UNIVERSITY OF LLINO/S LIBRARY LI E) R.A FlY OF THE U N IVLRSITY Of ILLINOIS H62S IllINOIS mmmi SURYET HISTORY OP TAZEWELL C01IST\' J ILLINOIS; TOGETHER WITH SKETCHES OF ITS CITIES. VILLAGES AND TOWNSHIPS; EDUCA- TIONAL, RELIGIOUS, CIVIL, MILITARY, AND POLITICAL HISTORY; POR- TRAITS OF PROMINENT PERSONS AND BIOGRAPHIES OF REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. EMBRACING ACCOUNTS OF THE PKE-IIISTORIC RACES, ABORIGINES, FRENCH, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CONQUESTS, AND A GENERAL REVIEW OF ITS CIVIL, POLITICAL AND MILITARY HISTORY. DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. ILLUSTRATED. CHICAGO: CHAS. C. CHAPMAN & CO, 1879. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879, by CHAS. C. CHAPMAN & CO., In the Office of the Libnirian of Congress, at Wasliington, D. C. J. W. FRANKS .t SONS, PKINTKRS AND BINDERS, I'EORIA, ILI/. PREFACE • The earlj' historj' of Tazewell county is peculiarly interesting, and we are enabled to give it from the very earliest occupancy of Illinois by the whites. In point of time of its soil being disturbed by Europeans, it is more remote than any other section of our great Prairie State. The second centennial of its first settlement is at hand. In the county are places of unusual historic interest, and to those who have located here we judge it will be a source of no little gratification to inform themselves on the ante- pioneer history of the county, which we detail at considerable length. In the compilation of this work we pass over a period of two hundred years. We have taken much care in recording the pioneer history, that future generations, those who will not have the early settler to relate to them the history incident to the settlement and development of this county, may familiarize themselves with it through this medium; and that the reader may see the county in all its various stages of progression. We do not profess to have fully delineated the trials, suflTerings, and hardships that were experience*! in converting even this fertile land from its virgin wildness into the luxuriant and densely populate;.isiness man and farmer will find of great value. *- Before laying aside our pen, we desire to express our warmest thanks to the editors of the various newspapers pul)lished throughout the county; to the county officials, and to the people in general for the assistance and lil)eral patronage given us- CHAS. C. CHAPMAN & CO. Pekin, June, 1879. CONTENTS. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. MOUND-Bl'ILDERS 17 INDIANS 21 Illinois Confodcnicv 23 Starvfd Uock .". 2o Sites iiiul Foxes 24 Miiiuiers and Cnslonis 27 Sinj.'le-lnin(kMl Conihat with Indians ... 2'.) EAULY DISCOVEKIES ;!1 Nicholas I'errot :'.l )liet anil Marquette :!1 LaSalle's Explorations ;!;5 (Jreat Hattle of the Illinois :il Tonti safe at (irci'n liiiy ;. 11 LaSalle's Assa.ssination i:! FKKNCH (Hcr I' ATION 44 First Settlements 44 Thi' .Mississii)i>i Coninanv 45 ENGLISH HILK ." 47 (!ei). (.'lark's Exploits 51 ILLINOIS 55 Coinitv of Illinois 55 NOKTHWESTEUN TEKIUTOHY 55 Onlinanee of 17s7 50 St. Clair <;overnorof N. \V. TeiTitor>' .. 59 ILLINOIS TEKIUTOKY 59 WAR OF 1M2-TIIE OL'TlUiEAK 59 Ma.ssiicre ()f Fort Dearborn till Exi>editions up the Missis.sippi 71 ILLINOIS AS A STATE 74 Orpiniziition 74 Derivation of the name Illinois 77 State Hank 7.S LaFayette's Visit (iranimar luid Cook contrasted HISTOKY OF CHAPTER I. Settlement and Orpinization 1,VJ La.'^alle's Ex]>lorations 189 The War of 1.S12 u. 19(; The I'ioneers 2()U Oriranizalion of I ho County '2117 Fii-si Mill .". 2119 A leu First Things 210 The Di'e]) Snow '214 Suilileii Change 217 High Water 21.S The lieantiful Prairies 2-20 CllAPTEK II. Ini])ortant Labors of the County Comniis sioner's Court ". 79 82 CHAPTER III. Black Hiiwk War i'>('> CHAPTER IV. Geology 207 CHAPTER V. Zoology and Rotjvny 272 CHAPTER VI. Criminal Record 28S CHAPTER VII. Important Labors of the Board of Super- vLsors :«)0 CHAPTER VIII. Blooded Stock ;!0s CHAPTER IX. Under-ground Railroad 313 INDIAN TROUBLES Winnebago War BLACK HAWK WAR Stillnian's Run Battle of Bad Axe Black Hawk Cajitured Biographical Skelcii of Black Hawk FROM l.s:;4 TO 1.S42 Internal lni]inivemeiits Illinois and Michigan Canal Martvr for Liberty. PRAIRIE PIRATK?" .MORMON WAR MEXICAN WAR ■..'." Battle (»f Ihiena Vista THE WAR FOR THE UNION States !<( 'ceiling The Fall of Sumter '. Call for Troops promptly answered The War ended — The Union restored Schedule of Regiment.s DUELS DKESS AND M.^NNERS PHYSICAL FE.VTURES OF ILLINOIS AGRICUKTUKE GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS Lieiitenant (iovernors Stale Odieials U. S. Senators Representatives in Congress CHICAGO The (Jri'at Fire Commerce of (.'hicago STATES OF THE UNION TAZKWKI.L COUNTY. CHAPTER X. Pioneer Life CHAPTER XL The Rebellion Tazewell County Volunteers CHAPTER XII. Tazewell (.'ounty B:ir CHAPTER XIII. T0WN.SI111' IIi.sTiiKii:s:— Boy n ton Cincinnati Deer Creek iH'lavan Dillon I-:im (irovc Fond du Lac Groveland Hitlle Hopedale Little Mackinaw Malone Morton Mackinaw Pekin Sand Prairie Spring I^ake Treniont Washington CHAPTER XIV. 80 «3 84 87 90 91 92 95 95 97 98 102 104 lis 119 1-25 120 1'27 128 137 i:w 141 149 l.M l.V) l.")7 100 101 102 105 170 172 173 177 321 351 38-1 M 308 414 427 4-2;! 451 40i,i« street Tunuei;;;;;.;;. ]^i Lve and I-Jir Iidir.nurv ^. ,1? J.^^ ^nb - 1^2 louse ^^^ Tazeweucoiuity".'.'.";/;.;;";;;;;;;;;;;;j^2? ( Evi a„u ijir iimr.nury . Deaf and Dumb Institute 111 11.5 Allensworth, W P J'OKTRAIT.S, Alfs. Ovrd. ^^ BiKon, E. H -l-l Bemis, T. K. -^^ Iie«^^ *Si^ M / ,c'ri*^' tr. :v.,,^ ()i-^ 3^7l';)yj';f.L €IIUNT¥ ^Li.iNin'^ r Scale ■/' Miles lo f/ir ineJi. /Mm '/I /ari/,rI/isforxo/'7hznM'ff('oXl HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. FORMER OCCUPANTS. MOUND-BUILDERS. The numerous and well-authenticated accounts of antiquities found in various parts of our country, clearlj' demonstrate that a people civilized, and even highly cultivated, occupied the broad surface of our continent before its possession by the present In- dians; but the date of their rule of the Western World is so re- mote that all traces of their history, their progress and decay, lie buried in deepest obscurity. Nature, at the time the first Euro- peans came, had asserted her original dominion over the earth; the forests were all in their full luxuriance, the growth of many cen- turies; and naught existed to point out who and what they were who formerly lived, and loved, and labored, and died, on the conti- nent of America. This pre-historic race is known as the Mound- Builders, from the numerous large mounds of earth-works left by them. The remains of the works of this people form the most in- teresting class of antiquities discovered in the United States. Their character can be but partially gleaned from the internal evidences and the peculiarities of the only remains left, — the mounds. They consist of remains of what were apparently villages, altars, temples, idols, cemeteries, monuments, camps, fortifications, pleasure grounds, etc., etc. Their habitations must have been tents, struc- tures of wood, or other perishable material; otherwise their remains would be numerous. If the Mound-Builders were not the ancestors of the Indians, who were they'^ The oblivion which has closed over them is so complete that only conjecture can be given in answer to the question. Those who do not believe in the common parentage of mankind contend that they were an indigenous race of the West- ern hemisphere; others, with more plausibility, think they came from the East, and imagine they can see coincidences in the religion of the Hindoos and Southern Tartars and the supposed theology of 18 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. the Mound-Builders. They were, no doubt, idolators, and it has been conjectured that the sun was the object of their adoration. The mounds were generally built in a situation affording a view of the rising Bun: when enclosed in walls their gateways were toward the east; the caves in which their dead were occasionally buried always opened in the same direction; whenever a mound was partially en- closed by a semi-circular pavement, it was on the east side; when bodies were buried in graves, as was frequently the case, they were laid in a direction east and west; and, finally, medals have been found representing the sun and his rays of light. At what period they came to this countr}', is likewise a matter of speculation. From the comparatively rude state of the arts among them, it has been inferred that the time was very remote. Their axes were of stone. Their raiment, judging from fragments which have been discovered, consisted of the bark of trees, interwoven with feathers; and their military works were such as a people would erect who had just passed to che pastoral state of society from that dependent alone upon hunting and fishing. The mounds and other ancient earth-works constructed by this people are far more abundant than generally supposed, from the fact that while some are quite large, tlie greater part of them are small and inconspicuous. Along nearly all our water courses that are large enough to be navigated with a canoe, the mounds are almost invariably found, covering the base points and headlands of the bluffs which border the narrower valleys; so that when one finds him- self in such positions as to command the grandest views for river Bcenery, he may almost always discover that he is standing upon, or in close proximity to, some one or more of these traces of the labors of an ancient people. GALENA MOUNDS. On the top of the high bluffs that skirt the west bank of the Mis- sissippi, about two and a half miles from Galena, are a number of these silent monuments of a pre-historic age. The spot is one of surpassing beauty. From that point may be obtained a view of a portion of three States, — Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. A hundred feet below, at the foot of the perpendicular cliffs, the trains of the Illinois Central Railroad thunder around the curve, the portage is in full yiew^ and the " Father of Waters," with its numerous bayous HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 19 and islands, sketches a grand paraoraina for miles above and below. Here, probably tlioiisands of years ago, a race of men now extinct, and unknown even in the traditions of the Indians who inhabited that section for centuries before the discovery of America by Colum- bus, built these strangely wonderful and enigmatical mounds. At this point these mounds are circular and conical in form. The larg- est one is at least forty feet in diameter at the b&. 9, and not less than fifteen feet high, even yet, after it has been bt, ten by the storms of many centuries. On its top stands the large stump of an oak tree that was cut down about fifty years ago, and its annual rings indicate a growth of at least 200 years. One of the most singular earth-works in the State was found on the top of a ridge near the east bank of the Sinsinawa creek in the lead region. It resembled some huge animal, the head, ears, nose, legs and tail, and general outline of which being as perfect as if made bv men versed in modern art. The ridore on which it was situated stands on the prairie, 300 yards wide, 100 feet in height, and rounded on the top by a deep deposit of clay. Centrally, along the line of its summit, and thrown up in the form of an embaiikment three feet high, extended the outline of a quadruped measuring 250 feet from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail, and having a width of IS feet at the center of the body. The head was 35 feet in length, the ears 10 feet, legs 60 and tail 75. The curvature in both the fore and hind legs was natural to an animal lying on its side. The general outline of the figure most nearly resembled the extinct animal known to geologists as the Megathe- rium. The question naturally arises. By whom and for what pur- pose was this earth figure raised? Some have conjectured that numbers of this now extinct animal lived and roamed over the prai- ries of Illinois when the Mound-Builders first made their appearance on the upper part of the Mississippi Valley, and that their wonder and admiration, excited by the colossal dimensions of these huge creatures, found some expression in the erection of this figure. The bones of some similar gigantic animals were exhumed on this stream about three miles from the same place. LARGE CITIES. Mr. Breckenridge, who examined the antiquities of the Western country in ISIT, speaking of the mounds in the American Bottom, says: "The great number and extremely large size of some of 20 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. them may be regarded as furnishing, with other circumstances, evidences of their antiquity. I have sometimes been induced to think that at the period when they were constructed there was a population here as numerous as that which once animated the borders of the Nile or Euphrates, or of Mexico. The most num- erous, as well as considerable, of these remains are found in pre- cisely those parts of the country where the traces of a numerous population might be looked for, namely, from the mouth of the Ohio on the east side of the Mississippi, to the Illinois river, and on the west from the St. Francis to the Missouri. I am perfectly satisfied that cities similar to those of ancient Mexico, of several hundred thousand souls, have existed in this country." It must be admitted that whatever the uses of these mounds — whether as dwellings or burial places — these silent monuments were built, and the race who built them vanished from the face of the earth, ages belbre the Indians occupied the land, but their date must probably forever baffle human skill and ingenuity. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish the places of sepulture raised by the Mound-Builders from the more modern graves of the Indians. The tombs of the former were in general larger than those of the latter, and were used as receptacles for a greater number of bodies, and contained relics of art, evincing a higher degree of civ- ilization than that attained by the Indians. The ancient earth- works of the Mound-Builders have occasionally been appropriated as burial places by the Indians, but the skeletons of the latter may be distinguished from the osteological remains of the former by their greater stature. What finally became of the Mound-Builders is another query which has been extensively discussed. The fact that their works extend into Mexico and Peru has induced the belief that it was their posterity that dwelt in these countries when they were first visited by the Spaniards. The Mexican and Peruvian works, with the exception of their greater magnitude, are similar. Relics com- mon to all of them have been occasionally found, and it is believed that the religious uses whicii they subserved were the same. If, indeed, the Mexicans and Peruvians were the progeny of the more ancient Mound-Builders, Spanish rapacity for gold was the cause of their overthrow and final extermination. A thousand other queries naturally arise respecting these nations HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 21 which now repose under the ground, but the most searching investi- gation can give us only vagae speculations for answers. No histo- rian has preserved the names of their mighty chieftains, or given an account of their exploits, and even tradition is silent respecting them. INDIANS. Following the Mound-Builders as inhabitants of North America, were, as it is supposed, the people who reared the magnificent cities the rains of which are found in Central America. This peo- ple was far more civilized and advanced in the arts than were the Mound-Builders. The cities built by them, judging from the ruins of broken columns, fallen arches and crumbling walls of temples, palaces and pyramids, which in some places for miles bestrew the ground, mast have been of great extent, magnificent and very pop- ulous. When we consider the vast period of time necessary to erect Buch colossal structures, and, again, the time required to reduce them to their present ruined state, we can conceive something of their antiquity. These cities must have been old when many of the ancient cities of the Orient were beino: bailt. The third race inhabiting North America, distinct from the former two in every particular, is the present Indians. They were, when visited by the early discoverers, without cultivation, refinement or literature, and far behind the Mound-Builders in the knowledge of the arts. The question of their origin has long interested archieologists, and is the most difficult they have been called upon to answer. Of their predecessors the Indian tribes knew nothing; they even had no traditions respecting them. It is quite certain that they were the successors of a race which had entirely passed away ages before the discovery of the New "World. One hypothesis is that the American Indians are an original race indigenous to the Western hemisphere. Those who entertain this view think their peculiarities of physical structure preclude the possibility of a common parentage with the rest of mankind. Prominent among those distinctive traits is the hair, which in the red man is round, in the white man oval, and in the black man flat. A more common supposition, however, is that they are a derivative race, and sprang from one or more of the ancient peoples of Asia. In the absence of all authentic history, and when even tradition is 32 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. wanting, any attempt to point out the particular location of their origin must prove unsatisfactory. Though the exact place of origin may never be known, yet the striking coincidence of physical organization between the Oriental type of mankind and the Indians point unmistakably to some part of Asia as the place whence they emigrated, which was originally peopled to a great extent by the children of Shem. In this connection it has been claimed that the meeting of the Europeans, Indians and Africans on the continent of America, is the fulfillment of a prophecy as recorded in Gen- esis ix. 27: "God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem ; and Canaan shall be his servant." Assuming the theory to be true that the Indian tribes are of Shemitic origin, they were met on this continent in the fifteenth century by the Japhetic race, after the two stocks had passed around the globe by directly different routes. A few years afterward the Hamitic branch of the human family were brought from the coast of Africa. During the occupancy of the continent by the three distinct races, the children of Japheth have grown and prospered, while the called and not voluntary sons of Ham have endured a servitude in the wider stretching valleys of the tents of Shem. When Christopher Columbus had finally succeeded in demon- strating the truth of his theory that by sailing westward from Eu- rope land would be discovered, landing on the Island of Bermuda he supposed he had reached the East Indies. This was an error, but it led to the adoption of the name of " Indians " for the inhab- itants of the Island and the main land of America, by which name the red men of America have ever since been known. Of the several great branches of Korth American Indians the only ones entitled to consideration in Illinois history are the Algon- quins and Iroquois. At the time of the discovery of America the former occupied the Atlantic seaboard, while the home of the Iroquois was as an island in this vast area of Algonquin popula- tion. The latter great nation spread over a vast territory, and various tribes of Algonquin lineage sprung up over the country, adopting, in time, distinct tribal customs and laws. An almost continuous warfare was carried on between tribes; but later, on the entrance of the white man into their beloved homes, every foot of territory was fiercely disputed by the confederacy of many neighboring tribes. The Algonquins formed the most extensive alliance to resist the encroachment of the whites, especially the English. Such was the HISTOKY OF ILLINIOS. 23 nature of King Philip's war. This King, with his Algonquin braves, spread terror and desolation throughout New England.With the Algonquins as the controlling spirit, a confederacy of conti- nental proportions was the result, embracing in its alliance the tribes of every name and lineage from the Northern lakes to the gulf. Pontiac, having breathed into them his implacable hate of the English intruders, ordered the conflict to commence, and all the British colonies trembled before the desolating fury of Indian vengeance. ILLINOIS CONFEDERACY. The Illinois confederacy, the various tribes of which comprised most of the Indians of Illinois at one time, was composed of five tribes: the Tamaroas, Michigans, Kaskaskias, Cahokas, and Peorias. The Illinois, Miamis and Delawares were of the same stock. As early as 1670 the priest Father Marquette mentions frequent visits made by individuals of this confederacy to the missionary station at St. Esprit, near the western extremity of Lake Superior. At that time they lived west of the Mississippi, in eight villages, whither they had been driven from the shores of Lake Michigan by the Iroquois. Shortly afterward they began to return to their old hunting ground, and most of them finally settled in Illinois. Joliet and Marquette, in 1673, met with a band of them on their famous voyage of discovery down the Mississippi. They were treated with the greatest hospitality by the principal chief. On their return voyage up the Illinois river they stopped at the principal town of the confederacy, situated on the banks of the river seven miles below the present town of Ottawa. It was then called Kas- kaskia. Marquette returned to the village in 1675 and established the mission of tlie Immaculate Conception, the oldest in Illinois. When, in 1679, LaSalle visited the town, it had greatly increased, numbering 460 lodges, and at the annual assembly of the difierent tribes, from 6,000 to 8,000 souls. In common with other western tribes, they became involved in the conspiracy of Pontiac, although displaying no very great warlike spirit. Pontiac lost his life by the hands of one of the braves of the Illinois tribe, which so enraged the nations that had followed him as their leader that they fell upon the Illinois to avenge his death, and almost annihilated them. STARVED ROOK. Tradition states that a band of this tribe, in order to escape the general slaughter, took refuge upon the high rock on the Illinois 34 HISTOEY OF ILLINOIS. river since known as Starved Rock. Nature has made this one of the most formidable military fortresses in the world. From the waters which wash its base it rises to an altitude of 125 feet. Three of its sides it is impossible to scale, while the one next to the land may be climbed with difficulty. From its summit, almost as inac- cessible as an eagle's nest, the valley of the Illinois is seen as a landscape of exquisite beauty. The river near by struggles between a number of wooded islands, while further below it quietly meanders through vast meadows till it disappears like a thread of light in the dim distance. On the summit of this rock the Illinois were besieged by a superior force of the Pottawatomies whom the great strength of their natural fortress enabled them to keep at bay. Hunger and thirst, however, soon accomplished what the enemy was unable to effect. Surrounded by a relentless foe, without food or water, they took a last look at their beautiful hunting grounds, and with true Indian fortitude lay down and died from starvation. Years afterward their bones were seen whitening in that place. At the beginning of the present century the remnants of this once powerful confederacy were forced into a small compass around Kaskaskia. A few years later they emigrated to the Southwest, and in 1850 they were in Indian Territory, and numbered but 84: persons. SACS AND FOXES. The Sacs and Foxes, who figured most conspicuously in the later history of Illinois, inhabited the northwestern portion of the State. By long residence together and intermarriage they had substan- tially become one people. Drake, in his "Life of Black Hawk," speaks of these tribes as follows : " The Sacs and Foxes fought their way from the waters of the St. Lawrence to Green Bay, and after reaching that place, not only sustained themselves against hostile tribes, but were the most active and courageous in the subjugation, or rather the extermination, of the numerous *and powerful Illinois confederacy. They had many wars, ofiensive and defensive, with the Sioux, the Pawnees, the Osages, and other tribes, some of which are ranked among the most fierce and ferocious warriors of the whole continent; and it does not appear that in these conflicts, run- ning through a long period of years, they were found wanting in this, the greatest of all savage virtues. In the late war with Great Britain, a party of the Sacs and Foxes fought under the British iLi.K';:liiiliiiiiiiJ!:;itlii^i' HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. ^7 Standard as a matter of choice; and in the recent contest between a fragment of these tribes and the United States, although deteated and literally cut to pieces by an overwhelming force, it is very questionable whether their reputation as braves would sufler by a comparison with that of their victors. It is believed that a caretul review of their history, from the period when they lirst established themselves on the waters of the Mississippi down to the present time will lead the inquirer to the conclusion that the bacs and Foxes were trulv a courageous people, shrewd, politic, and enter- prising, with no" more ferocity and treachery of character than is common among the tribes by whom they were surrounded." These tribes at the time of the Black Hawk War were divided into twenty families, twelve of which were Sacs and eight Foxes. The lollow- ino- were other prominent tribes occupying Illinois: the Kickapoos, Slilwuees, Eascoulins, Piaukishaws, Pottawatomies, Chippewas, and Ottawas. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. The art of hunting not only supplied the Indian with food, but, like that of war, was a means of gratifying his love of distinction The male children, as soon as they acquired sufficient age and strength, were furnished with a bow and arrow and taught to shoot birds°and other small game. Success in killing large quadrupeds required years of careful study and practice, and the art was as sedulously inculcated iu the minds of the rising generation as are the elements of reading, writing and arithmetic in the common schools of civilized communities. The mazes of the forest and the dense, tall grass of the prairies were the best fields for the exercise of the hunter's skill. No feet could be impressed in the yielding soil but that the tracks were the objects of the most searching scrutiny, and revealed at a glance the animal that made them, the direction it was pursuing, and the time that had elapsed since it had passed. In a forest country he selected the valleys, because they were most frequently the resort of game. The most easily taken, perhaps, of all the animals of the chase was the deer. It is endowed with a curiosity which prompts it to stop in its flight and look back at the approaching hunter, who always avails himself of this opportunity to let fly the fatal arrow. Their general councils were composed of the chiefs and old men. When in'' council, they usually sat in concentric circles around the 28 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. speaker, and each individual, notwithstanding the fiery passions that rankled within, preserved an exterior as immovable as if cast in bronze. Before commencing business a person appeared with the sacred pipe, and another with fire to kindle it. After being lighted, it was first presented to heaven, secondly to the earth, thirdly to the presiding spirit, and lastly the several councilors, each of whom took a wliift'. These formalities were observed with as close exactness as state etiquette in civilized courts. The dwellings of the Indians were of the simplest and rudest character. On some pleasant spot by the bank of a river, or near an ever-running spring, they raised their groups of wigwams, con- structed of the bark of trees, and easily taken down and removed to another spot. The dwelling-places of the chiefs were sometimes more spacious, and constructed with greater care, but of the same materials. Skins taken in the chase served them for repose. Though principally dependent upon hunting and fishing, the uncertain supply from those sources led them to cultivate small patches of corn. Every family did everything necessary within itself, commerce, or an interchange of articles, being almost unknown to them. In cases of dispute and dissension, each Indian relied upon himself for retaliation. Blood for blood was the rule, and the relatives of the slain man were bound to obtain bloody revenge for his death. This principle gave rise, as a matter of course, to innumerable and bitter feuds, and wars of extermination where such were possible. War, indeed, rather than peace, was the Indian's glory and delight, — war, not conducted as civilization, but war where individual skill, endurance, gallantry and cruelty were prime requisites. For such a purpose as revenge the Indian would make great sacrifices, and display a patience and perseverance truly heroic; but when the excitement was over, he sank back into a listless, un- occupied, well-nigh useless savage. During the intervals of his more exciting pursuits, the Indian employed his time in decorating his person with all the refinement of paint and feathers, and in the manufacture of his arms and of canoes. These were constructed of bark, and so light that they could easily be carried on the shoulder from stream to stream. His amusements were the war-dance, ath- letic games, the narration of his exploits, and listening to the ora- tory of the chiefs; but during long periods of such existence he remained in a state of torpor, gazing listlessly upon the trees of the forests and the clouds that sailed above them; and this vacancy HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 29 imprinted an habitual gravity, and even melancholy, upon his gen- eral deportment. The main labor and drudgery of Indian communities fell upon the women. The planting, tending and gathering of the crops,^ making mats and baskets, carrying burdens,— in fact, all things of the kind were performed by them, thus making their condition but little better than that of slaves. Marriage was merely a matter of bargain and sale, the husband giving presents to the father of the bride. In general they had but few children. They were sub- jected to many and severe attacks of sickness, and at times famine and pestilence swept away whole tribes. SINGLE-HANDED COMBAT WITH INDIANS. The most desperate single-handed combat with Indians ever fought on the soil of Illinois was that of Tom Higgins, August 21, 1814. Higgins was 25 years old, of a muscular and compact build, not tin, but strong and active. In danger he possessed a quick and discerning judgment, and was without fear. He was a member of Journey's rangers, consisting of eleven men, stationed at Hill's Fort, eight miles southwest of the present Greenville, Put- nam county. Discovering Indian signs near the fort, the company, early the following morning, started on the trail. They had not gone far before they were in an ambuscade of a larger party. At the first fire their commander, Journey, and three men fell, and six reti-eated to the fort; but Higgins stopped to "have another pull at the red-skins," and, taking deliberate aim at a stragglmg savage, shot him down. Higgins' horse had been wounded at the first fire, as he supposed, mortally. Coming to, he was about to efi'ect his escape, when the tamiliar voice of Burgess hailed him from the long grass, " Tom, don't leave me." Higgins told him to come along, but Burgess replied that his leg was smashed. Hig- gins attempted to raise him on his horse, but the animal took fright and ran away. Higgins then directed Burgess to limp off" as well as he could; and by crawling through the grass he reached the fort, \^diile the former loaded his gun and remained behind to protect him- against the pursuing enemy. When Burgess was well out of the way, Higgins took another route, which l6d by a small thicket, to throw any wandering enemy off the trail. Here he was con- fronted by three savages approaching. He ran to a little ravine near for shelter, but in the efi'ort discovered for the first time that 80 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. he was badly wounded in the leg. He was closely pressed by the largest, a powerful Indian, who lodged a ball in his thigh. He fell, but instantly rose again, only, however, to draw the fire of the other two, and again fell wounded. The Indians now advanced upon him with their tomahawks and scalping knives; but as he presented his gun first at one, then at another, from his place in the ravine, each wavered in his purpose. Neither party had time to load, and the large Indian, supposing finally that Higgins' gun was empty, rushed forward with uplifted tomahawk and a yell; but as he came near enough, was shot down. At this the others raised the war-whoop, and rushed upon the wounded Higgins, and now a hand-to-hand conflict ensued. They darted at him with their knives time and again, inflicting many ghastly flesh-wounds, which bled profusely. One of the assailants threw his tomahawk at him with such pre- cision as to sever his ear and lay bare his skull, knocking him down. They now rushed in on him, but he kicked them ofi^, and grasping one of their spears thrust at him, was raised up by it. He quickly seized his gun, and by a powerful blow crushed in the skull of one, but broke his rifle. His remaining antagonist still kept up the con- test, making thrusts with his knife at the bleeding and exhausted Higgins, which he parried with his broken gun as well as he could. Most of this desperate engagement was in plain view of the fort; but the rangers, having been in one ambuscade, saw in this fight only a ruse to draw out the balance of the garrison. But a Mrs. Pursely, residing at the fort, no longer able to see so brave a man contend for his life unaided, seized a gun, mounted a liorse, and started to his rescue. At this the men took courage and hastened along. The Indian, seeing aid coming, fled. Higgins, being near- ly hacked to pieces, fainted from loss of blood. He was carried to the fort. There being no surgeon, his comrades cut two balls from his flesh; others remained in. For days his life was despaired of; but by tender nursing he ultimately regained his liealth, although badly crippled. He resided in Fayette county for many years after, and died in 1829. HISTOET OF ILLINOIS. 31 EARLY DISCOVERIES NICHOLAS PERROT. The first white man who ever set foot on the soil embraced within the boundary of the present populous State of Illinois was Nich- olas Perrot, a Frenchman. He was sent to Chicago in the year 1671 by M. Talon, Intendant of Canada, for the purpose of inviting the Western Indians to a great peace convention to be held at Green Bay. This convention had for its chief object the promulgation of a plan for the discovery of the Mississippi river. This great river had been discovered by De Soto, the Spanish explorer, nearly one hundred and fifty years previously, but his nation left the country a wilderness, without further exploration or settlement within its borders, in which condition it remained until the river was dis- covered by Joliet and Marquette in 1673. It was deemed a wise policy to secure, as far as possible, the friendship and co-operation of the Indians, far and near, before venturing upon an enterprise which their hostility might render disastrous. Thus the great con- vention was called. JOLIET AND MARQUETTE. Although Perrot was the first European to visit Illinois, he was not the first to make any important discoveries. This was left for Joliet and Marquette, which they accomplished two years thereafter. The former, Louis Joliet, was born at Quebec in 1615. He was educated for the clerical profession, but he abandoned it to engage in the fur trade. His companion, Father Jacques Mar- quette, was a native of France, born in 1637. He was a Jesuit priest by education, and a man of simple faith and great zeal and devotion in extending the Roman Catholic religion among the In- dians. He was sent to America in 1666 as a missionary. To con- vert the Indians he penetrated the wilderness a thousand miles in advance of civilization, and by his kind attention in their afilic- tions he won their affections and made them his lasting friends. There were others, however, who visited Illinois even prior to the famous exploration of Joliet and Marquette. In 1672 the Jesuit 32 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. missionaries, Fathers Claude Allouez and Claude Dablon, bore the standard of the Cross from their mission at Green Bay through western Wisconsin and northern Illinois. According to the pre-arranged plan referred to above, at the Jes- uit mission on the Strait of Mackinaw, Joliet joined Marquette, and with five other Frenchmen and a simple outfit the daring ex- plorers on the 17th of Maj^, 1673, set out on their perilous voyage to discover the Mississippi. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, they entered Green Bay, and passed thence up Fox river and Lake "Winnebago to a village of the Muscatines and Miamis, where great interest was taken in the expedition by the natives. With guides thej^ proceeded down the river. Arriving at the portage, they soon carried their light canoes and scanty bag- gage to the Wisconsin, about three miles distant. Their guides now refused to accompany them further, and endeavored, by re- citing the dangers incident to the voyage, to induce them to return. They stated that huge demons dwelt in the great river, whose voices could be heard a long distance, and who engulfed in the raging waters all who came within their reach. They also represented that if any of them should escape the dangers of the river, fierce tribes of Indians dwelt upon its banks ready to complete the work of de- struction. They proceeded on their journey, however, and on the 17th of June pushed their frail barks on the bosom of the stately Mississippi, down which they smoothly glided for nearly a hundred miles. Here Joliet and Marquette, leaving their canoes in charge of their men, went on the western shore, where they discovered an Indian village, and were kindly treated. They journeyed on down the unknown river, passing the mouth of the Illinois, then run- ning into the current of the muddy Missouri, and afterwaid the waters of the Ohio joined with them on their journey southward. Near the mouth of the Arkansas they discovered Indians who showed signs of hostility; but when Marquette's mission of peace was made known to them, they were kindly received. After pro- ceeding up the Arkansas a short distance, at the advice of the natives they turned their faces northward to retrace their steps. Af- ter several weeks of hard toil they reached the Illinois, up which stream they proceeded to Lake Michigan. Following the western shore of the lake, they entered Green Bay the latter part of Sep- tember, having traveled a distance of 2,500 miles. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 33 On his way np the Illinois, Marquette visited the Kaskaskias, near what is now Utica, in LaSalle county. The following year he returned and established among them the mission of the Im- maculate Virgin Mary. This was the last act of his life. He died in Michigan, May 18, 1675. lasalle's explokations. The first French occupation of Illinois was eifected by LaSalle, in 16S0. Having constructed a vessel, the " Griffin," above the falls of Niagara, he sailed to Green Bay, and passed thence in canoe to the mouth of the St. Joseph river, by which and the Kan- kakee he reached the Illinois in January, 1680; and on the 3d he entered the expansion of the river now called Peoria lake. Here, at the lower end of the lake, on its eastern bank, now in Tazewell county, he erected Fort Crevecoeur. The place where this ancient fort stood may still be seen just below the outlet of Peoria lake. It had, however, but a temporary existence. From this point LaSalle determined, at that time, to descend the Mississippi to its mouth. This he did not do, however, until two years later. Returning to Fort Frontenac for the purpose of getting material with which to rig his vessel, he left the fort at Peoria in charge of his lieutenant, Henri Tonti, an Italian, who had lost one of his hands by the explosion of a grenade in the Sicilian wars. Tonti had with him fifteen men, most of whom disliked LiiSalle, and were ripe for a revolt the first opportunity. Two men who had, previous to LaSalle's departure, been sent to look for the " Griffin " now returned and reported that the vessel was lost and that Fort Frontenac was in the hands of LaSalle's creditors. This disheartening intelligence had the effect to enkindle a spirit of mutiny among the garrison. Tonti had no sooner left the fort, with a few men, to fortify what was afterward known as Starved Kock, than the garrison at the fort refused longer to submit to authority. They destroyed the fort, seized the ammunition, provisions, and other portables of value, and fied. Only two of their number remained true. Tliese hast- ened to apprise Tonti of what had occurred. He thereupon sent four of the men with him to inform LaSalle. Tims was Tonti in the midst of treacherous savages, with only five men, two of whom were the friars Ribourde and Membre. With these he immediately returned to the fort, collected what tools had not been destroyed, and conveyed them to the great town of the Illinois Indians. 34 HISTOEY OF ILLINOIS. By this voluntary display of confidence he hoped to remove the jealousy created in the minds of the Illinois by the enemies of La- Salle. Here he awaited, unmolested, the return of LaSalle. GREAT BATTLE OF THE ILLINOIS. Neither Tonti nor his wild associates suspected that hordes of Iro- quois were gathering preparatory to rushing down upon their country and reducing it to an uninhabited waste. Already these hell-hounds of the wilderness had destroyed the Hurous, Eries, and other natives on the lakes, and were now directing their attention to the Illinois for new victims. Five hundred Iroquois warriors set out for the home of the Illinois. All was fancied security and idle repose in the great town of this tribe, as the enemy stealthily approached. Suddenly as a clap of thunder from a cloudless sky the listless inhabitants were awakened from their lethargy. A Shawnee Indian, on his return home after a visit to the Illinois, first discovered the invaders. To save his friends from the im- pending danger, he hurriedly returned and apprised them of the coming enemy. This intelligence spread with lightning rapidity over the town, and each wigwam disgorged its boisterous and as- tounded inmates. Women snatched their children, and in a delirium of fright wandered aimlessly about, rending the air with their screams. The men, more self-possessed, seized their arms ready for the coming fray. Tonti, long an object of suspicion, was soon surrounded by an angry crowd of warriors, who accused him of be- ing an emissary of the enemy. His inability to defend himself properly, in consequence of not fully understanding their language left them still inclined to believe him guilty, and they seized his effects from the fort and threw them into the river. The women and children were sent down the river for safety, and the warriors, not exceeding four hundred, as most of their young men were off hunting, returned to the village. Along the shores of the river they kindled huge bonfires, and spent the entire night in greasing their bodies, painting their faces, and performing the war-dance, to prepare for the approaching enemy. At early dawn the scouts who had been sent out returned, closely followed by the Iroquois. The scouts had seen a chief arrayed in French costume, and re- ported their suspicions that LaSalle was in the camp of the enemy, and Tonti again became an object of jealousy. A concourse of wildly gesticulating savages immediately gathered about him, de- HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 35 manding his life, and nothing s^ved him from their uplifted weap- ons but a promise that he and his men would go with them to meet the enemy. With their suspicions partly lulled, they hurriedly crossed the river and met the foe, when both commenced firing. Tonti, seeing that the Illinois were outnumbered and likely to be defeated, determined, at the imminent risk of his life, to stay the fight by an attempt at mediation. Presuming on the treaty of peace then existing between the French and Iroquois, he exchanged hia gun for a belt of wampum and advanced to meet the savage multitude, attended by three companions, who, being unnecessarily exposed to danger, were dismissed, and he proceeded alone. A short walk brought him in the midst of a pack of yelping devils, writhing and distorted with fiendish rage, and impatient to shed his blood. As the result of his swarthy Italian complexion and half-savage costume, he was at first taken for an Indian, and before the mistake was discovered a young warrior approached and stabbed at his heart. Fortunately the blade was turned aside by coming in contact with a rib, yet a large flesh wound was inflicted, which bled profusely. At this juncture a chief discovered his true char- acter, and he was led to the rear and efforts were made to staunch his wound. When sufiiciently recovered, he declared the Illinois were under the protection of the French, and demanded, in consid- eration of the treaty between the latter and the Iroquois, that they should be suffered to remain without further molestation. During this conference a young warrior snatched Tonti's hat, and, fleeing with it to the front, held it aloft on the end of his gun in view of the Illinois. The latter, judging that Tonti had been killed, renewed the fight with great vigor. Simultaneously, intelligence was brought to the Iroquois that Frenchmen were assisting their enemies in the fight, when the contest over Tonti was renewed with redoubled fury. Some declared that he should be immediately put to death, while others, friendly to LaSalle, with equal earnest- ness demanded that he should be set at liberty. During their clamorous debate, his hair was several times lifted by a huge sav- age who stood at his back with a scalping knife ready for execution. Tonti at length turned the current of the angry controversy in his favor, by stating that the Illinois were 1,200 strong, and that there were 60 Frenchmen at the village ready to assist them. This state- ment obtained at least a partial credence, and his tormentors now 36 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. determined to use him as an instrument to delude the Illinois with a pretended truce. The old warriors, therefore, advanced to the front and ordered the firing to cease, while Tonti, dizzy from the loss of blood, was furnished with an emblem of peace and sent staggering across the plain to rejoin the Illinois. The two friars who had just returned from a distant hut, whither thej had repaired for prayer and meditation, were the first to meet him and bless God for wliat they regarded as a miraculous deliverance. With the assurance brouo-ht by Tonti, the Illinois re-crossed the river to their lodges, followed by the enemy as far as the opposite bank. Not long after, large numbers of the latter, under the pretext of hunting, also crossed the river and hung in threatening groups about the town. These hostile indications, and the well-known disregard which the Iroquois had always evinced for their pledges, soon convinced the Illinois that their only safety was in flight. With this conviction they set tire to their village, and while the vast volume of flames and smoke diverted the attention of the enemy, they quietly dropped down the river to join their women and children. As soon as the flames would permit, the Iroquois entrenched themselves on the site of the vil- lao-e. Tonti and his men were ordered by the suspicious savages to leave their hut and take up their abode in the fort. At first the Iroquois were much elated at the discomfiture of the Illinois, but when two days afterward they discovered them recon- noitering their intrenchments, their courage greatly subsided. With fear they recalled the exaggerations of Tonti respecting their numbers, and concluded to send him with a hostage to make over- tures of peace. He and his hostage were received with delight by the Illinois, who readily assented to the proposal which he brought, and in turn sent back with him a hostage to the Iroquois. On his return to the fort his life was again placed in jeopardy, and the treaty was with great difficulty ratified. The young and inexpe- rienced Illinois hostage betrayed to his crafty interviewers the nu- merical weakness of his tribe, and the savages immediately rushed upon Tonti, and charged him with having deprived them of the spoils and honors of victory. It now required all the tact of which he was master to escape. After much difficulty however, the treaty was con- cluded, but the savages, to show their contempt for it, immediately commenced constructing canoes in which to descend the river and attack the Illinois. ;:^;as)^* AN IROQUOIS CHIEF. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 39 FRENCHMEN DRIVEN AWAY. Tonti managed to apprise the latter of their designs, and he and Membre were soon after summoned to attend a council of the Iro- quois, who still labored under a wholesome fear of Count Frontenac, and disliking to attack the Illinois in the presence of the French, thej thought to try to induce them to leave the country. At the assembling of the council, six packages of beaver skins were intro- duced, and the savage orator, presenting them separately to Tonti, explained the nature of each. "The first two," said he, " were to de- clare that the children of Count Frontenac, that is, the Illinois, should not be eaten; the next was a plaster to heal the wounds of Tonti; the next was oil wherewith to anoint him and Membre, that they might not be fatigued in traveling; the next proclaimed that the sun was bright; and the sixth and last required them to decamp and go home." At the mention of going home, Tonti demanded of them when they intended to set the example by leaving the Illinois in the peaceable possession of their country, which they had so unjustly in- vaded. The council grew boisterous and angry at the idea that they should be demanded to do what they required of the French, and some of its members, forgetting their previous pledge, declared that they would "eat Illinois flesh before they departed." Tonti, in imitation of the Indians' manner of expressing scorn, indignantly kicked away the presents of fur, saying, since they intended to de- vour the children of Frontenac with cannibal ferocity, he would not accept their gifts. This stern rebuke resulted in the expulsion of Tonti and his companion from the council, and the next day the chiefs ordered them to leave the country. Tonti had now, at the great peril of his life, tried every expedient to prevent the slaughter of the Illinois. There was little to be ac- complished by longer remaining in the^country, and as longer delay might imperil the lives of his own men, he determined to depart, not knowing where or when he would be able to rejoin LaSalle. With this object in view, the party, consisting of six persons, embarked in canoes, which soon proved leaky, and they were compelled to land for the purpose of making repairs. "While thus employed, Father Ri- bourde, attracted by the beauty of the surrounding landscape, wan- dered forth among the groves for meditation and prayer. Not return- ing in due time, Tonti became alarmed, and started with a compan- 40 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. ion to ascertain the cause of the long delay. They soon discovered tracks of Indians, by whom it was supposed he had been seized, and guns were fired to direct his return, in case he was alive. Seeing nothing of him during the day, at night they built fires along the bank of the river and retired to the opposite side, to see who might approach them. Near midnight a number of Indians were seen flitting about the light, by whom, no doubt, had been made the tracks Been the previous day. It was afterward learned that they were a band of Kickapoos, who had for several days been hovering about the camp of the Iroquois in quest of scalps. They had fell in with the inofiensive old friar and scalped him. Thus, in the 65th year of his age, the only heir to a wealthy Burgundian house per- ished under the war-club of the savages for whose salvation he had renounced ease and affluence. INHUMAN BUTCHERY. During this tragedy a far more revolting one was being enacted in the great town of Illinois. The Iroquois were tearing open the graves of the dead, and wreaking their vengeance upon the bodies made hideous by putrefaction. At this desecration, it is said, they even ate portions of the dead bodies, while subjecting them to every indignity that brutal hate could inflict. Still unsated by their hell- ish brutalities, and now unrestrained by the presence of the French, they started in pursuit of the retreating Illinois. Day after day they and the opposing forces moved in compact array down the river, neither being able to gain any advantage over the other. At length the Iroquois obtained by falsehood that which number and prowess denied them. They gave out that their object was to pos- sess the country, not by destroying, but by driving out its present inhabitants. Deceived by this false statement, the Illinois separa- ted, some descending the Mississippi and others crossing to the western shore. The Tamaroas, more credulous than the rest, re- mained near the mouth of the Illinois, and were suddenly attacked by an overwhelming force of the enemy. The men fled in dismay, and the women and children, to the number of 700, fell into the hands of the ferocious enemy. Then followed the tortures, butch- eries and burnings which only the infuriated and imbruted Iroquois could perpetrate. LaSalle on his return discovered the half-charred bodies of women and children still bound to the stakes where they had suffered all the tornjents hellish hate could devise. In addition HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 41 to those who had been burnt, the mangled bodies of women and children thickly covered the ground, many of which bore marks of brutality too horrid for record. After the ravenous horde had sufficiently glutted their greed for carnage, they retired from the country. The Illinois returned and rebuilt their town. TONTI SAFE AT GREEN BAT. After the death of Ribourde, Tonti and his men again resumed their journey. Soon again their craft became disabled, when they abandoned it and started on foot for Lake Michigan, Their supply of provisions soon became exhausted, and they were compelled to subsist in a great measure on roots and herbs. One of their companions wandered off in search of game, and lost his way, and several days elapsed before he rejoined them. In his absence he was without flints and bullets, yet contrived to shoot some turkeys by using slugs cut from a pewter porringer and afire- brand to discharge his gun. Tonti fell sick of a fever and greatly retarded the progress of the march. Nearing Green Bay, the cold increased and the means of subsistence decreased and the party would have perished had they not found a few ears of corn and some froz- en squashes in the fields of a deserted village. Near the close of November they had reached the Pottawatomies, who warmly greet- ed them. Their chief was an ardent admirer of the French, and was accustomed to say: " There were but three great captains in the world, — himself, Tonti and LaSalle." For the above account of Tonti's encounter with the Iroquois, we are indebted to Davidson and Stuve's History of Illinois. lasalle's return. LaSalle returned to Peoria only to meet the hideous picture of devastation. Tonti had escaped, but LaSalle knew not whither. Pass- ins down the lake in search of him and his men, LaSalle discov- ered that the fort had been destroyed; but the vessel which he had partly constructed was still on the stocks, and but slightly injured. After further fruitless search he fastened to a tree a painting repre- senting himself and party sitting in a canoe and bearing a pipe of peace, and to the painting attached a letter addressed to Tonti. LaSalle was.born in France in 1643, of wealthy parentage, and edu- cated in a college of the Jesuits, from which he separated and came to Canada, a poor man, in 1666. He was a man of daring genius, 42 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS, and outstripped all his competitors in exploits of travel and com- merce with the Indians. He was granted a large tract of land at LaChine, where he established himself in the fur trade. In 1669 he visited the headquarters of the great Iroquois confederacy, at Onondaga, New York, and, obtaining guides, explored the Ohio river to the falls at Louisville, For many years previous, it must be remembered, missionaries and traders were obliged to make their way to the Northwest through Canada on account of the fierce hostility of the Iroquois along the lower lakes and Niagara river, which entirely closed this latter route to the upper lakes. They carried on their commerce chiefly by canoes, paddling them through Ottawa river to Lake Nipissing, carrying them across the portage to French river, and descending that to Lake Huron. This being the route by which they reached the Northwest, we have an explana- tion of the fact that all the earliest Jesuit missions were established in the neighborhood of the upper lakes. LaSalle conceived the grand idea of opening the route by Niagara river and the lower lakes to Canada commerce. by sail vessels, connecting it with the navigation of the Mississippi, and thus opening a magnificent water communication from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mex- ico, This truly grand and comprehensive purpose seems to have animated him in his wonderful achievements, and the matchless difliculties and hardships he surmounted. As the first step in the accomplishment of this object he established himself on Lake Ontario, and built and garrisoned Fort Frontenac, the site of the present city of Kingston, Canada. Here he obtained a grant of land from the French crown, and a body of troops, by which he repulsed the Iroquois and opened passage to Niagara Falls, Hav- ing by this masterly stroke made it safe to attempt a hitherto untried expedition, his next step, as we have seen, was to build a ship with which to sail the lakes. He was successful in this under- taking, though his ultimate purpose was defeated by a strange com- bination of untoward circumstances. The Jesuits evidently hated LaSalle and plotted against him, because he had abandoned them and united with a rival order. The fur traders were also jealous of his success in opening new channels of commerce. While they were plodding with their bark canoes through the Ottawa, he was con- structing sailing vessels to command the trade of the lakes and the Mississippi. These great plans excited the jealousy and envy of HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 43 small traders, introduced treason and revolt into the ranks of his men, and finally led to the foul assassination by which his great achievements were permanently ended. lasalle's assassination. Again visiting the Illinois in the year 1682, LaSalle de- scended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. He erected a standard upon which he inscribed the arms of France, and took formal possession of the whole valley of this mighty river in the name of Louis XIY., then reigning, and in honor of whom he named the country Louisiana. LaSalle then returned to France, was appointed Governor, and returned with a fleet of immigrants for the purpose of planting a colony in Illinois. They arrived in due time in the Gulf of Mexico, but failing to find the mouth of the Missis- sippi, up which they intended to sail, his supply ship, with the immigrants, was driven ashore and wrecked on Matagorda Bay. "With the fragments of the vessel he constructed rude huts and stockades on the shore for the protection of his followers, calling tiie post Fort St. Louis. He then made a trip into New Mexico in search of silver mines, but, meeting with disappointment, returned to find his colony reduced to forty souls. He then resolved to travel on foot to Illinois. With some twenty of his men they filed out of their fort on the 12th of January, 1GS7, and after the part- ing, — which was one of sighs, of tears, and of embraces, all seeming intuitively to know that they should see each other no more, — they started on their disastrous journey. Two of the party, Du Haut and Leotot, when on a hunting expedition in company with a neohew of LaSalle, assassinated him while asleep. The long absence of his nephew caused LaSalle to go in search of him. On approaching the murderers of his nephew, they fired upon him, kill- ing him instantly. They then despoiled the body of its clothing, aiic left it to be devoured by the wild beasts of the forest. Thus, at the age of 43, perished one whose exploits have so greatly enriched the history of the New World. To estimate aright the marvels of his patient fortitude, one must follow on his track through the vast scene of his interminable journeyings, those thou- sands of weary miles of forest, marsh and river, where, again and again, in the bitterness of baffled striving, the untiring pilgrim pushed onward toward the goal he never was to attain. America owes him an enduring memory ; for in this masculine figure, cast 44 HISTORY OF lULINOlS. in iron, she sees the heroic pioneer who guided her to the possession of her richest heritage. Tonti, who liad been stationed at the fort on the Illinois, learning of LaSalle's unsuccessful voyage, immediately started down the Mississippi to his relief. Reaching the Gulf, he found no traces of the colony. He then returned, leaving some of his men at the mouth of the Arkansas. These were discovered by the remnant of LaSalle's followers, who guided them to the fort on the Illinois, where they reported that LaSalle was in Mexico. The little band left at Fort St. Louis were finally destroyed by the Indians, and the murderers of LaSalle were shot. Thus ends the sad chapter of "Robert Cavalier de LaSalle's exploration. FRENCH OCCUPATION. FIRST SETTLEMENTS. The first mission in Illinois, as we have already seen, was com- menced by Marquette in April, 1675. He called the religious society which he established the " Mission of the Immaculate Con- ception," and the town Kaskaskia. The first military occupation of the country was at Fort Crevecoeur, erected in 1680; but there is no evidence that a settlement was commenced there, or at Peoria, on the lake above, at that early date. The first settlement of which there is any authentic account was commenced with the building of Fort St. Louis on the Illinois river in 1682; but this was soon abandoned. The oldest permanent settlement, not only in Illinois, but in the val- ley of the Mississippi, is at Kaskaskia, situated six miles above the mouth of the Kaskaskia river. This was settled in 1690 by the removal of the mission from old Kaskaskia, or Ft. St. Louis, on the Illinois river. Cahokia was settled about the same time. Tlie reason for the removal of the old Kaskaskia settlement and mission, was probably because the dangerous and difficult route by Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage had been almost abandoned, and travelers and traders traveled down and up the Mississippi by the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. It was removed to the vicinity of the Mississippi in order to be in the line of travel from Canada to Louisiana, that is, the lower part of it, for it was all Louisiana then south of the lakes. Illinois came into possession of the French in 1682, and was a dependency of Canada and a part of Louisiana. During the period of French rule in Louisiana, the population HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 4:5 probably never exceeded ten thousand. To the year 1730 the fol- lowing five distinct settlements were made in the territory of Illinois, numbering, in population, 140 French families, about 600 " converted " Indians, and many traders ; Cahokia, near the mouth of Cahokia creek and about five miles below the present city of St, Louis; St. Philip, about forty-five miles below Cahokia; Fort Chartres, twelve miles above Kaskaskia; Kaskaskia, situated on the Kaskaskia river six miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, and Prairie du Kocher, near Fort Chartres. Fort Chartres was built under the direction of the Mississippi Company in 1718, and was for a time the headquarters of the military commandants of the district of Illinois, and the most impregnable fortress in North America. It was also the center of wealth and fashion in the West. For about eighty years the French retained peaceable possession of Illinois. Their amiable disposition and tact of ingratiating them- selves with the Indians enabled them to escape almost entirely the broils which weakened and destroyed other colonies. Whether exploring remote rivers or traversing hunting grounds in pursuit of game, in the social circle or as participants in the religious exer- cises of the church, the red men became their associates and were treated with the kindness and consideration of brothers. For more than a hundred years peace between the white man and the red was unbroken, and when at last this reign of harmony terminated it was not caused by the conciliatory Frenchman, but by the blunt and sturdy Anglo-Saxon. During this century, or until the coun- try was occupied by the English, no regular court was ever held. When, in 1765, the country passed into the hands of the English, many of the French, rather than submit to a change in their insti- tutions, preferred to leave their homes and seek a new abode. There are, however, at the present time a few remnants of the old French stock in the State, who still retain to a great extent the ancient habits and customs of their fathers. THE MISSISSIPPI COMPANY. During the earliest period of French occupation of this country, M. Tonti, LaSalle's attendant, was commander-in-chief of all the territory embraced between Canada and the Gulf of Mexico, and extending east and west of the Mississippi as far as his ambition or imagination pleased to allow. He spent twenty-one years in estab- lishing forts and organizing the first settlements of Illinois. Sep- 46 HISTOEY OF ILLINOIS. tember 14, 1712, the Frencli government granted a monopoly of all the trade aud commerce of the country to M. Crozat, a wealthy merchant of Paris, who established a trading company in Illinois, and it was by this means that the early settlements became perma- nent and others established. Crozat surrendered his charter in 1717, and the Company of the West, better known as the Missis- sippi Company, was organized, to aid and assist the banking system of John Law, the most famous speculator of modern times, and perhaps at one time the wealthiest private individual the world has ever known; but his treasure was transitory. Under the Company of the West a branch was organized called the Company of St. Philip's, for the purpose of working the rich silver mines sup- posed to be in Illinois, and Philip Kenault was appointed as its agent. In 1719 he sailed from France with two hundred miners, laborers and mechanics. During 1719 the Company of the West was by royal order united with the Royal Company of the Indies, and had the influence and support of the crown, who was deluded by the belief that immense wealth would flow into the empty treas- ury of France. This gigantic scheme, one of the most extensive and wonderful bubbles ever blown up to astonish, deceive and ruin thousands of people, was set in operation by the fertile brain of John Law. Law was born in Scotland in 1671, and so rapid had been his career that at the age of twenty-three he was a " bankrupt, an adulterer, a murderer and an exiled outlaw." But he possessed great financial ability, and by his agreeable and attractive manners, and his enthusiastic advocacy of his schemes, he succeeded in inflaming the imagination of the mercurial Frenchmen, whose greed for gain led them to adopt any plans for obtaining wealth. Law arrived in Paris with two and a half millions of francs, which he had gained at the gambling table, just at the right time. Louis XIY. had just died and left as a legacy empty cofiers and an immense public debt. Every thing and everybody was taxed to the last penny to pay even the interest. All the sources of in- dustry were dried up; the very wind which wafted the barks of commerce seemed to have died away under the pressure of the time; trade stood still; the merchant, the trader, the artificer, once flourishing in affluence, were transformed into clamorous beggars. The life-blood that animated the kingdom was stagnated in all its arteries, and the danger of an awful crisis became such that HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 47 the nation was on the verge of bankruptcy. At this critical junc- ture John Law arrived and proposed his grand scheme of the Mississippi Company; 200,000 shares of stock at 500 livres each were at first issued. Tliis sold readily and great profits were realized. More stock was issued, speculation became rife, the fever seized everybody, and the wildest speculating frenzy pervaded the whole nation. Illinois was thought to contain vast and rich mines of minerals. Kaskaskia, then scarcely more than the settlement of a few savages, was spoken of as an emporium of the most extensive traffic, and as rivaling some of the cities of Europe in refinement, fashion and religious culture. Law was in the zenith of his glory, and the people in the zenith of their infatuation. The high and the low, the rich and the poor, were at once filled with visions of untold wealth, and every age, set, rank and condition were buying and selling stocks. Law issued stock again and again, and readily sold until 2,235,000,000 livres were in circulation, equaling about $450,000,000. While confidence lasted an impetus was given to trade never before known. An illusory policy everywhere prevailed, and so dazzled the eye that none could see in the horizon the dark cloud announc- ing the approaching storm. Law at the time was the most influ- ential man in Europe. His house was beset from morning till night with eager applicants for stock. Dukes, marquises and counts, with their wives and daughters, waited for hours in the street below his door. Finding his residence too small, he changed it for the Place Vendome, whither the crowd followed him, and the spacious square had the appearance of a public market. The boule- vards and public gardens were forsaken, and the Place Vendome became the most fashionable place in Paris; and he was unable to wait upon even one-tenth part of his applicants. The bubble burst after a few years, scattering ruin and distress in every direction. Law, a short time previous the most popular man in Europe, fled to Brussels, and in 1729 died in Venice, in obscurity and poverty. ENGLISH KULE. As early as 1750 there could be perceived the first throes of the revolution, which gave a new master and new institutions to Illi- nois. France claimed the whole valley of the Mississippi, and Eng- land the right to extend her possessions westward as far as she might desire. Through colonial controversies the two mother 48 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. countries were precipitated into a bloody war within the North- western Territory, George Washington firing the first gun of the military struggle which resulted in the overthrow of the French not only in Illinois but in North America. The French evinced a determination to retain control of the territory bordering the Ohio and Mississippi from Canada to the Gulf, and so long as the En- glish colonies were confined to the sea-coast there was little reason for controversy. As the English, however, became acquainted with this beautiful and fertile portion of our country, they not only learned the value of the vast territory, but also resolved to set up a counter claim to the soil. The French established numerous mili- tary and trading posts from the frontiers of Canada to New Or- leans, and in order to establish also their claims to jurisdiction over the country they carved the lilies of France on the forest trees, or sunk plates of metal in the ground. These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explorations; and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and it was only a question of time when the storm should burst upon the frontier settlement. The French based their claims upon discoveries, the English on grants of territory extending from ocean to ocean, but neither party paid the least attention to the prior claims of the Indians. From this posi- tion of affairs, it was evident that actual collision between the contending parties would not much longer be deferred. The En- glish Government, in anticipation of a war, urged the Governor of Yirginia to lose no time in building two forts, which were equipped by arms from England. The French anticipated the English and gathered a considerable force ta defend their possessions. The Governor determined to send a messenger to the nearest French post and demand an explanation. This resolution of the Governor brought into the history of our country for the first time the man of all others whom America most loves to'Jionor, namely, George Washington. He was chosen, although not yet twenty-one years of age, as the one to perform this delicate and difiicult mission. With five companions he set out on Nov. 10, 1753, and after a per- ilous journey returned Jan. 6, 1754. The struggle commenced and continued long, and was bloody and fierce; but on the 10th of Octo- ber, 1765, the ensign of France was replaced on the ramparts of Fort Chartres by tlie flag of Great Britain. This fort was the GEN. GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 51 depot of supplies and the place of rendezvous for the united forces of the French. At this time the colonies of the Atlantic seaboard were assembled in preliminary congress at New York, dreaming of liberty and independence for the continent; and Washington, who led the expedition against the French for the English king, in less than ten years was commanding the forces opposed to the English tyrant. Illinois, besides being constructively a part of Florida for over one hundred years, during which time no Spaniard set foot upon her soil or rested his eyes upon her beautiful plains, for nearly ninety years had been in the actual occupation of the French, their puny settlements slumbering quietly in colonial dependence on the distant waters of the Kaskaskia, Illinois and Wabash. GEN. CLAKk's exploits. The Northwest Territory was now entirely under English rule, and on the breaking out of the Revolutionary war the British held every post of importance in the West. While the colonists of the East were maintaining a fierce struggle with the armies of England, their western frontiers were ravaged by merciless butcheries of In- dian warfare. The jealousy of the savage was aroused to action by the rapid extension of American settlement westward and the im- proper influence exerted by a number of military posts garrisoned by British troops. To prevent indiscriminate slaughters arising from these causes, Illinois became the theater of some of the most daring exploits connected with American history. The hero of the achieve- ments by which this beautiful land was snatclied as a gem from the British Crown, was George Rogers Clark, of Yirginia. He had closely watched the movements of the British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan; he also knew the Indians were not unanimously in accord with the English, and therefore was convinced that if the British could be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality. Having convinced himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlement might easily succeed, he repaired to the cap- ital of Yirginia, arriving Nov. 5, 1777. Wliile he was on his way, fortunately, Burgoyne was defeated (Oct. 17), and the spirits of the colonists were thereby greatly encouraged. Patrick Henry was Governor of Yirginia, and at once entered heartily into Clark's plans. After satisfying the Yirginia leaders of the feasibility of hie project, he received two sets of instructions, — one secret, the U.OF^U.UB. 62 HISTOKT OF ILLINOIS. other open. The latter authorized him to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, and serve three months after their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand at Pittsburg, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. HE TAKES KASKASKIA. With these instructions Col. Clark repaired to Pittsburg, choos- ing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. "W. B. Smith to Holstein and Captains Helm and Bowman to other localities to enlist men; but none of them succeeded in rais- ing the required number. