The general assembly shall never adopt any system or code of laws by general reference to such system or code of laws; but in all cases shall recite at length the several provisions of the laws it may enact. — La. (1898), Art. 33. Sec. 61. No law shall be revived or amended by reference to its title only, but the section or sections, as amended or revived, shall be in- serted at length. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. 190 Sec. 23. No act shall be revived or re-enacted by mere reference to the title thereof, but the same shall be set forth at length, as if it were an original act. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 34. No act shall be amended by providing that designated words thereof be stricken out, or that designated words be inserted, or that designated words be stricken out and others inserted in lieu thereof; but the words to be stricken out, or the words to be inserted, or the words to be stricken out and those inserted in lieu thereof, together with the act or section amended, shall be set forth in full as amended. —Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 25. No law shall be revised or amended, or the provisions thereof extended by reference to its title only, but so much thereof as is revised, amended or extended shall be re-enacted and published at length. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 17. No act shall be passed which shall provide that any ex- isting law, or any part thereof, shall be made or deemed a part of said act, or which shall enact that any existing law, or part thereof, shall be applicable, except by inserting it in such act. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 64. No bill shall be revised or amended, nor the provisions there- of extended or incorporated in any other bill by reference to its title only, but so much thereof as is revised, amended or extended or so in- corporated shall be re-enacted and published at length. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 22. No act shall ever be revised or amended by mere reference to its title, but the act revised or section amended shall be set forth and published at full length. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 6. No law shall be revived, amended, or the provisions thereof extended or conferred, by reference to its title only, but so much thereof as is revived, amended, extended or conferred, shall be re-enacted and published at length. — Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 36. No law shall be revived or amended by reference to its title; but in such case the act revived or the section or sections amended shall be re-enacted and published at length. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 37. No act shall ever be revised or amended by mere reference to its title, but the act revised or the section amended shall be set forth at full length.— Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 26. No law shall be revised or amended, or the provisions there- of extended by reference to its title only, but so much thereof as is re- vised, amended or extended, shall be re-enacted and published at length. —Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. 191 LEGISLATIVE DIVORCES PROHIBITED. (30) Sec. 26. Divorces shall not he granted hy the legislature . — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 18. No divorce shall be granted, nor alimony allowed, except by the judgment of a court, as shall be prescribed by general and uni- form law. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 15. Par. 1. No total divorce shall be granted, except on the concurrent verdicts of two juries at different terms of the court. — Ga. (1877), Art. 6. Sec. 27. No divorce shall be granted by the general assembly. — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 18. All power to grant divorces, is vested in the district courts, subject to regulation by law. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 28. Divorces shall not be granted by the legislature. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. 1. No divorce shall be granted by the legislature. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 7, Cl. 1. Sec. 10. The general assembly shall have the power to pass general laws regulating divorce and alimony, but shall not have power to grant a divorce or secure alimony in any individual case. — N. C. (1875),, Art. 2. Sec. 32. The general assembly shall grant no divorce, nor exercise any judicial power not herein expressly conferred. — Ohio (1851), Art. 2* Sec. 3. Divorces from the bonds of matrimony shall not be allowed in this state. — S. C. (1895), Art. 17. Sec. 4. The legislature shall have no power to grant divorces, but may authorize the courts of justice to grant them for such causes as may be specified by law ; but such laws shall be general and uniform in their operation throughout the state. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 11. LOTTERIES ; GAMBLING ; POOL-SELLING ; FUTURES ; OPTIONS. (31) Sec. 27. The legislature shall not authorize any lottery nor permit the sale of lottery tickets. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 65. The legislature shall have no power to authorize lotteries or gift enterprises for any purpose, and shall pass laws to prohibit the sale in this state of lottery or gift enterprise tickets, or tickets in any scheme in the nature of a lottery ; and all acts or parts of acts here- tofore passed by the legislature of this state, authorizing a lottery or 192 lotteries, and all acts amendatory thereof, or supplemental thereto, are hereby avoided. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 14. No lottery shall be authorized by this state, nor shall the sale of lottery tickets be allowed. — Ark. (1874), Art. 19. Sec. 26. The legislature shall have no power to authorize lotteries or gift enterprises for any purpose, and shall pass laws to prohibit the sale in this state of lottery or gift enterprise tickets, or tickets in any scheme in the nature of a lottery. The legislature shall pass laws to regulate or prohibit the buying and selling of the shares of the capital stock of corporations in any stock board, stock exchange, or stock market under the control of any association. All contracts for the sale of shares of the capital stock of any corporation or association, on margin, or to be delivered at a future day, shall be void, and any money paid on such contracts may be recovered by the party paying it by suit in any court of competent jurisdiction. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 2. The general assembly shall have no power to authorize lot- teries or gift enterprises for any purpose, and shall pass laws to pro- hibit the sale of lotterv or gift enterprise tickets in this state. — Colo. (1876), Art. 18. Sec. 17. Lotteries, the sale of lottery tickets, pool selling and all other forms of gambling are prohibited in this state. The general as- sembly shall enforce this section by appropriate legislation. — Del. 1 1897 ), Art. 2 . Sec. 23. Lotteries are hereby prohibited in this state. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 2. Par. 4. All lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, are lierebv prohibited; and this prohibition shall be enforced by penal laws. —Ga. (1877), Art. 1. Sec. 20. The legislature shall not authorize any lottery or gift en- terprise under any pretense or for any purpose whatever. — Idaho (18S9), Art. 3. Sec. 27. The general assembly shall have no power to authorize lotteries or gift enterprises, for any purpose, and shall pass laws to prohibit the sale of lottery or gift enterprise tickets in this state. — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 8. No lottery shall be authorized, nor shall the sale of lottery tickets be allowed. — Ind. (1851), Art. 15. Sec. 28. No lottery shall be authorized by this state; nor shall the sale of lottery tickets be allowed. — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 3. Lotteries and the sale of lottery tickets are forever prohibted. — Kan. (1859), Art. 15. 193 Sec. 226. Lotteries and gift enterprises are forbidden, and no priv- ileges shall be granted for such purposes, and none shall be exercised, and no schemes for similar purposes shall be allowed. The general assembly shall enforce this section by proper penalties. All lottery privileges or charters heretofore granted are revoked. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 26. Art. 178. Lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, are prohibited in this state. — La. (1898), Art. 178. Art. 188. Gambling is a vice, and the legislature shall pass laws to suppress it. — La. (1898), Art. 188. Art. 189. The pernicious practice of dealing or gambling in futures on agricultural products or articles of necessity, where the intention of the parties is not to make an honest and bona fide delivery, is de- clared to be against public policy; and the legislature shall pass laws to suppress it. — La. (1898), Art. 189. ' Sec. 36. No lottery grant shall ever hereafter be authorized by the general assembly. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 31. The legislature shall never authorize any lottery or the sale of lottery tickets. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 98. No lottery shall ever be allowed, or be advertised by news- papers, or otherwise, or its tickets be sold in this state; and the leg- islature shall provide by law for the enforcement of this provision; nor shall any lottery heretofore authorized be permitted to be drawn or its tickets sold. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 10. The general assembly shall have no power to authorize lot- teries or gift enterprises for any purpose, and shall pass laws to pro- hibit the sale of lottery or gift enterprise tickets, or tickets in any scheme in the nature of a lottery, in this state; and all acts or parts of acts heretofore passed by the legislature of this state, authorizing a lottery or lotteries, and all acts amendatory thereof or supplemental thereto, are hereby avoided. — Mo. (1875), Art. 14. Sec. 2. The legislative assembly shall have no power to authorize lotteries, or gift enterprises for any purpose, and shall pass laws to prohibit the sale of lottery or gift enterprise tickets in this state. — Mont. (1889), Art. 19. Sec. 21. The legislature shall not authorize any games of chance, lottery, or gift enterprise, under any pretense, or for any purpose what- ever.— Net). (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 24. No lottery shall be authorized by this state, nor shall the sale of lottery tickets be allowed. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. Sec. 2. No lottery shall be authorized by the legislature or otherwise 25 — Legislative Dept. 194 in this state, and no ticket in any lottery shall be bought or sold within this state, nor shall pool-selling, book-making or gambling of any kind be authorized or allowed within this state, nor shall any gambling de- vice, practice or game of chance now prohibited by law be legalized, or the remedy, penalty or punishment now provided therefor be in any way diminished. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 7, Cl. 2. Art. 1. The legislative assembly shall have no power to authorize lotteries or gift enterprises for any purpose, and shall pass laws ta prohibit the sale of lottery or gift enterprise tickets. — A. Dal:. (1SS9), Arndt. Art. 1. Sec. 6. Lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, for any purpose whatever, shall forever be prohibited in this state . — Ohio (1851), Art. 15. Sec. 4. Lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, for any purpose whatever, are prohibited, and the legislative assembly shall prevent the same by penal laws. — Ore. (1857), Art . 15 . Sec. 12. All lotteries shall hereafter be prohibited in this state, ex- cept those already authorized by the general assembly. — R. /. (1842)* Art. 4. Sec. 7. No lottery shall ever be allowed, or be advertised by news- papers, or otherwise, or its tickets be sold in this state; and the general assembly shall provide by law at its next session for the enforcement of this provision. — S. C. (1895), Art. 17. Sec. 25. The legislature shall not authorize any game of chance,, lottery or gift enterprise under any pretense, or for any purpose what- ever.— S. D. (1889), Art. A Sec. 5. The legislature shall have no power to authorize lotteries for any purpose, and shall pass laws to prohibit the sale of lottery tickets in this state. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 11. Sec. 47. The legislature shall pass laws prohibiting the establish- ment of lotteries and gift enterprises in this state, as well as the sale of tickets in lotteries, gift enterprises or other evasions involving the lotterv principle, established or existing in other states. — Tex. (1875), Art. i. Sec. 28. The legislature shall not authorize any game of chance, lottery or gift enterprise under any pretense or for any purpose. — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 60. No lottery shall hereafter be authorized by law; and the buying, selling, or transferring of tickets or chances in any lottery shall be prohibited. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. 195 Sec. 24. The legislature shall never authorize any lottery or grant any divorce. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 30. The legislature shall have no power to authorize lotteries or gift enterprises for any purpose, and shall pass laws to prohibit the sale of lottery or gift enterprise tickets in this state. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 0. Sec. 24. The legislature shall never authorize any tottery, or grant any divorce. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. SPECIAL, PRIVATE AND LOCAL LEGISLATION. 104. The legislature shall not pass a special, private or local law in any of the following cases: (1.) — Granting a divorce; (2.) — Relieving any minor of the disabilities of non-age; (3.) — Changing the name of any corporation, association, or indi- vidual ; (4.) — Providing for the adopting or legitimizing of any child; (5.) — Incorporating a city^, town or village; (6.) — Granting a charter to any corporation, association, or indi- vidual ; (7.) — Establishing rules of descent or distribution; (8.) — Regulating the time within which a civil or criminal action may be begun ; (9.) — Exempting any individual, private corporation or association from the operation of any general law; (10.) — Providing for the sale of the property of any individual or estate ; (11.) — Changing or locating a county seat ; (12.) — Providing for a change of venue in any case; (13.) — Regulating the rate of interest; (14.) — Fixing the punishment of crime; (15.) — Regulating either the assessment or collection of taxes, except in connection with the readjustment, renewal, or extension of existing municipal indebtedness created prior to the ratification of the constitu- tion of eighteen hundred and seventy-five; (16.) — Giving effect to an invalid will, deed or other instrument; (17.) — Authorizing any county, city, town, village, district or other political subdivision of a county, to issue bonds or other securities unless the issuance of said bonds or other securities shall have been authorized before the enactment of such local or special law, by a vote of the duly qualified electors of such county, township, city, town, village, district or other political subdivision of a county, at an election held for such purpose, in the manner that may be prescribed by law; provided the legislature may without such election, pass special laws to refund bonds issued before the date of the ratification of this constitution ; (18.) — Amending, confirming or extending the charter of any private municipal corporation, or remitting the forfeiture thereof: Provided, This shall not prohibit the legislature from altering or re-arranging the boundaries of any city, town or village; 19G (19.) — Creating, extending or impairing any lien; (20.) — Chartering or licensing any ferry, road or bridge; (21.) — Increasing the jurisdiction and fees of justices of the peace, or the fees of constables; (22.) — Establishing separate school districts; (23.) — Establishing separate stock districts; (24.) — Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentages or allow- ances of public officers; (25.) — Exempting property from taxation or from levy or sale; (2G.) — Exempting any person from jury, road or other civil duty ; (27.) — Donating any lands owned by or under control of the state to any person or corporation ; (28.) — Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures; (29.) — Providing for the conduct of elections or designating places of voting, or changing the boundaries of wards, precincts or districts, except in the event of the organization of new counties, or the changing of the lines of old counties; (30.) — Restoring the right to vote to persons convicted of infamous crimes, or crimes involving moral turpitude; (31.) — Declaring who shall be liners between precincts or’ between counties. The legislature shall pass general laws for the cases enumerated in this section, provided that nothing in this section or article shall affect the right of the legislature to enact local laws regulating or prohibiting the liquor traffic; but no such local law shall be enacted unless notice shall have been given as required in section 106 of this constitution. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 24. The general assembly shall not pass anv local or special law changing the venue in criminal cases; changing the names of per- sons or adopting or legitimating children; granting divorces; vacating roads, streets or alleys. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 25. The legislature shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: First — Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police judges, and of constables. Second — For the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors. Third — Regulating the practice of courts of justice. Fourth — Providing for changing the venue in civil or criminal actions. Fifth — Granting divorces. Sixth — Changing the names of persons or places. Seventh — Authorizing the laying out, opening, altering, maintaining, or vacating roads, highways, streets, alleys, town plots, parks, ceme- teries, graveyards, or public grounds not owned by the state. Eighth — Summoning and impaneling grand and petit juries, and pro- viding for their compensation. Ninth — Regulating county and township business, or the election of county and township officers. Tenth — For the assessment or collection of taxes. Eleventh — Providing for conducting elections, or designating the places of voting, except on the organization of new counties. 107 Twelfth — Affecting estates of deceased persons, minors, or other per- sons under legal disabilities. Thirteenth — Extending the time for the collection of taxes. Fourteenth — Giving effect to invalid deeds, wills, or other instruments. Fifteenth — Refunding money paid into the state treasury. Sixteenth — Releasing or extinguishing, in whole or in part, the indebt- edness, liability, or obligation of any corporation or person to this state, or to any municipal corporation therein. Seventeenth — Declaring any person of age, or authorizing any minor to sell, lease, or incumber his or her property.. Eighteenth — Legalizing, except as against the state, the unauthorized or invalid act of any officer. Nineteenth — Granting to any corporation, association, or individual any special or exclusive right, privilege, or immunity. Twentieth — Exempting property from taxation. Twenty-first — Changing county seats. Twenty-second — Restoring to citizenship persons convicted of in fa mous crimes. Twenty- third--Regulating the rate of interest on money. ' Twenty-fourth — Authorizing the creation, extension, or impairing of liens. Twenty-fifth — Chartering or licensing ferries, bridges, or roads. Twenty-sixth — Remitting fines, penalties, or forfeitures. Twenty-seventh — Providing for the management of common schools. Twenty-eighth — Creating offices, or prescribing the powers and duties of officers in counties, cities, cities and counties, township, election or school districts. Twenty-ninth — Affecting the fees or salary of any officer. Thirtieth — Changing the law of descent or succession. Thirty-first — Authorizing the adoption or legitimation of children. Thirty-second — For limitation of civil or criminal actions. Thirty-third — In all other cases where a general law can be made applicable. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 25. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say; for granting di- vorces; laying out, opening, altering or working roads or highways; va- cating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public grounds; locating or changing county seats ; regulating county or township affairs ; regulating the practice in courts of ‘justice; regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police magistrates and constables; changing the rules of evidence in any trial or inquiry; providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases; declaring any person of age; for limitation of civil actions or giving effect to informal or invalid deeds ; summoning or impaneling grand or petit juries; providing for the management of common schools ; regulating the rate of interest on money ; the opening or conducting of any election, or designating the place of voting; the sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under disa- bility; the protection of game or fish; chartering or licensing ferries or toll bridges; remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures; creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentage or allowances of public officers; changing the law of descent; granting to any corporation, association or individual 198 the right to lav down railroad tracks ; granting to any corporation, asso- ciation or individual any special or exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever. In all other cases, where a general law can be made applicable, no special law shall be enacted. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 20. The legislature shall not p&ss special or local laws in any of the following enumerated cases; that is to say, regulating the jurisdiction and duties of any class of officers, except municipal officers, or for the punishment of crime or misdemeanor; regulating the practice of courts of justice, except municipal courts ; providing for changing venue of civil and criminal cases; granting divorces; changing the names of persons; vacating roads; summoning and empaneling grand and petit juries, and providing for their compensation ; for assessment and collection of taxes for state and county purposes; for opening and conducting elections for state and county officers, and for designating the places of voting; for the sale of real estate belonging to minors, estates of decedents, and of per- sons laboring under legal disabilities; regulating the fees of officers of the state and county; giving elfect to informal or invalid deeds or wills; legitimizing children ; providing for the adoption of children; relieving minors from legal disabilities; and for the establishment of ferries. — Fla. ( 1885), Art. A Sec. 7. Par* 18. The general assembly shall have no power to grant corporate powers and privileges to private companies; nor to make or change election precincts; nor to establish bridges or ferries; nor to change names of legitimate children; but it shall prescribe by law the manner in which such powers shall be exercised by the courts. All cor- porate powers and privileges to banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navi- gation, express and telegraph companies shall be issued and granted by the secretary of state, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. — (la. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 1. Par. 4. Local and private acts passed for the benefit of coun- ties, cities, towns, corporations and private persons, not inconsistent with the supreme law, nor with this constitution, and which have not expired nor been repealed, shall have the force of statute law, subject to judicial decision as to their validity when passed, and to any limita- tions imposed by their own terms. — Ga. (1877), Art. 12. Sec. 19. The legislature shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace and constables. For the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors. Regulating the practice of the courts of justice. Providing for a change of venue in civil or criminal actions. Granting divorces. Changing the names of persons or places. Authorizing the laying out, opening, altering, maintaining, working on, or vacating roads, highways, streets, alleys, town plats, parks, ceme- teries, or any public grounds not owned by the state. Summoning and impaneling grand and trial juries, and providing for their compensation. 199 Regulating county and township business, or the election of county .and township officers. For the assessment and collection of taxes. Providing for and conducting elections, or designating the place of voting. Affecting estates of deceased persons, minors, or other persons under legal disabilities. Extending the time for collection of taxes. Giving effect to invalid deeds, leases or other instruments. Refunding money paid into the state treasury. Releasing or extinguishing, in whole or .in part, the indebtedness, lia- bility or obligation of any person or corporation in this state, or any municipal corporation therein. Declaring any person of age, or authorizing any minor to sell, lease or encumber his or her property. Legalizing as against the state the unauthorized or invalid act of any officer. Exempting property from taxation. Changing county seats; unless the law authorizing the change shall require that two-thirds of the legal votes cast at a general or special election shall designate the place to which the county seat shall be changed: Provided , That the power to pass a special law shall cease as long as the legislature shall provide for such change by general law: Provided further , That no special law shall be passed for any one county oftener than once in six years. Restoring to citizenship persons convicted of infamous crimes. Regulating the interest on money. Authorizing the creation, extension or impairing of liens. Chartering or licensing ferries, bridges or roads. Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures. Providing for the management of common schools. # Creating offices or prescribing the powers and duties of officers in counties, cities, townships, election districts or school districts, except as in this constitution otherwise provided. Changing the law of descent or succession. Authorizing the adoption or legitimization of children. For limitation of civil or criminal actions. Creating any corporation. Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentages, or allowances of public officers during the term for which said officers are elected or .appointed . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 22. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: for — Granting divorces; Changing the names of persons or places; Laying out, opening, altering and working roads dr highways; Vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys, and public grounds; Locating or changing county seats; Regulating county and township affairs; Regulating the practice in courts of justice; Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police magistrates and constables; 200 Providing for changes of venue in civil and criminal cases; Incorporating cities, towns or villages, or changing or amending the charter of any town, city or village; Providing for the election of members of the board of supervisors in townships, incorporated towns or cities; Summoning and impaneling grand or petit juries; Providing for the management of common schools; Regulating the rate of interest on money; The opening and conducting of any election, or designating the place of voting; The sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under disability ; The protection of game or fish ; Chartering or licensing ferries or toll bridges; Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures; Creating, increasing, or decreasing fees, percentage or allowances of public officers, during the term for which said officers are elected or appointed ; Changing the law of descent; Granting to any corporation, association, or individual, the right to lay down railroad tracks, or amending existing charters for such pur- poses ; Granting to any corporation, association or individual any special or exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever; In all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, no special law shall be enacted — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 22. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace and of constables; For the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors ; Regulating the practice in courts of justice; Providing for changing the venue in civil and criminal cases; Granting divorces; Changing the names of persons; For laying out, opening and working on, highways, and for the election or appointment of supervisors; Vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public squares; Summoning and impaneling grand and petit juries, and providing for their compensation; Regulating county and township business ; Regulating the election of county and township officers, and their compensation ; For the assessment and collection of taxes for state, county, township or road purposes ; Providing for supporting common schools, and for the preservation of school funds; In relation to fees or salaries; except that the laws may be so made as to grade the compensation of officers in proportion to the population and the necessary services required ; In relation to interest on money; 201 Providing for opening and conducting elections of state, county or township officers, and designating the places of voting; Providing for the sale of real estate belonging to minors, or other persons laboring under legal disabilities, by executors, administrators, guardians or trustees. — I nd. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 30. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in the following cases : For the assessment and collection of taxes for state, county, or road purposes ; For laying out, opening, and working roads or highways; For changing the names of persons; For the incorporation of cities and towns ; For vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys, or public squares; For locating or changing county seats. In all the cases above enumerated, and in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general, and of uniform operation throughout the state; and no law changing the boun- dary lines of any county shall have effect until upon being submitted to the people of the counties affected by the change, at a general election, it shall be approved by a majority of the votes in each county, cast for and against it . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 59. The general assembly shall not pass local or special acts concerning any of the following subjects, or for any of the following purposes, namely: First. To regulate the jurisdiction, or the practice, or the circuits of courts of justice, or the rights, powers, duties or compensation of the officers thereof; but the practice in circuit courts in continuous session may, by a general law, be made different from the practice of circuit courts held in terms. Second. To regulate the summoning, impaneling or compensation of grand or. petit jurors. Third. To provide for changes of venue in civil or criminal causes. Fourth. To regulate the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors, or to remit fines, penalties, or forfeitures. Fifth. To regulate the limitation of civil or criminal causes. Sixth. To affect the estate of cestuis que trust, decedents, infants or other persons under disabilities, or to authorize any such persons to sell, lease, encumber or dispose of their property. Seventh. To declare any person of age, or to relieve an infant or feme covert of disability, or to enable him to do acts allowed only to adults not under disabilities. Eighth. To change the law of descent, distribution or succession. Ninth. To authorize the adoption of legitimation of children. Tenth. To grant divorces. Eleventh. To change the name of persons. Twelfth. To give effect to invalid deeds, wills or other instruments. Thirteenth. To legalize, except as against the commonwealth, the unauthorized or invalid act of any officer or public agent of the com- monwealth, or of any city, county or municipality thereof. Fourteenth. To refund money legally paid into the state treasury. 