F^ViGPA THE INSTITUTE OF GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS / CHICAGO SINCE 1840: A Time-series Data Handbook Wesley G. Skogan UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 309.177311 Sk5c cop. 3 I . H . S . CHICAGO SINCE I81+O : A TIME-SERIES DATA HANDBOOK by Wesley G. Skogan Institute of Government and Public Affairs University of Illinois Urbana 1976 309, 1 77 31 J -^ ^^ . ^^^^J^ CONTENTS FOREWORD V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii INTRODUCTION 3 DEMOGRAPHIC, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INDICATORS Basic Demographic Characteristics 13 Community Economic Base 21 Social Environment 27 City and County Voting Patterns 33 Ward Voting and Demographic Patterns 41 INDICATORS OF GOVERNMENTAL ACTIVITY Judicial Selection in Cook County 73 Municipal Court Operation 81 Police Department Organization and Activity 85 Other Governmental Agencies 93 APPENDICES A. Major Incidents of Industrial Violence and Collective Disorder in Chicago 101 B. Private Schools in Chicago 109 111 TABLES 1. Basic Demographic Characteristics 18 2. Community Economic Base 24 3. Social Environment 30 4. City and County Voting Patterns 38 5a. Ward Voting and Demographic Data: 1890 46 5b. Ward Voting and Demographic Data: 1900 49 5c. Ward Voting and Demographic Data: 1910 53 5d. Ward Voting and Demographic Data: 1920 56 5e. Ward Voting and Demographic Data: 1930 58 5f. Ward Voting and Demographic Data: 1940 60 5g. Ward Voting and Demographic Data: 1950 62 5h. Ward Voting and Demographic Data: 1960 64 5i. Ward Voting and Demographic Data: 1970 68 6. Judicial Selection in Cook County 79 7. Municipal Court Operation 84 8. Police Department Organization and Activity 90 9. Other Governmental Agencies 95 FIGURES 1. The Basic Model 8 2. County, City, and Fringe Population 16 3. Ward Level Correlations between Demography and Voting. . . 42 4. Cook County Judges: Percent Democratic 75 5. Arrests in the City of Chicago 87 IV FOREWORD A major concern of the Institute of Government and Public Affairs is to facilitate and stimulate 'research on policy matters related to Illinois. This handbook, a compendium of historical data on the city of Chicago, is designed to further these ends. It is modeled after data handbooks on nation-states, but it is the first compendium to use a city as the unit of analysis. Its scope is also greater than that of the nation-state handbooks. Besides providing data in nine broad areas over 133 years, the handbook also lists sources on more current data, discusses the utility of the data, and provides illustrative analyses. The data presented here are available in computer-readable form from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Inquiries concerning the computer-readable file should be addressed to the Director of Archives, Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Researcn, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. The author, Wesley G. Skogan, is assistant professor. Department of Political Science and Center for Urban Affairs, Northwestern University. From October 1974 through August 1975 he was a visiting fellow at the Law Enforcement Assistance Admin- istration (LEAA), Washington, D. C. , during which time he com- pleted work on the handDook. Like all works published by the Institute of Government, this study is entirely the responsibility of the author; any errors in fact or interpretation are his. Samuel K. Gove Director Institute of Government and Public Affairs ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank Clyde A. Bridger, Chief Statisti- cian, Center for Health Statistics, Illinois Department of Public Health, for his assistance in gathering a portion of the data. The staff of the Municipal Reference Library of the city of Chicago and the Government Publications Division of the Northwestern University Library were patient and helpful with requests for assistance . Assistance in the preparation of the manuscript came from the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, under a visiting fellowship grant. However, that agency bears no responsibility for the data or their interpretation. The author would also like to thank Stephanie Cole, editor at the Institute of Government and Public Affairs, who played a major role in putting this handbook into final form. Thanks are also due Florence Edmison for her efficient typing of the manuscript. VJLl CHICAGO SINCE 1840: A TIME-SERIES DATA HANDBOOK INTRODUCTION This handbook presents an extensive collection of time-series data for the city of Chicago. The variables which are included range from automobile ownership to indicators of the strength of the city's represen- tation in the Illinois state legislature. The data are presented in nine tables, divided into conceptually useful clusters. The longest series spans ISM- years. Chicago became a city in 1836, and an attempt was made to assemble each series beginning in 18H0, the year of the city's first decennial census. The handbook was assembled for several reasons. First, it may en- courage others to use historical materials to understand and confront con- temporary issues, for many problems have analogues in the past. The hand- book may also facilitate time-series analyses of social and political processes which take place in cities. These analyses can supply a devel- opmental perspective which is implicit in much of social theory but which often lacks data employed for statistical tests of theories. Finally, the presentation for the first time of a compendium of city-level data may stimulate the creation of similar handbooks for other communities. The assembly of complementary data collections would encourage comparative analyses of urban problems and processes. The supply of historical antecedents to contemporary urban problems is often quite large. For example, current interest in the relationships between changing social norms and the politics of vice control was mirrored in earlier periods. During most of Chicago's history, public policy regard- ing the location and operation of brothels and gambling dens has been a major issue of controversy in local elections. A landmark empirical study of the problem is Walter Reckless 's analysis of the distribution of prosti- tution and commercialized vice in Chicago's community areas in the 1920s. Between 1925 and 1935, Harold Gosnell conducted surveys of the activities of party workers in Chicago, examining changes in patterns of voting be- havior at the precinct level. Gosnell' s work is a benchmark for studies of the impact of economic stress upon the operation of urban party machines -^Walter C. Reckless, Vice in Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933). ^Harold F. Gosnell, Machine Politics: Chicago Model (Chicago: Univer- sity of Chicago Press, 1937); Getting Out the Vote (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927); Negro Politicians (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935). -3- _^_ and the delivery of government services. Analyses of crime patterns dxiring the Great Depression and other periods of economic growth or decline could lend insight into the current debate over the relation- ship between the economic cycle and the crime rate. Many other issues of contemporary interest, including the recruitment of ethnic minori- ties in police departments, high crime rates among recent migrants to the city, and the structural bases of corruption, are problems with long histories and, no doubt, long futures. In this approach to the analysis of social problems, a commun- ity ' s structure is viewed in a developmental framework . The existing state of affairs is seen as an outcome of current activity plus an accretion of institutions, attitudes, and practices which reflect past decisions and social change. From this perspective, insights into even the most contemporary community problems may be gained from the work of urban historians. Like many of the social sciences and humanities, the field of history has undergone several revolutions in recent years. The first revolution has been conceptual, a rethinking of the role of inference in historical research. More historians are willing to think of the activities they examine as samples of events which probably evidence similar characteristics. Following the model of the social sciences, such historians more readily generalize from their findings to classes of similar events, posing hypotheses about regularities of behavior which transcend the situation at hand. As a corollary, they are con- cerned with the sampling aspects of their work, selecting problems or events for investigation because they are representative, not because they are unique. There is also more interest in replicating the work of others by examining problems broached in studies of other communi- ties. The second revolution has been methodological. Quantitative techniques have been introduced, and the computer is being used in- creasingly. Problems ranging from the causes of war to the profita- bility of slavery to collective violence have been probed anew using numerical time-series data and retrospective quantitative descriptions of prices, populations, and even pestilence.^ ■^Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman , Time on the Cross : The Economics of American Negro Slavery and Time on the Cross : Evidence and Methods (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974); J. David Singer and Melvin Small, The Wages of War, 1816-1965: A Statistical Handbook (New York: John Wiley, 1972); Sheldon G. Levy, "A 150-Year Study of Political Violence in the United States," in The History of Violence in America , Hugh D. Graham and Ted R. Gurr, eds. (New York: Bantam Books, 1969), pp. 218-25. -5- Nowhere has both of these revolutions been more fully realized than in the study of urban history. The use of quantitative techniques has been stimulated by the work of Stephen Thernstrom on Boston and New England, Sam Bass Warner on Philadelphia, and Samuel Hays on Pitts- burgh. "+ The work of these researchers also reflects the theoretical orientation of the new historians: they are concerned with such funda- mental social processes as social mobility, elite recruitment, political organization, and corruption, and they employ a language and a concep- tual framework common to the social sciences. Other researchers, in- cluding Peter Knights in his work on the common people of Boston, have used quantitative historical data for purely descriptive purposes. Knights used such data to expand and verify more traditional recon- structions of the past.^ Quantitative work on Chicago's history has been limited. Joel Tarr has explored electoral behavior around the turn of the century, John Allswang has examined the relationship between ethnicity and pat- terns of voting and elite recruitment between 1890 and the New Deal, and Richard Sennett has probed patterns of social mobility and community development in the late 1890s. ^ The data in this handbook may stimulate further research of this sort. "^ Stephen A. Thernstrom, Poverty and Progress: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth Century City (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964), and The Other Bostonians: Poverty and Progress in the American Metropolis 1880-1970 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973); Sam Bass Warner, Jr. , The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods of Its Growth (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968). See also Richard Sennett, "Middle Class Families and Urban Violence: The Experience of a Chicago Community in the Nineteenth Century," in Nineteenth Century Cities: Essays in the New Urban History , Stephen A. Thernstrom and Richard Sennett, eds. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969), pp. 386-420. ^Peter R. Knights, The Plain People of Boston 1830-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973). ^John M. Allswang, A House for All Peoples: Ethnic Politics in Chicago, 1890-1936 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1971); Richard Sennett, Families against the City: Middle Class Homes of Indus- trial Chicago, 1872-1890 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970); Joel Arthur Tarr, A Study in Boss Politics: William Lorimer of Chicago (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971). -6- The second major function of this handbook may be to facilitate time-series analyses of social and political processes in urban set- tings. Research of this type focuses upon fundamental concepts and social theories. For example, there is considerable theoretical inter- est in the dynamics of system growth. It appears that, as a system expands in population or size, a larger proportion of its resources must be invested in administrative and communication activities. In order to persist, the "social overhead" of the community may have to grow at a more rapid rate than does the system as a whole. '^ One re- searcher whose work relates to these points is Theodore Lowi, whose description of the biographical characteristics of top-level adminis- trators in New York City over time documents the growing bureaucrat- ization and professionalization of service delivery there. ^ Charles Tilly and others have examined .the relationship between urbanization and the incidence of crime, violence, and collective disorder.^ Other researchers have explored the cross-sectional relationship be- tween interparty competition, on the one hand, and the level and dis- tribution of public services in the American states, on the other. Probing the assumptions of American democratic theory (as expounded, for example, in the Federalist Papers ) , they have examined the hypoth- esis that active competition between political parties stimulates an expansion of the public sector and a more equitable distribution of government services.-'-'-' Data in this volume relate to each of these problems. While a number of studies of crime, violence, politics, service delivery, and public expenditure have been conducted using multiple units of obser- vation at one point in time, many of the underlying hypotheses are in fact developmental: as "x" increases, so does "y." Time-series data on Chicago and other cities may be used to investigate fluctuation over time in the variables of interest, lending more confidence to inferences about sequential, cause and effect processes which are taking place in the world. 