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to join the expedition. With these companies and several private volunteers Clark commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the falls, where he took posses- sion of and fortified Corn Island, a small island between the present cities of Louisville, Ky., and New Albany, Ind. Here, after having completed his arrangements and announced to the men their real destination, he left a small garrison; and on the 24th of June, dur- ing a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, they floated down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Yincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he intended to march directly to the Mississippi river and cross it into the Spanish country. Before his start he received good items of information: one that an alliance had been formed between France and the United States, and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois country and the inhabitants at the various frontier posts had been led by the British to believe that the " Long Knives," or Virginians, were the most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from gratitude would become friendly, if treated with unexpected lenity. The march to Kaskaskia was made through a hot July sun, they arriving on the evening of the 4th of July, 1778. They captured the fort near tlie village and soon after the village itself, by surprise, and without the loss of HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 53 a single man and without killing any of the enemy. After suffi- ciently working on the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at perfect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the great conflict they would; also he would pro- tect them against any barbarity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired efiect; and the inhabitants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlooked-for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms; and when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accompanied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place surrendered and gladly placed themselves under his protection. In the person of JVI. Gibault, priest of Kaskaskia, Clark found a powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain pos- session of the iSTorthwest and treat successfullj- with the Indians, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken. St. Yin- cent, the post next in importance to Detroit, remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that he would alone, by persuasion, lead Yincennes to throw off its connection with England. Clark gladly accepted this offer, and July lith, in company with a fellow-townsman, Gibault started on his mission of peace. On the 1st of August he returned with the cheerful intelligence that everything was peaceably ad- justed at Yincennes in favor of the Americans. During the inter- val. Col. Clark established his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his men, and sent word to have a fort (which proved the germ of Louisville) erected at the falls of the Ohio. While the American commander was thus negotiatinof with the Indians, Hamilton, the British Governor of Detroit, heard of Clark's invasion, and was greatly incensed because the country which he had in charge should be wrested from him by a few ragged militia. He therefore hurriedly collected a force, marched by way of the Wabash, and appeared before the fort at Yincennes. The inhabi- tants made an effort to defend the town, and when Hamilton's forces arrived. Captain Helm and a man named Henry were the only Americans in the fort. These men had been sent by Clark. The latter charged a cannon and placed it in the open gateway, and the Captain stood by it with a lighted match and cried out, as Ham- ilton came in hailing distance, "Halt!" The British officer, not 54 niSTOEY OF ILLINOIS. knowing the strength of the garrison, stopped, and demanded the surrender of tlie fort. Helm exclaimed, " No man shall enter here till I know the terms." Hamilton responded, " You shall have the honors of war." The entire garrison consisted of one officer and one private. VINCENNES CAPTURED. On taking Kaskaskia, Clark made a prisoner of Rocheblave, commander of the place, and got possession of all his written instructions for the conduct of the war. From these papers he received important information respecting the plans of Col. Ham- ilton, Governor at Detroit, who was intending to make a vigorous and concerted attack upon the frontier. After arriving at Yin- cennes, liowever, he gave up his intended campaign for the winter, and trusting to his distance from danger and to the difficulty of approaching him, sent off his Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, and to annoy the Americans in all ways. Thus he sat quietly down to pass the winter with only about eighty soldiers, but secure, as he thought, from molestation. But he evidently did not realize the character of the men with whom he was contending. Clark, although he could muster only one hundred and thirty men, determined to take advantage of Hamilton's weakness and security, and attack him as the only nieans of saving himself; for unless he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Accordingly, about the beginning of February, 1779, he dispatched a small galley which he had fitted out, mounted with two four-pounders and four swivels and manned with a company of soldiers, and carrying stores for his men, with orders to force her way up the Wabash, to take her station a few miles below Yincennes, and to allow no person to pass her. He himself marched with his little band, and spent six- teen days in traversing the country from Kaskaskia to Yincennes, passing with incredible fatigue through woods and marshes. He was five days in crossing the bottom lands of the Wabash; and for five miles was frequently up to the breast in water. After over- coming difficulties which had been thought insurmountable, he appeared before the place and completely surprised it. The inhab- itants readily submitted, but Hamilton at first defended himself in the fort. Next day, however, he surrendered himself and his gar- rison prisoners-of-war. By his activity in encouraging the hostili- ties of the Indians and by the revolting enormities perpetrated by HI6T0KY OF ILLINOIS. 55 those savages, Hamilton had rendered himself so obnoxious that he was thrown in prison and put in irons. During his command of the British frontier posts he oifered prizes to the Indians for all the scalps of the Americans thej would bring him, and earned in con- sequence thereof the title, "Hair-Bujer General," by which he was ever afterward known. The services of Clark proved of essential advantage to his coun- trymen. They disconcerted the plans of Hamilton, and not only saved the western frontier from depredations by the savages, but also greatly cooled the ardor of the Indians for carrying on a contest in which they were not likely to be the gainers. Had it not been for this small army, a union of all the tribes from Maine to Georgia against the colonies might have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed. ILLINOIS. COUNTY OF ILLINOIS. In October, 1778, after the successful campaign of Col. Clark, the assembly of Virginia erected the conquered country, embracing all the territory northwest of the Ohio river, into the County of Illi- nois, which was doubtless the largest county in the world, exceeding in its dimensions the whole of Great Britian and Ireland. To speak more definitely, it contained the territory now embraced in the great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan. On the 12th of December, 1778, John Todd was appointed Lieutenant- Commandant of this county by Patrick Henry, then Governor of Yirginia, and accordingly, also, the first of Illinois County. NOETHWESTERN TERRITORY. Illinois continued to form a part of Yirginia until March 1, 1784, when that State ceded all the territory north of the Ohio to the United States. Immediately the general Government proceeded to establish a form of government for the settlers in the territories thus ceded. This form continued until the passage of the ordi- nance of 1787, for the government of the Northwestern Terri- tory. No man can study the secret history of this ordinance and not feel that Providence was guiding with sleepless eye the des- 56 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. tinies of these unborn States. American legislation has never achieved anything more admirable, as an internal government, than this comprehensive ordinance. Its provisions concerning the distribution of property, the principles of civil and religious liberty which it laid at the foundation of the communities since established, and the efficient and simple organization by which it created the first machinery of civil society, are worthy of all the praise that has ever been given them. OKDINANCE OF 1787. This ordinance has a marvelous and interesting history. Con- siderable controversy has been indulged in as to who is entitled to the credit for framing it. This belongs, undoubtedly, to Nathan Dane; and to Eufus King and Timothy Pickering belong the credit for suggesting the proviso contained in it against slavery, and also for aids to religion and knowledge, and for assuring for- ever the common use, without charge, of the great national high- ways of the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence and their tributaries to all the citizens of the United States. To Thomas Jeflferson is also due much credit, as some features of this ordinance were embraced in his ordinance of 1784. But the part taken by each in the long, laborious and eventful struggle which had so glorious a consum- mation in the ordinance, consecrating forever, by one imprescript- ible and unchangeable monument, the very heart of our country to Freedom, Knowledge, and Union, will forever lionor the names of those illustrious statesmen. Mr. Jeiferson had vainly tried to secure a system of government for the E"orthwestern Territory. He was an emancipationist and favored the exclusion of slavery from the territory, but the South voted him down every time he proposed a measure of this nature. In 1787, as late as July 10, an organizing act without the anti- slavery clause was pending. This concession to the South was expected to carry it. Congress was in session in New York. On July 5, Kev. Manasseh Cutler, of Massachusetts, came into New York to lobby on the Northwestern Territory. Everything seemed to fall into his hands. Events were ripe. The state of the public credit, the growing of Southern prejudice, the basis of his mission, his personal character, all combined to complete one of those sudden and marvelous revolutions of public sentiment that HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 67 once in five or ten centuries are seen to sweep over a country like the breath of the Ahnighty. Cutler was a graduate of Yale. He had studied and taken de- grees in the three learned professions, medicine, law, and divinity. He had published a scientific examination of the plants of New Eno-land, As a scientist in America liis name stood second only to that of Franklin He was a courtly gentleman of the old style, a man of commanding presence and of inviting face. The Southern members said they had never seen such a gentleman in the North. He came representing a Massachusetts company that desired to purchase a tract of land, now included in Ohio, for the purpose of planting a colony. It was a speculation. Government money was worth eighteen cents on the dollar. This company had collected enough to purchase 1,500,000 acres of land. Other speculators in New York made Dr. Cutler their agent, which enabled him to represent a demand for 5,500,000 acres. As this would reduce the national debt, ai:d Jeiferson's policy was to provide for the public credit, it presented a good opportunity to do something. Massachusetts then owned the territory of Maine, which she was crowding on the market. She was opposed to opening the North- western region. This fired the zeal of Virginia. The South caught the inspiration, and all exalted Dr. Cutler. The entire South ral- lied around him, Massachusetts could not vote against him, be- cause many of the constituents of her members were interested personally in the Western speculation. Thus Cutler, making friends in the South, and doubtless using all the arts of the lobby, was enabled to command the situation. True to deeper convic- tions, he dictated one of the most compact and finished documents of wise statesmanship that has ever adorned any human law book. He borrowed from Jefferson the term "Articles of Compact," which, preceding the federal constitution, rose into the most sacred char- acter. He then followed very closely the constitution of Massa- chusetts, adopted three years before. Its most prominent points were: 1. The exclusion of slavery from the territory forever. 2. Provision for public schools, giving one township for a semi- nary and every section numbered 16 in each township; that is, one thirty-sixth of all the land for public schools. 3. A provision prohibiting the adoption of any constitution or 58 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. the enactment of any law that should nullify pre-existing contracts. Beit forever remembered that this compact declared that "re- ligion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good govern- ment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of edu- cation shall always be encouraged." Dr. Cutler planted himself on this platform and would not yield. Giving his unqualified dec- laration that it was that or nothing,— that unless they could make the land desirable they did not want it,— he took his horse and buggy and started for the constitutional convention at Philadelphia. On July 13, 1787, the bill was put upon its passage, and was unani- mously adopted. Thus the great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and "Wisconsin, a vast empire, were consecrated to free- dom, intelligence, and morality. Thus the great heart of the nation was prepared to save the union of States, for it was this act that was the salvation of the republic and the destruction of slavery. Soon the South saw their great blunder and tried to have the compact repealed. In 1803 Congress referred it to a committee, of which John Kandolph was chairman. He reported that this ordinance was a compact and opposed repeal. Thus it stood, a rock in the way of the on-rushing sea of slavery. SYMPATHY WITH SLAVERY. With all this timely aid it was, however, a most desperate and protracted struggle to keep the soil of Illinois sacred to freedom. It was the natural battle-field for the irrepressible conflict. In the southern end of the State slavery preceded the compact. It ex- isted among the old French settlers, and was hard to eradicate. That portion was also settled from the slave States, and this popu- lation brought their laws, customs, and institutions with them. A stream of population from the North poured into the northern part of the State. These sections misunderstood and hated each other perfectly. The Southerners regarded the Yankees as a skinning, tricky, penurious race of peddlers, filling the country with tinware, brass clocks, and wooden nutmegs. The Northerner thought of the Southerner as a lean, lank, lazy creature, burrowing in a hut, and rioting in whisky, dirt, and ignorance. These causes aided in making the struggle long and bitter. So strong was the sympathy with slavery that, in spite of the ordinance of 1787, and in spite of the deed of cession, it was determined to allow the old French set- tlers to retain their slaves. Planters from the slave States might GEN. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 69 bring their slaves if they would give them an opportunity to choose freedom or years of service and bondage for their cliildren till they should become thirty years of age. If they chose freedom they must leave the State within sixty days, or be sold as fugitives. Servants were whipped for offenses for which white men were fined. Each lash paid forty cents of the fine. A negro ten miles from home without a pass was whipped. These famous laws were im- ported from the slave States, just as the laws for the inspection of flax and wool were imported when there was neither in the State. ST, CLAIR, GOVERNOR OF NORTHWESTERN TERRITORY. On October 5, 17S7, Maj, Gen. Arthur St. Clair was, by Congress, elected Governor of this vast territory. St. Clair was born in Scot- land and emigrated to America in 1755. He served in the French and English war, and was major general in the Revolution. In 1786 he was elected to Congress and chosen President of that body. ILLINOIS TEREITORY. After the division of the jSTorth western Territory Illinois became one of the counties of the Territory of Indiana, from which it was separated by an act of Congress Feb. 3, 1809, forming the Territory of Illinois, with a population estimated at 9,000, and then included the present State of "Wisconsin. It was divided, at the time, into two counties, — St. Clair and Randolph. John Boyle, of Ken- tucky, was appointed Governor, by the President, James Madison, but declining, Ninian Edwards, of the same State, was then appointed and served with distinction; and after the organization of Illinois as a State he served in the same capacity, being its third Governor. WAR OF 1812. THE OUTBREAK. For some years previous to the war between the United States and England in 1812, considerable trouble was experienced with the Indians. Marauding bands of savages would attack small settle- ments and inhumanly butcher all the inhabitants, and mutilate their dead bodies. To protect themselves, the settlers organized companies of rangers, and erected block houses and stockades in every settlement. The largest, strongest and best one of these was Fort Russell, near the present village of Edwardsville. This stockade 60 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. was made the main rendezvous for troops and military stores, and Gov. Edwards, who during the perilous times of 1812, when Indian hostilities threatened on every hand, assumed command of the Illi- nois forces, established his headquarters at this place. The Indians were incited to many of these depredations by English emissaries, who for years continued their dastardly work of " setting the red men, like dogs, upon the whites." In the summer of 1811 a peace convention was held with the Pottawatomies at Peoria, when they promised that peace should prevail; but their promises were soon broken. Tecumseh, the great warrior, and fit successor of Pontiac, started in the spring of 1811, to arouse the Southern Indians to war against the whites. The pur- pose of this chieftain was well known to Gov. Harrison, of Indiana Territory, who determined during Tecumseh's absence to strike and disperse the hostile forces collected at Tippecanoe. This he success- fully did on Nov. 7, winning the sobriquet of " Tippecanoe," by which he was afterwards commonly known. Several peace councils were held, at which the Indians promised good behavior, but only to deceive the whites. Almost all the savages of the Northwest were thoroughly stirred up and did not desire peace. The British agents at various points, in anticipation of a war with the United States, sought to enlist the favor of the savages by distributing to them large supplies of arms, ammunition and other goods. The English continued their insults to our flag upon the high seas, and their government refusing to relinquish its offensive course, all hopes of peace and safe commercial relations were abandoned, and Congress, on the 19th of June, 1812, formally declared war against Great Britain. In Illinois the threatened Indian troubles had already caused a more thorough organization of the militia and greater protection by the erection of forts. As intimated, the In- dians took the war-path long before the declaration of hostilities between the two civilized nations, committing great depredations, the most atrocious of which was the MASSACRE AT FOKT DEAKBOEN. During the war of 1812 between the United States and England, the greatest, as well as the most revolting, massacre of whites that ever occurred in Illinois, was perpetrated by the Pottawatomie In- dians, at Fort Dearborn. This fort was built by the Government, in 1804, on the south side of the Chicago river, and was garrisoned HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 61 by 54 men under command of Capt. Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant Helm and Ensign Ronan; Dr. Voorhees, surgeon. The residents at the post at that time were the wives of officers Heald and Helm and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadians. The soldiers and Mr, Kinzie were on the most friendly terms with the Pottawatomies and Winuebagoes, the prin- cipal tribes around them. On the 7th of August, 1812, arrived the order from Gen, Hull, at Detroit, to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and distribute all United States property to the Indians. Chicago was so deep in the wilderness OLD FORT DEARBORN, that this was the first intimation the garrison received of the dec- laration of war made on the 19th of June. The Indian chief who brought the dispatch advised Capt. Heald not to evacuate, and that if he should decide to do so, it be done immediately, and by forced marches elude the concentration of the savages before the news could be circulated among them. To this most excellent ad- vice the Captain gave no heed, but on the 12th held a council with 62 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. the Indians, apprising them of the orders received, and offering a liberal reward for an escort of Pottawatomies to Fort Wayne. The Indians, with many professions of friendship, assented to all he proposed, and promised all he required. The remaining officers re- fused to join in the council, for they had been informed that treach- ery was designed, — that the Indians intended to murder those in the council, and then destroy those in the fort. The port holes were open, displaying cannons pointing directly upon the council. This action, it is supposed, prevented a massacre at that time. Mr. Kinzie, who knew the Indians well, begged Capt. Heald not to confide in their promises, or distribute the arms and ammu- nitions among them, for it would only put power in their hands to destroy the whites. This argument, true and excellent in itself, was now certainly inopportune, and would only incense the treach- erous foe. But the Captain resolved to follow it, and accordingly on the night of the 13tli, after the distribution of the other property, the arms were broken, and the barrels of whisky, of which there was a large quantity, were rolled quietly through the sally-port, their heads knocked in and their contents emptied into the river. On that night the lurking red-skins crept near the fort and discovered the destruction of the promised booty going on within. The next morn- ing the powder was seen floating on the surface of the river, and the Indians asserted that such an abundance of " fire-water" had been emptied into the river as to make it taste " groggy." Many of them drank of it freely. On the 14th the desponding garrison was somewhat cheered by the arrival of Capt. Wells, with 15 friendly Miamis. Capt. Wells heard at Fort Wayne of the order to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and knowing the hostile intentions of the Indians, made a rapid march through the wilderness to protect, if possible, his niece, Mrs. Heald, and the officers and the garrison from certain destruction. But he came too late. Every means for its defense had been destroyed the night before, and arrangements were made for leaving the fort on the following morning. The fatal morning of the 16th at length dawned brightly on the world. The sun shone in unclouded splendor upon the glassy waters of Lake Michigan. At 9 a. m., the party moved out of the south- ern gate of the fort, in military array. The band, feeling the solem- nity of the occasion, struck up the Dead March in Saul. Capt. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 63 Wells, with his face blackened after the manner of the Indians, led the advance guard at the head of his friendly Miamis, the garrison with loaded arms, the baggage wagons with the sick, and the women and children following, while the Pottawatomie Indians, about 500 in number, who had pledged their honor to escort the whites in safety to Fort Wayne, brought up the rear. The party took the road along the lake shore. On reaching the range of sand-hills separating the beach from the prairie, about one mile and a half- from the fort, the Indians defiled to the right into the prairie, bring ing the sand-hills between them and the whites. This divergence was scarcely effected when Capt. Wells, who had kept in advance with his Indians, rode furiously back and exclaimed, "They are about to attack us. Form instantly and charge upon them!" These words were scarcely uttered before a volley of balls from Indian muskets was poured in upon them. The troops were hastily formed into line, and charged up the bank. One veteran of 70 fell as they ascended. The Indians were driven back to the prairie, and then the battle was waged by 54 soldiers, 12 civilians, and three or four women — the cowardly JVFiamis having fled at the outset — against 500 Indian warriors. The whites behaved gallantly, and sold their lives dearly. They fought desperately until two-thirds of their number were slain; the remaining 27 surrendered. And now the most sickening and heart-rending butchery of this calam- itous day was committed by a young savage, who assailed one of the baggage wagons containing 12 children, every one of which fell beneath his murderous tomahawk. When Capt. Wells, who with the others had become prisoner, beheld this scene at a distance, he exclaimed in a tone loud enough to be heard by the savages, " If this be your game, I can kill too;" and turning his horse, started for the place where the Indians had left their squaws and children. The Indians hotly pursued, but he avoided their deadly bullets for a time. Soon his horse was killed and he severely wounded. With a yell the young braves rushed to make him their prisoner and re- serve him for torture. But an enraged warrior stabbed him in the back, and he fell dead. His heart was afterwards taken out, cut in pieces and distributed among the tribes. Billy Caldwell, a half- breed Wyandot, well-known in Chicago long afterward, buried his remains the next day. Wells street in Chicago, perpetuates his memory. 64 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. In this fearful combat women bore a conspicuous part. A wife of one of the soldiers, who had frequently heard that the Indians subjected their prisoners to tortures worse than death, resolved not to be taken alive, and continued fighting until she was literally cut to pieces. Mrs. Heald was an excellent equestrian, and an expert in the use of the rifle. She fought bravely, receiving several wounds. Though faint from loss of blood, she managed to keep in her saddle. A savage raised his tomahawk to kill her, when she looked him full in the face, and with a sweet smile and gentle voice said, in his own language, " Surely you will not kill a squaw." The arm of of the savage fell, and the life of this heroic woman was saved. Mrs. Helm had an encounter with a stalwart Indian, who attempted to tomahawk her. Springing to one side, she received the glancing blow on her shoulder, and at the same time she seized the savage round the neck and endeavored to get his seal ping-knife which hung in a sheath at his breast. While she was thus struggling, she was dragged from his grasp by another and an older Indian. The latter bore her, struggling and resisting, to the lake and plunged her in. She soon perceived it was not his intention to drown her, because he held her in such a position as to keep her head out of the water. She recognized him to be a celebrated chief called Black Partridge. When the firing ceased she was conducted up the sand-bank. SLACGHTEE OF TRISONERS. The prisoners were taken back to the Indian camp, when a new scene of horror was enacted. The wounded not being included in the terms of /the surrender, as it was interpreted by the Indians, and the British general, Proctor, having offered a liberal bounty for American scalps, nearly all the wounded were killed and scalped, and the price of the trophies was afterwards paid by the British general. In the stipulation of surrender, Capt. Heald had not particularly mentioned the wounded. These helpless sufferers, on reaching the Indian camp, were therefore regarded by the brutal savages as fit subjects upon which to display their cruelty and satisfy their desire for blood. Keferring to the terrible butchery of the prisoners, in an account given by Mrs. Helm, she says: "An old squaw, infuriated by the loss of friends or excited by the sanguin- ary scenes around her, seemed possessed of demoniac fury. She seized a stable-fork and assaulted one miserable victim, who lay HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 65 groaning and writhing in the agonies of his wounds, aggravated by the scorching beams of the sun. With a delicacy of feeling, scarcely to have been expected under such circumstances, Wan-bee-nee-wan stretched a mat across two poles, between me and this dreadful scene. I was thus spared, in some degree, a view of its horrors, although I could not entirely close my ears to the cries of the sufferer. The following night live more of the wounded prisoners were toma- hawked." KINZIE FAMILY SAVED. That evening, about sundown, a council of chiefs was held to decide the fate of the prisoners, and it was agreed to deliver them OLD KINZIE HOUSE. to the British commander at Detroit. After dark, many warriors from a distance came into camp, who were thirsting for blood, and were determined to murder the prisoners regardless of the terms of surrender. Black Partridge, with a few of his friends, surrounded Kinzie's house to protect the inmates from the tomahawks of the bloodthirsty savages. Soon a band of hostile warriors rushed by them into the house, and stood with tomahawks and scalping-knives, awaiting the signal from their chief to commence the work of death. 66 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Black Partridge said to Mrs. Kinzie: "We are doing everything in our power to save you, but all is now lost; you and your friends, together with all the prisoners of the camp, will now be slain," At that moment a canoe was heard approaching the shore, when Black Partridge ran down to the river, trying in the darkness to make out the new comers, and at the same time shouted, "Who are you?" In the bow of the approaching canoe stood a tall, manly personage, with a rifle in his hand. He jumped ashore exclaiming, " I am Sau-ga-nash." " Then make all speed to the house; our friends are in danger, and you only can save them." It was Billy Caldwell, the half-breed Wyandot. He hurried forward, entered the house with a resolute step, deliberately removed his accouterments, placed his rifle behind the door, and saluted the Indians: " How now, my friends! a good day to you. I was told there were enemies here, but am glad to find only friends." Diverted by the coolness of his manner, they were ashamed to avow their murderous purpose, and simply asked for some cotton goods to wrap their dead, for burial. And thus, by his presence of mind, Caldwell averted the murder of the Kinzie family and the prisoners. The latter, with their wives and children, were dispersed among the Pottawatomie tribes along the Illinois, Rock and Wabash rivers, and some to Milwaukee. The most of them were ransomed at Detroit the following spring. A part of them, however, remained in captivity another year. EXPEDITION AGAINST THE INDIANS. By the middle of August, through the disgraceful surrender of Gen. Hull, at Detroit, and the evacuation of Fort Dearborn and massacre of its garrison, the British and Indians were in possession of the whole Northwest. The savages, emboldened by their successes, penetrated deeper into the settlements, committing great depre- dations. The activity and success of the enemy aroused the people to a realization of the great danger their homes and families were in. Gov. Edwards collected a force of 350 men at Camp Russell, and Capt. Russell came from Yincennes with about 50 more. Being oflicered and equipped, they proceeded about the middle of October on horseback, carrying with them 20 days' rations, to Peoria. Capt. Craig was sent with two boats up the Illinois, with provisions and tools to build a fort. The little army proceeded to Peoria Lake, where was located a Pottawatomie village. They arrived late HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 67 at night, within a few miles of the village, without their presence being known to the Indians. Four men were sent out that night to reconnoiter the position of the village. The four brave men who volunteered for this perilous service were Thomas Carlin (after- ward Governor), and Robert, Stephen and Davis Whiteside. Thej proceeded to the village, and explored it and the approaches to it thoroughly, without starting an Indian or provoking the bark of a dog. The low lands between the Indian village and the troops were covered with a rank growth of tall grass, eo highland dense as to readily conceal an Indian on horseback, until within a few feet of him. The ground had become still more yielding by recent rains, rendering it almost impassable by mounted men. To prevent de- tection, the soldiers had camped without lighting the usual camp- fires. The men lay down in their cold and cheerless camp, with many misgivings. They well remembered how the skulking sav- ages fell upon Harrison's men at Tippecanoe during the night. To add to their fears, a gun in the hands of a soldier was carelessly discharged, raising great consternation in the camp. AN INDIAN KILLED. Through a dense fog which prevailed the following morning, the army took up its line of march for the Indian town, Capt. Judy with his corps of spies in advance. In the tall grass they came up with an Indian and his squaw, both mounted. The Indian wanted to surrender, but Judy observed that he "did not leave home to take prisoners,^' and instantly shot one of them. With the blood streaming from his mouth and nose, and in his agony " singing the death song," the dying Indian raised his gun, shot and mortally wounded a Mr. Wright, and in a few minutes expired. Many guns were immediately discharged at the other Indian, not then known to be a squaw, all of which missed her. Badly scared, and her hus- band killed by her side, tlie agonizing wails of the squaw were heart-rending. She was taken prisoner, and afterwards restored to her nation. TOWN BURNED. On nearing the town a general charge was made, the Indians fleeing to the interior wilderness. Some of their warriors made a stand, when a sharp engagement occurred, but the Indians were routed. In their flight they left behind all their winter's store of 68 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. provisions, which was tcaken, and their town burned. Some Indian children were found wlio had been left in 1 he hurried flight, also some disabled adults, one of whom was in a starving condition and with a voracious appetite partook of the bread given him. He is said to have been killed bj a cowardly trooper straggling behind, after the main army had resumed its retrograde march, who wanted to be able to boast that he had killed an Indian. About the time Gov. Edwards started with his little band against the Indians, Gen. Hopkins, with 2,000 Kentucky riflemen, left Vincennes to cross the prairies of Illinois and destroy the Indian villages along the Illinois river. Edwards, with his rangers, ex- pected to act in concert with Gen. Hopkins' riflemen. After marching 80 or 90 miles into the enemy's country. Gen. Hopkins' men became dissatisfied, and on Oct. 20 the entire army turned and retreated homeward before even a foe had been met. After the victory of the Illinois rangers they heard nothing of Gen. Hopkins and his 2,000 mounted Kentucky riflemen ; and apprehensive that a laro-e force of warriors would be speedily collected, it was -deemed prudent not to protract their stay, and accordingly the retrograde march was commenced the very day of the attack. PEOKIA BUENED. The force of Capt. Craig, in charge of the provision boats, was not idle during this time. They proceeded to Peoria, where they were fired on by ten Indians during the night, who immediately fled. Capt. Craig discovered, at daylight, their tracks leading up into the French town. He inquired of the French their where- abouts, who denied all knowledge of them, and said they " had heard or seen nothing; " but he took the entire number prisoners, burned and destroyed Peoria, and bore the captured inhabitants away on his boats to a point below the present city of Alton, where he landed and left them in the woods, — men, women, and children, — in the inclement month of November, without shelter, and without food other than the slender stores they had themselves gathered up before their departure. They found their way to St. Louis in an almost starving condition. The burning of Peoria and taking its inhabitants prisoners, on the mere suspicion that they sympathized with the Indians, was generally regarded as a needless, if not wanton, act of military power. PONTIAC. THE OTTAWA CHIEF. mSTOEY OF ILLINOIS. 71 SECOND EXPEDITION AGAINST THE INDIANS. In the early part of 1813, the country was put in as good defense as the sparse population admitted. In spite of the precaution taken, numerous depredations .and murders were committed by the In- dians, which again aroused the whites, and another expedition was sent against the foe, who had collected in large numbers in and around Peoria. This army was composed of about 900 men, collect- ed from both Illinois and Missouri, and under command of Gen. Howard. They marched across the broad prairies of Illinois to Peoria, where there was a small stockade in charge of United States troops. Two days previously the Indians made an attack od the fort, but were repulsed. Being in the enemy's country, knowing their stealthy habits, and the troops at no time observing a high de- gree of discipline, many unnecessary night alarms occurred, yet the enemy were far away. The army marched up the lake to Chili- cothe, burning on its way two deserted villages. At the present site of Peoria the troops remained in camp several weeks. While there they built a fort, which they named in honor of Gen, George Rogers Clark, who with his brave Virginians wrested Illinois from the English during the Revolutionary struggle. This fort was de- stroyed by fire in 1818, It gave a name to Peoria which it wore for several years. After the building of Fort Crevecoeur, in 1680, Peo- ria lake was very familiar to Western travel and history; but there is no authentic account of a permanent Eiu'opean settlement there until 1778, when Laville de Meillet, named after its founder, was started. Owing to the quality of the water and its greater salu- brity, the location was changed to the present site of Peoria, and by 1796 the old had been entirely abandoned for the new village. After its destruction in 1812 it was not settled again until 1819, and then by American pioneers, though in 1813 Fort Clark was built there. EXPEDITION UP THE MISSISSIPPI. The second campaign against the Indians at Peoria closed with- out an engagement, or even a sight of the enemy, yet great was the benefit derived from it. It showed to the Indians the power and resources of his white foe. Still the calendar of the horrible deeds of butchery of the following year is long and bloody. A joint ex- pedition again moved against the Indians in 1814, under Gov. 7iJ HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Clark of Missouri. This time tliej went up the Mississippi in barges, Prairie du Cliien being the point of destination. There they found a small garrison of British troops, which, however, soon fled, as did the inhabitants, leaving Clark in full possession. He im- mediately set to work and erected Fort Shelby. The Governor returned to St. Louis, leaving his men in peaceable possession of the place, but a large force of British and Indians came down upon them, and the entire garrison surrendered. In the mean time Gen. Howard sent 108 men to strengthen the garrison. Of this number 66 were Illinois rangers, under Capts. Rector and Riggs, who oc- cupied two boats. The remainder were with Lieut. Campbell. A DESPERATE FIGHT. At Rock Island Campbell was warned to turn back, as an attack was contemplated. The other boats passed on up the river and were some two miles ahead when Campbell's barge was struck by a strong gale which forced it against a small island near the Illinois shore. Thinking it best to lie to till the wind abated, sentinels were stationed while the men went ashore to cook breakfast. At this time a large number of Indians on the ,.iain shore under Black Hawk commenced an attack. The savages in canoes passed rapidly to the island, and with a war-whoop rushed upon the men, who retreated and sought refuge in the barge. A battle of brisk musketry now ensued between the few regulars aboard the stranded barge and the hordes of Indians under cover of trees on the island, with severe loss to the former. Meanwhile Capt. Rector and Riggs, ahead with their barges, seeing the smoke of battle, attempted to return; but in the strong gale Riggs' boat became unmanageable and was stranded on the rapids. Rector, to avoid a similar disaster, let go his anchor. The rangers, however, opened with good aim and telling effect upon the savages. The unequal combat having raged for some time and about closing, the commander's barge, with many wounded and several dead on board, — among the former of whom, very badly, was Campbell himself, — was discovered to be on fire. Now Rector and his brave Illinois rangers, comprehending the horrid situation, performed, without delay, as cool and heroic a deed — and did it well — as ever imperiled the life of mortal man. In the howling gale, in full view of hundreds of infuriated savages, and within range of their rifles, they deliberately raised anchor, HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. T3 lightened their barge by casting overboard quantities of provisions, and guided it with the utmost labor down the swift current, to the windward of the burning barge, and under the galling fire of the enemy rescued all the survivors, and removed the wounded and dying to their vessel. This was a deed of noble daring and as heroic as any performed during the war in the "West. Rector hur- ried with his over-crowded vessel to St. Louis. It was now feared that Riggs and his company were captured and sacrificed by the savages. His vessel, which was strong and well armed, was for a time surrounded by the Indians, but the whites on the inside were well sheltered. The wind becoming allayed in the evening, the boat, under cover of the night, glided safely down the river without the loss of a single man. STILL ANOTHER EXPEDITION. Notwithstanding the disastrous termination of the two expedi- tions already sent out, during the year 1814, still another was pro- jected. It was under Maj, Zachary Taylor, afterward President. Rector and Whiteside, with the Illinoisan, were in command of boats. The expedition passed Rock Island unmolested, when it was learned the country was not only swarming with Indians, but that the English were there in command with a detachment of regu- lars and artillery. The advanced boats in command of Rector, White- side and Hempstead, turned about and began to descend the rapids, fighting with great gallantry the hordes of the enemy, who were pouring their fire into them from the shore at every step. Near the mouth of Rock river Maj. Taylor anchored his fleet out in the Mississippi. During the nigjht the English planted a battery of six pieces down at the water's edge, to sink or disable the boats, and filled the islands with red-skins to butcher the whites, who might, unarmed, seek refuge there. But in this scheme they were frustrated. In the morning Taylor ordered all the force, except 20 boatmen on each vessel, to the upper island to dislodge the enemy. The order was executed with great gallantry, the island scoured, many of the savages killed, and the rest driven to the lower island. In the meantime the British cannon told with effect upon the fleet. The men rushed back and the boats were dropped down the stream out of range of the cannon. Capt. Rector was now ordered with his company to make a sortie on the lower island, which he did, 74 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. driving the Indians back among the willows ; but they being re-in- forced, in turn hurled Rector back upon the sand-beach. A council of officers called by Taylor had by this time decided that their force was too small to contend with the enemy, who outnumbered them three to one, and the boats were in full retreat down the river. As Rector attempted to get under way bis boat grounded, and the savages, with demoniac yells, surrounded it, when a most desperate hand-to-hand conflict ensued. The gallant ranger, Samuel Whiteside, observing the imminent peril of his brave Illinois comrade, went immediately to his rescue, who but for his timely aid would undoubtedly have been overpowered, with all his force, and murdered. Thus ended the last, like the two previous expeditions up the Mississippi during the war of 1812, in defeat and disaster. The enemy was in undisputed posession of all the country north of the Illinois river, and the prospects respecting those territories boded nothino- but gloom. With the approach of winter, however, Indian depredations ceased to be committed, and the peace of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814, closed the war. ILLINOIS AS A STATE. OKGANIZATION. In January of 1818 the Territorial Legislature forwarded to Nathaniel Pope, delegate in Congress from Illinois, a petition pray- ing for admission into the national Union as a State. On April 18th of the same year Congress passed the enabling act, and Dec. 3, after the State government had been organized and Gov. Bond had signed the Constitution, Congress by a resolution declared Illi- nois to be "one of the United States of America, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States in all respects." The ordinance of 1787 declared that there should be at least three States carved out of the Northwestern Territory. The boundaries of the three, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, were fixed by this law. Congress reserved the power, however, of forming two other States out of the territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southern boundary of Lake Michigan. It was generally conceded that this line would be the northern boundary of Illinois ; HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 75 but as this would give the State no coast on Lake Michigan; and rob her of the port of Chicago and the northern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan canal which was then contemplated, Judge Pope had the northern boundary moved fifty miles further north. BOUNDARY CHANGED. Not only is Illinois indebted to Nathaniel Pope for the port where now enter and depart more vessels during the year than in any other port in the world, for the northern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan canal, and for the lead mines at Galena, but the nation, the undivided Union, is largely indebted to him for its perpetuity. It was he, — his foresight, statesmanship and energy, — that bound our confederated Union with bands of iron that can never be broken. The geographical position of Illinois, with her hundreds of miles of water-courses, is such as to make her the key to the grand arch of Northern and Southern States. Extending from the great chain of lakes on the north, with snow and ice of the arctic region, to the cotton-fields of Tennessee ; peopled, as it is, by almost all races, classes and conditions of the human family ; guided by the various and diversified political, agricultural, religious and educational teachings common to both North and South,— Illinois can control, and has controlled, the destinies of our united and beloved republic. Pope seemingly foresaw that a struggle to dissolve the Union would be made. With a prophetic eye he looked down the stream of time for a half century and saw the great conflict between the South and North, caused by a determination to dissolve the confederation of States; and to preserve the Union, he gave to Illinois a lake coast. Gov. Ford, in his History of Illinois, written in 1847, while speaking of this change of boundary and its iiifluence upon our nation, says: "What, then, was the duty of the national Government? Illinois was certain to be a great State, with any boundaries which that Government could give. Its great extent of territory, its unrivaled fertility of soil and capacity for sustaining a dense population, together with its commanding position, would in course of time give the new State a very controlling influence with her sister States situated upon the Western rivers, either in sustaining the federal Union as it is, or in dissolving it and establishing new gov- ernments. If left entirely upon the waters of these great rivers, it 76 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. was plain that, in case of threatened disruption, the interest of the new State would be to join a Southern and Western confederacy; but if a large portion of it could be made dependent upon the com- merce and navigation of the great northern lakes, connected as they are with the Eastern States, a rival interest would be created to check the wish for a Western and Southern confederacy. " It therefore became the duty of the national Government not only to make Illinois strong, but to raise an interest inclining and binding her to the Eastern and Northern portions of the Union. This could be done only through an interest in the lakes. At that time the commerce on the lakes was small, but its increase was con- fidently expected, and, indeed, it has exceeded all anticipations, and is yet only in its infancy. To accomplish this object effectually, it was not only necessary to give to Illinois the port of Chicago and a route for the canal, but a considerable coast on Lake Michigan, with a country back of it sufficiently extensive to contain a popu- lation caj)able of exerting a decided influence upon the councils of the State. " There would, therefore, be a large commerce of the north, west- ern and central portion of the State afloat on the lakes, for it was then foreseen that the canal would be made; and this alone would be like turning one of the many mouths of the Mississippi into Lake Michigan at Chicago. A very large commerce of the center and south would be found both upon the lakes and rivers. Asso- ciations in business, in interest, and of friendship would be formed, both with the North and the Soutli. A State thus situated, having such a decided interest in the commerce, and in the preservation of the whole confederacy, can never consent to disunion; for the Union cannot be dissolved without a division and disruption of the State itself. These views, urged by Judge Pope, obtained the unquali- fied assent of the statesmen of 1818. " These facts and views are worthy to be recorded in history as a standing and perpetual call upon lUinoisans of every age to remember the great trust which has been reposed in them, as the peculiar champions and guardians of the Union by the great men and patriot sages who adorned and governed this country in the earlier and better days of the Republic." During the dark and trying days of the Rebellion, well did she remember this sacred trust, to protect which two hundred thousand HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 77 of her sons went to the bloody field of battle, crowning their arms with the laurels of war, and keeping inviolate the solemn obliga- tions bequeathed to 'them by their fathers. FIRST CONSTITUTION. In July and August of 1818 a convention was held at Kaskaskia for the purpose of drafting a constitution. This constitution was not submitted to a vote of the people for their approval or rejection, it being well known that they would approve it. It was about the first organic law of any State in the Union to abolish imprisonment for debt. The first election under the constitution was held on the third Thursday and the two succeeding days in September, 1818. Shadrach Bond was elected Governor, and Pierre Menard Lieuten- ant Governor. Their term of office extended four years. At this time che State was divided into fifteen counties, the population being about 40,000. Of this number by far the larger portion were from the Southern States. The salary of the Governor was $1,000, while that of the Treasurer was $500. The Legislature re-enacted, ver- batim, the Territorial Code, the penalties of which were unneces- sarily severe. Whipping, stocks and pillory were used for minor offenses, and for arson, rape, horse-stealing, etc., death by hanging was the penalty. These laws, however, were modified in 1821. The Legislature first convened at Kaskaskia, the ancient seat of empire for more than one hundred and fifty years, both for the French and Americans. Provisions were made, however, for the removal of the seat of government by this Legislature. A place in the wilderness on the Kaskaskia river was selected and named Yandalia. From Yandalia it was removed to Springfield in the year 1837. DERIVATION OF THE NAME ILLINOIS. The name of this beautiful "Prairie State" is derived from Illini, an Indian word signifying superior men. It has a French termination, and is a symbol of the manner in which the two races, the French and Indians, were intermixed during the early history of the country. The appellation was no doubt well applied to the primitive inhabitants of the soil, whose prowess in savage warfare long withstood the combined attacks of the fierce Iroquois on the one side, and the no less savao^e and relentless Sacs and Foxes on the other. The Illinois were once a powerful confederacy, occupying the most beautiful and fertile region in the great valley of the 78 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Mississippi, which their enemies coveted and struggled long and hard to wrest from them. Bj the fortunes of war they were dimin- ished in number and finally destroyed. " Starved Rock," on the Illinois river, according to tradition, commemorates their last trag- edy, where, it is said, the entire tribe starved rather than surrender. The low cognomen of " Sucker," as applied to lUinoisans, is said to have had its origin at the Galena lead mines. In an early day, when these extensive mines were being worked, men would run up the Mississippi river in steamboats in the spring, work the lead mines, and in the fall return, thus establishing, as was supposed, a sim- ilitude between their migratory habits and those of the fishy tribe called "Suckers." For this reason the Illinoisans have ever since been distinguished by the epithet " Suckers." Those who stayed at the mines over winter were mostly from Wisconsin, and were called " Badgers." One spring the Missourians poured into the mines in such numbers that the State was said to have taken a puke, and the offensive appellation of " Pukes " was afterward applied to all Missourians. The southern part of the State, known as "Egypt," received this appellation because, being older, better settled and cultivated, grain was had in greater abundance than in the central and northern por- tion, and the immigrants of this region, after the manner of the children of Israel, went " thither to buy and to bring from thence that they might live and not die." STATE BANE. The Legislature, during the latter years of territorial existence, granted charters to several banks. The result was that paper money became very abundant, times flush, and credit unlimited; and every- body invested to the utmost limit of his credit, with confident expectation of realizing a handsome advance before the expiration of his credit, from the throng of immigrants then pouring into the country. By 1819 it became apparent that a day of reckoning would aj)proach before their dreams of fortune could be realized. Banks everywhere began to waver, paper money became depreci- ated, and gold and silver driven out of the country. The Legisla- ture sought to bolster up the times by incorporating the " Bank of Illinois," which, with several branches, was created by the ses- sion of 1821. This bank, being wholly supported by the credit of the State, was to issue one, two, three, five, ten and twenty-dollar HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 79 notes. It was the duty of the bank to advance, upon personal prop- erty, money to the amount of $100, and a larger amount upon real estate. All taxes and public salaries could be paid in such bills; and if a creditor refused to take them, he had to wait three years longer before he could collect his debt. The people imagined that simply because the government had issued the notes, they would remain at par; and altliough this evidently could not be the case, they were yet so infatuated with their project as actually to request the United States government to receive them in payment for their public lands! Although there were not wanting men who, like John McLean, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, fore- saw the dangers and evils likely to arise from the creation of such a bank, by far the greater part of the people were in favor of it. The new bank was therefore started. The new issue of bills by the bank of course only aggravated the evil, heretofore so grievously felt, of the absence of specie, so that the people were soon com- pelled to cut their bills in halves and quarters, in order to make small change in trade. Finally the paper currency so rapidly depre- ciated that three dollars in these bills were considered worth only one in specie, and the State not only did not increase its revenue, but lost full two-thirds of it, and expended three times the amount required to pay the expenses of the State government. Lafayette's visit. In the spring of 1825 the brave and generous LaFayette visited Illinois, accepting the earnest invitation of the General Assembly, and an aifectionately written letter of Gov. Cole's, who had formed his personal acquaintance in France in 1817. The General in reply said: " It has been my eager desire, and it is now my earnest inten- tion, to visit the Western States, and particularly the State of Illi- nois. The feelings which your distant welcome could not fail to excite have increased that patriotic eagerness to admire on that blessed spot the happy and rapid results of republican institutions, public and domestic virtues. I shall, after the 22d of February (anniversary day), leave here for a journey to the Southern States, and from New Orleans to the "Western States, so as to return to Boston on the 14th of June, when the corner-stone of the Bunker Hill monument is to be laid, — a ceremonv sacred to the whole Union and in which I have been engaged to act a peculiar and honorable part." 80 HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. General LaFajette and suite, attended by a large delegation of prominent citizens of Missouri, made a visit by the steamer Natcb. ez to the ancient town of Kaskaskia. No military parade was attempted, but a multitude of patriotic citizens made him welcome. A reception was held, Gov. Cole delivering a glowing address of welcome. During the progress of a grand ball held that night, a very interesting interview took place between the honored General and an Indian squaw whose father had served under him in the Eevolutionary war. The squaw, learning that the great white chief was to be at Kaskaskia on that night, had ridden all day, from early dawn till sometime in the night, from her distant home, to see the man whose name had been so often on her father's tongue, and with which she was so familiar. In identification of her claim to his distinguished acquaintance, she brought with her an old, worn letter which the General had written to her father, and which the Indian chief had preserved with great care, and finally bequeathed on his death-bed to his daughter as the most precious legacy he had to leave her. By 12 o'clock at night Gen. LaFayette returned to his boat and started South. The boat was chartered by the State. EA.ELT GOVERNORS. In the year 1822 the term of ofiice of the first Governor, Shadrach Bond, expired. Two parties sprung up at this time, — one favorable, the other hostile, to the introduction of slaver}^, each proposing a candidate of its own for Governor. Both parties worked hard to secure the election of their respective candidates ; but the people at large decided, as they ever have been at heart, in favor of a free State. Edward Coles, an anti-slavery man, was elected, although a majority of the Legislature were opposed to him. The subject of principal interest during his administration was to make Illinois a slave State. The greatest effort was made in 1S24, and the propo- sition was defeated at the polls by a majority of 1,800. The aggre- gate vote polled was 11,612, l)eing about 6,000 larger than at the previous State election. African slaves were first introduced into Illinois in 1Y20 by Renault, a Frenchman. Senator Duncan, afterward Governor, presented to the Legisla- ture of 1824-5 a bill for the support of schools by a public tax; and WiUiam S. Hamilton presented another bill requiring a tax to be HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 81 nsed for the purpose of constructing and repairing the roads, — both of which bills passed and became laws. But although these laws conferred an incalculable benetit upon the public, the very name of a tax was so odious to the people that, rather than pay a tax of the smallest possible amount, they preferred working as they formerly did, five days during the year on the roads, and would allow their children to grow up without any instruction at all. Consequently both laws were abolished in 1826. In the year 1826 the office of Governor became again vacant. Ninian Edwards, Adolphus F. Hubbard and Thomas C. Sloe were candidates. Edwards, though the successful candidate, had made himself many enemies by urging strict inquiries to be made into the corruption of the State bank, so that had it not been for his talents and noble personal appearance, he would most probably not have been elected. Hubbard was a man of but little personal merit. Of him tradition has preserved, among other curious sayings, a speech on a bill granting a bounty on wolf-scalps. This speech, delivered before the Legislature, is as follows: "Mr. Speaker, I rise before the question is put on this bill, to say a word for my constit- uents. Mr. Speaker, I have never seen a wolf. I cannot say that I am very well acquainted with the nature and habits of wolves. Mr. Speaker, I have said that I had never seen a wolf; but now I remember that once on a time, as Judge Brown and I were riding across the Bonpas prairie, we looked over the prairie about three miles, and Judge Brown said, ' Hubbard, look! there goes a wolf; ' and I looked, and 1 looked, and I looked, and I said, 'Judge, where?' and he said, 'There!' And I looked again, and this time in the edge of a hazel thicket, about three miles across the prairie, I think I saw the wolf's tail. Mr. Speaker, if I did not see a wolf that time, I think I never saw one; but I have heard much, and read more, about this animal. I have studied his natural history. "By the bye, history is divided into two parts. There is first the history of the fabulous; and secondly, of the non-fabulous, or unknown age. Mr. Speaker, from all these sources of information I learn that the wolf is a very noxious animal ; that he goes prowl- ing about, seeking something to devour; that he rises up in the dead and secret hours of night, when all nature reposes in silent oblivion, and then commits the most terrible devastation upon the rising generation of hogs and sheep. 