26 — Legislative Dept. 202 * Fifteenth. To authorize or to regulate the levy, the assessment or the collection of taxes, or to give any indulgence or discharge to any assessor or collector of taxes, or his sureties. Sixteenth. To authorize the opening, altering, maintaining or va- cating roads, highways, streets, alleys, town plats, cemeteries, grave- yards, or public grounds not owned by the commonwealth. Seventeenth. To grant a charter to any corporation, or to amend the charter of any existing corporation; to license companies or persons to own or operate ferries, bridges, roads or turnpikes ; to declare streams navigable, or to authorize the construction of booms or dams therein, or to remove obstructions therefrom; to affect toll-gates, or to regulate tolls; to regulate fencing or the running at large of stock. Eighteenth. To create, increase or decrease fees, percentages or al- lowances to public officers, or to extend the time for the collection thereof, or to authorize officers to appoint deputies. Nineteenth. To give any person or corporation the right to lay a rail- road track or tramway, or to amend existing charters for such purposes. Twentieth. To provide for conducting elections, or for designating the places of voting, or changing the boundaries of wards, precincts or districts, except when new counties may be created. Twenty-first. To regulate the rate of interest. # Twenty-second. To authorize the creation, extension, enforcement, impairment or release of liens. Twenty-third. To provide for the protection of game and fish. Twenty- fourth. To regulate labor, trade, mining or manufacturing. Twentieth-fifth. To provide for the management of common schools. Twenty-sixth. To locate or change a county seat. Twenty -seven th. To provide a means of taking the sense of the people of any city, town, district, precinct, or county, whether they wish to authorize, regulate or prohibit therein the sale of vinous, spirituous or malt liquors, or alter the liquor laws. Twenty-eighth. Restoring to citizenship persons convicted of infam- ous crimes. Twenty-ninth. In all other cases where a general law can be. made applicable, no special law shall bo enacted. — Ky. (1891), 8ce. 59. Art. 48. The general assembly shall not pass any local or special law on the following specified subjects; For the opening and conducting of elections, or fixing or changing the place of voting. Changing the names of persons. Changing the venue in civil or criminal cases. Authorizing the laying out, opening, closing, altering or maintaining roads, highways, streets or alleys, or relating to ferries and bridges, or incorporating bridge or ferry companies, except for the erection of bridges crossing streams which form boundaries between this and any other state. Authorizing the adoption or legitimation of children or the emancipa- tion of minors. Granting divorces. Changing the law of descent or succession. Affecting the estates of minors or persons under disabilities. Remitting fines, penalties and forfeitures, or refunding moneys legally paid into the treasury. Authorizing the constructing of street passenger railroads in any in- corporated town or city. Regulating labor, trade, manufacturing or agriculture. Creating corporations, or amending, renewing, extending or explain- ing the charters thereof: Provided, This shall not apply to municipal corporations having a population of not less than twenty -five hundred inhabitants, or to the organization of levee districts and parishes. Granting to any corporation, association, or individual any special or exclusive right, privilege or immunity. Extending the time for the assessment or collection of taxes, or for the relief of any assessor or collector of taxes from the performance of his official duties, or of his sureties from liability; nor shall any .such law or ordinance be passed by anj r political corporation of this state. Regulating the practice or jurisdiction of any court, or changing the rules of evidence in any judicial proceeding or inquiry before courts, or providing or changing methods for the collection of debts or the en- forcement of judgments, or prescribing the effects of judicial sales. Exempting property from taxation. Fixing the rate of interest. Concerning any civil or criminal actions. Giving effect to informal or invalid wills or deeds, or to any illegal disposition of property. Regulating the management of public schools, the building or repairing of schoolhouses, and the raising of money for such purposes. Legalizing the unauthorized or invalid acts of any officer, servant, or agent of the state, or of any parish or municipality thereof. — La. (1898), Art. 48. Sec. 33. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, viz. : For extending the time for the collection of taxes, granting divorces, changing the name of any person, providing for the sale of real estate belonging to minors or other persons laboring under legal disabilities, by executors, administrators, guardians or trustees, giving effect to informal or invalid deeds or wills, refunding money paid into the state treasury, or releasing persons from their debts or obligations to the state, unless recommended by the governor or officers of the treasury department. And the general as- sembly shall pass no special law for any case for which provision has been made by an existing general law. The general assembly, at its first session after the adoption of this constitution, shall pass general laws providing for the cases enumerated in this section which are not already adequately provided for, and for all other cases where a general law can be made applicable. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 33. In all cases when a general law can be made applicable, no special law shall be enacted ; and whether a general law could have been made applicable in any case is hereby declared a judicial question, and as such shall be judicially determined without regard to any legislative assertion on that subject. The legislature shall pass no local or special law regulating the affairs of, or incorporating, erecting or changing the 204 lines of any county, city, village, township, ward or school district, or creating the offices, or prescribing the powers and duties of the officers of, or fixing or relating to the compensation, salary or fees of the same, or the mode of election or appointment thereto, authorizing the laying out, opening, altering, vacating or maintaining roads, highways, streets or alleys; remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures; regulating the powers, duties, and practice of justices of the peace, magistrates and constables; changing the names of persons, places, lakes or rivers; for opening and conducting of elections, or fixing or changing the places of voting; au- thorizing the adoption or legitimation of children; changing the law of descent or succession ; conferring rights upon minors ; declaring an}’ named person of age; giving effect to informal or invalid wills or deeds, or affecting the estates of minors or persons under disability; locating or changing county seats; regulating the management of public schools, the building or repairing of school houses, and the raising of money for such purposes; exempting property from taxation, or regulating the rate of interest on money; creating corporations, or amending, renewing, ex- tending or explaining the charters thereof; granting to any corporation, association or individual any special or exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever, or authorizing public taxation for a private pur- pose: Provided, however, That the inhabitants of local or special laws in this section shall not be construed to prevent the passage of general laws on any of the subjects enumerated. The legislature may repeal any existing special or local law, but shall not amend, extend or modify any of the same. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4 (Arndt. 1892). Sec. 90. The legislature shall not pass local, private, or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, but such matters shall be pro- vided for only by general laws, viz : (a) Granting divorces; (b) Changing the names of persons, places, or corporations; (c) Providing for changes of venue in civil and criminal cases; (d) Regulating the rate of interest on money; (e) Concerning the settlement or administration of any estate, or the sale or mortgage of any property, of any infant, or of a person of unsound mind, or of any deceased person; (f) The removal of the disability of infancy; (g) Granting to any person, corporation, or association the right to have any ferry, bridge, road, or lish-trap ; (h) Exemption of property from taxation or from levy or sale; (i) Providing for the adoption or legitimation of children; (j) Changing the law of decent and distribution; (k) Exempting any person from jury, road or other civil duty (and jio person shall be exempted therefrom by force of any local or private law) ; (l) Laying out, opening, altering, and working roads and highways; (m) Vacating any road or highway, town plat, street, alley, or public grounds ; (n) Selecting, drawing, summouing. or empaneling grand or petit juries; 205 (o) Creating, increasing, or decreasing the fees, salary, or emolu- ments of any public officer; (p) Providing for the management or support of any private or com- mon school, incorporating the same, or granting such school any priv- ileges ; (q) Relating to stock laws, water-courses, and fences; (r) Conferring the power to exercise the right of eminent domain, or granting to any person, corporation, or association the right to lay down railroad tracks or street car tracks in any other manner than that prescribed by general law; (s) Regulating the practice in courts of justice; (t) Providing for the creation of districts for the election of justices of the peace and constables ; and (u) Granting any lands under control of the state to any person or corporation. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 53. The general assembly shall not pass any local or special law : Authorizing the creation, extension or impairing of liens : Regulating the affairs of counties, cities, townships, wards or school districts : Changing the names of persons or places : Changing the venue in civil or criminal cases : Authorizing the laying out, opening, altering or maintaining roads, highways, streets or alleys: Relating to ferries or bridges, or incorporating ferry or bridge com- panies, except for the erection of bridges crossing streams which form boundaries between this and any other state: Vacating roads, town plats, streets or alleys : Relating to cemeteries, grave-yards or public grounds not of the state: Authorizing the adoption or legitimation of children : Locating or changing county seats : Incorporating cities, towns, or villages, or changing their charters : For the opening and conducting of elections, or fixing or changing the places of voting: Granting divorces : Erecting new townships, or changing township lines, or the lines of school districts : Creating offices, or prescribing the powers and duties of officers in counties, cities, townships, election or school districts: Changing the law of descent or succession : Regulating the practice or jurisdiction of, or changing the rules of evidence in any judicial proceeding or inquiry before courts, justices of the peace, sheriffs, commissioners, arbitrators or other tribunals, or pro- viding or changing methods for the collection of debts, or the enforce- ing of judgments, or prescribing the effect of judicial sales of real estate: Regulating the fees or extending the powers and duties of aldermen, justices of the peace, magistrates or constables : Regulating the management of public schools, the building or repair- ing of school houses, and the raising of money for such purposes : Fixing the rate of interest: Affecting the estates of minors or persons under disability: 206 Remitting fines, penalties and forfeitures, or refunding moneys legally paid into the treasury : Exempting property from taxation : Regulating labor, trade, mining or manufacturing: Creating corporations, or amending, renewing, extending or explaining the charter thereof : Granting to any corporation, association or individual any special or exclusive right, privilege or immunity, or to any corporation; association or individual the right to lay down a railroad track : Declaring any named person of age : Extending the time for the assessment or collection of taxes, or other- wise relieving any assessor or collector of taxes from the due perform- ance of their official duties, or their securities from liability : Giving effect to informal or invalid wills or deeds : Summoning or empaneling grand or petit juries: For limitation of civil actions: Legalizing the unauthorized or invalid acts of any officer or agent of the state, or of any county or municipality thereof. In all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, no local or special law shall be enacted; and whether a general law could have been made applicable in any case is hereby declared a judicial question, and as such shall be judicially determined without regard to any legislative assertion on that subject : Nor shall the general assembly indirectly enact such special or local law by the partial repeal of a general law ; but laws repealing local or special acts may be passed. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 26. The legislative assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: For granting divorces; laying out, opening, altering or working roads or highways; vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys or public grounds; locating or changing county seats; regulating county or township affairs; regulating the practice in courts of justice; regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police magistrates or constables; changing the rules of evidence in any trial or inquiry; providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases; declaring any person of age; for limitation of civil actions, or giving effect to informal or invalid deeds; summoning or impaneling grand or petit juries; providing for the management of com- mon schools; regulating the rate of interest on money; the opening or conducting of any election or designating the place of voting; the sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under disability; chartering or licensing ferries or bridges or toll roads; chartering banks, insurance companies and loan and trust companies; remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures; creating, increasing or decreasing fees, per cent- ages or allowances of public officers; changing the law of decent; grant- ing to any corporation, association or individual the right to lay down railroad tracks, or any special or exclusive privilege, immunity or fran- chise whatever; for the punishment of crimes; changing the names of persons or places; for the assessment or collection of taxes; affecting estates of deceased persons, minors or others under legal disabilities; extending the time for the collection of taxes; refunding money paid into the state treasury; relinquishing or extinguishing in whole or in part the indebtedness, liability or obligation of any corporation or person in this state, or to any municipal corporation therein; exempting property from taxation; restoring to citizenship persons convicted of infamous crimes; authorizing the creation, extension or impairing of liens; cre- ating offices, or prescribing the powers or duties of officers in counties, cities, township or school districts ; or authorizing the adoption or legiti- mation of children. In all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, no special law shall be enacted. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 15. The legislature shall not pass' local or special laws in any of the following cases, that is to say : For granting divorces. Changing the names of persons or places. Laying out, opening, altering, and work- ing roads or highways. Yacafing roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public grounds. Locating or changing county seats. Regulating county and township offices. Regulating the practice of courts of justice. Regu- lating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police magis- trates, and constables. Providing for changes of venue in civil and criminal cases. Incorporating cities, towns and villages, or changing or amending the charter of any town, city or village. Providing for the election of officers in townships, incorporated towns, or cities. Sum- moning or impaneling grand or petit jurors. Providing for the bonding of cities, towns, precincts, school districts, or other municipalities. Pro- viding for the management of public schools. Regulating the interest on money, the opening and conducting of any election, or designating the place of voting. The sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors, or others under disability. The protection of game or fish. Chartering or licensing ferries, or toll bridges, remitting fines, penalties or for- feitures, creating, increasing and decreasing fees, percentage or allow- ances of public officers during the term for which said officers are elected or appointed. Changing the law of descent. Granting to any corporation, association, or individual, the right to lay down railroad tracks, or amending existing charters for such purposes. Granting to ^ any corporation, association, or individual any special or exclusive priv- ileges, immunity, or franchise whatever. In all other cases where a gen- eral law can be made applicable, no special law shall be enacted. — Net). (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 20. The legislature shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases — that is to say: Regulating the juris- diction and duties of the justices of the peace and of constables; for the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors; regulating the practice of courts of justice; providing for changing the venue in civil and criminal cases ; granting divorces ; changing the names of persons ; vacating roads, town plots, streets, alleys and public squares; summoning and impanel- ing grand and petit juries, and providing for their compensation; regu- lating county and township business; regulating the election of county and township officers ; for the assessment and collection of taxes for state, county and township purposes; providing for opening and conducting elections of state, county and township officers, and designating the places of voting; providing for the sale of real estate or personal prop- erty belonging to minors or other persons under legal disabilities ; giving effect to invalid deeds, wills or other instruments; refunding money paid 208 into state treasury, or into the treasury of any county; releasing the indebtedness, liability or obligation of any corporation, association or person to the state, or to any county, town or city of this state. But nothing in this section shall be construed t.o deny or restrict the power of the legislature to establish and regulate the compensation and fees of county and towmship officers; to establish and regulate the rates of freight, passage, toll and charges of railroads, toll roads, ditch, flume and tunnel companies incorporated under the laws of this state or doing business therein. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4 (Amdt. 1889). Sec. 21. In all cases enumerated in. the preceding section, and in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general and of uniform operation throughout the state. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. 11. The legislature shall not pass private, local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases; that is to say: Laying out, opening, altering and working roads or highways. Vacating any road, town plot, street, alley or public grounds. Regulating the internal affairs of towns and counties; appointing local offices or commissions to regulate municipal affairs. Selecting, drawing, summoning or empaneling grand or petit jurors. Creating, increasing or decreasing the percentage or allowance of pub- lic officers during the term for which said officers were elected or ap- pointed. Changing the law of descent. Granting to any corporation, association or individual any exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever. Granting to any corporation, association or individual the right to lay down railroad tracks. Providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases. Providing for the management and support of free public schools. The legislature shall pass general laws providing for the cases enumer- ated in this paragraph, and for all other cases which, in its judgment, may be provided for by general laws. The legislature shall pass no special act conferring corporate powers, but they shall pass general laws under which corporations may be organized and corporate powers of every nature obtained, subject, nevertheless, to repeal or alteration at the will of the legislature. — N. ■/. (1844), Art. 4, Sec, 7. Cl. 11. Sec. 18. The legislature shall not pass a private or local bill in any of the following cases: Changing the names of persons. Laying out, opening, altering, working or discontinuing roads, high- ways or alleys, or for draining swamps or other low lands. Locating or changing county seats. Providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases. Incorporating villages. Providing for election of members of boards of supervisors. Selecting, drawing, summoning or impaneling grand or petit jurors. Regulating the rate of interest on money. 209 The opening and conducting of elections or designating places of voting. Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentages or allowances of public officers, during the term for which said officers are elected or appointed. Granting to any corporation, association or individual the right to lay down railroad tracks. Granting to any private corporation, association or individual any exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever. Providing for building bridges, and chartering companies for such pur- poses, except on the Hudson river below Waterford, and on the East river, or over the waters forming a part of the boundaries of the state. The legislature shall pass general laws providing for the cases enumer- ated in this section, and for all other cases which in its judgment, may be provided for by general laws. But no law shall authorize the con- struction or operation of a street railroad except upon the condition that the consent of the owners of one-half in value of the property bounded on, and the consent also of the local authorities having the con- trol of, that portion of a street or highway upon which it is proposed to construct or operate such railroad be first obtained, or in case the consent of such property owners cannot be obtained, the appellate di- vision of the supreme court, in the department in which it is proposed to be constructed, may, upon application, appoint three commissioners who shall determine, after a hearing of all parties interested, whether such railroad ought to be constructed or operated, and their determination, confirmed by the court, may be taken in lieu of the consent of the prop- erty owners. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 11. The general assembly shall not have power to pass any pri- vate law to alter the name of any person, or to legitimate any person not born in lawful wedlock, o^ to restore to the rights of citizenship any person convicted of an infamous crime, but shall have power to pass general laws regulating the same. — Y. C. (1875), Art. 2. # Sec. 69. The legislative assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say : 1. For granting divorces. 2. Laying out, opening, altering, or working roads or highways, va- cating roads, town plats, streets, alleys or public grounds. 3. Locating or changing county seats. 4. Begulating county or township affairs. 5. Regulating the practice of courts of justice. 6. Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police magistrates or constables. 7. Changing the rules of evidence in any trial or inquiry. 8. Providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases. 9. Declaring any person of age. 10. For limitation of civil actions, or giving effect to informal or invalid deeds. 11. Summoning or impaneling grand or petit juries. 12. Providing for the management of common schools. 13. Regulating the rate of interest on money. 27 — Legislative Dept. 210 14. The opening or conducting of any election or designating the place of voting. 15. The sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under disability. 16. Chartering or licensing ferries, toll bridges or toll roads. 17. Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures. 18. Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentages or allow- ances of public officers. 19. Changing the law of descent. 20. Granting to any corporation, association or individual the right to lay down railroad tracks, or any special or exclusive privilege, im- munity or franchise whatever. 21. For the punishment of crimes. 22. Changing the names of persons or places. 23. For the assessment or collection of taxes. 24. Affecting estates of deceased persons, minors or others under legal disabilities. 25. Extending the time for the collection of taxes. 26. Refunding money into the state treasury. 27. Relinquishing or extinguishing in whole or in part the indebted- ness, liability or obligation of any corporation or person to this state, or to any municipal corporation therein. 28. Legalizing, except as against the state, the unauthorized or in- valid act of any officer. 29. Exempting property from taxation. 30. Restoring to citizenship persons convicted of infamous crimes. 31. Authorizing the creation, extention or imparing of liens. 32. Creating offices, or prescribing the powers or duties of officers in counties, cities, townships, election or school districts, or authorizing the adoption or legitimation of children. 33. incorporation of cities, towns or villages, or changing or amend- ing the charter of any town, city or village. 34. Providing for the election of members of the board of supervisors in townships, incorporated towns or cities. 35. The protection of game or fish. — A. Dak. (1889), Art. 2, See. 69. Sec. 46. The legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this constitution, pass any local or special law authorizing: The creation, extension, or impairing of liens; Regulating the affairs of counties, cities, towns, wards, or school dis- tricts ; Cha nging the names of persons or places; Authorizing the laying out, opening, altering or maintaining of roads, highways, streets, or alleys; Relating to ferries or bridges, or incorporating ferry or bridge com panics, except for the erection of bridges crossing streams which form boundaries between this and any other state; Vacating roads, town plats, streets, or alleys; Relating to cemeteries, graveyards, or public grounds not owned by the state ; Authorizing the adoption or legitimation of children; Locating or changing county seats; 211 Incorporating cities, towns, or villages, or changing their charters; For the opening and conducting of elections, or fixing or changing the places of voting; Granting divorces; Creating offices, or prescribing the powers and duties of officers, in counties, cities, towns, election or school districts; Changing the law of descent or succession ; Regulating the practice or jurisdiction of, or changing the rules of evi- dence in judicial proceedings or inquiry before the courts, justices of the peace, sheriffs, commissioners, arbitrators, or other tribunals, or provid ing or changing the methods for the collection of debts, or the enforce- ment of judgments or prescribing the effect of judicial sales of real estate ; Regulating the fees, or extending the powers and duties of aldermen, justices of the peace, or constables; Regulating the management of public schools, the building or repair- ing of school houses, and the raising of money for such purposes; Fixing the rate of interest; Affecting the estate of minors, or persons under disability ; Remitting fines, penalties and forfeitures, and refunding moneys legally paid into the treasury ; Exempting property from taxation ; Declaring any named person of age; Extending the time for the assessment or collection of taxes, or other- wise relieving any assessor or collector of taxes from due performance of his official duties, or his securities from liability; Giving effect to informal or invalid wills or deeds; Summoning or impaneling grand or petit juries; For limitation of civil or criminal actions; For incorporating railroads or other works of internal improvements; Providing for change of venue in civil and criminal cases. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 23. The legislative assembly shall not pass special or local laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: 1. Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, and of constables; 2. For the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors; 3. Regulating the practice in courts of justice ; 4. Providing for changing the venue in civil and criminal cases; 5. Granting divorces; 6. Changing the names of persons; 7. For laying, opening and working on highways, and for the election or appointment or supervisors; 8. Vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public squares ; 9. Summoning and empaneling grand and petit jurors ; 10. For the assessment and collection of taxes for state, county, town- ship or road purposes; 11. Providing for supporting common schools, and for the preser- vation of school funds; 12. In relation to interest on money ; 13. Providing for opening and conducting the elections of state, county or township officers, and designating the places of voting; 212 14. Providing for the sale of real estate belonging to minors or other persons laboring under legal disabilities, by executors, administrators, guardians or trustees. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 7. The general assembly shall not pass any local or special law authorizing the creation, extension or impairing of liens; regulating the affairs of counties, cities, townships, wards, boroughs or school districts ; changing the names of persons or places ; changing the venue in civil or criminal cases; authorizing the laying out, opening, altering or main- taining roads, highways, streets or alleys ; relating to ferries or bridges, or incorporating ferry or bridge companies, except for the erection of bridges crossing streams which form boundaries between this and any other state; vacating roads, town plats, streets or alleys; relating to cemeteries, grave yards, or public grounds not of the state; authorizing the adoption or legitimation of children; locating or changing county seats; erecting new counties or changing county liens; incorporating cities, towns or villages or changing their characters; for the opening and conducting of elections or fixing or changing the place of voting; granting divorces; erecting new townships and boroughs; changing town- ship lines, borough limits, or school districts; creating offices or prescrib- ing the powers and duties of officers in counties, cities, boroughs, town- ships, election or school districts; changing the law of descent or suc- cession ; regulating the practice or jurisdiction of. or changing the rules of evidence in, any judicial proceeding or inquiry before courts, aider- men, justices of the peace, sheriffs, commissioners, arbitrators, auditors, masters in chancery, or other tribunals, or providing or changing methods for the collection of debts, or the enforcing of judgments, or prescribing the effect of judicial sales of real estate; regulating the fees or extending the powers and duties of aldermen, justices of the peace, magistrates or constables; regulating the management of public schools, the building or repairing of school houses and the raising of money for such purposes; fixing the rate of. interest ; affecting the estates of minors or persons under disability, except after due notice to all parties in interest, to be recited in the special enactment; remitting fines, penalties and forfeitures or re- funding moneys legally paid into the treasury; exempting property from taxation; regulating labor, trade, mining or manufacturing; creating corporations or amending, renewing or extending the charters thereof; granting to any corporation, association or individual any special or exclusive privilege or immunity, or to any corporation, association or individual the right to lay down a railroad track ; nor shall the general assembly indirectly enact such special or local law by the partial repeal of a general law; but laws repealing local or special acts may be passed; nor shall any law be passed granting powers or privileges in any case where the granting of such powers and privileges shall have been pro- vided for by general law, nor where the courts have jurisdiction to grant the same or give the relief asked for. — Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 34. The general assembly of this state shall not enact local or special laws concerning any of the following subjects or for any of the following purposes, to wit: 1. To change the names of persons or places. 2. To lay out, open, alter or work roads or highways. 213 3. To incorporate cities, towns or villages, or change, am^nd or ex- tend the charter thereof, 4. To incorporate educational, religious, charitable, social, manufac- turing or banking institutions not under control of the state, or amend or extend the charters thereof. 5. To incorporate school districts. 6. To authorize the adoption or legitimation of children. 7. To provide for the protection of game. 8. To summon and empanel grand or petit jurors. 9. To provide for the age at which citizens shall be subject to road or other public duty. 10. To fix the amount or manner of compensation to be paid to any county officer except that the laws may be so made as to grade the com- pensation in proportion to the population and necessary service required. 11. In all other cases, where a general law can be made applicable, no special law shall be enacted. 12. The general assembly shall forthwith enact general laws con- cerning said subjects for said purposes, which shall be uniform in their operations: Provided. That nothing contained in this section shall pro- hibit the general assembly from enacting special provisions in general laws. 13. The provisions of this section shall not apply to charitable and educational corporations where, under the terms of a gift, devise, or will, special incorporation may be required. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 23. The legislature is prohibited from enacting any private or special laws in the following cases: 1. Granting divorces. 2. Changing the names of persons or places, or constituting one person the heir at law of another. 3. Locating or changing county seats. 4. Regulating county and township affairs. 5. Incorporating cities, towns and villages or changing or amending the charter of any town, city or village, or laying out, opening, vacating or altering town plats, streets, wards, alleys and public ground. 0. Providing for sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under disability. 7. Authorizing persons to keep ferries across streams wholly within the state. 8. Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures. 9. Granting to an individual, association or corporation any special or exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever. 10. Providing for the management of common schools. 11. Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentages or allowances of public officers during the term for which said officers are elected or appointed. But the legislature may repeal any existing special law relating to the foregoing subdivisions. In all other cases where a general law can be applicable no special law shall be enacted. — 8'. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. G. The legislature shall have no power to change the names of persons, or to pass acts adopting or legitimatizing (legitimating or 214 legitimizing) persons; but shall, by general laws, confer this power on the courts. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 11. Sec. 56. The legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this constitution, pass any local or special law, authorizing — The creation, extension or impairing of liens; Regulating the affairs of counties, cities, towns, wards or school dis- tricts; Changing the names of persons or places; Changing the venue in civil or criminal cases; Authorizing the laying out, opening, altering or maintaining of roads, highways, streets or alleys; Relating to ferries or bridges, or incorporating ferry or bridge com- panies, except for the erection of bridges crossing streams which form boundaries between this and any other state; Vacating roads, town plats, streets or alleys; Relating to cemeteries, graveyards, or public grounds not of the state; Authorizing the adoption or legitimation of children ; Locating or changing county seats; Incorporating cities, towns or villages, or changing their charters; For the opening and conducting of elections, or fixing or changing the places of voting; Granting divorces; Creating offices, or prescribing the powers and duties of officers, in counties, cities, towns, election or school districts; Changing the law of descent or succession; Regulating the practice or jurisdiction of, or changing the rules of evidence in any judicial proceeding or inquiry before courts, justices of the peace, sheriff's, commissioners, arbitrators or other tribunals, or pro- viding or changing methods for the collection of debts, or the enforcing of judgments, or prescribing the effect of judicial sales of real estate; Regulating the fees, or extending the powers and duties of aldermen, justices of the peace, magistrates or constables; Regulating the management of public schools, the building or repair- ing of school houses, and the raising of money for such purposes; Fixing the rate of interest; Affecting the estates of minors, or persons under disability; Remitting fines, penalties and forfeitures, and refunding moneys legally paid into the treasury; Exempting property from taxation; Regulating labor, trade, mining and manufacturing; Declaring any named person of age; Extending the time for the assessment or collection of taxes, or other- wise relieving any assessor or collector of taxes from the due perform- ance of his official duties, or his securities from liability; Giving effect to informal or invalid wills or deeds; Summoning or impaneling grand or petit juries; For limitation of civil or criminal actions; For incorporating railroads or other works of internal improvements; And in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, no local or special law shall be enacted: Provided , That nothing herein contained shall be construed to prohibit the legislature from passing 215 special laws for the preservation of the game and fish of this state in certain localities. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 26. The legislature is prohibited from enacting any private or special laws in the following cases : First. — Granting divorce. Second. — Changing the names of persons or places, or constituting one person the heir-at-law of another. Third. — Locating or changing county seats. Fourth. — Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace. Fifth. — Punishing crimes and misdemeanors. Sixth. — Regulating the practice of courts of justice. Seventh. — Providing for a change of venue in civil or criminal actions. Eighth. — Assessing and collecting taxes. Ninth. — Regulating the interest on money. Tenth. — Changing the law of descent or succession. Eleventh. — Regulating county and township affairs. Twelfth. — Incorporating cities, towns or villages; changing or amend- ing the charter of any city, town or village; laying out, opening, vacat- ing or altering town plats, highways, streets, wards, alleys or public grounds. Thirteenth. — Providing for sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under disability. Fourteenth. — Authorizing persons to keep ferries across streams within the state. Fifteenth. — Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures. Sixteenth. — Granting to an individual, association or corporation any privilege, immunity or franchise. Seventeenth. — Providing foi^the management of common schools. Eighteenth. — Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentages or allowances of public officers during the term for which said officers are elected or appointed. The legislature may repeal any existing special law relating to the foregoing subdivisions. In all cases where a general law can be applicable, no special law shall be enacted. Nothing in this section shall be construed to deny or restrict the power of the legislature to establish and regulate the compensation and fees of county and township officers; to establish and regulate the rates of freight, passage, toll and charges of railroads, toll roads, ditch, flume and tunnel companies, incorporated under the laws of the state or doing business therein. — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 63. The general assembly shall confer on the courts power to grant divorces, change the names of persons, and direct the sale of* estates belonging to infants and other persons under legal disabilities, and shall not, by special legislation, grant relief in these or other cases of which the courts or other tribunals may have jurisdiction. The general assembly may regulate the exercise by courts of the right to punish for contempt. The general assembly shall not enact any local, special, or private law in the following cases : 216 1. For the punishment of crime. 2. Providing a change of venue in civil or criminal cases. 3. Regulating the practice in, or the jurisdiction of, or changing the rules of evidence in any judicial proceedings or inquiry before, the courts or other tribunals, or providing or changing the methods of col- lecting debts or enforcing judgments, or prescribing the effect of judicial sales of real estate. 4. Changing or locating county seats. 5. For the assessment and collection of taxes, except as to animals which the general assembly may deem dangerous to the farming in- terests. 6. Extending the time for the assessment or collection of taxes. 7. Exempting property from taxation. 8. Remitting, releasing, postponing, or diminishing any obligation or liability of any person, corporation, or association, to the state or to any political subdivision thereof. 9. Refunding money lawfully paid into the treasury of the state or the treasury of any political subdivision thereof. 10. Granting from the treasury of the state, or granting or authoriz- ing to be granted from the treasury of any political subdivision thereof, any extra compensation to any public officer, servant, agent, or con- tractor. 11. For conducting elections or designating the places of voting. 12. Regulating labor, trade, mining or manufacturing, or the rate of interest on money. 13. Granting any pension or pensions. 14. Creating, increasing, or decreasing, or authorizing to be created, increased, or decreased, the salaries, fees, percentages, or allowances of public officers during the term for which they are elected or appointed. 15. Declaring streams navigable, or authorizing the construction of booms or dams therein, or the removal of obstructions therefrom. 16. Affecting or regulating fencing or the boundaries of land, or the running at large of stock. 17. Creating private corporations, or amending, renewing, or extend- ing the charters thereof. 18. Granting to any private corporation, association, or individual any special or exclusive right, privilege or immunity. . 19. Naming or changing the name of any private corporation or asso- ciation. 20. Remitting the forfeiture of the charter of any private corporation except upon the condition that such corporation shall thereafter hold its charter subject to the provisions of this constitution and the laws passed in pursuance thereof. — Ya. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 28. The legislature is prohibited from enacting any private or special law’ in the following cases: 1. For changing the names of persons, or constituting one person the heir-at-law r of another. 2. For laying out, opening or altering highways, except in cases of state roads extending into more than one county, and military roads to aid in the construction of which lands shall have been or may be granted by congress. 3. For authorizing persons to keep ferries wholly within this state. 4. For authorizing the sale or mortgage of real or personal property of minors, or others under disability. o. For assessment or collection of taxes, or for extending the time of collection thereof. 6. For granting corporate powers or privileges. 7. For authorizing the apportionment of any part of the school fund. 8. For incorporating any town or village, or to amend the charter thereof. 9. From giving effect to invalid deeds, wills or other instruments. 10. Releasing or extinguishing, in whole or in part, the indebtedness, liability or other obligation of any person or corporation to this state, or to any municipal corporation therein. 11. Declaring any person of age, or authorizing any minor to sell, lease or encumber his or her property. 12. Legalizing, except as against the state, the unauthorized or in- valid act of any officer. 13. Regulating the rates of interest on money. 14. Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures. 15. Providing for the management of common schools. 16. Authorizing the adoption of children. 17. For limitation of civil or criminal action. 18. Changing county lines, locating or changing county seats : Pro- vided, This shall not be construed to apply to the creation of new coun- ties. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 39. The legislature shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases; that is to say for: Granting divorces ; Laying out, opening, altering and working roads or highways ; Vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public grounds; Locating or changing county seats; Regulating or changing county or district affairs; Providing for the sale of church property, or property held for charit- able uses; Regulating the practice in courts of justice; Incorporating cities, towns or villages, or amending the charter of any city, town, or village, containing a population of less than two thousand ; Summoning or impaneling grand or petit juries; The opening or conducting of any election, or designating the place of voting; The sale and mortgage of real estate belonging to minors, or others under disability; Chartering, licensing, or establishing ferries or toll bridges; Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures; Changing the laws of descent; Regulating the rates of interest; Authorizing deeds to be made for land sold for taxes; Releasing taxes; Releasing title to forfeited lands. The legislature shall provide, by general laws, for the foregoing and 28 — Legislative Dept. 218 all other cases for which provision can be made; and in no case shall a special act be passed, where a general law would be proper, and can be made applicable to the case, nor in any other case in which the courts have jurisdiction, and are competent to give the relief asked for. —W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 31. The legislature is prohibited from enacting any special or private laws in the following cases: 1st. For changing the name of persons or constituting one person the heir-at-law of another. 2d. For laying out, opening or altering highways except in cases of state roads extending into more than one county, and military roads, to aid in the construction of which lands may be granted by congress. 3d. For authorizing persons to keep ferries across streams, at j>oints wholly within this state. 4th. For authorizing the sale or mortgage of real or personal property of minors or others under disability. 5th. For locating or changing any county seat. 6th. For assessment or collection of taxes or for extending the time for collection thereof. 7th. for granting corporate powers or privileges, except to cities. 8th. For authorizing the apportionment of any part of the school fund. 9th. For incorporating any city, town or village, or to amend the charter thereof. — 11/8. (1848), Amend. Art. 4 (Arndt. 1871, 1892). Sec. 27. The legislature shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: For granting divorces; laying out, opening, altering or working roads or highways; vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys or public grounds; locating or chang- ing county seats; regulating county or township affairs; incorporation of cities, towns or villages; or changing or amending the charters of any cities, towns or villages; regulating the practice in courts of justice; regulating the. jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police magistrates or constables; changing the rules of evidence in any trial or inquiry; providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases; declaring any person of age; for limitation of civil actions giving effect to any informal or invalid deeds; summoning or impaneling grand or petit juries; providing for the management of common schools; regulat- ing the rate of interest on money; the opening or conducting of any election or designating the place of voting; Ihe sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under disability; chartering or licensing ferries or bridges or toll roads; chartering banks, insurance companies and loan and trust companies; remitting tines, penalties or forfeitures; creating, increasing, or decreasing fees, percentages or al- lowances of public officers; changing Ihe law of descent; granting to any corporation, association or individual, the right to lay down railroad tracks, or any special or exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise what- ever, or amending existing charter for such purpose; for punishment of crimes; changing the names of persons or places; for the assessment or collection of taxes; affecting estates of deceased persons, minors or others under legal disabilities; extending the time for the collection of taxes; refunding money paid into the state treasury; relinquishing or extinguishing, in whole or part, the indebtedness, liabilities or obliga tion of any corporation or person to this state or to any municipal corporation therein; exempting property from taxation; restoring to 219 * citizenship persons convicted of infamous crimes; authorizing the crea- tion. extension or impairing of liens; creating offices or prescribing the powers or duties of offices in counties, cities, townships or school districts; or authorizing the adoption or legitimation of children. In all other cases where a general law can be made applicable no special law shall be enacted. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. WHEN SPECIAL ACTS NOT TO DE PASSED. See. 105. No special, private or local law, except a law fixing the time of holding courts, shall be enacted in any case which is provided for by a general law, or when the relief sought can be given by any court of this state; and the courts and not the legislature, shall judge as to whether the matter of said law is provided for by a general law , and as to whether the relief sought can be given by any court; nor shall the legislature indirectly enact any such special, private or local law by the partial repeal of a general law\ — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 25. In all cases w T here a general law' can be made applicable no special law r shall be enacted; nor shall the operation of any general law' be suspended by the legislature for the benefit of any particular individual, corporation or association ; nor w here the courts have juris- diction to grant the pow'ers or the privileges or the relief asked for. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 60. The general assembly shall not indirectly enact any special or local act by the repeal in part of a general act, or by exempting from the operation of a general act any city, town, district or county; but law s repealing local or special acts may be enacted. No law shall be enacted granting pow'ers or privileges in any case where the grant- ing of such powers or privileges shall have been provided for by a gen- eral law, nor where the courts have jurisdiction to grant the same or to give the relief asked for. No law', except such as relates 'to the sale, loan or gift of vinous, spirituous or malt liquors, bridges, turnpikes, or other public roads, public buildings or improvements, fencing, run- ning at large of stock, matters pertaining to common schools, paupers, and the regulation by counties, cities, tow ns or other municipalities of their local affairs, shall be enacted to take effect upon the approval of any other authority than the general assembly, unless, otherwise ex- pressly provided in this constitution. — Ivy. (1891), Sec. 60. Art. 49. The general assembly shall not indirectly enact special or local law r s by the partial repeal of a general law; but law's repealing local or special law's may be passed. — La. (1898), Art. 49. Bee. TO. In all other cases w here a general law' can be made applicable, no special law r shall be enacted ; nor shall the legislative assembly in- directly enact such special or local law r by the partial repeal of a gen- eral law r ; but laws repealing local or special acts may be passed. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. % 220 Sec. 87. No special or local law shall be enacted for the benefit of in- dividuals or corporations, in cases which are or can be provided for by general law, or where the relief sought can be given by any court of this state; nor shall the operation of any general law be suspended by the legislature for the benefit of any individual or private corporation or association, and in all cases where a general law can be made applicable, and would be advantageous, no special law shall be enacted. — -Miss, (1890), Art. 4. NOTICE OF SPECIAL LEGISLATION. Sec. 10P). No special, private or local law shall be passed on any sub- ject not enumerated in section 104 of this constitution, except in refer- ence to fixing the time of holding courts, unless notice of the intention to apply therefor shall have been published, without cost to the state, in the county or counties where the matter or thing to be affected may lie situated, which notice shall state the substance of the proposed law and be published at least once a week for four consecutive weeks in some newspaper published in such county or counties, or if there is no news- paper published therein, then by posting the said notice for four con- secutive weeks at five different places in the county or counties prior to the introduction of the bill; and proof by affidavit that said notice has been given shall be exhibited to each house of the legislature, and said proof spread upon the journal. The courts shall pronounce void every special, private or local law which the journals do not affirmatively show was passed in accordance with the provisions of this section. — Ala* 1 1001 1 , Art . 4. Sec. 107. The legislature shall not, by special, private or local law, repeal or modify any special, private or local law except upon notice be- ing given and shown as provided in the last preceding section. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 20. No local or special bill shall be passed, unless notice of the intention to apply therefor shall have been published in the locality where the matter or the thing to be affected may be situated, which notice shall be at least thirty days prior to the introduction into the general assembly of such bill, and in the manner to be provided by law. The evidence of such notice having been published shall be exhibited in the general assembly before such act shall be passed. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 21. In all cases enumerated in the preceding section, all laws shall be general and of uniform operation throughout the state, but in all cases not enumerated or excepted in that section the legislature may pass special or local laws: Provided . That no local or special bill shall be passed, unless notice of the intention to apply therefor shall have been published in the locality where the matter or thing to be affected may be situated, which notice shall state the substance of the contemplated law, and shall be published at least sixty days prior to the introduction into the legislature of such bill, and in the manner to be provided by law. The evidence that such notice has been published shall be estab- lisbed in the legislature before such bill shall be passed. — Fla. (1885), Art. 5. Sec. 7. Par. 16. No local or special bill shall be passed, unless notice of the intention to apply therefor shall have been published in the locality where the matter, or thing to be affected, may be situated, which notice shall be given at least thirty days prior to the introduction of such bill into the general assembly and in the manner to be prescribed by law. The evidence of such notice having been published shall be exhibited in the general assembly before such act shall be passed. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Art. 50. No local or special law shall be passed on any subject not enumerated in article 48 of this constitution, unless notice of the inten- tion to apply therefor shall have been published, without cost to the state, in the locality where the matter or thing to be affected may be situated, which notice shall state the substance of the contemplated law. and shall be published at least thirty days prior to the introduction into the general assembly of such bill, and in the same manner provided by law for the advertisement of judicial sales. The evidence of such notice having been published, shall be exhibited in the general assembly before such act shall be passed, and every such act shall contain a recital that such notice has been given. — La. (1898), Art. 50. Sec. 54. No local or special law shall be passed unless notice of the intention to apply therefor shall have been published in the locality where the matter or thing to be affected may be situated, which notice shall state the substance of the contemplated law, and shall be published at least thirty days prior to the introduction into the general assembly of such bill, and in the manner to be provided by law. The evidence of such notice having been published shall be exhibited in the general assembly before such act shall be passed, and the notice shall be re- cited in the act according to its tenor. — Mo. (1785), Art. 4. 9. No private, special or local bill shall be passed unless public notice of the intention to apply therefor, and of the general object there- of, shall have been previously given. The legislature, at the next ses- sion after the adoption hereof, and from time to time thereafter, shall prescribe the time and mode of giving such notice, the evidence thereof, and how such evidence shall be preserved. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 7, Cl. 9. Sec. 12.’ The general assembly shall not pass any private law, unless it shall be made to appear that thirty days’ notice of application to pass such a law shall have been given, under such direction and in such man- ner as shall be provided by law. — A. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 32. No special or local law shall be considered by the legislature until notice of the intended introduction of such bill or bills shall first have been published for four consecutive weeks in some weekly news- paper published or of general circulation in the city or county affected by such law, stating in substance the contents thereof, and verified proof ' 909 of such publication filed with the secretary of state. — Okla. (1907 ) r Art. 5. Sec. 8. No local or special bill shall be passed unless notice of the intention to apply therefor have been published in the locality where the matter or thing to be affected may be situated, which notice shall be at least thirty days prior to the introduction into the general assem- bly of such bill and in the manner to be provided by law; the evidence of such notice having been published shall be exhibited in the general assembly before such act shall be passed. — Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec-. 57. No local or special law shall be passed unless notice of the intention to apply therefore shall have been published in the locality where the matter or thing to be affected may be situated, which notice shall state the substance of the contemplated law, and shall be published at least thirty days prior to the introduction into the legislature of such bill and in the manner to be provided by law. The evidence of such no- tice having been published shall be exhibited in the legislature l>efore such act shall be passed. — Tea-. (1875), Art. 3. COMMITTEE OX SPECIAL LEGISLATION. Sec. 89. There shall l>e appointed in each house of the legislature a standing committee on local and private legislation; the house com- mittee to consist of seven representatives, and the senate committee of five senators. No local or private bill shall be passed by either house until it shall have been referred to said committee thereof, and shall have been reported back with a recommendation in writing that it do pass, stating affirmatively the reasons therefor, and why the end to be accomplished should not l>e reached by a general law, or by a pro- ceeding in court ; or if the recommendation of the committee be that the bill do not pass, then it shall not pass the house to which it is so re- ]>orted unless it be voted for by a majority of all the members elected thereto. Jf a bill is passed in conformity to the requirements hereof, other than such as are prohibited in the next section, the courts shall not, because of its local, special, or private nature, refuse to enforce it. —Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 51. There shall be a joint committee of the general assembly, consisting of seven members appointed by the house of delegates, and five members appointed by the senate, which shall be a standing commit- tee on special, private, and local legislation. Before reference to a com- mittee, as provided by section 50, any special, private, or local bill introduced into either house shall be referred to and considered by such joint committee and returned to the house in which it originated with a statement in writing whether the object of the bill can be accomplished under general law or by court proceeding; whereupon, the bill, with the accompanying statement, shall take the course provided by section 50. The joint committee may be discharged from the consideration of a bill by the house in which it originated in the manner provided in section 50 for the discharge of other committees. — Va. (1902), Art. 4, See. 51, GENERAL LAWS ENJOINED. Sec. 109. The Legislature shall pass general laws under which local and private interests shall be provided for and protected. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 110. A general law within the meaning of this article is a law which applies to the whole state; a local law is a law which ap- plies to any political subdivision or subdivisions of the state less than the whole; a special or private law' within the meaning of this article is one which applies to an individual, association or corporation. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 13. The legislature shall, from time to time, provide, as far as practicable, by general laws, for all matters usually appertaining to special or private legislation. — Me. (1819), Art. 4. Part 3. Sec. 34. The legislature shall provide general laws for the transac- tion of any business that may be prohibited by section one (1) of this amendment, and all such law's shall be uniform in their operation throughout the state. — Minn. (1857), Art. 4, (Arndt. 1881). Sec. 88. The legislature shall pass general laws, under which local and private interests shall be provided for and protected, and under which cities and tow'ns may be chartered and their charters amended, and under which corporations may be created, organized, and their acts of incorporation altered ; and all such laws shall be subject to re- peal or amendment. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 64. In all the cases enumerated in the last section, and in every other case which, in its judgment, may be provided for by general law's, the general assembly shall enact general law's. Any general law shall be subject to amendment or repeal, but the amendment or partial repeal thereof shall not operate directly or indirectly to enact, and shall not have the effect of the enactment of a special, private, or local law. No general or special law' shall surrender or suspend the right and power of the state, or any political subdivision thereof, to tax corpora- tions and corporate property, except as authorized by article thirteen. No private corporation, association, or individual shall be specially ex- empted from the operation of any general law, nor shall its operation be suspended for the benefit of auy private corporation, association, or individual. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. LAWS TO HAVE UNIFORM OPERATION. Sec. 96. The legislature shall not enact any law' not applicable to all the counties in the state, regulating costs and charges of courts, or fees, commissions or allowances of public officers. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 11. All law's of a general nature shall have a uniform operation. —Cal. (1880), Art. 1. 224 Sec. 4. Par. 1. Laws of a general nature shall have uniform opera- tion throughout the state, and no special law shall be enacted in any case for which provision has been made by an existing general law. No general law affecting private rights shall be varied in any particular case by special legislation, except with the free consent, in writing, of all persons affected thereby; and no person under legal disability to con- tract is capable of such consent. — Ga. (1877) , Art. 1. Sec. 23. In all the cases enumerated in the preceding section, and in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general and of uniform operation throughout the state. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4, Sec. 23. Sec. 17. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform opera- tion throughout the state; and in all cases where a general law can be made applicable, no special law shall be enacted. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 91. The legislature shall not enact any law for one or more counties, not applicable to all the counties in the state, increasing the uniform charge for the registration of deeds, or regulating costs and and charges and fees of officers. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 19. All laws relating to courts shall be general, and of uniform operation, and the organization, jurisdiction, powers, proceedings, and practice of all courts of the same class or grade so far as regulated by law and the force and effect of the proceedings, judgments, and decrees of such courts, several, shall be uniform. — X eh. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 11. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation. — N. Dak. (1889), Ari. 1. Sec. 26. All laws of a general nature, shall have uniform operation throughout the state, nor, shall any act, except such as relates to public schools, be passed, to take effect upon the approval of any other au- thority than the general assembly, except, as otherwise provided in this constitution . — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 59. Laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation throughout the state, and where a general law can be made applicable; no special law shall be enacted. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 24. All laws of a general nature havemniform operation . — Utah (1896), Art. 1. Sec. 34. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation. —Wi/o. (1889), Art. 1. PROHIBITED LEGISLATION. :Sec. 74. No act of the legislature shall authorize the investment of any trust fund by executors, administrators, guardians or other trustees 225 in the bonds or stocks of any private corporation; and any such acts now existing are avoided, saving investments heretofore made. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 100. No obligation or liability of any person, association or cor- poration held or owned by this state, or by any county or other munici- pality thereof, shall ever be remitted, released or postponed, or in any way diminished, by the legislature; nor shall such liability or obligation be extinguished except by payment thereof; nor shall such liability, or obligation be exchanged or transferred except upon payment of its face value: Provided, That this section shall not prevent the legislature from providing by general law for the compromise of doubtful claims. — AM. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 108. The operation of a general law shall not be suspended for the benefit of any individual, private corporation or association; nor shall any individual, private corporation or association be exempted from the operation of any general law except as in this article otherwise provided. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 7. Par. 19. The general assembly shall have no power to re- lieve principals or securities upon forfeited recognizances, from the pay- ment thereof, either before or after judgment thereon, unless the princi- pal in the recognizance shall have apprehended and placed in the custody of the proper officer. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 23. The general assembly shall have no power to release or ex- tinguish, in whole or in part, the indebtedness, liability or obligation of any corporation or individual to this state or to. any municipal cor- poration therein. — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 52. The general assembly shall have no power to release, ex- tinguish, or authorize the releasing or extinguishing, in whole or in part, the indebtedness or liability of any corporation or individual to this commonwealth, or to any county or municipalitv thereof. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 52. Art. 51. No law shall be passed fixing the price of manual labor. —La. (1898), Art. 51. Art. 59. The general assembly shall have no power to release or ex- tinguish, or to authorize the releasing or extinguishment, in whole or in part, of the indebtedness, liability or obligation of any corporation or individual to the state, or to any parish or municipal corporation thereof: Provided , The heirs to confiscated property may be released from all taxes due thereon at the date of its reversion to them. — La. (1898), Art. 59. Art. 237. The legislature shall pass no law postponing the payment of taxes, except in case of overflow, general conflagration, general de- struction of crops, or other public calamity. — La. (1898), Art. 237. 29 — Legislative Dept. 226 Sec. 97. The legislature shall have no power to revive any remedw which may have become barred by lapse of time, or by any statute of limitation of this state. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 37. No act of the legislative assembly shall authorize the in- vestment of trust funds by executors, administrators, guardians or trustees in the bonds or stock of any private corporation. — Mont , (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 39. No obligation or liability of any person, association or cor- poration, held or owned by the state, or any municipal corporation therein, shall ever be exchanged, transferred, remitted, released or post- poned, or in any way diminished by the legislative assembly; nor shall such liability or obligation be extinguished, except by the payment thereof into the proper treasury. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 52. The legislature shall have no power to revive any right or remedy which may have become barred by lapse of time, or by any statute of the state. After suit has been commenced on any cause of action, the legislature shall have no power to take away such cause of action, or destroy any existing defense to such suit. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5- Sec. 53. The legislature shall have no power to release or extin- guish, or authorize the releasing or extinguishing, in whole or in part, the indebtedness, liabilities, or obligations of any corporation, or indi- vidual, to this state, or any county or other municipal corporation thereof. — Okla. (1907), Art. 6. Sec. 22. No act of the general assembly shall authorize the invest- ment of trust funds by executors, administrators, guardians, or other trustees in the bonds or stock of any private corporation, and such acts now existing are avoided, saving investments heretofore made. — Pa, < 1893), Art . 3. Sec. 24. The legislature shall have no power to release or extin- guish, in whole or in part, the indebtedness, liability or obligation of any corporation or individual to this state, or to any municipal cor- poration therein. — 8. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 43. No man or set of men shall ever be exempted, relieved or dis- charged, from the performance of any public duty or service imposed by general law, by any special law. Exemptions from the performance of such public dutv or service shall only be made by general law. — Tex. (1875), Art. 16.* Sec. 54. The legislature shall have no power to release or alienate any lien held by the state upon any railroad, or in anywise change the tenor or meaning or pass any act explanatory thereof; but the same shall be enforced in accordance with the original terms upon which it was ac- quired. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 55. The legislature shall have no power to release or extin- 227 guish, or to authorize the releasing or extinguishing, in whole or in part, the indebtedness, liability or obligation of any incorporation or indi- vidual to this state, or to any county, or other municipal corporation therein. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 27. The legislature shall have no power to release or extin- guish, in whole or in part, the indebtedness, liability or obligation of any corporation or person to the state, or to any municipal corporation therein. — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 38. No act of the legislature shall authorize the investment of trust funds by executors, administrators, guardians or trustees, in the bonds or stock of any private corporation. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 39. The legislature shall have no power to pass any law author- izing the state or any county in the state to contract any debt or obliga- tion in the construction of any railroad, or give or loan its credit to or in aid of the construction of the same. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 40. No obligation or liability of any person, association or cor- poration, held or owned by the state, or any municipal corporation therein, shall ever be exchanged, transferred, remitted, released or postponed, or in any way diminished by the legislature; nor shall such liability or obligation be extinguished, except by the payment thereof into the proper treasury. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. DEFAULTERS, ETC., INELIGIBLE. (34) Sec. 30. No collector , holder nor disl)urser of public moneys shall have a seat in the legislature, nor be eligible to any office of trust or profit**under this state, until he shall have accounted for and paid over, as provided by laiv, aU sums of money he may be liable. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 60. No person convicted of embezzlement of the public money, bribery, perjury, or other infamous crime, shall be eligible to the legis- lature or capable of holding any office of trust or profit in this state. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 8. No person who now is or shall be hereafter a collector or holder of public money, nor any assistant or deputy of such holder or collector of public money, shall be eligible to a seat in either house of the general assembly, nor to any office of trust or profit, until he shall have accounted for and paid over all sums for which he may have been liable. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 9. No person hereafter convicted of embezzlement of public money, bribery, forgery or other infamous crime shall be eligible to the general assembly or capable of holding any office of trust or profit in this state. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. 228 Sec. 21. No person convicted of the embezzlment or defalcation of the public funds of the United States, or of any state or of any county or municipality therein, shall ever be eligible to any office or honor, trust, tr profit under this state, and the legislature shall provide, by law, for the punishment of embezzlement or defalcation as a felony. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 4. No person hereafter convicted of embezzlement of public money, bribery, perjury, solicitation of bribery, or subornation of per- jury, shall be eligible to the general assembly, or capable of holding any office of trust ol* profit in this state. — Colo. (1S76), Art . 12. Sec. 21. No person who shall be convicted of embezzlement of the public money, bribery, perjury or other infamous crime, shall be eligible to a seat in either house of the general assembly, or capable of holding anv office of trust, honor or profit under this state. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 24. The state treasure shall settle his accounts annually with the general assembly or a joint committee thereof, which shall be ap- pointed at every biennal session. No person who has served in the office of state treasurer shall be eligible to a seat in either house of the gen- eral assembly until he shall have made a final settlement of his accounts as treasurer and discharged the balance, x if anv, due thereon. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 4. No person who has been, or hereafter shall be, convicted of bribery, perjury or other infamous crime, nor any person who has been or may be a collector or holder of public moneys, who shall not have accounted for and paid over, according to law, all such moneys due from him, shall be eligible to the general assembly, or to any office of profit or trust in this state. — III, (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 10. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of public moneys, shall be eligible to any office of trust or profit until he shall have accounted for and paid over, according to law, all sums for which he may be liable. — Ind. (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 23. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of public moneys, shall have a seat in either house of the general assembly, or be eligible to hold any office of trust or profit in this state, until he shall have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums for which he may be liable . — Ioicu (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 6. No person convicted of embezzlement or misuse of the public funds shall have a seat in the legislature. — Kan, (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 45. No person who may have been a collector of taxes or public moneys for the commonwealth, or for any county, city, town or district, or the assistant or deputy of such collector, shall be eligible to the gen- eral assembly, unless he shall have obtained a quietus six months be- 229 fore the election for the amount of such collection, and for all public moneys for which he may have been responsible. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 45. Art. 182. No person who, at any time, may have been a collector of taxes, whether state, parish, or municipal, or who may have been other- wise entrusted with public money, shall be eligible to the general assem- bly, or to any office of honor, profit, or trust, under the state govern- ment, or any parish, or municipality thereof, until he shall have ob- tained a discharge *for the amount of such collections, and for all public mone 3 T s with which he may have been entrusted; and the general as- sembly is empowered to enact laws providing for the suspension of pub- lic officials charged with the collection of public money, when such offi- cials fail to account for same. — La. (1898), Art. 182. Sec. 12. No collector, receiver or holder of public money shall be eligible as senator or delegate, or to any office of profit or trust under this state, until he shall have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums on the books thereof charged to and due by him. — Mel. (1867), Sec. 43. No person liable as principal for public moneys un accounted for shall be eligible to a seat in either house of the legislature, or to any office of profit or trust, until he shall have accounted for and paid over all sums for which he may have been liable. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 19. That no person who is now or may hereafter become a col- lector or receiver of public money, or assistant or deputy of such col- lector or receiver, shall be eligible to any office of trust or profit in the state of Missouri under the laws thereof, or of any municipality therein, until he shall have accounted for and paid over all the public money for which he may be accountable. — No. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 7. No person hereafter convicted of embezzlement of public moneys, bribery, perjury or other infamous crime, shall be eligible to the general assembly, or capable of holding any office of trust or profit in this commonwealth.— Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 4. No person who has been, or hereafter shall be convicted of bribery, perjury, or other infamous crime, nor any person who has been, or may be collector or holder of public moneys, who shall not have accounted for and paid over, according to law, all such moneys due from him shall be eligible to the legislature or to any office in either branch thereof. — S. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 25. No person who heretofore hath been, or may hereafter be, a col- lector or holder of public moneys, shall have a seat in either house of the general assembly, or hold any other office under the state government, until such person shall have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums for which he may be accountable or liable. — Term. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 20. No person who at any time may have been a collector of taxes, or who may have been otherwise entrusted with public money, 230 shall be eligible to the legislature, ot to any office of profit or trust under the state government, until he shall have obtained a discharge for the amount of such collections, or for all public moneys with which he may have been entrusted. — Tex . (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 14. No person who has been, or hereafter shall be convicted of bribery, perjury, or other infamous crime, shall be eligible to a seat in the legislature. No person who may have collected or been entrusted with public money, whether state, county, township, district, or other municipal organization, shall be eligible to the legislature, or to any office of honor, trust or profit in this state until he shall have duly accounted for and paid over such monev according to law. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. PRIVATE CLAIMS. (35) Sec. 31. The legislature shall not audit nor allow any private claim or account. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 58. The general assembly shall neither audit nor allow any private claim against the commonwealth, except for expenses incurred during the session at which the same was allowed; but may appropriate money to pay such claim as shall have been audited and allowed accord- ing to law. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 58. Art. 47. The general assembly shall have no power to grant or to authorize any parish or municipal authority to grant any extra com- pensation, fee or allowance to a public officer, agent, servant or contrac- tor, nor pay, nor authorize the payment, of any claim against the state, or any parish or municipality thereof, under any agreement or con tract made without express authority of law; and all such unauthorized agreements or contracts shall be null and void. — La. (1898), Art. 47. Sec. 52. The general assembly shall appropriate no money out of the treasury for payment of any private claim against the state exceed- ing three hundred dollars, unless said claim shall have been first pre- sented to the comptroller of the treasury, together with the proofs upon which the same is founded, and reported upon by him. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 19. The legislature shall neither audit nor allow any private claim or account against the state, but may appropriate money to pay such claims as shall have been audited and allowed according to law. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. FINAL ADJOURNMENT. (36) Sec. 32. The legislature , on the day of final adjournment , shall adjourn at twelve o’clock at noon. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. 231 TIME AND PLACE OF MEETING; ADJOURNMENT. (37) Sec. 33. The legislature shall meet at the seat of government on the first Wednesday in January , in the year one thousand eight hun- dred and sixty-one , and on the first Wednesday of January in every second year thereafter , and at no other place or time unless as provided in the constitution of the state , and shall adjourn without day at such time as the legislature shall fix by concurrent resolution. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 48. The legislature shall meet quadrennially at the capitol, in the senate chamber, and in the hall of the house of representatives, on the second Tuesday in January next succeeding their flection, or on such other day as may be prescribed by law; and shall not remain in session longer than sixty days at the first session held under this con- stitution, nor longer than fifty days at any subsequent session. If at any time it should from any cause become impossible or dangerous for the legislature to meet or remain at the capitol or for the senate to meet or remain in the senate chamber, or for the representatives to meet or remain in the hall of the house of representatives, the governor may convene the legislature, or remove it, after it has convened, to some -other place, or may designate some other place for the sitting of the respective houses, or either of them, as necessity may require. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 5. The general assembly shall meet at the seat of government every two years on the first Tuesday after the second Monday in Novem- ber until said time be altered by law. — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 3. There shall be a stated session of the general assembly in Hart- ford on the Wednesday after the first Monday of January, 1877, and [biennially] thereafter on the Wednesday after the first Monday of Janu- ary. — Conn. (1818), Arndt. Art. 16. Sec. 4. The regular sessions of the general assembly shall commence on the Wednesday following the first Monday of the January next suc- ceeding the election of its members. — Conn. (1818), Arndt. Art. 27. Sec. 4. The general assembly shall meet on the first Tuesday of January, biennially, and at such other times as the governor shall con- vene the same. — Del. (1897), Art. 2. Sec. 2. The sessions of the legislature shall commence at twelve o’clock m. on the first Monday after the first day of January next succeeding the election of its members, and after the election held in the year eighteen liundred and eighty shall be biennial, unless the governor shall, in the interim, convene the legislature by proclamation. No pay shall be allowed the members for a longer time than sixty days, except for the first session after the adoption of this constitution, for which they may be allowed pay for one hundred days. And no bill shall be intro- duced in either house after the expiration of ninety days from the com- mencement of the first session, nor after fifty days after the commence- 232 ment of each succeeding session, without the consent of two-thirds of the members thereof. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 7. The general assembly shall meet at 12 o’clock, noon, on the first Wednesday in November, A. D. 1876; and at 12 o’clock, noon, on the first Wednesday in January, A. D. 1879, and at 12 o’clock noon, on the’ first Wednesday in January of each alternate year foreyer there- after, and at other times when convened by the governor. The term of service of the members thereof shall begin on the first Wednesday of November next after their election, until otherwise provided bv law. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 2. The regular sessions of the legislature shall be held biennially, commencing on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in April, A. D. 1887, and on the corresponding day of every second year thereafter, but the governor may convene the same in extra session by his proclama- tion. Regular sessions of the legislature may extend to sixty days, but no special session convened bv the governor shall exceed twenty davs. — Fla, (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 4. Par. 3. The first meeting of the general assembly, after the ratification of this constitution, shall be on the fourth Wednesday in October, 1878, and annually thereafter, on the same day, until the day shall be changed by law. But nothing herein contained shall be con- strued to prevent the governor from calling an extra session of the gen- eral assembly before the first Wednesday in November, 1878, if, in his opinion, the public good shall require it. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 8. The sessions of the legislature shall, after the first session thereof, be held biennially, at the capitol of the state, commencing on the first Monday after* the first day of January, and every second year thereafter, unless a different day shall have been appointed by law, and at other times when convened by the governor . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 9. The sessions of the general assembly shall be held biennially, at the capitol of the state, commencing on the Thursday next after the first Monday of January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, and on the same day of every second year thereafter, unless a different day or place shall have been appointed by law. But if, in the opinion of the governor, the public welfare shall require it, he may, at any time, by proclamation, call a special session. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec. 2. The sessions of the general assembly shall be biennial and shall commence on the second Monday in January next ensuing the elec- tion of its members ; unless the governor of the state shall, in the mean- time convene the general assembly bv proclamation . — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 25. All sessions of the legislature shall be held at the state capital, and beginning with the session of eighteen hundred and seventy- seven, all regular sessions shall be held once in two years, commencing 233 on the second Tuesday of January of each alternate year thereafter. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2 (Amdt. 1875). Sec. 36. The first general assembly, the members of which shall he elected under this constitution, shall meet on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January, eighteen hundred and ninety-four, and there- after the general assembly shall meet on the same day every second year, and its sessions shall be held at the seat of government, except in case of war, insurrection or pestilence, when it may, by proclamation of the governor, assemble, for the time being, elsewhere. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 36. Art. 23. The general assembly shall meet at the seat of government on the third day of May, 1898, at 12 o’clock noon, and bieniallv there- after, on the second Monday of May, and the sessions thereof shall be limited to sixty days. Should a vacancy occur in either house, the gov- ernor shall order an election to fill such vacancy for the remainder of the term. — La. (1898), Art. 23. Sec. 1. The legislature shall convene on the first Wednesday of Jan- uary, annually, and shall have full power to make and establish all rea- sonable laws and regulations for the defense and benefit of the people of this state, not repugnant to this constitution, nor to that of the United States. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 3. Art. 12. That for redress of grievances, and for amending, strength- ening, and for preserving the laws, the legislature ought to be frequently convened. — Md. (1867), Dec. of Rights. Sec. 14. The general assembly shall meet on the first Wednesday of January, eighteen hundred and sixty -eight, and on the same day in every second year thereafter, and at no other time, unless convened by procla- mation of the governor. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Art. 22. The legislature ought frequently to assembly for the redress of grievances, for' correcting, strengthening, and confirming the laws, and for making new laws, as the common good may require. — Mass. (1780), Part 1. Sec. 20. The general assembly elected in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six shall meet on the first Wednesday after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven; and thereafter the general assembly shall meet in regular session once only in every two years; and such meeting shall be on the first Wednesday after the first day of January next after the election of the members thereof. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 6. The legislative assembly (except the first), shall meet at the seat of government at twelve o’clock, noon, on the first Monday of Jan- uary, next succeeding the general election provided by law, and at twelve o’clock, noon, on the first Monday of January, of each alternate year thereafter, and at other times when convened by the governor. The term of service of the members thereof shall begin the next day 30 — Legislative Dept. 234 after their election, until otherwise provided by law : Provided , That the first legislative assembly shall meet at the seat of government upon the proclamation of the governor after the admission of the state into the union, upon a day to be named in said proclamation, and which shall not be more than fifteen nor less than ten days after the admission of the state into the union. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 2. The sessions of the legislature shall be biennial, and shall commence on the third Monday of January next ensuing the election of members of the assembly, unless the governor of the state shall, in the interim, convene the legislature by proclamation. — Nev. (1864), Art . 4 ( Amdt . 1889). Art. 3. The senate and house shall assemble biennially, on the first Wednesday of January, and at such other times as they may judge necessary, and shall dissolve and be dissolved seven days next preceding the said first Wednesday of January biennially, and shall be styled the general court of New Hampshire. — N. H., Part 2, Art. 3. Art. 31. The legislature shall assemble for the redress of public griev- ances and for making such laws as the public good may require. — N. H., Part 1, Art. 31. Art. 32. And, that there may be a due meeting of senators on the first Wednesday of January, biennially, the governor and a majority of the council for the time being shall, as soon as may be, examine the returned copies of such records, and, fourteen days before the first Wednesday of January, he shall issue his summons to such persons a» appear to be chosen senators by a majority of votes to attend and take their seats on that day : Provided , nevertheless , That, for the first year, the said returned copies shall Ik 1 examined by the president and a ma- jority of the council then in office; and the said president shall, in like manner, notify the persons elected to attend and take their seats accord- ingly. \ . rari 2. Art . 32. Sec. 2. The senate and house of representatives shall meet bien- nially on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January next after their election ; and, when assembled, shall be denominated the gen- eral assembly. Neither house shall proceed upon public business unless a majority of all the members are actually present. — N. C. (1875), Art . 9 Sec. 53. The legislative assembly shall meet at the seat of the govern- ment at twelve o’clock noon on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January, in the year next following the election of the members there- of. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 55. The sessions of the legislative assembly shall be biennial,, except as otherwise provided in this constitution. — N. Dak. (1889), Art . 2 . Sec. 25. All regular sessions of the general assembly shall commence^ 235 on the first Monday of January, bienially. The first session, under this constitution, shall commence on the first Monday of January, one thou- sand, eight hundred and fifty-two . — Ohio (1851) , Art. 2. Sec. 26. The members of the legislature shall meet at the seat of gov- ernment on the first Tuesday after the Monday in January at twelve o’clock noon, in the year next succeeding their election, or upon such other day as may be provided by law. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 27. The legislature shall hold regular biennial sessions as herein provided, but this shall not prevent the calling of a special session of the legislature by the governor. — Okla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 10. The sessions of the legislative assembly shall be held bien- nially. at the capital of the state, commencing on the second Monday of September, in the year eighteen hundred and fifty-eight, and on the same day of every second year thereafter, unless a different day shall have been appointed by law. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 4. The general assembly shall meet at twelve o’clock noon, on the first Tuesday of January every second year, and at other times when convened by the governor, but shall hold no adjourned annual session after the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight. In case of a vacancy in the office of United States senator from this common- wealth, in a recess between sessions, the governor shall convene the two houses, by proclamation on notice not exceeding sixty days, to fill the same. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 3. The general assembly ought frequently to assemble for the redress of grievances and for making new laws, as the common good may require. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 1. Sec. 9. The annual session of the general assembly heretofore elected, fixed by the constitution of the year eighteen hundred and sixty-eight to convene on the fourth Tuesday of November, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-five, is hereby postponed, and the same shall be convened and held in the city of Columbia on the second Tuesday of January, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-six. The first session of the general assembly elected under this constitution shall convene in Columbia on the second Tuesday in January, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety- seven, and thereafter annually at the same time and place. Should the casualties of war or contagious disease render it unsafe to meet at the seat of government, then the governor may, by proclamation, appoint a more secure and convenient place of meeting. Members of the general assembly shall not receive any compensation for more than forty days of any one session : Provided, That this limitation shall not affect the first four sessions of the general assemblv under this constitution. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 7. The legislature shall meet at the seat of government on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of January at 12 o’clock m., in the 236 year next ensiling the election of members thereof, and at no other time except as provided by this constitution. — 8. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 8. The first session of the general assembly shall commence on the first Monday in October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, at which time the term of service of the members shall commence, and expire on the first Tuesday of November, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, at which session the governor elected on the second Tuesday in November, one thousand eight hundred and seventy, shall be inaugur- ated ; and forever thereafter, the general assembly shall meet on the first Monday in January next ensuing the election, at which session thereof the governor shall be inaugurated. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 5. The legislature shall meet every two years, at such time as may be provided bv law, and at other times when convened bv the governor. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 2. Regular sessions of the legislature shall be held biennially at the seat of government; and, except the first session thereof shall begin on the second Monday in January next after the election of members of the house of representatives. — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Sec. 1. The general assembly shall meet on the first Wednesday of October, biennially; the first election shall be on the first Tuesday of September, A. D. 1870; the first session of the general assembly on the first Wednesday of October, A. D. 1870. — Vt. (1793), ( Amdt .) Art. 24. Sec. 46. The general assembly shall meet once in two years on the second Wednesday in January next succeeding the election of the mem- bers of the house of delegates and not oftener unless convened in the manner prescribed by this constitution. No session of the general as- sembly, after the first under this constitution, shall continue longer than sixty days ; but with the concurrence of three-fifths of the members elected to each house, the session may be extended for a period not exceeding thirty days. Except for the first session held under this constitution, members shall be allowed a salary for not exceeding sixty days at any regular session, and for not exceeding thirty days at any extra session. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn to another place nor for more than three days. A majority of the members elected to each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and shall have power to compel the attendance of members in such manner and under such penalty as each house may prescribe. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 12. The first legislature shall meet on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in November, A. D. 1889. The second legislature shall meet on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January, A. D. 1891, and sessions of the legislature will be held biennially thereafter, unless specially convened by the governor, but the times of meeting of subsequent sessions may be changed by the legislature. After the first legislature the sessions shall not be more than sixtv davs. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. 237 Sec. 18. The legislature shall assemble at the seat of government bien- nially and not oftener, unless convened by the governor. The first session of the legislature, after the adoption of this constitution, shall com- mence on the third Tuesday of November, 1872, and the regular bien- nial session of the legislature shall commence on the second Wednesday of Januarv, 1875, and every two years thereafter, on the same day.— W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 11. The legislature shall meet at the seat of government at such time as shall be provided by law, once in two years and no oftener, unless convened by the governor in special session, and when so convened no business shall be transacted except as shall be necessary to accomplish the special purposes for which it was convened. — Wis. (1848), ( Amdt .) Art. 4. Sec. 7. The legislature shall meet at the seat of government at twelve o’clock, noon, on the second Tuesday of January, next succeeding the general election provided by law, and at twelve o’clock, noon, on the second Tuesday of January of each alternate year thereafter, and at other times when convened by the governor. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. ELECTION OF MEMBERS. (38) Sec. 34. The election of senators and representatives , pursuant to the provisions of this constitution , shall he held on the Tuesday suc- ceeding the first Monday of November, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, and on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November of every second year thereafter. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 46. Senators and representatives shall be elected by the qualified electors on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, unless the legislature shall change the time of holding elections, and in every fourth year thereafter. The terms of office of the senators and repre- sentatives shall commence on the day after the general election at which they are elected, and expire on the day after the general election held in the fourth year after their election, except as otherwise provided in this constitution. At the general election in the year nineteen hundred and two all the representatives, together with the senators for the even numbered districts and for the thirty-fifth district, shall be elected. The terms of those senators who represent the odd numbered districts under the law in force prior to the ratification of this constitution are hereby extended until the day after the general election in the year nineteen hundred and six; and until the expiration of his terms as hereinbefore extended, each such senator shall represent the district established by this constitution bearing the number corresponding with that for which he was elected. In the year nineteen hundred and six, and in every fourth year thereafter, all the senators and representatives shall be elected. Whenever a vacancy shall occur in either house the governor shall issue a writ of election to fill such vacancv for the remainder of the term. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. 238 Sec. 8. The general elections shall be held biennially, on the first Monday of September; but the general assembly may by law fix a differ- ent time. — Ark. (1874), Art. 3. Sec. 3. Members of the assembly shall be elected in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-nine, at the time and in the manner now provided by law. The second election of members of the assembly, after the adoption of this constitution, shall be on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, eighteen hundred and eighty. Thereafter mem- bers of the assembly shall be chosen biennially, and their term of office shall be two years, and such election shall be on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November unless otherwise ordered by the legis- lature. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4. Sec. 2. An election for members of the general assembly shall be held on the fir^t Tuesday in October, in the years of our Lord 1876 and 1878, and in each alternate year thereafter, on such day, at such places in each county as now are or hereafter may be provided by law. The first elec- tion for members of the general assembly under the state organization shall be conducted in the manner prescribed by the laws of Colorado territory regulating elections for members of the legislative assembly thereof. When vacancies occur in either house, the governor, or person exercising the powers of governor, shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 3. The members of the house of representatives of the state of Florida shall be chosen biennially beginning with the general election on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, 1898, and there- after on the corresponding day of every second year. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3 (Amdt. 1896). Sec. 4. Par. 2. The first election for members of the general assembly, under this constitution, shall take place on the first Wednesday in De- cember, 1877 ; the second election for the same shall be held on the first Wednesday in October, 1880. and subsequent elections biennially on that day, until the day of election is changed by law. — Ga. (1877), Art. 3. Sec. 3. The senators and representatives shall be elected for the term of two years, from and after the first day of December next following the general election . — Idaho (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 2. An election for members of the general assembly shall be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy, and every two years thereafter, in each county, at such places therein as may be provided by law. When vacancies occur in either house, the governor, or person ex- ercising the powers of governor, shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 14. All general elections shall be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November; but township elections may be held at such time as may be provided by law: Provided, That the general as- 239 sembly may provide by law for the election of all judges of courts of general or appellate jurisdiction, by an election to be held for such officers only, at which time no other officer shall be yoted for; and shall also provide for the registration of all persons entitled to vote. — Ind. (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 3. Senators shall be elected for the term of four years, and rep- resentatives for the term of two years, from the day next after their general election : Provided , however , That the senators elect, at the sec- ond meeting of the general assembly under this constitution, shall be divided, by lot, into two equal classes, as nearly as may be; and the seats of senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of two years, and those of the second class at the expiration of four years ; so that one-half, as nearly as possible, shall be chosen biennially forever thereafter. And in case of increase in the number of senators, they shall be so annexed by lot, to the one or the other of the two classes, as to keep them as nearly equal as practicable. — Ind. (1851), Art. 4. Sec; 3. The members of the house of representatives shall be chosen «very second year, by the qualified electors of their respective districts, on the second Tuesday in October, except the years of the presidential election, when the election shall be on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, and their term of office shall commence on the first day of January next after their election, and continue two years, and until their successors are elected, and qualified [elections now held uniformly in November ]. — Iowa (1857), Art. 3. Sec. 29. At the general election held in eighteen hundred and seventy- six, and thereafter, members of the house of representatives shall be elected for two years and members of the senate shall be elected for four jears. — Kam. (1859), Art. 2 (Amdt. 1875). Sec. 31. At the general election in the year one thousand eight hun- dred and ninety-three one senator shall be elected in each senatorial district, and one representative in each representative district. The senators then elected shall hold their offices, one-half for two years and one-half for four years, as shall be determined by lot at the first ses- sion of the general assembly after their election, and the representatives shall hold their offices for two years. Every two years thereafter there shall be elected for four years one senator in each senatorial district in which the term of his predecessor in office will then expire, and in every representative district one representative for two years. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 31. Sec. 5. The meetings within this state for the choice of representatives shall be warned in due course of law by the selectmen of the several towns seven days at least before the election, and the selectmen thereof shall preside impartially at such meetings, receive the votes of all the qualified electors present, sort, count and declare them in open town meeting, and in the presence of the town clerk, who shall form a list of the persons voted for, with the number of votes for each person against his name, shall make a fair record thereof in the presence of the select- 240 men and in open town meeting. And the towns and plantations organ- ized by law, belonging to any class herein provided, shall hold their meet- ings at the same time in the respective towns and plantations; and the town and plantation meetings in such towns and plantations shall be notified, held and regulated, the votes received, sorted, counted and declared in the same manner. And the assessors and clerks of planta- tions shall have all the powers, and be subject to all the duties, which selectmen and town clerks have, and are subject to by this constitution. And fair copies of the lists of votes shall be attested by the selectmen and town clerks of towns, and the assessors of plantations, and sealed up in open town and plantation meetings; and the town and plantation clerks respectively shall cause the same to be delivered into the secre- tary’s office thirty days at least before the first Wednesday of January annually. And the governor and council shall examine the returned copies of such lists, and also all lists of votes of citizens in the military service, returned to the secretary’s office, as provided in article second, section four, of this constitution; and twenty days before the said first Wednesday of January, annually, shall issue a summons to such per- sons as shall appear to be elected by a plurality of all the votes re- turned, to attend and take their seats. But all such lists shall be laid before the house of representatives on the first Wednesday of January annually, and they shall finally determine who are elected. The electors resident in any city may, at any meeting duly notified for the choice of representatives, vote for such representatives in their respective ward meetings, and the wardens in said wards shall preside impartially at such meetings, receive the votes of all qualified electors present, sort, count and declare them in open ward meetings, and in the presence of the ward clerk, who shall form a list of the persons voted for, with the number of votes for each person against his name, shall make a fair record thereof in the presence of the warden, and in open ward meet- ings; and a fair copy of this list shall be attested by the warden and ward clerk, sealed up in open ward meeting, and delivered to the city clerk within twenty-four hours after the close of the polls. And the electors resident in any city may at any meetings duly notified and holden for the choice of any other civil officers for whom they have been required heretofore to vote in town meeting, vote for such officers in their respective wards, and the same proceedings shalj be had by the warden and ward clerk in each ward, as in the case of votes for representatives. And the aldermen of any city shall be in session within twenty-four hours after the close of the polls in such meetings, and in the presence of the city clerk shall open, examine and compare the copies from the lists of votes given in the several wards, of which the city clerk shall make a record, and return thereof shall be made into the secretary of state’s office in the same manner as selectmen of towns are required to do. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 1. Sec. 3. The meetings within this state for the election of senators shall be notified, held and regulated, and the votes received, sorted, counted declared and recorded, in the same manner as those for repre- sentatives. And fair copies of the list of votes shall be attested by the selectmen and town clerks of towns, and the assessors and clerks of plantations, and sealed up in open town and plantation meetings; and 241 the town and plantation clerks respectively shall cause the same to be delivered into the secretary’s office thirty days at least before the first Wednesday of January. All other qualified electors, living in places un- incorporated, who shall be assessed to the support of the government by the assessors of an adjacent town, shall have the privilege of voting for senators, representatives and governor in such town ; and shall be notified by the selectmen thereof for that purpose accordingly. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 2. Sec. 4. The governor and council shall, as soon as may be, examine the returned copies of such lists, and also the lists of votes of citizens in the military service, returned into the secretary’s office, and twenty days before the said first Wednesday of January, issue a summons to such persons, as shall appear to be elected by a pluralit} T of the votes for each district, to attend that day and take their seats. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 2. Sec. 5. The senate shall, on the said first Wednesday of January, annually, determine who are elected by a plurality of votes to be sena- tors in each district ; and in case the full number of senators to be elected from each district shall not have been so elected, the members of the house of representatives and such senators, as shall have been elected, shall, from the highest numbers of the persons voted for, on said lists, equal to twice the number of senators deficient, in every district, if there be so many voted for, elect by joint ballot the number of senators re- quired; and in this manner all vacancies in the senate shall be supplied as soon as may be, after such vacancies happen. — Me. (1819), Art. 4, Part 2. The governor, senators and representatives in the legislature, shall be elected biennially, and hold office two years from the first Wednesday in January next succeeding their election; and the legislature, at the first session next after the adoption of this article, shall make all needful pro- visions by law concerning the tenure of office of all county officers, and concerning the annual or biennial reports of the state treasury and other state officers and institutions; and shall make all such provisions by law as may be required in consequence of the change from annual to biennial elections, and from annual to biennial sessions of the legislature. The first election under this article shall be in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty; and the first meeting of the legislature under this article shall be on the first Wednesday of January, eighteen hundred and eighty-one. — Me. (1819), Art. 23. (Amdt.). Sec. 6. The members of the house of delegates shall be elected by the qualified voters of the counties, and the legislative districts of Balti- more City, respectively, to serve for two years from the day of their election. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Sec. 7. The first election for senators and delegates shall take place on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven; and the election for delegates, and as 31 — Legislative Dept. 242 nearly as practicable, for one-half of the senators shall be held on the same day in every second year thereafter. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Art. 3. Every member of the house of representatives shall be chosen by written votes. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 1, Sec. 3, Art. 3. Sec. 37. Elections for members of the legislature shall be held in the several counties and districts as provided by law. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 10. The first election of senators and representatives, under this constitution, shall be held at the general election in the year one thou- sand eight hundred and seventy-six, when the whole number of repre- sentatives, and the senators from the districts having odd numbers, who shall compose the first class, shall be chosen ; and in one thousand eight hundrei and seventy-eight, the senators from the districts having even numbers, who shall compose the second class, and so on at each succeed- ing general election, half the senators provided for by this constitution shall be chosen. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 3. The members of the assembly shall be chosen biennially by the qualified electors of their respective districts, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, and their term of office shall be two years from the day next after their election. — Ncv. (1864), Art. 4. Art. 11. The members of the house of representatives shall be chosen biennially, in the month of November, and shall be the second branch of the legislature. — N. H., Part 2, Art. 11. Art. 26. The freeholders and other inhabitants of each district, quali- fied as in this constitution is provided, shall, biennially, give in their votes for a senator at some meeting liolden in the month of November. — N. H., Part 2, Art. 26. Art. 27. The senate shall be the first branch of the legislature, and the senators shall be chosen in the following manner, viz. : Every male in- habitant of each town, and parish with town privileges, and places unin- corporated, in this state, of twenty-one years of age and upward, ex- cepting paupers and persons excused from paying taxes at their own request, shall have a right, at the biennial or other meetings of the in- habitants of said towns and parishes, to be duly warned and holden bi- ennially, forever, in the month of November, to vote, in the town or parish wherein he dwells, for the senator in the district whereof he is a member. — N. H. } Part 2, Art. 27. Art. 33. And in case there shall not appear to be a senator elected by a majority of votes for any district, the deficiency shall be supplied in the following manner, viz. : The members of the house of representatives and such senators as shall be declared elected shall take the names of the two persons having the highest number of votes in the district, and out of them shall elect, by joint ballot, the senator wanted for such district; and, in this manner, all such vacancies shall be filled up in every district of the state; all vacancies in the senate arising by death, 243 removal out of the state, or otherwise, except from failure to elect, shall be filled by a new election by the people of the district, upon the requisi- tion of the governor, as soon as mav be after such vacancies shall happen. —N. H., Part 2, Art. 33. 3. Members of the senate and general assembly shall be elected yearly and every year, on the first Tuesdaj^ after the first Monday in November ; and the two houses shall meet separately on the second Tuesday in Janu- ary next after the said day of election, at which time of meeting the legislative year shall commence; but the time of holding such election may be altered by the legislature. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 1, Cl. 3. Sec. 9. The elections of senators and members of assembly, pursuant to the provisions of this constitution, shall be held on the Tuesday suc- ceeding the first Monday of November, unless otherwise directed by the legislature. — -N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 25. The terms of office for senator and members of the house of representatives shall commence at the time of their election. — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 27. The election for members of the general assembly shall be held for the respective districts and counties, at the places where they are now held, or may be directed hereafter to be held, in such manner as may be prescribed by law, on the first Thursday in August, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy, and every two years thereafter. But the general assembly may change the time, of holding the elections. — X. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 41. The term of service of the members of the legislative assembly shall begin on the first Tuesday in January, next after their election. — X. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 2. Senators and representatives shall be elected biennially by the electors of the respective counties or districts, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November ; their term of office shall commence on the first dav of Januarv next thereafter, and continue two years. — Ohio (1851), Art. 2 (Arndt. 1885). Sec. 3. The senators and representatives shall be chosen by the elec- tors of the respective counties or districts into which the state may from time to time be divided by law. — Ore. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 2. Members of the general assembly shall be chosen at the general election every second year. Their term of service shall begin on the first day of December next after their election. Whenever a vacancy shall occur in either house, the presiding officer thereof shall issue a writ of election to fill such vacancy for the remainder of the term. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. Sec. 3. Senators shall be elected for the term of four years, and repre- sentatives for the term of two years. — Pa. (1873), Art. 2. 244 Sec. 8. The first election for members of the house of representatives under this constitution, shall be held on Tuesday after the first Monday in November, eighteen hundred and ninety-six, and in every second year thereafter, in such manner and at such places as the general assembly may prescribe; and the first election for senators shall be held on Tues- day after the first Monday in November, eighteen hundred and ninety- six, and every fourth year thereafter, except in counties in which there was an election for senator in eighteen hundred and ninety-four for a full term, in which counties no election for senator shall be held until the general election to be held in eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, and every fourth year thereafter, except to fill vacancies. Senators shall be so classified that one-half of their number, as nearly as practicable, shall be chosen every two years. Whenever the general assembly shall estab- lish more than one county at any session, it shall so prescribe the first term of the senators from such counties as to observe such classification. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 10. The terms of office of the senators and representatives chosen at a general election shall begin on the Monday following such election. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 7. The first election for senators and representatives shall be held on the second Tuesday in November, one thousand eight hundred and seventy; and forever thereafter, elections for members of the general assembly shall.be held once in two years, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Said elections shall terminate the same day. — Term. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 27. Elections for senators and representatives shall be general throughout the state, and shall be regulated by law. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 3. The members of the house of representatives, after the’ first election, shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the respective repre- sentative districts, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem- ber, 1896, and biennially thereafter. Their term of office shall be two years, from the first dav of January next after their election . — Utah (1896), Art. 6. Art. 5. The freemen of the several towns in each county shall annually give their votes for the senators apportioned to such county, at the same time, and under the same regulations, as are now provided for the election of councillors. And the person or persons, equal in number to the number of senators, apportioned to such county, having the greatest number of legal votes in such county respectively, shall be the senator or senators of such county. At every election of senators, after the votes shall have been taken, the constable or presiding officer, assisted by the selectmen and civil authority present, shall sort and count the said votes, and make two lists of the names of each nerson, with the number of votes given for each annexed to his name, a record of which shall be made in the town clerk’s office, and shall seal up said lists, separately, and write on each the name of the town, and these words, “Votes for senator,” or ‘A otes for senators,” as the case may be, one of which lists shall be de- 245 livered by the presiding officer to the representative of said town, (if any) and if none be chosen, to the representative of an adjoining town, to be transmitted to the president of the senate ; the other list, the said presid- ing officer, shall within ten days, deliver to the clerk of the county court for the same county, and the clerk of each county court, respectively, or in case of his absence or disability, to the sheriff of such county, or in case of the absence or disability of both, to the high bailiff of such county, on the tenth day after such election, shall publicly open, sort, and count said votes ; and make a record of the same in the office of the clerk of such county court, a copy of which he shall transmit to the senate; and shall also within ten days thereafter transmit to the person, or persons elected a certificate of his or their election : Provided, however, That the general assembly shall have power to regulate by law the mode of balloting for senators within the several counties and to prescribe the means and the manner by which the result of the balloting shall be ascertained, and through which the senators chosen shall be certified of their election, and for filling all vacancies in the senate, which shall happen by death, resig- nation or otherwise. But they shall not have power to apportion the sen- ators to the several counties, otherwise, than according to the population thereof agreeably to the provisions herein before ordained. — Vt. (1793), (Amdt.) Art. 5. Sec. 4. Members of the house of representatives shall be elected in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, at the time and in the manner provided by this constitution, and shall hold their offices for the term of one vear and until their successors shall be elected. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 5. The next election of the members of the house of representa- tives after the adoption of this constitution shall be on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November, eighteen hundred and ninety, and thereafter members of the house of representatives shall be elected bien- nially, and their term of office shall be two years; and each election shall be on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, unless other- wise changed by law. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 6. After the first election the senators shall be elected by single districts of convenient and contiguous territory at the same time and in the same manner as members of the house of representatives are required to be elected, and no representative district shall be divided in the forma- tion of a senatorial district. They shall be elected for the term of four years, one-half of their number retiring every two years. The senatorial districts shall be numbered consecutively, and the senators chosen at the first election had by virtue of this constitution, in odd numbered districts, shall go out of office at the end of the first year, and the senators elected in the even numbered districts shall go out of office at the end of the third year. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 4. The members of the assembly shall be chosen biennially, by single districts, on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November after the adoption of this amendment, by the qualified electors of the several districts; such districts to be bounded by county, precinct, town 246 or ward lines, to consist of contiguous territory, and be in as compact form as practicable. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4 (Arndt. 1881). Sec. 5. The senators shall be elected by single districts of convenient contiguous territory, at the same time and in the same manner as mem- bers of the assembly are required to be chosen, and no assembly district shall be divided in the formation of a senate district. The senate dis- tricts shall be numbered in the regular series, and the senators shall be chosen alternately from the odd and even-numbered districts. The sen- ators elected, or holding over at the time of the adoption of this amend- ment, shall continue in office until their successors are duly elected and qualified; and after the adoption of this amendment, all senators shall be chosen for the term of four years. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4 (Arndt. 1881). Sec. 5. Members of the senate and house of representatives shall be elected on the day provided by law for the general election of a member of congress, and their term of office shall begin on the first Monday of January thereafter. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. STATE PAPER PROHIBITED. (39) Sec. 35. The legislature shall not establish a state paper. — Mich. (1855), Art. 4. PUBLICATION OF LAWS AND DECISIONS. (40) Sec. 36. The legislature shall provide for the speedy publication of all statute laics of a public nature, and of such judicial decisions as it may deem expedient. All lairs and judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 16. The legislature shall provide for the speedy publication of such opinions of the supreme court as it may deem expedient, and all opinions shall be free for publication bv anv person. — Cal. (1880), Art. 6. Sec. 8. The general assembly shall provide for the publication of the laws passed at each session thereof ; and until the year 1900 they shall cause to be published in Spanish and German a sufficient number of copies of said laws to supply that portion of the inhabitants of the state who speak those languages and who may be unable to read and understand the English language. — Colo. (1876), Art. 18. Sec. 9. This constitution shall be prefixed to every codification of the laws of this state. — Del. (1897), Art. 15. Sec. 6. The legislature shall provide for the speedy publication and distribution of all laws it may enact. Decisions of the supreme court and all laws and judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person. But no judgment of the supreme court shall take effect until the 247 decision of the court in such case shall be filed with the clerk of said court. — Fla. (1885), Art. 16 ( Arndt . 1896). Sec. 6. The general assembly shall provide by law for the speedy pub- lication of the decisions of the supreme court, made under this constitu- tion, but no judge shall be allowed to report such decision. — Ind. (1851), Art. 7. Sec. 43. The supreme court of the state shall designate what opinions delivered by the court, or the judges thereof, may be printed at the ex- pense of the state; and the general assembly shall make no provision for payment by the state for the publication of any case decided by said court not so designated. — Mo. (1875), Art. 6. Sec. 44. All judicial decisions in this state shall be free for publication by any person. — Mo. (1875), Art. 6. Sec. 32. The legislative assembly may provide for the publication of decisions and opinions of the supreme court. — Mont. (1889), Art. 8. Sec. 8. The legislature shall provide for the speedy publication of all statute laws of a general nature, and such decisions of the supreme court as it may deem expedient; and all laws and judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person : Provided , That no judgment of the supreme court shall take effect and be operative until the opinion of the court in such case shall be filed with the clerk of said court. — Nev . (1864), Art. 15. Sec. 21. The legislature shall provide for the speedy publication of all statutes, and shall regulate the reporting of the decisions of the courts; but all laws and judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 6. Sec. 32. The general assembly shall provide by law for the speedy publication of the decisions, of the supreme court made under this con- stitution. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 5. Sec. 23. The legislature may provide for the publication of decisions and opinions of the supreme court, but all decisions shall be free to pub- lishers. — Utah (1896), Art. 8. Sec. 21. The legislature shall provide for the speedy publication of opinions of the supreme court, and all opinions shall be free for publica- tion by any person. — Wash. (1889), Art. 4. Sec. 21. The legislature shall provide by law for the speedy pub- lication of all statute laws, and of such judicial decisions, made within the state, as may be deemed expedient. And no general law shall be in force until published. — Wis. (1848), Art. 7. 248 VACANCIES IN OFFICE. (41) Sec. 37. The legislature may declare the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant, and also the manner of filling the vacancy, where no 'provision is made for that purpose in this constitution. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 9. Vacancies in county, township and town offices shall be filled in such manner as may be prescribed by law. — Ind. (1851), Art. 6. Art. 171. The general assembly may determine the mode of filling va- cancies in all offices, for the filling of which provision is not made in this constitution. — La. (1898), Art. 171. Sec. 103. In all cases, not otherwise provided for in this constitution, the legislature may determine the mode of filling all vacancies, in all offices, and in cases of emergency provisional appointments may be made by the governor, to continue until the vacancy is regularly filled; and the legislature shall provide suitable compensation for all officers, and shall define their respective powers. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 20. All offices created by this constitution shall become vacant by the death of the incumbent, by removal from the state, resignation, con- viction of a felony, impeachment, or becoming of unsound mind. And the legislature shall provide by general law for the filling of such vacancy, when no provision is made for that purpose in this constitution. — Neb. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 5. The legislature shall provide for filling vacancies in office, and in case of elective officers, no person appointed to fill a vacancy shall hold his office by virtue of such appointment longer than the commencement of the political year next succeeding the first annual election after the happening of the vacancy. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 10. Sec. 8. The legislature may declare the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant when no provision is made for that purpose in this con- stitution. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 10. Sec. 9. Vacancies in county, township, precinct and city offices shall be filled in such manner as may be prescribed by law. — Ore. (1857), Art. 6. Sec. 4. The election of all officers and the filling of all vacancies not otherwise directed or provided by this constitution shall be made in such manner as the legislature shall direct. — Tcnn. (1870), Art. 7, Sec. 4. Sec. 10. The legislature may declare the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant, and also the manner of filling the vacancy, where no provision is made for that purpose in this constitution. — Wis. (1848), Art. 13. 249 LOCAL LEGISLATIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE POWERS. (42) Sec. 38. The legislature may confer upon organized townships , incorporated cities and villages , and upon the hoard of supervisors of the several counties, such powers of a local, legislative and administrative character as they may deem proper. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 89. The legislature shall not have power to authorize any mu- nicipal corporation to pass any laws inconsistent with the general laws of this state. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 9. The general assembly may vest the corporate authorities of cities, towns and villages with power to make local improvements by special assessment or by special taxation of contiguous property, or otherwise. For all other corporate purposes, all municipal corporations may be vested with authority to assess and collect taxes ; but such taxes shall be uniform in respect to persons and property within the jurisdic- tion of the body imposing the same. — III. (1870), Art. 9. Sec. 10. The general assembly may confer upon the boards doing county business in the several counties, powers of a local administrative character. — Ind. (1851), Art. 6. Sec. 21. The legislature may confer upon tribunals transacting the county business of the several counties, such powers of local legislation and administration as it shall deem expedient. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 5. Any county and township organization shall have such powers of local taxation as may be prescribed by law. — Minn. (1857), Art. 11. Sec. 27. The legislature shall, by general laws, confer upon the boards of supervisors of the several counties of the state such further powers of local legislation and administration as the legislature may, from time to time, deem expedient. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 9. The legislature shall have the right to vest such powers in the courts of justice, with regard to private and local affairs, as may be ex- pedient. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 11. Sec. 65. The general assembly may, by general laws, confer upon the boards of supervisors of counties, and the councils of cities and towns, such powers of local and special legislation, as it may from time to time deem expedient, not inconsistent with the limitations contained in this constitution. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 22. The legislature may confer upon the boards of supervisors of the several counties of the state, such powers of a local, legislative and administrative character, as thev shall from time to time prescribe. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. 32 — Legislative Dept. 250 RELIGIOUS LIBERTY AND EQUALITY; SECTARIAN APPROPRIATIONS. (43) Sec. 39. The legislature shall pass no law to prevent any person from worshiping Almighty God according to the dictates of his own conscience , or to compel any person to attend \, erect , or support any place of religious worship, or to pay tithes, taxes, or other rates for the support of any minister of the gospel or teacher of religion . — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. (44) Sec. 40. No money shall he appropriated or drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious sect or society, theological or religious seminary, nor shall property belonging to the state be appro- priated for any such purposes. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. (45) Sec. 41. The legislature shall not diminish or enlarge the civil or political rights , privileges and capacities of any person on account of his opinions or belief concerning matters of religion. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 3. That no religion shall be established by law; that no prefer- ence shall be given by law to any religions sect, society, denomination or mode of worship ; that no one shall be compelled by law to attend any place of worship; nor to pay any tithes, taxes or other rates for building or repairing any place of worship, or for maintaining any minister or ministry; that no religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under this state; and that the civil rights, privileges and capacities of any citizen shall not be in any manner affected b}' his religious principles. — Ala. (1901), Art. 1. Sec. 73. No appropriation shall be made to any charitable or educa- tional institution not under the absolute control of the state, other than normal schools established by law for the professional training of teach- ers for the public schools of the state, except by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 24. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences; no man can, of right, be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of wor- ship ; or to maintain any ministry against his consent. No human author- ity can, in any case or manner whatsoever, control or interfere with the right of conscience; and no preference shall ever be given, by law, to any religious establishment, denomination or mode of worship above any other. — Ark. (1874), Art. 2. Sec. 25. Religion, morality and knowledge being essential to good government, the general assembly shall enact suitable laws to protect every religious denomination in the peaceable enjoyment of its own mode of public worship. — Ark. (1874), Art. 2. Sec. 20. No religious test shall ever be required of any person as a qualification to vote or hold office, nor shall any person be rendered incom- petent to be a witness on account of his religious belief; but nothing here- 251 in shall be construed to dispense with oaths or affirmations. — Ark. (1874), Art. 2. Sec. 4. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be guar- anteed in this state; and no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness or juror on account of his opinions on matters of religious be- lief ; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this state. — Cal. (1880), Art. 1. Sec. 4. That the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination, shall forever hereafter be guar- anteed ; and no person shall be denied any civil or political right, priv- ege or capacity, on account of his opinions concerning religion; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be construed to dispense with oaths or affirmations, excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify prac- tices inconsistent w T ith the good order, peace or safety of the state. No person shall be required to attend or support any ministry or place of worship, religious sect, or denomination against his consent. Nor shall any preference be given by law to any religious denomination or mode of worship. — Colo. (1876), Art. 2. Sec. 34. No appropriation shall be made for charitable, industrial, educational or benevolent purposes, to any person, corporation, or com- munity not under the absolute control of the state, nor to any denomina- tional or sectarian institution or association. — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 1. It being the duty of all men to worship the Supreme Being, the Great Creator and Preserver of the Universe, and their right to render that worship in the mode most consistent with the dictates of their consciences, no person shall by law be compelled to join or support, nor be classed with, or associated to, any congregation, church, or religious association. But every person now belonging to such congregation, church, or religious association, shall remain a member thereof until he shall have separated himself therefrom in the manner hereinafter provided. And each and every society or denomination of Christians in this state shall have and enjoy the same and equal powers, rights, and privileges; and shall have power and authority to support and maintain the ministers or teachers of their respective denominations, and to build and repair houses for public worship by a tax on the members of any such society only, to be laid by a major vote of the legal voters assembled at any so- ciety meeting, warned and held according to law, or in any other manner. —Conn. (1818), Art. 7. Sec. 3. The exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and wor- ship, without discrimination, shall forever be free to all persons in this state : Provide, That the right hereby declared and established shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or to justify practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of the state. — Conn. (1818), Art. 1. 252 Sec. 4. No preference shall be given by law to any Christian sect or mode of worship. — Conn. (1818), Art. \. Sec. 1. Although it is the duty of all men frequently to assemble to- gether for the public worship of Almighty God; and piety and morality, on which the prosperity of communities depends, are thereby promoted; yet no man shall or ought to be compelled to attend any religious wor- ship, to contribute to the erection or support of any place of worship, or to the maintenance of any ministry, against his own free will and consent ; and no power shall or ought to be vested in or assumed by any magistrate that shall in any case interfere with, or in any manner con- trol the rights of conscience, in the free exercise of religious worship, nor a preference given by law to any religious societies, denominations, or modes of worship. — Del. (1897), Art. 1. Sec. 5. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship shall forever be allowed in this state, and no person shall be rendered incompetent as a witness on account of his religious opinions; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to justify licentiousness or practices subversive of. or inconsistent with, the peace or moral safety of the state or society. — Fla. (1885), Dec. of Bights. Sec. 6. No preference shall be given by law to any church, sect or mode of worship, and no money shall ever be taken from the public treas- ury directly or indirectly in aid of any church, sect or religious denomi- nation, or in aid of any sectarian institution. — Fla. (1885), * Dec. of Rights. Sec. 1. Par. 12. All men have the natural and inalienable right to worship God, each according to the dictates of his own conscience, and no human authority should, in any case, control or interfere with such right of conscience. — Ga. (1877), Art. 1. Sec. 3. Par. 13. No inhabitant of this state shall be molested in person or property, or prohibited from holding any public office or trust, on account of his religious opinions; but the right of liberty of con- science shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justifv practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of the state. — Ga. (1877), Art. 1. Sec. 1. Par. 14. No money shall ever be taken from the public treas- ury, directly or indirectly, in aid of any church, sect or denomination of religionists, or of any sectarian institution. — Ga. (1877), Art. 1. Sec. 4. The exercise and enjoyment of religious faith and worship shall forever be guaranteed; and no person shall be denied any civil or political right, privilege, or capacity on account of his religious opinions; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be construed to dispense with oaths or affirmations, or excuse acts of licentiousness or justify po- lygamous or other pernicious practices, inconsistent with morality or the peace or safety of the state; nor to permit any person, organization, or association to directly or indirectly aid or abet, counsel or advise, any 253 person to commit the crime of bigamy or polygamy, or any other crime. No person shall be required to attend or support any ministry or place of worship, religious sect or denomination, or pay tithes against his con- sent ; nor shall any preference be given by law to any religious denomina- tion or mode of worship. Bigamy and polygamy are forever prohibited in the state, and the legislature shall provide by law for the punishment of such crimes . — Idaho (1889), Art. 1. Sec. 3. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination, shall forever be guaranteed; and no person shall be denied any civil or political right, privilege or capacity on account of his religious opinions; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be construed to dispense with oaths or affirmations, ex- cuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of the state. No person shall be required to attend or support any ministry or place of worship against ,his consent, nor shall any preference be given by law to any religious denomination or mode of worship. — III. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 2. All men shall be secured in their natural right to worship Almightv God according to the dictates of their own consciences. — Ind. (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 3. No law shall, in any case whatever, control the free exercise and enjoyment of religious opinions, or interfere with the rights of con- science. — Ind. (1851), Art. 1. % Sec. 4. No preference shall be given, by law, to any creed, religious society or mode of worship; and no man shall be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent. — Ind. (1851), Art. 1. Sec. 5. No religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office of trust or profit. — Ind. (1851), Art. 1. Sec. fi. No money shall be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious or theological institution. — Ind. (1851), Art. 1. Sec. 3. The general assembly shall make no law respecting an estab- lishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, nor shall any person be compelled to attend any place of worship, pay tithes, taxes or other rates for building or repairing places of worship or the mainte- nance of any minister or ministry . — Iowa (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 4. No religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office of public trust, and no person shall be deprived of any of his rights, privileges, or capacities, or disqualified from the performance of any of his public or private duties, or rendered incompetent to give evidence in any court of law or equity, in consequence of his opinions on the subject of religion; and any party to any judicial proceeding shall have the right to use as a witness, or take the testimony of, any other person, not dis- qualified on account of interest, who may be cognizant of any fact mate- 254 rial to the case; and perhaps to suits may be witnesses, as provided by law . — Iowa (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 6. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation; the general assembly shall not grant to any citizen or class of citizens, privileges or immunities, w r hich upon the same terms shall not equally belong to all citizens . — Iowa (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 7. The right to worship God, according to the dictates of con- science, shall never be infringed; nor shall any person be compelled to attend or support any form of worship ; nor shall any control of, or inter- ference with the rights of conscience be permitted, nor any preference be given by law to any religious establishment or mode of worship. No religious test or property qualification shall be required for any office of public trust, nor for any vote at any election; nor shall any person be incompetent to testify on account of religious belief. — Kan. (1859) , Bill of Rights. Sec. 5. No preference shall ever be given by law to any religious sect, society or denomination ; nor to any particular creed, mode of worship or system of ecclesiastical polity; nor shall any person be compelled to attend any place of worship, to contribute to the erection or maintenance of any such place, or to the salary or support of any minister of religion; nor shall any man be compelled to send his child to any school to which he may be conscientiously opposed; and the civil rights, privileges or ca- pacities of no person shall be taken away, or in anywise diminished or enlarged, on account of his belief or disbelief of any religious tenet, dogma or teaching. No human authority shall, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience.— Ky. (1891), Bill of Rights. Art. 4. Every person has the natural right to worship God, according to the dictates of his conscience, and no law shall be passed respecting an establishment of religion. — La. (1898), Art. 4. Art. 53. No money shall ever be taken from the public treasury, directly or indirectly in aid of any church, sect or denomination of religion or in aid of any priest, preacher, minister or teacher thereof, as such, and no preference shall ever be given to, nor any discrimination made against, any church, sect or creed of religion, or any form of religious faith or worship; nor shall any appropriation be made for private, charitable or benevolent purposes to any person or community : Provided, This shall not apply to the state asylum for the insane and state institution for the deaf and dumb, and state institution for the instruction of the blind, and the charity hospitals and public charitable institutions conducted under state authority. — La. (1898), Art. 53. Sec. 3. All men have a natural and unalienable right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences, and no one shall be hurt, molested or restrained in his person, liberty or estate for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dic- tates of his conscience, nor for his religious professions or sentiments: provided he does not disturb the public peace, nor obstruct others in their religious worship; and all persons demeaning themselves peaceably, as good members of the state, shall be equally under the protection of the laws, and no subordination nor preference of any one sect or denomina- tion to another shall ever be established by law, nor shall any religious test be required as a qualification for any office or trust, under this state ; and all religious societies in this state, whether incorporate or unincor- porate, shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their public teachers, and contracting with them for their support and maintenance. — Me. (1819), Art. 1. Art. 36. That as it is the duty of every man to worship God in such manner as he thinks most acceptable to Him. all persons are equally en- titled to protection in their religious liberty ; wherefore, no person ought, by any law. to be molested in his person or estate, on account of his religious persuasion or profession, or for his religious practice, unless, under the color of religion, he shall disturb the good order, peace or safety of the state, or shall infringe the laws of morality, or injure others in their natural, civil or religious rights; nor ought any person to be compelled to frequent, or maintain, or contribute, unless on contract, to maintain any place of worship or any ministry; nor shall any person, otherwise competent, be deemed incompetent as a witness, or juror, on ac- count of his religious belief: Provided. He believes in the existence of God. and that under His dispensation such person will be held morally accountable for his acts, and be rewarded or punished therefor in this world or the world to come. — Md. (1867), Dec. of Rights. Art. 38. That every gift, sale or devise of land to any minister, public teacher or preacher of the gospel, as such, or to any religious sect, order or denomination, or to. or for the support, use or benefit of. or in trust for. any minister, public teacher or preacher of the gospel, as such, or any religious sect, order or denomination ; and every gift or sale of goods, or chattels, to go in succession, or to take place after the death of the seller or donor, to or for such support, use or benefit; and also every devise of goods or chattels to or for the support, use or benefit of any minister, public teacher or preacher of the gospel, as such, or any religious sect, order or denomination, without the prior or subsequent sanction of the legislature, shall be void ; except always, any sale, gift, lease or devise of any quantity of land, not exceeding five acres, for a church, meeting- house, or other house of worship, or parsonage, or for a burying-ground, which shall be improved, enjoyed or used only for such purpose; or such sale, gift, lease or devise shall be void. — Md. (1867), Dee. of Rights. Art. 2. It is the right as well as the duty of all men in society, pub- licly, and at stated seasons, to worship the Supreme Being, the great Creator and Preserver of the universe. And no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience; or for his religious profession of sentiments; provided he does not disturb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious worship. — Mass. (1780) , Part 1. 256 Art. 11. As the public worship of God and instructions in piety, re- ligion, and morality, promote the happiness and prosperity of a people, and the security of a republican government; therefore, the several re- ligious societies of this commonwealth, whether corporate or incorporate, at any meeting legally warned and holden for that purpose, shall ever have the right to elect their pastors or religious teachers, to contract with them for their support, to raise money for erecting and repairing houses for public worship, for the maintenance of religious instruction, and for the payment of necessary expenses ; and all persons belonging to any religious society shall be taken and held to be members, until they shall file with the clerk of such society a written notice, declaring the dis- solution of their membership, and thenceforth shall not be liable for any grant or contract which may be thereafter made, or entered into by such society; and all religious sects and denominations, demeaning themselves peaceably, and as good citizens of the commonwealth, shall be equally under the protection of the law ; and no subordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall ever be established by law. — Mass. (1780), Art. 11 (Arndt. 1833). Sec. 16. The enumeration of rights in this constitution shall not be construed to deny or impair others retained by and inherent in the people. The right of every man to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience shall never be infringed, nor shall any man be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of worship, or to maintain any re- ligious or ecclesiastical ministry, against his consent ; nor shall any con- trol or interference with the rights of conscience be permitted, or any preference be given by law to any religious establishment or mode of wor- ship; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of the state, nor shall any money be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious societies, or religious or the- ological seminaries. — Minn. (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 17. No religious test or amount of property shall ever be required as a qualification for any office of public trust under the state. No re- ligious test or amount of property shall ever be required as a qualification of any voter at any election in this state ; nor shall any person be rendered incompetent to give evidence in any court of law or equity in consequence of his opinion upon the subject of religion. — Minn. (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 18. No religious test as a qualification for office shall be required; and no preference shall be given by law to any religious sect or mode of worship ; but the free enjoyment of all religious sentiments and the differ- ent modes of worship shall be held sacred. The rights hereby secured shall not be construed to justify acts of licentiousness injurious to morals or dangerous to the peace and safety of the state, or to exclude the Holy Bible from use in any public school of this state. — Miss. (1890), Art. 3. Sec. 5. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own conscience; that no person can, on account of his religious opinions, be rendered ineligible to any office of trust or profit under this state, nor be disqualified from testifying, or from serving as a juror; that no human authority can con- trol or interfere with the rights of conscience; that no person ought by any law, to be molested in his person or estate, on account of his religious persuasion or profession ; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, nor to justify practices inconsistent with the good order, peace or safety of this state, or with the rights of others. — J/o. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 6. That no person can be compelled to erect, support or attend any place or system of worship, or to maintain or support any priest, minister, preacher or teacher of any sect, church, creed or denomination of religion ; but if any person shall voluntarily make a contract for any such object, he shall be held to the performance of the same. — J/o. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 7. That no money shall ever be taken from the public treasury, directly, or indirectly, in aid of any church, sect or denomination of re- ligion. or in aid of any priest, preacher, minister or teacher thereof, as such; and that no preference shall be given to nor any discrimination made against any church, sect or creed of religion, or any form of religi- ous faith or worship. — J/o. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 4. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination, shall forever hereafter be guaranteed, and no person shall be denied any civil or political right or privilege on account of his opinions concerning religion, but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be construed to dispense with oaths or affirma- tions. excuse acts of licentiousness, by bigamous or polygamous marriage, or otherwise, or justify practices inconsistent with the good order, peace or safety of the state, or opposed to the civil authority thereof, or of the United States. Xo person shall be required to attend any place of wor- ship or support any ministry, religious sect or denomination, against his consent; nor shall any preference be given by law to any religious de- nomination or mode of worship. — Mont. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 35. Xo appropriation shall be made for charitable, industrial, educational or benevolent purposes to any person, corporation or com- munity not under the absolute control of the state, nor to any denomi- national or sectarian institution or association. — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec 4. All persons have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences. Xo person shall be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of worship against his consent, and no preference shall be given by law to any re- ligious society, nor shall any interference with the rights of conscience be permitted. Xo religious test shall be required as a qualification for office, nor shall any person be incompetent to be a witness on account of his religious belief ; but nothing herein shall be construed to dispense with oaths and affirmations. Religion, morality, and knowledge, however, being essential to good government, it shall be the duty of the legislature to pass suitable laws to protect every religious denomination in the 33 — Legislative Dept. 258 peaceable enjoyment of its own mode of public worship, and to encourage schools and the means of instruction. — Aeb. (1875), Art. 1. Sec. 10. Xo public funds of any kind or character whatever, state, county, or municipal, shall be used for sectarian purposes. — Nev. (1864), Art. 11 (Arndt. 1880). Sec. 4. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed in this state ; and no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness on account of his opinions on matters of his religious belief; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this state. — Nev. 11864), Art. 1. Art. 4. Among the natural rights, some are in their very nature un- alienable, because no equivalent can be given or conceived for them. Of this kind are the rights of conscience. — N. U.. Part. 1. Art. 5. Every individual has a natural and unalienable right to wor- ship God according to the dictates of his own conscience and reason ; and no subject shall be hurt, molested, restrained in his person, liberty, or estate for worshiping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience, or for his religious profession, senti- ments, or persuasion provided he doth not disturb the public peace, or disturb others in their religious worship. — N. H., Part. 1. Art. 6. As morality and piety, rightly grounded on evangelical prin- ciples, will give the best and greatest security to government, and will lay in the hearts of men the strongest obligations to due subjection, and as the knowledge of these is most likely to be propagated through a society by the institution of the public worship of the Deity and of public instruc- tion in morality and religion, therefore, to promote these important pur- poses, the people of this state have a right to empower, and do hereby fully empower, the legislature to authorize, from time to time, the several towns, parishes, bodies corporate, or religious societies within this state to make adequate provision, at their own expense, for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety, religion, and moral- ity: Provided, notwithstanding , That the several towns, parishes, bodies corporate, or religious societies shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their own public teachers, and of contracting with them for their support and maintenance. And no person of any one particular religious sect or denomination shall ever be compelled to pay toward the support of the teacher or teachers of another persuasion, sect, or de- nomination. And every denomination of Christians, demeaning them- selves quietly and as good subjects of the state, shall be equally under the protection of the law; and no subordination of any one sect or de- nomination to another shall ever be established by law. And nothing herein shall be understood to affect any former contracts made for the support of the ministry; but all such contracts shall remain and be in the same state as if this constitution had not been made. — N. H., Part 1. 259 3. No person shall be deprived of the inestimable privilage of wor- shiping Almighty God in a manner agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience; nor, under any pretense whatever, to be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his faith and judgment; nor shall any person be obliged to pay tithes, taxes or other rates for building or re- pairing any church or churches, place or places of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or has deliberately and voluntarily engaged to perform. — N..J. (1844), Art. 1, Sec. 3. 4. There shall be no establishment of one religious sect in prefer- ence to another; no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust; and no person shall be denied the enjoy- ment of anv civil right merely on account of his religious principles. — N. J. (1844), Art. 1, Sec. 4. Sec. 3. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed in this state to all mankind ; and no person shall be rendered incompe- tent to be a witness on account of his opinions on matters of religious belief; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so con- strued as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices incon- sistent with the peace or safety of this state. — N. Y. (1894), AH. 1. Sec. 26. All men have a natural and unalienable right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own .consciences, and no human authority should, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience. — N. C. (1875), Art. 1. Sec. 4. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference shall be forever guaran- teed in this state, and no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness or juror on account of his opinion on matters of religious belief ; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this state. — -N. Dak. (1889), Art. 1. Sec. 7. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Al- mighty God according to the dictates of their own conscience. No per- son shall be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or maintain any form of worship, against his consent; and no preference shall be given, by law, to any religious society; nor shall any interfer- ence with the rights of conscience be permitted. No religious test shall be required, as a qualification for office, nor shall any person be incompe- tent to be a witness on account of his religious belief ; but nothing herein shall be construed to dispense with oaths and affirmations. Religion, morality, and knowledge, however, being essential to good government, it shall be the duty of the general assembly to pass suitable laws to pro- tect every religious denomination in the peaceable enjoyment of its own mode of public worship, and to encourage schools and the means of in- struction. — Ohio (1851), Art. 1. 260 Sec. 2. Perfect toleration of religious sentiment shall be secured, and no inhabitant of the state shall ever be molested in person or property on account of his or her mode of religious worship ; and no religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. Polygam- ous or plural marriages are forever prohibited. — Okla. (1907), Art. 1. Sec. 5. No public money or property shall ever be appropriated, ap- plied, donated, or used, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or sup- port of any sect, church, denomination, or system of religion, or for the use, benefit, or support of any priest, preacher, minister, or other religious teacher or dignitarv, or sectarian institution as such. — Olda. (1907), Art. 2. Sec. 2. All men shall be secured in their natural right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences. — Ore. (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 3. No law shall in any case whatever control the free exercise and enjoyment of religious opinions, or interfere with the rights of con- science. — Ore. (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 4. No religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office of trust or profit. — Ore. (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 5. No money shall be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious or theological institution, nor shall any money be appropriated* for the payment of any religious services in either house 'of the legislative assembly. — Ore. (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 3. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Al- mighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences; no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of wor- ship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent; no human au- thority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience and no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious establishments or modes of worship. — Pa. (1873), Art. 1. Sec. 4. No person who acknowledges the being of a God and a future state of rewards and punishments, shall, on account of his religious sentiments be disqualified to hold any office or place of trust or profit under this commonwealth. — Pa. (1873), Art. 1. Sec. 18. No appropriations, except for pensions or gratuities for military services, shall be made for charitable, educational or benevolent purposes to any person or community, nor to any denominational or sectarian institution, corporation or association. — Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 3. Whereas Almighty God hath created the mind free; and all attempts to influence it bv temporal punishments or burdens, or by civil incapacitations, tend to beget habits of hypocrisy and meanness; and whereas a principal object of our venerable ancestors, in their migration to this country and their settlement of this state, was, as 261 they expressed it, to hold forth a lively experiment, that a riourishing civil state may stand and be best maintained with full liberty in religious concernments; we therefore, declare that no man shall be compelled to frequent or to support any religious worship, place, or ministry what- ever, except in fulfillment of his own voluntary contract; nor enforced, restrained, molested, or burdened in his body or goods; nor disqualified from holding any office ; nor otherwise suffer on account of his religious belief ; and that every man shall be free to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, and to profess and by argument to maintain his opinion in matters of religion ; and that the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge, or affect his civil capacity. — R. I. (1842), Art. 1. Sec. 4. The general assembly shall make no law respecting an estab- lishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peace- ably to assemble and to petition the government or any department thereof for a redress of grievances. — 8. C. (1895), Art. 1. Sec. 3. The right to worship God according to the dictates of con- science shall never be infringed. Xo person shall be denied any civil or political right, privilege or position on account of his religious opinions; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured sha’ll not be so construed as to excuse licentiousness, the invasion of the rights of others, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of the state. Xo person shall be compelled to attend or support any minister or place of worship against his consent nor shall any preference be given by law to any religious establishment, or mode of worship. Xo money or property of the state shall be given or appropriated for the benefit of any sectarian or religious society or institution. — &. D. (1889), Art. 6. / Sec. 3. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own conscience ; that no man can, of right, be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any minister, against his consent; that no human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience; and that no preference shall ever be given, by law, to any religious establishment or mode [“modes’’ in constitution of 1796] of worship. — Teuy. (1870), Art. 1. Sec. 4. That no political or religious test, other than an oath to sup- port the constitution of the United States and of this state, shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under this state. — Term. (1870), Art. 1. Sec. 15. Xo perspn shall, in time of peace, be required to perform any service to the public on any dav set apart by his religion as a day of rest. —Term, (1870), Art. 11. Sec. 4. Xo religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office, or public trust, in this state; nor shall any one be excluded from 262 holding office on account of his religious sentiments, provided he acknowl- edge the existence of a Supreme Being. — Tex. (1875), Art. 1. Sec. 6. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Al- mighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences. No man shall be compelled to attend, erect or support any place of worship, or to maintain any minister against his consent. No human authority ought, in any case whatever, to control or interfere with the rights of conscience in matters of religion, and no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious society or mode of worship. But it shall be the duty of the legis- lature to pass such laws as may be necessary to protect equally every re- ligious denomination in the peaceable enjoyment of its own mode of pub- lic worship. — Tex. (1875), Art. 1. Sec. 7. No money shall be appropriated or drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any sect or religious society, theological or religious seminary; nor shall property belonging to the state be appropriated for any such purposes. — Tex. (1875), Art. 1. Sec. 4. The rights of conscience shall never be infringed. The state shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; no religious test shall be required as a qualifi- cation for any office of public trust or for any vote at any election; nor shall any person be incompetent as a witness or juror on account of religious belief or the absence thereof. There shall be no union of church and state, nor shall any church dominate the state or interfere with its functions. No public money or property shall be appropriated for or applied to any religious worship, exercise or instruction, or for the support of any ecclesiastical establishment. No property qualifica- tion shall be required of any person to vote, or hold office, except as provided in this constitution . — Utah (1896), Art. 1. Sec. 16. That religion, or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and con- viction, not by force or violence; and, therefore, all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience; and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love and charity towards each other. — Ya. (1902), Art. 1. Sec. 59. The general assembly shall not grant a charter of incorpora- tion to any church or religious denomination, but may secure the title to church property to an extent to be limited by law. — Ya. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 67. The general assembly shall not make any appropriation of public funds, of personal property, or of any real estate, to any church, or sectarian society, association, or institution of any kind whatever, which is entirely or partly, directly or indirectly, controlled by any church or sectarian society; nor shall the general assembly make any like appropriation to any charitable institution, which is not owned or controlled by the state; except that it may, in its discretion, make ap- propriations to non-sectarian institutions for the reform of youthful criminals; but nothing herein contained shall prohibit the general as- 263 sembly from authorizing counties, cities, or towns to make such appro- priations to any charitable institution or association. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. Art. 3. That all men have a natural and unalienable right, to wor- ship Almighty God, according to the dictates of their own consciences and understandings, as in their opinion shall be regulated by the word of God; and that no man ought to, or of right can be compelled to at- tend any religious worship, or erect or support any place of worship, or maintain any minister, contrary' to the dictates of his conscience, nor can any man be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right as a citizen, on account of his religious sentiments, or peculia[r] mode of religious worship; and that no authority can, or ought to be vested in, or assumed by, any power whatever, that shall in any case inter- fere with, or in any manner control the rights of conscience, in the free exercise of religious worship. Nevertheless, every sect or denomination of Christians ought to observe the Sabbath or Lord’s day, and keep up some sort of religious worship, which to them shall seem most agree- able to the revealed will of God. — Vt. (1793), Chap. 1. Sec. 11. Absolute freedom of conscience in all matters of religious sentiment, belief and worship, shall be guaranteed to every individual, and no one shall be molested or disturbed in person or property on ac- count of religion, but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify prac- tices inconsistent with the peace and safety of the state. No public money or property shall be appropriated for or applied to any religious wor- ship, exercise or instruction, or the support of any religious establish- ment. No religious qualification shall be required for any public office or employment, nor shall any person be incompetent as a witness or juror in consequence of his opinion on matters of religion, nor be ques- tioned in any court of justice touching his religious belief to effect the weight of his testimony. — Wash. (1889), Art. 1. Sec. 11. Political tests requiring persons, as a pre-requisite to the enjoyment of their civil and political rights, to purge themselves by their own oaths, of past alleged offences, are repugnant to the principles of free government, and are cruel and oppressive. No religious or politi- cal test oath shall be required as a pre requisite or qualification to vote, serve as a juror, sue, plead, appeal, or pursue any profession or employ- ment. Nor shall any person be deprived by law, of any right, or privilege, because of anv act done prior to the passage of such law. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 3. Sec. 15. No man shall be compelled to frequent or support any re- ligious worship, place or ministry whatsoever; nor shall any man be enforced, restrained, molested or burthened, in his body or goods, or otherwise suffer, on account of his religious opinions or belief, but all men shall be free to profess, and by argument, to maintain their opinions in matters of religion; and the same shall, in no wise, affect, diminish or enlarge their civil capacities; and the legislature shall not prescribe any religious test whatever, or confer any peculiar privileges or advan- tages on any sect or denomination, or pass any law requiring or author- 264 izing any religious society, or the people of any district within this state, to levy on themselves, or others, any tax for the erection or repair of any house for public worship, or for the support of any church or ministry, but it shall be left free for every person to select his religious instruc- tor, and to make for his support, such private contract as he shall please. —W. Va. (1872), Art. 3. Sec. 47. No charter of incorporation shall be granted to any church or religious denomination. Provision may be made by general laws for securing the title to church property, and for the sale and transfer there- of, so that it shall be held, used, or transferred for the purpose of such church or religious denomination. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 6. Sec. 18. The right of every man to worship Almighty God, according to the dictates of his own conscience, shall never be infringed ; nor shall any man be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent ; nor shall any control of, or interference with, the rights of conscience be permitted, or any pref- erence be given by law to any religious establishments, or modes of worship; nor shall any money be drawn from the treasury for the bene- fit of religious societies, or religious, or theological seminaries. — Wis. (1848), Art. 1. Sec. 18. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship without discrimination or preference shall be forever guar- anteed in this state, and no person shall be rendered incompetent to hold any office of trust or profit, or to serve as a witness or juror, be- cause of his opinion on any matter of religious belief whatever; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to ex- cuse acts of licentiousness or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of the state. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 1. Sec. 2. Perfect toleration of religions sentiment shall be secured, and no (inhabitant of this state shall ever be molested in person or property on account of his or her mode of religious worship. — Wyo , ( 1889 ) , Ord i nances. Sec. 19. No money of the state shall ever be given or appropriated to any sectarian or religious society or institution. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 1. Sec. 36. No appropriation shall be made for charitable, industrial, educational or benevolent purposes to any person, corporation or com- munity not under the absolute control of the state, nor to any denomi- national or sectarian institution or association. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. LIBERTY OF SPEECH AND THE PRESS. (46) Sec. 42. No law shall ever he passed to restrain or ah ridge the liberty of speech or of the press ; hut every person may freely speak , write and publish his sentiments on all subjects , being responsible for the abuse of such right. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. 265 Sec. 4. That no law shall ever be passed to curtail or restrain the liberty of speech or of the press; and any person may speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. — Ala. (1901), Art. 1, Sec. 4. • Sec. 9. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and publish his senti- ments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right; and no law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. In all criminal prosecutions for libels, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury; and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published with good motives, and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted; and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the fact. Indictments found, or information laid, for publications in newspapers, shall be tried in the county where such newspapers have their publication office, or in the county where the party alleged to be libeled resided at the time of the alleged publication, unless the place of trial shall be changed for good cause. — Cal. (1880), Art. 1. Sec. 10. That no law shall be passed impairing the freedom of speech ; that every person shall be free to speak, write or publish whatever he will on any subject, being responsible for all abuse of that liberty; and that in all suits and prosecutions for libel, the truth thereof may be given in evidence, and the jury, under the direction of the court, shall deter- mine the law and the fact. — Colo. (1876), Art. 2. Sec. 5. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and publish his senti- ments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. — Conn. (1818), Art. 1. Sec. 6. No law shall ever be passed to curtail or restrain the liberty of speech or of the press. — Conn. (1818) , Art. 1. Sec. 13. Every person may fully speak and write his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right, and no laws shall be passed to i*estrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. In all criminal prosecutions and civil actions for libel the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it shall appear that the mat- ter charged as libelous is true, and was published for good motives, the pai’ty shall be acquitted or exonei^ated. — Fla. (1885) , Dec. of Rights. Sec. 1. Par. 15. No law shall ever be passed to curtail, or l’estrain, the liberty of speech, or of the press; any person may speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being l^esponsible for the abuse of that liberty. — Ga. (1877) , Art. 1. Sec. 9. Every person may freely speak, write and publish on all sub- jects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty . — Idaho (1889), Art. 1. Sec. 4. Every person may freely speak, write and publish on all sub- jects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty; and in all trials 34 — Legislative Dept. 266 for libel, both civil and criminal, the truth, when published with good motives and for justifiable ends, shall be a sufficient defense. — III. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 9. No law shall be passed restraining the free interchange of thought and opinion, or restricting the right to speak, write, or print, freely, on any subject whatever; but for the abuse of that right every person shall be responsible. — Ind. (1851), Art. 1. Sec. 7. Every person may speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. No law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech, or of the press. In all prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous was true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted. — Iowa (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 11. The liberty of the press shall be inviolate; and all persons may freely speak, write or publish their sentiments on all subjects, be- ing responsible for the abuse of such right; and in all civil or criminal actions for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it shall appear that the alleged libelous matter was published for justi- fiable ends, the accused party shall be acquitted. — Kan. (1859), Dec. of Rights. Sec. 8. Printing presses shall be free to every person who undertakes to examine the proceedings of the general assembly or any branch of government, and no law shall ever be made to restrain the right thereof. Every person may freely and fully speak, write and print on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. — Ky. (1891), Bill of Rights. Art. 3. No law shall ever be passed to curtail or restrain the liberty of speech or of the press; any person may speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that lib- erty.— La. (1898), Art. 3. Sec. 4. Every citizen may freely speak, write and publish his senti- ments on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of this liberty; no laws shall be passed regulating or restraining the freedom of the press; and in prosecutions for any publication respecting the official conduct of men in public capacity, or the qualifications of those who are candidates for the suffrages of the people, or where the matter published is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence, and in all indictments for libels, the jury, after having received the direction of the court, shall have a right to determine, at their discretion, the law and the fact. — Me. (1819), Art. 1. Art. 40. That the liberty of the press ought to be inviolably preserved ; that every citizen of the state ought to be allowed to speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege. — Md. (1867), Dec. of Rights. 267 Art. 16. The liberty of the press is essential to ,the security of free- dom in a state : it ought not, therefore, to be restrained in this common- wealth. — J lass. (1780), Part 1. Sec. 3. The liberty of the press shall forever remain inviolate, and all persons may freely speak, write and publish their sentiments on all sub- jects, being responsible for the abuse of such right. — Minn. (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 13. The freedom of speech and of the press shall be held sacred, and in all prosecutions for libel the truth may be given in evidence, and the jury shall determine the law and the facts under the direction of the court; and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted. — Miss. (1890), Art. 3. Sec. 14. That no law shall be passed impairing the freedom of speech; that every person shall be free to say, write or publish whatever he will on any subject, being responsible for all abuse of that liberty; and that in all suits and prosecutions for libel the truth thereof may be given in evidence, and the jury, under the direction of the court, shall determine the law and the fact. — Mo. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 10. No law shall be passed impairing the freedom of speech; every person shall be free to speak, write or publish whatever he will on any subject, being responsible for all abuse of that liberty; and that in all suits and prosecutions for libel, the truth thereof may be given in evi- dence; and the jury, under the direction of the court, shall determine the law and the facts.— Mont. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 5. Every person may freely speak, write, and publish on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty ; and in all trials for libel, both civil and criminal, the truth when published with good' motives, and for justifiable ends, shall be a sufficient defense. — Neb. (1875),' Art. 1. Sec. 9. Every citizen may freely speak, write and publish his senti- ments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right; and no law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. In all criminal prosecutions and civil actions for libels the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published with good motives, and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted or exonerated. — Nev. (1864), Art. 1. Art. 22. The liberty of the press is essential to the security of free- dom in a state; it ought, therefore, to be inviolablv preserved. — N. H., Part 1, Art. 22. 5. Every person may freely speak, write and publish his senti- ments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. No law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. In all prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be 268 given in evidence to the jury; and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted ; and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the fact. — X. J. (1844), Art. 1. Sec. 8. Every citizen may freely speak, write and publish his senti- ments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right : and no law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. In all criminal prosecutions or indictments for libels, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury: and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted; and the jurv shall have the right to determine the law and the fact. —N. Y. (1894), Art . 1. Sec. 20. The freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty, and therefore ought never to be restrained, but every individual shall be held responsible for the abuse of the same. — X. C. (1875), Art. 1. Sec. 9. Every man may freely write, speak and publish his opinions on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege. In all civil and criminal trials for libel the truth may be given in evidence, and shall be a sufficient defeuse when the matter is published with good motives and for justifiable ends; and the jury shall have the same power of giving a general verdict as in other cases; and in all indictments or informations for libels the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts under the direction of the court as in other cases. — N. Dak. (1889) , Art. 1. Sec. 11. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and publish his sen- timents on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of the right; and no law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech, or of the press. In all criminal prosecutions for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it shall appear to the jury, that the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted . — Ohio (1851), Art. 1. Sec. 22. Every person may freely speak, write, or publish his senti- ments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right; and no law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press. In all criminal prosecutions for libel, the truth of the matter alleged to be libelous may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous be true, and was written or published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted. — Okla. (1907), Art. 2. ^ec. 8. No law shall be passed restraining the free expression of opinion, or restricting the right to speak, write, or print freely on any subject whatever; but every person shall be responsible for the abuse of this right. — Ore. (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 7. The printing press shall be free to every person who may 269 undertake to examine the proceedings of the legislature, or any branch of government, and no law shall ever be made to restrain the right thereof. The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the invaluable rights of man, and every citizen may freely speak, write and print on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. No conviction shall be had in any prosecution for the publication of papers relating to the official conduct of officers or men in public capac- ity, or to any other matter proper for public investigation or informa- tion, where the fact that such publication was not maliciously or negli- gently made shall be established to the satisfaction of the jury; and in all indictments for libel, the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts under the direction of the court, as in other cases. — Pa. (1873), Art. 1. Sec. 20. The liberty of the press being essential to the security of freedom in a state, any person may publish his sentiments on any sub- ject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty; and in all trials for libel, both civil and criminal, the truth, unless published from ma- licious motives, shall be sufficient defense to the person charged. — R. I. (1842), Art. 1. Sec. 5. Every person may freely speak, write and publish on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. In all trials for libel, both civil and criminal, the truth, when published with good mo- tives and for justifiable ends, shall be sufficient defense. The jury shall have the right to determine the fact and the law under the direction of the court. — S. D. (1889), Art. 6. Sec. 19. That the printing presses shall be free to every person to examine the proceedings of the legislature, or of any branch or officer of the government; and no law shall ever be made to restrain the right thereof. The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the in- valuable rights of man, and every citizen may freely speak, write, and print on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. But in prosecutions for the publication [“publications” in constitution of 1796] of papers investigating the official conduct of officers, or men in public capacity, the truth thereof may be given in evidence; and in all indictments for libel, the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts, under the direction of the court, as in other criminal [“criminal” not in constitution of 1796] cases. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 1. Sec. 8. Every person shall be at liberty to speak, write or publish his opinions on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege; and no law shall ever be passed curtailing the liberty of speech or of the press. In prosecutions for the publication of papers investigating the conduct of officers or men in public capacity, or when the matter published is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence. And in all indictments for libels the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts, under the di- rection of the court, as in other cases. — Tex. (1875), Art. 1. 270 Sec. 15. No law shall be passed to abridge or restrain the freedom of speech or of the press. In all criminal prosecutions for libel the truth may be given in evidence to the jury; and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true, and was published with good motives, and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted; and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the fact. — Utah (1856), Art. 1. Art. 13. That the people have a right to freedom of speech, and of writing and publishing their sentiments, concerning the transactions of government, and therefore the freedom of the press ought not to be re- strained.— Ft. (1793), Chap. 1. Sec. 12. That the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty, and can never be restrained but by despotic governments; and any citizen may freely speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. — Va. (1902), Art. 1 . Sec. 5. Every person may freely speak, write and publish on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. — Wash. (1889), Art. 1. Sec. 7. No law abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, shall be passed ; but the legislature may by suitable penalties, restrain the publication or sale of obscene books, papers or pictures, and pro- vide for the punishment of libel, and defamation of character, and for the recovery in civil actions, by the aggrieved party, of suitable dam- ages for such libel, or defamation. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 3. Sec. 3. Every person may freely speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right, and no laws shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech, or of the press. In all criminal prosecutions, or indictments for libel, the truth may be given in evidence, and if it shall appear to the jury, that the matter charged as libelous be true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted; and the jurv shall have the right to determine the law and the fact. — Wi8. (1898)", Art. 1. Sec. 20. Every person may freely speak, write and publish on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right; and in all trials for libel, both civil and criminal, the truth, when published with good intent and for justifiable ends, shall be a sufficient defense, the jury hav- ing the right to determine the facts and the law, under direction of the court. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 1. attainder; ex post facto laws; impairment of contracts. (47) Sec. 43. The legislature shall pass no hill of attainder, ex post facto law , or law impairing the obligation of contracts. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. 271 Sec. 7. That no person shall be accused, or arrested, or detained, except in cases ascertained by law, and according to the form which the same has prescribed; and no person shall be punished but by virtue of a law established aud promulgated prior to the offense and legally applied. — Ala. (1901), Art. 1. Sec. 19. That no person shall be attained of treason by the legis- lature; and no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate. — Ala. (1901), Art. 1. Sec. 22. That no ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the obliga- tion of contracts, or making any irrevocable or exclusive grants of special privileges or immunities, shall be passed by the legislature; and every grant of a franchise, privilege or immunity, shall forever remain subject to revocation, alteration or amendment. — Ala. (1901), Art. 1. Sec. 95. There can be no law of this state impairing the obligation of contracts by destroying or impairing the remedy for their enforce- ment; and the legislature shall have no power to revive any right or remedy which may have become barred by lapse of time, or by any statute of this state. After suit has been commenced on any cause of action, the legislature shall have no power to take away such cause of action, or destroy anv existing defense to such suit. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 17. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts shall ever be passed; and no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate. — Ark. (1874), Art. 2. Sec. 16. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligations of contracts, shall ever be passed. — Cal. (1880), Art. 1. Sec. 11. That no ex post facto law, nor law impairing the obliga- tion of contracts, or retrospective in its operation, or making any irrevoc- able grant of special privileges, franchises or immunities, shall be passed by the general assembly. — Colo. (1876), Art. 2. Sec. 15. No person shall be attainted of treason or felony by the legislature. — Conn. (1818), Art. 1. Sec. 17. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, nor any law impair- ing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed.— Fla. (1885), Dec. of Rights. Sec. 33. No statute shall be passed lessening the time within which a civil action may be commenced on any cause of action existing at the time of its passage. — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 3. Par. 2. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or making irrevocable grants of special privileges or immunities, shall be passed. — Ga. (1877), Art. 1. Sec. 16. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed. — Idaho (1889), Art. 1. Sec. 14. No ex post facto law. or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or making any irrevocable grant of special privileges or im- munities, shall be passed. — 111. (1870), Art. 2. Sec. 24. No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contract, shall ever be passed. — Ind. (1851), Art. 1. Sec. 21. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law or law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed. — Iowa (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 19. No ex post facto law. nor any law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall be enacted. — Ky (1891), Bill of Rights. Sec. 20. No person shall be attained of treason or felony by the general assembly, and no attainder shall work corruption of blood, nor,, except during the life of the offender, forfeiture of estate to the common- wealth. — Ky. (1891), Bill of Rights. Art. 166. No ex post facto law. nor any law impairing the obliga- tions of contracts, shall be passed, nor vested rights be divested, unless for purposes of public utility, and for adequate compensation pre- viously made. — La. (1898), Art. 166. Sec. 11. The legislature shall pass no bill of attainder, ex post facto law, nor law impairing the obligation of contracts, and no attainder shall work corruption of blood nor forfeiture of estate. — Me. (1819), . 1 /-/. 1 . Art. 17. That retrospective laws, punishing acts committed before the existence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal are op- pressive, uniust and incompatible with liberty; wherefore, no ex post facto law ought to be made; nor any retrospective oath or restriction be imposed or required. — Md. (1867), Dec. of Rights. Art. 18. That no law to attaint particular persons of treason or felony, ought to be made in any case, or at any time, hereafter. — Md. ( 1891 ), Dec. of Rights. Art. 24. Laws made to punish for actions done before the existence of such laws, and which have not been declared crimes by preceding laws, are unjust, oppressive, and inconsistent with the fundamental principles of a free government. — Mass. (1780), Part 1. Art. 25. No subject ought, in any case, or in any time, to be declared guilty of treason or felony by the legislature. — Mass. (1780), Pai't. 1. Sec. 11. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, nor any law impair- ing the obligation of contracts shall evei* be passed, and no conviction shall work corruption ,of blood or forfeiture of estate. — Minn. (1857), Art. 1. 273 Sec. 16. Ex post facto laws, or laws impairing the obligation of contracts shall not be passed. — Miss. (1890), Art. 3. Sec. 15. That no ex post facto law, nor law impairing the obliga- tion of contracts, or retrospective in its operation, or making any irre- vocable grant of special privileges or immunities, can be passed by the general assembly. — Mo. (1875) , Art. 2. Sec. 11. No ex post facto law, nor law impairing the obligation of contracts, or making any irrevocable grant of special privileges, fran- chises or immunities ‘shall be passed by the legislative assembly. — Mont. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 16. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or making any irrevocable grant of special privi- leges or immunities, shall be passed. — Nev. (1875), Art. 1, Sec. 15. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed. — Nev. (1864), Art. 1. Art. 23. Retrospective laws are highly injurious, oppressive, and un- just. No such laws, therefore, should be made, either for the decision of civil causes or the punishment of offenses. — N. E., Part. 1. 3. The legislature shall not pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or depriving a party of any remedy for enforcing a contract which existed when the con- tract was made. — N. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 7, Cl. 3. Sec. 32. Retrospective laws, punishing acts committed before the existence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal are oppres- sive, uniust and incompatible with liberty; wherefore no ex post facto law ousffit to be made. No law taxing retrospectively sales, purchases, or other acts previously done, ought to be passed. — N. C. (1875), Art. 1. Sec. 16. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligations of contracts shall ever be passed. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 1. Sec. 28. The general assembly shall have no power to pass retroactive laws, or laws impairing the obligation of contracts ; but may, by general laws, authorize courts to carry into effect, upon such terms as shall be just and equitable, the manifest intention of parties, and officers, by curing omissions, defects, and errors, in instruments and proceedings, arising out of their want of conformity with the laws of this state. — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 15. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, nor any law impair- ing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed. No conviction shall work a corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate : Provided, That this provision shall not prohibit the imposition of pecuniarv penalties. — Okla, (1907), Art. 2. 35 — Legislative Dept. 274 Sec. 21. No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed, nor shall any law be passed, the taking effect of which shall be made to depend upon any authority, except as provided in this constitution: Provided , That laws locating the capital of the state, locating county seats, and submitting town and corpor- ate acts, and other local and special laws may take effect or not, upon a vote of the electors interested. — Ore. (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 17. No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the obligation of contracts, or making irrevocable any grant of special privileges or im- munities shall be passed. — Pa. (1873), Art. 1. Sec. 18. No person shall be attainted of treason or felony by the legis- lature.— Pa. (1873), Art. 1. Sec. 12. No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall be passed. — R. I. (1842), Art. 1. Sec. 8. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, law impairing the obligation of contracts, nor law granting any title of nobility or heredi- tary emolument, shall be passed, and no conviction shall work corrup- tion of blood or forfeiture of estate. — 8. C* (1895), Art. 1. Sec. 12. No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts or making an} r irrevocable grant or privilege, franchise or immunity, shall be passed. — 8. D. (1S89), Art. 6. Sec. 22. No person shall be attainted of treason or felony by the legislature or its authority. — 8. D. (1889), Art. 6. Sec. 11. That laws made for the punishment of acts committed previous to the existence of such laws, and by them only declared crimi- nal, are contrary to the principles of a free government; wherefore no ex post facto law shall be made. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 1. Sec. 20. That no retrospective law, or law impairing the obligations of contracts, shall be made. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 1. Sec. 16. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law, or anv law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall be made. — Tex . (1875), Art. 1. Sec. 18. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. — Utah (1896), Art. 1. Sec. 20. No person ought in any case, or in any time, to be declared guilty of treason or felony, by the legislature. — Vt. (1793), Chap. 2. Sec. 23. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligations of contracts shall ever be passed. — Wash. (1889), Art. 1. Sec. 12. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, nor any law im- 275 pairing the obligation of contracts shall ever be passed, and no con- viction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of estate. — Wis. (1848), Art. 1. Sec. 35. No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the obliga- tion of contracts, shall ever be made. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 1. \ HABEAS CORPUS. (48) Sec. 44. The pt'ivilege of the writ of habeas corpus remains and shall not be suspended by the legislature , except in case of re- bellion or invasion the public safety require it. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 17. That the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended by the authorities of this state. — Ala. (1901), Art. 1. Sec. 11. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended, except by the general assembly, in case of rebellion, insur- rection or invasion, when the public safety may require it. — Ark. (1874), Art. 2. Sec. 5. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require its suspension. — Cal. (1880), Art. 1. Sec. 21. That the privilege of the writ of habaes corpus shall never be suspended, unless when in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. — Colo. (1876), Art. 2. Sec. 13. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. — Del. (1897), Art. 1. Sec. 7. The writ of habeas corpus shall be grantable speedily and of right, freely and without cost, and shall never be suspended unless, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require its sus- pension. — Fla. (1885), Dec. of Rights. Sec. 1. Par. 11. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended. — Ga. (1877), Art. 1. Sec. 5. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended unless, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety re- quires it, and then onlv in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. — Idaho (1889), Art. 1. Sec. 27. The privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended, except in case of rebellion or invasion, and then only if the pub- lic safety demand it. — Ind. (1851), Art. 1. Sec. 13. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended or re- fused when application is made as required by law, unless in case of 276 rebellion or invasion, the public safety mav require it . — Iowa (A857) r Ail. 1. Sec. 8. The right to the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless the public safety requires it in case of invasion or rebellion. — Kan. (1859), Bill of Rights. Art. 13. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended, unless when, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. — La. (1898)_, Art. 13. Art. 115. The district judges shall have power to issue the writ of habeas corpus at the instance of any person in actual custody in their respective districts. — La. (1898), Art. 115. Sec. 55. The general assembly shall pass no law suspending the privi- lege of the writ of habeas corpus. — ltd. (1867), Art. 3. Art. 7. The privilege and benefit of the writ of habeas corpus shall be enjoyed in this commonwealth, in the most free, easy, cheap, expe- ditious, and ample manner; and shall not be suspended by the legisla- ture, except upon the most urgent and pressing occasions, and for a limited time, not exceeding twelve months. — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 6 . Sec. 21. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended, unless when in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety mav require it, nor ever without the authority of the legislature. — Miss. (1890), Art. 3. Sec. 26. That the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall never be suspended. — Mo. (1875), AH. 2. Sec. 21. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall never be sus- pend, unless, in case of rebellion, or invasion, the public safety require it. — Mont. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 8. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended, unless, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety re- quires it, and then only in such manner as shall be prescribed by law r . —Xcb. (1875); Aft. 1. Sec. 5. The privilege of the w’rit of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended, unless when, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require its suspension. — Nev. (1864), Art. 1. Art. 90. The privilege and benefit of the habeas corpus shall be en- joyed in this state, in the most free, easy, cheap, expeditious, and ample manner, and shall not be suspended by the legislature except upon the most urgent and pressing occasions, and for a time not exceeding three months. — N. H., PaH 2. 11. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless in case of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. — N. J. (1844), Art. 1, Sec. 11. Sec. 4. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require its suspension. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 1. Sec. 18. Every person restrained of his liberty is entitled to a remedy to enquire into the lawfulness thereof, and to remove the same, if un- lawful ; and such remedy ought not to be denied or delayed. — N. 0. (1875)' Art. 1. Sec. 21. The privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended. — N. C. (1875), Art. 1. Sec. 5. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended unless when in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require. — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 1. Sec. 8. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended, unless, in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety require it. — Ohio (1851), AH. 1. Sec. 10. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall never be suspended by the authorities of this state. — Okla. (1907), Art. 2. Sec. 23. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended, unless in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety re- quire it. — Ore. (1857), Art. 1. Sec. 23. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended unless when, in case of insurrection, rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. — S. O. (1895), Art. 1. Sec. 15. That all prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, un- less for capital offenses, when the proof is evident, or the presumption great. And the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended, unless when, in case of rebellion or invasion, the general as- sembly shall declare the public safety requires it. — Tenn. (1870), Art. 1. Sec. 12. The writ of habeas corpus is a writ of right, and shall never be suspended. The legislature shall enact laws to render the remedy speedy and effectual. — Tex. (1875) , Art. 1. Sec. 5. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be, suspended, unless, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety re- quires it. — Utah (1896), Art. 1. Art. 12. The writ of habeas corpus shall in no case be suspended. — It shall be a writ, issuable of right; and the general assembly shall make 4 278 provision to render it a speedy and effectual remedy in all cases proper therefor. — Vt. (1793), Arndt. Art . 12. Sec. 58. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended unless when in cases of invasion or rebellion, the public safety may require. The general assembly shall not pass any bill of attainder, or any ex post facto law, or any law impairing the obligation of contracts, or any law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press. It shall not enact any law whereby private property shall be taken or damaged for public uses, without just compensation. No man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief ; but all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion, and the same shall in no wise dimin- ish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities. And the general assembly shall not prescribe any religious test whatever, or confer any peculiar privileges or advantages on any sect or denomination, or pass any law requiring or authorizing any religious society, or the people of any dis- trict within this state, to levy on themselves or others any tax for the erection or repair of any house of public worship, or for the support of any church or ministry; but it shall be left free to every person to select his religious instructor, and to make for his support such private con- tract as he shall please. — Va. (1902), Art. 4. Sec. 13. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended unless in case of rebellion or invasion the public safetv requires it.— Wash. (1889), Art . 1. Sec. 4. The privilege of a writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended. No person shall be held to answer for treason, felony or other crime not cognizable by a justice, unless on presentment or indictment of a grand jury. No bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of a contract, shall be passed. — W. Va. (1872), Art. 3. Sec. 17. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- pended unless, when in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. — Wyo. (1889), Art. 1. LOCAL AND PRIVATE APPROPRIATIONS. (49) Sec. 45. The assent of two-thirds of the members elected to each house of the legislature shall be requisite to cvei'y bill appropriating the public money oir property foi' local or private purposes. — Mich. (1850) , Art. 4. f Sec. 31. No state tax shall be allowed, or appropriation of money made, except to raise means for the payment of the just debts of the state, for defraying the necessary expenses of government, to sustain common schools, to repel invasions and suppress insurrection, except by a majority of two-thirds of both houses of the general assembly. — Art. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 16. Par. 1. The general assembly shall not, by vote, resolution or order, grant any donation, or gratuity, in favor of any person, cor- poration or association. — Ga. (1877), Art. 7. Sec. 66. No law granting a donation, or gratuity, in favor of any person or object shall be enacted, except by the concurrence of two- thirds of each branch of the legislature, nor by any vote for a sectarian purpose or use. — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 46. The general assembly shall have no power to make any grant, or to authorize the making of any grant of public money or thing of value to any individual, association of individuals, municipal or other corporation whatsoever: Provided , That this shall not be so construed as to prevent the grant of aid in a case of public calamitv. — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 17. No appropriation shall be made to any charitable or edu- cational institution not under the absolute control of the commonwealth, other than normal schools established by law for the professional train- ing of teachers for the public schools of the state, except by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house. — Pa. (1873), Art. 3. Sec. 14. The assent of two-thirds of the members elected to each house of the general assembly shall be required to every bill appropriating the public money or property for local or private purposes. — R. I. (1842), Art. 4. Sec. 51. The legislature shall have no power to make any grant, or authorize the making of any grant, of public money to any individual, association of individuals, municipal or other corporation whatsoever: Provided, That this shall not be so construed as to prevent the grant of aid in case of public calamity. — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. Sec. 20. The assent of two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the legislature shall be requisite to every bill appropriating the public monevs or property for local or private purposes. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. JURY OF LESS THAN TWELVE. (50) Sec. 46. The legislature may authorize a trial by a jury of a less number than twelve men. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 38. The number of jurors for the trial of causes in any court mav be fixed bv law but shall not be less than six in any case. — Fla. (1885), Art. 5. Sec. 248. A grand jury shall consist of twelve persons, nine of whom concurring, may find an indictment. In civil and misdemeanor cases, in courts inferior to the circuit courts, a jury shall consist of six per- sons. The general assembly may provide that in any or all trials of 280 civil actions in the circuit courts, three-fourths or more of the jurors concurring may return a verdict, which shall have the same force and effect as if rendered by the entire panel. But where a .verdict is ren- dered by a less number than the whole jury, it shall be signed by all the jurors who agree to it. — Ky. (1891), Sec. 24 8. INDETERMINATE SENTENCES. (51) Sec. 47. The legislature may, by laic , provide for the indetermi- nate sentences so called, as a punishment fob' crime , on conviction thei'eof, and for the detention and release of persons imprisoned or detained on said sentences. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. STYLE OF LAWS. (52) Sec. 48. The style of the laics shall he, (( Tlie People of the State of Michigan enact.'' — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. Sec. 45. The style of the laws of this state shall be : “Be it enacted by the legislature of Alabama,” which need not be repeated, but the act shall be divided into sections for convenience, according to substance; and the sections designated merely by figures. Each law shall contain but one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title, except general appropriation bills, general revenue bills, and bills adopting a code, digest, or revision of statutes ; and no law shall be revived, amend- ed, or the provisions thereof extended or conferred, by reference to its title only; but so much thereof as is revived, amended, extended, or conferred, shall be re-enacted and published at length. — Ala. (1901), Art. 4. Sec. 19. The style of the laws of the state of Arkansas shall be : “Be it enacted bv the general assemblv of the state of Arkansas.” — Ark. (1874), Art. 5. Sec. 18. The style of the laws of this state shall be: “Be it enacted bv the general assembly of the state of Colorado.” — Colo. (1876), Art. 5. Sec. 15. The enacting clause of every law shall be as follows: “Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Florida.” — Fla. (1885), Art. 3. Sec. 11. The style of the laws of this state shall be: “Be it enacted bv the people of the state of Illinois, represented in the general assemblv.” —III. (1870), Art, 4. Sec. 20. The enacting clause of all laws shall be, “Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Kansas;” and no law shall be enacted except by bill. — Kan. (1859), Art. 2. Sec. 62. The style of the laws of this commonwealth shall be as fol- lows : “Be it enacted bv the general assemblv of the commonwealth of Kentucky.” — Ky. (1891)*, Sec. 62. 281 Art. 22. The style of the laws of this state shall be: “Be it enacted by the general assembly of the state of Louisiana.” — La. (1898), Art. 22. Sec. 29. The style of all laws of this state shall be, “Be it enacted by the general assembly of Maryland,” and all laws shall be passed by original bill; and every law enacted by the general assembly shall em- brace but one subject, and that shall be described in its title; and no law, nor section of law, shall be revived or amended by reference to its title or section only ; nor shall any law be construed by reason of its title to grant powers or confer rights which are not expressly contained in the body of the act ; and it shall be the duty of the general assembly, in amending any article or section of the code of laws of this state, to enact the same as the said article or section would read when amended. And whenever the general assembly shall enact any public general law, not amendatory of any section or article in the said code, it shall be the duty of the general assembly to enact the same, in articles and sec- tions, in the same manner as the code is arranged, and, to provide for the publication of all additions and alterations which may be made to the said code. — Md. (1867), Art. 3. Art. 8. The enacting style, in making and passing all acts, statutes, and laws, shall be — “Be it enacted by the senate and house of repre- sentatives in general court assembled, and by the authority of the same.” — Mass. (1780), Part 2, Chap. 6. Sec. 13. The style of all laws of this state shall be: “Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Minnesota.” No law shall be passed unless voted for by a majority of all the member § elected to each branch of the legislature, and the vote, entered upon the journal of each house. —Minn. (1857), Art. 4. Sec. 56. The style of the laws of the state shall be : “Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Mississippi.” — Miss. (1890), Art. 4. Sec. 24. The style of the laws of this state shall be: “Be it enacted by the general assembly of the state of Missouri, as follows.” — Mo. (1875), Art. 4. Sec. 20. The enacting clause of every law shall be as follows : “Be it enacted by the legislative assemblv, of the state of Montana.” — Mont. (1889), Art. 5. Sec. 23. The enacting clause of every law shall be as follows: “The people of the state of Nevada, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows,” and no law shall be enacted except by bill. — Nev. (1864), Art. 4. Art. 91. The enacting style in making and passing acts, statutes, and laws shall be, Be it enacted by the senate and house of representa- tives in general court convened. — N. H. y Part. 2. 5. The laws of this state shall begin in the following style : “Be it 36 — Legislative Dept. 282 enacted by the senate and general assembly of the state of New Jersey. — A. J. (1844), Art. 4, Sec. 7. Sec. 14. The enacting clause of all bills shall be “The people of the state of New York, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as fol- lows,” and no law shall be enacted except by bill. — N. Y. (1894), Art. 3. Sec. 21. The style of the acts shall be: “The general assembly of North Carolina do enact.’” — N. C. (1875), Art. 2. Sec. 59. The enacting clause of every law shall be as follows: “Be it enacted bv the legislative assembly of the state of North Dakota.” — N. Dak. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 18. The style of the laws of this state shall be, “Be it enacted by the general assembly of the state of Ohio .” — Ohio (1851), Art. 2. Sec. 3. Referendum petitions shall be filed with the secretary of state not more than ninety days after the final adjournment of the ses- sion of the legislature which passed the bill on which the referendum is demanded. The veto power of the governor shall not extend to meas- ures voted on by the people. All elections on measures referred to the people. All elections on measures referred to the people of the state shall be had at the next election held throughout the state, except when the legislature or the governor shall order a special election for the express purpose of making such reference. Any measure referred to the people by the initiative shall take effect and be in force when it shall have been approved by a majority of the votes cast in such election. Any meas- ure referred to the people by the referendum shall take effect and be in force when it shall have been approved by a majority of the votes cast thereon and not otherwise. The style of all bills shall be : “Be it enacted by the people of the state of Oklahoma.” Petitions and orders for the initiative and for the referendum shall be filed with the secretary of state and addressed to the governor of the slate, who shall submit the same to the people. The legislature shall make suitable provisions for carrying into effect the provisions of this article. — Olcla. (1907), Art. 5. Sec. 16. The style of all laws shall be : “Be it enacted by the general assembly of the state of South Carolina.” — S. C. (1895), Art. 3. Sec. 18. The enacting clause of a law shall be: “Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of South Dakota,” and no law shall be passed unless by assent of a majority of all the members elected to each house of the legislature. And the question upon the final passage shall be taken upon its last reading, and the yeas and nays shall be entered upon the journal. — S. D. (1889), Art. 3. Sec. 29. The enacting clause of all laws shall be, “Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Texas.” — Tex. (1875), Art. 3. 283 Sec. 22. The enacting clause of every law shall be, “Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Utah.” Except such laws as may be passed by the vote of the electors as provided in subdivision 2, section 1 of this article, and such laws shall begin as follows: “Be it enacted by the people of the state of .Utah.” No bill or joint resolution shall be passed, except with the assent of the majority of all the members elected to each house of the legislature, and after it has been read three times. The vote upon the final passage of all bills shall be by yeas and nays ; and no law shall be revised or amended by reference to its title only, but the act as revised or section as amended, shall be re-enacted and published at length. — Utah (1896), Art. 6 [Arndt.). Sec. 15. The style of the laws of this state in future to be passed shall be. It is hereby enacted by the general assembly of the state of Vermont. — Vt. (1793), Chap. 2. Sec. 18. The style of the laws of the state shall be: “Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Washington.” And no law shall be enacted except by bill. — Wash. (1889), Art. 2. Sec. 17. The style of the laws of the state shall be “The people of the state of Wisconsin, represented in the senate and assembly, do enact as follows:” and no law shall be enacted except by bill. — Wis. (1848), Art. 4. Sec. 21. The enacting clause of every law shall be as follows: “Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Wyoming.” — Wyo. (1889), Art. 3. COUNTY AND TOWNSHIP HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. (53) Sec. 49. The legislature may provide for the laying out, con- struction, improvement and maintenance of highways, bridges and culverts by counties and townships, and may authorize counties to take charge and control of any highways within their limits for such pur- poses; and may modify, change or abolish the powers and duties of township commissioners and overseers of hightvays. But the tax raised in any one year shall not exceed tico dollars upon each one thousand dollars valuation, according to the assessment roll of the county for the preceding year. The legislature may also prescribe the poivers and duties of boards of supervisors in relation to highways, bridges and culverts, and may provide for one or more county road commissioners, to be elected by the people, or appointed, with such powers and duties as may be prescribed by law. No county shall incur any indebtedness for any purposes in excess of three per cent of the valuation, according to the last assessment roll, and not such indebtedness beyond one-half of one per cent of such valuation shall be incurred, unless authorized by a majority of the electors of said county voting thereon. Provided, That any county road system provided by law shall not go into opera- tion in any county until the electors of said county, by a majority vote, have declared in favor of adopting the county road system. — Mich. (1850), Art. 4. 284 Sec. 36. The legislature shall have power to establish a system of state highways or to declare any road a state highway, and to pass all laws necessary or proper to construct and maintain the same, and to extend aid for the construction and maintenance in whole or in part of any county highway. — Cal. (1880), Art. 4 (Arndt. 1902.). Sec. 30. The general assembly may provide for establishing and open- ing roads and cartways, connected with a public road, for private and public use. — III. (1870), Art. 4. Sec. 12. A debt or debts of the state may be authorized by law for the improvement of highways. Such highways shall be determined un- der general laws, which shall also provide for the equitable apportion- ment thereof among the counties. The aggregate of the debts authorized by this section shall not at any one time exceed the sum of fifty millions of dollars. The payment of the annual interest on such debt and the creation of a sinking fund of at least two per centum per annum to discharge the principal at maturity shall be provided by general laws, whose force and effect shall not be diminished during the existence of any debt created thereunder. The legislature may by general laws require the county or town or both to pay to the sinking fund the pro- portionate part of the cost of any such highway within the boundaries of such county or town and the proportionate part of the interest there- on, but no county shall at any time for any highway be required to pay more than thirty-five hundredths of the cost of such highway, and no town more than fifteenth hundredths. None of the provisions of the fourth section of this article shall apply to debts for the improvement of highways hereby authorized. — A. Y. (1894), Art. 7 (Arndt. 1905). Sec. 24. The legislature shall make provision for laying out and working public roads, for the building of bridges, and for utilizing fines, forfeitures and convict labor to all these purposes. — Tex. (1875), Art. 16. THE ! HF tuf APR 1934 l'*'l R,MTY OF I ILLINOIS - *