'John Kasarda, "Structural Implications of System Size: A Three- Level Analysis," American Sociological Review 39 (1974): 19-28. Theodore Lowi , At the Pleasure of the Mayor: Patronage and Power in New York City, 1898-1958 (New York: Free Press, 1964). g Charles Tilly and M. Lodi, "Urbanization, Crime and Collective Violence in Nineteenth Century France," American Journal of Sociology 79 (1973): 295-318. Bryan R. Fry and Richard F. Winters, "The Politics of Redistri- bution," American Political Science Review 54 (1970): 508-22. -7- In fact, the data in this handbook were assembled along lines suggested by the conceptual framework which guides much of this re- search, the systems model. The basic components of the systems model are depicted in Figure 1. Politics and policy are conceptualized as functions of the economic and demographic structure of the policy. The kind of people who dwell in a community, and the resources which they have available to shape their collective fate, affect both their politics and the policies which may emerge from these politics. Basic community characteristics also shape the social environment within which the political struggle is conducted: the level of violence and disorder, the technology available to combatants, and their norms and values. Each of the variable clusters identified in Figure 1 is rep- resented in the data to be found in the tables contained in this handbook, facilitating time-series analyses of a variety of social and political processes. Each data series in the handbook is presented in a table re- porting similar indicators. An introduction to each table describes the sources of the information presented, along with citations to sources which will allow the series to be updated beyond 1973, the last year for which data are reported here. When relevant, difficul- ties in the interpretation or use of the numbers listed here are noted, as are problems resulting from the absence of data. Sugges- tions for research employing some of the indicators are also given. In general, an attempt was made to gather information for each series for the entire period from 184-0 through 1973. Some of the variables report recent innovations, such as automobile ownership or the spread of the telephone, while others document the activities of organiza- tions or institutions with limited life spans. As a result, these series are truncated. There is also a great deal of missing data, especially for the early years of Chicago's history. In 1840 the city consisted of a cluster of buildings on the edge of the wilderness, and there was little local interest in preserving any but the most vital records. The Great Fire of 1876 destroyed most of the city, including many valuable public and private files. Some of the data — notably those gathered by the Census Bureau during its decennial Census of the Population or its bidecennial Census of Business — have been collected only at periodic intervals. All of these problems have the same effect: the absence of data points for certain years in the 134-year series. The absence of information is usually reflected in the tables by the absence of numbers. Several series based principally upon periodic surveys by the Census Bureau, however, have been augmented by estimates of values for years between the surveys. These estimates are always pointed out in the text accompanying the tables. The method of arriv- ing at the estimates which are presented is also discussed in each introductory statement. Other researchers may wish to pursue alterna- tive approaches to deal with the absence of data. Figure 1 THE BASIC MODEL 'T' I I I POLITICAL SYSTEM DEMOGRAPHY ECONOMICS GOVERNMENTAL ACTIVITY SOCIAL STRUCTURE I I I ,1, The reliability of some of the data in the handbook is diffi- cult to assess. Most of the figures were collected either by or for governments or by large private organizations like the telephone company. Only resourceful and long-lived institutions have the capac- ity to gather and retain information across a period of time long enough to qualify it as "time-series" data. The activities of ordi- nary citizens, of movements as opposed to organizations, and of groups or institutions which do not have to account to anyone for their be- havior are thus lost from view. What remains are figures produced by agencies which must justify their existence and glorify their per- formance, politicians who must legitimate their grasp on the reins of power, and accountants who must make bottom line figures add to the correct grand total. In a political system like that of Chicago, performance , votes , and dollars are often portrayed inaccurately in the reports from which most of these data are drawn. It is clear that all the data contain errors. The Census Bur- eau's population estimates are only estimates, and often they are in error by as much as 2.5 percent. Successful crimes may not come to the attention of the police, illegitimate births may be disguised, telephones used without the knowledge of the telephone company, and autos operated without benefit of a license. Doubtless our coding of the ethnic background of Chicago judges is replete with judgmental errors. The question is always one of the relative magnitude of the error, and whether the error leads one to make false inferences from the data. Votes in Chicago do_ reflect who holds power, which is what we are interested in, and the errors in population counts, although large in absolute numbers, are small in relative magnitude. In every case, however, the researcher must confront the issue of data relia- bility within the context of his or her particular research design. The information presented in the first data section of the handbook (tables 1-5) describes the demographic, economic, and politi- cal structure of Chicago. Table 1 presents a number of indicators describing the population of the city and the county which surrounds it; Table 2 presents national and local economic data; and Table 3 describes the "social environment" of the city through indicators of norms, behaviors, and social technologies. Tables 4- and 5 are com- pendia of political data. Table 4 records city-wide voting patterns, identifies some characteristics of incumbent mayors, and presents sev- eral measures of the strength and style of Chicago's representation in the state legislature. Table 5 presents ward-level voting and demo- graphic data for selected periods of the city's history. -10- The second section broadly describes the operation of govern- mental institutions in the city across time (tables 6-9). Table 6 traces changing patterns of political recruitment through the personal attributes of county judges, while Table 7 presents a picture of the operation of the Municipal Court of Chicago. Table 8 contains a num- ber of indicators of police department resources and activity measures since 1856; Table 9 records expenditure and employment statistics for other basic government services. Appendix A is quite different in character from the previous sections of the handbook. It presents some basic data on patterns of disorder in the city. It is largely a bibliographic enterprise, and citations to relevant literature are presented for those who wish to follow up specific events in more detail. Appendix A includes dates, durations, numbers of participants, and numbers of deaths resulting from large-scale strikes, racial disorders, and political protests which have occurred in the city since 1840, along with thumbnail descriptions of each of these events. Appendix B, an addendum to Table 9, contains data on private schools in the city. DEMOGRAPHIC, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INDICATORS -13- Basic Demographic Characteristics Population data are necessary to calculate rates for many of the other variables reported upon in this handbook. Table 1 contains this basic demographic information. The table includes the city of Chicago's population, categorical breakdowns, the city's area, and the overall county population for each year from 184-0 through 1973. Like any measure, population figures may not be entirely accu- rate. For example, demographers at the U.S. Bureau of the Census now suspect that their count of the nation's population in 1970 was low by about 2.5 percent. The estimates given in Table 1 are similarly subject to both random and systematic errors, but in relation to the magnitude of the data these errors are probably as small as those of the 1970 Census. The data in Table 1 are arranged in columns as follows : — Population (Chicago) . Counting the residents of a city is an arbitrary procedure: On what day does the count begin, and what constitutes a resident? Each yearly total does indicate the number of residents within the legal boundaries of the city, but these boundaries change over time. In addition, the figures presented here are only as accurate as are the sources from which they are taken. — Source . A variety of sources were consulted to deter- mine the city population for each year.-^ The numbers in this column correspond to the following sources: (1) City Censuses. Until 1872 private contractors conducted censuses for the city, which used them in planning and in raising and estimating revenue. These counts varied in quality. Updated reports of Chicago's population appear in the series Vital Statistics Special Reports , issued irregularly by the Illinois Department of Public Health. Population data for the years before 1840 can be found in A.T. Andreas, History of Cook County, Illinois (Chicago: A.T. Andreas, 1884). 2 Henry Hoyt , One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933), Table XCIII, p. 483. -IH- (2) Federal Censuses. The original decennial reports issued by the U.S. Bureau of the Census were con- sulted for these figures. (3) State Censuses. In 1845, 1855, and 1865 the state of Illinois conducted these censuses for revenue purposes.^ (4) School Censuses. Private contractors conducted these censuses for the Chicago Board of Education. Because there was no compulsory school attendance, the board needed these data for planning purposes. Most of these counts were made before 1889, when the state passed a compulsory school attendance law.*^ (5) Estimates by Illinois Department of Public Health. The department's chief statistician made these esti- mates. Figures for the years during World War II are based upon registrations for ration books. Fig- ures for the remaining years for which this source is given were arrived at by using compound growth formulas, with decennial U.S. Census counts as bases. (6) Estimates by Hoyt. See footnotes 2 and 3. (7) Linear interpolations between other estimates. — Percent Black . The base for calculating the nonwhite proportion of the population is the decennial federal census. Decennial counts were interpolated in linear fashion between census years. For Chicago the category nonwhites corresponds closely to the city's black population. The categorization of Mexican-Americans as whites or nonwhites in different census years does not affect this percentage significantly. — Percent Foreign Born . The category foreign born was first used in the federal census of 1850. This category is reserved for whites; nonwhites are reported without attention to their national origin. Until recently most of Chicago's nonwhites were American- born blacks. Estimates between census years are linear interpola- tions. 'Ibid. ^These data were reported in the Chicago Daily News Almanac. ■15- -- Percent Foreign Stock . The category foreign stock includes all white, native-born city residents who reported in the federal census that one or both of their natural parents were born outside the United States. This category is the only measure of ethnic origin in the federal census. It was introduced in the federal census of 1890, at the begin- ning of the great wave of immigration from eastern and southern Europe. The decision that the origins of Americans would not be reported beyond the second generation reflects the melting pot ideology. -- Percent under Age 21 . This summary figure, a linearly in- terpolated estimate, reflects the age distribution of the city's population. Age distribution is an extremely import- ant determinant of the demand for many city services, in- cluding schools and hospitals. Because most serious crimes are committed by youths, age distribution also has a strong effect upon the crime rate. The use of age 21 as a cut-off point was imposed by the limited data on age reported in early censuses, when 21 was the voting age for free males. — Percent Professional . This series documents the changing occupational distribution in the city. Detailed accounts of the occupations of the adult civilian labor force were used to create a variable which reflects approximately the same pool of jobs over time. Perfect correspondence of oc- cupations is impossible, for new professional occupations (i.e. computer programmer) continually emerge, while others (i.e. healer) decline in importance. Such early "profes- sionals" as fortune tellers, ushers, and circus workers were excluded. Mid-census estimates are linear interpola- tions between decennial counts. -- City Area . The changing size of the city is recorded in square miles. ^ The figures exclude O'Hare Airport, which was annexed to Chicago in 1950, but which houses virtually no people. -- Population (Cook) . The final statistical series reported in this table is the population of Cook County, the county in which Chicago is located. County population is important ^The data were reported in Bessie Louise Pierce, A History of Chicago , vol. 1 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1937). Figures provided by Pierce were updated by information from the Chicago Department of Resources and Revenue. CM ^ CM e*s CO ^ ^- CO CO 1^ 03 m CO 1 — <=) CM CM CO CO CM CD (SQNVSnOHi Nl) 39Niad QNV AllO 'AINROO - NOIi\nndOd -17- for several reasons. Agencies of county government are important in determining the fate of the city, and as the city's share of the voting public declines (see Figure 2) the locus of political power will shift to the suburbs. The size of the county's fringe population (county popula- tion minus city population) is also a useful index of the extent of suburbanization around the city for most of its history — only since 1945 has the suburban fringe spread beyond county boundaries to any significant extent. In addition, this series is useful in computing rates for many of the county-level political variables presented in this handbook. Annual updates of county population esti- mates are made and reported by the U.S. Bureau of the Census.^ The estimates are based upon births, elementary school enrollments, and automobile registrations. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Social and Economic Statistics Administration, Population Estimates, Series P-26. TABLE 1 s ^ Population (Chicago) O o to Percent Black Percent Foreign Born Percent Foreign Stock Percent under Age 21 •p G 0) O u < Population (Chicago) O u o G Q) ^ O O U tD 0) H CU cq Percent Foreign Bo: Percent Foreign St^ Percent un' Age 21 G O ■P w c w O Uh (U u PU CLl City Area (square mi. Population (Cook) 1930 3376438 (2) 6.90 24. 9C 39.50 34.69 6.80 185.0 3982123 1931 3341913 (6) 7.11 24.84 39.41 34.53 6.75 185.0 3990245 1932 3236913 (61 7.48 25.31 40.18 35.12 6.70 185.0 3998367 1933 3200000 (7) 7.71 25.2 i 40.13 34.99 6.65 165.0 4006489 193A 3180000 (7) 7.90 25. o«; 39-87 34.67 6.60 185. C 4014611 1935 3200000 (7) 7.99 24. 6C 39-10 33.92 6.55 185.0 4022732 1936 32000CC (7) 8.13 24.27 38-59 33.38 fc.5C 165.0 4C3C854 19 3 7 325000C (7) 8.15 23.56 37-48 32.34 6.45 185.0 4038976 1938 33000CC (7J 8.16 22.86 36-42 31.33 £.40 165.0 4047098 19 39 33500CC (7) a. 18 22-22 35.38 30-35 6.35 165. C 4C55220 1940 3396808 (2) 8.2C 21. 6C 34.41 29-42 6.30 185.0 4063342 1941 345590C ( 5) 8.73 2C.62 33.34 29- C3 6.55 185.0 4107887 1942 3466100 (5) 9.36 19.95 32.77 29-C6 6.80 185.0 4152432 1943 332660C (5) 1C.45 20.16 33.65 30-40 7.05 185.0 4196977 1944 335000C ( 5) 11.06 19. 3c 32.92 30.31 7.30 185.0 4241522 1945 3390000 (5) 11.61 18.53 32.04 30. C7 7.55 185.0 4236067 1946 341620C (5) 12.19 17.76 31.32 29.95 7.80 185.0 4330612 1947 3475500 (5) 12.65 16.87 3C.31 29.55 8.05 185.0 4375157 1948 35277C0 (5) 13.11 16.02 29-39 29.23 8.30 185.0 4419702 1949 35671C0 ( 5) 13.61 15.25 26.60 29. C2 8.55 185.0 4464247 1950 3606436 (2) 14.10 14. 5C 27.84 28.81 8.80 185. C 4508792 1951 36185C0 (5) 14.90 14.21 27.29 29.24 8.83 185. C 4570885 1952 3615200 (5) 15.77 13-9S 26.86 29.79 8.86 185.0 4632979 1953 361080C (5) 16.64 13.77 26.43 30.35 8.89 185. C 4695072 1954 3605200 (5) 17-52 13.55 26.01 30.92 8.92 185.0 4757165 1955 359840C (5) 18.40 13.3: 25.61 31.51 8.95 185.0 4819258 1956 35904C0 (5) 19.30 13.12 25.20 32.11 8.98 185.0 4881352 1957 358130C (5) 20.21 12.92 24.81 32.72 9.01 185.0 4943445 1958 3571100 (5) 21.13 12.71 24.42 33.34 9.04 185. C 5C05538 1959 35597CC (5) 22.06 12.51 24.03 33.98 9.07 185.0 5067632 1960 3547200 (2) 23.01 12. 3 J 23.65 34.64 9.10 185.0 5129725 1961 3533600 (5) 24.06 12-ie 23.14 34.81 9.45 185.0 5217000 1962 35188C0 (5) 25.13 12-05 22.63 34.99 9.80 185.0 5246000 1963 35030C0 (5) 26.21 11.92 22.12 35.18 10.15 185.0 5270000 1964 3486200 (5) 27-32 11. 8C 21,62 35.39 10.50 185. C 5311000 1965 3468300 (5) 28.44 11.66 21.11 35.61 10.85 185.0 5400CC0 1966 3449300 (5) 29.59 11.56 2C.61 35.84 11.20 185. C 5410CCC 1967 3429400 (5) 30.75 11.44 20-11 36.08 11.55 185.0 5460000 1968 34C840C (5) 31.94 11.32 19-60 36.34 11.90 185.0 5511000 1969 3386400 (5) 33.16 11.21 19.10 36.62 12.25 185.0 5501664 1970 3362947 (1) 34.40 11. IC 18.60 36.91 12.60 185.0 5492369 1971 3339700 (5) 35.66 10.9^ 18.09 37.20 185.0 5517400 1972 3330000 (5) 36.79 10.83 17.50 37.35 185.0 55424C0 1973 332000C <5) 37.92 10.67 16.91 37.50 185.0 5470700 -21- Community Economic Base Table 2 contains time-series data on the economic health of Chicago since 1870. Some of the data touch on Chicago directly; other data reflect fluctuations in the national economy. Both sets of indicators will affect the distribution of other events in the community, including the levels of collective violence and of sup- port for particular political parties. Both sets of indicators will also affect the demand for governmental services and — perhaps most important — the ability of the government to levy and collect taxes to support these services. Through most of its history Chi- cago has levied taxes at the maximum rates possible londer state laws and the state constitution. Thus, fluctuations in the economy and changes in laws and the constitution were the primary determin- ants of the availability of funds in a given year. (See Table 4- for time-series data on the city's ability to affect the availability of funds through politics.) The columns in Table 2 contain the following data: — Percent Business Failures (U.S.) . This index of business failures is the percent of the estimated number of business concerns in the U.S. which failed in a given year. Failures include those businesses which went into bankruptcy, were foreclosed, were closed to satisfy creditors' demands, or were placed in receiverships and closed down. This series is affected by changes in tax and bankruptcy laws as well as by economic fluctuations. — Stock Prices (U.S.) . This is the yearly monthly average of the composite stock price index compiled by Standard and Poors. 