82 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. " Mr, Speaker, I have done ; and I return my thanks to the house for their kind attention to my remarks." Gov. Edwards was a large and well-made man, with a noble, princely appearance. Of him Gov. Ford says: "Ke never con- descended to the common low art of electioneering. Whenever he went out among the people he arrayed himself in the style of a gentleman of the olden time, dressed in fine broadcloth, with short breeches, long stockings, and high, fair- topped boots; was drawn in a fine carriage driven by a negro; and for success he relied upon his speeches, which were delivered in great pomp and in style of diffuse and florid eloquence. When he was inaugurated in 1826, he appeared before the General Assembly wearing a golden-laced cloak, and with great pomp pronounced his first message to the houses of the Legislature." GRAMMAR AND COOK CONTRASTED. Demagogism had an early development. One John Grammar, who was elected to the Territorial Legislature in 1816, and held the position for about twenty years, invented the policy of opposing every new thing, saying, " If it succeeds, no one will ask who voted against it: if it proves a failure, he could quote its record." When first honored with a seat in the Assembly, it is said that he lacked the apparel necessary for a member of the Legislature, and in order to procure them he and his sons gathered a large quantity of hazel-nuts, which were taken to the Ohio Saline and sold for cloth to make a coat and pantaloons. The cloth was the blue strouding commonly used by the Indians. The neighboring women assembled to make up the garments; the cloth was measured every way, — across, lengthwise, and from corner to corner,— and still was found to be scant. It was at last con- cluded to make a very short, bob-tailed coat and a long pair of leg- gins, which being finished, Mr. Grammar started for the State capital. In sharp contrast with Grammar was the character of D. P. Cook, in honor of whom Cook county was named. Such was his transparent integrity and remarkable ability that his will was almost the law of the State. In Congress, a young man and from a poor State, he was made Chairman of the Ways and Means Com- mittee. He was pre-eminent for standing by his committee, regard- less of consequences. It was his integrity that elected John Quincy HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 83 Adams to the Presidency. There were four candidates in 1824, Jackson, Clay, Crawford and Adams. There being no choice by the people, the election was thrown into the House. It was so bal- anced that it turned on his vote, and that he cast for Adams, elect- ing him. He then came home to face the wrath of the Jackson party in Illinois. The first mail route in the State was established in 1805. This was from Vincennes to Cahokia. In 182-1 there was a direct mail route from Yandalia to Springfield. The first route irom the central part of the State to Chicago was established in 1832, from Shelby- ville. The difliculties and dangers encountered by the early mail carriers, in time of Indian troubles, were very serious. The bravery and ingenious devices of Harry Milton are mentioned with special commendation. When a boy, in 1812, he conveyed the mail on a wild French pony from Shawneetown to St. Louis, over swollen streams and through the enemy's country. So infrequent and irregular were the communications by mail a great part of the time, that to-day, even the remotest part of the United States is unable to appreciate it by example. The first newspaper published in Illinois was the Illinois Herald, established at Kaskaskia by Mathew Duncan. There is some va- riance as to the exact time of its establisliment. Gov. Reynolds claimed it was started in 1809. Wm. H. Brown, afterwards its editor, gives the date as 1814. In 1831 the criminal code was first adapted to penitentiary pun- ishment, ever since which time the old system of whipping and pillory for the punishment of criminals has been disused. There was no legal rate of interest till 1830. Previously the rate often reached as high as 150 per cent., but was usually 50 per cent. Then it was reduced to 12, then to 10, and lastly to 8 per cent. INDIAN TEOUBLES. WINNEBAGO WAR. The Indians, who for some years were on peaceful terras with the whites, became troublesome in 1827. The Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes and other tribes had been at war for more than a hun- dred years. In the summer of 1827 a war party of the "Winnebagoes surprised a party of Chippewas and killed eight of them. Four 84: HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. of the murderers were arrested and delivered to the Chippewas, by whom they were immediately shot. This was the first irritation of the Winnebagoes. Red Bird, a chief of this tribe, in order to avenge the execution of the four warriors of his own people, attacked the Chippewas, but was defeated; and being determined to satisfy his thirst for revenge by some means, surprised and killed several white men. Upon receiving intelligence of these murders, the whites who were working the lead mines in the vicinity of Galena formed a body of volunteers, and, re-inforced by a company of United States troops, marched into the country of the Winnebagoes. To save their nation from the miseries of war, E,ed Bird and six other men of his nation voluntarily surrendered themselves. Some of the number were executed, some of them imprisoned and destined, like Red Bird, ingloriously to pine away within the narrow confines of a jail, when formerly the vast forests had proven too limited for them. JOHN REYNOLDS ELECTED GOVERNOR. In August, 1S30, another gubernatorial election was held. The candidates were William Kinney, then Lieutenant Governor, and John Reynolds, formerly an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, both Jackson Democrats. The opposition brought forward no can- didate, as they were in a helpless minority. Reynolds was the successful candidate, and under his administration was the famous BLACK HAWK WAR. In the year of 1804 a treaty was concluded between the United States and the chiefs of the Sac and Fox nations. One old chief of the Sacs, however, called Black Hawk, who had fought with great bravery in the service of Great Britain during the war of 1812, had always taken exceptions to this treaty, pronouncing it void. In 1831 he established himself, with a chosen band of warriors, upon the dis- puted territory, ordering the whites to leave the country at once. The settlers complaining, Gov. Reynolds dispatched Gen. Gaines, with a company of regulars and 1,500 volunteers, to the scene of action. Taking the Indians by surprise, the troops burnt their villages and forced them to conclude a treaty, by which they ceded all lands east of the Mississippi, and agreed to remain on the western side of the river. Necessity forced the proud spirit of Black Hawk into submission, which made him more than ever determined to be BLACK HAWK, THE SAC CHIEF. HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 87 avenged upoi: his enemies. Having rallied around him the warlike braves of the Sac, and Fox nations, he crossed the Mississippi in the spring of lo32. Upon hearing of the invasion, Gov. Reynolds hastily collect.- ' a body of 1,800 volunteers, placing them under the command >i iJiig-Gen. Samuel Whiteside. stillman's run. The army marched to the Mississippi, and having reduced to ashes the Indian village known as ''Prophet's Town,'' proceeded for several miles up the river to Dixon, to join the regular forces under Gen. Atkinson. They found at Dixon two companies of volunteers, who, sigliing for glory, were dispatched to reconnoiter the enemy. They advanced under command of Maj. Stillman, to a creek afterwards called "Stillman's run;" and while encamping there saw a party of mounted Indians at the distance of a mile. Several of Silllman's party mounted their horses and charged the Indians, killing three of them; but, attacked by the main body under Black Ilawk, they were routed, and by their precipitate flight spread such a panic through the camp that the whole company ran off to Dixon as fast as their legs could carry them. On their arrival it was found that there had been eleven killed. The party came s':;iggling into camp all night long, four or five at a time, each sqiM i positive that all who were left behind were massacred. It is fa.ii 1 that a big, tall Kentuckian, with a loud voice, who was a coloirji !;f the militia but a private with Stillman, upon. his arrival in ca.r.'- gave to Gen. Whiteside and the wondering multi- tude the foil'/.. ins: o-lowins: and bombastic account of the battle: "Sirs," sai'l lie, "our detachment was encamped among some scat- tering timber on the north side of Old Man's creek, with the prairie from the north gently sloping down to our encampment. It was just after twiliglit, in the gloaming of the evening, when we dis- covered Black Hawk's army coming down upon us in solid column; they displayed in the form of a crescent upon the brow of the prai- rie, and such accuracy and precision of military movements were never witnessed by tnan; they were equal to the best troops of Wellington in Spain. . have said that the Indians came down in solid columns, and dis;>layed in the form of a crescent; and what was most wonderful, there were large squares of cavalry resting upon the points of the curve, which squares were supported again by 88 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. other columns fifteen deep, extending back through the woods and over a swamp three-quarters of a mile, which again rested on the main body of Black Hawk's army bivouacked upon the banks of the Kishwakee. It was a terrible and a glorious sight to see the tawny warriors as they rode along our flanks attempting to outflank us, with the glittering moonbeams glistening from their polished blades and burnished spears. It was a sight well calculated to strike con- sternation in the stoutest and boldest heart; and accordingly our men soon began to break in small squads, for tall timber. In a very little time the rout became general, the Indians were soon upon our flanks and threatened the destruction of our entire detach- ment. About this time Maj. Stillman, Col. Stephenson, Maj. Perkins, Capt. Adams, Mr. Hackelton, and myself, with some others, threw ourselves into the rear to rally the fugitives and pro- tect the retreat. But in a short time all my companions fell bravely fighting hand-to-hand with the savage enemy, and I alone was left upon the field of battle. About this time I discovered not far to the left a corps of horsemen which seemed to be in tolerable order. I immediately deployed to the left, when, leaning down and placing my body in a recumbent posture upon the mane of my horse so as to bring the heads of the horsemen between my eye and the horizon, I discovered by the light of the moon that they were gentlemen who did not wear hats, by which token I knew they were no friends of mine. I therefore made a retrogade movement and recovered my position, where I remained some time meditating what further I could do in the service of my country, when a ran- dom ball came whistling by my ear and plainly whispered to me, ' Stranger, you have no further business here.' Upon hearing this I followed the example of my companions in arras, and broke for tall timber, and the way I ran was not a little." For a long time afterward Maj. Stillnan and his men were sub- jects of ridicule and merriment, which was as undeserving as their expedition was disastrous. Stillman's defeat spread consternation throughout the State and nation. The number of Indians was greatly exaggerated, and the name of Black Hawk carried with it associations of great military talent, savage cunning and cruelty. ASSAULT ON APPLE RIVER FORT. A regiment sent to spy out the country between Galena and Eock Island was surprised by a party of seventy Indians, and was on the HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 89 point of being thrown into disorder when Gen. Whiteside, then serving as a private, shouted out that he would shoot the first man who should turn his back to the enemy. Order being restored, the battle began. At its very outset Gen. Whiteside shot the leader of the Indians, who thereupon commenced a hasty retreat. In June, 1832, Black Hawk, with a band of 150 warriors, attack- ed the Apple River Fort, near Galena, defended by 25 men. This fort, a mere palisade of logs, was erected to afford protection to the miners. For fifteen consecutive hours the garrison had to sustain the assault of the savage enemy ; but knowing very well that no quarter would be given them, they fought with such fury and des- peration that the Indians, after losing many of their best warriors, were compelled to retreat. Another party of eleven Indians murdered two men near Fort Hamilton. They were afterwards overtaken by a company of twenty men and every one of them was killed. KOCK RIVEK EXPEDITION. A new regiment, under the command of Gen. Atkinson, assem- bled on the banks of the Illinois in the latter part of June. Maj. Dement, with a small party, was sent out to reconnoittr the move- ments of a large body of Indians, whose endeavors to surround him made it advisable for him to retire. Upon hearing of this engage- ment, Gen. Atkinson sent a detachment to intercept the Indians, while he with the main body of his army, moved north to meet the Indians under Black Hawk. They moved slowly and cautiously through the country, passed through Turtle village, and marched up along Bock river. On their arrival news was brought of the discovery of the main trail of the Indians. Considerable search was made, but they were unable to discover any vestige of Indians save two who had shot two soldiers the day previous. Hearing that Black Hawk was encamped on Bock river, at the Manitou village, they resolved at once to advance upon the enemy; but in the execution of their design they met with opposition from their officers and men. The officers of Gen. Henry handed to him a written protest; but he, a man equal to any emergency, ordered the officers to be arrested and escorted to Gen. Atkinson. Within a few minutes after the stern order was given, the officers all collected around the General's quarters, many of them with tears in their 90 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. eyes, pledging themselves that if forgiven they would return to duty and never do the like again. The General rescinded the order, and they at once resumed duty. THE BATTLE OF BAD-AXE. Gen. Henry marched on the 15th of July in pursuit of the Indians, reaching Rock river after three days' journey, where he learned Black Hawk was encamped further up the river. On July 19th the troops were ordered to commence their march. After having made fifty miles, they were overtaken by a terrible thunder- storm which lasted all night. Notliing cooled, however, in their courage and zeal, they marched again fifty miles the next dav, encamping near the place where the Indians had encamped the night before. Hurrying along as fast as they could, the infantry keeping up an equal pace with the mounted force, the troops on the morning of the 21st crossed the river connecting two of the four lakes, by which the Indians had been endeavoring to escape. They found, on their way, the ground strewn with kettles and articles of baggage, which the haste of their retreat had obliged the Indians to throw away. The troops, inspired with new ardor, advanced so rapidly that at noon they fell in with the rear guard of the Indians. Those who closely pursued them were saluted with a sudden fire of musketry by a body of Indians who had concealed them- selves in the high grass of the prairie. A most desperate charge was made upon the Indians, who, unable to resist, retreated obliquely, in order to out-flank the volunteers on the right; but the latter charged the Indians in their ambush, and expelled them from their thickets at the point of the bayonet, and dispersed them. Night set in and the battle ended, having cost the Indians 6S of their bravest men, while the loss of the Illiuoisans amounted to but one killed and 8 wounded. Soon after this battle Gens. Atkinson and Henry joined their forces and pursued the Indians. Gen. Henry struck the main trail, left his horses behind, formed an advance guard of eight men, and marched forward upon their trail. When these eio-ht men came within sight of .the river, they were suddenly fired upon and five of them killed, the remaining three maintaining their ground till Gen. Henry came up. Then the Indians, charged upon with the bayonet, fell back upon their main force. The battle now HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 91 became general; the Indians fought with desperate valor, but were furiously assailed by the volunteers with their bayonets, cutting many of the Indians to pieces and driving the rest into the river. Those who escaped from being drowned took refuge on an island. On hearing the frequent discharge of musketry, indicating a general engagement, Gen. Atkinson abandoned the pursuit of the twenty Indians under Black Hawk himself, and hurried to the scene of action, where he arrived too late to take part in the battle. He immediately forded the river with his troops, the water reaching up to their necks, and landed on the island where the Indians had secreted themselves. The soldiers rushed upon the Indians, killed several 'of them, took others prisoner, and chased the rest into the river, where they were either drowned or shot before reaching the opposite shore. Thus ended the battle, the Indians losing 300 besides 50 prisoners; the whites but 17 killed and 12 wounded. INCIDENTS OF THE BATTLE. Many painful incidents occurred during this battle. A Sac woman, the sister of a warrior of some notoriety, found herself in the thickest of the fight, but at length succeeded in reaching the river, when, keeping her infant child safe in its blankets by means of her teeth, she plunged into the water, seized the tail of a horse with her hands whose rider was swimming the stream, and was drawn safely across. A young squaw during the battle was stand- ing in the grass a short distance from the American line, holding her child — a little girl of four years — in her arms. In this posi- tion a ball struck the right arm of the child, shattering the bone, and passed into the breast of the young mother, instantly killing her. She fell upon the child and confined it to the ground till the Indians were driven from that part of the field. Gen. Anderson, of the United States army, hearing its cries, went to the spot, took it from under the dead body and carried it to the surgeon to have its wound dressed. The arm was amputated, and during the oper- ation the half-starved child did not cry, but sat quietly eating a hard piece of biscuit. It was sent to Prairie du Chien, where it entirely recovered. BLACK HAWK CAPTURED. Black Hawk, with his twenty braves, retreated up the Wisconsin. river. The Winnebagoes, desirous of securing the friendship of 92 HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. the whites, went in pursuit and captured and delivered them to Gen. Street, the United States Indian agent. Among the prisoners were the son of Black Hawk and the prophet of the tribe. These with Black Hawk were taken to Washington, D. C, and soon con- signed as prisoners at Fortress Monroe. At the interview Black Hawk had with the President, he closed his speech delivered on the occasion in the following words: " We did not expect to conquer the whites. They have too many houses, too many men. I took up the hatchet, for my part, to revenge injuries which my people could no longer endure. Had I borne them longer without striking, my people would have said, ' Black Hawk is a woman; he is too old to be a chief; he is no Sac' These reflections caused me to raise the war-whoop. I say no more. It is known to you. Keokuk once was here; you took him by the hand, and when he wished to return to his home, you were willing. Black Hawk expects, like Keokuk, he shall be permitted to return too." BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF BLACK HAWK. Black Hawk, or Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, was born in the prin- cipal Sac village, near the junction of Eock river with tlie Missis- sippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa. Black Hawk early distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted to paint, and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783 he went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one of whom he killed and scalped; and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years afterward he, at the head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them near the present city of St. Louis his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of the " Medicine Bag," at once announced him- self chief of the Sac nation. He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes and a hundred lowas, he waged war against the Osage HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 93 nation, and subdued it. For two years he battled successfully with Other Indian tribes, all of which he conquered. The year following the treaty at St. Louis, in 1804, the United States Government erected a fort near the head of Des Moines Kapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of the Mississippi, above the mouth of the Des Moines. The fort was garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difliculties with the British Government arose about this time, and the war of 1812 followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, induced them to remain hostile to the Ameri- cans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn massacre had a few days before been perpetrated. Of his con- nection with the British but little is known. In the early part of 1815, the Indians west of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared between the United States and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. From the time of signing this treaty, in 1816, until the breaking out of the Black Hawk war, he and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life. Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox Indians were urged to move to the west of the Mississippi. All were agreed, save the band known as the Britisli Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strongly objected to the removal, and was induced to comply only after being threatened by the Govern- ment. This action, and various others on the part of the white settlers, provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his native village, now occupied by the whites. The war fol- lowed. He and his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been complied with at tlie beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented. BLACK HAAVK SET AT LIBERTY. By order of the President, Black Hawk and his companions, who were in confinement at Fortress Monroe, were set free on the 4th day of June, 1833. Before leaving the fort Black Hawk 94 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. made the following farewell speecli to the commander, which is not only eloquent but shows that within his chest of steel there beat a heart keenly alive to the emotions of gratitude: " Brother, I have come on my own part, and in behalf of my companions, to bid you farewell. Our great father has at length been pleased to permit us to return to our hunting grounds. We have buried the tomahawk, and the sound of the rifle hereafter will only bring death to the deer and the buffalo. Brothers, you have treated the red man very kindly. Your squaws have made them presents, and you have given them plenty to eat and drink. The memory of your friendship will remain till the Great Spirit says it is time for Black Hawk to sing his death song. Brother, your houses are as numerous as the leaves on the trees, and ycur young warriors like the sands upon the shore of the big lake that rolls before us. The red man has but few houses and few warriors, but the red man has a heart which throbs as warmly as the heart of his white brother. The Great Spirit has given us our hunting grounds, and the skin of the deer which we kill there is his favorite, for its color is white, and this is the emblem of peace. This hunting dress and these feathers of the eagle are white. Accept them, my brother. I have given one like this to the "White Otter. Accept it as a memorial of Black Hawk. When he is far away this will serve to remind you of him. May the Great Spirit bless you and your children. Farewell." After their release from prison they were conducted, in charge of Major Garland, through some of the principal cities, that they might witness the power of the United States and learn their own inability to cope with them in war. Great multitudes flocked to see them wherever they were taken, and the attention paid them rendered their progress through the country a triumphal procession, instead of the transportation of prisoners by an officer. At Eock Island the prisoners were given their liberty, amid great and impressive ceremony. In 1S38 Black Hawk built him a dwellino- near Des Moines, Iowa, and furnished it after the manner of the whites, and engaged in agricultural pursuits and hunting and fishing. Here, with his wife, to whom he was greatly attached, he passed the few remaining days of his life. To his credit, it may be said, that Black Hawk remained true to his wife, and served her HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 95 with a devotion uncommon among Indians, living with her up- ward of forty years. BLACK hawk's DEATH AND BimiAL. At all times when Black Hawk visited the whites he was received with marked attention. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' re- union in Lee county, Illinois, at some of their meetings and received many tokens of esteem. In September, 1838, while on his way to Kock Island to receive his annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever, and terminated his life October 3. After his death, he was dressed in the uniform presented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. The body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture upon a seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side the cane given him by Henry Clay was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Thus, after a long, adventurous and shifting life, Black Hawk was gathered to his fathers. FROM 1834 TO 1842. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 'No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern part of Illinois, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had grown into a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. At the general election in 1834 Joseph Duncan was chosen Governor, by a handsome majority. His principal opponent was ex-Lieutenant Governor Kinney. A reckless and uncontrollable desire for internal public improvements seized the minds of the people. In his message to the Legislature, in 1835, Gov. Duncan said: " "When we look abroad and see the extensive lines of inter- communication penetrating almost every section of our sister States; when we see the canal boat and the locomotive bearing with seem- ing triumph the rich productions of the interior to the rivers, lakes and ocean, almost annihilating time, burthen and space, what patriot bosom does not beat high with a laudable ambition to give Illinois her full share of those advantages which are adorning her 96 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. sister States, and which a magnificent Providence seems to invite bj a wonderful adaptation of our whole country to such improve- ments ? " STUPENDOUS SYSTEM OF IMPROVEMENTS INAUGURATED. The Legislature responded to the ardent words of the Governor, and enacted a system of internal improvements without a parallel in the grandeur of its conception. They ordered the construction of 1,300 miles of railroad, crossing the State in all directions. This was surpassed by the river and canal improvements. There were a few counties not touched by railroad, or river or canal, and they were to be comforted and compensated by the free distribution of $200,000 among them. To inflate this balloon bej'ond credence, it was ordered that work should commence on both ends of each of these railroads and rivers, and at each river-crossing, all at the same time. This provision, which has been called the crowning folly of the entire system, was the result of those jealous combinations ema- nating from the fear that advantages might accrue to one section over another in the commencement and completion of the works. We can appreciate better, perhaps, the magnitude of this grand system by reviewing a few figures. The debt authorized for these improvements in the first instance was $10,230,000. But this, as it was soon found, was based upon estimates at least too low by half. This, as we readily see, committed the State to a liability of over $20,000,000, equivalent to $200,000,000, at the present time, with over ten times the population and more than ten times the wealth. Such stupendous undertakings by the State naturally engendered the fever of speculation among individuals. That particular form known as the town-lot fever assumed the malignant type at first in Chicago, from whence it spead over the entire State and adjoining States, It was an epidemic. It cut up men's farms without regard to locality, and cut up the purses of the purchasers without regard to consequences. It was estimated that building lots enough were sold in Indiana alone to accommodate every citizen then in the United States. Chicago, which in 1830 was a small trading-post, had within a few years grown into a city. This was the starting point of the wonderful and marvelous career of that city. Improvements, HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 97 unsurpassed by individual efforts in tlie annals of the world, were then begun and have been maintained to this daj. Though visited by the terrible fire fiend and the accumulations of years swept away in a night, yet she has arisen, and to-day is the best built city in the world. Eeports of the rapid advance of property in Chicago spread to the East, and thousands poured into her borders, bringing money, enterprise and industry. Every ship that left her port carried with it maps of splendidly situated towns and additions, and every vessel that returned was laden with immigrants. It was said at the time that the staple articles of Illinois export were town pleats, and that there was danger of crowding the State with towns to the exclusion of land for agriculture. ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL. The Illinois and Michigan canal again received attention. This enterprise is one of the most important in the early development of Illinois, on account of its magnitude and cost, and forming as it does the connectina: link between the great chain of lakes and the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. Gov. Bond, the first Governor, recommended in his first message the building of the canal. In 1821 the Legislature appropriated $10,000 for surveying the route. This work was performed by two young men, who estimated the cost at $600,000 or $700,000. It cost, however, when completed, $8,000,000. In 1825 a law was passed to incorporate the Canal Company, but no stock was sold. In 1826, upon the solicitation of Daniel P. Cook, Congressman from this State, Congress gave 800,000 acres of land on the line of the work. In 1828 commis- sioners were appointed, and work commenced with a new survey and new estimates. In 1834-5 the work was again pushed forward, and continued until 1818, when it was completed. PANIC — REPUDIATION ADVOCATED. Bonds of the State were recklessly disposed of both in the East and in Europe. Work was commenced on various lines of railroad, but none were ever completed. On the Northern Cross Railroad, from Meredosia east eight miles, the first locomotive that ever turned a wheel in the great valley of the Mississippi, W'as run. The date of this remarkable event was Nov. 8, 1838. Large sums of money were being expended with no assurance of a revenue, 98 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. and consequently, in 1840, the Legislature repealed the improve- ment laws passed three years previously, not, however, until the State had accumulated a debt of nearly $15,000,000. Thus fell, after a short but eventful life, by the hands of its creator, the most stupendous, extravagant and almost ruinous folly of a grand sys- tem of internal improvements that any civil community, perhaps, ever engaged in. The State banks failed, specie was scarce, an enormous debt was accumulated, the interest of which could not be paid, people were disappointed in the accumulation of wealth, and real estate was worthless. All this had a tendency to create a desire to throw off the heavy burden of State debt by repudiation. This was boldly advocated by some leading men. The fair fame and name, however, of the State was not tarnished by repudiation. Men, true, honest, and able, were placed at the head of affairs; and though the hours were dark and gloomy, and the times most try- ing, yet our grand old State was brought through and prospered, until to-day, after the expenditure of millions for public improve- ments and for carrying on the late war, she has, at present, a debt of only about $300,000. MAETTR FOR LIBERTY. The year 1837 is memorable for the death of the first martyr for liberty, and the abolishment of American slavery, in the State. Elijah P. Lovejoy was shot by a mob in Alton, on the night of the Yth of November of that year. He was at the time editor of the Alton Ohaerver, and advocated anti-slavery principles in its columns. For this practice three of his presses had been destroyed. On the arrival of the fourth the tragedy occurred which cost him his life. In anticipation of its arrival a series of meetings were held in which the friends of freedom and of slavery were represented. The object was to effect a compromise, but it was one in which liberty was to make concessions to oppression. In a speech made at one of these meetings, Lovejoy said: "Mr. Chairman, what have I to compromise? If freely to forgive those who have so greatly injured me; if to pray for their temporal and eternal happiness; if still to wish for the prosperity of your city and State, notwith- standing the indignities I have suffered in them, — if this be the compromise intended, then do I willingly make it, I do not admit that it is the business of any body of men to say whether I shall X HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 101 or shall not publish a paper in this city. That right was given to me by my Creator, and is solemnly guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States and of this State. But if by compromise is meant that 1 shall cease from that which duty requires of me, I cannot make it, and the reason is, that I fear God more than man. It is also a very different question, whether I shall, voluntarily or at the request of my frieuds, yield up my position, or whether I shall forsake it at the hands of a mob. The former I am readv at all times to do when circumstances require it, as I will never put my personal wishes or interests in competition with the cause of that Master whose minister I am. But the latter, be assured I never will do. You have, as lawyers say, made a false issue. There are no two parties between whom there can be a compromise. I plant myself down on my unquestionable rights, and the ques- tion to be decided is, whether I shall be protected in those rights. You may hang me, as the mob hung the individuals at Vicksburg; you may burn me at the stake, as they did old Mcintosh at St. Louis; or, you may tar and feather me, or throw me into the Mis- sissippi as you have threatened to do; but you cannot disgrace me. I, and I alone, can disgrace myself, and the deepest of all disgrace would be at a time like this to deny my Maker by forsaking his cause. He died for me, and I were most unworthy to bear his name should I refuse, if need be, to die for him.'''' Not long afterward Mr. Lovejoy was shot. His brother Owen, being pres- ent on the occasion, kneeled down on the spot beside the corpse, and sent up to God, in the hearing of that very mob, one of the most eloquent prayers ever listened to by mortal ear. He was bold enough to pra}'- to God to take signal vengeance on the infernal institution of slavery, and he then and there dedicated his life to the work of overthrowing it, and hoped to see the day when slavery existed no more in this nation. He died, March 24, 1864, nearly three months after the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln took effect. Thus he lived to see his most earnest and devout prayer answered. But few men in the nation rendered bet- ter service in overthrowing the institution of slavery than Elijah P. and Owen Lovejoy. CARLIN ELECTED GOVERNOR. Thomas Carlin, Democrat, was elected Governor in 1838, over Cyrus Edwards, Whig. In 1842 Adam W. Snyder was nominated 102 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. for Governor on the Democratic ticket, but died before election, Thomas Ford was placed in nomination, and was elected, ex-Gov- ernor Duncan being his opponent. PKAIKIE PIKATES. The northern part of the State also had its mob experiences, but of an entirely different nature from the one just recounted. There has always hovered around the frontier of civilization bold, desper- ate men, who prey upon the unprotected settlers rather than gain a livelihood by honest toil. Theft, robbery and murder were car- ried on by regularly organized bands in Ogle, Lee, Winnebago and DeKalb counties. The leaders of these gangs of cut-throats were among the first settlers of that portion of the State, and conse- quent! v had the choice of location. Among the most prominent of the leaders were John Driscoll, "William and David, his sons; John Brodie and three of his sons; Samuel Aikens and three of his sons; William K. Bridge and Norton B. Boyce. These were the representative characters, those who planned and controlled the movements of the combination, concealed them when danger threatened, nursed them when sick, rested them when worn by fatigue and forced marches, furnished hiding places for their stolen booty, shared in the spoils, and, under cover of darkness and intricate and devious ways of travel, known only to themselves and subordinates, transferred stolen horses from station to station; for it came to be known as a well-established fact that they had stations, and agents, and watchmen scattered throughout the coun- try at convenient distances, and signals and pass-words to assist and p-overn them in all their nefarious transactions. Ogle county, particularly, seemed to be a favorite and chosen field for the operations of these outlaws, who could not be convicted for their crimes. By getting some of their number on the juries, by producing hosts of witnesses to sustain their defense by per- jured evidence, and by changing the venue from one county to another, and by continuances from term to term, they nearly always managed to be acquitted. At last these depredations became too common for longer endurance; patience ceased to be a virtue, and determined desperation seized the minds of honest men, and they resolved that if there were no statute laws that could protect them HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 103 against the ravages of thieves, robbers and counterfeiters, they would protect themselves. It was a desperate resolve, and desper- ately and bloodily executed. BURNING- OF OGLE COUNTY COURT-IIOUSE. At the Spring term of court, 1841, seven of the "Pirates of the Prairie," as they were called, were confined in the Ogle county jail to await trial. Preparatory to holding court, the judge and lawyers assembled at Oregon in their new , court-house, which had just been completed. Near it stood the county jail in which were the prisoners. The " Pirates " assembled Sunday night and set the court-house on fire, in the hope that as the prisoners would have to be removed from the jail, they might, in the hurry and confusion of the people in attending to the fire, make their escape. The whole population were awakened that dark and stormy night, to see their new court edifice enwrapped in flames. Although the building was entirely consumed, none of the prisoners escaped. Three of them were tried, convicted and sent to the penitentiary for a year. They had, however, contrived to get one of their num- ber on the jury, who would not agree to a verdict until threatened to be lynched. The others obtained a change of venue and were not convicted, and finally they all broke jail and escaped. Thus it was that the law was inadequate to the protection of the people. The best citizens held a meeting and entered into a solemn compact with each other to rid the country of the desperadoes that infested it. They were regularly organized and known as " Regu- lators." They resolved to notify all suspected parties to leave the country within a given time; if they did not comply, they would be severely dealt with. Their first victim was a man named Hurl, who was suspected of having stolen his neighbor's horse. He was ordered to strip, his hands were tied, when thirty-six lashes of a raw-hide were applied to his bare back. The next was a man named Daggett, formerly a Baptist preacher. He was sentenced to receive five hundred lashes on his bare back. He was stripped, and all was ready, when his beautiful daughter rushed into the midst of the men, begging for mercy for her father. Her appeals, with Daggett's promise to leave the country immediately, secured his release. That night, new crimes having been discovered, he was taken out and whipped, after which he left the country, never again to be heard from. 104 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. The friends and comrades of the men who had been whipped were fearfull}' enraged, and swore eternal and bloodj vengeance. Eighty of them assembled one night soon after, and laid plans to visit White Rock and murder every man, woman and child in that hamlet. They started on this bloody mission, but were prevailed upon by one of their number to disband. Their coming, however, had been anticipated, and every man and boy in the town was armed to protect himself and his family. CAMPBELL KILLED THE MDRDEKEKS SHOT. John Campbell, Captain of the '• Kegulators," received a letter from William Driscoll, filled with most direful threats, — not only threatening Campbell's life, but the life of any one who should oppose their murderous, thieving operations. Soon after the re- ceipt of this letter, two hundred of the "Regulators" marched to Driscoll's and ordered him to leave the county within twenty days, but he refused to comply with the order. One Sunday evening, just after this, Campbell was shot down in his own door-yard by David Driscoll. He fell in the arms of his wife, at which time Taylor Driscoll raised his rifle and pointed it toward her, but low- ered it without firing. News of this terrible crime spread like wild-fire. The very air was filled with threats and vengeance, and nothing but the lives of the murderous gang would pay the penalty. Old John Driscoll was arrested, was told to bid his family good-bye, and then with his son went out to his death. The "Regulators," numbering 111, formed a large circle, and gave the Driscolls a fair hearing. They were found guilty, and the " Regulators" divided into two "death divisions," — one, consisting of fifty-six, with rifles dispatched the father, the other fifty -five riddled and shattered the body of the son with balls from as many guns. The measures thus inaugu- rated to free the countrv from the dominion of outlaws was a last desperate resort, and proved eflectual. MORMON WAR. In April, 1840, the "Latter-Day Saints," or Mormons, came in large numbers to Illinois and purchased a tract of land on the east side of the Mississippi river, about ten miles above Keokuk. Here they commenced building the city of Nauvoo. A more picturesque or eligible site for a city could not have been selected. HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 105 The origin, rapid development and prosperity of this religious sect are the most remarkable and instructive historical events of the present century. That an obscure individual, without money, education, or respectability, should persuade hundreds of thousands of people to believe him inspired of God, and cause a book, con- temptible as a literary production, to be received as a continuation of the sacred revelation, appears almost incredible; yet in less than half a century, the disciples of this obscure individual have in- creased to hundreds of thousands; have founded a State in the dis- tant wilderness, and compelled the Government of the United States to practically recognize them as an independent people. THE FOUNDER OF MORMONISM. The founder of Mormonism was Joseph Smith, a native of Yer- mont, who emigrated while quite young with his father's family to western New York. Here his youth was spent in idle, vagabond life, roaming the woods, dreaming of buried treasures, and in en- deavoring to learn the art of finding them by the twisting of a forked stick in his hands, or by looking through enchanted stones. Both he and his father became famous as " water wizards," always ready to point out the spot where wells might be dug and water found. Such was the character of the young profligate when he made the acquaintance of Sidney Rigdon, a person of considerable talent and information, who had conceived the design of foundinsr a new religion. A religious romance, written by Mr. Spaulding, a Presbyterian preacher of Ohio, then dead, suggested the idea, and finding in Smith the requisite duplicity and cunning to reduce it to practice, it was agreed that he should act as prophet; and the two devised a story that gold plates had been found buried in the earth containing a record inscribed on them in unknown characters, which, when deciphered by the power of inspiration, gave the his- tory of the ten lost tribes of Israel. ATTEMPT TO ARREST JOE SMITH. After their settlement in and about Nauvoo, in Hancock county, great depredations were committed by them on the " Gentiles." The Mormons had been received from Missouri with great kind- ness by the people of this State, and every possible aid granted them. The depredations committed, however, soon made them 106 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. odious, when the question of getting rid of them was agitated. In the fall of 1841, the Governor of Missouri made a demand on Gov. Carlin for the arrest and delivery of Joe Smith as a fugitive from justice. An executive warrant issued for that purpose was placed in the hands of an agent to be executed, but was returned without being complied with. Soon afterward the Governor handed the same writ to his agent, who this time succeeded in arresting Joe Smith. He was, however, discharged by Judge Douglas, upon the grounds that the writ upon which he had been arrested had been once returned before it was executed, and was functus officio. In 184:2 Gov. Carlin again issued his writ, Joe Smith was arrested again, and again escaped. Thus it will be seen it was impossible to reach and punish the leader of this people, who had been driven from Missouri because of their stealing, murdering and unjust dealing, and came to Illinois but to continue their depredations. Emboldened by success, the Mormons became more arrogant and overbearing. Many people began to believe that they were about to set up a separate government for themselves in defiance of the laws of the State. Owners of property stolen in other counties made pursuit into Kauvoo, and were fined by the Mormon courts for daring to seek their property in the holy city. But that which made it more certain than anything else that the Mormons con- templated a separate government, was that about this time they petitioned Congress to establish a territorial government for them in Nauvoo. ORIGIN OF POLYGAMY. To crown the whole folly of the Mormons, in the Spring of 1844 Joe Smith announced himself as a candidate for President of the United States, and many of his followers were confident he would be elected. He next caused himself to be anointed king and priest, and to give character to his pretensions, he declared his lineage in an unbroken line from Joseph, the son of Jacob, and that of his wife from some other important personage of the ancient Hebrews. To strengthen his political power he also instituted a body of police styled the " Danite band," who were sworn to pro- tect his person and obey his orders as the commands of God. A female order previously existing in the church, called " Spiritual wives," was modified so as to suit the licentiousness of the prophet, A doctrine was revealed that it was impossible for a woman to get HISTOKT OF ILLINOIS. 107 to heaven except as the wife of a Mormon elder; that each elder might marry as many women as he could maintain, and that any female might be sealed to eternal life by becoming their concubine. This licentiousness, the origin of polygamy in that church, they endeavored to justify by an appeal to Abraham, Jacob and other favorites of God in former ages of the world. JOE SMITH AS A TYRANT. Smith soon began to play the tyrant over his people. Among the first acts of this sort was an attempt to take the wife of Wil- liam Law, one of his most talented disciples, and make her his spiritual wife. He established, without authority, a recorder's office, and an office to issue marriage licenses. He proclaimed that none could deal in real estate or sell liquor but himself. He ordered a printing office demolished, and in many ways controlled the freedom and business of the Mormons. Not only did he stir up some of the Mormons, but by his reckless disregard for the laws of the land raised up opposition on every hand. It was believed that he instructed the Danite band, which he had chosen as the ministers of his vengeance, that no blood, except that of the church, was to be regarded as sacred, if it contravened the accomplishment of his object. It was asserted that he inculcated the legality of perjury and other crimes, if committed to advance the cause of true believ- ers; that Grod had given the world and all it contained to his saints, and since they were kept out of their rightful inheritance by force, it was no moral offense to get possession of it by stealing. It was reported that an establishment existed in Nauvoo for the manufac- ture of counterfeit money, and that a set of outlaws was maintained for the purpose of putting it in circulation. Statements were cir- culated to the effect that a reward was offered for the destruction of the Warsaw Signal, an anti-Mormon paper, and that Mormons dis- persed over the country threatened all persons who offered to assist the constable in the execution of the law, with the destruction of their property and the murder of their families. There were rumors also afloat that an alliance had been formed with the Western Indians, and in case of war they would be used in murdering their enemies. In short, if only one-half of these reports were true the Mormons must have been the most infamous people that ever ex- isted. 108 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. MILITARY FORCES ASSEMBLING. William Law, one of the proprietors of the printing-press destroyed by Smith, went to Carthage, the county-seat, and obtained warrants for the arrest of Smith and the members of the City Council, and others connected with the destruction of the press. Some of the parties having been arrested, but discharged by the authorities in Nauvoo, a convention of citizens assembled at Carthage and appointed a committee to wait upon the Governor for the purpose of procuring military assistance to enforce the law. The Governor visited Carthage in person. Previous to his arrival the militia had been called out and armed forces commenced assem- bling in Carthage and Warsaw to enforce the service of civil process. All of them, however, signified a willingness to co-operate with the Governor in preserving order. A constable and ten men were then sent to make the arrest. In the meantime, Smith declared martial law; his followers residing in the country were summoned to his assistance; the Legion was assembled and under arms, and the entire city was one great military encampment. THE SMITHS ARRESTED. The prophet, his brother Hiram, the members of the City Coun- cil and others, surrendered themselves at Carthage June 24, 1845, on the charge of riot. All entered into recognizance before a Jus- tice of the Peace to appear at court, and were discharged. A new writ, however, was immediately issued and served on the two Smiths, and both were arrested and thrown into prison. The citizens had assembled from Hancock, Schujder and McDonough counties, armed and ready to avenge the outrages that had been committed by the Mormons. Great excitement prevailed at Car- thage. The force assembled at that place amounted to 1,200 men, and about 600 assembled at Warsaw. Nearly all were anxious to march into Nauvoo. This measure was supposed to be necessary to search for counterfeit money and the apparatus to make it, and also to strike a salutary terror into the Mormon people by an exhi- bition of the force of the State, and thereby prevent future out- rages, murders, robberies, burnings, and the like. The 27tli of June was appointed for the march ; but Gov. Ford, who at the time was in Carthage, apprehended trouble if the militia should attempt to invade Nauvoo, disbanded the troops, retaining only a guard to the jail. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 109 JOE SMITH AND HIS BROTHER KILLED. Gov. Ford went to Nauvoo on the 27th. The same morning about 200 men from Warsaw, many being disguised, hastened to Carthage. On learning that one of the companies left as a guard had disbanded, and the other stationed 150 yards from the jail while eight men were left to guard the prisoners, a communication was soon established between the Warsaw troops and the guard; and it was arranged that the guard should have their guns charged with blank cartridges and lire at the assailants when they attempted to enter the jail. The conspirators came up, jumped the fence around the jail, were fired upon by the guard, which, according to arrange- ment, was overpowered, and the assailants entered the prison, to the door of the room where the two prisoners were confined. An attempt ,was made to break open the door; but Joe Smith, being armed with a pistol, fired several times as the door was bursted open, and three of the assailants were wounded. At the same time several shots were fired into the room, by some of which John Taylor, a friend of the Smiths, received four wounds, and Hiram Smith was instantly killed. Joe Smith, severely wounded, attempt- ed to escape by jumping out of a second-story window, but was so stunned by the fall that he was unable to rise. In this position he was dispatched by' balls shot through his body. Thus fell Joe Smith, the most successful impostor of modern times. Totally ignor- ant of almost every fact in science, as well as in law, he made up in constructiveness and natural cunning whatever in him was want- ing of instruction. CONSTERNATION AT QUINCY. Great consternation prevailed among the anti-Mormons at Carthage, after the killing of the Smiths. They expected the Mor- mons would be so enraged on hearing of the death of their leaders that they would come down in a body, armed and equipped, to seek revenge upon the populace at Carthage. Messengers were dispatched to various places for help in case of an attack. The women and children were moved across the river for safety. A committee was sent to Quincy and early the following morning, at the ringing of the bells, a large concourse of people assembled to devise means of defense. At this meeting, it was reported that the Mormons attempted to rescue the Smiths; that a party of Mis- sourians and others had killed them to prevent their escape; that 110 HISTOEY OF ILLINOIS. the Governor and his party were at Kauvoo at the time when intel- ligence of the fact was brought there; that they had been attacked by the Nauvoo Legion, and had retreated to a house where they were closely besieged; that the Governor had sent out word that he could maintain his position for two days, and would be certain to be massacred if assistance did not arrive by that time. It is unnecessary to say that this entire story was fabricated. It was put in circulation, as were many other stories, by the an ti- Mormons, to influence the public mind and create a hatred for the Mormons. The effect of it, however, was that by 10 o'clock on the 28th, between two and three hundred men from Quincy, under command of Maj. Flood, went on board a steamboat for Nauvoo, to assist in raising the siege, as they honestly believed. VARIOUS DEPREDATIONS. It was thought by many, and indeed the circumstances seem to war- rant the conclusion, that the assassins of Smith had arranged that the murder should occur while the Governor was in Nauvoo; that the Mormons would naturally suppose he planned it, and in the first out- pouring of their indignation put him to death, as a means of retalia- tion. They thought that if they could have the Governor of the State assassinated by Mormons, the public excitement would be greatly increased against that people, and would cause their extermination, or at least their expulsion from the State. That it was a brutal and premeditated murder cannot be and is not denied at this day; but the desired eifect of the murder was not attained, as the Mormons did not evacuate ISTauvoo for two years afterward. In the meantime, the excitement and prejudice against this people were not allowed to die out. Horse-stealing was quite common, and every case that occurred was charged to the Mormons. That they were guilty of such thefts cannot be denied, but a great deal of this work done at that time was by organized bands of thieves, who knew they could carry on their nefarious business with more safety, as long as sus- picion could be placed upon the Mormons. In the summer and fall of 1845 were several occurrences of a nature to increase the irritation existing between the Mormons and their neighbors. A suit was instituted in the United States Circuit Court against one of the apostles, to recover a note, and a marshal sent to summons HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.. 113 the defendant, who refused to be served with the process. Indig- nation meetings were held bj the saints, and the marshal threat- ened for attempting to serve the writ. About this time, General Denning, sheriff, was assaulted bj an anti-Mormon, whom he killed. Denning was friendly to the Mormons, and a great outburst of passion was occasioned among the friends of the dead man. INCENDIARISM. It was also discovered, in trying the rights of property at Lima, Adams county, that the Mormons had an institution connected with their church to secure their effects from execution. Incensed at this and other actions, the anti-Mormons of Lima and Green Plains, held a meeting to devise means for the expulsion of the Mormons from tliat part of the country. It was arranged that a number of their own party should fire on the building in which they were assembled, in such a manner as not to injure anyone, and then report that the Mormons had commenced the work of plunder and death. This plot was duly executed, and the startling intelligence soon called together a mob, which threatened the Mor- mons with fire and sword if they did not immediately leave. The Mormons refusing to depart, the mob at once executed their threats by burning 125 houses and forcing the inmates to flee for their lives. The sheriff of Hancock county, a prominent Mormon armed several hundred Mormons and scoured the country, in search of the incendiaries, but they had fled to neighboring counties, and he was unable either to bring them to battle or make any arrests. One man, however, was killed without provocation; another attempting to escape was shot and afterwards hacked and muti- lated ; and Franklin A. "Worrell, who had charge of the jail when the Smiths were killed, was shot by some unknown person con- cealed in a thicket. The anti-Mormons committed one murder. A party of them set fire to a pile of straw, near the barn of an old Mormon, nearly ninety years of age, and when he appeared to ex- tinguish the flames, he was shot and killed. The anti-Mormons left their property exposed in their hurried retreat, after having burned the houses of the Mormons. Those who had been burned out sallied forth from Nauvoo and plundered the whole country, taking whatever they could carry or drive away. By order of the Governor, Gen. Hardin raised a force of 350 men, checked the Mormon ravages, and recalled the fugitive anti-Mormons home. 114 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. MAKING PREPAKATION TO LEAVE. At this time a convention, consisting of delegates from eight of the adjoining counties, assembled to concert measures for the expul- sion of the Mormons from the State. The Mormons seriously con- templated emmigration westward, believing the times forboded evil for them. Accordingly, during the winter of 1845-'46, the most stupendous preparations were made by the Mormons for removal. All the principal dwellings, and even the temple, were converted into work-shops, and before spring, 12,000 wagons were in readiness; and hy the middle of February the leaders, with 2,000 of their followers, had crossed the Mississippi on the ice. Before the spring of 1846 the majority of the Mormons had left Nauvoo, but still a large number remained. THE BATTLE OF NATTVOO. In September a writ was issued against several prominent Mor- mons, and placed in the hands of John Carlin, of Carthage, for execution. Carlin called out a posse to help make the arrest, which brought together quite a large force in the neighborhood of Nauvoo. Carlin, not being a military man, placed in command of the posse, first, Gen. Singleton, and afterward Col. Brockman, who proceeded to invest the city, erecting breastworks, and taking other means for defensive as well as offensive operations. What was then termed a battle next took place, resulting in the death of one Mormon and the wounding of several others, and loss to the anti-Mormons of three killed and four wounded. At last, through the intervention of an anti-Mormon committee of one hundred, from Quincy, the Mormons and their allies were induced to submit to such terms as the posse chose to dictate, which were that the Mormons should immediately give up their arms to the Quincy committee, and re- move from the State. The trustees of the church and five of their clerks were permitted to remain for the sale of Mormon propert}'^, and the posse were to march in unmolested, and leave a sufiicient force to guarantee the performance of their stipulations. Accord- ingly, the constable's posse marched in with Brockman at their head. It consisted of about 800 armed men and 600 or TOO imarmed, who had assembled from all the country around, through motives of curiosity, to see the once proud city of Nauvoo hum- bled and delivered up to its enemies. They proceeded into the HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 117 citj slowly and carefully, examinin,^ the way for fear of the explo- sion of a mine, many of which had been made by the Mormons, by burying kegs of powder in the ground, with a man stationed at a distance to pull a string communicating with the trigger of a percussion lock affixed to the keg. This kind of a contrivance was called by the Mormons " hell's half-acre." When the posse arrived in the city, the leaders of it erected themselves into a tri- bunal to decide who should be forced away and who remain. Parties were dispatched to hunt for fire-arms, and for Mormons, and to bring them to judgment. When brought, they received their doom from the mouth of Brockman, who sat a grim and unawed tyrant for the time. As a general rule, the Mormons were ordered to leave within an hour or two; and by rare grace some of them were allowed until next day, and in a few cases longer time was granted. MALTRExVTMENT OF NEW CITIZENS. Nothing was said in the treaty in regard to the new citizens, who had with the Mormons defended the city; but the posse no sooner had obtained possession than they commenced expelling them. Some of them were ducked in the river, and were in one or two instances actually baptized in the name of some of the leaders of the mob; others were forcibly driven into the ferry-boats to be taken over the river before the bayonets of armed ruffians. Many of these new settlers were strangers in the country from various parts of the United States, who were attracted there by the low price of property; and they knew but little of previous difficulties or the merits of the quarrel. They saw with tlieir own eyes that the Mormons were industriously preparing to go away, and they knew "of their own knowledge " that any effiirt to expel them by force was gratuitous and unnecessary cruelty. They had been trained, by the States whence they came, to abhor mobs and to obey the law, and they volunteered their services under executive authority to defend their town and their property against mob violence, and, as they honestly believed, from destruction; but in tliis they were partly mistaken; for although the mob leaders in the exercise of unbridled power were guilty of many injuries to the persons of individuals, although much personal property was stolen, yet they abstained from materially injuring houses and buildings. 