2 The base is five hundred stocks. Since 1871 the list of securities making up the index has been kept -'-These data come from Dun and Bradstreet. Data through 1957 were reported in U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960). Data from 1958-73 were taken from the yearly updates in U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Sta- tistical Abstract of the United States (Washington: U.S. Government Print- ing Office). 2 The data for this series were taken from Standard and Poors Trade and Securities Statistics: Security Price Record Index (New York: Standard and Poors, 1972). Yearly updates are reported in the Statistical Abstract of the United States. -22- roughly comparable. When the index is calculated, each company is weighted by its number of outstanding shares. The prices reported here are based on a scale of 1941-43 = 10. — Manufacturing Establishments (Chicago) . These data, the number of manufacturing establishments, are collected twice each decade by the Bureau of the Census, Business Surveys Division. They are reported in the Census of Manufactures. A manufacturing establishment is de- fined as an industrial unit at a single location which produces goods. If two distinct activities take place at a single location, they are counted separately. As in the two columns which follow, estimated values for years between the census are followed by an asterisk in the table. These estimates are linear interpolations be- tween the observed values. — Wage Workers in Manufacturing (Chicago) . These figures are also reported in the Census of Manufactures. They represent the number of persons employed in industrial establishments less the number of partners or proprietors. They can be used to trace changes in the economic base of the community. — Value Added by Manufacturing (Chicago) . These figures are estimates in current dollars of the value of shipments of products, receipts, and profits without processing, less the value of materials and labor, for manufacturing estab- lishments in the city. These data also come from the Census of Manufactures. — Wholesale Price Index (U.S.) . Based on a wide range of all commodities, these figures are the best index of national changes in national real prices. Figures for 1870 through 1965 are based on a scale of 1957-59 = 100. These figures were reported by the Bureau of the Census.^ Figures for 1966 through 1973 are taken from the Statistical Abstract of the United States . They can be corrected by multiplying by 1.061. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Manufactures, Area Series , reports for Illinois. This source also contains economic data for Cook County. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Long-Term Economic Growth, 1860-1965 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966). -23- - Unemployment (U.S.) . This series reports the yearly national average of monthly unemployment for the civilian labor force as a percentage of the total civilian labor force. Current employment statistics are based upon a national household survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor, which inquires about the emplojmient status and job- hunting activities of a sample of persons over 16 years of age. Early figures were estimated from census reports, intercensual labor force statistics, and other economic data.^ ^ Ibid . Updates are found in the Statistical Abstract of the United States . Other employment data can be found in U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings in the United States, 1909-1972 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973). TABLE 2 s ^ Percent Business Failures (U.S. ) Stock Prices (U.S. ) Manufacturing Establishments (Chicago) Wage Workers in Manufacturing (Chicago) 1870 C.8 1871 C.6 4.69 1872 0.8 5.03 1873 1.1 4.8C 1874 1.0 4.57 1875 1.3 4.45 1876 1.4 4.06 1877 1.4 3.14 1878 1.6 3.38 1879 C.9 4.12 1880 0.6 5.21 3519 7S414 1881 0.7 6.25 4164* 9C534* 1882 C.8 5. 90 4809* 101654* 1883 1.1 5.63 5454* 112774* 1884 \.Z 4.74 6099* 123894* 1885 1.2 4.60 6744* 135014* 1886 1.0 5.36 7389* 146134* 1887 1.0 5.53 8034* 157254* 1888 1.0 5.20 8679* 16€374* 1889 1.0 5.32 9324* 17«494* 1890 1.0 5.27 9977 19C621 1891 1.1 5.03 9720* 194017* 1892 0.9 5.55 9463* 197413* 1893 1.3 4.78 9206* 20C809* 1894 1.2 4.39 8949* 2C4205* 1895 1.1 4.53 8692* 207601* 1896 1.3 4.23 8435* 21C997* 1897 1.3 4.45 8178* 214393* 1898 1.1 5.05 7921* 217789* 1899 0.8 6.29 7668 221191 1900 0.9 6.15 7765* 262621 1901 C.9 7.84 7862* 2 5 746 1* 1902 0.9 8.42 7959* 252301* 1903 0.9 7.21 8056* 247141* 1904 0.9 7. 05 8157 241984 1905 0.8 8.99 8456* 252382* 1906 0.8 9.64 8755* 262780* 1907 0.8 7.84 9054* 273178* 1908 1.1 7.78 9353* 283576* 1909 0.9 9.71 9656 293977 1910 0.8 9.35 9747* 297923* 1911 0.9 9.24 9838* 301869* 1912 1.0 9.53 9929* 305815* 1913 1.0 8.51 10020* 30S761* 1914 1.1 8.08 10115 313710 CO Value Added by- Manufacturing (Chicago) 0) o •H Ph . CO cu • H :=> (0 — ' CO cu X •-{ cu O t) S M 50.4 48.2 51.3 49.3 46.7 44.2 40.7 39.6 33.1 33.2 37.1 37.7 39.3 36.4 33.8 31.2 30.0 31.2 31.8 30.4 ■p c 1 o .H CU B cu 8 30.7 4.C 30.6 5.4 28.5 3.C 29.2 11.7 26.2 18.4 26.7 13.7 25.4 14.4 25-5 14.5 26.5 12.4 295657 28.5 6.5 3C9550* 30.7 5.C 323443* 30.2 4.C 337336* 32.3 3.7 351229* 32.6 3.9 365122 32.7 5.4 39021C* 32.9 4.3 415298* 33.9 1.7 440386* 35.7 2.8 465474* 34.4 8.0 490562 37.0 5.1 508762* 38.6 5.9 526962* 35.5 6.7 545162* 37.8 4.6 563362* 38.2 4.3 581565 37.3 7.9 TABLE 2 (Continued) >< Percent Business Failures (U.S. ) Stock Prices (U.S.) Manufacturing Establishments (Chicago) Wage Workers in Manufacturing (Chicago) Value Added by Manufacturing (Chicago) Wholesale Price Index (U.S. ) CO ZD ■P C o CD s 1915 1.3 8.31 10199* 331756* 720888* 38.0 8.5 1916 1.0 9.47 10283* 34S802* 860211* 46.8 5.1 1917 0.8 8.50 10367* 367848* 999534* 64.3 4.6 1918 0.6 7.54 10451* 385894* 1138857* 71.7 1.4 1919 0.4 8.78 1C537 4C3942 1278182 75.8 1.4 1920 0.5 7.98 9698* 357578* 1331775* 84.5 5.2 1921 l.O 6.86 8860 311215 1385368* 53.4 11.7 1922 1.2 €.41 9097* 346450* 1438961* 52.9 6.7 1923 G.9 8.57 9334 385685 1492554* 55.1 2.4 1924 l.C 9.05 9223* 377863* 1546147* 53.6 5.0 1925 1.0 11.15 9112 37C041 1599740* 56.6 3.2 1926 1.0 12.59 9533* 371051* 1653333* 54.8 i.e 1927 l.l 15.34 9955 372061 1706926* 52.3 3.3 1928 1.1 19.95 10078* 38€730» 1760519* 53.0 4.2 1929 1.0 26.02 10201 405399 1814117 52.1 3.2 1930 1.2 21.03 9842* 39C75C* 1686196* 47.3 8.7 1931 1.3 13.66 9483* 376101* 1558275* 39.9 15.9 1932 1.5 6.93 9124* 361452* 1430354* 35.6 23.6 19 33 1.0 8.96 8765* 346803* 1302433* 36.1 24.9 1934 0.6 9.84 8406* 332154* 1174512* 41.0 21.7 1935 0.6 10.60 8052 317505 1046595 43.8 20.1 1936 C.5 15.47 7894* 354345* 1208831* 44.2 16.9 1937 0.5 15.41 7737 391185 1371068 47.2 14.3 1938 0.6 11.49 8106* 36S512* 1325480* 43.0 19.0 1939 0.7 12.06 8476 347839 1279893 42.2 17.2 1940 0.6 11.02 8696* 387785* 1597851* 43.0 14.6 1941 0.5 9.82 8916* 427731* 1915809* 47.8 9.9 1942 0.4 8.67 9136* 46 7677* 2233767* 54.0 4.7 1943 0.2 11.50 9356* 507623* 2551725* 56.5 1.9 1944 0.1 12.47 9576* 547569* 2869683* 56.9 1.2 1945 0.0 15.16 9796* 587515* 3187641* 57.9 1.9 1946 O.i 17.08 10016* 627461* 3505599* 66.1 3.9 1947 0.1 15.17 10240 667407 3823562 81.2 3.9 1948 0.2 15.53 10246* 66CC25* 3984276* 87.9 3.8 1949 0.3 15.23 10252* 652643* 4144990* 83.5 5.9 1950 C.4 18.40 10258* 645261* 43057C4* 86.8 5.3 1951 C.3 22.34 10264* 637879* 4466418* 96.7 3.3 1952 0.3 24.50 10270* 63C497* 4627132* 94.0 3.1 1953 0.3 24.73 10276* 623115* 4787846* 92.7 2.9 1954 0.4 29.69 10288 615737 4948565 92.9 5.6 1955 0.4 40.49 10176* 595427* 5040141* 93.2 4.4 1956 0.5 46.62 10064* 575117* 5131717* 96.2 4.2 1957 0.5 44.38 9952* 554807* 5223293* 99.0 4.3 1958 C.6 46.24 9840 53^496 5314871 100.4 6.8 1959 0.5 57.38 9716* 529357* 5429559* 100.6 5.5 TABLE 2 (Continued) CO ^ a (U CO 0) • to •rH i>i o '^ C W ^-v 00 ■M bO .Q bO •H •H , C C CO C C u -^ ■p W iZ) m •ri (1) U -r^ t3 -H D^ • c 3 w pq :d 3 ^ --^ 0) ^ a) f4 xJ 3 -^ a) CO ■P CO o ^ -p o X) p o H 3 4-) 0) O -H bO O O U) < O hO (d -^ o C f^ (0 (0 .H (0 s (D m 03 (TJ CO iH H CL, Pl, 00 CU s w ^ 3= S --' > S ■-' S l-H O 1960 0.6 55.85 9592* 524216* 5544247* 100.7 5.6 1961 0.6 66.27 9468* 51S075* 5658935* 100.3 6.7 1962 0.6 62.38 9344* 513934* 5773623* 100. fc 5.6 1963 0.6 69.87 9221 508797 5888313 100.3 5.7 1964 0.5 81.37 9029* 518322* 6250059* 100.5 5,2 1965 0.5 88.17 8837* 527847* 6611805* 102.5 4.6 1966 0.5 85.26 8 64 5* 537372* 6973551* 1C5.9 3.8 1967 0.5 91.93 8455 5469C0 73353C0 106.1 3.8 1968 0.4 98.70 8227* 523540* 7474140* 108.7 3.6 1969 0.4 97.84 7999* 50C18C* 7612980* 113-0 3.5 1970 0.4 83.22 7771* 47^820* 7751820* 117.1 4.9 1971 0.4 98.29 7543* 453460* 7890660* 120.8 5.9 1972 0.4 1CS.20 7318 43C100 8029500 126.4 5.6 1973 0.4 107.43 143.8 4.9 -27- Social Environment Table 3 reports a variety of indicators of changes in Chicago's social environment since 1840. The social environment includes norms or attitudes which shape behavior affecting governmental policy making. It also includes technology, for mechanical inventions create both new capabilities for governmental action and new social problems which governments must face. The social environment often reflects more general social, economic, and demographic factors. Thus many of the variables in Table 3 could be employed as dependent variables in studies of the dynamics of social change. As independent variables these indi- cators will reflect governmental policies and the demand for a variety of governmental services. They will also reflect the number of disputes which the courts and the police must resolve. The following variables are presented in Table 3: — Birth Rate (Chicago) . This series reports the number of births in Chicago per thousand population. The series is sensitive to such factors as changes in the age structure of the population, patterns of immigration, and economic fluctuations. The first state law to require the regis- tration of births became effective in 1877. — Death Rate (Chicago) . This is the number of deaths certi- fied in the city per thousand population. ^ The very high rates for 18^+9 and 185H stem from cholera epidemics which demoralized the city and almost brought its economic life to a standstill. — Marriage Rate (Cook) . These figures are the yearly numbers of marriage licenses issued in Cook County per thousand Birth rates through 1941 appear in Population Facts for Planning Chicago , published in 1942 by the Chicago Plan Commission. The remaining rates were obtained from annual reports of the Chicago Board of Health. These reports can be used to update the series. ^Until 1939 these figures were reported in the Chicago Daily News Almanac . Since 1940 they have been collected by the Illinois Department of Public Health. -28- population."' Marriages and divorces are under the authority of the state and county, and data on these actions are not available for the city alone. — Divorce Rate (Cook) . This series, the yearly county divorce rate per thousand population, is sensitive to economic fluc- tuations. In the years immediately following World War II the divorce rate jumped sharply. Undoubtedly legal changes have influenced this rate, although Illinois 's present divorce statute is far from lenient. When the yearly rate has been estimated, this is indicated by an asterisk. Estimates were computed by regressing the existing data upon the county pop- ulation and the national divorce rate; the coefficients ob- tained were then used to calculate estimated values. — Number of Practicing Attorneys (Chicago) . This measure of the "supply" of legal talent may be useful when examining activity in the legal system. Lawyers play an intermediary role in the social environment. They link social change to the legal system through their influence upon decisions to file court cases and their defense of those charged with criminal offenses. — Number of Telephones (Chicago) . This measure is a useful indicator of the general diffusion of modern technology throughout the city. It also affects the operation of the criminal justice system, for the telephone has become the primary means by which crimes become known to the police. •^Figures for 1831 through 1865 appear in A.T. Andreas, History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time , vol. 1 (Chi- cago: A.T. Andreas, 1884-). Population Facts for Planning Chicago con- tains figures for 1936 through 194-1. Figures for 1936 through 1947 appear in U.S. Public Health Service, Monthly Marriage Report . Fig- ures for 1948 through 1962 were supplied by the Illinois Department of Public Health. Since 1962 that agency has published the figures in the series Vital Statistics Special Report . Data for the years 1871 through 1962 were obtained from scat- tered editions of the Chicago Daily News Almanac and from the Illinois Department of Public Health. Figures for ensuing years are reported in the series Vital Statistics Special Report . Recent figures on the number of practicing attorneys appear in Sullivan's Law Directory , published yearly by the Sullivan's Law Direc- tory Company of Chicago. Data for earlier years were obtained from city directories and from various histories of the city, including Andreas 's History of Chicago , vol. 1. -29- The replacement of foot patrolmen by radio-dispatched squad cars is predicated upon the widespread availability of this piece of household equipment. The data were supplied by the Historical Research Division of Illinois Bell Telephone Company . - Motor Vehicle Fatalities (Chicago) . This series reports the number of persons killed in Chicago in traffic accidents each year. The series peaked in the 1930s. Since 1937 traffic fatalities have been in a decline. This dip reflects advances in the delivery of medical services and changes in automobile design. Nevertheless the decline is remarkable in light of the increasing number of motor vehicles and of ve- hicle miles traveled in the city since the 1930s. - Automobile Registrations (Chicago) . It is difficult to se- cure recent figures on the number of motor vehicle registra- tions in the city, for the state — now the only source of registration data — currently records these figures only for counties. These county reports, available from the Illinois secretary of state , could be used to estimate the number of registered vehicles in the metropolitan area. Combined with census data on patterns of commuting, they could be used to make yearly estimates of the average number of commuter auto- mobiles entering the city each year. This adjustment would be useful, for commuters contribute to the accident and auto- mobile theft totals recorded in the central city. - Illegitimacy Rate (Chicago) . This series reports the per- centage of births in the city each year which were registered as illegitimate. Data are available only for 1950 through 1973.8 The data reported here come from the annual reports of the Chi- cago Police Department. Other figures are reported by the National Safety Council, the Illinois Department of Public Health, and the Illi- nois Division of Highways. These figures often differ by twenty or thirty fatalities. However, the correlation between these series is .98. 7 Data on vehicle registration in the city up to 1932 are found in Henry Hoyt, One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933), Table XCV, p. 485. Data for suc- ceeding years were taken from random mimeographed reports issued by the Illinois secretary of state and the Chicago License Department. ^Recent figures appear in the series Vital Statistics Special Report . TABLE 3 fO o u 0) 1840 18AI ld42 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 18 79 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 ITJ O •a u xi pq -^ 25 22 03 ■P ixs x: o bO O 33-0 28.0 27.0 33.0 31.0 73.0 48.0 27.0 46.0 22.0 64.0 27.0 24.0 27.0 25.0 21.0 20.0 18.0 20.0 25.0 26.0 22-0 32.0 21.0 ,84 23.0 23.0 23.0 20-0 23 27-0 25.0 20-0 19-0 21.0 18.0 16.0 17. C 20.0 26.0 23.0 19.0 19.0 18.0 0) ■p 5 0) bO ftJ -^ u o u o in t_) 34.16 26. 