118 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. THE MORMONS REACH SALT LAKE. The fugitives proceeded westward, taking the road through Mis- souri, but were forcibly ejected from that State and compelled to move indirectly through Iowa. After innumerable hardships the advance guard reached the Missouri river at Council Bluflfs, when a United States officer presented a requisition for 500 men to serve in the war with Mexico. Compliance with this order so di- minished their number of effective men, that the expedition was again delayed and the remainder, consisting mostly of old men, women and children, hastily prepared habitations for winter. Their rudely constructed tents were hardly completed before winter set in with great severity, the bleak prairies being incessantly swept by piercing winds. While here cholera, fever and other diseases, aggravated by the previous hardships, the want of comfortable quarters and medical treatment, hurried many of them to prema- ture graves, yet, under the influence of religious fervor and fanati- cism, they looked death in the face with resignation and cheerful- ness, and even exhibited a gayety which manifested itself in music and dancing during the saddest hours of this sad winter. At length welcome spring made its appearance, and by April they were again organized for the journey; a pioneer party, con- sisting of Brigham Young and 140 others, was sent in advance to locate a home for the colonists. On the 21 of July, 1847, a day memorable in Mormon annals, the vanguard reached the valley of the Great Salt Lake, having been directed thither, according to their accounts, by the hand of the Almighty. Here in a distant wil- derness, midway between the settlements of the East and the Pacific, and at that time a thousand miles from the utmost verge of civili- zation, they commenced preparations for founding a colony, which has since grown into a mighty empire. MEXICAN WAR During the month of May, 1846, the President called for four regiments of volunteers from Illinois for the Mexican war. This was no sooner known in the State than nine regiments, numbering 8,370 men, answered the call, though only four of them, amounting to 3,720 men, could be taken. These regiments, as well as their officers, were everywhere foremost in the American ranks, and dis- HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 119 tinguished themselves by their matchless valor in the bloodiest battles of the war. Yeterans never fought more nobly and effect- ively than did the volunteers from Illinois. At the bloody battle of Buena Vista they crowned their lives — many their death — with the laurels of war. Kever did armies contend more bravely, determinedly and stubbornly than the American and Mexican forces at this famous battle; and as Illinois troops were ever in the van and on the blood- iest portions of the field, we believe a short sketch of the part they took in the fierce contest is due them, and will be read with no lit- tle interest. BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA. General Santa Anna, with his army of 20,000, poured into the valley of Aqua Nueva early on the morning of the 22d of February, hoping to surprise our army, consisting of about 5,000 men, under Gen. Taylor and which had retreated to the " Narrows." They were hotly pursued by the Mexicans who, before attacking, sent Gen. Taylor a flag of truce demanding a surrender, and assuring him that if he refused he would be cut to pieces; but the demand was promptly refused. At this the enemy opened fire, and the con- flict began. In honor of the day the watchword with our soldiers was, " The memory of Washington." An irregular fire was kept up all day, and at night both armies bivouacked on the field, resting on their arms. Santa Anna that night made a spirited address to his men, and the stirring strains of his own band till late in the night were distinctly heard by our troops; but at last silence fell over the hosts that were to contend unto death in that narrow pass on the morrow. Early on the following morning the battle was resumed, and con- tinued without intermission until nightfall. The solid columns of the enemy were hurled against our forces all day long, but were met and held in check b}' the unerring fire of our musketry and ar- tillery. A portion of Gen. Lane's division was driven back by the enemy under Gen. Lombardini, who, joined by Gen. Pacheco's divis- ion, poured upon the main plateau in so formidable numbers as to appear irresistible. BRAVERY OF THE SECOND ILLINOIS. At this time the 2d Illinois, under Col. Bissell, with a squadron of cavalry and a few pieces of artillery came handsomely into action 120 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. and gallantly received the concentrated fire of the enemy, which they returned with deliberate aim and terrible effect; every dis- charge of the artillery seemed to tear a bloody path through the heavy columns of enemy. Says a writer: "The rapid mus- ketry of the gallant troops from Illinois poured a storm of lead into their serried ranks, which literally strewed the ground with the dead and dying." But, notwithstanding his losses, the enemy steadily advanced until our gallant regiment received fire from three sides. Still they maintained their position for a time with unflinching firmness against that immense host. At length, per- ceiving the danger of being entirely surrounded, it was determined to fall back to a ravine. Col. Bissel, with the coolness of ordinary drill, ordered the signal "cease firing" to be made; he then with the same deliberation gave the command, "Face to the rear, Bat- talion, about face; forward march," which was executed witli the regularity of veterans to a point beyond the peril of being out- fianked. Again, in obedience to command these brave men halted- faced about, and under a murderous tempest of bullets from the foe, resumed their well-directed fire. The conduct of no troops could have been more admirable; and, too, until that day they had never been under fire, when, within less than half an hour eighty of their comrades dropped by their sides. How different from the Arkansas regiment, which were ordered to the plateau, but after delivering their first volley gave way and dispersed. SADDEST EVENT OF THE BATTLE. But now we have to relate the saddest, and, for Illinois, the most mournful, event of that battle-worn day. "We take the account from Colton's History of the battle of Buena Yista. "As the enemy on our left was moving in retreat along the head of the Plateau, our artillery was advanced until within range, and opened a heavy fire upon him, while Cols. Hardin, Bissell and McKee, with their Illinois and Kentucky troops, dashed gallantly forward in hot pur- suit. A powerful reserve of the Mexican army was then just emerging from the ravine, where it had been organized, and advanced on the plateau, opposite the head of the southernmost gorge. Those who were giving way rallied quickly upon it; when the whole force, thus increased to over 12,000 men, came forward in a perfect blaze of fire. It was a single column, composed of the best soldiers of the republic, having for its advanced battalions the SCENE ON FOX EIVER. HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 123 veteran regiments. The Kentucky and Illinois troops were soon obliged to give ground before it and seek the shelter of the second gorge. The enemy pressed on, arriving opposite the head of the second gorge. One-half of the column suddenly enveloped it, while the other half pressed on across the plateau, having for the moment nothing to resist them but the three guns in their front. The por- tion that was immediately opposed to the Kentucky and Illinois troops, ran down along each side of the gorge, in which they had sought shelter, and also circled around its head, leaving no possible way of escape for them except by its mouth, which opened upon the road. Its sides, which were steep, — at least an angle of 45 degrees, — were covered with loose pebbles and stones, and con- verged to a point at the bottom. Down there were our poor fel- lows, nearly three regiments of them (1st and 2d Illinois and 2d Kentucky), with but little opportunity to load or fire a gun, being hardly able to keep their feet. Above the whole edge of the gorge, all the way around, was darkened by the serried masses of the enemy, and was bristling with muskets directed on the crowd beneath. It was no time to pause. Those who were not immedi- ately shot down rushed on toward the road, their number growing less and less as they went, Kentuckians and Illinoisans, officers and men, all mixed up in confusion, and all pressing on over the loose pebbles and rolling stones of those shelving, precipitous banks, and having lines and lines of the enemy firing down from each side and rear as they went. Just then the enemy's cavaliy, which had gone to the left of the reserve, had come over the spur that divides the mouth of the second gorge from that of the third, and were now closing up the only door through which there was the least shadow of a chance for their lives. Many of those ahead endeavored to force their way out, but few succeeded. The lancers were fully six to one, and their long weapons were already reeking with blood. It was at this time that those who were still back in that dreadful gorge heard, above the din of the musketry and the shouts of the enemy around them, the roar of Washington's Bat- tery. No music could have been more grateful to their ears. A moment only, and the whole opening, where the lancers were busy, rang with the repeated explosions of splierical-case shot. They gave way. The gate, as it were, was clear, and out upon the road a stream of our poor fellows issued. They ran panting down 124 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. toward the battery, and directly under the flght of iron then pas- sing over their heads, into the retreatingj cavah-y. Hardin, McKee, Clay, Willis, Zabriskie, Houghton — but why go on? It would be a sad task indeed to name over all who fell during this twenty minutes' slaughter. The whole gorge, from the plateau to its mouth, was strewed with our dead. All dead! No wounded there — not a man; for the infantry had rushed down the sides and com- pleted the work with the bayonet." VICTORY FOR OUR ARMY. The artillery on the plateau stubbornly maintained its position The remnants of the 1st and 2d Illinois regiments, after issuing from the fated gorge, were formed and again brought into action, the former, after the fall of the noble Hardin, under Lieut. Col. Weatherford, the latter under Bissell. The enemy brought forth reinforcements and a brisk artillery duel was kept up; but gradually, as the shades of night began to cover the earth, the rattle of mus- ketry slackened, and when the pall of night was thrown over that bloody field it ceased altogether. Each army, after the fierce and long struggle, occupied much the same position as it did in the morning. However, early on the following morning, the glad tidings were heralded amidst our army that the enemy had retreated, thus again crowning the American banners with victory. OTHER HONORED NAMES OF THIS WAR. Other bright names from Illinois that shine as stars in this war are those of Shields, Baker, Harris and Coffee, which are indissolubly connected with the glorious capture of Yera Cruz and the not less famous storming of Cerro Gordo. In this latter action, when, after the valiant Gen. Shields had been placed hoi's de combat, the command of his force, consisting of three regiments, devoled upon Col. Baker. This officer, with his men, stormed with unheard-of prowess the last stronghold of the Mexicans, sweeping everything before them. Such indeed were the intrepid valor and daring courage exhibited by Illinois volunteers during the Mexican war that their deeds should live in the memory of their countrymen until those latest times when the very name of America shall have been forgotten. 125 THE WAR FOE THE UNIOK. On the fourth day of March, 1861, after the most exciting and momentous political campaign known in the history of this country, Abraham Lincoln — America's martyred President — was inaugu- rated Chief Magistrate of the United States. This fierce contest was principally sectional, and as the announcement was flashed over the telegraph wires that the Republican Presidential candidate had been elected, it was hailed by the South as a justifiable pretext for dissolving the Union. Said Jefferson Davis in a speech at Jackson, Miss., prior to the election, "If an abolitionist be chosen Presi- dent of the United States you will have presented to you the question whether you will permit the government to pass into the hands of your avowed and implacable enemies. Without pausing for an answer, I will state my own position to be that such a result would be a species of revolution by which the purpose of the Government would be destroyed, and the obser- vances of its mere forms entitled to no respect. In that event, in such manner as should be most expedient, I should deem it your duty to provide for your safety outside of the Union." Said another Southern politician, when speaking on the same sub- ject, ".We shall fire the Southern heart, instruct the Southern mind, give courage to each, and at the proper moment, by one organized, concerted action, we can precipitate the Cotton States into a revolution." To disrupt the Union and form a government which recognized the absolute supremacy of the white population and the perpetual bondage of the black was what they deemed freedom from the galling yoke of a Republican administration. ABRAHAM LINCOLN DID NOT SEEK THE PKESIDENCT. Hon. R. W. Miles, of Knox county, sat on the floor by the side of Abraham Lincoln in the Library-room of the Capitol, in Spring- field, at the secret caucus meeting, held in Janur.ry, 1859, when Mr. Lincoln's name was first spoken of in caucus as candidate for President. When a gentleman, in making a short speech, said, " We are going to bring Abraham Lincoln out as a candidate for President," Mr. Lincoln at once arose to his feet, and exclaimed, "For God's sake, let me alone! I have suffered enough!" This was soon after he had been defeated in tlie Legislature for United States Senate by Stephen A. Douglas, and only those who are 126 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. intimate with that important and unparalleled contest can appre- ciate the full force and meaning of these expressive words of the martyred President. They were spontaneous, and prove beyond a shadow of doubt that Abraham Lincoln did not seek the high posi- tion of President. Nor did he use any trickery or chicanery to obtain it. But his expressed wish was not to be complied with; our beloved country needed a savior and a martyr, and Fate had decreed that he should be the victim. After Mr. Lincoln was elected President, Mr. Miles sent him an eagle's quill, with which the chief magistrate wrote his first inaugural address. The letter written by Mr. Miles to the President, and sent with the quill, which was two feet in length, is such a jewel of eloquence and prophecy that it should be given a place in history: Peiisiper, December 21, 1860. Hon. a. Lincoln : Dear Sir : — Please accept the eagle quill I promised you, by the hand of our Representative, A. A. Smith. The bird from whose wing the quill was taken, was shot by John F. Dillon, in Persifer township, Knox Co., Ills., in Feb., 1857 Hav- ing heard that James Buchanan was furnished with an eagle quill to write his Inaugural with, and believing that in 18G0, a Republican would be elected to take his place, I determined to save this quill and present it to the fortunate man, who- ever he might be. Reports tell us that the bird which furnished Buchanan's quill was a captured bird, — fit emblem of the man that used it ; but the bird from which this quill was taken, yielded the quill only with his life,— fit emblem of the man who is expected to use it, for true Republicans believe that you would not think lite worth the keeping after the surrender of principle. Great difficulties surround you ; traitors to their country have threatened your life ; and should you be called upon to surrender it at the post of duty, your memory will live for- ever in the heart of every freeman ; and that is a grander monument than can be built of brick or marble. "For if hearts may not our memories keep, Oblivion liastc each vestige sweep, And let our memories eud." Yours Truly, R. W. Miles. STATES SECEDING. At the time of President Lincoln's accession to power, several members of the Union claimed they had withdrawn from it, and styling themselves the " Confederate States of America," organ- ized a separate government. The house was indeed divided against itself, but it should not fall, nor should it long continue divided, was the hearty, determined response of every loyal heart in the nation. The accursed institution of human slavery was the primary cause for this dissolution of the American Union. Doubtless other agencies served to intensify the hostile feel- ings which existed between the Northern and Southern portions IIISTOKY OF ILLINOIS, 127 of oar country, but tlieir remote origin could be traced to this great national evil. Had Lincoln's predecessor put forth a timely, ener- getic effort, he might have prevented tlie bloody war our nation was called to pass through. On the other hand every aid was given the rebels; every advantage and all the power of the Government was placed at their disposal, and when Illinois' honest son took the reins of the Republic he found Buchanan had been a traitor to his trust, and given over to the South all available means of war. THE FALL OF SUMTER. On the 12th day of April, 1861, the rebels, who for weeks had been erecting their batteries upon the shore, after demanding of Major Anderson a surrender, opened fire upon Fort Sumter. For thirty-four hours an incessant cannonading was continued; the fort was being seriously injured; provisions were almost gone, and Major Anderson was compelled to haul down the stars and stripes. Tliat dear old flag which had seldom been lowered to a foreign foe by rebel hands was now trailed in the dust. The first blow of the terrible conflict which summoned vast armies into the field, and moistened the soil of a nation in fraternal blood and tears, had. been struck. The gauntlet thus thrown down by the attack on Sumter by the traitors of the South was accepted — not, however, in the spirit with which insolence meets insolence — but with a firm, determined spirit of patriotism and love of country. The duty of the President was plain under the constitution and the laws, and above and beyond all, the people from whom all political power is derived, demanded the suppression of the Rebellion, and stood ready to sustain the authority of their representative and executive officers. Promptly did the new President issue a proclamation calling for his countrymen to join with him to defend their homes and their country, and vindicate her honor. This call was made April 14, two days after Sumter was first fired upon, and was for 75,000 men. On the 15th, the same day he was notified. Gov. Yates issued his proclamation convening the Legislature. lie also ordered the organization of six regiments. Troops were in abund- ance, and the call was no sooner made than filled. Patriotism thrilled and vibrated and pulsated through every heart. The farm, the workshop, the office, the pulpit, the bar, the bench, the college, the school-house, — every calling ofi'ered its best men, their lives and their fortunes, in defense of the Government's honor and unity. 128 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Bitter words spoken in moments of political heat were forgotten and forgiven, and joining hands in a common cause, they repeated the oath of America's soldier-statesman : " By the Great Eternal^ the Union must and shall he preserved.^^ The honor, the very life and glory of the nation was committed to the stern arbitrament of the sword, and soon the tramp of armed men, the clash of musketry and the heavy boom of artillery reverberated throughout the continent; rivers of blood saddened by tears of mothers, wives, sisters, daughters and sweethearts flowed from the lakes to the gulf, but a nation was saved. The sacrifice was great, but the Dnion was preserved. CALL FOR TROOPS PROMPTLY ANSWERED. Simultaneously with the call for troops by the President, enlist- ments commenced in this State, and within ten days 10,000 volunteers offered service, and the sum of $1,000,000 was tendered by patriotic citizens. Of the volunteers who offered their services, only six regiments could be accepted under the quota of the State. But the time soon came when there was a place and a musket for every man. The six regiments raised were designated by numbers commencing with seven, as a mark of respect for the six regiments which had served in the Mexican war. Another call was antici- pated, and the Legislature authorized ten additional regiments to be organized. Over two hundred companies were immediately raised from which were selected the required number. No sooner was this done than the President made another call for troops, six regiments were again our proportion, although by earnest solicita- tion the remaining four were accepted. There were a large number of men with a patriotic desire to enter the service who were denied this privilege. Many of them wept, while others joined regiments from other States. In May, June and July seventeen regiments of infantry and live of cavalry were raised, and in the latter month, when the President issued his first call for 500,000 volunteers, Illinois tendered thirteen regiments of infantry and three of cavalry, and so anxious were her sons to have the Hebellion crushed that the number could have been increased by thousands. At the close of 1S61 Illinois had sent to the field nearly 50,000 men, and had 17,000 in camp awaiting marching orders, thus exceeding her full quota by 15,000. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 129 A VAST ARMY RAISED IN ELEVEN DAYS. In July and August of 1862 the President called for 600,000 men — our quota of which was 52,296 — and gave until August 18 as the limits in which the number might be raised by volunteering, after which a draft would be ordered. The State had already fur- nished 17,000 in excess of her quota, and it was first thought this number would be deducted from the present requisition, but that could not be done. But thirteen davs were granted to enlist this ft/ CD vast army, which had to come from tlie farmers and mechanics. The former were in the midst of harvest, but, inspired by love of country, over 50,000 of them left their harvests ungathered, their tools and their benches, the plows in their furrows, turning their backs on their homes, and before eleven days had expired the demands of the Government were met and both quotas filled. The war went on, and call followed call, until it began to look as if there would not be men enough in all the Free States to crush out and subdue the monstrous war traitors had inaugurated. But to every call for either men or money there was a willing and ready response. And it is a boast of the people that, had the supply of men fallen short, there were women brave enough, daring enough, patriotic enough, to have offered themselves as sacrifices on their country's altar. On the 21st of December, 1861, the last call for troops was made. It was for 300,000. In consequence of an im- perfect enrollment of the men subject to military duty, it became evident, ere this call was made, that Illinois was furnishing thous- ands of men more than what her quota would have been, had it been correct. So glaring had this disproportion become, that under this call the quota of some districts exceeded the number of able-bodied men in them. A GENERAL SUMMARY. Following this sketch we give a schedule of all the volunteer troops organized from this State, from the commencement to the close of the war. It is taken from the Adjutant General's report. The number of the regiment, name of original Colonel, call under which recruited, date of organization and muster into the United States' service, place of muster, and aggregate strength of each organization, from which we find that Illinois put into her one hun- dred and eighty regiments 256,000 men, and into the United States 130 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. army, through other States, enough to swell the number to 290,000. This far exceeds all the soldiers of the Federal Government in all the war of the Revolution. Her total years of service were over 600,000. She enrolled men from eighteen to forty-five years of age, when the law of Congress in ISG-i — the test time — only asked for those from twenty to forty-five. Her enrollments were otberwise excessive. Her people wanted to go, and did not take the pains to correct the enrollment; thus the basis of fixing the quota was too great, and the rjuota itself, at least in the trying time, was far above any other State. The demand on some counties, as Monroe, for example, took every able-bodied man in the county, and then did not have enough to fill the quota. Moreover, Illinois sent 20,844 men for one hundred days, for whom no credit was asked. She gave to the country 73,000 years of service above all calls. "With one-thirteenth of the population of the loyal States, she sent regu- larly one-tenth of all the soldiers, and in the perils of the closing calls, when patriots were few and weary, she sent one-eighth of all that were called for by her loved and honored son in the White House. Of the brave boys Illinois sent to the front, there were killed in action, 5,888; died of wounds, 3,032; of disease, 19,496; in prison, 967; lost at sea, 205; aggregate, 29,588. As upon every field and upon every page of the history of this war, Illinois bore her part of the suffering in tlie prison-pens of the South. Mere than 800 names make up the awful column of Illinois' brave sons who died in the rebel prison of Andersonville, Ga. "Who can measure or imagine the atrocities which would be laid before the world were the panorama of sufterings and terrible trials of these gallant men but half unfolded to view? But this can never be done until new words of horror are invented, and new arts dis- covered by which demoniacal fiendishness can be portrayed, and the intensest anguish of the human soul in ten thousand forms be painted. ^ No troops ever fought more heroically, stubbornly, and with bet- ter effect, than did the boys from the "Prairie State." At Pea Eidge, Donelson, Pittsburg Landing, luka, Corinth, Stone River, Holly Springs, Jackson, Yicksburg, Chicamauga, Lookout Moun- tain, Murfreesboro, Atlanta, Franklin, JSTashville, Chattanooga, and on every other field where the clash of arms was heard, her sons were foremost. HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 131 CAPTURE OF THE ST. LOUIS ARSENAL. Illinois was almost destitute of firearms at the beffiniiino; of the conflict, and none could be procured in the East. The traitorous Flojd had turned over to the South 300,000 arms, leaving most arsenals in the North einptj. Gov. Yates, however, received an order on the St. Louis arsenal for 10,000 muskets, which he put in the hands of Captain Stokes, of Chicago. Several unsuccessful attemjjts were made by the Captain to pass through the large crowd of rebels which had gathered around the arsenal, suspecting an attempt to move the arms would be made. He at last succeeded in gaining admission to the arsenal, but was informed by the com- mander that the slightest attempt to move the arms would be dis- covered and bring an infuriated mob upon the garrison. This fear was well founded, for the following day Gov. Jackson ordered 2,000 armed men from Jefferson City down to capture the arsenal. Capt. Stokes telegraphed to Alton for a steamer to descend the river, and about midnight land opposite the arsenal, and proceeding to the same place with 700 men of the 7th Illinois, commenced loading the vessel. To divert attention from his real purpose, he had 500 guns placed upon a different boat. As designed, this movement was discovered by the rabble, and the shouts and excitement upon their seizure drew most of the crowd from the arsenal. Capt. Stokes not only took all the guns his requisition called for, but emptied the arsenal. When all was ready, and the signal given to Btart, it was found that the immense weight had bound the bow of the boat to a rock, but after a few moments' delay the boat fell awaj from the shore and floated into deep water. "Which way?" said Capt. Mitchell, of the steamer. "Straight in the regular channel to Alton," replied Capt, Stokes. "What if we are attacked?" said Capt. Mitchell. " Then we will fight," was the reply of Capt. Stokes. "What if we are overpowered?" said Mitchell. " Run the boat to the deepest part of the river and sink her," replied Stokes. "I'll do it," was the heroic answer of Mitchell, and away they went past the secession battery, past the St. Louis levee, and in the regular channel on to Alton. When they touched the landing, Capt. Stokes, fearing pursuit, ran to the market house and rang the fire bell. The citizens came flocking pell-mell to the river, and soon men, women and children were tugging away at that vessel load of arms, which they soon had deposited in freight cars and off to Springfield. 132 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. LIBERALITY AS WELL AS PATRIOTISM. The people were liberal as well as patriotic; and while the men were busy enlisting, organizing and equipping companies, the ladies were no less active, and the noble, generous work performed by their tender, loving hands deserves mention along with the bravery, devotion and patriotism of their brothers upon the Southern fields of carnage. The continued need of money to obtain the comforts and neces- saries for the sick and wounded of our army suggested to the loyal women of the North many and various devices for the raising of funds. Every city, town and village had its fair, festival, picnic, excursion, concert, which netted more or less to the cause of hospital relief, according to the population of the place and the amount of energy and patriotism displayed on such occasions. Especially was this characteristic of our own fair State, and scarcely a hamlet within its borders which did not send something from its stores to hospital or battlefield, and in the larger towns and cities were well-organized soldiers' aid societies, working systematically and continuously from the beginning of the war till its close. The great State Fair held in Chicago in May, 1865, netted $250,000. Homes for traveling soldiers were established all over the State, in which were furnished lodging for 600,000 men, and meals valued at $2,500,000. Food, clothing, medicine, hospital delicacies, readino- matter, and thousands of other articles, were sent to the boys at the front. MESSAGES OF LOVE AND ENCOTTKAGEMENT. Letters, messages of love and encouragement, were sent by noble women from many counties of the State to encourage the brave sons and brothers in the South. Below we give a copy of a printed letter sent from Knox county to the "boys in blue," as showing the feelings of the women of the North. It was headed, " From the Women of Knox County to Their Brothers in the Field." It was a noble, soul-inspiring message, and kindled anew the intensest love for home, country, and a determination to crown the stars and stripes with victory : "You have gone out from our homes, but not from our hearts. Never for one moment are you forgotten. Through weary march and deadly conflict our prayers have ever followed you; your sufferings are our sufferings, your victories our great joy. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 133 " If there be one of you who knows not the dear home ties, for whom no mother prays, no sister watches, to him especially we speak. Let him feel that though he may not have one mother he has many; he is the adopted child and brother of all our hearts. Kot one of you is beyond the reach of our sympathies; no picket- station so lonely that it is not enveloped in the halo of our prayers. " During all the long, dark months since our country called you from us, your courage, your patient endurance, your fidelity, have awakened our keenest interest, and we have longed to give you an expression of that interest. "By the alacrity with which you sprang to arms, by the valor with which those arms have been wielded, you have placed our State in the front ranks; you have made her worthy to be the home of our noble President. For thus sustaining the honor of our State, dear to us as life, we thank you. " Of your courage we need not speak. Fort Donelson, Pea Ridge, Shiloh, Stone River, Vicksburg, speak with blood- bathed lips of your heroism. The Army of the Southwest fights beneath no defeat-shadowed banner; to it, under God, the nation looks for deliverance. "But we, as women, have other cause for thanks. "We will not speak of the debt we owe the defenders of our Government; that blood-sealed bond no words can cancel. But we are your debtors in a way not often recognized. You have aroused us from the aimlessness into which too many of our lives had drifted, and have infused into those lives a noble pathos. We could not dream our time away while our brothers were dying for us. Even your suffer- ings have worked together for our good, by inciting us to labor for their alleviation, thus giving us a work worthy of our womanhood. Everything that we have been permitted to do for your comfort has filled our lives so much the fuller of all that makes life valua- ble. You have thus been the means of developing in us a nobler tj'pe of womanhood than without the example of your heroism we could ever have attained. For this our whole lives, made purer and nobler by the discipline, will thank you. "This war will leave none of us as it found us. "We cannot buflfet the raging wave and escape all trace of the salt sea's foam. Toward better or toward worse we are hurried with fearful 134 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. haste. If we at home feel this, what must it be to you! Our hearts throb with agony when we think of you wounded, suffering, d3nng; but the thought of no physical pain touches us half so deeply as the thought of the temptations which surround you. We could better give you up to die on the battle-field, true to your God and to your country, than to have you return to us with blasted, blackened souls. When temptations assail fiercely, you must let the tliought that your mothers are praying for strength enable you to overcome them. But figliting for a worthy cause worthily ennobles one; herein is our confidence that you will return better men than you went away. "By all that is noble in your manhood; by all that is true in our womanhood; by all that is grand in patriotism; by all that is sacred in religion, we adjure you to be faithful to yourselves, to us, to your country, and to your God. ISTever were men permitted to fight in a cause more worthy of their blood. Were you fighting for mere conquest, or glory, we could not give you up; but to sus- tain a principle, the greatest to which human lips have ever given utterance, even your dear lives are not too costly a sacrifice. Let that principle, the corner-stone of our independence, be crushed, and we are all slaves. Like the Suliote mothers, we might well clasp our children in our arms and leap down to death. "To the stern arbitrament of the sword is now committed the honor, the very life of this nation. You fight not for yourselves alone; the eyes of the whole world are on you; and if you fail our Nation's death-wail will echo through all coming ages, moaning a requiem over the lost hopes of oppressed humanity. But you will not fail, so sure as there is a God in Heaven. He never meant this richest argosy of the nations, freighted with the fears of all the world's tyrants, with the hopes of all its oppressed ones, to flounder in darkness and death. Disasters may come, as they have come, but they will only be, as they have been, ministers of good. Each one has led the nation upw^ard to a higher plane, from whence it has seen with a clearer eye. Success could not attend us at the West so long as we scorned the help of the black hand, which alone had power to open the gate of redemption; the God of battles would not vouchsafe a victory at the East till the very foot- prints of a McClellan were washed out in blood. "But now all things seem ready; we have accepted the aid of HISTORY OF ILLINOIS, 135 tliatliand; those footsteps are obliterated. In liis own good time we feel that God will give us the victory. Till that hour comes we bid you fight on. Though we have not attained that heroism, or decision, which enables us to give you up without a struggle, which can prevent our giving tears for 3'our hlood^ though many of us must own our hearts desolate till you return, still we bid you stay and fight for our country, till from this fierce baptism of blood she shall be raised complete,' the dust shaken from her garments puri- fied, a new Memnon singing in the great Godlight." Sherman's march to the sea. On the 15th of November, 1864, after the destruction of Atlanta, and the railroads behind him, Sherman, with his army, began his march to the sea-coast. The almost breathless anxiety with which his progress was watched by the loyal hearts of the nation, and the trembling apprehension with which it was regarded by all who hoped for rebel success, indicated this as one of the most remark- able events of the war; and so it proved. Of Sherman's army, 45 regiments of infantry, three companies of artillery, and one of cavalry were from this State. Lincoln answered all rumors of Sherman's defeat with, " It is impossible; there is a mighty sight of fight in 100,000 "Western men." Illinois soldiers brought home 300 battle fiags. The first United States flag that floated over Kichmond was an Illinois flag. She sent messengers and nurses to every field and hospital to care for her sick and wounded sons. Illinois gave the country the great general of the war, U. S. Grant. character of ABRAHAM LINCOLN. One other name from Illinois comes up in all minds, embalmed in all hearts, that must have the supreme place in this sketch of our glory and of our nation's [honor: that name is Abraham Lincoln. The analysis of Mr. Lincoln's character is difiicult on account of its symmetry. In this age we look with admiration at his uncompromising honesty; and well we may, for this saved us. Thousands throughout the length and breadth of our country, who knew him only as "Honest Old Abe," voted for him on that account; and wisely did they choose, for no other man could have carried us through the fearful night of war. When his plans were too vast for our comprehension, and his faith in the cause too sub- 136 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. lime for our participation ; when it was all night about us, and all dread before us, and all sad and desolate behind us; when not one ray shone upon our cause; when traitors were haughty and exult- ant at the South, and fierce and blasphemous at the North; when the loyal men seemed almost in the minority; when the stoutest heart quailed, the bravest cheek paled ; when generals were defeat- ing each other for place, and contractois were leeching out the very heart's blood of the republic; when everything else had failed us, we looked at this calm, patient man standing like a rock in the storm, and said, " Mr. Lincoln is honest, and we can trust him still." Holding to this single point with the energy of faith and despair, we held together, and under God he brought us through to victory. His practical wisdom made him the wonder of all lands. With such certainty did Mr. Lincoln follow causes to their ultimate effects, that his foresight of contingencies seemed almost prophetic. He is radiant with all the great virtues, and his memory will shed a glory upon this age that will fill the eyes of men as they look into history. Other men have excelled him in some points; but, taken at all points, he stands head and shoulders above every other man of 6,000 years. An administrator, he saved the nation in the perils of unparalleled civil war; a statesman, he justified his measures by their success; a philanthropist, he gave liberty to one race and salvation to another; a moralist, he bowed from the sum- mit of human power to the foot of the cross; a mediator, he exer- cised mercy under the most absolute obedience to law; a leader, he was no partisan ; a commander, he was untainted with blood ; a ruler in desperate times, he was unsullied with crime; a man, he has left no word of passion, no thought of malice, no trick of craft, no act of jealousy, no purpose of selfish ambition. Thus perfected, without a model and without a peer, he was dropped into these troubled years to adorn and embellish all that is good and all that is great in our humanity, and to present to all coming time the representative of the divine idea of free government. It is not too much to say that away down in the future, when the republic has fallen from its niche in the wall of time; when the great war itself shall have faded out in the distance like a mist on the horizon; when the Anglo-Saxon shall be spoken only by the tongue of the stranger, then the generations looking this way shall see the great President as the supreme figure in this vortex of history. UISTORY OF ILLIXOIS. 1 "7 lol THE "WAK ENDED — THE UNION RESTORED. The rebellion was ended witli tlie surrender of Lee and his army, and Johnson and his command in April, 1805. Our armies at the time were up to their maximum strength, never so formidable, never so invincible; and, until recruiting ceased by order of Sec- retary Stanton, were daily strengthening. The necessity, however, LINCOLN MONUMENT AT SPRINGFIELD. for SO vast and formidable numbers ceased with the disbanding of the rebel forces, which had for more than four years disputed the supremacy of the Government over its domain. And now the joyful and welcome news was to be borne to the victorious legions that their work was ended in triumph, and they were to be per- mitted "to see homes and friends once more." 138 HISTOEY OF ILLINOIS. Schedule — Showiug statement of volunteer troops organized within the State, and sent to the field, commeuciuf? April, 18iJl, aud eudiug Decembur 3t, 186j, \vith number of regiment, name of original commanding officer, date of organization and muster into United States' service, place of muster, and the aggregate strength^ of each organization. INFANTRY. Commanding officer at organiza tion. Col. John Cook " Richard J. Oglesby. " Eleazer A. Paine. . . " Jas. D. Morgan " W. H. L. Wallace... " John McArthur " John B. Wyman " John M. Palmer " Thos. J. Turner " Robert F. Smith.... " Leonard F. Ross " Michael K. Lawler... " John B. Turchin. . . . " Chas. C. Marsh " Ulysses S. Grant " Henry Dougherty — " Jas. A. Mulligan " Frederick Hecker. . . " Wm. N. Coler " JohnM.Loomis " Nap. B. Buford ;. " A. K. Johnson " Jas. S. Rearden '• Philip B. Fouke " John A. Logan " John Logan " Chas. E.IIovev " Edward N. Kirk " Gus. A. Smith " Nich. Greiisel " Julius White " Wm. P. Carlin " Austin Light " Steph. G. Hicks " Isaac C. Pugh " Wm.A. Webb " Julius Raith. ..... " Chas. Noblesdorflf .. . " John E. Smith . " John A. Davis " John Bryuer " Isham N. Haynie — " Wm. R.Morrison... " Moses M. Bane '• G. W. Camming " Isaac G. Wilson " W. H. W. Cushman. " Thos. W.Harris " David Stuart " Robert Kirkham " Silas D. Baldwin.... " Wm. F. Lvnch " P. Sidney'Poat " Silas C. Toler. " Jacob Fry . " James M. True " Francis Mora Lt. Col. D. D. Williams . . Col. Daniel Cameron . . . . " Patrick E. Burke.... " Rosell M. Hough... . " Elias Stuart " Jos. H. Tucker " O.T.Reeves " Othniel Gilbert June 13, 1861. June 15, 1861. June as, 1861. June 18, 1861. July 8, 1861. Date of organization and Place where mustered muster iuio the Unitedl into the United States States service. service. July 2.5, 1861. May 21, May 25, May 24, 1861. 1861. 1861. May 28, 1861 Oct. 31, 1861. \ug. 3, 1861 . . July 27, 1861. Sept. 30, 1861. Sept. 8,1861.. Dec. 31,1861. Aug. 15.1861. Sept. 7, 1861. Sept. 23, 1861 Sept. 18,1361 Aug. 1.5, 1881. .. December, 1861.. Aug. 10, 18G1 Aug, 9, 1861 Sept. 17, 1861 Dec. 16,1861 Sept. 13, 1861.... Dec. 26, 1S61. ... Dec. 28. 1861 Oct. 1, 1861 Nov. 18,1861 Dec. 31, 1861 Sept. 12, 1861 .... Dec. '61, Feb. '62. Nov. 19, 1861 March. 1862 Feb. 18. 1862 Oct. 31, 1861 Feb. 27,1862 Doc. 26, 1861 Dec. 24, 1861 , August, 1861 ■, Feb. 17, 18H2 March 7, 1862.... April 10,1862 Dec. 31, 1862 May 15, 1862 April, 1862 Juno 13, 1862 June 20, 1862 June 14, 1862 July 4, 1862 July 26, 1862 Cairo, Illinois. Dixon. Jacksonville Freeport Quincy Peoria Anna Joliet. . . . Mattoon... Belleville. Chicago. . . Chicago. . . Camp Butler. Camp Butler. Camp Butler. Camp Butler. Camp Butler. Camp Butler. Camp Butler. Camp Butler. Aurora Chicago Camp Butler.. . Chicago Salem Decatur Chicago Camp Butler.. . Chicago Galena Camp Butler... Peoria Camp Butler.. . Camp Butler. . Quincy Camp "Douglas. Geneva Ottawa Anna Camp Douglas Shawneetowu .. Camp Douglas. Camp Douglas St. Louis, Mo.. Anna Carrollton Anna Anna Camp Butler... Camp Douglas. St. Lonio, Mo. . Camp Douglas. Camp Butler.. . Camp Douglas. Camp Butler.. . Camp Douglas. r- ~ -I ^•O * £ " 1 ' £ T To" 1747 1853 1265 1759 1384 1675 1112 2015 2028 1833 1259 2043 1095 1817 1266 1164 1982 989 1082 1602 1193 19.39 1547 1878 1973 1711 1660 1558 1012 1593 1157 1388 1807 1277 1211 1824 1902 1.512 1716 2015 2051 1874 1482 1761 1550 1519 14S4 1720 1287 1180 1754 2202 1762 1647 1385 1730 1228 1624 1684 1694 979 889 912 1006 940 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 139 ScH-EDULE — Showing statement of volunteer troops organized within tho State, and sent to the field, commencing April, 1861, and ending December 31, 18(1."), with uumlier of regiment, name of original commanding officer, date of organization and muster into United States' service, place of muster, and the aggregate strength of each organization. INFANTRY. 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 83 86 87 Commanding officer at organiza- tion. Col. Frederick A. Starring.. " Jas. F. Jaquess " Jason Marsh " George Ryan " Alonzo W. Mack >' David P. Grier " W. II. Beuuison '• Lvman Guiunip " Thos. G. \llen " Jas. J. Dollins " Frederick Hecker " Aimer C. Harding •' Louis H. Waters " Robert S. Moore " David D. Irons " John R. Whiting 88 " F. T.Sherman 89 •' John Christopher 90 " Timothv O'ih'ra 91 " Henry M. Day 92 " Smith D. Atkins 93 " Ilolden Putnam 94 *• Wm. W. Orme 95 '■ Lawr'n S. Church 96 " Thos. E. Champion. ... 97 " F.S.Rutherford 98 " J. J. Funkhouscr 99 '' G. W. K. Bailey 100 '■ Fred. A. Bartleson 101 " Chas. II. Fox 102 " Wm. McMurtry 10.3 " Amos C. Babcock 104 " Absalom B. Moore 105 " Daniel Dustin lOfi " Robert B. Latham IO7 " Thomas Snell 10s " John Warner lOo " Alex. J. Nimmo lib '■ Thos. S. Casey 111 " James S. Martin 112 " T. J. Henderson 113 '• Geo. B. Hoge 114 ■' James W. Judy 115 " Jesse H. Moore 116 " Nathan H.Tupper 117 " Risden M. Moore llH ■' John G. Fonda.. . II9 '• Thos. J. Keuney 12(1 " George W. McKeaig — l2i .Vever organized 122 Col. John I. Rinaker 12:^ " James Moore 124 " Thomas J. Sloan 125 " Oscar F. Harmon 126 " Jonathan Richmond 127 " John VanArman 12s " Robert M. Hudley 12!) " George P. Smith 130 " Nathaniel Nilcs 131 " George W. Neeley 132 " Thomas C. Pickett 133 " Thad. Phillips 134 " W. W McCheeney 135 " Johns. Wolfe Date of organization and'Place where mustered muster into the United States service Aug. 21,1862., Sept. 4, 1862... Sept. 2. 1862.. .\ug, 22, 1862. *Sept. 3, 1862. Sept. 1, 1862... Aug. 28, 1862.. Aug. 2.5, 1862... Aug. 26, 1862.. Aug. 21, 1862.. Sept. 1. 1862.. Aug. 27, 1862. Sept. 22. 1862. . Aug. 27, 1862... *Aug 25, 186^.. Nov. 22, 1862.. Sept. 8, 1862... Sept. 4, 1862.... Oct. 13,1862.... Aug. 20, 1862... Sept. 4,1862... Sept. 6, 1S62... Sept. 8, 18(32.. Sept. 3. 1^6i .. Aug. 26, 1862. . Aug. 30, 1802. Sept. 2, 1862... Oct, 2, 1862. . . ■Vug. 27. 1862. Sept. 2, 186^. Sept. 17, 1862. Sept. 4.1862.. .\ug. 28, 1862. Sept. 11, 18G1. Sept. 18, 1862. Sept. 12,1862.., Oct. 1.1862 Sept. 18, 1S62. . . Sept. 13, 1862... Sept. 30 18(12... Sept. 19, 1862. . . Nov 29. 1S62. . Oct. 7, 1862... Oct. 29, 1862.... Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. 4,1862.. 6 1862 . 10 18G2. 4, 1862.. *Sept. 5, 1862. Dec 18, 1862.. Sept. 8, 1862.. Oct. 25. ]8()5.. Nov. 13,1862.. June 1, 1864.. May 31,1864.. into tho service. United States June 6, 1864. Camp Douglas Camp Butler Rockford Dixon Kankakee Peoria. ., tiuincy Danville Ceutralia Anna Camp Butler . . . Monmouth t^uiucy Peoria Peoria Shawueetown Camp Douglas Camp Douglas Camp Douglas Camp Butler Rockford Princeton and Chicago. . Bloomington, Rockford Rockford Camp Butler Centralia Florence, Pike Co., Joliet Jacksonville Knoxville peoria Ottawa Chicago Lincoln Camp Butler Peoria Anna Anna Salem. .. Peoria Camp Douglas CainpBuller Camp Butler Decatur Camp Butler Camp Butler (Juiucv Camp Butler Carlinville..,.. Mattoon Camp Butler... Danville Chicago Camp Douglas. Camp Butler... Poutiac Camp But'er. .. Camp ^lassac. . Camp Fry Camp Biiller. Cam]) Fry Mattoon > a — Ijq S " ™ CD • ovt (R a 1471 908 989 987 1110 1051 1028 974 928 1187 961 128ti 956 95!* 993 994 ;)07 l-.:85 958 1041 1265 1036 1091 1427 12t)6 1082 1078 936 921 911 998 917 977 10(-)1 1097 944 927 967 873 994 1095 1258 990 960 952 995 1101 952 844 '934 1050 11 :» 033 998 957 866 1011 932 8S0 8.5;} 851 878 8,52 uo HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Schedule— Showing statement of volunteer troops organized within the State, and sent to the field, commencing April, 1861, and ending December 31, 1865, with number of regiment, name of original commanding; officer, date of organization and muster into United States' service, place of muster, and the aggregate strength of each organization. " ~ IN FANTR Y. c 13t) 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 UO 151 152 153 154 155 156 Commanding officer at organiza- tion. Col. Fred. A. Johns. John Wood. " J.W.Goodwin " Peter Davidson '• L.H.Whitney " Stephen Bronson " RoUin V. Ankney.. . " Dudley C. Smith '• Cyrus Hall " George W. Lackey. . " Henry II. Dean •' Hiram F. Sickles " Horace H. Wilsie " Wm. C. Kueffner " George W. Keener.. . . " French B. Woodall. . . " F. D. Stephenson " Stephen Bronson " McLean F.Wood.. .. " Gustavus A. Smith. . " Alfred F. Smith " J. W. Wilson " John A. Bross Capt. John Curtis '• Simon J. Stookey «' James Steele Date of organization and Place muster into the United '"' States service. :une 1, 1864... June 5. 1864... June 21, 18W.. June 1. 1864... June 18, 1864.. June 16, 1864.. June 18, 1864.. June 11,1864.. Oct. 21,1864... Junes, 1864... Sept. 20,1864.. Feb. 18, 1865... Feb. 11, Feb. 14, Feb. 25, Feb. 1«, Feb. 27, Feb. 22, Feb. 28, March 9. 1865.. 1865 . 1865. . 1865.. 1865. . 1865 1865 . 1865. Dec. 1, 1861. where mustered into the United States service. June 21, 1864. June 15, 1864. Centralia Quincy Quincy Peoria Camp Butler.. Elgin Camp Butler. . Mattoon A'ton, Ills Camp Butler.. Camp Butler.. Chicago Quincy Camp Butler. , Camp Butler.. Quincy Camp "Butler. , Chicago Camp Butler. Camp Butler. Chicago Chicago Quincy CampButler. Camp Butler. Chicago J-.. O ■ o a> a CO ■ S ^ 842 849 835 878 871 842 851 865 1159 880 1056 1047 917 983 933 970 945 1076 994 929 975 985 903 91 90 86 CAVALRY. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Col. Thomas A. Marshall " Silas Noble ... " Eugene A . Carr " T.Lyle Dickey " John J. Updegraff " Thomas H. Cavanaugh. " Wm. Pitt Kellogg " John F. Faruswortli. . . . " Al bert G. Brackett " James A. Barrett " Roberto. IngersoU " ArnoVoss " Joseph W.Bell " Horace Capron " Warren Stewart ■' Christian Thielman " John L. Beveridge June, 1861 Aug. 24, " Sept. 21, " Sept. 30, " December " Nov., '61, Jan. ,'62. August, "61 Sept. 18, '61 Oct. 26, '61 Nov. 2.5, "61 Dec. 20, '61 Dec, '61, Feb.. '62.. Jan. 7, '63 Organized Dec. 25, '63. Jan. and April, '63. .. . Jan. 28, '64 Bloomington... Camp Butler... Camp Butler... Ottawa Camp Butler... Camp Butler... Camp Butler... St. t harles.. .. Camp Douglas. Camp Butler... Peoria Camp Butler. . Camp Douglas. Peoria ... . . . Camp Butler.. . Camp Butler... St. Charles 1206 1861 2183 1656 1609 2248 2282 2412 2619 1934 2362 2174 1759 1.565 t473 1463 1247 FIRST REGIMENT— ILLINOIS LIGHT ARTILLERY. Co A B O D E F G H I K L M Field and Staff. Capt. C. M. Willard " Ezra Taylor " C. Haughtaling '• Edward Mc.Mlister. " A. C. Waterhouse.. " John T. Cheney ... " Artliur O'Leary " A.xel Silversparr " Edward Bouton '• A. Franklin " John Rourke " John B. Miller Recruits Oct. .31,1861. Jan. 14, '62... Dec. 19, 'HI... Feb. 25, "62.. Feb. 28, '62. Feb. 20, '62.. Feb. 15, '62... Jan. 9, '62.... Feb. 22, '62.. Aug. 12, '62 Chicago Chicago Ottawa Ptaiufield Chicago Camp Butler.. Cairo Chicago Chicago Shawneetown Chicago Chicago 7 168 204 175 141 148 159 113 147 169 96 153 154 883 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 141 ScETEDtrLE— Showing ptatement of volunteer troops organized within the State, and sent to the field commencing April, 1861, and ending December 31, 1865, with number of regiment, name of original commanding officer, date of organization and muster into United States service, place of muster, and the aggregate strength of each organization. LIGHT ARTILLERY. o p Commanding officer at organiza- tion. Date of organization and muster into the L'nited States service. Place where mustered into the United States service. Aggr. Btrength since organi- zation. SECOND REGIMENT— ILLINOIS LIGHT ARTILLERY. Capt. Peter Davidson Aug. i; Riley Madison June 20 " Caleb Hopkins Aug. 5, '61 " Jasper M. Dresser Dec. 17, '61 " Adolph Schwartz Feb. 1. '62.. " John W. Powell Dec. 11, '61. " Charles J. Stolbrand Dec. 31, '61 " Andrew Steinbeck " Charles W. Keith " Benjamin F.Rogers " William H. Bolton Feb. 28. " John C. Pliillips June 6, Field and Staff ' Recruits ' 1861 Peoria '61 , Springfield . Cairo Cairo '62. '62. Cairo Cape Girardeau, Mo., Camp Butler Camp Butler Camp Butler. Camp Butler Chicago Chicago INDEPENDENT BATTERIES. 116 127 IM 117 136 190 108 115 107 108 145 100 10 1171 Board of Trade Springfield. . . . Mercantile Elgin Coggswell's... Henshaw's — Bridges' Colvin's Busteed's Capt. James S. Stokes '* Thomas F. Vaughn "■ Charles G. Cooley " George W. Renwick... " William Coggswell... " Ed. C, Henshaw " Lyman Bridges " JohnH.Colvin July 31, 1862. Aug. 21, '62.. Aug. 29. '62 . . Nov. 15, '62.. Sept 2:}, '61.. Oct. 15. '62. . . Jan. 1, '62.... Oct. 10, '63. . . Chicago Camp Butler... Chicago Elgin Camp Douglas. Ottawa Chicago Chicago Chicago 258 199 270 242 221 196 252 91 127 RECAPITULATION. Infantry 185.941 Cavalrv 32.082 ArtilleVv 7,277 DUELS. The code of chivalry so common among Southern gentlemen and so frequently brought into use in settling personal differences has also been called to settle the " affairs of honor " in our own State, however, but few times, and those in the earlier days. Several attempts at duels have occurred; before the disputants met in mortal combat the differences were amicably and satisfactorily settled; honor was maintained without the sacrifice of life. In 1810 a law was adopted to suppress the practice of dueling. This law held the fatal result of dueling to be murder, and, as it was intended, had the effect of making it odious and dishonorable. Prior to the constitution of 18-18, parties would evade the law by 142 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. going beyond the jurisdiction of the State to engage in their con- tests of honor. At that time they incorporated in the Constitution an oath of office, which was so broad as to cover the whole world. Any person who had ever fought a duel, ever sent or accepted a challenge or acted the part of second was disfranchised from holding office, even of minor importance. After this M^ent into effect, no other duel or attempt at a duel has been engaged in within the State of Illinois, save those fought by parties living outside of the State, who came here to settle their personal differences. THE FIKST DUEL. The first duel fought within the boundaries of this great State was between two young military officers, one of the French and the other of the English army, in the year 1765. It was at the time the British troops came to take possession of Fort Chartres, and a woman was the cause of it. The affair occurred early Sunday morning, near the old fort. They fought with swords, and in the combat one sacrificed his life. BOND AND JONES. In 1809 the next duel occurred and was bloodless of itself, but out of it grew a quarrel which resulted in the assassination of one of the contestants. The principals were Shadrach Bond, the first Governor, and Rice Jones, a bright young lawyer, who became quite a politician and the leader of his party. A personal difference arose between the two, which to settle, the parties met for mortal combat on an island in the Mississippi. The weapons selected were hair- trigger pistols. After taking their position Jones' weapon was prematurely discharged. Bond's second, Dunlap, now claimed that according to the code Bond had the right to the next fire. But Bond would not take so great advantage of his opponent, and said it was an accident and would not fire. Such noble conduct touched the generous nature of Jones, and the difficulty was at once amicably settled. Dunlap, however, bore a deadly hatred for Jones, and one day while he was standing in the street in Ivaskaskia, conversing with a lady, lie crept up behind him and shot him dead in his tracks. Dunlap successfully escaped to Texas. RECTOR AND BARTON. In 1812 the bloody code again brought two young men to the field of honor. They were Thomas Rector, a son of Capt. Stephen HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 145 Rector who bore such a noble part in the war of 1812, ana Joshua Barton. Tlicy liad espoused the quarrel of older brothers. The affair occurred on Bloody Island, in the Mississippi, but in the limits of Illinois. This place was frequented so often by Missou- rians to settle personal difficulties, that it received the name of Bloody Island. Barton fell in this conflict. STEWART AND BENNETT. In 1819 occurred the first duel fought after the admission of the State into the Union. This took place in St. Clair county between Alphonso Stewart and William Bennett. It was intended to be a sham duel, to turn ridicule against Bennett, the challenging party- Stewart was in the secret but Bennett was left to believe it a reality. Their guns were loaded with blank cartridges. Bennett, suspecting a trick, put a ball into his gun without the knowledge of his seconds. The word "fire" was given, and Stewart fell mortally wounded. Bennett made his escape but was subsequently captured, convicted of murder and suffered the penalty of the law by hanging. PEARSON AND BAKER. In 1840 a personal difference arose between two State Senators, Judo-e Pearson and E. D. Baker. The latter, smarting under the epithet of "lalsehoud," threatened to chastise Pearson in the public streets, bv a " fist fight." Pearson declined making a "blackguard'' of himself but intimated a readiness to fight as gentlemen, accord- ing to the code of honor. The affair, however, was carried no further. HARDIN AND DODGE. The exciting debates in the Legislature in 1840-'41 were often bitter in personal "slings," and threats of combats were not infrequent. During these debates, in one of the speeclies by the Hon. J. J. Hardin, Hon. A. R. Dodge thought he discovered a personal insult, took exceptions, and an " affair" seemed imminent. The controversy was referred to friends, however, and amicably settled. m'cLERNAND AND SMITH. Hon. John A. McClernand, a member of the House, in a speech delivered during the same session made charges against the Whig Judges of the Supreme Court. This brought a note from Judge 146 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. T. W. Smith, by the hands of liis " friend " Dr. Merriman, to McClernand. This was construed as a challenge, and promptly accepted, naming the place of meeting to be Missouri; time, early; the weapons, rifles; and distance, 40 paces. At this critical junc- ture, the Attorney General had a warrant issued against the Judge, whereupon he was arrested and placed under bonds to keep the peace. Thus ended this attempt to vindicate injured honor. LINCOLN AND SHIELDS. During the hard times subsequent to the failure of the State and other banks, in 1842, specie became scarce while State money was plentiful, but worthless. The State officers thereupon demanded specie payment for taxes. This was bitterly opposed, and so fiercely contested that the collection of taxes was suspended. During the period of the greatest indignation toward the State ofiicials, under the nom de plume of " Rebecca," Abraham Lincoln had an article published in the Sangamo Journal^ entitled " Lost Township." In this article, written in the form of a dialogue, the officers of the State were roughly handled, and especially Auditor Shields. The name of the author was demaded from the editor by Mr. Shields, who was very indignant over the manner in which he was treated. The name of Abraham Lincoln was given as the author. It is claimed by some of his biographers, however, that the article was prepared by a lady, and that when the name of the author was demanded, in a spirit of gallantry, Mr. Lincoln gave his name. In company with Gen. Whiteside, Gen. Shields pur- sued Lincoln to Tremont, Tazewell county, where he was in attend- ance upon the court, and immediately sent him a note "requiring a full, positive and absolute retraction of all offensive allusions " made to him in relation to his "private character and standing as a man, or an apology for the insult conveyed." Lincoln had been forewarned, however, for William Butler and Dr. Merriman, of Springfield, had become acquainted with Shields' intentions and by riding all night arrived at Tremont ahead of Shields and informed Lincoln what he might expect. Lincoln answered Shields' note, refusing to offer any explanation, on the grounds that Shields' note assumed the fact of his (Lincoln's) authorship of the article, and not pointing out what the offensive part was, and accompanying the same with threats as to consequences, Mr. Shields answered this, disavowing all intention to menace ; inquired if he was the author, HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 147 asked a retraction of that portion relating to his private character. Mr. Lincohi, still technical, returned this note with the verbal statement " that there could be no further negotiations until the first note was withdrawn." At this Shields named Gen. White- side as his " friend," when Lincoln reported Dr. Merriman as his "friend," These gentlemen secretly pledged themselves to agree upon some amicable terms, and compel their principals to accept them. The four went to Springfield, when Lincoln left for Jack- sonville, leaving the following instructions to guide his friend. Dr. Merriman: " In case "Whiteside shall signify a wish to adjust this affair with- out further difficulty, let him know that if the present papers be withdrawn and a note from Mr. Shields, asking to know if I am the author of the articles of which he complains, and asking that I shall make him gentlemanly satisfaction, if I am the author, and this without menace or dictation as to what that satisfaction shall be, a pledge is made that the following answer shall be given: I did write the "Lost Township " letter which appeared in the Journal of the 2d inst., but had no participation, in any form, in any other article alluding to you. I wrote that wholly for political effect. I had no intention of injuring your personal or private character or standing, as a man or gentleman ; and I did not then think, and do not now think, that that article could produce or has pro- duced that effect against you ; and, had I anticipated such an effect, would have foreborne to write it. And I will add that your conduct toward me, so far as I know, had always been gentlemanly, and that I had no personal pique against you, and no cause for any. " If this should be done, I leave it to you to manage what shall and what shall not be published. If nothing like this is done, the preliminaries of the fight are to be: " 1st. Weapons. — Cavalry broad swords of the largest size, pre- cisely equal in all respects, and such as are now used l)y the cavalry company at Jacksonville. " 2d. Position. — A plank ten feet long and from nine to twelve inches broad, to be firmly fixed on edge, on the ground, as a line between us which neither is to pass his foot over on forfeit of his life. Next a line drawn on the ground on either side of said plank, and parallel with it, each at the distance of the whole length of the sword, and three feet additional from the plank; and the passing of his own such line by either party during the fight, shall be deemed a surrender of the contest. 148 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. "3d. Time. — On Thursday evening at 5 o'clock, if you can get it so; l»ut in no case to be at a greater distance of time than Friday evening at 5 o'clock. "4:th. Place. — Within three miles of Alton, on the opposite side of the river, the particular spot to be agreed on by you. " Any preliminary details coming within the aboverules, you are at liberty to make at your discretion, but you are in no case to swerve from these rules, or pass beyond their limits." The position of the contestants, as prescribed by Lincoln, seems to have been such as both would have been free from coming in contact with the sword of the other, and the first impression is that it is nothing more than one of Lincoln's jokes. He possessed very lono" arms, however, and could reach his adversary at the stipulated distance. I^ot being amicably arranged, all parties repaired to the field of combat in Missouri. Gen. Hardin and .Dr. English, as mutual friends of both Lincoln and Shields, arrived in the meantime, and after much correspondence at their earnest solicitation the affair was satisfactorily arranged, Lincoln making a statement similar to the one above referred to. SHIELDS AND BUTLEE. William Butler, one of Lincoln's seconds, was dissatisfied with the bloodless termination of the Lincoln-Shields affair, and wrote an account of it for the Sangamo Journal. This article reflected dis- creditably upon both the principals engaged in that controversy. Shields replied by the hands of his friend Gen. Whiteside, in a curt, menacing note, which was promptly accepted as a challenge by Butler, and the inevitable Dr. Merriman named as his friend, who submitted the following as preliminaries of the fight: Time. — Sunrise on the following morning. Place. — Col. Allen's farm (about one mile north of State House.) Weapons. — Rifles. Distance. — One hundred yards. The parties to stand with their right sides toward each other — the rifles to be held in both hands horizontally and cocked, arms extended downwards. Neither party to move his person or his rifle after being placed, before the word fire. The signal to be: "Are you ready? Fire! one — two — three!" about a second of HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 149 time intervening between each word. JSTeitlier party to fire before the word '' fire," nor after the word " three." Gen. Wliiteside, in language cnrt and abrupt, addressed a note to Dr. Merriman declining to accept the terms. Gen. Shields, how- ever, addressed another note to Butler, explaining the feelings of his second, and offering to go out to a lonely place on the prairie to figlit, where there would be no danger of being interrupted; or, if that did not suit, he M'ould meet him on his own conditions, when and where he pleased. Butler claimed the affair was closed and declined the proposition. WHITESIDE AND MEEEIMAN. Now Gen. "Whiteside and Dr. Merriman, who several times had acted in the capacity of friends or seconds, were to handle the deadly weapons as principals. While second in the Shields-Butler ^^5(7(9, Whiteside declined the terms proposed by Butler, in curt and abrupt language, stating that tlie place of combat could not be dictated to him, for it was as much his right as Merriman's, who, if he was a gentleman, would recognize and concede it. To this Merriman replied by the hands of Capt. Lincoln. It will be remembered that Merriman had acted in the same capacity for Lin- coln. Whiteside then wrote to Merriman, asking to meet him at St. Louis, when he would hear from him further. To this Merri- man replied, denying his right to name place, but offered to meet in Louisiana, Mo. This Whiteside would not agree to, but later signified his desire to meet him there, but the aff'air being closed, the doctor declined to re-open it, PRATT AND CAMPBELL. These two gentlemen were members of the Constitutional Con- vention of 1847, and both from Jo Davies county. A dispute arose which ended in a challenge to meet on the field of honor. They both repaired to St. Louis, but the authorities gaining knowledge of their bloody intentions, had both parties arrested, which ended this " aff'air." DEESS AND MANNERS. The dress, habits, etc., of a people throw so much light upon their conditions and limitations that in order better to show the circum- stances surrounding the people of the State, we will give a short 150 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. exposition of the manner of life of our Illinois people at different epochs. The Indians themselves are credited by Charlevoix with being "very laborious," — raising poultry, spinning the wool of the buffalo and manufacturing garments therefrom. These must have been, however, more than usually favorable representatives of their race. " The working and voyaging dress of the French masses," says Keynolds, "was simple and primitive. The French were like the lilies of the valley (the Old Ranger was not always exact in his quotations), — they neither spun nor wove any of their clothing, but purchased it from the merchants. The white blanket coat, known as the capot, was the universal and eternal coat for the winter with the masses. A cape was made of it that could be raised over the head in cold weather. " In the house, and in good weather, it hung behind, a cape to the blanket coat. The reason that I know these coats so well is, that I have worn many in my youth, and a working man never wore a better garment. Dressed deer-skins and blue cloth were worn commonly in the winter for pantaloons. The blue handkerchief and the deer-skin moccasins covered the head and feet generally of the French Creoles. In 1800, scarcely a man thought himself clothed unless he had a belt tied around his blanket coat, and on one side was hung the dressed skin of a pole-cat, filled with tobacco, pipe, flint and steel. On the other side was fastened, under the belt, the the butcher-knife. A Creole in this dress felt like Tarn O'Shanter filled with usquebaugh; he could face the devil. Checked calico shirts were then common, but in winter flannel was frequently worn. In the summer the laboring men and the voyagers often took their shirts off in hard work and hot weather, and turned out the naked back to the air and sun." " Among the Americans," he adds, "home-made wool hats were the common wear. Fur hats were not common, and scarcely a boot was seen. The covering of the feet in winter was chiefly moccasins made of deer-skins, and shoe packs of tanned leather. Some wore shoes, but not common in very early times. In the summer the greater portion of the young people, male and female, and many of the old, went barefoot. The substantial and universal outside wear was the blue linsey hunting-shirt. This is an excellent garment, and I have never felt so happy and healthy since I laid it off. It is < Q % O -' H m K >; K O o « n D O HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 153 made of wide sleeves, open before, with ample size so as to envelop the body almost twice around. Sometimes it had a large cape, which answers well to save the shoulders from the rain. A belt is mostly used to keep the garment close around the person, and, nevertheless, there is nothing tight about it to hamper the body. It is often fringed, and at times the fringe is composed of red, and other gay colors. The belt, frequently, is sewed to the hunting-shirt. The vest was mostly made of striped linsey. The colors were made often with alum, copperas and madder, boiled with the bark of trees, in such a manner and proportions as the old ladies prescribed. The pantaloons of the masses were generally made of deer-skin and linsey. Course blue cloth was sometimes made into pantaloons. " Linsey, neat and fine, manufactured at home, composed generally the outside garments of the females as well as the males. The ladies had linsey colored and woven to suit their fancy. A bonnet, composed of calico, or some gay goods, was worn on the head when they were in the open air. Jewelry on the pioneer ladies was uncommon; a gold ring was an ornament not often seen." In 1820 a change of dress began to take place, and before 1830, according to Ford, most of the pioneer costume had disappeared. "The blue linsey hunting-shirt, with red or white fringe, had given place to the cloth coat. [Jeans would be more like the fact.] The raccoon cap, with the tail of the animal dangling down behind, had been thrown aside for hats of wool or fur. Boots and shoes had supplied the deer-skin moccasins; and the leather breeches, strapj^ed tight around the ankle, had disappeared before unmentionables of a more modern material. The female sex had made still greater pro. gress in dress. The old sort of cotton or woolen frocks, spun, woven and made with their own fair hands, and striped and cross- barred with blue dye and turkey red, had given place to gowns of silk and calico. The feet, before in a state of nudity, now charmed in shoes of calf-skin or slippers of kid; and the head, formerly unbonneted, but covered with a cotton handkerchief, now displayed the charms of the female face under many forms of bonnets of straw, silk and leghorn. The young ladies, instead of walking a mile or two to church on Sunday, carrying their shoes and stockings in their hands until within a hundred yards of the place of worship, as formerly, now came forth arrayed complete in all the pride of dress, mounted on fine horses and attended by their male admirers." 