2C 20.17 20.29 26.75 22-83 24.28 26.51 28.67 26.64 24.30 21.76 24-51 20.19 29.41 26.99 29.67 29.12 24-64 20.96 15.50 14.38 14.52 14.93 17.33 17.31 17-63 16.97 13-89 12.15 11-34 10-88 11-05 11-76 13-05 14.90 17.13 17.04 16.16 14.66 0) +j oi o Q --' 1.40 1-33 C-98 0-86 0-75 0-76 0-91 C.97 1.24 1-16 1-29 1-19 1-03 C-94 CO I >, O 0) (0 G P-, U O ■P ^+H P o < e o bO bo trj C O o x: H O 38 153 181 361 469 o bO m o •H Xi 03 O W o c o O bO !^ x: m 03 CU U 3 0) o S H w o > o O CT3 I --^ m o •H bO bo ca x: (1) o X5 o e o p o >, bO o (0 (0 O e •rH •rH x: P u •H ^— • bO • ■p - sz +J • u , m - o bO O H n u Death Rate (Chicago) Marriage Rate (Cook) Divorce Rate (Cook) Number of Prac- ticing Attorneys (Chicago) Number of Telephones (Chicago) Motor Vehicle Fatalities (Chicago Automobile Regis- tration (Chicago) Illegitimacy Rate (Chicago) 1886 19.0 13.74 1.06 1887 20.0 13.78 1.05 15CC 1888 19.0 13.93 0.92 1889 18.0 13.64 C.97 1912 1890 19.0 12.46 0.91 1891 24.0 12.17 0,88 2377 1892 21.0 12.64 0.96 1893 21.0 12.88 C.94 3090 1894 18.0 10.56 1.01 1895 17.0 10.49 0.98 1896 16. C 9.98 1.09 1897 14.0 8.58 C.99 1898 14.0 8.62 1.08 4250 1899 15.0 9.78 1.22 1900 17 .41 14.0 9,81 1.21 4418 26661 1901 13.0 10.35 1.33 40889 1902 14. C 11.29 1.4C 4418 60395 1903 15.0 12.33 1.42 4416 76147 1904 13.0 11.70 1.44 4450 86744 1905 13.0 12.39 1.52 4525 104388 3 1906 14.0 12.77 1.58 4600 123177 11 1907 15.0 14.25 1.55* 4608 156079 15 1908 14.0 12.35 1.51* 4615 181533 23 1909 14.0 12.71 1.40* 480C 207719 23 1910 15.0 13.25 1.33* 505C 239C83 52 12926 1911 14.0 13.83 1.57* 5300 268383 62 15144 1912 14.0 14.73 1.56< 5262 3C8177 59 21512 1913 15.0 15.48 1.28* 5496 348417 70 27729 1914 14.0 14.31 1.46* 5703 382133 114 32258 1915 14.0 12.87 1.41* 5894 41168C 196 39916 1916 19, .17 14.0 13.74 1.84 6085 458598 238 53852 1917 19, .88 14.0 14.82 1.82* 6342 487481 287 64132 1918 19. .82 17.0 11.2*5 1.57* 6204 5C4428 279 62129 1919 16, .28 12.0 14.46 1.96* 555114 290 78883 1920 18, .62 12.0 15.73 2.49* 6266 575840 438 89973 1921 20, .04 11,0 13.54 2,19* 6139 6C5495 526 141916 1922 IS. .55 11-0 13.13 2,25 6344 638694 592 176508 1923 le .58 11.0 13.89 2.34 656C 691545 587 222557 1924 18. .66 11.0 12.66 2.59 6770 741936 489 264405 1925 18. .28 11.0 11.88 2.49 6936 790764 649 293206 1926 18, .26 11.0 12.23 2.57 7146 84807C 739 323764 1927 17. .87 11.0 11.41 2.62 7708 9C3460 797 340864 1928 17, .37 12.0 11.06 2.79 8000 942015 918 367C73 1929 17, .43 11.0 12.18 2.84 8200 987891 803 4C8260 1930 17, .20 10.0 10.48 2.75 8460 981325 886 409878 1931 15, .86 10.0 9.12 2.41 9000 936481 972 425294 TABLE 3 (Continued) u (0 >• Birth Rate (Chicago) Death Rate (Chicago) Marriage Rate (Cook) Divorce Rate (Cook) Number of Prac- ticing Attorneys (Chicago) Number of Telephones ( Chicago ) Motor Vehicle Fatalities (Chicago Automobile Regis- tration (Chicago ) Illegitimacy Rate (Chicago) 1932 15.22 9.0 7.81 2.06 8925 831679 850 398376 1933 14.58 9.0 10.54 1.59* 9315 799122 902 367402 19 3A 15.08 10.0 13.13 2.12* ICOOC 824293 986 368585 1935 15.45 10. 12.78 2.27* 10773 849889 791 4C9517 1936 14.98 10. 13.68 2.97* 10907 9C0653 797 474C26 1937 15.27 11.0 12.19 3.05* 11044 945598 826 545990 1938 15.65 10.0 9.43 2. 90* 11240 962351 671 527183 1939 14.60 10. 10.48 2.91* 11369 997174 696 531313 19A0 14.99 10. 12.99 3.13* 11525 1C329C2 654 588266 19AI 16.00 10.0 13,98 3-44* 1077739 623 647931 19A2 10.0 13.21 3.72* 11419 11C6206 466 19A3 11.0 12.32 4.15* 11492 1151704 372 19A4 11.0 11. 6C 4.58* 11081 1166859 417 1945 11.0 12.85 5.55* 11047 12C4525 472 1946 11.0 19.50 7.05* 11020 1322411 487 476456 1947 11. 17.46 5.45* 10465 1396387 508 538467 1948 11.0 16.11 4.39* 10378 146036€ 478 1949 11.0 13.89 4.11* 10480 1495900 403 1950 21.70 11.0 13.94 3.43 10467 1526156 392 6.1326 1951 22.61 11.0 12.97 3.52 10566 1550331 396 796C71 6. .3716 1952 22.88 11.0 12.02 3.62 10649 1580923 454 794267 6, ,9535 1953 22.61 11.0 12.04 3.34 11149 16C6032 432 831679 7, .8239 1954 24.08 11.0 11.60 3.53* 11124 1627133 337 859C71 8. .2332 1955 24.13 11.0 11.66 3.39* 11669 1694174 339 896999 9.0798 1956 24,79 11-0 12.37 3.42* 11843 1759904 310 920032 9. .2936 1957 25.83 12.0 11.91 3.26* 12063 18C0103 279 925C87 9.4910 1958 25.31 11.0 11.52 3.18 12065 1831783 265 91499610. ,0176 1959 25.62 11.0 11.76 3.37 12302 1894C12 307 91580111. ,2591 I960 24,96 11,0 12.02 3.19 12429 1931694 273 91964111, ,6776 1961 24.90 11.0 12.09 4.45 12614 1950483 296 91912212. ,52 54 1962 23,97 12.0 11.92 3.31* 12707 1960143 255 92752513. ,0364 1963 23.12 12.0 12.68 3.51* 12990 20C6897 306 93360813, ,4944 1964 22.81 11. 13.35 3.70* 13143 2062C69 270 95641714, ,7639 1965 21.56 11-0 13.58 4.00 13148 2132727 290 97922716. ,4672 1966 21.03 12.0 14-02 4.49 13605 2210371 332 100273317. ,8150 1967 20.33 11.0 14.34 4.37 13691 2260782 304 99622019, ,1481 1968 19.57 12.0 15.28 4.55 13913 2269884 349 1034C682C, ,7932 1969 19.71 12.0 15.89 5.33 14244 2326426 349 104970222, ,8494 1970 20.69 12.0 15.76 5.11 14409 2358412 317 1C56C5C25. .4283 1971 20,04 11.0 15.79 5.79 14651 2358668 272 28, ,5490 1972 18.04 11.0 15.82 6.41 15128 2389073 284 32, .5439 19 73 16.78 11.0 16.13 6.41 2435094 322 32, ,2129 -33- City and County Voting Patterns Table 4 contains a variety of indicators of the political complexion of Chicago and Cook County since 1840. The data include information on vote distributions and on patterns of off iceholding. They also include measures of the political strength of Chicago in the Illinois General Assembly (state legislature). Political indicators on the county level are extremely im- portant, for it is impossible to govern Chicago without cooperation from county agencies. This was particularly true before the turn of the century, when the county board of assessment had to approve all proposed municipal tax levies. To this day all criminal and civil cases arising in the city are heard in county courts (see Table 5), prosecuted by county attorneys, and recorded by the county clerk . The political party is one mechanism which facilitates the efficient exercise of authority in the metropolitan area. Machine- style organizations informally recentralize legally independent agencies. These organizations serve as intermediaries between the machinery of government and organized interests in the community. Table 4 contains data on the extent to which city and county offi- cials represent the same political organizations. Other data show the extent to which those in command in the Chicago area are also influential in the state capitol. All of the series on voting in Table 4 contain inter-election estimates of party strength. These estimates are linear interpola- tions between election years for which voting is recorded in the table. All estimates are followed by asterisks. Before 1860, when the Republican party was formed, votes for the Whig Party were used to compute the percentages. Except for Theodore Roosevelt and Eugene Debs in the presidential elections of 1912 and 1920, no third-party candidate was important enough to warrant the use of more than the two party vote totals when computing the percentages. The voting data found in Table U have several uses. For ex- ample , they may be used to calculate indices of interparty competi- tion. The following formula will produce a number that ranges from to 100, taking larger values as the city or county electoral arena becomes more competitive: C = 100 - [PCTDEM - PCTREP]. -34- The variables in Table 4 are arranged in columns as follows: - Percent Democratic for Governor (Chicago) . This series, which begins in 1848, contains the Democratic votes as percentages of the two-party vote. - Percent Democratic for President (Chicago) . - Percent Democratic for Governor (Cook) . - Percent Democratic for President (Cook) . - Chicago Mayor . The numbers in this series are keyed to those in the list below of each mayor of the city since 1840. Chi- cago's mayors have been elected in both April and November. Those elected in the spring are "assigned" the entire year, while those elected in the fall are not listed until the fol- lowing year. The legal term of office has been one, two, and four years, and there have been several transfers of the office when incumbents died. No. 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Mayor Lloyd, Alexander Sherman, Francis C. Raymond, Benjamin W. Garrett, Augustus Sherman, Alson S. Chap in, John P. Curtis, James Woodworth, James H. Gurnee, Walter S. Gray, Charles M. Milliken, Isaac L. Boone , Levi Dyer, Thomas Went worth, John Haines, John C. Ramsey, Julian Rice, John B. Mason , Roswell No. Mayor 19 = Medill, Joseph 20 = Colvin, Harvey D. 21 = Heath, Monroe 22 = Harrison, Carter Henry, I, 23 = Roche, John A. 24 = Cregier, DeWitt 25 = Washburne, Hempstead 26 = Hopkins, John P. 27 = Swift, George 28 = Harrison, Carter Henry, II. 29 = Dunne, Edward F. 30 = Busse, Fred A. 31 = Thompson, William H. 32 = Dever, William E. 33 = Cermak, Anton 34 = Kelly, Edward 35 = Kenelly, Martin 36 = Daley, Richard J. ■35- — Mayor's Party . Political party identifications of Chicago's mayors are coded as follows: 1 = Democratic 2 = Republican 3 = Peoples 4 = Native American 5 = Whig — Mayoral Type . Each mayor was placed in one of six categories. The code numbers and their definitions are: 1 = Members of Traditional Elite. Mayors in this group were migrants from New England and New York. All were native- born Protestants with solid connections in the business community. They usually came to office from the business world, served for short periods, and then returned to commerce. During this period — before 1870 — the office of mayor was primarily an honorific post. 2 = Genteel Reformers. Members of this group were older and more highly respected, but less connected to commerce, than were their predecessors. They had little conven- tional political experience before becoming mayor, and their public careers ended with their terms of office. Their campaigns were reform oriented, and their careers were not tied to regular party organizations. They rose to power during periods of political disarray in the city because they did not represent particular parties or factions. Rather, they were consensus candidates for coalitions of diverse reform forces. 3-5 = Regular Party, Factional, and Charismatic Leaders. During the period from 1876 to 1930, Chicago politics was ex- tremely competitive. This was a time of growth and of changes in the city's population distribution; the community's ethnic composition was shifting rapidly. The labor movement was divided, rent first by splits between radicals and conservatives, then by the conflict be- tween craft and industrial unions. Both the Republican and Democratic parties were factionalized along ethnic and leadership lines. In this period there were three principal paths to political power; ■'-This typology generally follows that of Donald S. Bradley and Mayer N. Zald, "From Commercial Elite to Political Administrator." -36- 3 = Regular Party Leaders. Mayors in this category were promoted to office after long and loyal service to their parties. 4- = Factional Leaders. These mayors gained office by build- ing broad coalitions outside regular party channels. They used the coalitions to capture party nominations and access to office. Some of the coalitions were quite long lasting, although each was built around the ambi- tions of a single politician. 5 = Charismatic Leaders. These mayors were flamboyant show- men who rose to prominance through their oratorical skills, their upper class backgrounds, and their achieve- ments outside politics. Their base of power was their ability to excite the mass electorate. 6 = Machine Administrators. All Democrats, these mayors in- herited the political organization built by the first of their number, Anton Cermak. They worked their way to office from humble origins through long party service. They represent neighborhood ward bosses. Since 1931, with varying degrees of skill they have managed the task of distributing the rewards of political power to main- tain those ward organizations. — State's Attorney's Party . The state ' s attorney is the elected chief county prosecutor. In this column and the two columns which follow parties are coded as above. — County Sheriff's Party . — Governor ' s Party . — Percent Democratic, Illinois Senate . This figure is based upon the total number of legislators in the Illinois state senate, including the small number of Independents. Together with the remaining measures in this table, it may be used to generate an index of Chicago's influence downstate. — Percent Democratic, Illinois House . The House of Representatives is the lower house in the Illinois General Assembly. — Percent Chicago Residents, Illinois Senate . — Percent Chicago Residents, Illinois House. -37- References Ahern, Michael L. The Great Revolution: A History of the Rise and Progress of the People's Party in the City of Chicago and County of Cook . Chicago: Lakeside, 1874- . Bennett, Fremont 0. Politics and Politicians of Chicago, Cook County, and Illinois, 1787-1887 . Chicago: Blakely, 1886. Bradley, Donald S.,and Mayer N. Zald. "From Commercial Elite to Political Administrator." American Journal of Sociology 71 (1965):153-67. Gosnell, Harold F. Machine Politics: Chicago Model . Chicago: Uni- versity of Chicago Press, 1937. Johnson, Claudius 0. Carter Henry Harrison I: Political Leader . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1928. Merriam, Charles E. Chicago: A More Intimate View of Urban Politics . New York: MacMillan, 1929. Merriam, Charles, Spencer D. Parratt , and Albert Lepawsky. The Govern- ment of the Metropolitan Region of Chicago . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933. Pierce, Bessie Louise. A History of Chicago . 3 vols. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1937, 1940, 1957. Tarr, Joel Arthur. A Study in Boss Politics: William Lorimer of Chicago . Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971. Wilson, James Q. "The Economy of Patronage." Journal of Political Economy 69 (1961) : 369-80. TABLE 4 Id 0) >-• 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 18 79 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 u o o ^ •r^ O 4-' biO to to U O O -rH O Xi e <-> Q u +J O C C o (U o 68.0 67.0* 66.1* 65.1* 64. 1* 63.1* 62. Z* 61.2* 60.2* 59.2* 58.3* 57.3* 56.3* 55.3* 54.4* 53.4* 52.4* 51.4* 50.5* 49.5* 48.5* 47.5* 46.6* 45.6* 44.6* 43.6* 42.7* 41.7* 40.7* 39.fi* 38.8 41.5* 44.3* 47.0* 49.8 4€.7* 47.5* 46.4* 45.3 46.5* 47.7* 48.9* 5C.1 o 4h O ■p (0 u o o e 0) Q to +J to to eu 65.8 65.5* 65.1* 64.8* 64.5 65.5* 6£.6* 67,6* 6f.7 6 1.6* 6f.5* 65.4* 64.3 57.9* 51.5* 45.1* 36.6 3S.1* 39.5* 3S.9* 4C.3 41.1* 41.9* 42.7* 42.5 42.8* 42.2* 41.6* 41.0 4C.2* 39.4* 36.6* 37.8 41.3* 44.8* 48.2* 51.7 5C.0* 46.2* 46.5* 44.7 45.3* 45.9* 4^.5* 47.0 u o >i to o bO to O •rH 43 O 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 10 ■M 0) to >, Oh b-< to H - to U U O O to to >1 c o o CO +-> 4h ro •H 0-1 Q) CO XI O C U 4-1 C IP 10 3 > -POO UO O t3 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 8 1 11 1 12 4 13 1 14 2 15 15 14 16 2 2 2 17 17 17 17 17 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 1 22 I 22 1 22 1 22 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 o •H P P to 0) to QJ (U 0-1 T3 r •H CO (U oi O bO to O •H x: o CO c 0) o ^ c Oi T3 35.3 46.4 35.3 46.4 39.2 49. C 39.2 49.0 1 0) •H w M 3 ^ o a: o w bO •H IX) o O c j:: H c_> H M ■M c »> 0) CO o +-> u c 0) , ^-"--^ >,W>i-t-' -P iom mo (ti-^ m^ (u-4->(0(uip ow o-H o^ oo oo u >, u 'u m oio owmo o5 oo oo oo OPOJO-Hll. OC 03 0C Q Q4J Q Q+j sa.^.C GO CO C- f, oS ow o(u ow ypStiS2;FrlP":^^1=! S CDO SS So (Uf^ ^(UmPOO (UrH „^d„^iy >1 olo Ph(1, (1.0 CL,CU OSSCOOOOhMCL,M(X,tJ 1885 52.5* 49.1* 50.4* 47.7* 22 1 5 1 2 2 49.0 49.0 1886 52.7* 49.9* 50.7* 46.4* 22 1 5 I 2 2 49.0 49. C 1887 52.9* 50.7* 51.0* 4^.1* 23 2 3 1 2 2 35.3 41.8 1888 53.1 51.5 51.3 4«.8 23 2 3 I 2 2 35.3 41.8 1889 54.1* 53.0* 52.5* 51.4* 24 1 3 2 2 2 29.4 47.7 1890 55.1* 54.5* 53.7* 52.1* 24 1 3 2 2 2 29.4 47.7 1891 56.0* 56.0* 54.8* 54.8* 25 2 3 2 2 2 47.1 50.3 17-6 17.6 1892 57.0 57.5 56.0 56.5 25 2 3 2 2 2 47.1 5C.3 17.6 17.6 1893 54.2* 53.6* 53.1* 52.6* 22 1 5 I 56.9 51.0 17.6 17.6 1894 51.3* 49.7* 50.2* 46.6* 26 1 4 I 2 1 56.9 51. C 17.6 17.6 1895 48.5* 45.8* 47.3* 44.6* 27 2 4 I 2 1 33.3 39.9 25.5 26.8 1896 45.7 41.9 44.3 4C.6 27 2 4 1 2 1 33.3 39.9 25.5 26.8 1897 47.4* 43.7* 46.0* 42.4* 28 1 5 2 2 2 23.5 41.2 27.5 26.1 1898 49.0* 45.4* 47.7* 44.2* 28 1 5 2 2 2 23.5 41.2 27.5 26.1 1899 50.6* 47.2* 49.3* 46.0* 28 1 5 2 2 2 30.0 46.4 26.0 28.1 1900 52.2 48.9 51.0 47.8 28 1 5 2 2 2 30.0 46.4 26.0 28.1 1901 47.2* 44.7* 46.0* 43.6* 28 1 5 2 2 2 37.3 47.1 27.5 28.1 1902 42.1* 40.5* 41.0* 39.4* 28 1 5 2 2 2 37.3 47.1 27.5 28.1 1903 37.0* 36.3* 36.0* 35.3* 28 1 5 2 1 2 29.4 40-5 33.3 34-C 1904 31,9 32.1 31.0 31.1 28 1 5 2 1 2 29.4 40.5 33.3 34.0 1905 36.7* 34.4* 35.7* 33.3* 29 1 4 2 1 2 17.6 37.3 33.3 33.3 1906 41.5* 36.6* 40.5* 35.5* 29 1 4 2 1 2 17.6 37.3 33.3 33.3 1907 46.3* 38.9* 45.2* 31.7* 30 2 4 2 2 2 13.0 39.9 33.3 36.6 1908 51.1 41.1 50.0 39.9 30 2 4 2 2 2 13.0 39-9 33.3 36.6 1909 53.8* 46.8* 52.7* 45.8* 30 2 4 2 2 2 25.5 41.8 35.3 34.6 1910 56.6* 52.5* 55.4* 51.7* 30 2 4 2 2 2 25.5 41.8 35-3 34-6 1911 59.4* 58.2* 58.1* 57.7* 28 1 5 2 1 2 31.4 44.4 35.3 34.6 1912 62.1 63.9 60.8 63.6 28 1 5 2 1 2 31.4 44.4 35.3 34-6 1913 59.1* 60.0* 57.7* 59.3* 28 1 5 1 1 1 49.0 34.0 31.4 34. C 1914 56.0* 56.1* 54.6* 55.1* 28 1 5 1 1 1 49.0 34.0 31.4 34.0 1915 53.0* 52.1* 51-4* 5C.8* 31 2 5 1 1 1 49-0 45.8 33.3 35-3 1916 50.0 48.2 48.3 46.5 31 2 5 1 1 1 49.0 45.8 33.3 35.3 1917 47.7* 42.4* 46.5* 4C-8* 31 2 5 1 1 2 35.3 43-8 33.3 33-3 1918 45.5* 36.6* 44.6* 35.1* 31 2 5 1 1 2 35.3 43.8 33.3 33.3 1919 43.2* 30.7* 42.8* 29.4* 31 2 5 1 2 2 33.3 41-2 29-4 34.0 1920 41.0 24.9 4C.9 22.7 31 2 5 1 2 2 33.3 41-2 29.4 34.0 1921 40.9* 25.4* 41-1* 22.9* 31 2 5 2 2 2 15-7 37-9 37-3 34.6 1922 40.9* 25.9* 41.2* 24.2* 31 2 5 2 2 2 15-7 37.9 37.3 34.6 1923 4C.9* 26.4* 41.3* 24-5* 32 1 3 2 2 2 17.6 40.5 33.3 33-3 1924 40.9 26.8 41.4 24.7 32 1 3 2 2 2 17-6 40.5 33.3 33.3 1925 42.1* 32.4* 42.1* 3C.3* 32 1 3 2 2 2 21-6 39.2 33.3 34.0 1926 43.3* 38.0* 42.8* 35.8* 32 1 3 2 2 2 21.6 39.2 33.3 34.0 1927 44.5* 43.6* 43.5* 41.3* 31 2 5 2 2 2 21.6 38.6 33.3 35-3 1928 45.8 49.2 44.2 46.9 31 2 5 2 2 2 21.6 38.6 33.3 35.3 1929 50.3* 51.7* 49.1* 49.4* 31 2 5 2 1 2 21.6 40.5 31.4 32.0 TABLE U( Continued) m 0) >- o c; •— ■H o 4 • ■-" r* '^ t, () c xi G ^ j -M o q q m u o a) u > fl) o Percent Dem.ocratic for President (Chicigo) Percent Democratic for Governor (Cook) u o 4-1 O •H 0) ^ i^ o o o e — - 0) q q XI o m U 0) 0) U u >> 03 bO OJ O •H 0) w o >. 03 E- H 0) u >1 03 s ■p u 03 M >, 0) q u o 4-" ■l-l < W QJ ■P 03 +J 00 ■M U 03 Pu. (0 4h U-, •H U QJ x; CO >1 •p q O o 03 O, CO q > o o •H 4-> 03 0) U P O 03 o c e 0) 0) CO Q CO JJ -H q 0) q O -H U H (U H u •H P 03 u 0) O CO O p E O — ' P CN ai p CD p OT O CD ^ ^ bO o 00 O 03 CD o 00 CO >, P > 00 o n o < > H > H H > H > .H P c H n3 h o s^^ ^— ' CO N--* v—' — ' U Pj o C Q) o c m 13 o o pq m v:i a) •H fj (T) f^ ■p f^ •H P fO P CL, •r^ •H p •H > +-> o O O o o. P G o C w P c 4-) +j +-> C +J c o od >. •H >, > >. (0 (U •H (U M 0) •H 0) (0 c C bO c hO f^ to H n3 (t) f4 Id H t3 0) u /3 X) r-\ 0) 0) -H Q) •H m o S ^S u s CJ •H XI •H H cu •H -H X) 3 O O (P O (U v^ P CM 0) ■(-> en ^-> en a> +j ai •p cn O O) M ^ bO O 00 O 03 00 O 00 O 00 >> -P > 00 o c o < > H > M H > H > --) •P P H *-^ f^ 0) C -^ c ■H o ■M U O c d) o c 03 TD o o pq PQ CO 0) •H U ■P O o o o o. P c O P w P C +-> ■P ■!-> C •P c o rfl >, •H >, > >, (t) Q) •H Q) W 0) •-H 0) 03 c C M C M U rO r-l tD m fA X) H Td 0) u XI X) H 0) 0) •r^ 0) ••-( M O S XI s u a O -H 43 -H H Ph •-I -H T) 3 o O 0) O 0) OJ 3 0) O W 3 W a, x: w ft o. f^ u u f^ f< H B U Ck u x: u 6 0) Qj a) o u O 03 (0 o Q) 0) 0) o (Tl 0) (U o p o 0) fj 0) u 4h Mh O 0) OIH a)>H-PiH .Ht(-Hai4-'cnjQa>Ocr> ocn>CT)pcn O C O < > >H>H --{0^ra^>rH>H HOH ro [j o ^-- v^i::v_,>._,^jv^>^ .^Cn^>._/ a HO+J f fj +JOOO.|-'OMOWO+JCOC4->aWC jj +j ^-J a *-> c o 0) to>l•^^>,•'^>^•'^>l•^>>n)o) -h a) ••-< a) ■■-< ai (0 C CM CW) -H-^ ShIA Hc0^cOHtOiHrtf<'d HtJrQ'OH'O H 0) OJ-H a)-^ M M.-I OS J3S-HSn3SroSOTH Xl-H-H-HnJ-H T3 3 000)00) 0) -HtHO D JS-H-H 0W3(/)jaw-H(n fj a< tj Siti u i^ H MO) gfj OitiOtiofjOtiEa) a, ai oo)oo) a o 0) 0)0 0)Q (0 0)H 0)0 0)OSjOOOOOa)P( 0)^(HfHOf< 3 Oi Oh D-,fc-, PuCi-. S Pi'-' OUh tt;u^a,MHC0l4-(COMHQa. OSd, OiOcCOOh 1 29528 8. a 33.3 22.8 16100 7335 5193 1549 46 179 14 3995 3594 77 154 2 42801 25.0 21.3 26.2 16205 10W6 4341 4157 75 260 16 3140 6911 80 116 3 46135 24. C 19.5 28.4 16467 9917 4414 4591 50 247 21 3116 7014 79 217 4 49650 C.3 38.9 47.3 14995 7236 4466 2C2S 46 325 17 4360 2900 40 225 5 57131 0.1 37.9 49. C 17026 8423 5305 2743 59 324 14 4631 35C9 50 251 6 75121 2.6 23.9 34.3 24587 15342 5929 8611 56 332 13 447411878 152 231 7 90423 2.1 20.7 33.0 2S984 19259 649112724 85 568 39 511413319 263 415 8 65810 C.l 42.6 42.7 22463 920 1 4651 3904 64 447 24 3393 4967 152 493 9 44801 0.0 60.6 35.5 12552 4320 3008 861 19 289 12 2393 2200 24 260 10 517C7 CO 55.8 40.6 14603 4873 3214 1068 19 475 13 2760 2262 34 454 11 57664 CO 48.1 45.4 16705 6965 4156 2101 43 557 38 639 3760 45 4C6 12 91521 C.2 42.4 48.3 27587 12487 7201 3844 751484 32 5563 5430 119 988 13 58721 C.4 21.8 42.0 16839 12872 6432 5802 63 482 13 5370 6566 180 248 14 52770 4.6 28.2 40.5 16938 9893 4468 4313 50 6C8 33 4266 5356 108 407 15 60438 0.0 43.8 46.7 16054 9889 4550 4C92 491064 41 3325 5696 111 936 16 65223 0.0 47.4 48.6 16181 7028 4935 1702 31 5C5 39 4252 3488 26 348 17 7CC99 CI 56.8 38.8 22688 6248 3657 2022 29 427 24 3121 377/ 63 436 18 26137 3.1 31.9 30.1 12900 7952 5014 1822 56 335 17 4036 2748 72 2 70 19 58023 O.l 55.6 38.1 16477 5894 3512 1542 39 323 41 3783 2817 46 293 20 617C8 0.6 31.3 36.5 21991 11117 4959 4926 64 780 30 4385 7049 174 413 21 47906 1.5 31.2 30. 21314 10C38 4817 4143 73 554 22 4651 5988 197 460 2Z 49324 1.1 48.6 40.6 16022 6760 2732 2155 52 499 24 3238 3615 80 510 23 44320 C.3 35.8 43.2 14359 8294 4309 3186 41 671 18 3646 43/2 80 527 24 52428 0.0 36.3 48.3 16028 8983 4683 31C1 28 839 37 4108 4170 80 541 25 99696 0.4 27.2 38.5 32109 22012 735613095103 8/1 29 478814193 270 598 26 74793 0.1 28.9 47.2 22073 1536C 5900 77501141280 47 4434 8194 326 750 27 112793 0.1 32.1 50.4 3C978 19155 8133 879C2342819 91 5318 9534 3241517 28 68183 0.0 37.5 49.6 2C016 11973 5360 4985 681350 50 3720 6778 164 945 29 81985 C.2 45.9 46.1 25270 9645 5873 3127 47 628 34 4651 3852 62 495 30 51308 12.5 29.0 42.2 16104 9555 5040 3170 60 398 21 5087 4218 80 241 31 78571 2.3 27.5 44.4 22949 14503 6100 7240 83 944 44 5036 7698 330 650 32 70408 0.7 22.7 39.1 21397 14244 4907 8167114 639 36 4297 8543 365 459 33 70841 0.1 43.1 39.6 24546 11081 4029 5419 971237 31 28/0 6187 3021104 34 67769 0.1 27.7 50.0 1?467 13504 7164 5388 771098 44 4877 5863 118 520 35 59547 0.4 27.7 44.2 17616 11777 4678 6553128 987 42 3139 6476 283 595 -55- Ward Voting and Demographic Data: 1920 Table 5d presents data on the 1919 mayoral election. William Hale Thompson, the successful Republican candidate, was the despair of reformers. Elected to the city council as a wealthy young civic booster, Thompson quickly began to support wide-open vice in the city. He forged an alliance with the city's blacks by a series of appointments which brought them into new public positions. In the 1919 election, the correlation between percent black and percent Republican votes at the ward level was .36. A charismatic figure, Thompson once ran for office on the promise not to invite the king of England to Chicago — a popular stand among the city's Irish popu- lation. At the same time, Thompson "inaugurated an era of almost unprecedented cooperation between politicians and criminals."-^ His chiefs and police were incompetent and corrupt. During his service as mayor from 1915-22 and from 1927-30, Thompson's administrations were under continual investigation by grand juries and state and county commissions. Thompson's Democratic opponent in the 1919 race was Robert Sweitzer. Votes for the Socialist, Socialist Labor, Labor, and Independent candidates are aggregated in Table 5d. The national election presented here is the 1920 presidential contest. The Democratic candidate was James M. Cox, the Republican, Warren G. Harding, and the Socialist, Eugene V. Debs. Table 5d also presents ward-level information on the number of eligible voters, the total population age 21 and over, and the number of registered voters for the 1920 race. For discussions of the changing distribution of the black vote, see John Allswang's A House for All Peoples (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1971) and Harold Gosnell's Negro Politicians (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935). For general discussions of the period, see Lloyd Wendt's and Herman Kogan's Big Bill of Chicago (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1953); George Schottenhamel's "How Big Bill Thompson Won Control of Chicago" (Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ^5 (1952) : 30-49) ; and Mark Haller's "Urban Crime and Criminal Justice: The Chicago Case, 1900-1930" ( Journal of American History 57 (1970) :619-35). ^Mark Haller, "Urban Crime and Criminal Justice: The Chicago Case, 1900-1930," Journal of American History 57 (1970), p. 632. c o •H P (0 H d a o a, o to m p G 0) o u 0) a, Percent Foreign Born o o ■p P C H to Democratic Vote g for Mayor (1919) » en Republican Vote ^ for Mayor (1919) Other Votes for Mayor (1919) Registered Voters for Presidential Election (1920) u o Q) O P CN a> > H O •H P P c fd 0) U x) -H CO e Q> cp cu o P CN O Ol > H c lO P" O C H -a a, 0) 0^ 0-, cp -^ o (U CN P (D > -^ P P CO c •H 0) H X) n) -H •rH W O 0) o u 1 46289 17.3 25.2 27.5 34676 6526 3469 1623 15264 5358 2327 311 2 68572 69,5 8.4 10.1 52666 3323 15569 2624 32454 1933 23902 370 3 79068 24.7 15.7 25.4 61313 7166 10360 6967 34595 5613 23471 549 4 54063 0.0 36.0 49.7 29381 5785 2850 3482 12842 4558 6042 491 5 69151 0.1 35.3 48.4 36099 6199 4865 3596 176 77 6158 8488 752 6 95754 7.4 19.4 31,7 71579 8279 8818 10785 42410 7469 28801 713 7 101613 1.8 17.5 35,2 71824 8997 11777 10763 44297 9356 29569 1029 8 79667 0.2 33.2 48.9 43608 5423 6185 4397 20400 5287 11632 972 9 82621 0.5 36.4 45.4 46807 4085 7188 5718 21669 3357 13171 2431 10 47572 0.2 48.2 46.0 25559 4280 2515 1981 9877 2787 4617 1454 11 59866 0.2 42.3 49.9 31426 4587 3348 2337 12132 2956 6790 993 12 64640 0.4 38.4 51.3 35797 6662 3592 4472 15899 4370 7280 2249 13 82001 0.2 26.0 41.3 54176 12196 7770 5516 29345 8129 15630 2C24 14 66954 1C.2 26,1 39. C 4C528 6872 7126 3520 2C7C7 4745 12554 983 15 94166 0.0 45.7 45.2 5^562 5332 6420 6679 22471 3521 11859 4196 16 52298 CO 41.9 51.9 2 7545 4873 1784 2322 11485 5443 4068 634 17 57142 0.0 47.0 49.5 29223 3448 1730 1448 8174 2647 4192 341 18 57323 54.4 3C.9 34.1 42416 5583 4770 5694 19448 4525 10629 1188 19 49 372 0.1 47,1 46.8 2 572 7 4257 1557 1449 8551 2222 4345 520 20 35185 0.4 50.8 43.8 1927C 3564 1963 876 7414 2275 3826 472 21 65527 1.9 30.6 29.5 52370 7039 5227 4414 23052 4863 13408 746 22 48046 1.3 43.4 43.3 27888 3817 3059 2236 10977 1456 7433 783 23 77C39 0.4 29.3 38.5 55566 6484 9219 6706 29554 4726 20344 1C74 24 59457 C.l 31.8 48.1 36567 6250 6024 4366 18398 2890 11422 1223 25 122699 0.4 18.8 36. C 92577 11438 13791 13950 57923 9746 42044 786 26 98152 0.0 23.9 44,7 65010 7894 13115 8460 38820 7547 28438 1732 27 150245 C.l 25.7 48,6 9C246 9272 15233 12557 49663 7360 34193 3131 28 69238 0.0 32.5 49.9 41162 5696 6256 5131 21345 3965 13235 1600 29 113941 0.0 33,7 49.7 61446 7850 7193 6699 26412 6186 14547 1725 30 57183 12.3 29.3 42.6 3337B 6490 5280 3064 17737 6264 8646 520 31 70C26 5.7 23-0 41.6 4 444 8 8151 1C0C8 5527 27168 6597 16925 1016 32 112437 1.3 19.4 40.4 71808 9633 15275 10033 45451 9413 30371 1339 33 116221 0,1 26.2 45.8 73349 7972 16545 8970 44736 6237 31999 2224 34 99648 0.1 39.1 49.7 57321 8615 7663 7575 28228 5148 15493 4489 35 98529 0,1 24.2 45.7 63803 13869 12284 6755 37551 9635 22777 1716 -57- Ward Voting and Demographic Data: 1930 The 1930 U.S. Census did not include descriptions of the demo- graphic characteristics of Chicago's wards, but rather of the seventy- five "community areas" of the city. An extensive analysis of politics during the late 1920s and the early 1930s based on that information is Harold Gosnell's Machine Politics: Chicago Model (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937). Correlations reported there approximate those which can be derived from data presented in this series of tables. Table 5e includes ward election data for the 1932 presidential race and the 1935 mayoral election. Because of changes in district boundaries, the ward totals for Franklin D. Roosevelt's first election as president and the 1931 victory of Anton Cermak are not comparable. Cermak was the first of the modern Democratic machine bosses. In 1933, following Cermak 's assassination in Miami, the city council chose Edward J. Kelly to succeed him. In 1935 Kelly ran for his first elected term. He was a machine administrator of great skill. He put down the Eastern European factions of the party ruthlessly, replacing their leaders with Irishmen whom Cermak had deposed temporarily. Kelly presided over the transition from Prohibition, ensuring that he and his party controlled the revenues which flowed from the city's newly legal saloons. His Republican opponent in the 1935 race was weak, for that party had been demoralized by five years of overwhelming electoral defeats. By 1936, local Republicans held only a scattered collection of judgeships and suburban posts. In addition to vote distributions. Table 5e reports a direct measure of the control exercised by the major party organizations at the ward level: the percentage of ballots cast in the 1935 election which were "straight-party" votes. Besides Machine Politics , see Gosnell's Negro Politicians (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935); Elmer Williams's The Fix-it Boys: The Inside Story of the New Deal and the Kelly-Nash Machine (Chi- cago, 1940); and "The Kelly-Nash Machine" ( Fortune m (1936) :10-17) . With the exception of Gosnell's works, this period is not well documented. TABLI ; 5e in IT) CO CT> in CO CT> H U CO O o> w o u P u o (D /-N t-> CN >_^ td -H td (d o o IM ^ CO tj CO O -P o o 4h 4h o > C7> O ft c ,^~^ ^^ -—N n) •H -^s /-N 0) ^^ 4h --^ H 4h --» (U o 0) in -H ^-> rt +J CO CO +J o 4-" Xi •P CO p CO CO 0) CO ID CO O 4-' O o> O en CJ1 a o O 3 O crt O cn > CJ> +J CT> ^ P P cn > o > H > H r-l r-i B H a< > H > H H O H Id G O H d) ^-^ U) •• — H a) H --' J 0) > ^' c X) ■H o C 0) (d a cd a; o G O T3 o (U u •H U lO u ■P u m CQ ■H +J Id -p •H +J •P -P ■P -H P> +J •H f< ^-> o o o +j •p •P c O G P G CO G 03 C ■ (3 03 G 4J > ■H >, > >1 •M J3 •P J3 Id 0) •H (t3 u m rH (D fd q bo G bO u Xl H T3 -9 "3 r-f T3 H ( :j C T3 r-l t/J tl o s ^^ u s W -H ) e s^ o. u .a u u u fj S^ B 0) D< (U o m ■p H 0) O P -H O 4-> > O XI H (U M U 0) H 4-1 CO W U •H O bO >, Q) tO a; S OJ CD ■M n CT> > H o •H U ■P CO >i U CO o s o 6 U 0) o rH C CO f^ O H CO .a S 3 ft Sh cn 4-1 >_/• HO) C 10 Q 0) fj CQ X) O P c >i -p x: 0) 10 CM as ID -H (U O CO X) ^ U U GO (UP M 4-1 Oc M (U o p d- O CTl > H o ■H 4-1 ■P C cO 01 U X) O -H W E (U (U U Q 0-, -H C CO 4-1 O C •H 0) 3 to a. 0) oj u k; o. 1 28058 15.5 17.8 20859 15^92 11233 1573 18 86.1 6395 3354 2 8753C 92.1 1.5 59122 54330 20653 16257 229 41.5 6668 6717 3 75028 93.2 C.6 54346 44fC4 17281 12323 126 47.6 8841 7525 4 68977 32.9 11.3 53364 4331C 18296 14422 138 50.5 14298 12138 5 92123 32.2 12.1 71714 52519 20939 18983 151 45.6 16936 14641 6 79440 15.4 13.1 58579 44 194 17312 18597 1G6 43.8 11840 13700 7 89372 0.3 15.5 65253 48674 16951 2C891 93 41.9 16425 16338 8 77712 0.0 17.4 55236 42783 15697 20217 lie 39. G 11640 14118 9 73240 C.l 24.4 49349 35219 12986 14459 131 44.4 16498 13202 10 65843 1.4 22.0 41013 27610 13169 9491 115 54.7 15444 6923 11 67489 l.C 21.9 42789 31114 18671 7073 85 69.0 17937 509C 12 69174 0.0 23.9 45432 3itie 15557 10890 99 55. 1 22080 6593 13 7882C 0.0 20.2 52279 39564 18971 14326 131 54. C 19180 11202 14 62194 2.1 21.9 38566 29C69 18612 5966 63 69.6 1/537 5102 15 65849 0.0 19.8 45513 37C21 19647 12173 84 58.4- 21405 10578 16 70299 5.8 18.6 47557 38157 18915 14738 149 50. C 14002 9111 17 75200 2.1 12.9 52577 41263 16219 16809 9C 47.0 14126 13808 18 75352 0.0 15.7 52282 44^52 20028 18211 91 47.5 18737 17358 19 69814 11.7 10.8 45860 38379 12700 192^6 77 36.7 11085 18055 20 55043 26.7 23.2 33124 24620 16111 2552 39 80.7 7620 5769 21 37312 0.0 43.9 38640 27606 16471 7t2A 67 65. 1 15989 4253 22 48602 1.7 27.1 34284 25'i35 17485 5603 87 72.4 12187 2772 23 48351 CO 27.5 343C0 28^28 17450 6930 89 68.3 13473 3478 24 595C1 0.5 42.7 40305 29^31 22364 1118 25 90.5 19397 1520 25 49018 1.0 23.1 30413 23904 144U2 5943 60 66.6 11337 5939 26 57144 0. 1 31.2 37353 25545 15C57 6165 115 60. 1 14296 3525 27 59869 4.0 21.3 46454 33545 21609 6017 67 72.9 14975 6749 28 65126 17.8 19.3 43412 33414 18322 8162 90 5j*.0 13029 7539 29 59225 0.1 25.4 415C9 33354 21578 5796 64 72.5 16498 6217 30 667C3 0.1 18.2 47998 376C7 18086 12169 78 46.1 18442 11506 31 65942 0.1 31.7 45C63 32699 18252 6576 94 64.6 1827C 5823 32 64338 0.3 26.8 42237 29719 17755 6226 111 45. fc 16321 3558 33 62679 C.C 21.7 44C7C 33C35 1358C 12857 111 37.1 17410 9428 34 65916 0.0 24.6 46911 34550 14105 13693 123 48.9 15948 10687 35 70680 0.0 21.3 49837 3769C 15704 15139 102 48.1 18148 10277 36 71528 0.0 20.2 48836 36526 13210 17271 138 3d. 2 13428 11749 37 70250 0.0 15.9 53283 43319 16927 17922 94 46.4 15156 16147 38 81457 0.0 18.7 55642 416C3 15407 19526 142 41.8 12408 12360 39 69370 0.1 21.0 49476 38305 13957 16617 105 43. 