154: HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. The last half century has doubtless witnessed changes quite as great as those set forth by our Illinois historian. The chronicler of to-day, looking back to the golden days of 1830 to 1840, and comparing them with the present, must be struck with the tendency of an almost monotonous uniformity in dress and manners that comes from the easy inter-communication afforded by steamer, rail- way, telegraph and newspaper. Home manufacturers have been driven from the household by the lower-priced fabrics of distant mills. The Kentucky jeans, and the copperas-colored clothing of home manufacture, so familiar a few years ago, have given place to the cassiraeres and cloths of noted factories. The ready-made- clothing stores, like a touch of nature, made the whole world kin- and may drape the charcoal man in a dress-coat and a stove-pipe hat. The prints and silks of England and France give a variety of choice, and an assortment of colors and shades such as the pioneer women could hardly have dreamed of. Godey, and Demorest, and Harper's Bazar are found in our modern farm-houses, and the latest fashions of Paris are not uncommon. PHYSICAL FEATUKES OF ILLINOIS. In area the State has 55,410 square miles of territory. It is about 150 miles wide and 400 miles long, stretching in latitude from Maine to North Carolina. The climate varies from Portland to Richmond. It favors every product of the continent, including the tropics, with less than half a dozen exceptions. It produces every great food of the world except bananas and rice. It is hardly too much to say that it is the most productive spot known to civil- ization. With the soil full of bread and the earth full of minerals; with an upper surface of food and an under layer of fuel; with per- fect natural drainage, and abundant springs, and streams, and navi- gable rivers; half way between the forests of the North and the fruits of the South; within a day's ride of the great deposits of iron, coal, copper, lead and zinc; and containing and controlling the great grain, cattle, pork and lumber markets of the world, it is not strange that Illinois has the advantage of position. There are no mountains in Illinois; in the southern as well as in the northern part of the State there are a few hills; near the banks pf the Illinois, Mississippi, and several other rivers, the ground is HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. loj elevated, forming the so-called bluffs, on which at the present day may be found, uuetfaced by the hand of Time, the marks and traces left by the water which was formerly much higher; whence it may be safe to conclude that, where now the fertile prairies of Illinois extend, and the rich soil of the country yields its golden harvests, must have been a vast sheet of water, the mud deposited by which formed the soil, thus accounting for the present great fertility of the country. Illinois is a garden 400 miles long and 150 miles wide. Its soil is chiefly a black, sandy loam, from 6 inches to 60 feet thick. About the old French towns it has yielded corn for a century and a half without rest or help. She leads all other States in the number of acres actually under plow. Her mineral wealth is scarcely second to her agricultural power. She has coal, iron, lead, zinc, copper, many varieties of building stone, marble, fire clay, cuma clay, common brick clay, sand of all kinds, gravel, mineral paint, — in fact, everything needed for a high civilization. AGRICULTURE. If any State of the Union is adapted for agriculture, and the other branches of rural economy relating thereto, such as the raising of cattle and the culture of fruit trees, it is pre-eminently Illinois. Her extremely fertile prairies recompense the farmer at less trouble and expense than he would be obliged to incur elsewhere, in order to obtain the same results. Her rich soil, adapted by nature for immediate culture, only awaits the plow and tiie seed in order to mature, within a few mouths, a most bountiful harvest. A review of statistics will be quite interesting to the reader, as well as valuable, as showing the enormous quantities of the various cereals produced in our prairie State: In 1S76 there was raised in the State 130,000,000 of bushels of corn, — twice as much as any other State, and one-sixth of all the corn raised in the United States. It would take 375,000 cars to transport this vast amount of corn 1o market, which would make 15,000 trains of 25 cars each. She harvested 2,747.000 tons of hay, nearly one- tenth of all the hay in the Republic. It is not generally appreciated, but it is true, that the hay crop of the country is worth more than the cotton crop. The hay of Illinois equals the cotton of Louisiana* 156 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Go to Charleston, S. C, and see them peddling handfuls of hay or grass, almost as a curiosity, as we regard Chinese gods or the cryo- lite of Greenland; drink your coffee and condensed milk; and walk back from the coast for many a league through the sand and burs till you get up into the better atmosphere of the mountains, with- out seeing a waving meadow or a grazing herd; then you will begin to appreciate the meadows of the Prairie State. The value of her farm implements was, in 1876, $211,000,000, and the value of live stock was only second to New York. The same year she had 25,000,000 hogs, and packed 2,113,845, about one-half of all that were packed in the United States. She marketed $57,000,000 worth of slaughtered animals, — more than any other State, and a seventh of all tlie States. Illinois excels all other States in miles of railroads and in miles of postal service, and in money orders sold per annum, and in the amount of lumber sold. Illinois was only second in many important matters, taking the reports of 1876. This sample list comprises a few of the more important: Permanent school fund; total income for educational purposes; number of publishers of books, maps, papers, etc.; value of farm products and implements, and of live stock; in tons of coal mined. The shipping of Illinois was only second to New York. Out of one port during the business hours of the season of navigation she sent forth a vessel every nine minutes. This did not include canal- boats, which went one every five minutes. No wonder she was only second in number of bankers or in phy- sicians and surgeons. She was third in colleges, teachers and schools; also in cattle, lead, hay, flax, sorghum and beeswax. She was fourth in population, in children enrolled in public schools, in law schools, in butter, potatoes and carriages. She was fifth in value of real and personal property, in theologi- cal seminaries, and colleges exclusively for women, in milk sold, and in boots and shoes manufactured, and in book-binding. She was only seventh in the production of wood, while she was the twelfth in area. Surely that was well done for the Prairie State. She then had, in 1876, much more wood and growing timber than she had thirty years before. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. ^gj A few leading industries will justify emphasis. She manufactured $205,000,000 worth of goods, which phiced her well up toward New York and Pennsylvania. The number of her manufacturing establishments increased from 1860 to 1870, 300 per cent. ; capital employed increased 350 per cent.; and the amount of product in- creased 400 per cent. She issued 5,500,000 copies of commercial and financial newspapers, being only second to New York. She had 6,759 miles of railroad, then leading all otlier States, worth $636,- 458,000, using 3,245 engines, and 67,712 cars, making a train long enough to cover one-tenth of the entire roads of the State. Her stations were only five miles apart. She carried, in 1876, 15,795,- 000 passengers an average of 36|- miles, or equal to taking her entire ])opulation twice across the State. More than two-thirds of her land was within five miles of a railroad, and less than two per cent, was more than fifteen miles away The State has a large financial interest in the Illinois Central railroad. The road was incorporated m 1850, and the State gave each alternate section for six miles on each side, and doubled the price of the remaining land, so keeping herself good. The road received 2,595,000 acres of land, and paid to the State one-seventh of the gross receipts. The State received in 1877, $350,000, and had received up to that year in all about $7,000,000. It was prac- tically the people's road, and it had a most able and gentlemanly management. Add to the above amount the annual receipts from the canal, $111,000, and a large per cent, of the State tax was pro- vided for- GOYERNORSOF ILLINOIS. Shadrach Bond — Was the first Governor of Illinois. He was a native of Maryland and born in 1773; was raised on a farm; re- ceived a common English education, and came to Illinois in 1794. He served as a delegate in Congress from 1811 to 1815, where he procured the right of pre-emption of public land. He was elected Governor in 1818; was beaten for Congress in 1824 by Daniel P. Cook He died at Kaskaskia, April 11, 1830. Edward Coles — Was born Dec. 15, 1786, in Yirgiuia. His father was a slave-holder; gave his son a collegiate education, and left to him a large number of slaves. These he liberated, giving each head of a family 160 acres of land and a considerable sum of money. 158 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. He was President Madison's private secretary. He came to Illinois in 1819, was elected Governor in 1822, on the anti-slavery ticket; moved to Philadelphia in 1833, and died in 1868. Niiiian Edwards. — In 1809, on the formation of the Territory of Illinois, Mr. Edwards was appointed Governor, which position he retained until the organization of the State, when he was sent to the United States Senate. He was elected Governor in 1826. He was a native of Maryland and born in 1775; received a collegiate education; was Chief Justice of Kentucky, and a Eepublican in politics. Joh7i Reynolds — Was born in Pennsylvania in 1788, and came with his parents to Illinois in 1800, and in 1830 was elected Gov- ernor on the Democratic ticket, and afterwards served three terms in Congress. He received a classical education, yet was not polished. He was an ultra Democrat; attended the Charleston Convention in 1860, and urged the seizure of United States arsenals by the South. He died in 1865 at Belleville, childless. Joseph Duncan. — In 1834 Joseph Duncan was elected Governor by the Whigs, although formerly a Democrat. He had previously served four terms in Congress. He was born in Kentucky in 1794; had but a limited education; served with distinction in the war of 1812; conducted the campaign of 1832 against Black Hawk. He came to Illinois when quite young. Thomas Carlin — Was elected as a Democrat in 1838. He had but a meager education ; held many minor offices, and was active both in the war of 1812 and the Black Hawk war. He was born in Kentucky in 1789; came to Illinois in 1812, and died at Carrollton, Feb. 14, 1852. Thomas Ford — Was born in Pennsylvania in the year 1800 ; was brought by his widowed mother to Missouri in 1804, and shortly afterwards to Illinois. He received a good education, studied law; was elected four times Judge, twice as Circuit Judge, Judge of Chicago and Judge of Supreme Court. He was elected Governor by the Democratic party in 1842; wrote his history of Illinois in 1847 and died in 1850, Augustus C. French — Was born in New Hampshire in 1808; was admitted to the bar in 1831, and shortly afterwards moved to Illinois when in 1846 he was elected Governor. On the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 he was again chosen, serving until 1853. He was a Democrat m iDolitics. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 159 Joel A. Matteson — Was born in Jefferson county, N". Y., in 1808. His father was a farmer, and gave his son only a common school education. He first entered upon active life as a small tradesman, but subsequently became a large contractor and manufacturer. He was a lieavy contractor in building the Canal. He was elected Gov- ernor in 1852 upon the Democratic ticket. William H. Blssell — Was elected by the liepublican party in 1856. He had previously served two terms in Congress; was colonel in the Mexican war and has held minor official positions. He was born in JS'ew York State in 1811; received a common educa- tion; came to Illinois early in life and engaged in the medical pro- fession. This he changed for the law and became a noted orator, and the standard bearer of the Republican party in Illinois. He died in 1860 while Governor. Bichard Yates — "The war Governor of Illinois," was born in Warsaw, Ky., in 1818; came to Illinois in 1831: served two terms in Congress; in 1860 was elected Governor, and in 1865 United States Senator. He was a college graduate, and read law under J. J. Hardin. He rapidly rose m his chosen profession and charmed the people with oratory. He filled the gubernatorial chair during the trying days of the Rebellion, and by his energy and devotion won the title of " War Governor." He became addicted to strona: drink, and died a drunkard. Richard J. Ogleshy — Was born in 1824, in Kentucky; an orphan at the age of eight, came to Illinois when only 12 years old. He was apprenticed to learn the carpenter's trade; worked some at farming and read law occasionally. He enlisted in the Mexican War and was chosen First Lieutenant. After his return he ao-ain took up the law, but during the gold fever of 1849 went to Califor- nia; soon returned, and, in 1852, entered upon his illustrious political career. He raised the second regiment in the State, to suppress the Rebellion, and for gallantry was promoted to Major General. In 1864 he was elected Governor, and re-elected in 1872, and resigned for a seat in the United States Senate. He is a staunch Republican and resides at Decatur. Shelby M. Cullom — Was born in Kentucky in 1828; studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced the practice of his profession in 1848; was elected to the State Legislature in 1856, and again in 1860. Served on the war commission at Cairo, 1862, 160 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. and was a member of the 39th, 40th and 41st Congress, in all of which he served with credit to his State. He was ao-ain elected to the State Legislature in 1872, aad re-elected in 1874, and was elected Governor of Illinois in 1876, which office he still holds, and has administered with marked ability. LIEUTENANT GOVEKNOES. Pierre Menard — Was the first Lieut. Gov. of Illinois. He was born in Quebec, Canada, in 1767. He came to Illinois in 1790 where he engaged in the Indian trade and became wealthy. He died in 1844. Menard county was named in his honor. Adolphus F. Hubbard — Was elected Lieut. Gov. in 1822. Four years later he ran for Governor against Edwards, but was beaten. William Kinney — Was elected in 1826. He was a Baptist clergyman; was born in Kentucky in 1781 and came to Illinois in 1793. Zadock Casey — Although on the opposition ticket to Governor Reynolds, the successful Gubernatorial candidate, yet Casey was elected Lieut. Gov. in 1830. He subsequently served several terms in Congress. Alexander M. Jenkins — Was elected on ticket with Gov. Duncan in 1834 by a handsome majority. 8. H. Anderson — Lieut. Gov. under Gov. Cariin, was chosen in 1838. He was a native of Tennessee. John Moore — Was born in England in 1793; came to Illinois in 1830; was elected Lieut. Gov. in 1842. He won the name of " Honest John Moore." Joseph B. Wells — Was chosen with Gov. French at his first election m 18i6. William McMurtry. — In 1848 when Gov. French was again chosen Governor, William McMurtry of Knox county, was elected Lieut. Governor. Gustavus P. Koerner — Was elected in 1852. He was born in Germany in 1809. At the age of 22 came to Illinois. In 1872 he was a candidate for Governor on Liberal ticket, but was defeated, John Wood — Was elected in 1856, and on the death of Gov. Bissell became Governor. Francis A. Hoffman — Was chosen with Gov. Yates in 1860. He was born in Prussia in 1822, and came to Illinois in 1840. CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, JACKSONVILLE. BAKER.-C6 ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY, CHAMPAIGN-FOUNDED BY THE STATE, ENDOWED BY CONGRESS. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 161 William Bross — Was born in New Jersey, came to Illinois in 1848, was elected to office in 1864. John Dougherty — "Was elected in 1868. John L. Beveredge — Was chosen Lieut. Gov. in 1872. In 1873 Oglesby was elected to the U. S. Senate when Beveridge became Governor. Andrew Shuman — Was elected Kov. 7, 1876, and is the present incumbent. SUPERINTENDENT OP PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. Ninian W. Edwards 1854-56 W. H. Powell 1857-58 Newton Baleman 1859-75 Samuel M. Etter 1876 ATTORNEY GENERALS. Daniel P. Cook 1819 William Mears 1820 Samuel D. Lockwood 1821-22 James Turney 1823-28 George Forquer 1829-32 James Semple 1833-34 Nmian E. Edwards 1834-35 Jesse B. Thomas, Jr 1835 Walter B. Scates 1836 Asher F. Linder 1837 Geo. W. Olney 1838 Wickliffe Kitchell 1839 Josiah Lamborn 1841-42 James A. McDougall 1843-46 David B. Campbell 1846 [Office abolished and re-created in 1867] Robert G. Ingersoll 1867-68 Washington Bushnell 1869-72 James K. Edsall 1873-79 TREASURERS. John Thomas 1818-19 E. K. McLaughlin 1819-22 Ebner Field 1823-26 James Hall 1827-30 John Dement 1831-30 Charles Gregory 1836 John D. Whiteside 1837-40 M. Carpenter 1841-48 John Moore 1848-56 James Miller 1857-60 William Butler 1861-62 Alexander Starne 1863-64 James H. Beveridge 1865-66 George W. Smith 1867-68 Erastus N. Bates 1869-72 Edward Rutz 1873-75 Thomas S. Ridgeway 1876-77 Edward Rutz 1878-.79 SECRETARIES OF STATE. Elias K. Kane 1818-22 Thompson Campbell 1843-46 Samuel D. Lockwood 1822-23 David Blackwell 1823-24 Morris Birkbeck 1824 George Forquer 1825-28 Alexander P. Field 1829-40 Stephen A. Douglas 1840 Lyman Trumbull 1841-42 Horace S. Cooley 1846-49 David L. Gregg 1850-52 Alexander Starne 1853-56 Ozias M. Hatch 1857-60 Sharon Tyndale 1865-68 Edward Rummel 1869-72 George H. Harlow 1873-79 162 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. AXJDITOKS. Elijah C. Berry 1818-31 Thompson Campbell 1846 I. T. B. Stapp 1831-35 Jesse K. Dubois 1857-64 Levi Davis 1835-40 Orlin H. Miner 1865-68 James Shields 1841-42 Charles E. Lippencott 1809-76 W. L. D. Ewing 1843-45 Thompson B. Needles 1877-79 UNITED STATES SENATORS. Ninian Edwards. — On the organization of the State in 1818, Edwards, the popular Territorial Governor, was chosen Senator for the short term, and in 1819 re-elected for full term. Jesse B. Thomas — One of the federal judges during the entire Territorial existence was chosen Senator on organization of the State, and re-elected in 1S23, and served till 1829. John McLean — In 1824 Edwards resigned, and McLean was elected to fill his unexpired term. He was born in North Carolina in 1791, and came to Illinois in 1815; served one term in Congress, and in 1829 was elected to the U. S. Senate, but the following year died. He is said to have been the most gifted man of his period in Illinois. Elias Kent Kane—W^iS elected Nov. 30, 1824, for the term be- o-innino- March 4, 1825. In 1830 he W'as re-elected, but died before too' the expiration of his term. He was a native of New York, and in 1814 came to Illinois. He was first Secretary of State, and after- wards State Senator. David Jewett Baker— W&s appointed to fill the unexpired term of John McLean, in 1830, Nov. 12, but the Legislature refused to endorse the choice. Baker was a native of Connecticut, born in 1T92, and died in Alton in 1869. JohnM. RoUnso7i. — Instead of Baker, the Governor's appointee, the Legislature chose Robinson, and in 1834 he was re-elected. In 1843 was elected Supreme Judge of the State, but within two months died. He was a native of Kentucky, and came to Illinois while quite young. William L. D. Ewing— Was elected in 1835, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Kane. He was a Kentuckian. Richard M. Young— Was. elected in 1836, and held his seat from March 4, 1837, to March 4, 1843, a full term. He was a HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 163 native of Kentucky; was Circuit Judge before his election to the Senate, and Supreme Judge in 1842. He died in an insane asylum at Washington. Samuel McRoberts — The first native Illinoisian ever elevated to the high office of U. S. Senator from this State, was born in 1T99, and died in 18-i3 on his return home from Washington. lie was elected Circuit Judge in 1824, and" March 4, 1841, took his seat in the U. S. Senate. Sidneij Breese—^'A% elected to the U. S. Senate, Dec. 17, 1842, and served a full term. He was born in Oneida county, N. Y. He was Major in the Black Hawk war; Circuit Judge, and in 1841 was elected Supreme Judge. He served a full term in the U. S. Senate, beginning March 4, 1843, after which he was elected to the Legislature, again Circuit Judge, and, in 1857, to the Supreme Court, which position he held until his death in 1878. James Semple — Was the successor of Samuel McRoberts, and was appointed by Gov. Ford in 1843. He was afterwards elected Judge of the Supreme Court. Stephen A. Douglas — Was elected Dec. 14, 1846. He had pre- viously served three terms as Congressman. He became his own successor in 1853 and again in 1859. From his first entrance in the Senate he was acknowledged the peer of Clay, Webster and Cal- houn, with whom he served his first term. His famous contest with Abraham Lincoln for the Senate in 1858 is the most memor- able in the annals of our country. It was called the battle of the giants, and resulted in Douglas' election to the Senate, and Lincoln to the Presidency. He was born in Brandon, Vermont, April 23, 1813, and came to Illinois in 1833, and died in 1861. He was appointed Secretary of State by Gov. Carlin in 1840, and shortly afterward to the Supreme Bench. James Shields — Was elected and assumed his seat in the U. S. Senate in 1849, March 4. He was born in Ireland in 1810, came to the United States in 1827. He served in the Mexican army, was elected Senator from Wisconsin, and in 1879 from Missouri for a short term. Lyman Trumlull — Took his seat in the [J. S. Senate March 4, 1855, and became his own successor in 1861. He had previously served one term in the Lower House of Congress, and served on the Supreme Bench. He was born in Connecticut; studied law 164 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. and came to Illinois early in life, where for years he was actively engaged in politics. He resides in Chicago. Orvill H. Browning — Was appointed U. S. Senator in 1861, to fill the seat made vacant by the death of Stephen A. Douglas, until a Senator could be regularly elected. Mr. Browning was born in Harrison county, Kentucky; was admitted to the bar in 1831, and settled in Quincy, Illinois, where he engaged in the practice of law, and was instrumental, with his friend, Abraham Lincoln, in form- ing the Republican party of Illinois at the Bloomington Conven- tion. He entered Johnson's cabinet as Secretary of the Interior, and in March, 1868, was designated by the President to perform the duties of Attorney General, in addition to his own, as Secretary of the Interior Department. William A. Richardson — Was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1863, to fill the unexpired term of his friend, Stephen A Douglas. He was born in Fayette county, Ky., about 1810, studied law, and settled in Illinois; served as captain in the Mexican War, and, on the battle-field of Buena Vista, was promoted for bravery, by a unanimous vote of his regiment. He served in the Lower House of Congress from 1847 to 1856, continually. Richard Yates — Was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1865, serv- ing a full term of six years. He died in St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 2Y, 1873. John A. Logan — Was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1871. He was born in Jackson county. 111., Feb. 9, 1826, received a common school education, and enlisted as a private in the Mexican War, where he rose to the rank of Regimental Quartermaster, On returning home he studied law, and came to the bar in 1852; was elected in 1858 a Representative to the 36th Congress and re-elected to the 37th Congress, resigning in 1861 to take part in the sup- pression of the Rebellion; served as Colonel and subsequently as a Major General, and commanded, with distinction, the armies of the Tennessee. He was again elected to the U. S. Senate in 1879 for six years. David Davis — Was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1877 for a term of six years. He was born in Cecil county, Md., March 9, 1815, graduated at Kenyon College, Ohio, studied law, and removed to Illinois in 1835; was admitted to the bar and settled in Blooming- ton, where he has since resided and amassed a large fortune. He HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 165 was for many years the intimate friend and associate of Abraham Lincoln, rode the circuit with him each year, and after Lincohi's election to the Presidency, was appointed by him to fill the position of Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. FIFTEENTH CONGRESS. NINETEENTH CONGRESS. Jolin McLean 1818 Daniel P. Cook 1825-26 SIXTEENTH CONGRESS. TWENTIETH CONGRESS. Daniel P. Cook 1819-20 Joseph Duncan 1827-28 SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS. TWENTY-FIRST CONGRESS. Daniel P. Cook 1821-22 Joseph Duncan 1829-30 EIGHTEENTH CONGRESS. TWENTY-SECOND CONGRESS. Daniel P. Cook 1823-24 Joseph Duncan 1831-32 TWENTY-THIRD CONGRESS. Joseph Duncan 1833-34 Zadock Casey 1833-34 TWENTY-FOTTRTH CONGRESS. Zadock Casey 1835-36 William L. May 1835-36 John Reynolds 1835-36 TWENTY-FIFTH CONGRESS. Zadock Casey 1837-38 William L. May 1837-38 John Reynolds 1837-38 TWENTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. Zadock Casey.... 1839-iO John T. Stuart 1839-40 John Reynolds 1839-40 TWENTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. Zadock Casey 1841^2 John T. Stuart 1841-42 John Reynolds 1841^2 TWENTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS. Robert Smith 1843-44 Joseph P. Hoge 1843-44 Orlando B. Finklin 1843^4 John J. Hardin 1843-44 Stephen A. Douglas 1843-44 John Wentworth 1843-44 John A. McClernand 1843^4 TWENTY-NINTH CONGRESS. Robert Smith 1845-46 Joseph P. Hoge 1845-46 Stephen A. Douglas 1845^6 John A. McClernand 1845-46 Orlando B. Finklin 1845-46 John Wentworth 1845-46 John J. Hardin 1845 THIRTIETH CONGRESS. John Wentworth 1847-48 Orlando B. Finklin 1847-48 Thomas J. Turner 1847 Robert Smith 1847-48 Abraham Lincoln 1847-48 William A. Richardson 1847-48 John A. McClernand 1847^8 166 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. TnillTY-FIRST CONGRESS. John A. McClernand 1849-50 Edward D. Baker. 1849-50 John Wentworth 1849-50 William H. Bissell 1849-50 Timothy R. Young 1849-50 Thomas L. Harris 1849 William A. Richardson. 1849-50 THIRTY-SECOND CONGRESS. William A. Richardson. 1851-52 Richard Yates 1851-53 Thompson Campbell . .1851-53 Richard S. Maloney 1851-52 Orlando B. Finkliu 1851-53 AVillis 1851-52 John Wentworth 1851-52 William H. Bissell 1851-52 THIRTY-THIRD CONGRESS. William H. Bissell 1853-54 Thompson Campbell 1853-54 John C. Allen 1853-54 James Knox 1853-54 Willis 1853-54 Jesse O. Norton 1853-54 Elihu B. Washburne 1853-54 William A. Richardson 1863-54 Richard Yates 1853-54 THIRTY-FOURTH CONGRESS. Elihu B. Washburne 1855-56 Samuel S. Marshall 1855-56 Lyman Trumbull 1855-56 J. L. D. Morrison 1855-56 James H. Woodworth 1855-56 John C. Allen 1855-56 James Knox.. 1855-56 Jesse O. Norton 1855-56 Thompson Campbell 1855-56 William A. Richardson 1855-56 THIRTY-FIFTH CONGRESS. Elihu B. Washburne .1857-58 Samuel 8. Marshall 1857-58 Charles D. Hodges 1857-58 Isaac N. Morris 1857-58 William Kellogg 1857-58 Aaron Shaw 1857-58 Thompson Campbell 1857-58 Robert Smith 1857-58 John F. Farnsworth 1857-58 Thomas L. Harris 1857-58 Owen Lovejoy 1857-58 THIRTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. Elihu B. Washburne 1859-60 John F. Farnsworth 1859-60 John A. Logan 1859-60 Philip B. Fouke 1859-60 Owen Lovejoy 1859-60 Thomas L. Harris 1859-60 John A. McClernand 1859-60 William Kellogg 1859-60 Isaac N Morris 1859-60 James C. Robinson 1859-60 THIRTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. Elihu B. Washburne 1861-68 Isaac N. Arnold 1861-62 James C. Robinson 1861-62 Philip B. Fouke 1861-62 John A. Logan 1861-63 William Kellogg 1861-62 Owen Lovejoy 1861-63 Anthony L. Knapp 1861-62 John A. McClernand 1861-62 William A. Richardson 1861-62 THIRTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS. Elihu B. Washburne 1863-64 William J. Allen 1863-64 Jesse O. Norton 1863-64 Isaac N. Arnold 1863-64 James C. Robinson 1863-64 John R. Eden 1863-64 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 169 Lewis W. Ross 1863-64 John T. Stuart 1863-64 Owen Lovcjoy 1803-64 William R. Morrison 1863-64 John C. Allen 1863-64 John F. Farnsworth 1863-64 Charles W. Morris 1863-64 Eben C. Ingersoll 1863-64 Anthony L. Knapp 1863-64 THIRTY-NINTH CONGRESS. Elihu B. Washburne 1865-66 Anthony B. Thornton 1865-60 John Wentworth 1865-60 Abner C. Hardin .1865-66 Eben C. Ingersoll 1865-66 Barton C. Cook 1865-00 Shelby M. Cullom 1865-66 FORTIETH CONGRESS John F. Farnsworth 1865-66 Jehu Baker 1805-00 Heury P. H. Bromwcll 1805-00 Andrew Z. Kuykandall 1865-66 Samuel S. Marshall 1865-66 Samuel W. Moulton 1865-60 Lewis W. Ross 1865-00 Elihu B. Washburne 1867-68 Abner C. Hardin 1867-68 Eben C. Ingersoll 1807-68 Norman B. Judd 1807-68 Albert G. Burr 1867-68 Burton C. Cook 1867-68 Shelby M. Cullom 1867-68 John F. Farnsworth 1867-68 Jehu Baker 1867-68 Henry P. H. Bromwell 1867-68 John A. Logan 1867-08 Samuel S. Marshall 1867-68 Green B. Raum 1867-68 Lewis W. Ross 1867-68 FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. Norman B. Judd 1809-70 John F. Farnsworth 1869-70 H. C. Burchard 1869-70 John B. Hawley 1869-70 Eben C Ingersoll 1869-70 Burton C. Cook 1869-70 Jesse H. Moore 1869-70 Shelby M. Cullom 1869-70 Thomas W. MeNeely 1869-70 Albert G. Burr 1869-70 Samuel S. Marshall 1869-70 John B. Hay 1869-70 John M. Crebs 1869-70 John A. Logan 1869-70 FORTY-SECOND CONGRESS. Charles B. Farwell 1871-72 John F. Farnsworth 1871-72 Horatio C. Burchard 1871-72 John B. Hawley 1871-72 Bradford N. Stevens 1871-72 Henry Snapp 1871-72 Jesse H. Moore 1871-72 James C. Robinson 1871-72 Thomas W. McNeely 1871-72 Edward Y. Rice 1871-72 Samuel S. :Marshall 1871-72 John B. Hay .1871-72 John M. Crebs 1871-72 John S. Beveredgc 1871-72 FORTY-TUIRD CONGRESS. John B. Rice 1873-74 Robert M. Knapp 1873-74 Jasper D. Ward 1873-74 Charles B. Farwell 1873-74 Stephen A. Hurlbut 1873-74 Horatio C. Burchard 1873-74 John B. Hawley 1873-74 Franklin Corwin 1873-74 James C. Robinson 1873-74 John B. McNulta 1873-74 Joseph G. Cannon 1873-74 John R. Eden 1873-74 James S. Martin 1873-74 William R. Morrison 1873-74 170 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. Greenbury L. Fort 1873-74 Granville Banere 1878-74 William H. Ray 1873-74 FORTY-FOURTH CONGRESS Isaac Clements 1873- Samuel S. Marshall 1873- Bernard G. Caulfleld 1875-76 Carter H. Ilariison 1875-76 Charles B. Farwell 1875-76 Stephen A. Hurlbut 1875-76 Horatio C. Burchard 1875-76 Thomas J. Henderson 1875-76 Alexander Campbell 1875-76 Greenbury L. Fort 1875-76 Richard H. Whiting 1875-76 John C. Bagby 1875-76 FORTY-FIFTH CONGRESS, William Aldrich 1877-78 Carter H. Harrison 1877-78 Lorenzo Brentano 1877-78 William Lathrop 1877-78 Horatio C. Burchard 1877-78 Thomas J. Henderson 1877-78 Philip C. Hayes 1877-78 Greenbury L. Fort 1877-78 Thomas A. Boyd 1877-78 Benjamin F. Marsh 1877-78 FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS Scott Wike 1875- W^illiam M. Springer 1875- Adlai E. Stevenson 1875- Joseph G. Cannon 1875- John R. Eden 1875- W. A. J. Sparks 1875- William R. Morrison 1875- William Hartzell 1875- William B. Anderson 1875- •74 ■74 ■76 ■76 ■76 76 76 76 76 76 76 Robert M. Rn^pp 1877 William M. Springer 1877 Thomas F. Tipton 1877 Joseph G. Cannon 1877 JohnR. Eden 1877 W. A. J. Sparks 1877- William R. Morrison 1877 William Hartzell 1877 Richard W. Townshend 1877 William Aldrich 1879-80 George R.Davis 1879-80 Hiram Barber 1879-80 John C Sherwin 1879-80 R. M. A. Hawk 1879-80 Thomas J. Henderson 1879-80 Philip C. Hayes 1879-80 Greenbury L. Fort 1879-80 Thomas A. Boyd 1879-80 Benjamin F. Marsh 1879-80 James W. Singleton 1879 William M. Springer 1879 A. E. Stevenson 1879 Joseph G. Cannon 1879 Albert P. Forsythe 1879 W. A. J. Sparks 1879 William R. Morrison 1879^ John R. Thomas 1879 R. W. Townshend 1879- -78 -78 -78 -78 -78 -78 -78 -78 -78 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 -80 CHICAGO. "While we cannot, in the brief space we have, give more than a meager sketch of such a city as Chicago, yet we feel the history of the State would be incomplete without speaking of its metropolis, the most wonderful city on the globe. In comparing Chicago as it was a few years since with Chicago of to-day, we behold a change whose veritable existence we should HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 171 be inclined to doubt were it not a stern, indisputable fact. Eapid as is the customary development of places and things in the United States-, the growth of Chicago and her trade stands without a parallel. The city is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Chicago river. It lies 11 feet above the lake, having been raised to that grade entirely by the energy of its citizens, its site having originally been on a dead level with the water of the lake. The city extends north and south along the lake about ten miles, and westward on the prairie from the lake five or six miles, embrac- ino- an area of over 10 square miles. It is divided by the river into three distinct parts, known as the Korth, West and South Divisions, or "Sides," by which they are popularly and commonly known. These are connected by 33 bridges and two tunnels. The first settlement of Chicago was made in 1801, during which year Fort Dearborn was built. At the close of 1830 Chicago con- tained 12 houses, with a population of about 100. The town was organized in 1833, and incorporated as a city in 1837. The first frame building was erected in 1832, and the first brick house in 1833. The first vessel entered the harbor June 11, 1831; and at the first oflicial census, taken July 1, 1837, the entire population was found to be 4,170. In 1850 the population had increased to 29,963; in 1860, to 112,172; in 1870, 298,977; and, according to the customary mode of reckoning from the number of names in the City Directory, the population of 1879 is over 500,000. Nicholas Perrot, a Frenchman, was the first white man to visit the site of Chicago. This he did in 1671, at the instigation of M. Toulon, Governor of Canada. He was sent to invite the Western Indians to a convention at Green Bay. It has been often remarked that the first white man who became a resident of Chicago was a negro. His name was Jean Baptiste Pointe au Sable, a mulatto from the West Indies. He settled there in 1796 and built a rude cabin on the north bank of the main river, and laid claim to a tract of land surrounding it. He disappeared from the scene, and his claim was "jumped" by a Frenchman named Le Mai, who commenced trad- ing with the Indians. A few years later he sold out to John Kin- zie, who was then an Indian trader in the country about St. Joseph, Mich., and agent for the American Fur Company, which had traded at Chicago with the Indians for some time; and this 172 niSTOKY OF ILLINOIS. fact liad, probably more tlian any other, to do with the determina- tion of the Government to establish a fort there. The Indians were growing numerous in that region, being attracted by the facilities for selling their wares, as well as being pressed nortliward by the tide of emigration setting in from the south. It was judged necessary to have some force near that point to keep them in check, as well as to protect the trading interests. Mr. Kinzie moved his family there the same year Fort Dearborn was built^ and converted the Jean Baptiste cabin into a tasteful dwelling. For about eight years things moved along smoothly. The garri- son was quiet, and the traders prosperous. Then the United States became involved in trouble with Great Britain. The Indians took the war-path long before the declaration of hostilities between the civilized nations, committing great depredations, the most atro- cious of which was the massacre of Fort Dearborn, an account of which may be found in this volume under the heading of " The War of 1812." THE GREAT FIKE. From the year 1840 the onward march of the city of Chicago to the date of the great fire is well known. To recount its marvel- ous growth in population, wealth, internal resources and improve- ments and everything else that goes to make up a mighty city, would consume more space than we could devote, however interest- ing it might be. Its progress astonished the world', and its citizens stood almost appalled at the work of their own hands. She was happy, prosperous and great when time brought that terrible Octo- ber night (Oct. 9, 1871) and with it the great fire, memorable as the greatest fire ever occurring on earth. The sensation conveyed to the spectator of this unparalleled event, either through the eye, the ear, or other senses or sympathies, cannot be adequately described, and any attempt to do it but shows the poverty of lan- guage. As a spectacle it was beyond doubt the grandest as well as the most appalling ever oflfered to mortal eyes. From any elevated standpoint the appearance was that of a vast ocean of flame, sweeping in mile-long billows and breakers over the doomed city. Added to the spectacular elements of the conflagration — the intense and lurid light, the sea of red and black, and the spires and pyramids of flame shooting into the heavens — was its constant and SECTIONAL VIEW OF LA SALLE STREET TUNNEL, CHICAGO. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 173 terrible roar, drowning even the voices of tlie shrieking multitude; and ever and anon — for a while as often as every half-minute — resounded far aiid wide the rapid detonations of explosions, or fall- ino- walls. In short, all sights and sounds which terrify the weak and unnerve the strong abounded. But they were only the accom- paniment which the orchestra of nature were furnishing to the terrible tragedy there being enacted. The total area burned over, including streets, was three and a third square miles. The number of buildings destroyed was 17,450 ; persons rendered homeless, 98,500 ; persons killed, about 200. Not including depreciation of real estate, or loss of business, it is estimated that the total loss occasioned by the fire was $190,000,000, of which but $44,000,000 was recovered on insur- ance. The business of the city was interrupted but a short time; and in a year after the fire a large part of the burned district was rebuilt, and at present there is scarcely a trace of the terrible dis- aster, save in the improved character of the new buildings over those destroyed, and the general better appearance of the city — now the finest, in an architectural sense, in the world. One of the features of this great city worthy of mention is the Exposition, held annually. The smouldering ruin's were yet smok- ing when the Exposition Building was erected, only ninety days being consumed in its construction. The accompanying engrav- ing of the building, the main part of which is 1,000 feet long, will give an idea of its magnitude. COMMERCE OF CHICAGO. The trade of Chicago is co-extensive with the world. Every- where, in every country and in every port, the trade- marks of her merchants are seen. Everywhere, Chicago stands prominently identified with the commerce of the continent. A few years ago, grain was carted to the place in wagons; now more than 10,000 miles of railroad, with thousands of trains heavily ladened with the products of the land center there. The cash value of the produce handled during the year 1S7S was $220,000,000, and its aggregate weight was 7,000,000 tons, or would make 700,000 car loads. Divided into trains, it would make 28,000 long, heavily ladened freight trains, wending their way from all parts of the United States toward our great metropolis. These trains, arranged in one con- 174 ^ HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. tinuons line, would stretch from London across tlie broad Atlantic to New York and on across our continent to San Francisco. In regard to the grain, lumber and stock trade, Chicago has sur- passed all rivals, and, indeed, not only is without a peer but excels any three or four cities in the world in these branches. Of grain, the vast quantity of 134,851,193 bushels was received during the year 1878. This was about two-fifths more than ever received before in one year. It took 13,000 long freight trains to carry it from the fields of the Northwest to Chicago. This would make a continuous train that would reach across the continent from New York to San Francisco. Speaking more in detail, we have of the various cereals received during the year, 62,783,577 bushels of corn, 29,901,220 bushels of wheat, 18,251,529 bushels of oats, 133,981,104 pounds of seed. The last item alone would fill about 7,000 freight cars. The lumber received during the year 1878 was, 1,171,364,000 feet, exceeded only in 1872, the year after the great fire. This vast amount of lumber would require 195,000 freight cars to transport it. It would build a fence, four boards high, four and one-lialf times around the globe. In the stock trade for the year 1878, the figures assume propor- tions almost incredible. They are, however, from reliable and trustworthy sources, and must be accepted as authentic. There were received during the year, 6,339,656 hogs, being 2,000,000 more than ever received before in one year. It required 129,916 stock cars to transport this vast number of hogs from the farms of the West and Northwest to the stock yards of Chicago, These hogs arranged in single file, would form a connecting link between Chicago and Pekin, China. Of the large number of hogs received, five millions of them were slaughtered in Chicago. The aggregate amount of product manu- factured from these hogs was 918,000,000 pounds. The capacity of the houses engaged in slaughtering operations in Chicago is 60,000 hogs daily. The number of liands employed in these houses is from 6,000 to 8,000. Tlie number of packages required in which to market the year's product is enormously large, aggregating 500,- 000 barrels, 800,000 tierces and 650,000 boxes. There lias been within the stock yards of the city, during the year 1878, 1,036,066 cattle. These were gathered from the plains HISTOKY OF ILLINOIS. 175 of Oregon, Wyoming and Utah, and the grazing regions of Texas, as well as from all the Southern, Western and Northwestern States and Territories and from the East as far as Ohio. If these cattle were driven from Chicago southward, in single file, through the United States, Mexico, and the Central American States into South America, the foremost could graze on the plains of Brazil, ere the last one had passed the limits of the great city. Not only does Chicago attract to its great market the products of a continent, but from it is distributed throughout the world manu- factured goods. Every vessel and every train headed toward that city are heavily ladened with the crude products of the farm, of the forests, or of the bowels of the earth, and every ship that leaves her docks and every train that flies from her limits are filled with manufactured articles. These goods not only find their way all over our own country but into Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Mexico, and the Islands of the sea; indeed, every nook and corner of the globe, where there is a demand for her goods, her merchants are ready to supply. The wholesale trade for the year 1ST8 reached enormous fiirures, aggregating $280,000,000. Divided among the leading lines, we find there were sold of dry goods, $95,000,000 worth. The trade in groceries amounted to $66,000,000; hardware, $20,000,000; boots and shoes, $24,000,000; clothing, $1T,000,000; carpets, $8,000,000; millinery, $7,000,000; hats and caps, $6,000,000; leather, $8,000,- 000; drugs, $6,000,000; jewelry, $4,500,000; musical instruments, $2,300,000. Chicago sold over $5,000,000 worth of fruit during the year, and for the same time her fish trade amounted to $1,400,- 000, and her oyster trade $4,500,000. The candy and other con- fectionery trade amounted to $1,534,900. This would fill all the Christmas stockings in the United States. In 1852, the commerce of the city reached the hopeful sum of $20,000,000; since then, the annual sales of one firm amount to that much. In 1870, it reached $400,000,000, and in 1878 it had grown so i-apidh' that the trade of the city amounted during that year to $650,000,000. Her manufacturing interests hav^e likewise grown. In 1878, her manufactories employed in the neighborhood of 75,000 operators. The products mannfactured during the 3^ear were valued at $230,000,000. In reviewing the shi])ping interests of Chicago, we find it ecpially enormous. So considerable, indeed, is the 176 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. commercial navy of Chicago, that in the seasons of navigation, one vessel sails every nine minutes during the business hours; add to this the canal-boats that leave, one every five minutes during the same time, and you will see something of the magnitude of her shipping. More vessels arrive and depart from this port during the season than enter or leave any other port in the world. In 1831, the mail system was condensed into a half-breed, who went on foot to Niles, Mich., once in two weeks, and brought back what papers and news he could find. As late as 1846, there was often but one mail a week. A post-ofiice was established in Chicago in 1833, and the postmaster nailed up old boot legs upon one side of his shop to serve as boxes. It has since grown to be the largest receiving office in the United States. In lSl::t, the (puigmires in the streets were first pontooned by plank roads. The wooden-block pavement appeared in 1857. In 1840, water was delivered by peddlers, in carts or by hand. Then a twenty -five horse power engine pushed it through hollow or bored logs along the streets till 1854, when it was introduced into the houses by new works. The first fire-engine was used in 1835, and the first steam fire-engine in 1859. Gas was utilized for lighting the city in 1850. The Young Men's Christian Association was oro-anized in 1858. Street cars commenced running in 1854. The Museum was opened in 1863. The alarm telegraph adopted in 1864. The opera-house built in 1865. The telephone introduced in 1878. One of the most thoroughly interesting engineering exploits of the city is the tunnels and water-works system, the grandest and most unique of any in the world; and the closest analysis fails to detect any impurities in the water furnished. The first tunnel is five feet two inches in diameter and two miles long, and can deliver 50,000,000 gallons per day. The second tunnel is seven feet in diameter and six miles long, running four miles under the city, and can deliver 100,000,000 gallons per day. This water is distributed through 410 miles of water mains. Chicao-o river is tunneled for the passage of pedestrians and vehi- cles from the South to the West and North divisions. There is no grand scenery about Chicago except the two seas, one of water, the other of prairie. Kevertheless, there is a spirit about it, a push, a breadth, a power, that soon makes it a place never to m- a o s f: //y^W^' HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 177 be forsaken. Chicago is in the field ahnost alone, to handle the wealth of one-fourth of the territory of this great republic. The Atlantic sea-coast divides its margins between Portland, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Savannah, but Chicago has a dozen empires casting their treasures into her lap. On a bed of coal that can run all the macliinery of the world for 500 centuries; in a garden that can feed the race by the thousand years; at the head of the lakes tliat give lier a temperature as a summer resort equaled by no great city in the land; with a climate that insures the health of her citizens; surrounded by all the great deposits of natural wealth in mines and forests and herds, Chicago is the wonder of to-day, and will be the city of the future. STATES OF THE UNION. THEIR SETTLEMENT, ORIGIN OF NAME AND MEANING, COGNOMEN, MOT- TOES, ADMISSION INTO THE UNION, POPULATION, AREA, NUMBER OF SOLDIERS FURNISHED DURING THE REBELLION, NUMBER OF REPRE- SENTATIVES IN CONGRESS, PRESENT GOVERNORS, ETC., ETC., ETC. Alabama. — This State was first explored by LaSalle in 1684, and settled by the French at Mobile in 1711, and admitted as a State in 1817. Its name is Indian, and means " Here we rest." Has no motto. Population in 1860,964,201; in 1870,906,992. Furnished 2,576 soldiers for the Union army. Area 50,722 square miles. Montgomery is the capital. Has 8 Representatives and 10 Presi- dential electors. Rufus W. Cobb is Governor; salary, $3,000; politics, Democratic. Length of term, 2 years. Arkansas — Became a State in 1836. Population in 1860, 435,- 450; in 1870,484,471. Area 52,198 square miles. Little Rock, capital. Its motto is Regnant Populi — " The people rule." It has the Indian name of its principal river. Is called the "Bear State." Furnished 8,289 soldiers. She is entitled to 4 members in Congress, and 6 electoral votes. Governor, W. R. Miller, Democrat; salary, $3,500 ; term, 2 years. California — Has a Greek motto, E^ireJca, which means " I have found it." It derived its name from the bay forming the peninsula of Lower California, and was first applied by Cortez. It was first visited by the Spaniards in 1542, and by the celebrated Enghsh 178 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. navigator, Sir Francis Drake, in 1578. In 1846 Fremont took possession of it, defeating the Mexicans, in the name of the United States, and it was admitted as a State in 1850. Its gold mines from 1868 to 1878 produced over $800,000,000. Area 188,982 square miles. Population in 1860, 379,994. In 1870, 560,247. She gave to defend the Union 15,225 soldiers. Sacramento is the capital. Has 4 Representatives in Congress. Is entitled to 6 Presidential electors. Present Governor is William Irwin, a Democrat; term, 4 years ; salary, $6,000, Colorado — Contains 106,475 square miles, and had a population in 1860 of 34,277, and in 1870, 39,864. She furnished 4,903 soldiers. "Was admitted as a State in 1876. It has a Latin motto, Nil sine JSfumine, which means, " Nothing can be done without divine aid." It was named from its river. Denver is the capital. lias 1 member in Congress, and 3 electors, T. W. Pitkin is Gov- ernor; salary, $3,000; term, 2 years; politics, Pepublican. Connecticut — Qui transtulit sustinet, " He who brought us over sustains us," is her motto. It was named from the Indian Quon- ch-ta-Cut, signifying "Long River." It is called the "Nutmeg State." Area 4,674 square miles. Population 1860, 460,147; in 1870, 537,454. Gave to the Union army 55,755 soldiers, Hart- ford is the capital. Has 4 Representatives in Congress, and is entitled to 6 Presidential electors. Salary of Governor $2,000; term, 2 years. Delaware. — " Liberty and Independence," is the motto of this State. It was named after Lord De La Ware, an English states- man, and is called, " The Blue Hen," and the " Diamond State." It was first settled by the Swedes in 1638. It was one of the original thirteen States. Has an area of 2,120 square miles. Population in 1860, 112,216; in 1870, 125,015. She sent to the front to defend the Union, 12,265 soldiers. Dover is the caj^ital. B[as but 1 mem- ber in Congress; entitled to 3 Presidential electors. John W. Hall, Democrat, is Governor; salary, $2,000; term, 2 years. Florida — Was discovered by Ponce de Leon in 1512, on Easter Sunday, called by the Spaniards, Pascua Florida, which, with the variety and beauty of the flowers at this early season caused him to name it Florida — which means in Spanish, flowery. Its motto is, " In God we trust." It was admitted into the Union in 1845. It has an area of 59,268 square miles. Population in 1860, 140,424; in HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 179 1870, 187,756. Its capital is Tallahassee. Has 2 members in Con- gress. Has 4 Presidential electors. George F. Drew, Democrat, Governor; term, 4 years; salary, $3,500. Georgia — Owes its name to George II., of England, who first established a colony there in 1732. Its motto is, " Wisdom, justice and moderation." It was one of the original States. Population in 1860, 1,057,286; 1870, 1,184,109. Capital, Atlanta. Area 58,- 000 square miles. Has 9 Eepresentatives in Congress, and 11 Presidential electors. Her Governor is A. H. Colquitt, Democrat; term, 4 years; salary, $4,000. Illinois — Motto, " State Sovereignty, National Union." Name derived from the Indian word, Illini, meaning, superior men. It is called the ''Prairie State," and its inhabitants, "Suckers." Was first explored by the French in 1673, and admitted into the Union in 1818. Area 55,410 square miles. Population, in 1860^ 1,711,951; in 1870, 2,539,871. She sent to the front to defend the Union, 258,162 soldiers. Capital, Springfield Has 19 members in Congress, and 21 Presidential electors. Shelby M. Cullom, Kepnb. lican, is Governor; elected for 4 years; salary, $6,000. Indiana — Is called " Hoosier State." Was explored in 1682, and admitted as a State in 1816. Its name was suggested by its numerous Indian population. Area 33,809 square miles. Popu- lation in 1860, 1,350,428; in 1870, 1,680,637. She put into the Federal army, 194,363 men. Capital, Indianapolis. Has 13 mem- bers in Congress, and 15 Presidential electors. J.D.Williams, Governor, Democrat; salary, $3,000; term, 4 year. Iowa — Is an Indian name and means "This is the land." Its motto is, "Our liberties we prize, our rights we will maintain." It is called the " Hawk Eye State." It was first visited by Marquette and Joliet in 1673; settled by New Englanders in 1833, and admitted into the Union in 1846. Des Moines is the capital. It has an area of 55,045, and a population in 1860 of 674.913, and in 1870 of 1,191,802. She sent to defend the Government, 75,793 soldiers. Has 9 members in Congress; 11 Presidential electors. John H. Gear, Kepublican, is Governor; salary, $2,500; term, 2years. Kansas — Was admitted into the Union in 1861, making the thirty-fourth State. Its motto is Ad astra per aspera^ " To the stars through difiiculties." Its name means, " Smoky water," and 180 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. is derived from one of her rivers. Area 78,841 square miles. Population in 1860, 107,209; in 1870 was 362,812. She furnished 20,095 soldiers. Capital is Topeka. Has 3 Representatives in Con- gress, and 5 Presidential electors. John P. St. John, Governor; politics, Republican; salary, $3,000; terra, 2 years. Kentucky — Is the Indian name for "At the head of the rivers." Its motto is, " United we stand, divided we fall," The sobriquet of "dark and bloody ground " is applied to this State. It was first settled in 1769, and admitted in 1792 as the fifteenth State. Area 37,680. Population in 1860, 1,155,684; in 1870, 1,321,000. She put into the Federal army 75,285 soldiers. Capital, Frankfort. Has 10 members in Congress; 12 Electors. J. B. McCreary, Democrat, is Governor; salary, $5,000 ; term, 4 years. Louisiana — Was called after Louis XIY., who at one time owned that section of the country. Its motto is " Union and Con- fidence." It is called "The Creole State." It was visited by La Salle in 1684, and admitted into the Union in 1812, making the eighteenth State. Population in 1860,708,002; in 1870, 732,731. Area 46,431 square miles. She put into the Federal army 5,224 soldiers. Capital, Kew Orleans. Has 6 Representatives and 8 Electors. F. T. Nichols, Governor, Democrat; salary, $8,000; term, 4 years. Maine. — This State was called after the province of Maine in France, in compliment of Queen Henrietta of England, who owned that province. Its motto is Dirigo^ meaning " I direct." It is called "The Pine Tree State." It was settled by the English in 1625. It was admitted as a State in 1820. Area 31,766 square miles. Population in 1860, 628,279; in 1870, 626,463; 69,738 sol- diers v/ent from this State. Has 5 members in Congress, and 7 Electors. Selden Conner, Republican, Governor; term, 1 year; salary, $2,500. Maryland — Was named after Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. of England. It has a Latin motto, Crecite et Tnultiplica- mini, meaning " Increase and Multiply." It was settled in 1634, and was one of the original thirteen States. It has an area of 11,- 124 square miles. Population in 1860 was 687,049; in 1870, 780,- 806. This State furnished 46,053 soldiers. Capital, Annapolis. Has 6 Representatives, and 8 Presidential electors. J. H. Carroll, Democrat, Governor; salary, $4, 500 ; term, 4 years. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 181 Massachusetts — Is the Indian for " The country around the great hills." It is called the "Bay State," from its numerous bays. Its motto is E use petit placidam sub lihertatc quietem, " By the sword she seeks placid rest in liberty." It was settled in 1620 at Plymouth by English Puritans. It was one of the original thirteen States, and was the first to take up arms against the English during the Revolution. Area 7,800 square miles. Population in 1860, 1,231,- 066; in 18T0, 1,457,351. She gave to the Union army 146,467 sol- diers. Boston is the capital. Has 11 Representatives in Con- gress, and 13 Presidential electors. Thomas Talbot, Republican, is Governor; salary, $5,000; terra, 1 year. Michigan — Latin motto, Luehor, and Si qucEvis yeninsulariL amainam circumspice, '-'■ 1 will defend" — " If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look around you." The name is a contraction of two Indian words meaning " Great Lake." It was early explored by Jesuit missionaries, and in 1837 was admitted into the Union. It is known as the " Wolverine State." It contains 56,243 square miles. In 18G0 it had a population of 749,173; in 1870, 1,184,059. She furnished 88,111 soldiers. Capital, Lansing. Has 9 Repre- sentatives and 11 Presidential electors. C. M. Croswell is Gov- ernor; politics, Republican; salary, $1,000; term, 2 years. Minnesota — Is an Indian name, meaning " Cloudy Water." It has a French motto, VE toils du Word — " The Star of the North." It was visited in 1680 by La Salle, settled in 1846, and admitted into the Union in 1858. It contains 83,531 square miles. In 1860 had a population of 172,023; in 1870, 439,511. She gave to the Union army 24-,002 soldiers. St. Paul is the capital. Has 3 mem- bers in Congress, 5 Presidential electors. Governor, J. S. Pills- bury, Republican; salary, $3,000; term, 2 years. Mississipjyi — Is an Indian name, meaning "Long River," and the State is named from the " Father of Waters." The State was first explored by De Sota in 1541; settled by the French at Natchez in 1716, and was admitted into the Union in 1817. It has an area of 47,156 square miles. Population in 1860, 791,305; in 1870,827,- 922. She gave to suppress the Rebellion 545 soldiers. Jackson is the capital. lias 6 representatives in Congress, and 8 Presidential electors. J. M. Stone is Governor, Democrat; salary, $4,000; terra, 4 years. Missouri — Is derived from the Indian word " muddy," which 182 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. more properly applies to the river that flows through it. Its motto is Salus popull suprema lex esto, " Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law." The State was first settled by the French near JelFerson City in 1719, and in 1S21 was admitted into the Union. It has an area of 67,380 square miles, equal to 43,123,200 acres. It had a population in 1860 of 1,182,012; in 1870, 1,721,- 000. She gave to defend the Union 108,162 soldiers. Capital, Jefierson City. Its inhabitants are known by the offensive cogno- man of ^' Pukes." Has 13 representatives in Congress, and 15 Presidential electors. J. S. Phelps is Governor; politics. Demo- cratic; salary, $5,000; term, 4 years. Nebraska— Rsi.^ f jr its motto, " Equality before the law." Its name is derived from one of its rivers, meaning " broad and shal- low, or low." It was admitted into the Union in 1367. Its capital is Lincoln. It had a population in 1860 of 28,841, and in 1870, 123,993, and in 1875,246,280. It has an area of 75,995 square miles. She furnished to defend the Union 3,157 soldiers. Has but 1 Kepresentative and 3 Presidential electors. A. Nance, Kepub- lican, is Governor; salary, $2,500; term, 2 years. Nevada — " The Snowy Land " derived its name from the Span- ish. Its motto is Latin, Volens et potens, and means " willing and able." It was settled in 1850, and admitted into the Union in 1864. Capital, Carson City. Its population in 1860 was 6,857; in 1870 it was 42,491. It has an area of 112,000 square miles. She furnished 1,080 soldiers to suppress the Eebellion. Has 1 Rep- resentative and 3 Electors. Governor, J. H. Kinkhead, Eepublican; salary, $6,000 ; term, 4 years. Neio Hamjyshire — Was first settled at Dover by the English in 1623. Was one of the original States. Has no motto. It is named from Hampshire county in England. It also bears the name of " The Old Granite State." It has an area of 9,280 miles, which equals 9,239,200 acres. It had a population in 1860 of 326,- 073, and in 1870 of 318,300. She increased the Union army with 33,913 soldiers. Concord is the capital. Has 3 Eepresentatives and 5 Presidential electors. N. Head, Eepublican, Governor; salary, $1,000; term, 1 year. New Jersey — Was named in honor of the Island of Jersey in the British channel. Its motto is " Liberty and Independence." It was first settled at Bergen by the Swedes in 1624. It is one of the orig- HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 1S3 inal thirteen States. It has an area of 8,320 square miles, or 5,324,- 800 acres. Population in 1860 was 672,035 ; in 1870 it was 906,096. She put into the Federal army 75,315 soldiers. Capital, Trenton. Has 7 Representatives and 9 Presidential electors. Governor, George B. McClelland, Democrat; salary, $5,000; term, 3 years. New York. — The " Empire State " was named by the Duke of York, afterward King James II. of England. It has a Latin motto, Excelsior, which means " Still Higher." It was first settled by the Dutch in 161-i at Manhattan. It has an area of 47,000 square miles, or 30,080,000 acres. The population in 1860 was 3,880,735; in 1870 it was 4,332,759. It is one of the original thirteen States. Capital is Albany. It gave to defend our Government 445,959 men. Has 33 members in Congress, and 35 Presidential electors. Governor, L. Robinson, Democrat; salary, $10,000; term, 3 years. North Carolina — Was named after Charles IX., King of France. It is called '' The Old North," or " The Turpentine State." It was first visited in 1524 by a Florentine navigator, sent out by Francis I., King of France. It was settled at Albemarle in 1663. It was one of the original thirteen States. It has an area of 50,704 squai'e miles, equal to 32,450,560 acres. It had in 1860 a population of 992,622, and In 1870, 1,071,361. Raleigh is the capital. She furnished 3,156 soldiers to put down the Rebellion. Has 8 mem- bers in Congress, and is entitled to 10 Presidential electors. Z. B. Yance, Democrat, is Governor; salary, $5,000; term, 4 years. Ohio — Took its name from the river on its Southern boundary, and means " Beautiful." Its motto is 1 inperium in Iinperio — ''An Empire in an Empire." It was first permanently settled in 1788 at Marietta by New Englanders. It was admitted as a State in 1803. Its capital is Columbus. It contains 39,964 square miles, or 25,576,960 acres. Population in 1860, 2,339,511; in 1870 it had 2,665,260. She sent to the front during the Rebellion 310,- 654 soldiers. Has 20 Representatives, and 22 Presidential electors. Governor, R. M. Bishop, Democrat; salary, $4,000; term, 2 years. Oregon — Owes its Indian name to its principal river. Its motto is Alis volat j)ropriis — " She flics with her own wings." It was first visited by the Spaniards in the sixteenth century. It was set- tled by the English in 1813, and admitted into the Union in 1859. Its capital is Salem. It has an area of 95,274 square miles, equal to 60,975,360 acres. It had in 1860 a population of 52,465; in 184: niSTOKY OF ILLINOIS, 1870, 90,922. She furnished 1,810 soldiers. She is entitled to 1 member in Congress, and 3 Presidential electors. W. W. Thayer, Republican, is Governor; salary, $1,500 ; term, 4 years. Pennsylvania. — This is the "Keystone State," and means "Penn's Woods," and was so called after "William Penn, its original owner. Its motto is, " Yirtue, liberty and independence." A colony was established by Penn in 1682. The State was one of the original thirteen. It has an area of 46,000 square miles, equaling 29,440,- 000 acres. It had in 1860 a population of 2,906,215; and in 1870, 3,515,993. She gave to suppress the Rebellion, 338,155. Harris- burg is the capital. Has 27 Representatives and 29 electors. H. M.Hoyt, is Governor; salary, $10,000; politics, Republican; term of office, 3 years. Rhode Island. — This, the smallest of the States, owes its name to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean, which domain it is said to greatly resemble. Its motto is " Hope," and it is familiarly called, "Little Rhody." It was settled by Roger Williams in 1636. It was one of the original thirteen States. It has an area of 1,306 square miles, or 835,840 acres. Its population in 1860 numbered 174,620; in 1870, 217,356. She gave to defend the Union, 23,248. Its capitals are Providence and Newport. Has 2 Representatives, and 4 Presidential electors. C. Vanzandt is Governor; politics, Republican; salary, $1,000; term, 1 year. South Carolina. — The Palmetto State wears the Latin name of Charles IX., of France (Carolus). Its motto is Latin, Animis o^ih usque par ati, " Ready in will and deed." The first permanent settlement was made at Port Royal in 1670, where the French Huguenots had failed three-quarters of a century before to found a settlement. It is one of the original thirteen States. Its capital is Columbia. It has an area of 29,385 square miles, or 18,806,400 acres, with a population in 1860 of 703,708; in 1870, 728,000. Has 5 Representatives in Congress, and is entitled to 7 Presidential electors. Salary of Governor, $3,500; term, 2 years. Tennessee— l^ the Indian name for the " River of the Bend," i. e, the Mississippi, which forms its western boundary. She is called "The Big Bend State." Her motto is, " Agriculture, Commerce." It was settled in 1757, and admitted into the Union in 1796, mak- ing the sixteenth State, or the third admitted after the Revolution- ary War— Vermont being the first, and Kentucky the second. It HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 185 has an area of 45,600 sqiuue miles, or 29,184,000 acres. In 1860 its population numbered 1,109,801, and in 1870, 1,257,983 She furnished 31,092 soldiers to suppress the Rebellion. Nashville is the capital. Has 10 Representatives, and 12 Presidential electors. Governor, A. S. Marks, Democrat; salary, $4,000; term, 2 years. Texas — Is the American word for the Mexican name by which all that section of the country was known before it was ceded to the United States. It is known as " The Lone Star State." The first set- tlement was made by LaSalle in 1685. After the independence of Mexico in 1822, it remained a Mexican Province until 1836, when it gained its independence, and in 1845 was admitted into the Union. It has an area of 237,504 square miles, equal to 152,002,- 560 acres. Its population in 1860 was 604,215; in 1870, 818,579. She gave to put down the Rebelion 1,965 soldiers. Capital, Austin. Has 6 Representatives, and 8 Presidential electors. Governor, O. M. Roberts, Democrat; salary, $5,000; term, 2 years. Yermont — Bears the French name of her mountains Verde Mont "Green Mountains." Its motto is "Freedom and Unity." It was settled in 1731, and admitted into the Union in 1791. Area 10,212 square miles. Population in 1860, 315,098 ; in 1870, 330,551- She gave to defend the Government, 33,272 soldiers. Capital, Mont- pelier. Has 3 Representatives, and 5 electors. Governor, H. Fair- banks, Republican; term, 2 years; salary, $1,000. Virginia. — The Old Dominion, as this State is called, is the oldest of the States. It was named in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the " Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made his first attempt to colonize that region. Its motto is Sic semper tyrannis, " So always with tyrants." It was first settled at James- town, in 1607, by the English, being the first settlement in the United States. It is one of original thirteen States, and had before its division in 1862, 61,352 square miles, but at present contains but 38,352 square miles, equal to 24,545,280 acres. The population in 1860 amounted to 1,596,318, and in 1870 it was 1,224,830. Rich- mond is the capital. Has 9 Representatives, and 11 electors. Gov- ernor, F. W. M. Halliday, Democrat; salary, $5,500; term, 4 years. West Virginia. — Motto, 31 ojitani semper liberi, " Mountaineers are always free." This is the only State ever formed, under the Constitution, by the division of an organized State. This was done in 1862, and in 1863 was admitted into the Union. It has an area of 186 HISTORY OF ILLINOIS. 23,000 square miles, or 14,720,000 acres. The population in 1860 was 376,000; in 1870 it numbered 445,616. She furnished 32,003. Capital, Wheeling. Has 3 Representatives in Congress, and is entitled to 5 Presidential electors. The Governor is H. M. Mathews, Democrat; term, 4 years; salary, $2,700. \Visco7isi7i — Is an Indian name, and means "Wild-rushing channel." Its motto, Clvitatas successit barbarum^ " The civilized man succeeds the barbarous." It is called " The Badger State." The State was visited by the French explorers in 1665, and a settle- ment was made in 1669 at Green Bay, It was admitted into the Union in 1848. It has an area of 52,924 square miles, equal to 34,511,360 acres. In 1860 its population numbered 775,881; in 1870, 1,055,167. Madison is the capital. She furnished for the Union army 91,021 soldiers. Has 8 members in Congress, and is entitled to 10 Presidential electors. The Governor is W. E. Smith; politics, Republican; salary, $5,000; term, 2 years. -J* -t,-A' "V'- ^ j."-" • -a*. <^> -fe.* I-: If > .'M. sd^ ,-"- /^"Vll ■'--^"'i^s 3 i X ■*: HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. CHAPTER I. SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION. LA SALLE's explorations. — FIRST ATTEMPT TO SETTLE ILLINOIS. TO TAZEWELL county belongs the honor of having within her boundary the soil first turned by white men in the great State of Illinois. To it we must also look to find the scene of the first attempt made by Europeans to settle our grand and noble State. On the third day of next January (1880), it will have been just two hundred vears since LaSalle with his little band of Frenchmen stepped from their canoes, which rested upon the placid waters of the Illinois, upon the shore now embraced within the limits of this county. This little fleet of canoes contained in all thirty-three daring, resolute explorers, and were led by the indomitable will, genius and enthusiasm of the most noted of French explorers, Rob- ert Cavalier de LaSalle. This famous explorer had conceived the plan of opening water communication between the Gulf of St. Law- rence and the Gulf of Mexico. It was this truly grand and com- prehensive purpose that seems to have animated him in all his wonderful achievements and the matchless difficulties and hardships he encountered. It was in the consummation of this idea of LaSalle's that brought the little band down the beautiful stream named in honor of the Illinois Indians who dwelt upon its banks, and landed them on its eastern shore. Seven years previous Jolict and Marquette, the first Europeans to discover the Illinois, had wended their way up to its course on their return from their famous voyage down the Missis- 13 190 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. sippi. Being truly a leader, foremost in every enterprise, every thought, every move, we do not doubt that the dauntless La- Salle himself was the first to alight upon the shore, — was the first white man to set foot upon the soil of Tazewell county. Thus it will be seen that here is a spot truly historic, — a place noted for being the first in one of the greatest States of the Union where civilized man made his first attempt to establish himself. FORT CREVECCEUR BUILT. Through the difficulties encountered with the Indians, and the machinations of his own men, LaSalle was greatly retarded on his journey southward. Winter had overtaken him, and to protect him- self and followers, and to provide for them comfortable quarters in which to pass that dreary season, he resolved to erect a fort. His good judgment led him to a spot upon the eastern bank of the Illi- nois, the site of the present Wesley City, and upon the southeast quarter of section one, Pekin township. Here upon the extremity of a ridge, protected on either side by deep ravines, and extending to within two huudred yards of the water's edge, he built a fort which he christened Fort Crevecoeur. The moaning of the French name is heart-breaker. Why LaSalle should have chosen so sad a name we know not, unless, perchance, by a prophetic vision he glanced into the future and foresaw the sad ending of his enterprise. Or, it may have been thus named as indicative of the misfortunes they suffered here, or from its having been the site of a bloody bat- tle between the brutal Iroquois and Illinois Indians. To fortify the bluff thus selected, the point of which at the time was about one hundred yards further from the river than it now is, his first move was to dig a ditch behind and connect the two ravines. He thus severed the point upon which the fort was to be constructed, which contains about eighty acres, from all connection with any land of the same altitude. This bluif rises to the height of from 160 to 180 feet, and to increase the altitude of its different sides, which nature has made steep and rugged, an embankment encircling its outer line was thrown up. To make the fortress still more impregna- ble a palisade of heavy oak timber, twenty-five feet in height, ex- tending around the entire fortification, was constructed. This being completed, buildings for the accommodation of the men were erected within the enclosure, and the little band went into snug winter quarters. HISTORY OP TAZEWELL COUNTY. 191 The fort was admirably located, and commanded fnll view of the river for miles above and below ; and its high, perpendicular sides, heavily palisaded, could not be easily ascended by the foe. Thus advanta^eouslv situated a small garrison could have defended it from the combined attack of all the neighboring Indians, at least until the supply of provisions failed. THE JESUIT PRIESTS. Fortunately, however, the fort was never used to protect the men from Indian hostility, as they remained peaceable and friendly with the garrison. Indeed, it was used more as a sanctuary than a fort- ress of military power. Fathers Hennepin and Membre and old Father Ribourde labored daily with the neighboring Indians. But even the zeal and earnestness displayed by those early Jesuit mis- sionaries in spiritual matters failed to make any perceptible impres- sion upon the filthy savages. Hennepin preached twice every Sun- day, chanted vespers, and regretted that the want of wine prevented the celebration of mass. A VESSEL COMMENCED. The fort having been fully completed, LaSalle set about to build a sailing vessel with Avhich to descend the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. Thus we see that the first timber felled by the axe of civ- ilization, the first mechanical labor performed, and not only the first fort built but the first vessel put upon the stocks in Illinois, were all done in Tazewell county. HENNEPIN SENT ON HIS FAMOUS VOYAGE. In the mean time LaSalle sent Hennepin, with Accau and Du Gay, on his famous voyage of the discovery of the upper Mississippi. They left the fort on the last day of February. After a year's sojourn among the Indians of that region Hennepin returned to Europe, where the account of his exploits and the description of this beauti- ful country was published in several languages. He subsequently, however, attempted to rob LaSalle of his well-earned and deserved honor by giving a false account of his discoveries, in consequence of which much of his writings are discredited. LEGENDS OF THE MISSISSIPPI. LaSalle could not obtain any satisfactory information from the Indians in regard to the Mississippi. All his inquiries had elicited 192 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. only the information that the Father of Waters was inhabited by huge goblins, and an attempt to sail upon its boisterous waves w^as destruction. These stories \vere of course discredited by LaSalle, but many of his men were superstitious, and really feared to visit that river, and deserted lest LaSalle should start an expedition in search of it. Soon, however, an incident occurred Avhich enabled him to disabuse their minds of such fabulous stories. AVhile hunt- ing in the vicinity of the fort, he chanced to meet a young Indian who had just returned from a distant war excursion. Finding him almost famished with hunger LaSalle invited him to the fort, where he refreshed him with a generous meal, and questioned him with apparent indiflPerence respecting the Mississippi. Owing to his long absence he knew nothing of Avhat had transpired between his breth- ren and the French, and, with great subtlety, imparted all the in- formation required. LaSalle now gave him presents not to mention the interview. With a number of his men he then proceeded to the camp of the Indians to expose their misrepresentations. Having found the chiefs at a feast of bear meat he boldly accused them of falsehood, and at once proceeded to substantiate his charges. The Master of Light, he declared, was the friend of truth, and had re- vealed to him the true character of the Mississippi. He then gave such an accurate description of it that the astonished but credulous savages believed he had derived his knowledge through supernatural agency. They at once confessed their guilt, and gave, as the reason for resorting to such artifice, the fact that they w^anted him to re- main with them. This confession removed the principal cause of the desertion of his men. lasalle's departure. On the 2d day of April, 1680, LaSalle bid adieu to his diminished band, and left it in the wilderness inhabited only by the wild beasts of the forests and the uncivilized, brutal natives, and hundreds of miles in advance of any frontier post. He placed the garrison in charge of his lieutenant, Henri Tonti, an Italian. For a fuller account of the trials and difficulties encountered bv Tonti than we can give here, we refer the reader to the History of Illinois con- tained in this volume. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 193 THE FORT DESTROYED. LaSalle had no sooner left than the dish:>yal men among tlie gar- rison displayed a spirit of mutiny, which culminated in the almost total destruction of the fort by them, and all save six, besides the faithful Tonti, deserted. After the famous battle between the Iro- quois and Illinois Tonti was driven away. Soon LaSalle returned to find the fort destroyed, tools thrown into the river, and the village of the Illinois, which numbered 8,000 in- habitants, a desolate waste. The vessel, however, was still upon its stocks uninjured. Thus disastrously terminated the first attempt to settle the State of Illinois and the county of Tazewell. FIRST SETTLEMENT AT PEORIA. The next attempt to settle this section of Illinois was made at the upper end of Peoria lake in 1778. The country in the vicinity of this lake was called by the Indians Pim-i-te-wi, that is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the town of Laville de Meillet, named after its founder, was started. Within the next twenty years, however, the town was moved down to the lower end of the lake to the present site of Peoria. In 1812 the town was destroyed and the inhabitants carried away by Captain Craig. In 1813 Fort Clark was erected there by Illinois troops engaged in the war of 1812. Five years later it was destroyed by fire. FRENCH TRADING POST IN THIS COUNTY. During the period from the time Laville de Meillet was founded in 1778, or at least after it was moved to the lower extremity of the lake, French traders had a regular established trading post on the Illinois near the site of old Fort Crevecoeur. They carried on an extensive commerce with the neighboring Indians, buying their furs with notions. At this business they became quite wealthy. The " old French trading post," by which name it was known, re- mained at Wesley City for almost a quarter of a century after the first settlers came to the county. A large log building, about 30 by 60 feet in size and 10 feet high, was their principal store-house. Mr. B. F. Montgomery tells us that he visited the place in 1836, and in this building found a very large stock of skins and furs, which they told him were worth in their present state $2,000. The col- lection contained the covering of almost every animal of any value from the weasel to the buffalo. 194 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. The principal traders at this point during the early settlement of the county were Tromly and Besau, both of whom were well known by some of the pioneers. These French traders had lived, traded and intermarried with the Indians until there were many half-breeds throughout the neighborhood. They were quiet, peaceable people, and treated the settlers with the neatest kindness. Besau died at the old post many years ago. Tromly went to Kansas in 1844. The former had married an Indian squaw and reared a large family. One of his daughters, Mary Besau, who is said to have been quite beau- tiful and her personal appearance and bearing graceful, was married to a man by the name of Anderson. About the year 1845 he moved to Kansas, where, near Leavenworth, he resided when last heard from by any Tazewell county people. These French traders cannot be classed as settlers, at least in the light we wish to view the meaning of that term. They made no improvements ; they cultivated no land ; they established none of those bulwarks of civilization brought hither a half century ago by the sturdy pioneer. On the other hand, however, they associated with the natives ; they adopted their ways, habits and customs ; they intermarried and in every way, almost, became as one of them. A CENTURY AND A HALF OF PEACE. Year after year rolled by until quite a centur>' and a half had passed since LaSalle stepped ashore from his skiff, before the aborigi- nes who occupied the territory embraced within the present boundary of Tazewell county were molested by the encroachment of the white man, save the French traders above referred to. Generation after generation of natives appeared upon the wild scenes of savage life, lived, roamed the forest and prairie, and glided over the beautiful, placid Illinois in their log and bark canoes, and passed away. Still the advance of civilization, the steady westward tread of the Anglo- Saxon disturbed them not. The buffalo, deer, bear, and wolf roamed the prairie and woodland, the Indian their only enemy. But nature had destined better things for this fertile region. She had been too lavish in the distribution of natural advantages to leave it longer in the peaceable possession of those who had for centuries refused to de- velop, even in the slightest degree, any of her great resources. She accordingly directed hitherward the footsteps of the industrious, enterprising pioneer. Before, however, proceeding to recount his HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 195 advent, we wish to speak of the diiferent tribes and families of the Indians who dwelt in this portion of the State. DIFFERENT INDIAN TRIBES. At the time the earliest European explorers visited the State the various tribes of the Illinois confederacy dwelt upon the banks of the Illinois river. They were the Peorias, Michigans, Tamaroas, Kaskaskias, and Cahokas. This once powerful confederacy was almost exterminated by the wars with the Iroquois, the Foxes and Sacs, and the Pottawatomies. During the latter part of the seven- teenth century hard and desperate battles were fought upon the land of this county between the different tribes. Hundreds of brave warriors had fallen beneath the tomahawks of other tribes, until acres of the land now possessed by the nobler race were strewn with the dead and dying. After a famous contest in the year 1680, between the different tribes of the Illinois confederacy and a chosen band of brutal Iroquois, the latter, who were victorious, carved upon the trunks of the largest trees upon the shore of the Illinois river hieroglyphics, representing the chiefs, the braves, and different bat- tle scenes. From about the year 1780 to 1832, the time of the Black-Hawk war, the Kickapoos dwelt in the western and southwestern part of the county. Their principal village was in Logan county. The Pottawatomies, however, were the chief occupants and immediate predecessors of the whites. For some years after the first settlers came wigwams were scat- tered here and there over the county. The kind and generous Shaubena, with his band of Pottawatomies, had his principal camp and wigwams on the bank of the Illinois river near where the gas- works of Pekin are now located. Another extensive camping ground was on the Mackinaw river, near the present town of Mack- inaw. Old Machina was the chief of this band. The Kickapoos had made a treaty shortly previous to the coming of the first settler, by which the whites acquired all their land. When the whites came, however, to settle and occupy the land the Kickapoos were angry, and some of them felt disposed to insult and annoy the settlers. When John Hendrix came to Blooming Grove the Indians ordered him to leave. Not long afterwards they frightened away a family which settled on the Mackinaw. Old ]\Iachina ordered one family 196 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. away by throwing leaves in the air. This was to let the bootanas (white men) know that they must not be found in the country when the leaves of autumn should fall. In 1823, when the Orendorifs came, Old Machina had learned to speak a little English. He came to Thomas OrendorfP and with a majestic wave of his hand said : "Too much come back, white man: t'other side Sangamon." The Rhodes family were also ordered away. These families settled in the eastern part of this and western part of McLean counties, but at the time and for years afterwards was all Tazewell county. These things appeared a little threatening, but the settlers refused to leave and were not molested. When the Black Hawk war broke out in 1832, the Indians liv- ing here were very much like the whites in some particulars. The pale-faces looked upon the neighboring red men with suspicion, and feared they would be massacred by them, while at the same time the Indians experienced a like timidity. They watched the whites closely lest they should arise up some night and butcher their squaws and papooses. Controlled by this feeling they began to emigrate. Shaubena went north and located at Shaubena's Grove, DeKalb county. In the early part of the decade between 1840 and 1850 he returned and spent two winters at Pleasant Grove, in Elm Grove township. After the grand exit of 1832 the Indians, who had roamed at will over the prairies and through the forests for centuries, returned only as visitors. Devoted to the sweet memories of departed kindred, one would occasionally return alone and with a melancholy spirit. He would hunt the burial mound and silently and sadly commune with the loved dead. You see the native red man no more. He is only of the past so far as Tazewell county is concerned. Should one pass through the principal thoroughfares of your cities robed in his native costume he would excite the wonder and curiosity of all, the old as well as the young. THE WAR OF 1812. During the war of 1812 Tazewell county was the scene of one of the most effective engagements against the Indians waged in Illinois during that war. Gov. Edwards had collected an army of about 400 men in the southern part of the State, and set out in the latter part of October, 1812, for the seat of war. This was in the neigh- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 197 borhood of Peoria lake. At the same time Gen. Hopkins started with 2,000 mounted Kentucky riflemen. His destination was the same point, and Edwards expected to work in concert with the noted General. However, when his men had marched about 90 miles across Illinois prairie into the enemy's country they became wearied, and regardless of the General's protestations, turned about without even seeing the foot-prints of an Indian, and started on a hasty homeward march. COURSE OF THE ARMY. Edwards with his brave and courageous Illinois rangers continued on. It may be remarked that in this little band were three men, all of whom subsequently became noted governors of Illinois. Leaving Fort Russell they marched up through Sangamon and Logan counties, striking Tazewell at the point in Hittle townshij) where Sugar creek makes its exit. On this creek the troops found an old deserted Kickapoo village. These tenantless bark wigwams were painted up here and there with rude savage devices, mostly rep- resenting the red-skins scalping whites. This provoked the warlike indignation of the little army, and the village was assaulted, set on fire and destroyed. After this, fearing that their nightly camp fires would reveal their approach tat the Indians, whom they hoped to surprise, the marches were continued till midnight. The course of the army was now northward through Hittle, Little MackinaAV, Mackinaw, bearing westward through Deer Creek, striking Morton, and enterino; ^Yashin2;ton near the center of its southern line. From this point they took a direct course for the Black Partridge village of Pottawatomies, located at the upper end of the lake, on the bluffs in Fond du Lac township. Before coming up to the town Lieut. Peyton, with a small party, was sent to Peoria. He made no dis- coveries. The army moved rapidly but cautiously forward, and late in the night preceding the attack camped in the western part of Washington township. THE VILLAGE RECONNOITRED. It was now desirable to reconnoitre the position of the Indian town, that the army might know how, when and where to strike. To perform this perilous duty four of the bravest of men stepped forward and volunteered their services. All of them subsequently won enviable reputations in public life. They were Thomas Carlin, 198 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. and Robert, Stephen, and Davis Whiteside. They proceeded to the viHage and explored all the approaches to it thoroughly without dis- turbing the wily savage. The town was found to be about five miles from where the army was encamped, and situated on a bluif separated in part from the high lands by a swamp through which ran a small stream (Ten Mile creek). The low banks of this stream were covered by a rank growth of tall grass and bunches of brush, so tall and dense as readily to conceal an Indian on horseback until within a few feet of him. Recent heavy rains had rendered the ground additionally yielding, making it almost impassable to mount- ed men. A NIGHT ALARM. That night within the fireless and cheerless camp of the rangers all was as silent as the grave. A deep and solemn gloom settled over the men. The long marches lost the charm they at first possessed, and instead of being jovial and frolicsome as they were then wont to be, they were fatigued and sulky. They were in the enemy's country and feared an attack at any moment. They reposed upon their arms, with their horses tethered near at hand, ready sad- dled to be mounted in an instant. During the night, when scarcely a whisper disturbed the air, a gun was carelessly discharged by o^e of the men. This of course caused the greatest consternation in the camp. The treacherous and subtle foe was momentarily expected, and the men regarded that as the signal for attack. All the horrors of the night attack at Tippe- canoe, then fresh in the minds of every one, presented themselves to the active imaginations of the rangers. Every white-coated soldier at that battle, it was said, was singled out in the dusky morn- ing and killed by the savages. Every soldier who happened to have on a light-colored coat distinctly remembered this, and in an instant not a white coat could be seen. Soon, however, the voice of the Governor assured the men that the firing was merely accidental, and all became quiet again. FIRST INDIAN KILLED. A heavy fog prevailed on the following morning; however, the army took up its line of march for the Indian town. Capt. Judy with his spies were in advance. They came up to an Indian and his squaw, both mounted. The tall grass concealed them until within a few paces. The Indian wanted to surrender, but Capt. Judy said HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 199 he " did not leave home to take prisoners," and instantly shot him. AVith the blood streaming from his montli and nose, and in his agony " singing the death song," the dying Indian raised his gun, shot and mortally wounded one of the soldiers, and expired. The rest of the spies, who had incautiously approached the wounded Indian, when they saw him seize his gun, quickly dismounted on the far side of their horses. Many guns were immediately discharged at the other Indian, not then known to be a squaw, all of which missed her. Badly scared, and her husband killed by her side, the agonizing wails of the squaw were heart-rending. She was taken prisoner and subsequently restored to her nation. THE ATTACK. Owing to the dense fog which prevailed the army was misled and found itself in the spongy bottom just below the town, with the miry creek to cross. This, of course, deranged the plan of attack, and thus the village escaped a surprise. While a halt was made, preparatory to crossing, the Indians were observed running from the town. An attack from the Indians while crossing the treacherous stream was momentarily expected. However, no attack was made or attempted, but the Indians were fleeing from their village and impending death. Pell-mell they went, men, women and children, some on horseback, some on foot, into the swamp among the tall grass, and toward a point of timber in which the Governor judged they intended to make a stand for battle. " I immediately changed my course," he writes, " ordered and led on a general charge upon them ;" but owing to the unsoundness of the ground, the pursuers, horses, riders, arms and baggage all shared in the common catastro- phe alike, and were unhorsed and overwhelmed in the morass. A pursuit on foot was ordered. Tliis was both difficult and dan- gerous on account of the tall gra,ss in which the Indians were lurk- ing. Several squads thus pursued the retreating foe for two or three miles across the saturated bottom to the river, killing some of the enemy while attempting to cross to the western shore. To such a pitch of excitement Avere the men wrought that three of them, find- ing some Indian canoes, in the fury of the chase crossed the river in full view of the Indians, but without molestation. CHEQUENEBOC BURNED. The Indian village, called by Gov. Edwards Chequeneboc, after 200 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. a chief, was burned. The Indians who had not retreated over the river, fled to the interior wilderness. Here some of them were pur- sued, but the Indians, making a stand in considerable numbers, forced the rangers to retreat. Being reinforced, they returned and routed the savages. Some of the troops were wounded in this action, but none killed. During these engagements the place was pillaged and burned by the main body of the troops. The Indians in their flight had left behind all their winter's store of provision, which was destroyed or taken away. Hiding about the burning embers of the ruins were found some Indian children, forgotten by the frightened fugitives. There were also found some disabled adults, one of whom was in a starving condition, and with a voracious appetite partook of the bread given him. He is said to have been killed by a cowardly soldier straggling behind, after the main army had resumed its ret- rograde march, who wanted to be able to boast that he had killed an Indian. To show the reckless daring of the Indian character, it is men- tioned that a warrior walked calmly down the bluff some 200 yards distant from the town, deliberately raised his gun and fired upon the troops in the village, then turned and strode slowly away amid a shower of bullets. THE ARMY RETREATS. Gov. Edwards failed to hear from the larger force under Gen. Hopkins, and fearing the Indians would concentrate and make an attack upon him, concluded to make a hasty retreat. This he began the same day of the attack, and though a heavy and continuous rain prevailed tlxe men were in such dread of a pursuit that they kept up their march until overtaken by darkness, when, greatly exhausted and wet, without fire to dry their clothing or food to nourish their bodies, they sank into sleep upon the wet ground. Soon the little army had passed the limits of this county on their homeward march, where we will leave it. THE PIONEERS. Leaving the history of the French and Indians, having given all of interest we have been able to gather, we come now to the time the first pioneer erected his cabin liere and established for himself and family a home in the wilderness. So fertile was the soil and HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 201 beautiful the flowers, so sparkling were the streams and shady the groves that, in advance of all the surrounding country, the pioneers sought and settled the timber land and prairie of Tazewell county. The thrilling scenes through which the pioneer settlers passed in the settlement of this portion of Illinois must ever awaken emotions of warmest regard for them. To pave the way for those who fol- lowed after them, to make their settlement in the West a pleasure, they bore the flood tide wave of civilization ; they endured all, suffered all. But few of these spirits now survive ; they have passed away full of years and honors, leaving their children, and children's children and strangers to succeed them, and enjoy the fruits of the toil, privations and savings of their long and eventful lives. Life with them is o'er, their labors all are done, And others now reap the harvest that they won. Too great honor cannot be accorded them, and we regret that we have not the data to speak more fully and definitely of them, their personal experiences, their lives and characters. THE FIRST SETTLER. AVhen, in 1826-7, the Legislature formed Tazewell county it extended over a vast region of country. Its boundaries then em- braced many of the neighboring counties, and its jurisdiction extend- ed as far north as Chicago. In giving the history of the settlement of the county, however, we will speak only of the territory within its present limits. The first to cast his fortune here, — to "locate" in Tazewell coun- ty, — was Nathan Dillon. He came in the year 182.3, and lived, labored and died in the county of his adoption an honorable, hon- ored citizen. Fortunately we have been able to obtain a very fiill narrative of his coming from his own pen. We give it in his own language just as he has left it to posterity. . NATHAN Dillon's reminiscence. It was in the year 1821 that we set our faces westward, with heavy hearts at the thought of leaving near friends and relatives behind, with a view of taking up our abode on the broad prairies of the West, and among strangers and savages. At that early day, our way was in a manner through a wilderness to our journey's end, the destination of which was eight miles south of Springfield, on Sugar creek. 202 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Although we were well outfitted with good horses and wagons, many hardships awaited us of which we had not dreamed. We had a terrible trip through Indiana through mud, over logs and brush, often swamped down to the hubs of the wagon. We could procure but little feed for our horses but new corn, and part of the time could not obtain that ; and when at last we struck the Grand Prairie, west of Clinton, on the AVabash, we found ourselves with broken- down horses and only three days' provisions, our company consisting of my brother Absalom's family and my own, with six horses and seventy head of cattle and twenty sheep. The country before us was wild, new, almost untrodden by man ; but our hearts were brave. The second day out some were attacked with the chills and fever, and as we advanced others were taken with the same disease. Then did we wish ourselves back again to the home we had left in Ohio. Not half way across the prairie and out of provisions, and not able to drive our team, let alone our stock, what to do we did not know ; but at this juncture we were overtaken by three young men, who had set out on our trail with the hope of safely walking through : but when thev overtook us were already out of provisions. To remedy our scarcity we slaughtered one of our cows, thereby obtainina: what would subsist us till we could reach the forks of the Sangamon, where resided Jacob Scraggs, and where we rested. The next day we reached our destination. We were among strangers, but they were kind, generous and hospitable. AVinter was draAving near, and we had no shelter of any kind in which to stay, no feed for our stock, and my wife the only person among us who had not been sick on the road, and yet we succeeded in passing our first winter in Illinois, as best we could, and without losing much stock. In passing, I will note that at the time of our arrival there was in Springfield a very low, one-story court-house, twenty feet square ; a jail, not so large, built of round logs ; a tavern, kept by a Mr. Price, and a store, kept by John Taylor, who was also sheriff of the county. The summer following much sickness prevailed, and in the fall we lost two children, which discouraged us veiy much, — made us home-sick, and almost induced us to return to Ohio. Hearing, how- ever, a good account of the Mackinaw country to the north of us, we determined to visit it ; and accordingly, accompanied by my brothers Jesse and AValter, and AVilliam Hays, we set out on a jour- ney to explore it. We struck the stream at Mackinaw Town, and HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 203 after visiting Deer Creek, Walnut Grove, White Oak and Stout's Groves, our provisions failed us, and we went over to Fort Clarke (as Peoria was then called), but on arrival found neither provisions nor people, except Abner Eads and Jesse Ogee. But we managed to catch some iish, and on them, with some prairie chickens Ave killed, we subsisted until we returned to Elkhart Grove. On our return we passed through Pleasant Grove and Delavan Prairie. We made selections for future homes near Dillon Creek, and the next fall, having put up cabins, we prepared to remove to our new home, got ready, and set out. On our journey, when a short distance from where the village of Delavan noAv stands, we were overtaken bv a heavv thunder storm. We hurried alono- as fast as possible until sundown, when the wind changed to the north- west, and in fifteen minutes' time our clothes were frozen hard, our horses mired down, and my wife and children had to get out of the wagon into the bleak wind. Then we unloaded the wagon and moved it out of the slough by hand, the water half-leg deep, and reloading, hitched up the horse and moved on about a quarter of a mile fur- ther, when the same accident occurred again. It was now quite dark, the wind blowing, the weather freezino; cold, -wolves howlino- in every direction. We concluded to start for the timber, which was about three miles off; so, packing wife and children on horse- back, w^e started against the wind : it Avas to do that or freeze on the prairie. We were in a truly desperate condition, — no fire, and all of us wet, cold and hungry. AYe had to have fire or perish ; so on our arrival at the timber it devolved on me to strike a fire, for my broth- er was so near chilled through he could do nothing, as he had been riding and driving a four-horse team. In those days we had no matches, and were compelled to strike a fire by a flint-lock rifle, which was a bad job, as the whole ground was flooded and nothing could be found dry. I at length succeeded in getting a fire, and we piled high the wood and stood around and thawed out and dried our clothes ; and when my wife went to look for the provisions to get some supper, the dogs had found where it lay, and eaten it all up ; and we went supperless to our wet beds. The next morning we started by sunrise for the wagon. It was frozen fast, and we had to cut it out and take it back the way it came in. We had left our cattle on the previous night, and they had started ofl". I took their trail and followed them several miles when the ground became so frozen that their hoofs made no impres- 204 HISTOKY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. sion ; so I gave them up as lost and returned to camp. By this time I was very hungry ; and wife, with provisions brought from the wagon, had prepared a good meal, and we all did it ample justice, as we had not eaten anything for nearly two days.. At the beginning of the second day we mustered all force, determined to reach our destination that day. When we arrived at the MackinaAV the ice was running in large quantities, and the stream hardly fordable ; but with much labor and difficulty we got across, and that evening ar- rived at our cabin. There was no door or chimney to it; not a crack stopped, and situated so the north wind came through at a sweeping rate ; but having plenty of bed-clothes, we kept ourselves comfortable, and opened a place in the roof to let the smoke escape, prepared a good suppar, slept in the cabin, and felt ourselves at home. We went to work on the cabin, and in a few days had it warm and comfortable. Brother Walter returned to Sangamon county for a load of corn and meal. While he was gone it rained a great deal, and he was twelve days in coming from Springfield. Wm. Davis came with him with a drove of hogs. When they arrived at Mackinaw the water overflowed the banks, so they left the team on the other side, and with the men with them, made a raft and crossed over, and ar- rived at home late the same night. The next morning we started for the teams, prepared to make a raft large enough to bring across wagon, provisions and horses. The weather was extremely cold, and the work occupied two days. We got our wagons and pro- visions across, but were compelled to swim the horses. Brother John was mounted on one of them, and in plunging round in the mud and Avater he got dismounted and thrown in the water, and when he got out had to ride near three miles with frozen clothes on, and almost perished ; but a good fire and hearty supper made us all feel comfortable. But the horses had a hard time of it, as they had to stand out in a cold wind tied with a halter all through the cold freezing night. So passed the winter at our cabin with wife and children. Occa- sionally my brother was with us, but my wife never saw a white woman from the month of December to the following March ; but there were plenty of Indians, and they were quite troublesome, and could not be trusted. In the month of May following (1824) I was compelled to go to the settlements after provisions, and John Dillon accompanied me. The night we arrived it commenced rain- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 205 ing, and continued, so that on our return the streams had raised to a fearful height. When we came to Salt Creek it was a sea of water from hill to hill, and we were compelled to cross as best we could, by ferrying our load in a small boat, and swimming our horses. Kickapoo was in the same condition, and we crossed in a small ca- noe, taking our wagons apart in order to get them over. The next was Suffar Creek, where Robert Musick then lived. Here we were one whole day in crossing. The night after we lay out on the big prairie, without fire and but little to eat. If such toils and priva- tions would not try men's souls, what Avould? We had no more ferrying until we reached Mackinaw, but our team broke away, and we had to follow them some eight miles before we overtook them. On our return we foiuid Benj. Briggs, who was on his way to Peoria : had been as far as Mackinaw and could not cross, and was returning. We returned to that stream and spent a lonesome night on its banks, and in the morning found an Indian canoe, and with its aid swam our horses over and reached home. Brothers Walter, Absalom, and others started for the stream and brought our wagons over. In concluding this narrative I will speak of the other first settlers that came to this section of country (Dillon Grove, Tazewell Co.). In the month of March, 1824, brother Absalom moved here; soon after John Summers, William Woodrow, and Peter Scott came and made improvements. My brothers Jesse and Thomas came out the fall following, and the year after my father and brother William came, and from that time the country settled very fast with an industrious population. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. In 1824 Nathan Dillon was followed by his brothers with their families, who settled on the creek around him. Then came George and Isham Wright to Hittle's Grove, Esau and William OrendorflF to Sugar Creek, Isaac Perkins, Hugh Woodrow, William Woodrow, Samuel Woodrow, John Summers, Jacob and Jonathan Tharp, Peter Scott and others, came into Sand Prairie in 1824. In the northern part of the county came William Blanchard, L. Andress, Elias Avery, John Parker, Thomas Camlin, and William Holland. Mr. Holland came from Peoria in the spring of 1825 and located on the site of the present city of Washington, of which he was the founder. He was formerly from North Carolina, and was employed by the 14 206 HISTORY OF TAZEM'ELL COUNTY. United States Government as a blacksmith for the Indians who in- habited this portion of our State at that time. For several years after settlino; here Mr. Holland continued to work for the natives. He was also a gunsmith, and as such his services were in great de- mand by both the Avhite and red men. His was the only house, and his the only family living in the vicinity of Washington until 1826. At the time he came to Washington his nearest neighbor was Thos. Camlin, who lived on Farm Creek, some three miles east of Peoria, in Fond du Lac township. Camlin was a genial, clever pioneer, and always ready to entertain his guests with spicy stories and thrilling incidents of his personal adventures with the Indians, whom, he would claim, he used to shoot at a distance of one-half to three- quarters of a mile, — a second Daniel Boone. Holland often visited at Camlin's, and passed many pleasant eve- nings in his society. Had we a pioneer of this type in our midst to-day, living as he then lived, with his experiences of frontier life, what a curiosity he would be ! What a thrilling, blood-curdling story would the simple narrative of his life make. WILLIAM DAVIS. One of the earliest settlers of the county was William Davis. He came in the year 1823 with the Dillons. He brought his family the following year, and located on section 27, Elm Grove toAvnship. The widow of Mr. Davis lives at the old homestead, the laud never having been transferred since first entered by her husband. Previ- ous to his coming to this county Mr. Davis had been in the employ of Major Langley, who had the contract from the United States Government to survey the southern part of the State. Mr. Davis was a noted hunter, and with his faithful and unerring rifle supplied the surveying party with abundance of the choicest game the coun- try afforded. In this connection we will relate an incident in Mr, Davis' life worthy of commemoration. To him belongs the honor of buying the first article of merchandise ever sold in Springfield, the State capital. It was under the following circumstances that the purchase was made : When the surveying party reached the site of the city of Springfield his shoes had completely given out, leaving him bare- foot. Some parties by. the name of Isles were putting up a place in which to open a stock of goods at that point. The building was made of bark and was simply intended as temporary quarters. At HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 207 Mr. Davis' solicitation they opened a box of shoes and sold him a pair, being the first sale they had made. Thomas Davis, a son of William Davis, and who now resides in Tremont township, has in his possession the rifle his father carried while connected with the surveying ex})edition. This gun was also the property of William Davis' father, and is over one hundred years old. OTHER SETTLERS. The same year that Mr. Holland came to Holland's Grove, Amasa Stout and Matthew Stout came to Stout's Grove, and Daniel Seward, Benjamin Briggs, Alexander McKnight, and James Scott, to Plum Grove. Jesse, Absalom and Jacob Funk, Jacob Wilson, Jacob Hepperly, Morgan Buckingham, Horace Crocker, Abraham Brown and Jeiferson Huscham came and settled on the river bottom above and opposite Fort Clarke. ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTY. Tazewell county was organized by an act of the Legislature Jan- uarv 31st, 1827, with the following boundaries : Beginning at the northeast corner of township twenty, north of the base line, axid range three east of the third printnpal meridian, thence north on said line to the north line of township twenty-eight north, thence west to the middle of the Illinois river, thence down said river to the north line of township twenty north, thence east to the place of beginning. In the act organizing the county January 31, 1827, an error oc- curred in describing the boundaries. This error was corrected by an act re-establishing the boundaries, passed January 22, 1829.. The territory comprising the county of Tazewell formed part of the counties at the dates named in the several subdivisions of the State prior to the organization of the county, as follows : 1809 — At this date Illinois Territory was organized, and was subdivided into the counties of Randolph and St. Clair. Tazewell was included in the county of St. Clair. 1812 — Tazewell formed part of the county of Madison. 1814 — Tazewell was included in the counties of Madison and Edwards : west of the third principal meridian in Madison, east of the meridian in Edwards. 1816 — Tazewell was included within the boundaries of Madison 208 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. and Crawford counties : east of the meridian in Cra^vford, west in Madison. 1817 — Tazewell formed part of the eounties of Bond and Craw- ford : west of the meridian in Bond, east in Crawford. 1819 — Tazewell was included in Clark and Bond counties: west of the meridian in Bond, east in Clark. 1821 — Tazewell formed part of Fayette and Sangamon counties: west of the meridian in Sangamon, east in Fayette. 1827 — Tazewell organized January 31st: boundary defective. 1829 — Tazewell boundaries defined, and error in law of 1827 corrected as above given. County originally created from territory then comprising part of the counties of Sangamon and Fayette : west of the third principal meridian taken from Sangamon, east of the meridian, comprising 24 townships, taken from Fayette. 1830 — McLean county was formed by taking off the three ranges east of the meridian and range one west of the meridian. 1839 — Logan county was created, taking off three townships on the south. 1841 — The counties of Mason and Woodford were organized, and Tazewell reduced to its present boundaries. The commissioners to locate the couutv seat were Thos. M. Neale, Wm. L. D. Ewing and Job Fletcher. They were by the act of or- ganization required to meet on the third Monday of March, 1827, or within five days thereafter, at the house of Wm. Orendorif, for the purpose of locating the county seat, which, when located, was to be called " Mackinaw." Until county buildings were erected the courts were required to be held at the house of Wm. Orendorff. Election for county officers at the house of said Wm. Orendorif on the second Monday of April, 1827. All that part of Fayette lying east and north of Tazewell was attached to Tazewell for county purposes. In the year 1825 the Legislature created Peoria county, and at- tached to it for all county purposes all of the territory north of town 20 and west of the third principal meridian, thus including all the present county of Tazewell. Nathan Dillon, William Holland and Joseph Smith were chosen County Commissioners for the new county. The former two resided in this county. They held their first meeting at Peoria March 8, 1825. When the population of Tazewell was thought to be sufficiently large to regularly organize, an election was held in April, 1827, and HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 209 Benjamin Briggs, George Hittle, and James Lotta were chosen Countv Commissioners. The Commissioners at once proceeded to hold a meeting and consummate the organization. This they did at the house of William Orendorff, April 10, 1827. For an account of the labors of the Commissioners we refer the reader to the follow- ing chapter. The county at this time was very large ; even in 1829, when a new boundary was formed, it contained 79 townships. It has been divided for the formation tif other counties so often that it has finally been reduced to 19 townships. The county was named in honor of Hon. John Tazewell, United States Senator from the State of Virginia. There is a county in that State which also bears the same name, these being the only two in the United States. THE FIRST MILL, One of the greatest difficulties encountered by the early settlers was in having their milling done. By a liberal application of enter- prise and muscle they experienced but little trouble in producing an abundance of the cereals, but having it converted into brcadstull was a source of much hard labor. As to the establishment of the first mill in the county we quote from the pen of Nathan Dillon : " Now let me tell you how we got along about mills. There were three or four horse-mills in Sangamon, at 40 or 45 miles distance. Sometimes we went to them ; sometimes to Southwick's, situated at a distance of 60 miles. We did not mind the journey much, unless the streams were swollen with rains, in which case the task of going to mill was severe, as there were no bridges and ferries in those days. By and by, to remedy our wants, Samuel Tutter erected a small horse-mill in the neighborhood of Peoria ; and a few years after William Eads put one up at Elm Grove, a public improvement which made us feel quite rich. In those early times we took only corn to mill, paying one-sixth or one bit per bushel for grinding. The meal obtained was of an inferior quality when compared with what we now have. Our millers were good, honest fellows, and the somewhat heavy tariffs they laid on their customers not at all wrong, for their income was small. Times are changed. The reader who now looks at the fertile prairies of Illinois, what does he behold? Large cities and flourishing towns. Behold the prairies, then wild and untrodden, now covered with fine farms and dwellings ; behold 210 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. the travel of our railroads and rivers, visit our county fairs and be- come acquainted with our intelligent farmers, and the vast and val- uable amount of products derived from the soil they till ; behold on every hand our numerous churches and school-houses, our court- houses and seats of justice, spread all over the wide territory which French, Philips and myself early governed as humble justices, and tell me, has not the changed improvement been both great and remarkable." A FEW FIRST THINGS. As related above, the first cabin built in the county was by Nathan Dillon, on Dillon creek, Dillon township, in 1823. He moved into this rude structure before a door or window was put in. He built a fire in one corner and tore up the clapboard roof to make an opening for the smoke to escape. Here Aug. 2, 1824, was born Hannah Dillon, daughter of Nathan Dillon, the first white child born in the county. Stephen Woodrow was the first white male child born in the county. The first improvement introduced in the county aside from the cabins of the pioneers, was a grist-mill erected by William Eads and William Davis. This mill was built in 1825, in Elm Grove township. It wa^ generally run by four horses, and would not crack over three bushels of corn in an hour. It was what was called in those days a " band mill." Being geared to run by horse or cattle power, the customers, on all occasions, had to fur- nish their own power. About the asme time Elisha Perkins erected another band mill in the neighborhood of Circleville. Previous to the erection of these important improvements the nearest mill was at Elkhardt, ten miles northeast of Springfield. Perkins' mill was afterwards stockaded and used as a fort during the Black Hawk war. The first water grist-mill built in the county was erected on Farm creek, in 1827, by a man named Leak. It had one run of stones. The bolting was done by hand. The first water mill in the southern part of the county was built in 1831 by Summers, on Lick creek west of the town of Groveland. It was a common hand mill run by water. It was so constructed that it would drop but one grain at a time in the mill, thus consum- ing much time to grind a grist. The mill was built of logs roofed with linden bark, and was about ten feet square. The first cotton gin in the county was built by William Eads in connection with his grist-mill. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 211 Theodorus Fisher built the first wooleu factory ever operated in Tazewell county. It was built in 1832, on section 34, Elm Grove township. It was run by ox power. An inclined wheel was used upon which they trod to make the motion. This was an extensive concern for the time, and settlers came from Knox, Peoria, and Sangamon counties to get their wool carded. The first school-house in the county was erected on section 27, Elm Grove township, in 1827. Samuel Bentley was the first teacher. The first camp-meeting held in Tazewell county was by Petei Cartwright, in a grove on Dillon creek, Elm Grove township, in 1827. The first postoffice of the county was kept by Thomas Dillon, Dillon townshi]), in 1825. Absalom Dillon kept the first store in the county, first at Dillon in 1826, and then at Pekin in 1830. The first marriage celebrated in the county was that of Daniel Dillon to Martha Alexander. The ceremony took place in Elm Grove township, the license having been procured at Peoria. The first marriage that occurred after the county was organized, and the first marriage license issued, were under the following ro- mantic circumstances: Mordecai Mobley, the first County Clerk, happened at old Father Stout's to stay all night. Mr. Stout lived about five miles from Mackinaw. Mr. Mobley says he noticed a boy and girl around but thought they were brother and sister. Soon the " old gentleman " called him aside and told him that " that ar boy had been comin' to see his darter for a long time, and they want to o-et married. Now," continued Mr. Stout, " we are liviii in a new country and we don't know what's to be done, and we thinks as how you can tell us. They have to get some kind of a permit, don't they ? " Mr. Mobley told him they did, and that he could not only tell them how to get married, but that he was the man to issue the permit. This i)leased Mr. Stout, and no doubt the young cou})le were delighted to think that the great obstacles that prevented them from being one — for they were both willing and so were the old folk — were about to be removed. INIr. Stout wanted the license immediately. Accordingly, Mr. Mobley told them if they would get him pen and ink and some paper he would write the license. Not a sheet of blank paper could be found in the cabin. At last, Mr. Mobley asked them if they had a book. Mr. Stout thought 212 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. they had, "as they used to have one." Finally an old book was found which happened to have one whole unmarked fly-leaf. Being thus provided with paper they found they had no pen. A pen was soon made, however. Mr. Mobley told them to go and catch the biggest chicken they had. This was done and a large feather pulled out of its Aving and a pen made of it. Again they found themselves in a dilemma, but out of which the ingenuity of Mr. Mobley soon brought them. After being provided with paper and pen they were minus ink. He, however, took some water and gunpowder and made some writing-fluid that answered the purpose. With this ink and pen, and upon the fly-leaf of the old book, the first marriage license issued in Tazewell county was written. The couple for whom such seemingly insurmountable obstacles were overcome were John Stout and Fanny Stout. They were mar- ried on the 25th of June, 1827, by Rev. William Brown. The marriage of the celebrated Peter Cartwright was among the very first to take place in Tazewell county. He was married to Temperance Kindle, Oct. 14, 1827, by George Hittle, County Com- missioner. His was the sixth marriage license issued after the county's organization. The first death of a white man occurring in the county was that of a Mr. Killum in the month of December, 1823. He left Sugar creek, in Logan county, to go to Peoria. Being compelled to wade the Mackinaw river at high water, and the weather turning suddenly cold, he perished on the prairie not far from where he crossed. In February, 1825, Ezekiel Turner was killed by lightning, being the second death. Not a foot of sawed lumber being within reach, the rites of sepulture were performed in true pioneer style. Wm. Woodrow felled a straight walnut tree, cut a log the proper length, split it, and hollowed one half and shaped it like a coflin. From the other half of the log a slab was hewn for a lid, and in this rude burial case the body was placed and consigned to mother earth ; and no doubt that what was mortal of Ezekiel Turner mouldered into its original element as peacefully as though it had been encased in satin-lined rosewood or polished iron. THE FIRST STEAMBOAT to ascend the Illinois river landed at Pekin, which at that time was known, from its fine location, as " Town Site," late in the fall of 1828. A steamboat was a novelty, or rather a mystery, to many HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 213 of the early settlers. Coming up the river the boat passed Kings- ton in the night. Hugh Barr, who lived near that point, heard it coming, and being on rather unfriendly terms with the Indians, then quite numerous in the vicinity, concluded that it was some infernal contrivance of theirs to frighten or harm him. Seizing his gun and setting his equally bewildered dog at it, he pursued the offending mystery. The pilot, not being familiar with the channel, ran into Clifton's lake, and finding no outlet, he had to back the boat out. Barr, witnessing this, drew off his dog, and though still hugely puzzled to know what manner of craft it was, gave up pursuit. William Haines then lived about where Behrens' brick block, cor- ner of Front and Court streets, now stands. Hearing the puff of the escaping steam he hastily left his bed, and half dressed, crossed the street to Thomas Snell's, now the Bemis House, called neighbor Snell out of bed, and inquired as to what manner of creature was coming up the river. Snell replied : " I don't know. Bill ; but if I was on the Ohio river I would think it was a steamboat." Old Father Tharp, hearing the noise of the paddles and the steam whistle, thought it was Gabriel blowing his horn ; that sure enough the end of the world had come in the night ; and calling up his family, en- gaged in prayer as a fitting preparation fi)r the advent of a higher and better life. PIONEER LANDLORDS. As amusingly illustrating the peculiar characteristics of the pio- neer hotel keepers, we incorporate the following account of two hotels in Pekin. It is taken from the " Pekin City Directory," published in 1870 by Sellers & Bates: "first-class" HOTELS. The year 1848 witnessed the establishment of two "first-class" hotels. The Eagle, which stood on the site now occupied by the Bemis House, was kept by Seth Kinnian, who afterwards acquired considerable celebrity as a hunter and trapper in the far AVest, and by presenting buck-horn and bear-claw chairs, of his own make, to Presidents Lincoln and Johnson. The other, now the Mansion House, but then known as the " Tay- lor House," was presided over by William A. Tinney. "Uncle Bill" still resides here, good-natured and hearty, notwithstanding the arduous duties of his offices of Justice of the Peace, Police 214 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Magistrate and Acting Coroner. He distinguished himself in his old days by being the first white man in Pekin to lead a negro to the polls to vote. The manner of welcoming guests to these hotels was somewhat peculiar, as the following instance will illustrate : A traveler came off a boat one day, and went to the Eagle Hotel. There had been a little western " scrimmage " at the " Eagle " the night before, and though things had not yet been put in order, the proprietor, Seth Kinman, was sitting in front of the door, playing his favorite tune, the "Arkansas Traveler," with the greatest self-satisfaction. The stranger stopped and asked Seth, "Are you the proprietor here ? " Seth, without resting his bow, replied, "Wall, I reckon I be, stranger." "Do you keep tavern?" "Of course I do; keep tavern like h — 1," said Seth, fiddling away with all his might. " Just pile in ; hang your freight up on the floor and make yourself at home. The boys," continued Seth, " have been having a little fun, but if there's a whole table or plate in the house I'll get you some cold hash towards night." The stranger didn't like the place, and took his departure, leaving the " proprietor " still enjoying his violin. Late in the afternoon the traveler presented himself at the " Taylor House." 