1 14009 13994 40 70723 0.2 25.9 5C975 37275 14730 14433 74 46.2 16399 10671 41 73846 O.C 17.1 49809 38198 12727 19289 117 37. C 9951 12665 42 59310 8.2 19.4 47511 3C466 14945 8812 79 58.5 10286 10114 43 55417 0.4 26.1 40854 27325 12786 107CC 119 48. 6 86 17 9596 44 689C7 0.3 22.1 52898 35C11 13229 128C4 88 48.4 1089C 10572 45 66946 C.l 22.7 46997 35949 15114 16C4C 135 43.4 11347 11660 46 72053 0.2 25.7 54922 38216 15054 14889 84 47.9 13337 12135 47 742C3 0.0 19.4 56331 42650 14041 20715 121 36.9 11886 17525 48 81805 0.6 17.8 66823 44780 17583 17087 74 46.1 15454 13979 49 80280 0.2 15.6 62749 46C18 15617 19695 70 42.1 13684 16089 50 73550 0.2 16.5 52086 40567 12970 20190 75 35.9 9987 15342 -61- Ward Voting and Demographic Data: 1950 The Bureau of the Census did not release ward-level enumera- tion information for the 1950 census. No political study has been made employing community-area data similar to Harold Gosnell's Machine Politics , which filled the breach after the 1930 census. Demographic data for the 1950 census have been published by the Bureau of the Census, but these data must be merged with precinct electoral data in order to replicate Gosnell's study. The local election reported in Table 5g is the mayoral race of 1947. The Democratic candidate was Edward Kennelly. James Q. Wilson has characterized Kennelly as "clean but weak," in contrast to his predecessor, Edward Kelly, who was "corrupt but strong. "-'- Following the disastrous election of 1947, Kelly was dumped by a coalition of ward committeemen. In that race charges of corruption brought down many Democratic candidates. Kelly's replacement was a genial businessman and civic booster who was selected because he was Irish and because he was expected to clean up the image of the city and the party. Kennelly was reelected in 1951, but his general performance in office was lackluster. The national race reported in Table 5g is the 1948 presiden- tial election, which pitted Democrat Harry Truman against Republi- can Thomas E. Dewey and Progressive Henry Wallace. A good source of information on black political organizations of this period is James Q. Wilson's Negro Politics (Glencoe, 111.: Free Press, 1960). An excellent analysis of the operation of the Democratic machine in policymaking is Martin Meyerson's and Edward Banfield's Politics, Planning and the Public Interest (Glencoe, 111.: Free Press, 1955). A general sketch of the period is drawn by Harold Gosnell in the "Postscript" to Machine Politics , 2d ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968). James Q. Wilson, Negro Politics (New York: Free Press, 1960), pp. 82-83. TABLE 5g 1 ■p to H 3 §• U J- OI (0 u a tu •P -H > o 0) T3 ^ (U w 0) H ■P CO M h •H O bO >, 0) 10 a: s Total Ballots Cast for Mayor (1947) Democratic Vote for Mayor (1947) Republican Vote for Mayor (1947) Democratic Vote for President (1948) o in 0) CD ■p d- O en > r-t (0 +J o c •H (U H XI 0) u u 4h O) ^ ■P 00 ;t > en H M C CO (U 0) X) U -H bO W O 0) U ^ a, a. 1 85197 18009 12801 9585 3018 26396 8402 60 2 108761 83777 49906 20729 19546 31718 12295 133 3 81354 4S064 29164 14114 13809 26841 11457 1C3 ^ 81826 46360 31094 18229 12221 27376 16982 191 5 69456 63640 44275 26360 17442 19024 16972 87 6 75273 53129 36 76C 19C02 17503 . 19493 16686 154 7 78900 57316 41451 21S61 19217 20225 25244 77 8 79331 50476 36631 16633 19583 18640 24941 122 9 94997 45984 31490 14S32 16432 23354 19541 156 10 85058 37381 28642 17864 10788 2424G 10945 63 11 66932 35573 29163 19612 8909 23393 7378 30 12 58768 37330 29999 19712 9699 2165C 8311 58 13 76362 54286 42816 24981 17267 22558 15497 78 14 57325 32145 24887 18629 6042 20918 5787 16 15 63308 41185 31717 19C49 11974 21972 13494 116 16 69216 41910 30750 18728 11777 22521 12907 67 17 77378 45034 32357 16657 15521 19682 18610 70 18 83918 5C699 38349 21451 16735 22796 21562 44 19 104757 54415 40311 17623 22208 21161 29386 92 20 73473 28929 21214 14371 6684 26703 10498 2 84 21 53511 30706 23116 16 892 5622 19095 7309 79 22 54705 28673 24C89 16192 7639 20216 8746 167 23 64375 30637 24939 18533 6227 25215 9829 264 24 58778 35427 29387 26C17 3111 26497 3530 1C8 25 52936 27238 21995 14483 6982 17858 7444 39 26 60434 30837 24809 18573 5979 24230 6743 69 27 73050 33696 25727 18C92 7376 2274C 8C66 37 28 68580 40659 30877 19283 11201 23493 11092 40 29 64384 38891 31829 22681 7184 267C3 9206 71 30 64335 42318 33262 20678 12145 21266 13907 50 31 55830 37994 29560 21C05 8313 21511 7976 121 32 66350 33978 27251 19509 7321 23574 7C04 70 33 62572 37347 28052 15533 12314 19067 14585 60 34 65725 40024 31031 17154 12759 19818 13845 116 35 70550 43658 32696 18307 13318 22681 16107 58 36 69341 44541 35237 17504 17315 19001 18630 66 37 69727 47663 35400 18760 16420 19026 21824 74 38 83653 52291 37922 18360 19302 20773 22495 147 39 73789 43794 32916 16244 15819 19173 20936 87 40 63306 44114 34039 19765 13882 19588 14607 176 41 92690 51740 40508 17240 22969 19628 28162 78 42 71894 38471 27292 16615 10258 18882 14675 89 43 71223 32324 23319 13408 9668 17752 14666 90 44 62108 40903 29516 15924 13243 15431 16432 64 45 75891 39471 30144 14C49 15886 19394 21476 38 46 71973 44613 31957 18274 13651 21988 17420 121 47 79319 48449 36492 154C8 20687 18413 26213 60 48 79517 53530 40833 23273 17134 20955 21379 132 49 72266 55974 40117 23230 17072 19715 22212 54 50 76560 47968 37852 18485 19067 15430 26555 65 ■63- Ward Voting and Demographic Data: 1960 The local election reported in Table 5h is the 1963 race be- tween Democrat Richard J. Daley and Republican Benjamin Adamowski. First elected mayor in 1955, Daley appeared to be vulnerable in this contest. As county prosecutor, Adamowski had trumpeted reports of corruption in the Chicago Police Department (the so-called Summer- dale scandal). Daley appeared to be in disfavor with homeowners over recent tax increases and with the newspapers over the mysterious murder of a black alderman. Adamowski, an apostate Democrat, had carried the city as a Republican in his 1956 race for state's at- torney, but he lost his bid for mayor. The national contest reported here is the 1962 senatorial race between Democrat Sidney Yates, a respected Jewish congressman from the city's far North Side, and the incumbent Republican, con- servative Everett McKinley Dirksen. Yates was a sacrificial candi- date. Two years later, he returned to his congressional seat. The 1960 demographic data presented here were converted to 1961 ward boundaries by the Research Division of the Chicago City Planning Department. The senatorial election totals came from official reports of the Illinois secretary of state; the mayoral voting and registration data came from the Chicago Board of Election Commissioners . Discussions of the period can be found in three recent books on Daley: Clout: Mayor Daley and His City , by Len O'Connor (Chicago: Regnery, 1975); Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago , by Mike Royko (New York: Dutton, 1971); and Daley of Chicago , by Bill Gleason (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1970). An excellent analytic description of the structure of power in the city during this period is Edward Banfield's Political Influence (Glencoe, 111.: Free Press, 1961). For a discussion of the changing nature of Chicago's black ghettos, see Chicago ' s Widening Color Gap , by Pierre de Vies (Chicago: Inter- university Social Research Committee, 1967). In 1963 the correla- tion between percent black and the vote for Daley was .80. TABLE 5h (n '^^ djto fj 0)0 (uoi rH4->H ;i< M M o+J ocn ocn h-i oh o^--o--' o c o <: >0 >H >H --->H > > nJfjO ^ -PO OOOHfj-rH+JcaOd) +J +J -PC+JC O (U-H (0>, •H>, >--^q)f< lOC-HC (0 C CbOCbO -MlO f<(0 Htd -PO fjOJHd) H (B (D-HOlTl H WPi OS J3S U U m i-> OC/JjQCO •O 3 O OdJOCU ro •HO O 3 M>> Sfj O-fj J3>,Q0C Efjat) (0 o Q) o oio -pmajo) (i)oa>o S Oi (Xi a O 1 s c •H to rH a. o a. m +-" c (U o pL, c CQ (U U U a> o PL, u, o o 4-> ^6. O 0) U U > O 0) ■O r-l Q> W en U ■H O 60 >, 0) n) <— N Q> CO ■P CO O 0> > H o e u 0) o o in (1) CO 4-> CD O cn > rH C m u o o •H >> H n) ^^ o< ^ (U o 05 l+H u o ^-1 W CO 0) CO •p (Tl H > '-^ h U > o u -p 0) o ■P 0) ^ > w Q) m •P H 0^ u o o •H 4-" 4-> (fl m n u •H O uj 3 •P C 0) O (U TABLE 5i o o •H •P m D o CL, o ■-( m ■p c o •p c H O •H %^ ■P CO >, u s e i^ H ■ — ' O •H >, r-< to ^s Q) o OS M-l § U v w O fj P O M 4-1 ■H CO W) C a) 0) OS CO o r- 0) en ■P H O — ' > O •H -p 4J (0 CO C p 0) O CO e u (D O a 4h o :> ■P H -^ > u C CO -P O CO ■H C H (U XI CO 3 O, ^ 0) OS cp u O ^N Mh o m en p ^ O > P^ P.S . -P 0) O CO 1 68950 35.8 17.8 38.4 30.5 88.4 55.4 12571 2857 19854 11846 2150 413 2 69075 94.3 1.8 3.9 1.1 100.0 54.5 1C358 4755 22282 13704 1076 606 3 67657 99.1 0.3 0.7 o.c 98.4 52.6 12215 2776 26863 18219 1C08 943 4 68549 91.1 1.6 4.6 0.8 100.0 59.2 14988 4379 23217 15362 1137 555 5 67530 57.0 7.0 17. C l.£ 94.2 69.1 8818 1C723 23429 14539 2021 592 6 66919 97.7 0.6 1.7 o.e 100.0 66.3 10900 7086 29894 17940 1315 760 7 68077 26.9 12.2 37.1 18.2 95.2 68.1 11493 6645 36841 19182 5526 955 8 66869 76.8 4.5 12.9 2.5 96.5 59.5 11606 8055 43112 26045 3043 1037 9 66932 28.3 8.2 29.4 2.7 99.2 59.4 12287 5513 35053 15363 8564 971 10 66666 9.2 10.6 37.9 8.4 94.7 61.8 15640 5427 35012 17562 7205 968 11 67160 11.2 9.4 33.3 12.2 92.3 58.9 25162 2311 26849 18636 3892 76 7 12 66709 5.3 15.3 45.8 5.3 94.6 65.5 19414 6040 29470 14679 7652 1088 13 66708 0.0 11.4 39.4 l.C 84.7 57.7 21096 8796 4640C 19685 16059 1557 14 67141 6.2 13.1 39.9 6.4 95.4 63.4 19232 4135 23651 13046 3779 746 15 67030 8.3 15.0 41.9 2.4 94.8 67.3 16975 6223 33064 13900 9912 1234 16 68234 92.0 0.9 1.9 2.5 100.0 48.4 8999 3397 24345 13293 1496 654 17 67926 98.0 0.6 1.4 1.2 100.0 54.2 10724 3561 24689 14127 661 794 18 67694 28.3 5.3 25.6 l.C 97.9 60.5 18783 6221 44833 22112 10835 1128 19 67047 2.2 5.4 28.8 0.4 97.4 62.2 19087 8739 46660 19322 16837 1287 20 68872 97.5 C.8 1.7 l.C 93.1 63.6 11777 4723 30402 16670 1263 885 21 67045 86.6 2.1 7.2 1.4 100.0 60.5 11778 8022 46819 27612 3223 1319 22 67B42 23.7 18.0 41.1 23.4 92.9 59.9 14352 3439 22463 13C98 2926 687 23 66437 0.0 8.6 39.5 2.C 97.8 62.9 17854 8326 42483 18738 12082 1276 24 67369 98.6 C.l 0.6 0.4 100.0 44. C 15761 1885 18011 13C59 357 400 25 66131 36.3 15.2 33.3 25.6 90.5 46.7 14734 2197 22734 14808 2348 560 TABLE 5i( Continued) g M (^ N CN o ^-\ -— * bO •". ^— V ^-^ U 4-" o o C •H ao a) ^ oj o> y^ •H O < ■y ^ 4-" t-~ P > H o ■r1 U > H <0 u > W 0) na > U o o ■H p > U C O to P to CD P V 4-1 to C bO ■P c ■p x: G c +-" u 10 o o H CO P p to to C Pi OJ O to •H C o > u XI 3 o Oi o 1 — 00 CT3 UJ CD cc LXJ UJ o; cc CD CD ^ 2 oo oo CD LLJ UJ CT3 CD CD ~ OO CD C3 1 n CO CT> CSI CNI en CO CM CTJ crs oo oo CD oo CD CD OO Csi in oo I — m (=3 ID CM in CO CM SBDonr sii QNV AiNnoa >ioo3 - aiivaooiAiBo iNBoaBd -76- — Percent Foreign Born (Cook) . — Percent Democratic (Cook) . This estimate was made by aver- aging the yearly estimates of support for presidential and gubernatorial candidates presented in Table 4. -77- References Andreas, Alfred Theodore. History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time , 3 vols. Chicago: A.T. Andreas, 1884, 1885, 1886. The American Catholic Who's Who . Grosse Point, Mich.: Walter Romig, 1934-60 (biannual). Baron, Harold. "Black Powerlessness in Chicago." Transaction 6 (November 1968): 27-33. "The Bench and Bar," in Industrial Chicago , vol. 6. Chicago: Good- speed, 1896. Caton, John Dean. Early Bench and Bar of Illinois . Chicago: Chi- cago Legal News, 1893. French, Charles. Biographical History of the American Irish in Chicago . Chicago: American Biographical Publishing, 1897. Goldman, Marion S. A Portrait of the Black Attorney in Chicago . Chicago: American Bar Foundation, 1972. Goodspeed, Weston A., and Daniel D. Healey. History of Cook County , 2 vols. Chicago: Goodspeed, 1909. Italian-American Who's Who . Vigo, N.Y.: Vigo, 1920-59 (annual). Kogan , Herman . The First Century: The Chicago Bar Association 1874-1974 . Chicago: Rand McNallyi 1974. Lepawsky, Albert. The Judicial System of Metropolitan Chicago . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1932. Liebman, Charles, ed. Directory of American Judges . Chicago: American Directories, 1955. Lortie, Dan C. The Striving Young Lawyer — A Study of Early Career Differentiation in the Chicago Bar . Ph.D. dissertation. University of Chicago, 1958. Martin, Edward M. The Role of the Bar in Electing the Bench in Chi- cago . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936. Olson, Ernst. The Swedish Element in Illinois . Chicago: Swedish- American Biographical Association, 1917. -78- Quilici, George L. "History of the Italian-American Lawyers of Chicago." Justinian Journal July 1967, p. 11; November 1967, p. 20; March 1968, p. 17. Rolewick, David F. A Short History of the Illinois Judicial System . Springfield, 111. : Administrative Office of the Illinois Courts, 1968. Skogan, Wesley G. "The Politics of Judicial Reform: Cook County, Illinois." Justice System Journal 1 (1975) :ll-23. Who's Who in Chicago and Illinois . Chicago: A.N. Marquis, 1905-50 ( irregular ) . Who's Who in the Midwest . Chicago: A.N. Marquis-Who ' s Who, 1947-63 (biannual). Who's Who in World Jewry. New York: Pittman, 1955 and 1965. TABLE 6 to >- m a) bO U I) 3 ■-\ n} bO w 0) (U J o •H ■p -p c n 0) (U o u u a, 0) a CL, < bO M n H •H O T) O c ^ d) u ^-> CO < s a 0) H O to u o 0) Percent Attending Major Law Schools o •H a, o •H O 4h o ■p c o 3 cu cu Q) f^ O O -H •H Mh a. o P T) c 0) 0) -P o U d) 0) .-1 (^ u ■p w w u V •H -H x: 4-> -P c w CO ■p P to C U 0) o o o U B 10 c u d) o V u e d) d) CM Q 1870 8 50.0 0.0 50. C 75.0 0.0 87.5 12.5 0.0 0.0 33.3 47.6 40.1 1871 3 50.0 0.0 50,0 75.0 C.C 87.5 12.5 0.0 0.0 33.3 46.8 39.2 1872 8 5C.C 0.0 50. C 75,0 0.0 87.5 12.5 0.0 CO 33-3 46. I 38.3 1873 9 55.6 0.0 44,4 77,8 0.0 88.9 11.1 0.0 CO 42.9 45,3 41.4 187A 9 55.6 0.0 44.4 77,8 0.0 88.9 11.1 0.0 CO 42.9 44,5 44.5 1875 9 55.6 0,0 44.4 77,8 CO 88.9 11,1 0.0 CO 42.9 43.8 47.6 1876 8 62.5 0.0 33.3 75,0 CO 87.5 12.5 0,0 CO 33.3 43,0 50,7 1877 8 62.5 0.0 33.3 75,0 0.0 87.5 12.5 O.G CO 33.3 42,2 49.3 1878 6 62.5 0.0 33.3 75.0 0.0 87.5 12.5 0,0 0,0 33.3 41,4 47.9 1879 12 66.7 0.0 25.0 75.0 0.0 75.0 25. C 0.0 CO 50.0 4C,7 46.4 laec 12 75. C 0.0 25.0 66.7 16.7 75.0 25. C 0.0 0,0 44.4 39.9 45. C 1881 12 75. C 0.0 25.0 66.7 16.7 75.0 25.0 0.0 CO 44.4 40.0 45.9 1882 12 75. C 0.0 25.0 66.7 16.7 75.0 25.0 0.0 CO 44.4 4CC 46.8 1883 13 76.9 0.0 23. 1 61.5 23.1 76.9 23.1 0.0 CO 50.0 40. 1 47.7 1884 13 84.6 0.0 0,0 53.8 30.8 76,9 23.1 0,0 CO 45.5 40-1 48.6 1885 13 83.3 0.0 0.0 53,8 30.8 76,9 23.1 0.0 CO 40.0 40.2 49,0 1886 14 84.6 0.0 0.0 50.0 28.6 71.4 28.6 0.0 7.1 54.5 40.3 49,5 1887 19 66.7 11. 1 33.3 47.4 26.3 78.9 21. C 0.0 5.3 63.0 40.3 50.0 1888 18 70.6 11.8 29.4 44.4 27.8 77.8 22. 2 0.0 5.6 57.1 40.4 50.5 1889 19 66.7 11.1 33.3 47.4 26.3 68.4 31.6 0.0 5.3 5^.1 40.4 52.0 1890 20 63,2 10.5 36.8 50. C 20.0 60.0 4C.C 0.0 5.0 56.3 40.5 53-4 1891 20 65.0 10.0 35.0 45.0 20.0 55.0 45. C 0.0 10.0 58.8 39.8 54.8 1892 25 54.5 13.6 45.5 56.0 16.0 52.0 48. C 0.0 12.0 63.2 39.2 56.3 1893 29 54.5 13,6 45.5 65.5 10.3 55,2 41.4 o.c 13.8 57.1 38,5 52.8 1894 25 47.4 15.8 52.6 64.0 8.0 56.0 40.0 o.c 12.0 55.6 3 7.9 49.4 1895 26 47.4 15.8 52.6 61.5 11.5 57.7 28.5 0,0 11.5 50.0 37.2 45.9 1896 25 47.4 15.8 52.6 60.0 12.0 56.0 40. C 0.0 12.0 50.0 36.5 42.5 1897 26 45. C 20.0 55-0 57.7 11.5 53.8 42.3 0.0 11.5 52.4 35.9 44.2 1898 29 45.4 18.2 54.6 58.6 10.3 51.7 44.8 0.0 17.2 47.8 35.2 45.9 1899 25 47.6 14.3 52.4 56.0 12.0 52.0 44.0 0.0 20.0 42.9 34.6 47.6 1900 25 47.6 14.3 52.4 56.0 12.0 52.0 44.0 0.0 20.0 42.9 33-9 49.4 1901 25 47.6 14.3 52.4 56.0 12.0 52.0 A4.C 0.0 2C.0 42.9 34.0 44.8 1902 26 45.4 18.2 54.6 53.8 11.5 50.0 46.1 0.0 19.2 40.9 34.1 40.2 1903 32 37.0 22.2 63.0 46.9 12.5 46.9 5C.C 0.0 15.6 50.0 34.2 35.6 1904 32 33.3 22.2 66.7 43.8 9.4 43.8 53.1 0.0 15.6 50.0 34.3 31.0 19C5 30 28.0 32.0 72.0 40.0 10.0 50.0 46.7 0.0 13.3 46-2 34.4 34.5 1906 27 18.2 31. a 72.2 37.0 7.4 51.8 44.4 0.0 14.8 41,7 34.6 38.0 19C7 27 14.3 33.3 72.2 37.0 11.1 51.8 44.4 0.0 14.8 37.5 34.7 41.5 1908 27 14,3 33.3 72.2 37.0 11.1 51.8 44.4 0.0 14.8 37.5 34.8 44.9 1909 30 17.4 34.8 68.4 33.3 13,3 5C0 46.7 0.0 13.3 33.3 34-9 49.3 1910 34 14.8 44.4 69.6 26.5 2C6 50.0 47.1 0.0 8.8 43.8 35-0 53.6 1911 35 13.3 40.0 61.5 22.9 31.4 51.4 45.7 0.0 5.7 54,5 34.4 57.9 1912 33 13.8 41.4 60.0 21.2 33.3 51.5 45.4 0,0 6. 1 54.8 33.8 62.2 1913 34 13.8 41,4 60. C 20.6 35.3 50.0 47.1 0.0 5.9 54.8 33.2 58.5 1914 33 14.3 39.3 58.3 21.2 36.4 48.5 48.5 0.0 6.1 56.7 32.6 54.8 1915 42 13.5 43.2 62.5 16.7 30.9 50.0 45.2 0.0 4,8 44.7 32.0 51.1 1916 42 11. 1 47.2 59.4 16.7 28.6 47.6 45.2 2,4 7.1 47.4 31-5 47.4 TABLE 6 (Continued) bO W bO W '-N m a •-\ G <-{ u X 0) -H O -H O O CO bO x)OX)0-H 0) X> WtObO O 13 0) (uoo)oa^oo•^^Mwow tiWbocM cu ~-^ •-D bOW-MtO 4-'W .H-H4H fjOOO •HO'OShX) Sh (Ua)-t-> -P OHh fHi4H'H-H(U-H j::-rH30 3 O,:^ o Mh jo +J'0 +J+-' -P+J +J+J -PC -PoJ VO +JCO f< CGC C CO CO) CWCW CUGMGf^ Cv^GP (1) (UO) OH Ofj (U-H O-M O O O O-H OO O, OO f^ ^ Ofj ore) OO OH OO OO) OO) OO) OO OO O C OO (B e U CU fjO fj-r-i f^^ f<(U U > U > U > f-> s ai< 0-.J PhS ftjOi OiU OiS ai:s OiS dUi 0.0 ct4CQ OiQ 1917 42 11.1 50.0 59.4 14.3 26.2 47.6 42.9 4.8 7.1 45.9 30.9 43.7 1918 39 11.8 52.9 56.7 10.3 28.2 46.1 43.6 5.1 5.1 45.7 3C.3 39.9 1919 40 11.4 57.1 54.8 10. C 30.0 47.5 42.5 5.0 5.0 44-1 29.7 36.1 1920 45 10.5 57.9 55.9 11.1 28.9 46.7 40,0 6.7 6.7 44.7 29.1 32.3 1921 51 8.9 62.2 51.2 7.8 29.4 41.2 45.1 7.8 9.8 43.8 28.6 32.5 1922 45 5.3 63.2 50.0 8.9 26.7 40.0 46.7 6.7 1 1. I 55.9 28.1 32.7 1923 50 4.6 67.4 48.8 10.0 24. C 42.0 46.0 6.0 10.0 48.7 27.6 32.9 1924 50 4.6 67.4 46.3 10.0 24.0 40.0 46. C 6.0 10.0 47.4 27.1 33.0 1925 49 4.6 67.4 46.3 10.2 22.4 40.8 46.9 6,1 1C.2 50. C 26.5 36.2 1926 49 4.6 67.4 46.3 10.2 22.4 40.8 46.9 6.1 IC,2 50.0 26.0 39.3 1927 53 4.3 70.2 44.4 11.3 24.5 37.7 45.3 11.3 11.3 51.2 25.5 42.4 1928 50 2.3 70.4 39.5 12.0 24.0 36. C 44.0 12.0 12.0 53.8 25.0 45.5 1929 53 4.3 68.1 40.0 9.4 22-6 35.8 43.4 13-2 11.3 53.7 24.5 49.3 1930 50 4.8 69,0 30.0 10.0 22.0 36.0 40.0 16.0 16.0 66.7 24.0 53.0 1931 47 2.6 74,4 28,9 10.6 23.4 34.0 40.4 17.0 14.9 68.6 23.5 56.8 1932 49 2.4 73.2 27.5 10,2 22.4 32.6 40.8 18-4 16.3 70.3 23.0 60. 5 1933 53 2.3 77.3 30.2 11.3 22.6 30.2 41-5 18.9 15.1 71.8 22.5 60,6 1934 48 2.6 76.9 28.9 12.5 22.9 27.1 43,8 18.8 16-7 76-5 22,0 60-7 1935 52 2.3 79.1 28.6 11.5 23.1 26.9 46.1 19.2 15.4 74.4 21.4 60.8 1936 47 2.6 84.2 27.0 10-6 23.4 23-4 48.9 21-3 17-0 75-0 2C.9 60.9 1927 46 2.7 83.8 27.8 10.9 23.9 23.9 47.8 21.7 17.4 74.3 20.4 58.7 1938 47 2.7 81.1 27.8 12.8 21.3 23,4 48.9 21.3 17-0 72.2 19.9 56.4 1939 47 2.6 79.5 26.3 12,8 21,3 21-3 48-9 23-4 17-0 68-6 19,4 54,2 1940 49 2.4 78.0 25.0 12.2 22.4 20-4 49.0 24.5 18.4 67.6 18.9 52.0 1941 48 2.5 77.5 25.6 12.5 25.0 16.7 52.1 25.0 16-7 63.9 18.4 53.2 1942 48 2.5 77.5 28.2 12.5 25.0 16.7 52.1 25.0 16.7 63.9 17.8 54.4 1943 45 2.6 7«.9 29.7 13.3 12.2 17.8 48.9 26.7 17.8 69,7 17,3 55,6 1944 46 2,6 79.5 28.9 13.0 23.9 17.4 50,0 26,1 17.4 70-6 16.8 56-8 1945 49 2.4 78.6 31.7 16.3 26.5 20-4 49.0 24.5 16-3 64.9 16.3 57.2 1946 47 2.4 78-0 30.0 14,9 29.8 23-4 46-8 25-5 17.0 64-9 15-7 57-6 1947 52 2.3 81.8 32.6 17.3 28.8 23.1 48.1 25-0 17-3 63.4 15.2 58.0 1948 49 0.0 85.7 33.3 18.4 28.6 22.4 46.9 26.5 16.3 63.2 14.7 58.4 1949 46 0.0 87.5 32-5 19.6 26.1 21,7 45.6 28.3 17-4 61-1 14,1 56,5 1950 49 CO 88.4 34.9 20.4 26.5 20-4 44.9 28.6 16-3 63-2 13.6 54-6 1951 50 0.0 88-9 35,6 20,0 24,0 18.0 46-C 30.0 16.0 61.5 13.3 52.7 1952 50 0.0 89-1 34.8 18.0 22.0 18. C 48.0 28.0 16.0 63.4 13.0 50.8 1953 60 1.8 87.5 36.4 21.7 25.0 23-3 48.3 23.3 11.7 54-0 12.7 50.1 1954 54 2.0 86.3 34.0 20.4 25.9 24.1 48,1 24,1 13.0 55.3 12.4 49.5 1955 53 2.0 86.0 32.6 20.8 26-4 26.4 45.3 24.5 13-2 52.2 12.1 48.9 1956 56 1.9 86.5 33.3 21.4 25.0 26-8 46-4 23.2 12.5 54-2 11.8 48.1 1957 58 1.8 85.2 34.0 22.4 25.9 27-6 44,8 24,1 12,1 56,9 11,5 50,8 1958 56 1.9 82-7 35.3 23.2 28.6 28.6 44.6 23-2 10-7 58-0 11-2 53-4 1959 58 1.8 81.5 34.0 20.7 31.0 25.9 48.3 22.4 8.6 63.5 10.9 56.0 1960 59 1.8 80.0 35,2 20,3 32-2 23-7 49-1 23.7 8.5 62-3 10.6 58.7 1961 53 CO 84-0 36.0 22-6 30.2 26.4 50.9 20.8 7.5 63.3 10-4 58-7 1962 51 0.0 83.3 33.3 23.5 29.4 25.5 52.9 21.6 7-8 64.6 10-3 58.8 1963 47 0.0 82-2 31-1 25.5 29.8 23.4 55.3 21.3 6.4 64.4 10.1 58.8 -81- Municipal Court Operation In 1905 the Municipal Court of Chicago was created by the state legislature. Impetus for its creation came from a breakdown in the local machinery of justice. The previous system could not deal with the flood of complex legal business generated by a large industrial city. Justices of the peace competed for the marriage trade and engaged in other profitable enterprises, but the criminal justice system was swamped with cases. The Municipal Court Act which passed the state legislature created a single, unified court with city-wide jurisdiction over all but the most important criminal and civil cases. A chief judge administered the system; he assigned judges and cases in response to changing case filings. The judges were elected on a partisan basis. During the early years of the court's operation, most of its judges were Republicans. They were supported by party regulars, the bar, reformers, and the newspapers. By the mid-1920s, however, the judges were overwhelmingly Democratic. The Democrats remained dominant until 1954- , when the court was dis- banded by the judicial amendment to the state constitution. Table 7 presents selected time-series data on the staffing and operations of the court for the years 1907-38. The data are drawn from the annual reports of the court, which were not published after 1938. The variables are: — Judges . These figures represent the numbers of judges who served each year. Appointments to fill unexpired terms were made by the governor , who was usually quick to fill a vacancy with one of his supporters. Thus this figure always equals the number of judges author- ized by statute. — Visiting Judges . In order to deal with the ever ex- panding backlog of cases, jurists were regularly brought in from municipal courts in other Illinois jurisdictions to serve as summer replacements and supplemental judges. These figures are the numbers of such judges brought in each year. The practice was kept up until 1932, when it was forbidden by the state legislature. — Total Court Expenditures . This is the amount expended each year for wages, salaries, maintenance, and all court-related support activities. These figures are in current dollars. -82- — Civil Filings . This is the number of civil cases filed each year. The Municipal Court heard all cases arising in the city which involved less than a given amount. The cut-off point was changed from time to time; at times it was as high as $10,000. Cases involving larger sums were heard in circuit or superior court. — Tort Filings . Torts are civil cases which do not in- volve contractual arrangements. Most are traffic- related accident claims. — Felony Filings . The Municipal Coxort conducted prelimin- ary hearings in felony cases. Cases for which probable cause was found were bound over to the criminal court, a county court staffed by judges on loan from the circuit and superior courts. Other cases were either dismissed or reduced to misdemeanors and tried on the spot — often in return for a guilty plea. — Misdemeanor Filings . In Illinois misdemeanors are vio- lations of the state criminal code for which the maxi- mum penalty is a jail term of one year. Few sentences are this long, however, for most misdemeanors are rela- tively minor. — Quasi-Criminal Filings . Quasi-criminal acts are offenses which violate city ordinances rather than the state crim- inal code. Such acts can be punished only by a fine, not by a term in jail. Most quasi-criminal acts are viola- tions of city traffic laws, although some violate build- ing codes, licensing laws, and so forth. — Civil Claims . This is the total value of civil judgments allocated by Municipal Court judges. Figures are in cur- rent dollars. — Criminal Fines . This is the current dollar sum of the fines assessed in misdemeanor and quasi-criminal cases. — Percent Criminal Defendants Dismissed . This figure in- cludes cases which were dismissed for want of prosecution, nolle prossed, or otherwise dropped from the system with- out determinations of guilt or innocence. — Percent Criminal Defendants Fined . — Percent Criminal Defendants Jailed. -83- References Gilbert, Hiram T. The Municipal Court of Chicago . Chicago: 1928. Hinton, E. W. "The Trial Courts in Felony Cases." Chap. 3, The Illinois Crime Survey . Chicago: Illinois Association for Criminal Justice, 1929. Martin, Edward M. The Role of the Bar in Electing the Bench in Chicago . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936. Moley, Raymond. "The Municipal Court of Chicago." Chap. 10, The Illinois Crime Survey . Chicago: Illinois Association for Criminal Justice, 1929. Scheffler, Edward S. "History of the Municipal Court of Chicago and Its Specialized Services." Pamphlet on file, Chicago Mvinici- pal Reference Library, n.d. (pre-1953). Skogan, Wesley G. "Traffic and the Courts: Social Change and Organ- izational Response." The Potential for Reform of Criminal Justice , Herbert Jacob, ed. Beverly Hills, Cal.: Sage, 1975. Sonnenschein, Hugo, Jr. "The Municipal Court of Chicago: A Brief History." Chicago Bar Record 38 (1957) :199-204. TABLE 7 M 0) M to 0) bO X) 3 -3 bO C •H •M •H > n +-» OJ ^ t. 3 3 O -M ■a ^ c TI (U m 00 c •H •H u, -H > •H O m bO C •H •H U, ■H U O E- M bO C •H H ■H >. C o (0 •H b-. U O 1 0) T3 m •H "0 c e •H u O M 1 bO •H C e ■H rO H O .H > •H O w c •H u, c •H E •H (. O •o (U M n (0 e C M •H -H e Q ■H fi M CJ -P C +J ITJ c -o <1) C O a, Q ^ - Police Employees Police Expenditu: 1856 87248 1857 60 18 5 8 62 1859 64 1860 67 1861 70 1862 1863 1864 1865 142 1866 1867 190 1868 1869 1870 291 1871 327 1872 455 1873 458 1874 552 1875 597 1876 517 639887 1877 516 534843 1878 442 432759 1879 453 445195 1880 473 493672 1881 506 577038 1882 557 65926C 1883 637 703579 1884 924 779721 1885 924 1079335 1886 1032 1192770 1887 1145 1305563 1888 1255 1450437 1889 1624 1602595 1890 1900 2200127 1891 2306 2622046 1892 2726 3035044 1893 3189 3550558 1894 3187 3643936 1895 3255 3419788 1896 3425 33043C9 1897 3594 3457583 1898 3304 3354716 1899 3267 3438571 1900 3314 338516C 1901 3250 3409007 1902 3168 3338783 1903 3205 3569478 1904 3130 3545942 M w •H •H Mh CJ Mh nJ TJ U C t-> nJ (Q +J o 1 01 •H M 0) ■H •H " h ^ « 4-> fj O CO < a^ " 3 •!-> C Xl >> to c O u O C O 0) o •^^ o •H O C U •H Mh ^^ ■P O 0) U 4J Mh (0 Jh < 3 (0 M U) O >i M +J U ■!-> ■p •H -H 03 u •H E-" cn w X c. > (U ■P 1 (U 0) o TD XI u o o u u C Jh c d h s < < M O <0 s (l4 CO •p CO 0) en (DC Cx)>,tOC f^ -• 1905 19C6 19C7 19C8 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 CO 0) . o o e &4 w 3046 4529 4529 4733 4706 4715 4926 4955 5028 5093 5331 5277 5199 47C6 5120 5152 5140 6184 5965 60 10 5862 6080 6078 6098 6712 6719 6581 6330 6561 6313 6642 6625 6606 6763 6641 6629 6778 6378 6418 6360 6749 7827 7657 7771 7584 7694 7895 7525 S453 ft +J •H y c •H 0) O X 3961274 4071202 538811C 5703917 5810619 5825455 6141632 6637452 6662655 6985905 7276440 7274164 7290942 7815142 9454332 10498622 108767C7 11735867 12788318 1304421S 1402556C 14201536 15715923 16258413 17151408 17400496 17143856 13581408 14058842 14425C87 15320455 15904437 16103587 17350608 1701472C 17362768 17354768 17175C56 18809744 19794400 19983088 25272720 25174896 27552912 27745840 27411392 30273056 M ■M CO CO Q) C U O U -H < -P (0 O -P ^ o u c It) H I C o 2: J3 3 O CO ■p CO 0) I CO •H « (=> +J O ^5 >> c o O G cj to u >, bO -H CO U > (U X) X3 U C O lO CO ■p CO i CO a f4 f^ o o ^ o c o Q) ^ 4-> U -H •H O -H o C U •H CO a) •^t^ 4h 4h 4^ O § CO o >, ^ ^ ■P 3 ^ 0) •H O -P to W +J c 1) >i 0) -o •H -H U -H •p -rf ;? to U •H •H o o O C Mh O E-. M M X f^ > < O 6 O X a. w H (0 ^^ ^ C t4 r; 3 S CJ) 1954 7849 38598528 1013480 218368 123729 301 1992 7459 1955 9372 42310864 1060863 209201 133387 341 1883 7373 1956 9304 47348624 13355«2 2C9977 134678 34 2606 7722 1957 10731 54053744 13349C0 271992 1374C2 24C 3642 9008 1958 1C189 58417488 1313632 209558 115108 290 3502 10088 1959 10535 58416992 1960 10587 67093600 1961 11914 82365392 1962 11879 85532688 1963 11879 86736000 17927S7 1964 11652 90774576 18855C3 253112 130034 504 7510 10989 1965 11761 91042272 2346342 244739 122743 501 4393 12293 1966 11726 103105408 2372844 247701 113426 649 4162 9626 1967 12378 113305952 24053(6 251462 925C1 741 5117 7849 1968 13587 129453344 2663828 256094 123420 903 4068 7949 1969 13753 157332528 30339S7 264094 135418 1005 3860 7870 19 70 15955 190992512 3332059 264590 126467 1153 4254 7669 1971 16553 210072112 3435377 280222 129521 1150 3822 8500 1972 221023856 3490811 275335 123497 1023 5269 7444 1973 235534864 3418321 2652C8 12295G 1007 7167 7C82 -93- Other Governmental Agencies Table 9 presents several measures of the magnitude of selected activities of municipal government in Chicago since 18^0. Most of the series report expenditures. Figures for other governmental ac- tivities, including the courts and the police, appear in previous tables. The policy outputs presented here are shaped by many of the forces represented in other tables: economic fluctuations, changes in political administration, interparty competition, shifts in the pat- tern of demand for public services, growth in the technology available to solve problems, and changes in the conception of government's role in daily life. Each of the series in Table 9 can be read as indicators of the growth of specific municipal functions: public health, building licensing and inspection, corrections, and planning. The data are arranged in columns as follows : — Public School Teachers . This series, the number of teachers employed each year in the Chicago public school system, re- flects the single largest municipally funded activity, edu- cation. Data for the years 184-0 through 1933 come from the Chicago Daily News Almanac . Figures for the years since then were supplied by the Bureau of Administrative Research of the Chicago Board of Education. See Appendix B for in- formation nn private schools in the city. — Public School Pupils . Data in this series come from the same sources as above . — Park Acres . This series presents the total land area under the control of the Chicago Park Board and its predecessors which is devoted to parks. Private parks and a few state parks are also located within the city, but their total acreage is relatively small. Early figures in this series come from the Chicago Daily News Almanac ; more recent totals were taken from the annual reports of the Chicago Park Board. — Fire Department Expenditures . This series is in current dollars. Figures come from the annual reports of the Chicago city comptroller, as do figures for the remaining series in this table. Figures prior to 1900 are also reported in the • Chicago Daily News Almanac . Like all expenditures reported in this table, the series is in thousands of dollars. — General Corporate Purposes Expenditures . During the city's modern financial history, many municipal expenditures have been channeled through categorical funds, most of which are -94- legally committed to narrow classes of activities. Some of these funds are raised from specific revenue sources. In 1928, for example, city expenditures flowed from sev- enteen such funds, including the Water Fund, the School Tax Fund, and the Fire Department Real Estate and Build- ing Fund. Many funds are related to pensions and must be financed and expended solely for the provision of re- tirement annuities to specific groups of employees. The General Corporate Purposes Fund is the most discretionary category in the city budget, and most operational activi- ties of city agencies are financed from it. Police, fire, health, inspections and licensing, and planning expendi- tures all come from this segment of the municipal budget. In most years the General Corporate Purposes Fund is the second largest fund, following the School Fund. It is the most flexible and politically responsive element of city finance. The series begins in 1900, when the present system of city accounts was devised and townships located within the city were stripped of major responsibilities for municipal taxing and spending. -- Health Department Expenditures . -- Building Department Expenditxires . -- House of Correction (Jail) Expenditures . -- Plan Commission Expenditures . c 0) E W •P 0) 10 a-p 0) •H Q Xf G -i CL.H CU (U Oi CmW CJOi 18A0 7 2 1841 7 41C 1842 7 531 1843 5 8G8 1844 8 qi5 1845 9 1051 1846 13 11C7 1847 18 1317 1848 18 1517 1849 18 1794 185C 21 1919 11 1651 25 2287 1852 29 24C4 1853 34 3086 1854 35 350C 1855 42 6326 1856 61 8577 1857 61 8577 1858 81 10786 1859 101 12873 1860 123 14199 37 1861 160 16441 1862 187 17521 1863 212 21188 1864 240 2908C 1865 240 29080 1866 265 24851 1867 319 27260 1868 401 29954 126 1869 481 3474C 1870 557 38939 1887 3^67 1871 572 40832 3993 1872 476 38035 4220 1873 564 44091 5f66 1874 679 47963 6247 1875 700 49121 5515 1876 762 ' 51128 4783 1877 730 53529 5C70 1878 797 55109 3£96 1879 851 56587 4203 1880 898 59562 2000 4543 1881 958 63141 5687 1882 1019 68614 5450 1883 1107 72509 5565 1884 1195 76044 6579 1885 1296 79278 7176 p n w c 0) p 0) •H s^ c e p 3 0) •p o +J c 6 u a -p bO -P ^H w e -p •H C -H o -H x: x) •H 13 ^— s O X) +J c T3 C 0) rH c H -• Public School Teachers Public School Pupils CO Q) O < U (D CL. Fire Department Expenditures General Corporate Purposes Expenditures Health Department Expenditures Building Department Expenditures House of Correction (Jail) Expenditures Plan Commission Expenditures 1886 1440 83022 8234 1887 1574 84902 8260 1888 1663 89578 8S34 1889 1801 93737 9612 1890 2711 135541 2123 12783 1891 3000 146751 1378 1892 3300 157743 14597 1893 3520 166895 15423 1394 3812 185358 15C05 1895 4326 20132C 15425 1896 4668 213835 2232 15C29 1897 4914 225718 15327 1898 5268 236239 15660 1899 5535 242807 16413 1900 5806 255861 2341 16784 111016 2251 1555 1901 5951 262738 16269 101401 2352 1733 1902 5775 268392 16455 111488 2131 482 1886 1903 5444 258966 16S91 120138 2C61 579 1879 1904 5570 264397 3180 17609 122852 2147 637 2273 19C5 5695 267837 21C36 135627 2471 698 2351 1906 5808 272086 23621 140963 3293 914 2499 1907 5981 273050 3412 28323 185709 5571 1166 25C6 1908 6106 292581 21C28 207628 5185 126C 2882 1909 6296 296427 29154 201C54 5673 1113 3063 1910 6383 300893 28 38 7 203486 5343 1117 2842 36 1911 6584 304146 30643 216863 6433 1335 3000 49 1912 6740 3C7281 34C35 229738 6505 1607 3160 108 1913 7013 315737 32216 221459 7770 155C 3087 95 1914 7544 332248 34615 253754 11585 1836 3370 96 1915 7795 345512 34C28 260818 12653 1800 2631 294 1916 7992 357511 3815 34^37 275938 10343 1826 3665 194 1917 8142 360639 37210 259742 11381 1629 3913 199 1918 8316 368225 37115 248324 11441 1133 3915 99 1919 8558 377058 50170 318073 12462 1335 3882 309 1920 9116 393918 56457 362237 14397 1587 3731 99 1921 9720 410768 60265 382158 14676 1565 3848 99 1922 10506 429111 5524 60S25 398291 15699 1801 3909 199 1923 11097 452257 62 108 427047 17727 1992 3905 199 1924 11693 474945 58153 444637 18300 2368 4798 399 1925 12126 493127 5912 63507 448587 18237 2506 5028 399 1926 12282 5033CI 6342 65766 483988 20160 3069 5908 399 1927 12536 521786 70734 544470 23128 3319 6944 399 1928 12763 530074 79569 584942 24470 4942 6958 399 1929 13119 537465 7199 79788 5940C1 277CC 3903 6750 399 1930 13268 541302 79780 585787 24220 4445 7168 399 TABLE 9 (Continued) CO (U >< o o (/) to u ■H Xi -H O -9 S CL, e- Public School Pupils to 0) u u < u 10 Fire Department Expenditures General Corporate Purposes Expenditure Health Department Expenditures Building Department Expenditures House of Correction (Jail) Expenditures Plan Commission Expenditures 1931 14079 546127 77428 560830 21857 4099 6428 399 1932 13939 547057 7328 59624 459892 20034 3179 5605 399 1933 12539 542C59 60^-64 445465 18438 3062 5751 199 193^ 12794 522793 62 544 44C455 19134 3051 6489 109 1935 12954 522655 67C48 483387 21354 3184 7250 95 1936 13059 519643 70277 492151 22852 3400 6692 283 1937 13334 5106CC 75585 5C4935 24463 3467 6713 283 1938 139 72 496966 81132 548658 26738 393 3 7281 383 1939 14233 498300 77S97 528567 26551 3724 6645 749 1940 13902 491228 82C21 538411 26083 3811 6237 999 1941 13510 478295 82C37 516453 23053 4162 6139 1054 1942 13392 400942 81193 523868 24670 3963 6306 1342 1943 13060 378521 89C09 557672 26197 4176 5960 1200 1944 12560 372424 95 143 584294 29765 3689 6418 1272 1945 12437 361192 95771 581603 27C91 4416 6631 1309 1946 12619 358908 110C58 689345 28921 9245 7222 1580 1947 12679 362907 116172 7070C4 30276 9544 7728 15C8 1948 12891 363421 126372 768619 34016 10505 10403 I486 1949 13232 365333 130625 777957 36149 10173 10409 15C8 1950 13565 367485 130579 787025 34407 10534 10545 1524 1951 13677 369637 147223 870313 37C43 12691 11781 1409 1952 13988 38C000 6030 163(44 964587 39208 15284 13102 1420 1953 14310 381980 6037 169132 975455 39138 16595 14360 1443 1954 14657 390649 6043 182631 1080164 41468 23279 14596 2C28 1955 15086 412351 6094 20C786 1182315 40510 24836 17650 2231 1956 15807 406318 6309 229616 1340451 41076 27897 19371 2334 1957 16280 441431 6305 243 199 1468103 46523 30847 21261 3811 1958 16996 45208C 6293 255216 1570286 47449 37859 22959 4575 1959 17639 519348 6468 275^07 1694875 50249 3976C 23332 4432 1960 18366 513092 6662 289178 1796115 52871 42036 25249 6317 1961 19860 514228 6666 322 752 2009098 59444 47942 40665 7982 1962 21304 515365 6740 336^92 2093446 67180 50174 37648 8656 1963 20781 536025 bin 340166 2092527 65607 48256 36462 7902 1964 21492 549902 6784 361876 21610C8 70600 47043 36127 8603 1965 22253 561448 6802 360C64 2148366 68354 5C476 36773 8355 1966 22805 57C597 6808 402226 2375807 71078 50387 36693 9350 1967 23437 578495 6820 466677 2513154 82909 55609 41291 9667 1968 23526 583098 6844 485671 2875982 1C1977 59265 39599 11159 1969 24874 580292 6860 570C84 3311576 107156 72124 38529 11853 1970 26792 576253 6421 655736 3839953 125751 86221 13508 1971 27243 567719 6440 847609 4387803 144726 91476 15545 1972 27452 556788 6465 747469 4366122 142968 90439 14593 1973 27349 543035 6990 789925 5071015 155018 111040 17759 APPENDICES -101- Q) U C O X! O H (13 C •H -rH U ■P fH < W D 3 X( X X) f* M C O Q M W S •H w Hh Q (X. O Oh a) < w > ■P -H C +-" 0) o X) -o w C S m (1) M f< ,x T3 fH C •H Cm < X C T3 O G w n) M G ^ W C G 0) P O G >, +-I Mh « >, H 0) ru rH U-( Ph E-" U. G X) &'> H n} Cm Q x: c o o u x; 1 1 • •H lO p • lO 3 O T3 C 1 •(-> e c •H >i P bO P CO (U O >i X) G o s G CO 0) X) f4 •H to G O H 0) cx, 0) CO CO o o •n 3 G G ^ •H ro Jh e O Uh P G •H u G >, cO O tl) Q) G W •H o •H O Q) to H H •H >, U •H O P> -G Mh u -H D. •H O •H XI o rH P •H C P P O to to rH D< to >i p to to H -H 0) W 0) to CU (U •H •H u G 0) to o D4 O OJ bO •H •H T) > >i to Ai -H •H •H Oi 0) G P G P (U G •H X> +J e •H H X) O > to O (0 •H fn to 3 a, CO O •H fn to (0 •H 0) -H e f4 x: rH D< CO CO ■ «\ ■P P U P -^ p u a, o •H p e O Mh ■p G (U CO 0) Pj to o Q) X e a o o O a to M ^ 0) lO O 0) o o 0) to o u 6 Sh •H c > ft CO +J p 13 o p CO 0) P U O bO •H 1 d) t3 * #1 G o -Q p" ■P •H C P •p 0) XI c S w to CO 15 >, • O p >. CO +-> -H O CO bO to S bO iU P e CO G to P •H -p to •H U 0) o C 0) 0) f^ p •H UJ G CO x: fO -P j:: P •H O ^ ••> (0 tu Q) ^ O c bO Q) ■ •* o H 10 (0 c CO •H •H G ^ bO o •H O P to ^ > •H 5 o M ^ O f^ ^ fn o C (4 O O >p 10 X) -H fn O rH o P -H to o to rH 3 3 0) fH cp G G t< M ■X) o a C/3 4-> CO 2 J XI fn X) to G 10 o to to 10 (a, AC o tu ■P •H >. to •H >^ •H X) CO f< (0 >. H to e -H lO ■P t3 (U to (U -H XI §^ P 0) • C/D ID -^ 13 ^ > O M c CO o •H •H •H (D O P •H lO >l 1 H U UD u o t^ O -H ai p •H to O P p s o tO rH S t>i • • CO • ■ CO CD • • • • ^ •H rH G G G CO o o 0) .. > •H •• O (^ O M •• O u o o 0) w •H to to •H to •H o CO •H H bO Q O tU Q Q ^ « O Q Q CO -a ^ P o CJ 1 d- LO CN t^ .H LO 1 (CD rH CD CS 00 CO CO .H >>ao 00 P" fn rH H rH >1 rH lO ft 3 3 lO « < ►o •-3 s -102- 0) o o 00 C •H +J C o o M Q W < c o a, •H f^ O M 0) Q C 0) > M CO o G X) >i O C 0) to IT) 0) •H ■M CO C O W CO •H +J 0) C -P Uh bOCO O •H 0) (T) O • J CM E- > :3 l+H o >> 6 • (U !^ 0) CO (t! ^ 3 •rH fH u bO nj p G H CO •H 3 :s box Q) m M U o .H u X) Xi Mh G CTJ o 0) +-> O (0 C •H CO (U ■P cu H •H O rH o •H •H i^ > s CO G p •H CO .H >1 •H to o > t3 o •H o i'H P H ID 3 n ■^ O m CO >> It) 0) XI a; •H CO f^ J- ■P CO • • G x) O f:^ •H Id ■P >, m AJ u o 3 O Q 4-> CO G O X) •rH U P to lO o u m p •H CO ^ •H ^ o < CM c O •H ip ai H H >1 bO e 1 G u •H •H Ai lO XI CO p bO CO O Q) XI to tu •H lO Pj rH (U fH f^ H 10 0) f^ X) <0 .^ H XI X) (U XJ 3 lO G f^ Pj a) XI bO .H 3 •H lO o cu cu x: Ip 3 G p ^ *» C5 (U U • 0) * rt CO H o .«^ G Ai :i- p rH O Ch (/3 •rH •rH O) o lO •H e !^ U 00 ^ c • > •H 0) X) P rH CO X) AJ a) CO •H tu Sh tp lO rH 0) X) P >. o o 0) H CO o G lO o •n ^ Ifl •• G to S H CO 0) -q o u •H a g CO 0) CO XI • n tu 3 tu CO p tu CO XI ■P M a CO p U X) CO e ■H B CO 3 3 p fn o u o to u •m G •H !^ p f4 OJ o C Pj tu tu, tp CO ■p E-> s •rH O 6 CO lO O tu XI o X o •rH iH " ■p CO •• •• G XI o U -H lO . >, lO O 3 O O CO ■P CO to u tu Ai •H ■P 00 «\ rH J- J- tD CN >,t» tu O nH H G OI 3 3 H •-3 i-D G Xi O p X) •rH •rH CO ^ ■P 6 CO lO 10 CO t§ o pq U P X) •H G G X) CO XI O to a •H ^ CU CO lO o LO H >i !^ f^ to C o XI P X) to tu •rH p ■H Mh O) U P O tu P S 4h H O H ro 3 f^ O. tu tu 10 r-H X ^ PQ CO a. l-J H M tu bO x: •H p tu x: o x: G p tp p >, •H • G o X3 x: bO tu XI ip p G tu tu tu o X) •H •H 5 H G tu s P P o CO N tu tu tu ■H >i > •H XI O X) a; Ph p >. f^ •rH tu •H tu •H P to H r-H !^ P fH •H a: tu O CO o -P G rH c +J to •H O tp CO to c f^ tu •H • o CO to tu XI > tu (U f^ p M X) H G CO •H to P to cu •H •n G f^ -rH to o > CO lO O p x: o tu tu 3 S O to p 6 X) H XI CO to >. >>o lO O lO o tu X) O tu XI o a; G CO O A< n •H tu c to •H t~- o i^ 6 to o CO U lO CO ■p tu •H H 00 P CO o rH CO • • • • •H •H • • • • G CO CO H > G to X) O ^ •■ •• O •H O U ^ •H tu Ph CO a O •H tu to P AJ tu x: P M >, to •H P p CN CN 0) •H M u f^ to 10 rH P^ U O 3 P e tu 3 ■P O O CO lO Q Q CO ■P tu CO H 1 ** 1 •» CN r~ CD O H =t CN en • o rH o >, +J CD •H >,CD rH O. H pj ■H rH 3 tu Qj 3 >-D CO < •-D -103- M W O Oi 0) o T3 f^ C d (t) o CO ■P -M Mh ^+h fO nJ E-" H 0) c •H c o a X Q w ex, <} o •H 4-' •H U O W 0) Q y c (U > 0) m Q w a c o o •H -H CO -P w m •H H w E (U w B P^ o Q) o « 4-J O (U ITJ o IS t:) c O CO m a 0) bOP:; 0) S JH o e +-> ■p • •H O Q) ■M m •H ^M Hh w ^ a D (0 p m fd • o in H S U E-< H o o in CT) W .H t4 - o q >, o ro -H s w w O 'H bo e M (0 e e o o lO •H O Fh o ^ 1 •> r« ws r- CM J- 1 J- CM CT> o -H . rH a H . H >, bOCT) o en CD H 13 H 0) H to H 3 < Q ■-D •^ LO tn en W H fj " G >> O X) (0 tH C S CO lO en H O -H a: bO g o (0 S •H ,y O O ^ o •H O 4-> (0 ^ LO •-3 O >i 4-' bO XI •p G 1 • CO C 1 1 1 (P •rH • G #* •r4 ; tu G H (U o O 4-' 4-' 4-' .ii •'H •H 0) 0) s o in. to to O f^ to 4-> 4-> 4-' fj H a > ^ 4-» to e x: c G a, 4J (U tu CU (0 O •H to 0) H o o o 0) 4-' CO to CO aeu a. -p cu XI XI o •H f^ to CO 3 O !^ H 4-' a) +-• A< M M CD XI G 13 o to to ip >. O O O d) • bO 4-' O c •H •H S U T3 X) to to to Ai CO c Q) CD •H to E 4-> CU CU H rH H •H 0) •r4 X) ^ 4-> O G 14h 4-' H T) XI X^ XI Sh -P X •r4 lO CO G (U O G U x: Q) 3 o +-> X 4-J U 4-J U 4-- fH O bO •H bO Mh s >^ ?H •H CU O tu O CU o CU •H CO G t( G G XI CU H ^ o ^ 4-> U 4-J Jh 4-' 4^ S •H O. •H O Mh T3 > O O H Qi ti CU 4-1 D- 4-> •H +-> o o X) G •H a. •H • to to CO c c 0) •\ O tu to to • a • " 0) CO a, CO CU CO a. bO'H > CO 0) u CO ^ G TJ f4 x: o (U (U CU o •■-{ 0) 4-> ■X) U C CU U o x: O •H 4-> 4-' 4-" 4-' 4-> 4-' o +-> ■p c O •n c to O 4-" to 't~l 4-> f:^ H •H G •H c •rj G

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W P 1 to o X) •H C O ^ c u P4 -H .-1 rd G (U - 0) P •H O m >i (U 0) m 3 (d X) 0) o O P CO p Id H " H M fn X) 1-3 c C f^ H 6 bO 4h s; H (N >, (U O 0) C 0) o td (d 0) bO fn •H •rH ft w X) ip 3 ^ X) •H 0) c X) cd 0) rH o Ai U 3 o ^ (d (1> p •> (1) > •rH ^ ^ fj o 0) O .H c 0) bO X) +-> td p bO^H X) >,o •rH o ^ > O O •H P C p f^ 2; w ?:4 M X) C XI Id «t O O O C -H ^ O Q) cd C 0) td CD 3 P •H x: td ft o « 3 H Q) rH X) • to f^ a • o p> XI 0) o X) HJ rH to tu c ft bO +-• 0) x) •rH (U n3 f< (M 0) "x: X td (DUO o G c e . x: -p ro P4 p ft (U ■P ■P 3 td cd e o >) •I— i W 3 t< (d W) C o O X) M 3 O 0) e >> 0) a (d S >, cd (d O ^ C 0) P CD to o B •V • XI X) XI c: f^ M C O X) 3 3 to •H cd >, G Q) .-H to X) ■ 0) X) 0) •H O H O G -H P S TJ ft Id XI (U w X) (U >, (U e bo CO Id 3 O O ^ •H e 0) c Q) 5 (U 0) p x: > • w C X) G G -H ft Id O CO ^ ^ o f4 o H Ai •rH CO X) •rH X! 0) O •H P H V ^ O •H X) H 0) fn x: 0) W ■H p P HJ C -H P cd (U ?o O u ct5 fO +J C .H bO (d p fn w 1 td O 3 f4 P" C f^ > bO P cd ft H fd 3 O C ft-H ■H (d CM 3 •H O 3 td O P •H Q) C 3 W XI S x: 4h < w s 4h s H O Pi CO X) 2: o to to U •H C3 ■P O m •H CO (0 U Pi § § H X) ^ •rH ■P -rH cd f4 JL^ H O H G O (C •H •H -H o to CL, > p -H C Pi > •H -H •H -H P Q X) O O P" bO O cd H •H P4 C ^ S (1) 05 CM Cd •rH OI o •H S i^ O •H Mh Q) ■■ •H H-> f4 X) w Mh f^ CO H-> G rd •H x: o 0) x: ? ^ O w p cd x: H-> x: p cd U > O C +j •P 0) P> 3 .H H 3 IT) 00 CD . cn f< rH ft < 00 CM 1 J- CO CM to O) . H bO 3 < -105- References Abrams, Charles. "The Time Bomb that Exploded in Cicero: Segregated Housing's Inevitable Dividend." Commentary 12 (1954) :407-m. Andreas, A.T. History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time , vol. 1. Chicago: A.T. Andreas, 1884. Balbus, Isaac D. The Dialectics of Legal Regression: Black Rebels before the American Criminal Courts . New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1973. Beckner, Earl R. A History of Labor Legislation in Illinois . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1929. Bennett, Fremont 0. Politics and Politicians of Chicago, Cook County , and Illinois . Chicago: Blakely, 1886. Brody, David. The Butcher Workmen: A Study of Unionization . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964. Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott, 1965. Chicago Commission on Race Relations. The Negro in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922. Chicago Mayor's Commission on Human Relations. "The Peoria Street Inci- dent." Chicago, 1950. "Recommendations on How to Prevent Future Riots." Chicago, 1968. "The Trumbell Park Homes Disturbances: A Chronological Report." Chicago, 1955. Chicago Office of the Mayor. The Strategy of Confrontation: Chicago and the Democratic National Convention — 1968 . Chicago, 1968. Chicago Riot Study Committee. Report to the Honorable Richard J. Daley . ("Austin Committee Report") Chicago, 1968. "Criminal Justice in Extremis: Administration of Justice during the April, 1968 Chicago Disorder." University of Chicago Law Review 36 (1969): 455-613. -106- David, Henry. The History of the Haymarket Affair . New York: Russell and Russell, 1958. Flynn, John J., with John E. Wilkie. History of the Chicago Police . Chicago: Chicago Police Book Fund, 1887. Grimshaw, Allen D. "Three Major Cases of Colour Violence in the United States." Race 3 (1963):76-B5. Hard, William. "The Stock Yards Strike." Outlook 77 (August 13, 1904). Harrison, Carter Henry. Stormy Years . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935. Illinois State Board of Arbitration. Report . Chicago (annual). Jack, Homer A. "Test at Trumbell Park." Christian Century 73 (1956): 336-38. Kirkland, Joseph. The Story of Chicago . Chicago: Dibble, 1892. Lewis, Lloyd, and Henry J. Smith. Chicago: The History of Its Reputation . New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1929. Lindsey, Almont. The Pullman Strike . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942. Peterson, Virgil. Barbarians in Our Midst: A History of Chicago Crime and Politics . Boston: Little, Brown, 1952. Spear, Allan H. Black Chicago . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967. Strickland, Arvarh. A History of the Chicago Urban League . Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1966. Taft, Phillip, and Phillip Ross. "American Labor Violence: Its Causes, Character, and Outcome," In Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives . Staff report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. Washington: U.S. Gov- ernment Printing Office, 1969. Tuttle, William M. , Jr. "Labor Conflict and Racial Violence: The Black Worker in Chicago, 1894-1919." Labor History 10 (1969): 408-32. . Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919. New York: Atheneum, 1970. -107- U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Education and Labor. The Chicago Memorial Day Incident . S. Rept. 46, pt. 2, 76th Congress, 1st session, 1937. (The "La Follette Committee" report on the "Little Steel" Strike of 1937.) U.S. Strike Commission. Report of the Chicago Strike of June -July, 1894 . Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1895. Vogel, Virgil J. Introduction to The Pullman Strike , by William H. Carwardine. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1973 ed. Walker, Daniel. Rights in Conflict . Staff report to the National Commis- sion on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. Waskow, Arthur I. From Race Riot to Sit-in. New York: Doubleday, 1966. y -109- APPENDIX B Private Schools in Chicago Year Number Number Number of Schools of Teachers of Students 1868 137 18,901 1908 3333 104,795 1925 454 3521 130,986 1927 430 3883 141,902 1930 196,701 191+5 579 6152 201,459 191+6 579 5188 203,016 19^7 375 4454 171,557 1948 340 3118 171,861 1949 344 3166 175,231 1950 348 3199 179,005 1951 351 3251 194,129 1952 348 3199 204,811 1953 211,306 1954 352 4180 224,402 1955 222,729 1956 359 4502 238,920 1957 362 240,568 1958 361 4666 245,109 1959 357 4780 250,648 1960 358 5073 251,388 1961 343 5083 251,500 1962 360 5208 252,411 1963 367 5181 250,382 SOURCE: Annual Reports, Illinois Superintendent of Public Instruction. 7200-012 t - li1l»-|rTTf ■ ■