'Squire Tinney met him outside with his nwst austere expression and "Good morning — good morning, sir; walk in, sir ; take a seat, sir ; shave you as soon as the water gets warm." The stranger, not requiring the services of a barber, walked off in haste and amazement, and the 'Squire swore audibly " that he was some infernal Yankee come out West to steal honest people'smoney." The next steamboat that came along found our discomfited traveler on the beach, awaiting passage for anywhere out of Pekin. THE DEEP SNOAV. The big snow of 1830 will be vividly remembered by all the old settlers. The snow began falling on the night of the 29th of De- cember, and continued to fall fi^r three days and nights, until it reached an average depth of about four feet, but drifting in places as high as from eighteen to twenty feet. Great suffering was expe- rienced in consequence. The settlers relied for their daily food up- on the Indian corn which they were enabled to raise, together with wild game, which was abundant at that time. Plenty of the former was raised to supply the wants of all until the next season's crop ; but when the snow fell very little had been gathered. Game could HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 215 not be had. The great depth of snow was a barrier to all travel, and it may well be imagined the snfferings of the people were very great indeed. This was the heaviest snow that ever fell in Illinois within the memory of the oldest settler of this part of the State. According to the traditions of the Indians as related to the pioneers, a snow fell from fifty to seventy-five years before the settlement by the white people, which swept away the numerous herds of buffalo and elk that roamed over the vast prairies at that time. This tradition was verified by the large number of bones of these animals found in different localities on the prairies when first visited by the whites. The deep snow is one of the landmarks of the pioneer. He reck- ' ons, in giving dates of early occurrences, so many years before or so many after the deep snow. He calculates the date of his coming, his marriage and the birth of his children from it, and well might it make a lasting impression upon their minds. Could we picture the suffering of that winter; the dark forebodings that crept into every cabin, starvation staring the inmates in the face ; the meagre meal that for months was their only portion, we, too, would never forget it. But human tongue or pen can never adequately picture the trials endured by the pioneers who were here during that long and eventful winter. For weeks the sun was not visible, and so intense was the cold that not a particle of snow would melt uj)on the south sides of the cabins. People were for weeks absolutely blockaded or housed up, and remained so until starvation compelled them to go forth in search of food. Israel Shreves, who came to Tazewell county from Decatur county, Indiana, located first in Elm Grove township, where he remained two years, and then moved to section 28, Morton townshij), where he passed the remainder of his days, dying there Aug. 26, 1861. Here he reared a large family of children, eight of whom are still living. His son Julius resides upon the old homestead. During the deep snow Israel Shreves and Major R. N. CuUom (father of the present Governor of Illinois), went to the mill at Pleasant Grove, Elm Grove townshi}). This mill was some eight miles from Shreves' farm, and still farther from Cullom's ; but necessity compelled them to make an effort to obtain some meal. Each of them took a horse to carry their sack of corn. The men traveled upon snow shoes and led their horses. The snow was so deep that it was only with the greatest difficulty that they could get along at all. On the elevated 216 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. places where the wind could strike, the snow would bear their horses up ; but in the " swags " it was so soft that they would sink, and but for their snow shoes the men would also have gone down. In places the snow was so deep that it would strike the sacks on the horses and brush them off. At such places the men were obliged to take the sacks upon their shoulders and carry them on to a spot that would bear their horses. They would then return to their horses and lead them on. Ofttimes it was quite difficult, owing to the great depth of the snow, to get the horses upon the hard snow. The cold was so intense, and the wind so high, that persons were in great danger of freezing to death ; but the two determined, sturdy pioneers pushed ahead and at last arrived at the mill. On the following day after their arrival at the mill Mr. Shreves started for home, and after a long and painful journey reached his destination in safety ; but so great was the physical exertion he made that nothwithstanding the intense cold he wiped the streaming perspiration from his brow. Mr. Cullom remained another night at the mill before attempting to leave for home, which he reached in safety after a tedious, dan- gerous journey. Mr. Shreves had seven large, fat hogs running in a ten-acre field. Their bed was quite a distance from the house, and they could not be reached very soon. When found they were all frozen to death. Major R, X. Cullom, during this winter, carried corn on his back from Mackinaw to his cabin, a distance of ten miles, to feed his horses. He traveled on snow-shoes. Rev. "Wm. Brown and his brother-in-law, Alfred Phillips, who lived two and a half miles from Mr. Brown's, cut browse for their cattle till they could shovel a path to Holland's Grove, now \yash- ington, to drive them there. This was a hard task. So much extra work was to be done in the building of homes that in the fall the pioneers did not gather in and crib their corn. They let it remain in the field until winter came before gathering. The big snow therefore found many of the settlers without any prepara- tion for a long siege. They would go out into the field, and where they could see the top of a corn stalk sticking up through the snow they would dig down until they came to the ear. To get wood they would cut trees at the top of the snow, and when spring came and the snow had disappeared, they often found the stump long enough to cut into fence rails. The snow lay on the ground until about the HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 217 first of April ; and we have little doubt that many a weary one durino: that long: winter sighed for the comforts of the " old home ;" still, notwithstanding its great dreariness and the greater suiferings of the people, none became disheartened, for we find them in the spring of 1831 as determined as ever to carve out for themselves a home in this truly beautiful country. During this winter, from Dec. 29, 1830, till Feb. 13, 1831, it snowed nineteen times. After the snow had melted we are told that the bones of deer were so numerous in some })]aces that for one- quarter of an acre one could step from bone to bone over the whole surface, so many deer had perished there. The season following the winter of the deep snow was a very late one, and frost came every month in the year. The crops were poor, as may well be supposed, and the corn did not ripen. The longest winter ever experienced since this country was settled by the whites was that of 1842-43. The cold weather set in No- vember 4, and lasted until the following April. SUDDEN CHANGE. The most extraordinary atmospheric phenomenon occurring within the knowledge of the oldest settler took place in January, 1836. The intensest suffering was caused to man and beast by this sudden change, (^uite a snow had fallen the day previous to the change, and upon that day a slow, drizzling rain fell, making of the snow a " slush." The storm came from the northwest, and the clouds, upon its approach, assumed a threatening and extraordinary aspect, those higher being dark, and those ])el()W of a white frosty appearance. As fast as the storm advanced it instantaneously changed the tem- perate atmosphere to that of frigid coldness. Incidents arc related in connection with this sudden change which are indeed marvelous. William Hodgson, who had just moved upon the farm he now occu- pies, section 32, Groveland township, says he went into the timber for a load of wood just before the change. While he was loading his wagon the storm came upon him, and so sudden and terrible that he could scarcely manage his team. Before he could get to his house, which was only forty rods distant, the slush had frozen hard. The next day the surface of the country was one vast sea of ice. Two miles south of Hodgson's farm a drove of hogs out from protection froze to death. Cattle that were in the fields were held fast by the slush freezing about their feet, and it became necessary 218 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. to cut away the ice to liberate them. J. Roberts, of Morton town- ship, speaks of this change in the following language : " In the winter of 1836, when there was some four inches of snow upon the ground, a warm rain fell which transformed the snow into slush. I was some thirty rods from my house when it began to freeze. I immediately started for it, and before I reached there it was frozen sufficiently hard to bear me up." HIGH WATER. We have spoken of the deep snow and the sudden atmospheric change ; we now wish to record the seasons that the greatest amount of water fell. It is claimed that the greatest rain-fall that has ever occurred in this country was in 1835. There was no record kept of the amount of water that fell by any of the methods in use at the present time, and all we have to judge by is the high water in the streams. The Illinois and tributaries are said to have been higher than at the breaking up of the big snow in the spring of 1831, or at any time since. The rains commenced falling in the early spring and continued throughout the early summer. There have been, perhaps, other seasons just as wet, but the streams were never so high at any other time. During this period there were many hard rains. In the early part of July a storm of rain, thunder and light- ning occurred, which for severity has scarcely ever been equaled. It spread throughout the West. The great prairies, then uncultivated and undrained, were a vast lake, and fish were plenty in almost every locality. The large ponds found here and there over the prairies in an early day contained fish large enough for domestic purposes. Tliese ponds would dry up in the summer but in spring- time were well filled with water, and how the finny tribe managed to get there is a query the "old settler" cannot answer in a more satisfactory way than " they rained down when small." During this season but little in the way of crops was attempted to be raised. Hogs were fattened in the fall upon the mast, and those that were not killed for food had to subsist during the winter upon acorns ; with them it was literally " root hog or die." The years 1842, 1844, and 1858, are also notable as years of great rain-fall. During the early history of the county, when there were no bridges, great difficulty was experienced in getting from place to place in the spring-time on account of the high waters. At such times ferrymen were allowed to charge double fare for carrying HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 219 people or goods across th'e streams. It is remarkable that so few lives were lost during these seasons of high water, but the pioneers were all expert swimmers, and it was very seldom one was drowned • LAND SALES. In regard to the first land sales of government land in this part of the State, we cojiy from John W. Dougherty's " History of Washington : " " The first land sales for this district were held in Springfield in 1830 or 1831. Prior to that date no title could be acquired to any land in this district. The settlers, however, recognized the justice of securing to each of their number the benefit of their labor, and gave effect to this idea by appointing one of their number. Col. Ben- jamin Mitchell, agent or registrar of claims. By this arrangement,' and the paying of twenty-five cents to the registrar, each applicant secured the registration of his claim, and the right to buy the land he had improved when it came into market. This gave the lands a commercial value in the hands of the holder, and also enabled the person making the claim to sell and transfer it if he so desired. These claims soon became an impoi-ttint item in the limited com- merce of these early times, — the other items of wliich were grain, beef, and pork. The principal purchasers were immigrants, most of whom had little if any money, but labor and good promises passed current at par, the latter being secured by the' honor of the prom- isor. They were usually religiously observed. Indeed, men usually make much of their honor when it is their only stock in trade. Still, we are inclined to think thepro rata of honesty was greater in those days than now, and for the following reasons : These men were not speculators or fortune hunters, but earnest men, seeking homes in the virgin soil of the Great West, and actuated by these generous impulses, honesty was the natural consequence." MONEY. Money was an article little known and seldom seen among the earlier settlers. Indeed, they had but little use fi)r it, as all business was transacted by bartering one article for another. Great ingenuity was developed in the barter of their commodities, and when this failed long credits contributed to their convenience. But for taxes and postage neither the barter nor credit system would answer, and 220 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. often letters were suffered to remain a considerable time in the post- office for want of twenty-five cents, which was then the postage on all letters fVom any great distance ; nor Avere they carried on the fast express or mail trains. It was only every week or so that a lone horseman, with mail bag thrown astride, would ride into a set- tlement or village. If, however, the village was on the line of a stage route, the old stage-coach would make its appearance as often. It was not common, then, for persons to get many letters ; indeed, one or two a month was considered a large mail. Nor did three cents pay the postage upon a letter at that day. It seldom took less than twenty-five cents, or two " bits," as Kentuckians would say. THE BEAUTIFUL PRAIRIES. The large prairies of the county presented a most beautiful sight before they were settled. The following very descriptive lines on " The Prairies of Illinois," by Captain Basil Hall, graphically por- trays their beauty in their wild and native state : " The charm of prairie consists in its extension, its green, flowery carpet, its undulating surface, and the skirt of forest whereby it is surrounded ; the latter feature being of all others the most signifi- cant and expressive, since it characterizes the landscape, and defines the form and boundary of the plain. If the prairie is little, its great- est beauty consists in the vicinity of the encompassing edge of forests, which may be compared to the shores of a lake, being inter- sected with many deep, inward bends, as so many inlets, and at intervals projecting very far, not unlike a promontory or protruding arm of land. These projections sometimes so closely approach each other that the traveler passing through between them, may be said to walk in the midst of an alley overshadowed by the forest, before he enters again upon another broad prairie. Where the plain is ex- tensive, the delineations of the forest in the distant background appear as would a misty ocean beach afar off. The eye sometimes surveys the green prairie without discovering on the illimitable plain a tree or bush, or any other object save the wilderness of flowers and grass, while on other occasions the view is enlivened by the groves dispersed like islands over the plain, or by a solitary tree ris- ing above the wilderness. The resemblance to the sea which some of these prairies exhibit is really most striking. In the spring, when the young grass has just clothed the soil with a soddy carpet of the most delicate green, but especially when the sun, rising behind a \ HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 221 distant elevation of the ground, its rays are reflected by myriads of dew-drops, a more pleasing and more eye-benefiting view cannot be imagined. " The delightful aspect of the prairie, its amenities, and the ab- sence of that sombre awe inspired by forests, contributes to forcing away that sentiment of loneliness which usually steals upon the mind of the solitary wanderer in the wilderness ; for, although he espies no habitation, and sees no human being, and knows himself to be far off from every settlement of man, he can scarcely defend him- self from believing th?^ he is traveling through a landscape embel- lished by human art. Tne flowers are so delicate and elegant as apparently to be distributed for mere ornament over the plain ; the groves and groups of trees seem to be dispersed over the prairie to enliven the landscape, and we can scarcely get rid of the impression invading our imagination, of the whole scene being flung out and created for the satisfaction of the sentiment of beauty in refined men. "In the summer the prairie is covered with tall grass, which is coarse in appearance, and soon assumes a yellow color, waving in the wina'like a ripe crop of corn. In the early stages of its growth it resembles young wheat, and in this state furnishes such rich and succulent food for cattle that the latter choose it often in preference to wheat, it being no doubt a very congenial fodder to them, since it is impossible to conceive of better butter than is made while the grass is in this stage. " In the early stages of its growth the grass is interspersed with little flowers, — the violet, the strawberry-blossom, and others of the most delicate structure. When the grass grows higher these disap- pear, and taller flowers, displaying more lively colors, take their place ; and still later a series of still higher but less delicately formed flowers appears on the surface. While the grass is green these beau- tiful plains are adorned with every imaginable variety of color. It is impossible to conceive of a greater diversity, or discover a pre- dominating color, save the green, which forms a beautiful dead color, relieving the splendor of the others. In the summer the plants grow taller, and the colors more lively ; in the autumn another gen- eration of flowers arises which possesses less clearness and variety of color and less fragrancy. In the winter the prairie presents a mel- ancholy aspect. Often the fire, which the hunters annually send over the prairies in order to dislodge the game, will destroy the 15 222 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. entire vegetation, giving to the soil a uniform black appearance, like that of a vast plain of charcoal ; then the wind sweeping over the prairie will find nothing which it might put in motion, no leaves which it might disperse, no haulms which it might shake. No sooner does the snow commence to fall than the animals, unless already before frightened away by the fire, retire into the forests, when the most dreary, oppressive solitude will reign on the burnt prairies, which often occupy many square miles of territory." PRAIRIE *FIRES. Fires would visit the grassy plains every autumn. The settlers who had pushed out from the timber took great precaution to prevent their crops, houses and barns from being destroyed, yet not always did they succeed. Many incidents are related of prairie fires. Kezer Hancock, after assisting in cutting about twenty tons of hay in 1838, most of which he mowed himself by hand, saw, to his great sorrow, one of those devastating prairie fires in its onward course toward it. On it came with great rapidity, and before any- thing could be done to save his hay it was converted into a black- ened mass. The first winter J. M. Roberts came to this county, he, with his father and brother, made 9,000 rails and laid them up around their fields. A hunter set fire to the grass in November to find a wounded deer. The fire spread and swept off all their fences ; their 9,000 rails, 16 acres of corn, their main crop, and only by great efforts were their house, barn and hay saved. The great conflagrations were caused either accidentally, or design- edly from wantonness, or with a view of bewildering the game. The fire often spread further than it was intended it should. Where- ever were extensive prairie lands, one-half was burned in the spring and the other half in the autumn, in order to produce a more rapid growth of the naturally exuberant grass, destroying at the same time the tall and thick weed stalks. Violent winds would often arise and drive the flames with such rapidity that riders on the fleetest steeds could scarcely escape. On the approach- of a prairie fire the farmer would immediately set about "burning back," — that is, burning off the grass close by the fences, that the larger fire upon arriving would become extinguished for want of aliment. In order to be able, how- ever, to make proper use of this measure of safety, it was very es- sential that every farmer should encompass with a ditch those of his HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 223 fences adjoining the prairie. AVhen known that the conflagration could cause no danger, the settler, though accustomed to them, could not refrain from gazing with admiration upon the magnificent spec- tacle. Language cannot convey, words cannot express, the faintest idea of the splendor and grandeur of such a conflagration during the night. It was as if the pale queen of night, disdaining to take her accustomed place in the heavens, had despatched myriads upon my- riads of messengers to light their torches at the altar of the setting sun until all had flashed into one long and continuous blaze. " O, fly to the prairies and in wonder gaze, As o'er the grass sweeps the magnificent blaze: The earth cannot boast so magnificent a sight, — A continent blazing with oceans of light." The following graphic description of prairie fires was written by a traveler through this region in 1849 : " Soon the fires began to kindle wider and rise higher from the long grass ; the gentle breeze increased to stronger currents, and soon fanned the small, flickering blaze into fierce torrent flames, which curled up and leaped along in resistless splendor ; and like quickly raising the dark curtain from the luminous stage, the scenes before me were suddenly changed, as if by the magician's wand, into one boundless amphitheater, blazing from earth to heaven and sweeping the horizon round, — columns of lurid flames sportively mounting up to the zenith, and dark clouds of crimson smoke curl- ing away and aloft till they nearly obscured stars and moon, while the rushing, crashing sounds, like roaring cataracts mingled with distant thunders, were almost deafening; danger, death, glared all around ; it screamed for victims ; yet, notwithstanding the imminent peril of prairie fires, one is loth, irresolute, almost unable to with- draw or seek refuge." CHAPTER II. IMPORTANT LABORS OF THE COUNTY COMMISSONERS' COURT. FIRST MEETINGS. THE FIRST meeting of the County Commissioners' Court of Tazewell county was held at the house of William Orendorif, April 10, 1827. Mr. OrendoriPs cabin stood in the edge of the timber just south of the present village of Hopedale. Jas. Lotta, Benjamin Briggs and George Hittle, the Commissioners, were all present. They seemed to have had the county's interest solely at heart, and their proceedings attest that they were judicious, honest and upright officials. They were sworif in on the previous day by William Oren- dorff. Justice of the Peace. Who it was that administered the oath of office to him we are unable to learn, but all things must have a beginning, and we surmise that after 'Squire Orendorif had admin- istered the oath to them, he in turn was sworn to faithfully perform the duties of his office by one of the Commissioners. The records of this Court open with the simple statement that the Court held a "special term April 10, 1827." It gives us no inform- ation whatever concerning its organization or previous history, but, like the Holy Scriptures, begins with unqualified statements and records its acts with greatest simplicity. The first order of the Court was, "that Mordecai Mobley be appointed Clerk." Bonds for the faithful perfijrmance of the duties of the office were immediately demanded, whereupon William Oren- dorif and William H. Hodge stejjped forward as his surety. The second order was to the effect that the Court be held at the house of Ephraim Stout, in Stout's Grove, until public buildings could be erected. This grove is located in the northern part of McLean county, but at the time was a portion of Tazewell. Another special term of the Court, being the second meeting, was held Wednesday, April 25, 1827, with all the above named Com- missioners present. John Benson was appointed Treasurer, William HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 225 Orendorif and Absalom Funk going on his bond. At a meeting held the following day, William Orendorif was allowed $7 to replace the money expended by him for advertising for the formation of Tazewell county. FIRST COUNTY-SEAT. The commissioners appointed to locate the permanent seat of justice made the following report: "Be it remembered that we, the undersigned, Commissioners appointed under the authority of the ' act creating Tazewell county,' to locate the seat of justice for the aforesaid county of Tazewell, agreeably to the provisions of said act, having satisfactorily explored and examined the county with that view, do unanimously agree upon and select the northwest quarter of section number seventeen, township 24, north of range 2 west of the Third Principal Meridian, as the seat of justice of said county, — the court-house to be situated at or near the spot where the said Commissioners drove down a stake, standing nine paces in a northeastern direction from a large white oak blazed on the northeastern side. "Given under our hands and seals this 22d day of March, 1827. "Job Fletcher, "AViLLiAM Lee D. Ewing, "Tom M. Neale." The site selected was that of the present village of Mackinaw. It was christened with the Indian name of the river near which it was located. Neale and Fletcher each received $13.50 for their labor of locating the county-seat, while, for sqme cause unknown to us, Ewing was paid more liberally, he receiN^ng $19.50. FIRST TAX LEVY. Thursday, April 26, 1827, the Commissioners again convened in official capacity. A revenue to defray the expenses of the newly organized county must be raised. Accordingly a tax of one-half of one per cent, was "laid on the valuation of the following description of property, to-wit : On slave or indentured negro or mulatto ser- vants; on pleasure carriages, distilleries, stock in trade; on all horses, etc., etc." There was not at that time any levy made upon real estate. 226 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. MACKINAW LAID OFF. William H. Hodge, County Surveyor, was ordered "to survey and lay off the town of Mackinaw." This was to be completed by May 20th. The Clerk was ordered to have an advertisement inserted in the Sangamon Spectator for three weeks, to the effect that on the second Monday in June, 1827, a public sale of lots in Mackinaw would be had. He was also ordered to have 100 handbills of the same nature printed. Thus we see the pioneer fathers appreciated the good results of advertising. FIRST SALE OF LOTS AT COUNTY-SEAT. According to the time specified, June 11, the settlers gathered from all parts of the county upon the site of their proposed town and county-seat. No doubt they looked forward with fond expectation for a bright and prosperous future for their capital. This, however, they peacefully enjoyed but for a short season, for soon the public buildings were removed elsewhere, and the flattering prospects of Mackinaw were overshadowed. Lots were sold on a credit of four, six and eight months, and we should judge at unu- sually large figures. Mathew Robb was appointed "cryer," — for which service he received $1.50 — William Lee, clerk, and the great sale began. Abra- ham Funk bid in the first lot, being lot 1 of block 1, for which he gave the handsome sum of $51. The sale went on, evidently with considerable animation, for good prices were obtained and ready sales made. The following is a full and complete list of lots sold, with name of purchaser and amount paid : Name. Lot. Block. Price. Abraham Funk 1 1 $51 00 Thomas Dillon 2 1 29 50 John Funk 3 1 15 25 William Gilston 4 1 9 00 RobertMcClure 35 00 Mathew Robb 4 6 15 25 Mordecai Mobley 2 6 45 00 Richard Latham 6 6 23 00 EH Redman 8 6 20 00 Abraham Dillon 1 7 85 00 Thomas Dillon 2 7 42 50 J. B. Harbert 3 7 30 00 Daniel Dillon 4 9 83 00 Name. Lot. Block. Price. Hugh L. Welch 3 9 46 75 Isaac Funk 2 9 34 50 James Lurley 1 9 35 00 Joel Hiatt 4 10 35 00 William Council 3 10 23 00 Abraham Funk 6 11 44 25 Martin Porter 5 11 15 00 Jonas H. Hittle 8 7 25 00 Jacob Judv 7 7 20 50 Thomas Briggs 5 9 11 00 Henry Stillman 1 .... 6 85 00 Samuel Judy 6 9 15 00 The aggregate amount received for the twenty-five lots was $858.50. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 227 PETITIONS FOR ROADS. A meeting of the Court was held at Stout's Grove, Monday, June 4, 1827, Commissioners Hittle and Lotta being present. William H. Hodge brought in his bill for surveying 93 lots in Mackinaw, which, amounting to $35.50, was ordered paid, although we are at a loss to know where the funds came from, as we have no record of any being raised previously. For several years the petitions for roads occupied a very large proportion of the Court's time and attention, and consumed more space to record than all other proceedings. They are similar in con- struction and it would be useless, and worse, to speak of them as often as they occur. We give, however, as a fair sample, the first one presented, which was at this session. It was oftefed by George Hittle, and was " for a road from Mackinaw, the county seat, the nearest and best route to where Christopher Orendorif is building a mill on Sugar creek, thence as near as practicable on a direct route to the bridge over Kickapoo creek. Which was read and ordered that said route be viewed, marked and staked, and that Robert McClure, Mathew Robb and Mara Stout be appointed to view, mark and stake the same." These gentlemen viewed the route and returned a favorable report, and were allowed for the three days' labor it took, $2.25 each. Rob't McClure was given 75 cts. extra for " furnishing wagon to haul stakes in for three days." UNTY DIVIDED INTO PRECINCTS. At the regular term in June, 1827, the Commissioners divided the county into election precincts as follows : That part of the county east of the third principal meridian and north of township 22 composed Blooming Grove precinct ; all south of township 23, east of the third principal meridian and including also one range west of the same line, to the southern boundary of the county, comprised Kickapoo precinct ; all lying west of range 1 west of the third meridian and south of township 23, composed Sugar Creek precinct ; all west of the third meridian and north of township 22 and east of range 3 west, composed Mackinaw precinct ; all west of range 2 west and south of the center of township 25, and north of township 22, composed Sand Prairie precinct ; all west of range 2 west and north of the center of township 25 north, composed Ten Mile precinct. 228 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. PLACES APPOINTED FOR HOLDING ELECTION. Election was ordered to be held in Blooming Grove precinct at the house of John Benson, and William Orendorif, Henry Vamickle and Ebenezer Rhodes were appointed judges. In Kickapoo precinct at Michael Dickeson's house, with George Hand, James Burleson and Isaac Funk, judges. In Sugar Creek precinct at the house of a Mr. Walters, with John Judy, George Miles and Walker Miller, judges. In Mackinaw precinct at M. Mobley's house at the county-seat, with Eobert McClure, Abraham Stout and Paton Mitchell, judges. In Sand Prairie precinct at the house of Samuel Woodrow; judges, Isaac Perkins, Xathan Dillon and William Eades. In Ten Milo- ' /u-ecinct at the house of Thomas Camlin. Austin Crocker, Jacob Funk and Hezekiah Davis were appointed judges. For many years there was a constant change going on in regard to election precincts and road districts. At almost every meeting of the Court some alteration was made. FIRST COURT-HOUSE. Tuesday, June 26, 1827, H. Warren, editor of the Sangamon Spectator, brought in his bill for advertising the sale of lots at Mackinaw, which, for six insertions, and 100 blank notes, 100 blank bonds and 100 handbills, amounted to $16.62J. This the Court deemed just, and directed the Clerk to draw an order on the Treas- urer in favor of Mr. Warren for said amount. On the same day the Court proceeded to let the contract for build- ing the court-house. The following specifications of this structure are spread upon the court records : "The body of the house to be of hewn logs 24 feet long and 18 feet wide ; the logs to face at least one foot ; one story and a half high, nine feet to the story. The roof to be of joint shingles well nailed on ; two batten doors of black walnut plank, one inch thick, to be hung with three-inch butts. The doors to be well cased with good timber. Two twelve-light windows in the first story, and one four-light window in the end of the house in the second story. The window lights to be 8 by 10 inches ; the windows to be well cased, glass put in and put in the house, A lower floor of puncheons well hewed and jointed. A floor overhead of sawed plank one inch and one-quarter thick. Ten joists to be put in the house, 5 by 7 inches, A-% A County Clerk. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 231 to be sawed or hewed. The house to be well chinked and daubed, and the corners sawed down. The gable ends to be weather-boarded with shaved boards. Each window to have a shutter made of one- inch plank, and the same to be hung with two and one-half inch butts. A chimney place to be sawed out at one end of the house, say the four lower logs seven feet wide. The whole to be completed in a workmanlike manner on or before the first day of October next." The bid for the construction of this building was " cried off to Amasa Stout," he being the lowest bidder and agreeing to erect the house for $125. Evidently the contract was let in the manner of the present mode of selling goods at auction, save it was " knocked down " to the lowest instead of highest bidder. This court-house was rather an imposing structure for the time, being a story and a half in height, with glass windows. True, the architecture was not of ancient grandeur or elegance, nor of our more modern style ; but we doubt not, when the building was com- pleted, it was looked upon with as much pride as the people of to-day view the showy structures built after the latest and most improved plan. The site selected was lot 1 of block 11. HOSPITABLE COMMISSIONERS. George Hittle, one of the Commissioners, was allowed $1.50 for helping lay off the town of Mackinaw. He was also allowed $1.25 for money expended for whisky on the day of the sale' of lots, — thus evincing that the Commissioners were liberal and hospitable. They would not invite the settlers to a wild, uninhabited place to attend the sale without providing refreshments. John Benson, County Treasurer, was given $24.50 for taking a list of the taxable property and assessing the taxes for 1827. FIRST GRAND JURY. The following are the names of the gentlemen composing the first grand jury. They were appointed in June, 1827, to serve at the October term of the Circuit Court : William Orendorff, John H. Rhodes, William Walker, Sandy Hurst, Peter McCullough, William Gilston, Thomas Rutledge, George Hand, Robert Guthrie, William Johnson, Robert Stubble- field, John Judy, Walker Miller, INIathew Robb, Ephraim Stout, Nathan Dillon, James B. Thomas, Thornton Dillon, James Scott, Seth Williams, Jacob Funk, William Holland, and Horace Crocker. 232 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. CHANGE OF TREASUEER. William H. Hodge returned into court, during the month of August, 1827,«the amount of taxes he had succeeded in collecting, which was $100.67. He was allowed for his services seven and one- half per cent, of this sum. Thus we see the compensation for riding over what is now five or six counties, and collecting the yearly tax, was but a little over $7.50. At the March term, 1828, the County Treasurer came into court and settled his account with the county, handing over to the Com- missioners county orders to the amount of $4.81J, and $15.00 in money collected on fines. Mr. Benson then retired from the arduous duties of a public official to the humbler sphere of private life. Another Treasurer must be selected, and a very singular method was adopted for choosing Benson's successor. The office was let to the lowest bidder. The man who would agree to accept the position for the least amount was the one selected. The record puts it in the following terse language : " The Commissioners proceeded to let out to the lowest bidder the office of County Treasurer for the present year, 1828, which was purchased by Isaac Waters at $21. 87^." There was evidently close figuring for the office, caused, perhaps, by competition, for we see that Waters even divided a cent on his bid. What remarkable changes half a century has wrought in the manner of choosing public officials as well as in every thing else. FUNK vs. BOGARDUS. At this meeting Jacob Funk petitioned the Court to revoke the ferry license of John L. Bogardus for non-attendance to his duties. It appears that the fault-finding Jacob looked with covetous eyes upon Bogardus, and by pure selfishness was prompted to thus peti- tion the Court. Bogardus was contentedly ferrying the people with their goods and chattels across the Illinois opposite Peoria, while Funk sat upon the bank and sought to find fault that would rob Bogardus of that right, which he would then himself seize. After summoning Bogardus before the Court and a careful investigation of the charges the petition was refused. Unable to gain his point in this way Funk applied for a license at or near the same point where Bogardus was engaged, but the Court desired no competition and so refused the application. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 233 CHANGE OP CLERK. At a meeting March 17, 1828, J. C. Morgan was appointed Clerk in the place of Mordecai Mobley. Whether Mordecai resigned, un- ceremoniously left, his term expired, or was removed, the records do not say. We only know the change was made. We often wished, as we feel confident all who may undertake the arduous, difficult task of reading these records will also do, that the change had not been made, for Morgan's chirography is not to be compared to Mobley's for correctness or legibility, nor is his orthography nearly so good, and as for punctuation, that is an art Morgan evidently was entirely unaquainted with. We may add that Mr. Mobley has not yet lost the art of writing a clean legible hand and of composing well. After an elapse of just 52 years, lacking three days, from the time he opened the first records of this county, he sends us a speci- men of his handwriting in the shape of a letter. Though over a half century of time — the destroyer of all things — has elapsed since he first recorded his name in the Commissioner's Court records, yet he writes quite as clearly and evenly to day as he did then. FIRST SALOON. The first "tavern" license was granted at this term of the Court. A tavern in those days was a combination of an inn and a saloon. The proprietor, however, did not expect to derive any great revenue from the hotel, but looked to his liquors for an income. Many of these " taverns " were the smallest of log cabins. Here and there all over the country, sometimes miles from any other cabin, they might be found. Some of them were indicated to be such by signs nailed to a post, tree, or to the side of the cabin. These were of the rudest make and design. Some simply had the word "entertain- ment" scrawled upon them, while others, more explicit, read "enter- tainment for man and beast." Some were still more definite, and said simply, "whisky and oats." The storms of a half century, the advancement of civilization, the culture of the age, have all combined to transform these rudest of signs, scribbled by an uncultured pioneer upon hewn boards, into gilded and glittering letters artistically traced upon French-plate glass. The name by which the place was known where liquor was vended was shortly after this changed from "tavern" to "grocery" or " groggery " and subsequently assumed the appellation of " saloon," 234 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. and finally, that coming into disrepute, many have adopted the more modern title of " sample room," " halls," "gardens," etc. On the 3rd day of March, 1828, Rufus North, Jacob Funk and Jonas Hittle applied for tavern licenses, which, upon filing good and sufficient bonds, and paying into the county treasury the sum of $2.00, were granted. They were restricted by the following rates established by the Court immediately thereafter granting said licenses : For each meal 18f cents. Lodging each person 6^ For each horse fed all night on grain and forage 25 For each single feed 12^ For each half pint of whisky ]2| For each half pint of brandy 25 For each half pint of rum and cordial. 25 For each half pint of wine 25 For each quart of cider or beer 12^ These as will be seen were moderate charges, and evidently the tavern keepers thought the rate established for lodging was too mod- erate, for we find it was soon raised to 12 J cents. THE JURISDICTION OF THE COURT. It now appears that while Funk was providing entertainment for man and beast, his neighbor Bogardus had his ferry license, which he had obtained from Sangamon county, proved and spread upon the records here. He also secured the passage of an act prohibiting any one to establish a ferry within one mile of his own. Bogardus was evidently an old and extensive operator in the ferry business, for we find he held his license granted while Tazewell county was under the jurisdiction of Sangamon, and further, we find on Sept. 5, 1828, he made application to this Court for another ferry. He selected, as the most remunerative place for his branch ferrj', the Illinois at the mouth of Fox river. It must be remembered that Tazewell county at that time spread over a vast extent of terri- tory. The entire northeastern part of this great State was under their control. Old settlers have told us they well remember when Tazewell county constables were dispatched to Chicago to summon men to appear at the courts of this county. Yes, though unlearned in law and unacquainted with science and literature, the Commissioners held jurisdiction over a large district, and that they conducted the public affairs rightly, and built a firm and solid foundation upon which the future prosperity and greatness HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 235 of this portion of our beloved State should rest, can not be gainsaid. This is plainly evident from the unparalleled strides made in agricul- tural and mechanical progress ; from the hundreds of thousands of busy inhabitants now dwelling within this territory ; and from the vast stores of wealth accumulated solely from resources within it. Those great and unconcealed wonders reflect honor and credit each day upon their founders ; and as days and years multiply, when the same territory over which they presided shall be teeming with mil- lions of earnest and energetic people, then will greater honors and more exultant praise and adoration be expressed for the brave, sturdy pioneers who explored and opened up a region so prolific, and founded a community that for genius, enterprise and wealth will in the near future out-rank many older settled countries, and indeed will vie with many kingdoms of the earth. Then these vast prairies will be cultivated as a garden. Every forest tree and woodland will be util- ized, and populous cities with numerous factories and vast stores of commerce may be numbered by the score. Then will the modes of travel be superior to the remarkable railroad facilities of to-day, and transport the increased products with greater facility. Indeed, every- thing shall then be as different and as superior to what they are at present as the things of to-day are as compared with those of fifty years ago. Our readers may regard this as wild and unreasonable speculation — as wholly visionary ; but they are only the conclusions deduced from a careful study of history — of a comparison of what has been accomplished, with certain advantages, with the results that the superior advantages now enjoyed will as certainly accomplish. FIRST COURT-HOUSE OCCUPIED. The May term, 1828, was convened in the new court-house. Whether or not the Commissioners were pleased with the work we do not know. They spent no time in passing wordy resolutions commending the architect's skill, or otherwise expressing their opin- ion of the work, but immediately proceeded to their official business. We fear, however, that at the present time, if a court was convened in such a structure w^e might look for resolutions, emphatic and strong, condemnatory of it. The building rested upon piling a few feet from the ground, and beneath it many stray hogs found shelter. From the continued wallowing quite a basin was formed, which was often filled with water. From the burning rays of summer's sun hogs Avould seek this cheerful spot and lazily roll around, enjoying 236 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. in fullest measure the refreshing bath. The floor, having been laid of green oak, soon shrunk, leaving large cracks between puncheons. Through these winter's chilling wind whistled, while in summer the contented hogs grunted a melodious accompaniment to the eloquent appeals and oratory of the pioneer lawyer. FIRST JAIL. Necessarily, as faithful historians, we are compelled to mar the pleasant progress of this chapter by reference to prison bars. It seems as the county advanced in wealth and population the evil principle kept pace with it; and, as immaculate and good as the pioneer fathers undoubtedly were, even among them there were wicked and vicious characters. Accordingly, June 28, 1828, after due notice, the contract for building a jail was " cried oif to Robert McClure, he being the lowest bidder." It appears that Mathew Robb was a partner of McClure' s in this contract. Robb was a native Kentuckian, and came to Stout's Grove, McLean county, in 1827. That place at the time was the county- seat of this county, and Hon. Mathew Robb was the noted man of the place. He was Justice of the Peace for many years. A couple by the name of John Pore and a Miss Brown concluded to live together for better or for worse, and accordingly Pore called upon 'Squire Robb to perform the marriage rites. The former crossed Sugar creek for the purj)ose of taking Robb over ; but as the weather had been rainy, the creek was high and inconvenient to cross. Pore crossed it on a log while the 'Squire sat on horseback on his side of the stream. Mr. Pore brought his bride down to the creek ; as it was now about eight o'clock at night torches were lit. It was raining at the time, but they paid no attention to that. 'Squire Robb rode a little distance into the water in order to distin- guish the bridegroom and bride on the opposite bank, and the inter- esting ceremony was performed. McClure was born in Kentucky in 1792 and came to Stout's Grove in 1827. They agreed to erect the building for $325.75, almost three times the amount paid for a court-house. It was to be completed before the first Monday in September, 1829. It was a two-story structure, 16 feet square, made of solid hewn timber, and was one of the strong- est and most costly jail buildings erected by the pioneers throughout Central Illinois. Nevertheless, the very first prisoner incarcerated within its heavy walls took flight the same night. This individual, HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 237 whose name was William Cowhart^ is also noted for being the first horse-thief in Tazewell county. FIRST PRISONER. It was a horse that belonged to James Willis that Cowhart pur- loined. Of all bad characters horse-thieves were the most hated by the pioneers, and as soon as it was noised around that a horse had been stolen the settlers set about determined to bring speedy retri- bution upon the head of the offender. He was soon found and brought back to the settlement and turned over to the Sheriff. This was before the completion of the jail. The prisoner was chained to one of the men and sent into the field to work. At night he was chained to the bedstead. In this manner he was kept for some two weeks. The jail being completed he was carried thither and ushered into the new prison, no doubt with much satisfaction on the part of the injured settlers. The heavy hewn door swung to leav- ing Cowhart the first and only inmate. What must have been their chagrin when on the following morning they found their prisoner had flown. With the aid of a helper he bid them adieu during the night. We subjoin the following interesting and detailed account of this affair from the pen of the venerable Nathan Dillon, the first settler of the county. It also very strongly illustrates some of the charac- teristics of the pioneers. This reminiscence first appeared in the Bloomington Pantagraph in 1853. PURSUIT OF A HORSE-THIEF. " James Willis and his brother were the first pioneers on Sandy, in the neighborhood of where the flourishing village of Magnolia, in Marshall county, now stands, they having located there as early as 1827 or '28, their nearest neighbor at that time being William Holland, who had already settled at Washington, Tazewell county, where he still lives. One cold Friday in the winter James Willis, who had been boarding at William Hall's, in Dillon settlement on the Mackinaw, started on a trip with a young man calling himself by the name of Cowhart, whom he had hired to go and work for him at his new location. The distance was fifty miles and Hol- land's the only family on the road. Willis was mounted on a fine horse, well equipped. The day was very cold and when they got to 238 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Crow creek, eighteen miles north of Holland's, Willis dismounted and let Cowhart have his horse, overcoat and equipage, and took the gun belonging to Cowhart, supposing it to be loaded. " Cowhart mounted, but instantly took the other end of the road. Willis, thinking that a shot from the gun might bring the rogue to a sense of duty, brought it to bear upon him, but upon trial found that the touchhole had been plugged with a green stalk, and so the man, money and equipage disappeared without any hindrance. "Willis was quite unwell eighteen miles from any house and it was snowing, but he beat his way back to Holland's. It happened that Abraham Hiner, a neighbor of mine, was there, and Willis made out a description of the robber and sent it by Hiner to me, with the request that I should do what I could for him. " We immediately called our neighbors together and it was agreed that Daniel Hodson, my brothers Daniel, AValter and Joseph, and myself Avould give him a chase, though it still remained cold and it was thirty-six hours after the commission of the robbery, which occurred forty miles away. " The next morning (Sunday) we started out destitute of any knowledge which way the rogue had taken, struck across the head of the Mackinaw stream through a country all wilderness, and stayed all night at Money creek. It blew up colder in the night, and the next morning the weather was as sharp as it ever gets. We were on the way again by sunrise ; went on to the head timber land of the Mackinaw where we found a little settlement. The good woman where we stopped assured us that the object of our pursuit had eaten his dinner there just about that hour two days before. The ground was bare in places and covered with drifted snow in others ; we were good trackers and took the trail and followed him to Cheney's Grove, where he had stayed over night. Remaining with Cheney till morning we started early and pursued him to Fielder's (near where Urbana now stands). There he had spent the night forty-eight hours previous. The cold Monday, however, al- ready spoken of he had traveled only ten miles, laid by the remain- der of the day, disposed of the horse and plunder, and resumed his journey on foot, being one day and ten miles' travel ahead of us. It was in this part of the country that he struck out upon the great prai- rie, without path or track of any kind. The snow was still deeper and enabled us to keep his track to Georgetown, where he had passed the night previous. We here procured a pilot and pursued him to HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 239 Newport on the Wabash. Arriving there at about one o'clock at night Ave put up our horses. We had expected to take him in bed here, but he was up and off. We renewed the pursuit on foot, it snowing all the while ; we soon procured fresh men and horses, and assisted by a good tracking snow, overtook him near Rockville, In- diana. It seemed a hard turn for the poor wretch to right about face, but with a sneaking smile on his countenance he returned with us to the Wabash, where a fine-looking old man approached us with a cup of whisky in his hand, and in a bold, open manner said : ' You have caught the villain.' He made some other remarks and we passed on, Cowhart being betAveen my brother Joseph and my- self We observed to him that such talk must be very disagreeable, at which he burst into a loud cry, and the blood gushed from his nose at a greater rate than I had ever seen it flow from the nose of any man. It seemed as if he would bleed to death, but after apply- ing snow pretty freely he recovered and became calm ; but instead of that sneaking smile his face Avore a very solemn air. The first AA'ords he said Avere : ' Had it not been for my old father I should not ha\^e been in this fix ; said he had persuaded him about three years before, and they had agreed to undertake the business, but this AA^as the first time he had A^entured or been caught in such a fix.' " When issuing out of the Wabash bottom we ascended a steep point Avith deep raA'ines on each side. We noticed him slyly in- specting the grounds. His countenance lighted up as if he Avas about giving us the slip. We told him that if he made such an at- tempt Ave Avould surely shoot him. He pretended to regard as strange Avhat we said, but afterAvards confessed that he had intended to run doAvn the steep, covered as it Avas with thick vines, and es- cape by running along the trackless ice in the stream. " When Ave arriA^ed at the taA'ern at NcAvport it Avas some time be- fore sundown, and as Ave had slept none the prcA'^ious night we con- cluded to rest the balance of the evening. The bar-room was full of men gathered in to Avitness our movements. Brother Joseph and myself obtained leave of the landlady to take the prisoner into her room until Ave could dry our feet, AAdiich Avere excessively Avet from AA'alking in the snoAV. After some time the landlord came into the room and Avhispered to the prisoner, at Avhich the good lady of the house took umbrage, saying that he had better speak aloud so that we could hear. He then said there Avas a man in the other room that Avished to see him, and I remained a moment to inquire of the 16 240 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. woman what was the prisoner's real name. When I repaired to the bar-room I found a young man there writing. I ordered our friends to get our horses, beginning to mistrust the house was no, place for us. About the time we were ready to start the man at the writing- desk proved to be a lawyer, and presented a petition to our prisoner to sign, praying for a writ of habeas corpus. I snatched the peti- tion from the prisoner's hand, saw what it was, gave it to the lawyer and told him to keep it to himself or I would give him trouble ; whereupon he grew saucy, but went back when I walked towards him until he reached the end of the room ; told me, I believe, that I was ' out of order ;' not to touch him. I told him plainly that if I heard another word from him I certainly should slap his jaiv, then left him pale as death and turned to the prisoner and took him by the collar. He attempting to get away, some of the men took hold of me to assist him, exclaiming that there should be no dragging out. I gave him a stout jerk, at the same time Hodson and my brothers Daniel, Joseph and Walter assisted him with a shove, and he went out in short order. AVe set him astride of one of our horses just as the landlord and another man approached, and said we had no business to come there in such a way. The prisoner begged for help. We told him that if he attempted to get off the horse, or if any man attempted to assist him, we would ' blow him through.' With that we left them and got into our own State the same night. Next day we started for home, which we reached with our prisoner, after being out nine days, some of which were as cold as I ever experienced. "Willis recovered all that Cowhart had robbed him of except two dollars and fifty cents. "It was the same winter that the jail at Mackinaw was being built ; and the prisoner was guarded by old Jimmy Scott, Deputy Sheriff, until it was deemed sufficiently strong to keep him safely. Soon after he was put into it, however, somebody Mas friendly enough to let him out, and he escaped trial and the penitentiary. "Now I will just say to my friends: I have shown you in this chapter the way to bring in the boys who steal your horses ; if they are stolen imitate the grit of the deep-snow men, and never give them up until you have them safe." At the April term, 1829, the Commissioners offered a reward "of $20 for the apprehension and delivery of William Cowhart who was let out of jail, and also the person who let him out." Cowhart HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 241 proved to be an expensive settler to the county, for, we find the Court gave James Scott $68 for keeping him. For guarding Cowhart, John Hodgson, William Davis, John Ford, A. Wright, William Sampson and F. Seward each received $2, Nathan Dillon $33.68 ; Daniel Hodgson $5, and Martin Porter $1, making a total of $119.68, Avithin $5.32 as much as the court-house cost, and it would have paid the County Treasurer's salary for three years. FIRST FINE, At the December term, 1829, the first fine received for a violation of the peace was recorded. This was a case wherein Isaac Storms assaulted James Brown. For many years the only cases before the justices of the peace were for assault and battery. The pioneers enjoyed a "free fight" and entered into sport of a pugilistic nature with great interest, seldom resorting to knives or pistols. But when it came to administering law from the justice's bench it was con- demned and a fine imposed, however, simply because the law read thus and so. ESTRAY PEN. One of the curious provisions of the law in the times of which we are now writing was, that stock was permitted to run at large. The Supreme Court of the State reversed the common law idea prevailing almost universally in regard to stock running at large. In consequence of this every man was compelled to fence his entire farm to protect his crops from wandering herds. The decision of the Court required stock to be fenced out instead of in. It would have been much less expensive for each man to have protected him- self from his own stock. Each settler had recorded in a book kept by the County Clerk, certain ear-marks and brands adopted by him for marking his stock, and by which he could identify his cattle and hogs. The vast prai- ries were then in their native condition, free from fences, cultivation or any sort of improvements. By many they were thought to be worthless for all practical farming purposes, except to furnish graz- ing for stock. Horses and cattle often wandered into adjoining counties. There were, however, means by which such stock might be recovered. In each county seat was an estray pen wherein all unclaimed and unknown stock was confined. Notice was quite often made of the number, kind and marks of the stock taken up. In 242 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 1829 a contract for building an estray pen at Mackinaw was award- ed to J. C. Morgan and Jonah Hittle. The pen was 30 feet square and cost the sum total of $13. FEARLESS BUT FEARED COMMISSIONERS. During the year 1829 the Commissioners pursued the even tenor of their way, granting petitions for roads, ferries, tavern licenses and election precincts ; appointing and removing officers with an inflexi- bility of purpose that is really amusing. When they investigated a matter there were no palliating circumstances to screen the delinquent. But the judicial guillotine cut off official heads with a refreshing im- partiality. Negligent officers feared the power of the " tripple C " more than Damocles feared the hair-suspended sword. They simply and plainly said " go," and the official hesitated not but went at once, and that was the end of it. The Commissioners commenced the year's labor by decapitating, officially, all the road supervisors of the various districts. Then Abraham Carlock was appointed Treasurer to succeed Isaac Walters, and at a salary of $40, which shows an increase in the emoluments of the office of nearly 100 per cent. FIRST SALOON IN PEKIN. In March, 1830, George W. Hinch applied for a saloon license to retail liquors in Pekin. This was the first saloon in that city. The petition requests that " George W. Hinch be allowed to sell all kinds of spirituous liquors by the smaul. " BOOT AND SHOE SHOP ESTABLISHED. William Walter was desirous of contributing to the comfort of his fellow settlers in the way of manufacturing boots and shoes. To this end he desired the Court to give him lot 8 in block 8 in the town of Mackinaw. The enterprising Commissioners granted the request, providing he would improve and occupy said lot for at least one year. SAND PRAIRIE PRECINCT CHANGED. The citizens of Sand Prairie election precinct petitioned the Court to move the place of holding elections to Pekin, as the "present place of holding elections is inconvenient and oppressive to many citizens. " HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUXTV. 243 FIRST PAUPER. Sarah Stout has the honor of being the first pauper in Tazewell county. At the July term the Court gave her to the care of Nathan Dillon for three months, after which time the Court again took her in charge and let her out to the lowest bidder. clerk's OFFICE. In July, according to a previous notice, a clerk's office of the fol- lowing description was cried ofi* to the lowest bidder : " Building to be frame, 14 feet square, one story high, 9 feet between floors, weather-boarded with planks or boards well shaved ; with one door and two windows ; a plank floor laid down with green plank with- out nails. Covered with shingles." On the records, but marked over, are the words, " with brick chimney put in it." The judi- cious Commissioners evidently concluded they could not aiford such a luxury as a brick chimney, and repealed that clause of the speci- fications. The contract was let to Jonas H. Hittle, for $100. A CHANGE OF COMMISSIONERS. In August, 1831, an election Avas held, when Nathan Dillon, Timothy Hoblit and Isaac Blaken were chosen County Commissioners. The Clerk, seemingly endeavoring to gain the good will of the newly elected dignitaries, addressed them as the Honorable Nathan Dillon, etc. They had scarcely received the reins of government into their hands before they began a system of improvement truly enterpris- ing. The Clerk was immediately ordered " to contract for the build- ing of a good stick-and-clay chimney to the court-house on the most advantageous terms." The next order was to Isaac Baker to procure a good table for the use of the Court. On reconsidering, the whole system of repair was placed exclusively in the hands of Jonas Hit- tie. Contractor Hittle received the following specific instructions : " On the first floor a bench to be erected in the west end, for the use of the Judge, to be reached on either side by good steps. In front of this bench [which was simply a platform] a bar to be raised con- sisting of good banisters, and plank arranged for the witnesses' seats. On either side of the Judge's bench to be good seats for the jury, and two movable scats for the Clerk. "A stairway to be built in the northeast corner reaching the sec- ond story. The upper floor to be laid and divided into two rooms by a partition, these rooms to be used as jury rooms. A good 14- 244 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. light window to be placed in the east end, and the chimney place to be closed up. A cheap cast stove to be purchased and put up in the northwest corner of the room. All the work to be completed by April 10, 1831." MOVED TO PEKIX. The Court convened in the court-house at Mackinaw in March, 1831, when it transacted its usual routine business of granting road petitions, liquidating pauper's bills, settling up with public of- ficials and attending to various matters; after which the Court packed up their bag and baggage, shook the dust of Mackinaw from their judicial feet and turned their faces westward. They brought up at Pekin, June 6, 1831, in the old school-house on the corner of Elizabeth and Second streets, subsequently known as " the Doolittle school." Just why the Court left their pleasant quarters at Macki- naw, especially after so recently making such extensive improve- ments in and around the court-house, the records do not state. But from other sources we learn that by an act of the Legislature passed Dec. 25, 1830, the county of Tazewell was divided and McLean county formed therefrom. To further carry out the design of some of the leading spirits in procuring this division, a committee con- sisting of William Porter, John T. Stuart and Milton Chilton was appointed by the same body to re-locate the county-seat. By the same act appointing the committee, which was passed Feb. 16, 1831, the courts of the county were moved to Pekin, where they should remain until the seat of justice was permanently located. Thus in obedience to the mandate of higher authority the Court submits with becoming resignation, and not one word of growling or grumbling does it utter so far as we glean from the records. Considerable dissatisfaction was displayed, however, on the part of the citizens of I^Iackinaw at this desertion. They had indulged themselves in the fond hopes of making a great and prosperous city. These hopes and expectations were based solely, almost, upon the influence and advantages of being the county-seat. The Clerk's office in Pekin was located " in the upper room of William Haines' corner building, occupied by William M. Farns- worth." The Court paid as rental for this room, where it also sub- sequently convened, |2 per month. These quarters were retained until Oct. 1, 1831, when the office was moved to Gideon Hawley's room, where it remained for a month ; after which the Court was HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 245 held for a time, as far as we can learn, in D. H. Holcomb's tavern. Thus we have a very striking and altogether significant contrast — a court of justice and a groggery in the same cabin. THE IRREPRESSIBLE FUNK. If the Court thought to escape the importunities of their old petitioner, Jacob Funk, on making the move to Pekin, they soon found they were sadly mistaken. No sooner had they found a room wherein to convene in official capacity than the indomitable Jacob appeared and again importuned the Court to revoke Bogardus' ferry license, A citation was immediately issued commanding the said Bogardus to appear and show cause why his license should not be taken from him. Promptly at the convening of the Court at the September term. Funk was on hand and requested that attention be given to the citation issued against Bogardus. The Court, however, let other matters tak*e the precedence until Sept. 8, when Bogardus appears before the Court and is confronted by Funk and Eads, and, in the language of the record, the " trial is gon into." After hearing the evidence pro and con the Court gravely decided " that the ferry license issued to John Bogardus by the Sangamon county Commissioners and confirmed by this Court is hereby revoked." Thus Funk had at last gained a victory over his enemy, Bogar- dus, and no doubt was content. Abner Eads, however, was not satisfied with having Bogardus ousted, but applied for a ferry at the same place ; but this the Court promptly refused. Bogardus again petitioned for a ferry across the river at Fort Clark, but the Court not wishing more trouble, refused to grant it. FIRST PEDDLER, AND FIRST SLAVE EMANCIPATED. In Sept., 1831, the Court granted to Laman Case a license to ped- dle clocks. For this privilege for three months they assessed him $25.00. To Case belongs the honor of being the first peddler in Tazewell county. At this time the Court was charging for yearly licenses to " vend merchandise," ^9; for liquors, $3. The former price of saloon license was $2 per year, while for selling clocks the Court charged $100. They evidently regarded time-pieces as a luxury they could easily do without, while they looked upon liquors as a necessity. At the June term, 1832, one Morrison, "a man of coullor," pre- sented his certificate of freedom from his owner, William N. Burnett, 246 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. J. and had it confirmed by the Court. Thus Morrison was the first slave to be emancipated in Tazewell county. VETERAN PAUPERS. In June, 1832, John Summers was allowed $78 for keeping old man Miller. In the June previous Summers came into Court and explained that a certain Nicholas Miller, a pauper, was living at county expense while he had a well-to-do son named Joseph, who should, both in equity of the law and from filial affection, support his father. Thereupon the Sheriff was posted after the undutiful Joseph. It appears, however, that Joseph was not found at the time, nor until 1834, if we rely upon the records for imformation, for no mention is made of him until that time. He then appears and gives as his reason for not supporting his parent, " inability to do so." At the same time appeared Hosea Stout and Benjamin Jones, rel- atives of Sarah Stout, the first pauper, and gave the same reason for not "taking charge of their poor relation," Thus the veteran and venerable paupers were thrown back upon the county, whereupon the Court ordered " Nathan Dillon and Wm. McClure to dispose of said paupers at public sale or private con- tract. It seems that they were not regarded as valuable paupers and not one bid was made for them. But all through the records for years are bills allowed for their maintenance. In 1835 the Court, being worried with the many claims for bills for supporting Miller, lifted up its voice and peremptorily commanded the Sheriff to sell him. The poor old man had outlived his years of usefulness and even became a burden to the indulgent county. ANNUAL STATEMENT. A statement of the fiscal concerns of the county for the year 1832 was made as required by law. We give this in full, thus showing the receipts and expenditures for the sixth year of the county's ex- istence. It will be seen that the expenses for all purposes were scarcely more than half a year's salary of the poorest paid official of the present day. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 247 EXPENSES. Commissioners' fees $71.00 Clerk's fees 60.00 Keeping poor 161.00 Cost of elections 72.00 Criminal charges 32.00 Sheriff's fees 72.75 Clerk's office rent 24.00 Viewing roads 55.00 Assessor's fees 40.00 Sundry account 31.75 Keeping estrays 70.00 Total expenses $689.50 INCOME. Revenue from tax $463.12 Treasurer's receipts 122.62 State paper 9.00 Fines assessed in 1831 5.00 Fines assessed in 1832 24.00 Ferry tax 10.00 Tax on merchants' licenses 82.00 Tax on merchants' permits 5.00 Town tax 8.50 Total income $729.24 FIRST INQUEST. The first inquest held in the county, according to these records, was on the body of little Hamilton Porter, a widow's son, in 1833. The boy, who was nine years old, was accidentally shot. Andrew Tharp, Coroner, was allowed $18.75 for performing this duty. COUNTY-SEAT RAMBLING. We come now to a period wherein the county-seat again took a move. The removal which we are about to refer to was in com- pliance with the order of three Commissioners appointed by the Leg- islature "to select a permanent location for the seat of justice of Tazewell county. " Before proceeding further, however, on this particular move we will give the history of all the county-seat ramblings from the beginning, away back in the early part of the year 1829. On the 22d day of the first month of that year the Legislature passed an act making and defining a new boundary for Tazewell county. This act, no doubt, was procured by ambitious persons dwelling in other parts of the county than Mackinaw and vicinity, who desired to secure the county-seat. By this act the county was re- duced in size very materially, yet it still extended over a vast region, containing 79 townships and parts of townships. In 1830 the town of Pekin was laid oif, and she being anxious to supplement her many advantages by adding thereto the county-seat, which it was alleged she desired done. We have no reason to doubt that such allegation was true. Mackinaw, the county-seat, however, being so near the center of the county, she had little hope of success unless she could cut off a portion of the eastern part of the county, thus throwing Mackinaw near the boundary line. 248 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. At the succeeding election for members of the Legislature, William L. D. Ewing, of Vandalia, was chosen Senator, and William Brown, of Pekin, Representative. Brown was easily induced to consent to cut off from Tazewell county, for the county of McLean, all that portion of Tazewell county embraced in ranges 1, 2 and 3 east, and 1 west of the third principal meridian, contain- ing over 100,000 acres. On the 25th of December of the same year (1830) McLean county was created by the Legislature. Two months later John T. Stewart, Matthias Chilton and William Porter were appointed by the General Assembly to select a permanent county-seat for Tazewell county. In the meantime courts and public offices should be at Pekin. These commissioners failed to make any selection of a location. Indeed they neglected to consider the matter at all so far as any records of their actions are concerned. Year after year came and went until July 12, 1835, before anything further was done. At that date the Legisla- ture appointed John C. Calhoun, of Sangamon county, James Gaylord, of Putnam, and Isaac C. Pugh, of Macon, as a commis- sion to permanently locate the county -seat, in lieu of the former, which failed to act. This able commission convened Sept. 17th, and gravitated toward Tremont, where they met the generous and enterprising John H. Harris. This gentleman, to secure the county-seat for Tremont, offered to donate to the county 20 acres of land. This tract was just south of the town of Tremont on the northwest quarter of section 19, Tremont township. A further donation of $2,000 in money, to aid in erecting public buildings, was proffered by the citizens of Tremont. This was placed in the State bank, at Springfield, to await the decision of the commission. They were satisfied with the location and looked no further. Two thousand dollars in money and 20 acres of rich prairie land were of great consideration in the eyes of the worthy gentlemen, for at the time the annual revenue of the county did not reach $1,400. As might have been expected this selection was very unsatisfactory to Pekin. The commission made an elaborate report, which for smooth, oily wording and rhetorical finish excels any other report, petition or order spread upon the records of this Court. At the conclusion of this well- written document the commissioners say : "The point named was selected with a view to the convenience of the present HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 249 and future population of Tazewell county. It is a position as nearly central to the present and probable future population of the county as we could select and at the same time secure the other advantages for the healthy and favorable site for the building of a town." The Court records and public offices were moved to Tremont in 1836, where the county-seat remained until 1850. In the mean- time the county was greatly developed; Pekin became the me- tropolis and the principal seat of commerce of the county. The State, during the great internal improvement excitement, — from 1836 to 1840, — had began the construction of a railroad from Pekin to Tremont, and the former town had increased rapidly. About the year 1839 complaint was raised by the people at Pekin against the county-seat being at Tremont, and thereupon began a bitter warfare between the two places. It is alleged that in order to hold the county-seat and cripple Pekin, the people of Tremont conspired with parties desiring new counties and county-seats, around Tazewell county, and in 1841 had an act passed by the Legislature cutting oif the south half of township 21, range 2, to DeWitt county, and all Tazewell county west of range 4, and south of township 22 and west of range 5, and south of the middle of town 23, to the county of Mason. A month scarcely elapsed when, Feb. 27, another act was passed taking all that part of Tazewell county, being the northeast quarter of township 25 north, and of the east half of 26 north, range 2 east, and all of townships 27 and 28, westward to the Illinois river, and forming of it the county of Woodford. After having these large slices taken off, for the formation of the counties named, it seems that both the most liberal and the most selfish should have been satisfied ; but it appears they were not. Again, in February, 1843, it was proposed, and an act so passed by the Legislature, to cut off for Woodford county that part of this county east of section 29, township 26, range 4, and all of townships 26, range 2, and 26, range 3. This was, however, on the condition that the people should approve the measure by ballot. At an election held in May, 1843, the proposi- tion was rejected, and a stop made to this dividing up and cutting off of Tazewell's territory. Had they continued it much longer there would have been nothing left of the county but Pekin and Tremont. Then, we doubt not, a division would have been made and both towns have at last gained a county-seat. 250 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. At the time the Legislature passed the last mentioned act it also authorized the people of the county to vote at their regular August election upon the proposition of the removal of the county-seat from Tremont to Pekin. This they did and defeated the proposi- tion. During the following winter Pekin and the western por- tion of the county suffered seriously from a malignant scarlet fever, which caused the death of over fifty of the inhabitants of Pekin. This checked the progress of that city for a time and nothing further was done toward moving the county-seat until 1849. On the 2d day of February of that year the Legislature again passed an act authorizing the people to vote upon the measure of removal the first Saturday in April of the same year. At that election Pekin at last triumphed and won the long-coveted county-seat, which she has since retained. The question having been finally and definitely decided the court- house was immediately erected by the citizens of Pekin, in fulfill- ment of their promise. The last meeting of the Board of Super- visors, which had come in vogue in the mean time, that was held at Tremont was Aug. 26, 1850, when it moved in a body to their new and more commodious quarters, and on the same day dedicated the edifice by holding therein their first meeting at Pekin. During these twenty years of local war, of course the bitterness of feeling was intense, and great injury was done to all parts of the county. Many of the older citizens attribute very largely the prosperity and commercial advantages attained by Peoria over Pekin to the bitter feuds engendered during this long and eventful strife. DISCONTEXTED. We will return to the immediate labors of the Commissioners' Court and follow their proceedings during its last decade of service. At the January term, 1836, the people, or tliat portion of them who were dissatisfied with the location selected for the county-seat, petitioned the Court in the following language : "We, the undersigned, citizens of Tazewell county, respectfully solicit the Commissioners to suspend proceedings in the county-seat matter until better ground can be obtained, either by re-location or a legal removal of the donation ; and we individually and collect- ively pledge ourselves to support you in this matter." The petition was signed by 115 persons. No action was taken upon it. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 251 Messrs. Pugh and Gaylord, two of the State commissioners, pre- sented their bills for locating the county-seat, which were as follows : Gaylord, 35 days' work at $3 per day, $105 ; Pugh, 36 days' work at $3 per day, $108, Owing to the ill feeling still so manifest in regard to the location chosen by these gentlemen, the Court refused to take any action on these bills at that time. At the March term, however, they allowed the two gentlemen, — the third never having sent in his bill, — the moderate sum of $27 a piece, or at the rate of 77|^ cents per day. It must have been rather humiliating to those " $3-a-day " gentlemen to have had their services so lightly appre- ciated. They do not molest the Court further, however, but are resigned to its dictation. clerk's office AT TREMONT. December 11, 1835, a one-story frame building, 18 by 24 feet, was ordered erected on a private lot in Tremont, for Clerk's office. The contract was let to Theo. Fisher for $285. To secure the faith- ful performance of the work he was compelled to give bonds in the sum of $1,000. Thomas P. Wilson, County Surveyor, in 1836 laid off" into lots the twenty acres of land given by Harris at Tremont. The Clerk was then ordered to advertise the sale of these lots in the following papers : Sangamon Journal, Missouri Republican, Louisville Adver- tiser, and Cincinnati National Republican. The sale occurred in May, 1836. The aggregate amount received from the sale of lots was $18,636. Of this $4,271.18 was paid in cash, and $12,440.12 in notes secured by mortgages on the property. The highest price paid for any lot was for lot 1 in block 5, bought by James Wibrav for $620. THE COURT MOVES TO TREMONT. After settling up all their business and liquidating all their little bills at Pekin, the Court bid farewell for once and forever to the old Methodist church edifice which had sheltered their judicial heads for half a dozen years. They filed out, closed and barred the door, and turned their faces Tremont-ward, where, June 6, 1836, they assem- bled in the Clerk's office. They must have more imposing and commodious apartments, however, and accordingly ordered the Clerk to advertise for bids for building a temporary court-house. This was a two-story frame, 20 252 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. by 40 feet. The contract was let to William Dillon, June 25, for $1,150. Of course the court-house could not entirely fulfill its purpose without a jail near. Being very economical, and having a jail at Mackinaw, the Court ordered it removed to Tremont. The jail had not followed the Court on their travels but remained at its original site. The contract for removing the prison was given to John T. Bird, who was to receive $138 for the same. It was re- moved and veneered with brick, and a brick addition was erected as a residence for the Sheriff's family. CHANGE OF CLERKS. At the August term, 1836, John C. Morgan was ordered to con- tract for plastering and building the chimney for the Clerk's office. This was the last official act of the faithful Morgan. He had been Clerk of the Court for eight long years, going with it as it moved from place to place, and always discharging his duties with greatest fidelity. He had seen Commissioner after Commissioner occupy the Judge's bench, yet he still remained. At the September term he tendered his resignation and J. H. Morrison succeeded him. It appears that the newly elected Commissioners, Messrs. Railsback, Hull, and Fisher inclined to be more favorable toward Morrison, and to prevent an unmerited removal Morgan resigned. COURT-HOUSE AT TREMONT. In December a plan for a court-house was adopted and the con- tract ordered to be let in January, 1 837. It was to be a brick build- ing, two stories above basement in height; 60 feet long, including portico of 10 feet, by 40 wide. The specifications conclude with the following finishing touches for the structure : " The windows to be closed with good blinds and painted four coats, two of French green ; the outside doors to be fitted with best locks, and the entire building to be fitted in full Grecian order of architecture. All plates referred to are in Shaw's second edition of Architecture, 1832. Said building is to be surmounted by a cupola, finished with octa- gon blinds and containing a good bell deck, and the dome to be surmounted with an iron rod supporting three gilt balls." The contract for its erection was let to William F. Flagg, Jan. 13, 1837, for $14,450. The building was first occupied in Septem- ber, 1839. Flagg was an extensive contractor and builder, and withal a man of great mechanical skill and genius. He built a HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 253 court-house for Putnam county, and a court-house and jail for La- Salle, and a court-house for this county within a period of four years. In 1848 he commenced the manufacture of reapers, and was sued for an infringement of patent by C H. McCormick, and dam- ages laid at $20,000. Abraham Lincoln was employed to defend him. The suit was carried on for two years in the United States courts and finally McCormick was beaten. Shortly after this Mr. Lincoln met Mr. Flagg on the street in Bloomington and sauntered into his shop, who inquired of him how much his fee was for gaining the case for him. Mr. Lincoln leaned on the counter, rested his head upon his arms, and after a little consideration said : " I think ten dollars will pay me for my trouble." Nor would he accept more. After the transaction of this business the Court "adjourned to meet to-morrow at 9 o'clock a.m," which we see was a more fash- ionable hour and in keeping with the modern spirit of the age. The early Commissioners away back in 1827 and '28 met at 7 o'clock promptly ; but the customs of civilization began to make themselves felt, and the honorable Commissioners would fain indulge in a second morning nap and not don the ermine until the " third hour of the day." A few years later we find 10 o'clock was the stated time for opening court. The Circuit Court, when Stephen T. Logan was judge, "adjourned to meet at 6 o'clock to-morrow morning." THE LAST OF POOR OLD NIC. MILLER. During the years 1840 and '41 we find a remarkable increase in the number and amount of bills allowed for keeping paupers. Throughout the record during these two years are bills upon bills of this nature. The increase seemed surprising to the Commissioners themselves, and they made particular inquiry into the status of aifairs before granting the bills. It seems the county was imposed upf)n in several instances by the unnatural actions of those who preferred that their relations should be kept at the county's expense rather than their own. One Jane Morrill it was found had a hus- band living able to provide for her. Poor old Nic. Miller, the ancient pauper, was still on hand, but his bill these years was curtailed to nearly one-half. Year after year the customary bill for his support was handed in, until through familiarity the name of "Nic. Miller" became a by-Avord. We 254 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. doubt not that when the old veteran died, and no more bills for his care were presented to the Court, the generous, kind-hearted Commissioners dropped a tear, felt a pang of sorrow steal through the tender cords of their heart, and softly muttered, " Poor old Nic. Miller is no more !" Death, the poor man's best friend, called the old gentleman away during the year 1845. The poor old man who had been refused bread by his own son, and who had been buffeted about by many adverse winds, now returned to trouble them no more. It appears that many of the paupers duringjth§ two years above referred to rightly belonged to McLean ci)unty, for we find the Court held a special session in June, 1841, to take some action in regard to the exodus of paupers from that county into this. CENSUS OF 1846. The census of 1846 is the first spread upon the records. We find every few years census-takers were appointed, but the enumeration was never recorded in the Court records. Why they were thus omitted we know not. We give the enumeration for 1846 : Washington precinct, _____ 1,987 Tremont " _____ 1,967 Pekin «__--_- 2,354 Union " - - - - - - 771 Delevan «______ 508 Mackinaw «_____- 1,136 Sugar Creek «------ 384 Total population of the county - - 9,107 LAST LABORS OF THE COURT. In September, 1847, the Commissioners bought land for a poor- farm for which they gave $965.25. The laud is located near the present county farm in Elm Grove township. William Woodrow was given the contract for erecting a house on this farm, but the fol- lowing Commissioners annulled the contract and re-let it to John Brown. In December, 1848, the Clerk was ordered to advertise for bids for building a jail, costing $3,500, but in the early part of 1849 all proceedings looking toward a new jail were postponed. No doubt this was owing to the agitation of the removal of the county- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 255 seat to Pekin, for on the records we read, in speaking of the post- ponement, " Circumstances having recently transpired rendering the letting of said jail impolitic. " At the April term, 1849, the usual large number of orders were granted, — among them one to Abraham Lincoln for $10, being his fees as the county's attorney in the case of the County vs. Dehority. Wednesday, Nov. 7, 1849, the last meeting of the County Com- missioners' Court was held. After transacting such business as properly came before them, the Commissioners adjourned never to re-assemble, and so passed away the time-honored and economical system of county management by a trio of commissioners. 17 CHAPTER III. BLACK HAWK WAR. BLACK HA"\VK CROSSES THE MISSISSIPPI. IN 1831, Black Hawk and his band had crossed to their old homes on Eock river, but had negotiated a treaty and returned to the west side of the Mississippi, promising never to return. But on April 6th, 1832, he again crossed the Mississippi Avith his entire band. It was not on a war raid that brought him over in 1832^ but as there are diversity of opinions in regard to his motives we will briefly give a few of those of most credibility. It is claimed that he was invited by the Prophet to a tract of land about forty miles up Rock river. Others say he crossed with no hostile inten- tions but to accept an invitation of a friendly chief, Pit-ta-wak, to spend the summer with him. Still others who agree that he did not come to fight, sav when he retired to the west side of the Mississippi the previous year he received a large quantity of corn and other provision, but in the spring his provisions were gone, his followers were starving and he came back expecting to negotiate another treaty and get a new supply of provisions. There is still another explanation that may enable the reader to harmonize the preceding statements and to understand why Black Hawk returned in 1832, It is well known that in nearly all the treaties ever made with the Indians, the Indian traders dictated the terms for their allies and customers, and, of course, received a large share of the annuities, etc., in payment for debts due to them. Each tribe had certain traders who supplied them. George Davenport had a trading post at Fort Armstrong. His customers were largely the Sacs and Foxes and he was held in high esteem by them; in fact, his word was hnv. It is said that Black Hawk's band became indebted to him for a large amount and were unable to pay. They did not have good luck hunting during the winter and he was likely to lose heavily. If Black Hawk, therefore, could be induced to come to this side of the river again and the HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COrNTY. 257 people so greatly alarmed that a military force would be sent in pursuit of him another treaty could be made ; he might assist in making terms and get his pay out of the payments the Govern- ment would make, and all would be well. Mr. Amos Farrar, who was Davenport's partner for some years, and who died in Galena during the war, is said to have declared while on his death-bed, that the " Indians were not to be blamed, that if they had been let alone there would have been no trouble — that the band was owing Mr. Davenport and he M'anted to get his pay and would, if another treaty had been made. " Although Black Hawk's movement across the Mississippi was at once construed as a hostile demonstration, and Davenport skillfully cultivated the idea, he was accompanied by his old men, women and children. No Indian Avarrior ever went on the war-path incum- bered in that way. More than this, it does not appear, from the 6th of April until the battle of Stillman's Run on the 12th of May, that a single settler was murdered, or suffered any material injury at the hands of Black Hawk or his band. In truth, Hon. H. S. Townsend, of Warren, Jo Daviess county, states that in one instance, at least, when they took corn from a settler they paid him for it. Capt. W. B. Green, of Chicago, writes : " I never heard of Black Hawk's band, while passing up Rock river, committing any depredations whatever, not even petty theft." Frederick Stahl, Esq., of Galena, states that he was informed by the veteran John Dixon that " when Black Hawk's band passed his post, before the arrival of the troops, they were at his house. Ne-o-pope had the young braves well in hand, and informed him that they intended to commit no depredations, and should not fight unless they were attacked. " W. S. Rankin, of Pekin, who was in the northern part of the State at the breaking out of the war, and par- ticipated in it, says he has no idea that Black Hawk Avould have molested the whites had the military not attacked them ; that his coming was purely peaceable. We do not wish to uphold Black Hawk in the depredations he committed upon the whites. We do, however, desire to record events impartially. We believe Black Hawk's motives were greatly misunderstood, and it is due him and due to posterity to record the facts of this war as nearly impartial as it is in our power to do. Whatever his motives might have been, it is the unanimous testimony of the survivors now residing on the old battle-fields of 258 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. that day, that except the violation of treaty stipulations and an arrogance of manner natural to the Indian who wanted to make a new trade with the " Great Father, " the Sacs and Foxes at first committed no serious acts of hostility, and intended none, until the alternative of war or extermination was presented to them by the whites. FORTS BUILT. In the meantime the settlers all along the frontier had been making active preparations to defend themselves. Forts and stockades were built in every settlement. At Pekin, around the court-house, or the Snell school-house, in June, a picket fort was built. This was called Fort Doolittle. A singular oversight in the construction of this stockade, and one that caused a great deal of merriment when the danger was over was, that Fort Doolittle was so constructed that in case of a siege the occupants would have been entirely destitute of water. A fort or rather a palisade was constructed around Perkins' mill, near Circleville. A fort was also constructed at Washington. Happily, however, none of these were ever besieged by the Indians. Often the settlers would receive a big scare and they would all seek protection yet no depredations were committed here. TROOPS RAISED. No sooner had volunteers been called for than recruiting began in Tazewell county. Capt. Adams began to muster his men at Pekin and ere long was oiF to the seat of war with a company. Capt. Adams was in command with Lieutenants B. Briggs and Alexander McNaughton, and J. M. Roberts, musician. They were accompanied by Col. Daniel Bailey and Major Isaac Perkins. Col. Bailey induced men to go that the full quota might be raised, which was 75, by promising those who had no horses to press into service horses for them. One volunteer after being out a few days began to grow timid, and soon became so badly scared at the prospects of meeting the Indians that he went to Capt. Adams and told him he must go home as he was so badly frightened that he could do nothing but run if they got ii^to a battle. The Captain told him he was glad he had thus informed him, for if they had got into a fight he might have stampeded all his men. He got permission to go home. He had a good horse and there was a volunteer who HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 259 had none, so the soldiers took his horse from him and gave it to the other man, and sent the timid ranger home afoot, and it is said the way he come was a caution. He came nearly running himself to death, coming almost all the way back .to Tazewell county on the run. They soon joined companies from McLean, Peoria and Fulton counties. There was a question now who should have command of these battalions, Col. Bailey or Major kStillman. Col. Bailey claimed it on the ground of seniority, but as they were old friends this contention did not last long. It was agreed that both should command, take turn about. On reaching Dixon Gen. Gaines found them both jolly good fellows, and the men all liked them, so decided that they should hold equal rank and both command. Col. Bailey lived at Pekin and died several years ago in that city. Major Isaiah Stillman, afterwards pi'omoted to General, died at Kingston, Peoria county, Monday, April 15th, 1861, in about the 67th year of his age. He was one of the early settlers of the State and for a number of years resided in this county. We have made the greatest endeavor to get the names of Tazewell county volunteers but have failed. We have made inquiries from everybody who was supposed to know and even made a trip to Springfield, thinking to find them on the records in the Adjutant-General's office, but all in vain. stillman's defeat. Dixon was the point where the regular and volunteer troops were to meet. Major Stillman with his men reached Dixon, May 10th. The steady, careful movements of the regulars made the volunteers very impatient, and the latter were also exceedingly anxious to ob- tain the laurels to be won. The men under command of Major Stillman were particularly anxious to "ketch the Indians" before the latter could get away. They said the regulars would come crawling along stuffing themselves with beef, and the Indians would never be "ketched." The officers yielded to the impatience and jealousy of the men and requested Governor Reynolds to let them go out and reconnoitre the country and find the Indians. Captain Eads, from Peoria, insisted very strongly that they should be allowed to go. The other captains all volunteered for they did not wish to be termed cowards. The question Avith them was not whether the matter was prudent and necessary, but whether they dared to go. 260 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Major Stillman consented to go against his better judgment. He asked Mr. John Dixon's opinion, and the latter told him very de- cidedly that the business of " ketching the Indians " would prove very disastrous for a little force of less than three hundred men. Major Stillman then said that as all of his officers and men were determined to go, he must lead them if it cost him his life. Still- man's force started, and just before night on the 12th of May, 1832, they encamped at White Rock Grove, in the eastern part of Marion township. Ogle county, near what is now called Stillman's creek. He was in close proximity to Black Hawk's encampment, but did not know it. Soon after becoming aware of the immediate presence of an armed force Black Hawk sent a small party of his braves to Stillman's camp with a flag of truce. On their approach they were soon discovered by some of the men, who, without reporting to their commander, and without orders, hastily mounted and dashed down upon the approaching Indians. These not understanding this sudden movement and apparently suspicious, all, save two who claimed to be Pottawatomies, retreated toward the camp of their chief. The whites killed two as they further pursued the retreating Indians. The two Indians who refused to run were brought into camp. They said : " Me good Pottawatomie," but pointed over the hill and said, " Heap of Sac." John W. Caldwell claimed that they were spies from the Sacs and Foxes. Mr. Caldwell and Joseph Landes of Groveland township, J. M. Roberts of Morton and El- more Shumaker of Washington, are the only Black Hawk M^ar soldiers who went from this county now living. W. S. Rankin of Pekin was in the war but he did not enlist from this county, al- though his home was here. The two captured Indians proposed to trade for a gun belonging to David Alexander, of Pekin. While they were poking their fingers into the barrel, some of the men who chased the retreating foe returned and said: "Parade, parade." They declared the Indians were thick over the hill. When Black Hawk and his war chief, Ne-o-pope, saw the volunteers dashing down upon their camp, their flag of truce disregarded, and believing their overtures for peace had been rejected, they raised the terri- ble war-whoop and prepared for the fray. At this juncture the volunteers formed and moved forward. Be- fore going far an Indian prisoner was brought into the camp and sent to the rear. The men moved on and made a halt near a slough. Here the officers went ahead and some kind of a parley was held HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 261 with the Indians. The latter swung a red flag in defiance. Orders were then given to march forward, when Capt. Eads of Peoria came riding back, and said he was not easily fooled, and that there was not less than a thousand Indians coming. The men were then marched back in some confusion across the slough to high ground. There they formed, or tried to form, but were in bad order. The Indians then poured out of the timber, to the front, right and left, and both parties commenced firing. But the whites were in such bad order that those in the rear were in danger of shooting those in front. The Indians came on whooping, yelling and firing, and en- circled around on both sides. Major Stillman ordered his men to mount and retreat and form a line across the creek, and also ordered them to break the line of the Indians on the left. Here was confu- sion, and one veteran says they did not go to the right or to the left but right straight for home. When they arrived at the creek great effort was made by the officers to halt their men and fight. The brave Capt. Adams cried out to his men " Come back, you cowards, and we will whip them." With eight men he made a stand and repulsed a squad of Indians each time, who made eight separate and distinct charges upon them. At last, seeing that with that little force he could do nothing, he told his men they would have to look out for themselves. Elmore Shumaker and Jonathan Haines were with him at this time and soon saw him fall. He sold his life dearly though. He had his horse shot from under him when the re- treat began. He bore a deadly hatred towards the Indians as they had killed many of his relations. Major Perkins was overtaken and killed about a mile and a half from the creek, and his body terribly mangled. The loss at this disastrous engagement fell most heavily upon this county. Of thirteen sturdy pioneers who fell at this, the battle of the Sycamore, nine were from Tazewell county. The main force scampered off to Dixon as fast as they could. David Wright, in speaking of the hardships incident to this retreat would often say, he " was three days and nights in the howling wil- derness with nothing to eat and nothing to cook it in." HORRIBLE MASSACRE. After the fatal engagement which has since been known as " Stillman's defeat " or " Stillman's run," the Indians began to com- mit great depredations upon the whites. Among other fiendish and murderous raids was one made upon a little settlement on Indian 262 HISTOKY OF TAZEWELL. COUNTY. creek. Three families by the names of Davis, Hall and Pettigrew lived there. The Indians appeared in the day-time and massacred them in cold blood, taking a savage delight in their infernal deeds. Some of the inmates were immediately shot down, olhers were pierced through with spears or dispatched with the tomahawk. The Indians afterwards related with an infernal glee, how the women had squeaked like geese when they were run through the body with spears, or felt the tomahawk entering their heads. All the victims were carefully scalped; the children were chopped to pieces with axes; and the women were tied up by the heels to the walls of the house. There were two young ladies, daughters of Mr. Hall who formerly lived in this county, who tried to conceal themselves by crawling into bed. They were discovered by two young braves who determined to have them for wives. Their names were Rachel and Silvia Hall, aged fifteen and seventeen. They were hurried by forced marches beyond pursuit. After a long and fatiguing journey with their captors, through a wilderness country, with but little to eat, and being sub- jected to a variety of fortune, they were at last rescued, $2,000 being given as a ransom. It is said that the Indians exacted by far the largest ransom for the elder sister, as she was more quiet and gave less trouble, but they let the younger sister go pretty cheap, as she was so saucy and impudent that she made her captors much trouble. The women are still living and have relations in this county. Mrs. Ellen Studyvin, of Dillon township, whose husband was in the Black Hawk war, tells us she very distinctly remembers this massacre. Many of the troops as they were passing stopped at her house for water. The Misses Hall just after their release took dinner with her. They related very fully all the details of the horrible murder of their father, mother and little sister, and their neighbors. They said they could see the scalp of their little sister every day in the wigwam. Each of these young ladies were given a section of land, after their rescue from the Indians, by the United States. W. S. Rankin, of Pekin, who was in the Black Hawk war, was well ac- quainted with the two Indians that found these girls and took them from their captors. They were White Crow and Little Priest, Win- nebagoes ; both smart, well-behaved Indians. The former had great love for Mr. Rankin, who lived at the Galena lead mines before the war. White Crow heard that he had been killed and mourned greatly, but when he saw him unharmed he threw his arms around him and came near hugging him to death for joy. i HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 263 The war went on resulting in the defeat of the Indians and the capture of their leader. The rangers came home and were dismiss- ed from service. They received therefor the remunerative sura of 86 cents per day for self and horse. Afterwards the General Gov- renment was kind enough to give each participant 80 acres of land. "old mike" and THE RACE FROM THE INDIANS. Joseph Landes, of Groveland township, who was in the Black Hawk war, participated in the engagement at Old Man's Creek, or since known as Stillman's creek, and the battle is known as Still- man's defeat. Mr. Landes said they made the Indians run at this battle, but the whites led them in the race towards Dixon, most of their company making the best time. The horse Mr. Landes rode never forgot this race and the firing in the rear. Always afterward when "hog-killing" time came and the first hog was shot, "Old Mike" would start oif as though another race with the Indians was to be had. Mr. Landes' boys often joke their father about making the Indians run. The war did not .extend to this county, but a man by the name of Johnson was greatly frightened and fortified his house. He was easily scared, and one of his neighbors who was fond of a good joke told him one day that the Indians were coming. Johnson ran to his cabin, bolted the door and stood ready with his gun for any emergency, and not a hostile Indian withing fifty miles of him. SHAUBENA. We cannot close this sketch until we speak of that true and generous hearted chief, Shaubena, and the part he took in the con- flict. At the time the war broke out he, with his band of Pottawat- omies, had their wigwams and camps on the Illinois within the pres- ent limits of the city of Pekin. Shaubena was a friend of the white man, and living in this county during those perilous times, and- known by so many of the early settlers, that we think he deserves more than a passing mention. Although not so conspicuous as Tecumseh or Black Hawk, yet in point of merit he was superior to either of them. Shaubena was born at an Indian village on the Kankakee river, now in \Yill county, about the year 1775. While young he was made chief of the band, and went to Shaubena Grove (now in De Kalb county), where they were found in the early set- tlement of that section. In the war of 1812 Shaubena, with his 264 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. warriors, joined Tecuraseh, was aid to that great chief, and stood by his side when he fell at the battle of the Thames. At the time of the Winnebago war, in 1827, he visited almost everj" village among the Pottawatomies, and by his persuasive arguments prevented them from taking part in the war. By request of the citizens of Chicago, Shaubcna, accompanied by Billy Caldwell (Sauganash), visited Big Foot's village at Geneva Lake, in order to pacify the warriors, as fears were entertained that they were about to raise the tomahawk against the whites. Here Shaubena was taken prisoner by Big Foot, and his life threatened, but on the following day was set at liberty. From that time the Indians (through reproach) styled him the "white man's friend," and many times his life was endangered. Before the Black Hawk war Shaubena met with his men in coun- cil at two different times, and by his influence prevented his people from taking part with the Sacs and Foxes. After the death of Black Partridge and Senachwine, no chief among the Pottawatomies exert- ed so much influence as Shaubena. Black Hawk, aware of this influence, visited him at two difl^erent times, in order to enlist him in his cause, but was unsuccessful. On one, of these occasions when Black Hawk was trying to induce him and his band to join them and together make war upon the whites, when with their forces combined they would be an army that would outnumber the trees in the forest, Shaubena wisely replied " Aye ; but the army of the palefaces would outnumber the leaves upon the trees in the forest," While Black Hawk was a prisoner at Jeiferson Barracks he said, had it not been for Shaubena the whole Pottawatomie nation would have joined his standard, and he could have continued the war for years. To Shaubena many of the early settlers of this county owe the preservation of their lives, for he was ever on the alert to save the whites. Shaubena, by saving the lives of the whites endangered his own, for the Sacs and Foxes threatened to kill him, and made two attempts to execute their threats. They killed Pypeogee, his son, and Pyps, his nephew, and hunted him down as though he was a wild beast. Shaubena had a reservation of two sections of land at his grove, but by leaving it and going west for a short time the Government declared the reservation forfeited, and sold it the same as other vacant land. Shaubena finding on his return his possessions gone. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 265 was very sad and broken down in spirit, and left the grove for ever. The citizens of Ottawa raised money and bought him a tract of land on the Illinois river above Seneca, in Grundy county, on which they built a house and supplied him with means to live on. He lived here until his death, which occurred on the 17th of July, 1859, in the 84th year of his age. He was buried with great pomp in the cemetery at Morris. His squaw Pokanoka was drowned in Mazen creek, Grundy county, on the 30th of November, 1864, and was buried by his side. In 1861 subscriptions were taken up in many of the river towns to erect a monument over the remains of Shaubena, but, the war breaking out, the enterprise was aban- doned. Only a plain marble slab marks the resting-place of this friend of the white man. POTT AW ATOMIES. The Pottawatomies who lived here were afterwards given a reser- vation thirty miles square near Topeka, Kansas, where many of the same families who lived here are living and tilling the soil. J. C. Thompson and his brother William, who lived in Tazewell county and were accounted fine, bright young men, went among these In- dians in 1854, and each of them married a squaw. J. C. died there three years ago, and in 1878, while Mr. W. S. Rankin was in Kan- sas, he saw William who still had his Indian wife. CHIEF WALKER AND HIS DAUGHTER. Mr. Joshua Wagenseller tells us an amusing story connected with the Indians who camped on Dillon creek. An Indian, familiar to many of the early settlers, by name of Chief Walker, often came to Pekin. On one occasion he offered a barrel full of dollars to any young white man who would marry his daughter. Six young men, from Pekin, thought they would go out and see the young Indian and perchance could strike a bargain with Chief Walker, A barrel of Nsilver dollars was an inducement to take most anything in the shape of a woman for a wife. The boys all posted off to Chief Walker's wigwam. On arriving the old chief met them and led them into his cabin to see the daughter. The boys filed in, took seats around the room and saw the object of their visit sitting silently therein. The boys sat and gazed upon the maiden for a few moments, not a word was spoken, supreme silence reigned. The situation began to grow more embarrassing, the boys looked at one 266 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. another, at the Chief and then at the girl. Soon one of them sneaked out, another followed, and one by one they all slipped away, leaving the Chief and his loved daughter alone. Each one of the wife hunters told the others, " any of you can have her and the dol- lars, I don't want her." So Chief Walker failed to marry oif his daughter, and none of the boys got the proffered barrel of dollars. CHAPTER IV. GEOLOGY. TAZEWELL county comprises an area of about six hundred and thirty-five square miles, and is bounded on the north by Woodford county, on the east by McLean and Woodford, on the south by Logan and Mason, and on the west by the Illinois river. SURFACE GEOLOGY. The surface of the country, over a large portion of this county, is a high, undulating prairie, with here and there groves and belts of timber. The soil is generally a rich brown mold, varying some- what in different localities, in the proportion of clay, etc., which it contains, some portions being more argillaceous than others. In the timber, however, which occupies not more than one-fifth of the entire surface, and in the broken country along the Illinois river, the soil is of a somewhat different character, the lighter colored and more argillaceous subsoil appearing at or near the surface. The principal streams which drain this county are the Illinois and Mackinaw rivers. Along the Illinois river we find, in some places rather extensive sandy tracts of river formation, and the bald bluffs of the Loess, are in some localities conspicuous features in the general landscape. The principal kind of timber found in the upland wooded tracts of this county are, the several varieties of oak and hickory, black walnut, butternut, maple, bass-wood, red-bud, sassafras, etc. On the river bottoms, and in low damp lands generally, the sycamore, buckeye, black ash, elm, etc., are abundant. The sandy ridges are generally covered with a growth of scrubby oak, and black jack, with a thin admixture of other species. The geological formation appearing at the surface in this county, consists almost entirely of the Drift, and later formations, the older rocks outcropping only at a comparitively few localities. The underlying rocks, however, as far as can be ascertained from these outcrops, consists entirely of the Coal Measure series. 268 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. In the western portion of the county, in the ravines and broken country along the Illinois river, we observe, in a number of places at the base of the Drift, a bed of cemented gravel or conglomerate, showing sometimes an irregular stratification, similar to that of beach deposits. A ledge of this material 9 or 10 feet thick may be seen in the north-western quarter of section 7, Groveland township, up one of the side ravines which comes down through the Illinois river bluffs, a little south of Wesley City, and other similar ledges appear in various places in the vicinity of Fond du Lac and also on the Mackinaw in the eastern part of the county. Another similar bed of cemented gravel, of, however, a comparatively insignificant thickness, may be seen about half way up the face of the bluff at the steamboat landing in the city of Pekin, where it does not appear to be more than a few inches thick. COAL MEASURES. All the stratified rocks which outcrop within the limits of this county, as before stated, belong to the coal measures, and the actual exposures are confined, for the most part, to a thickness of about 60 or 80 feet of the middle portion of the formation. In the whole county there is but one boring which affords an artificial section of the beds down to the base of this formation. This one is that made by Voris & Co. on the bottom lands of the Illinois river directly opposite the city of Peoria. The first bed of the coal measures which is met with in the boring is about 40 feet below the lower coal seam, which is worked in this section, No. 4 of the Illinois river section as given by Prof. Worthcn. The following is a sec- tion of the first 459 feet of the boring. Below that depth the records kept by Messrs. Voris & Co. were not completed as to the thickness and material of all the different beds : Feet. 1. Alluvial soil of river bottom, - - - 4 2. Sand, ------- 4 3. Gravel (boulder drift), - - - - 20 4. Clav shale, ------ 59 5. Bituminous slate, ----- 3 6. Fire clay, ------ 15 7. Clay shale, - - - - - - 15 120 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 269 8. Coal, -_---- - 4 9. Clay shale, ----- - 34 10. Sandy and argill shale (very hard). - 34 11. Sandstone, _ - - - - - 4 12. Nodular argill, limestone, - - - - 6 13. Compact, fine-grined sandstone, - 5 14. Hard, dark blue, sandy shale. - 25 15. Coal, ------ - 3 16. Sandy and argill shale, - - - - 25 17. Bituminous shale, with bands of limestone. 57 18. " Cherty rock," _ - - - - 44 19. Hard, silicious rock, mainly chert, - - 33 20. Fine-grained sandstone, - - - - 65 235 459 As nearly as the limits of the formation can be made out from this section it may be referred to the coal measure. The greatest depth reached in boring was 774 feet, and the lowest rock was a gray, porous limestone, the fragments of which, brought up by the instruments, were exactly similar in appearance to some of the upper limestones of the Niagara group, exposed in the northern part of the State, with which formation this bed may doubtless be properly identified. Passing up a small branch which comes down through the bluffs from the southward, just back of the village of Fond du Lac, we observe a striking exposure, of about 25 feet of verticle thickness, of concretionary sandstone, sandy shale and soft sand rock. The more shaly beds contain numerous ironstone concretions, and the more massive portions, indistinct vegetable impressions, but no other fossils. Along the Illinois river bluffs, between Fond du Lac and Wesley City, there are several points where coal is now or has been worked. In the vicinity of Pekin there are but few natural expo- sures of the underlying rocks, but the lower coal is mined at several points in the neighborhood of the city. At Mr. Hawley's place, about 5 miles southeast of Pekin, a shaft was sunk which passed through both the upper and lower coals, affording a section of the intermediate beds, which, as reported to us, was as follows : 270 HISTORY OF TAZEWEKL COUNTY. Feet. 1. Argillaceous shale, _____ 4 2. Light-colored limestone, - _ _ _ - 2 ' 3. Coal, -------- 4 4. Fine clay, - -.- - - __8 5. Sandstone, -------50 6. Bluish-black slate, ------ 4 7. Coal, ________ 4 8. Fire claj^, - - -.- - - -8 In the central and eastern portions of the county there are a few localities where borings, etc., have been made, but satisfactory records, in all cases, could not be obtained in regard to the varia- tions in the strata. - At Ropp's mills, near the centre of the north line of section 20, Elm Grove township, a shaft was sunk to the depth of 85 feet, and, as it was reported to us, struck limestone at that depth. The shaft, however, was abandoned before completion, on account of keeping it free from water. At Delavan, in the southeastern part of the county, a boring was made which was re- ported to have passed through 60 feet of sandstone, and below that, 75 feet more of arenaceous and argillaceous shales. No coal was reported in this boring. We find by the boring opposite Peoria, by Voris & Co., two seams of coal at the depths of 120 and 230 feet, and respectively 4 and 3 feet in thickness, which are most probably the equivalents of Nos. 1 and 3 of the general sections referred to. Although we have no positive data as to the existence of these or other beds under the coal No. 4 in other portions of the county, yet, from their existence at this point, and from our general knowledge of the coal measure in this portion of the State, it seems quite probable that these seams of coal might be found at the proper depth in other portions of this and adjoining counties. A boring of from 200 to 250 feet below the known horizon of No. 4, or from 500 to 700 feet below the sur- face in different parts of the State, would probably penetrate all the coal measures, and settle all the questions in regard to the existence and development of the underlying coal seams. BUILDING MATERIALS. This county is not abundantly supplied with building stone; Along the Illinois river, however, the sandstones of the Coal Measures have been quarried to some extent to supply local demand. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 271 and in some localities appear to afford a stone suitable for founda- tion, cellar walls, etc. The limestone beds which also occur in the Coal Measure strata in this region, though generally of inconsider- able thickness, may also furnish a limited supply for the same purpose, as well as for the manufacture of lime. Dimension stone etc. when used in this county are brought from beyond its limits, in great measure from the quarries at Joliet. Clay and loam suitable for the manufacture of a fair quality of red brick, are found here and have been made use of in all the different towns in the limits of the county. Sand for building purposes is also sufficiently abundant. MINEEAL SPRINGS. . We may properly mention again under this head, the artesion well sunk by Messrs. Voris & Co. on the edge of the bottom land along the Illinois river opposite Peoria, in which a current of water, holding in solution sulphuretted hydrogen, was struck at a depth of 734 feet. When struck it was stated to have had a head of 60 or 70 feet, and the flow is said to be nearly as strong at the pres- ent time. This water appears to be derived from the upper portion of the Niagara group, but before the boring had reached its present depth a strong current of saline water was met with, at a distance from the surface of 317 feet. Copperas and saline springs occur in various places in the county, and occasionally give names to some of the minor streams. Such names as Salt creek, and Lick creek, occur here, as in other por- tions of the State. These springs, however, are few in number, and can hardly be considered of any economic value. 18 CHAPTER Y. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY. QUADRUPEDS. MANY of the various species of animals that roamed the native prairies of Tazewell county, or made their homes in the wild forests within its borders, and lived undisturbed and free from the haunt of the hound or the crack of the hunter's rifle, are gone from this section forever. Not even a specimen is preserved in taxidermy. The buffalo which grazed upon the verdant prairies has been driven westward. With or before it went the beaver, elk, badger, panther, black wolf and black bear. Some animals that were quite numerous have become very rare, such as the gray fox, the catamount, otter, lynx, and the beautiful Virginia deer. There still remain many of the different species, mostly inhabiting the country adjacent to the Illinois river and a few of the other larger streams. These are, however, fast disappearing, and ere long will be known only in history, as are the deer, the beaver, and the bison. Among those still to be found here are the gray wolf, which is numerous in some parts, the opossum, raccoon, mink, muskrat, the common weasel, the small brown weasel, skunk, woodchuck, or Maryland marmot, prairie mole, common shrew mole, meadow and deer mouse, and the gray rabbit. Of squirrels there are the gray timber squirrel, the fox, chipmunk, the large, gray prairie squirrel, the striped and the spotted prairie squirrel, and the beautiful flying squirrel. The dark brown and the reddish bat are common. Other small animals have been found here which have strayed from other localities. BIRDS. Of the 5,000 existing species of birds many have sojourned in this county, some temporarily, and others for a considerable time. Many migratory species come only at long intervals, and therefore but little is known of them. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 273 There is not a more fascinating study than that aiforcled by our feathered friends. Their free movements through seemingly bound- less space, the joyous songs of many, and the characteristic tones of all, their brilliant colors, their lively manners, and their wonderful instincts, have from earliest ages made a strong impression on the minds of men, and in the infancy of intellect gave rise to many pecu- liar and mysterious associations. Hence the flight of birds was made the foundation of a peculiar art of divination. Religion bor- rowed many symbols from them and poetry many of its ornaments. Birds avail themselves of their powers of wing to seek situations adapted for them in respect to temperature and supply of food. The arrival of summer birds is always a welcome sign of advancing spring, and is associated with all that is cheerful and delightful. Some birds come almost at the same date annually ; others are more influenced by the character of the season, as mild or severe. The following list is as nearly correct as can be compiled from the available information upon the subject : Perchers. — This order of birds is by far the most numerous, and includes nearly all those which are attractive either in plumage or in song. The ruby-throated humming-bird, with -its exquisite plumage and almost ethereal existence, is at the head of the list. This is the humming-bird which is always the delight of the children, and is the only one found in Illinois. The chimney swallow, easily known from other swallows by its very long wings and forked tail, and which is a true swift, is quite numerous. Of the whippoorwill family there are two representatives, — the whippoorwill proper, whose note enlivens the forest at night, and the night-hawk. The belted king-fisher, so well known to the school boy, is the only member of its family in this region. At the head of the fly-catchers is the king-bird, the crested fly-catcher and the wood pewee. Of the sub-order of singers there are the following : The robin, the wood thrush, Wilson's thrush, the blue-bird, the ruby-crowned and the golden-crested wren, tit-lark, the black and the white creeper, blue yellow-backed warbler, yellow-breasted chat, worm- eating warbler, blue-winged yellow warbler, Tennessee warbler, and golden-crowned thrush. Shrike family. — This family is represented by the great northern shrike, red-eyed fly-catcher, white-eyed fly-catcher, the blue-headed and the yellow-throated fly-catcher. Swallow family. — This family of birds are very 274 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL CXDUNTY. numerous in Tazewell county. Among them are the barn swallow, white-bellied swallow, bank swallow, clifF swallow, and purple martin. Wax-wing family. — The cedar bird is the representative of the wax-wing in America. Mocking-bird family. — The genera of this family are the cat-bird, brown thrush, the house and winter wren. Finch and Sparrow family. — The snow bunting and Smith's bunting appear only in winter. The purple finch, the yellow bird and the lark finch inhabit this county. Of the passerine genus of this family are the Savannah sparrow, the field and the chipping sparrow, the black snow-bird, the tree sparrow, the song sparrow, the swamp and the fox-colored sparrow, the black-throated bunting, the rose-breasted gros-beak and the ground robin. Titmome family — are represented by the chickadee and the tufled titmouse. Creep- er family. — There are two specimens of this family, — the white- bellied nut-hatch and the American creeper. Skylark family. — This melodious family is represented here by only the common skvlark of the prairie. Black-bird family. — The rusty blackbird, the crow blackbird, the cow-bird, the red-winged blackbird, the meadow lark, the orchard and the Baltimore orioles of this family, are the most beautiful and brilliant of birds that inhabit this region. Crow family. — The blue-jay and the common crow comprise the species of this family. Birds of Prey. — This order of birds comprises all those, with few exceptions, which pursue and capture birds and other animals for food. They are mostly of large size, the females are larger than the males, they live in pairs, and choose their mates for life. Most rap- torial birds have disappeared. Among them are the golden eagle, which was always rare but now no longer seen here ; the bald eagle, or properly the white-headed eagle, once quite common, now scarce. Some well preserved specimens of this genus are in the county. This eagle enjoys the honor of standing as our national emblem. Benjamin Franklin lamented the selection of this bird as emblemati- cal of the Union, for its great cowardice. It has the ability of ascend- ing in circular sweeps without any apparent motion of the wings or the tail, and it often rises in this manner until it disappears from view ; when at an immense height, and as if observing an object on the ground, it sometimes closes its wings, and glides toward the earth with such velocity that the eye can scarcely follow it, causing a loud rustling sound like a violent gust of wind among the branches of the forest. The Hawk family are eight or nine species, some but HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 275 seldom seen, others common. The turkey-buzzard has almost, if not quite, disappeared. Of the owl genera are several species, though all are but seldom seen because of their nocturnal habits. Among them are the barn owl, the screech owl, the long and the short-eared owl, the barred owl, and the snowy owl, the latter being the rarest. Climbers. — But few of this order remain in the county, the most common of which are the woodpeckers. Of the various kinds are the golden-winged, the pileated, the hairy, the downy, the yellow- bellied, red-bellied and the red-headed. At an early day the Car- olina parrot was often seen, but he has now entirely deserted this section. The yellow and black-billed cuckoos are occasionally seen. Scratchers. — This order contains but few genera in this county. The wild turkey, the choicest of game, has almost entirely disap- peared, and was the only one of its family that ever sojourned here. In an early day they were in abundance. Grouse family. — The chiefest among this family is the prairie chicken, which, if not care- fully protected, must ere long follow the wild turkey, never to re- turn. The ruffied grouse, wrongfully called " pheasant," has of late made its appearance. It is quite fond of cultivated fields, and, if properly protected and encouraged until it becomes fairly settled, will make a fine addition to the game, and fill the place of the prairie chicken. Partridge family. — The fate of that excellent bird, the quail, is only a question of a short time. The Dove family. — The wild pigeons continue to make their semi-annual visits, but not in such vast numbers as years ago. Acres of forest were so often filled at night with these birds that the breaking of boughs and the flying of pigeons made a noise that could be heard for miles, and the shot of a sportsman's gun could not be heard at a distance of ten feet. Highly interesting is the description by Audubon of the enormous flights which he observed on the Ohio in the fall of 1813; they obscured the daylight and lasted three days without interruption. According to a very moderate estimate of his, each flight contained the stupendous number of one billion, one hundred and fifteen thousand million, one hundred and thirty-six thousand pigeons. These flights caused a general commotion among the entire rural population. Desirous of booty and anxious lest their crops should be spoiled, the farmers, arming themselves with rifles, clubs, poles, torches and iron pots filled with sulphur, proceed to the resting-places of the birds. The work of slaughter being accomplished, every- 276 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. body sat down among mountains of dead pigeons, plucking and salt- ing the birds which they selected, abandoning the rest to the foxes, wolves, raccoons, opossums and hogs, whole herds of which were driven to the battle field. The plaintive notes of the Carolina dove, commonly known as the turtle-dove, are still heard. Swimmers. — This order of birds, which formerly frequented this county in large numbers, have almost disappeared. They are mi- gratory, and in their usual season would appear coming from the north or south, as winter passes into summer or summer into winter. Diver family. — The great northern diver or loon, sometimes visits this section, but inhabits the frigid zone. Gull family. — Of this family are Wilson's tern and the silvery gull. Pelican family, — The rough-billed pelican was the only genus of this family that ever stopped in Tazewell county, and it has now altogether ceased to make its visits here. Cormorant family. — The double-crested cor- morant, or sea raven, has been seen here. Duck family. — This family of migratory birds visited the ponds and streams of this county in large numbers before it became so thickly settled, both on their northern and southern passage, but now mostly confine themselves to the Illinois, where large numbers are found. This family furnishes most game for sportsmen and for the table. There are the wood duck, the big black-headed duck, the ring-necked duck, the red- head, the canvas-back, the dipper, the sheldrake or goosander, the fish duck, the red-breasted, and the hooded merganser, the mallard and the pintail, the green-winged and the blue-winged teal, the spoonbill and the gadwall, the baldpate, the American swan, the trumpeter swan and the white-fronted goose. Waders. — Probably less is known of this order of birds than of any other, because of their slyness and solitary habits. They fre- quented the marshes, but cultivation has drained their favorite haunts. Crane family. — The whooping crane, always rare, is now never seen. The sandhill cranes stop on their journeys north and south. Heron family. — The great blue heron or crane, least bittern, the green heron, night heron and the American bittern, compose those of this family visiting this region. Ibis family. — The glossy ibis has been seen here. Plover family. — The golden plover, the killdeer and the king plover comprise this family known here. Phalarope family. — The Wilson's and the red phalarope have fre- quented the swamps of this county. Snipe family. — Various birds of this family have been common in and around the swamps of this HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 277 county. Among them were Wilson's snipe, gray or red-breasted snipe, the least and the semi-palmated sandpiper, the willett, the tell-tale, the yellow-leg, the solitary sandpiper, the spotted sand- piper, the field plover, long-billed curlew, the common rail, the clapper rail or mud hen, and the coot. Reptiles. — All of the species of this class that ever inhabited this region are still to be found here except the poisonous snakes. The rattlesnake, of the genus crotalus, is of a yellowish brown color, and has a series of horny joints at the end of the tail, which make a rat- tling sound. These were the most venomous of all snakes found here, and were numerous in the early settlement. There are two kinds, the bandy or striped and the prairie rattlesnake, the latter be- ing still occasionally found. The copperhead was always rare. Among the harmless snakes are the water-snake, the garter-snake, the bull-snake, the milk snake, the black-snake, and the blue racer. Many reptiles found here are erroneously called lizards, but are salamanders and other like innocent creatures. Lizards are never found in this county. Among the tortoises or turtles are found the map turtle, the snapping and the soft-shelled turtle. Of the batra- . chian, or naked reptiles, there are a few, and, though loathsome to sight and touch, are harmless. The toad, the bull-frog, the leopard frog, the tree toad, with some tailed batrachia, comprise the most of this order. FISHES. Although fishes are the lowest class of vertebrates, their varied forms and colors, which often rival those of precious stones and burnished gold, the wonderful power and velocity of some, the wholesome food furnished by many, and the exciting sport of their capture, combine to render fishes subjects of great interest to the casual observer, as well as to the amateur and professional naturalist. The number of known species of fishes is about ten thousand. The waters of this county are quite prolific of the finny tribe. The commerce in fish has become quite extensive along the Illinois. Sickle-backed family. — This family furnishes the game fish, and are never caught larger than four pounds in weight. The various genera found here are the black bass, goggle-eye, the croppy, or big black sun-fish, and the two common sun-fish. Pilce family. — There is but one species of this family, the pickerel, which is caught weighing from five to twenty-five pounds. Sucker family. — Of this 278 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. tribe are the buffalo, red-horse, white sucker, two species of black- suckers, mullet ranick. Fish of this family are found in all the streams of the county. They abound wherever there is water. Cat-fish family. — Of this voracious family the channel cat-fish, the mud cat-fish and two species of the small cat-fish inhabit the waters of this county, and are caught ranging in weight from one to thirty pounds. Besides these varieties there are the chub, silver-sides and fresh-water herring, and large numbers of other species denominated minnows, which are found in the smallest spring branches, as well as the larger streams. BOTANY. There are probably over 500 species of plants growing sponta- neously within the bounds of Tazewell county, but we will not attempt to give a complete list of the herbaceous plants, or indeed name any of the mosses, mushrooms, etc. TREES AND SHRUBS. While Nature has not given a great quantity of these, she has furnished a liberal variety. In this respect Tazewell county is in advance of most of the Northern States. No one or two species of tree monopolizes the ground in the forests, as they do in many sections of the United States. Some of the less hardy shrubs, like the wild prairie flowers, are slowly disappearing before the encroach- ments of civilization, yet we shall endeavor to enumerate them all, as well as the trees. Oak Family. — The White Oak is king of the forest trees in this country in respect to grandeur, strength and general utility, and in early day afforded "mast," a first-class feed, for hogs running at large. Those which wintered in the wild woods were often fat enough for market in the spring, although not fed a grain by human hand. The Burr Oak is a fine tree, with a rich and beauti- fully cut foliage. The wood is valuable, and the acorns are sweet. They are buried in deep, mossy cups, whence the tree is also called " overcup oak." The Swamp White Oak is a tall tree and grows in low grounds. The Yellow Chestnut Oak is a tree of medium height and has leaves like those of the chestnut. The Laurel Oak is a very common tree on gentle slopes of ground, having the leaves undivided and somewhat like laural leaves in appearance : whence the name. In the days before the railroads brought pine so plenti- c^^^"^ PROP. BENilS HOUSE <^ HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COTTNTY. 281 fully into this prairie country, the people found this one of the best trees for making shingles : whence it is also called " shingle oak." Barren Oak, or " black jack," is found mostly in sandy barrens. It seldom exceeds 25 feet in height. Leaves, wedge-shaped and three- lobed. Black Oak, or "yellow oak," has the inner bark yellower than the other oaks have, and is valuable for dyeing and tanning. Externally the bark is very rough and almost black. The tree is large and quite common. Red Oak is a tall, handsome tree on northern hill-sides and in shady woods. The acorn cup is flat and saucer-shaped. Swamp Spanish Oak, or " pin oak," is found, but is scarce. The tree is much like red oak, but is not so tall. All the white-barked oaks decay on the outside first, and all the black- barked varieties decay first on the inside. Hence rails made of any of the black oaks have a hard exterior and seem sound long after all the inside is rotten, thus being very deceptive ; but white-oak rails last many years longer in the fence. The up-land black oaks make a hotter fire than any other kind of wood. The Hazel-nut and two species of Iron-wood belong also to the oak family, botani- cally speaking. The iron-wood, which is also called "American hornbeam," "blue beech," and "water beech," is a beautiful tree, but is scarce. The more common species have the seeds of the appearance of hops. Birch Family. — The Red Birch is the only member of this family found in Tazewell county. The outer bark peels itself off horizon- tally around the trunk and limbs, like that of the cherry. Willow Family. — The Prairie Willow is small, and was very com- mon before the white man's plow deprived it of its native home. The Glaucous Willow grows 8 to 10 feet high, and is common. The Black Willow grows 15 to 25 feet high, twigs brittle at the base, bark of the trunk somewhat black, and the leaves pointed at each end. Common. The Long-leaved Willow occurs, growing gener- ally as a small shrub. The Shining Willow, and possibly one or two other species, can be found. To the AVillow Family belong also the Quaking Asp, or Aspen, the Cotton-wood, the Silverleaf Poplar, Lombardy Poplar, and Balm-of-Gilead, all of which grow spontane- ously in this county, although the last three have been introduced by the settlers. Of the Aspen there are two kinds, — The American and the Large-toothed. The poplars and the Balm-of-Gilead have a great tendency to sprout from the roots. The Lombardy poplar does not prosper well in this windy country. It grows too tall. 282 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. Walnut Family. — The Black Walnut is a large, noble and most valuable tree, too well known to need description. It is yet "com- mon " in this county. A few Butternuts, or " white walnut " are also found. The wood is of a lighter color and more brittle than that of black walnut. It is now being used for veneering. Of the Shellbark Hickory there are two kinds, — one with a scaly bark and furnishing most of our hickory-nuts in the market, and the other with a smoother bark and lighter heart-wood, and bearing the largest kind of hickory-nut. The Bitter-nut Hickory is very common. Plane-tree Family. — The only representative in America is the Button-wood, or " Sycamore, " a large, coarse, white-barked tree com- mon in river " bottoms, " but is of little value. Nettle Family. — At the head of this family stands the American or White Elm. Although so common in the forest, it promises to become one of the most popular ornamental or shade trees. The Red Elm (" slippery-elm ") is scarce. Called " red " on account of having red heart-wood, while the white elm has white heart-wood. The Hackberry is a beautiful tree of full forest height, hardy and tough. The Mulberry is very scarce. Rose Family. — The Crab-apple, Wild Plum, Wild Black Cheery and Red Haw (two species) are abundant, — the cherry on high land and the rest along the streams. There are also found the Choke- cherry, Nine-bark (a shrub), Black Raspberry, Blackberry, (and pos- sibly the Dewberry), Chokeberry, two species of wild rose (Early and Dwarf), and a very few June-berry. The Blackberry has been very abundant, but its ground the farmer finds more valuable for corn. The other berries are very scarce. The Dwarf Wild Rose used to ornament the prairies, especially their margins, but there is scarcely any room left now-a-days for the modest little thing by the rough hand of agriculture. Maple Family. — The White Maple, commonly called "soft maple," is by far the most abundant, especially as a shade-tree in the towns and villages ; but is soft and brittle and the limbs are easily broken off by the wind, so that it is now about to be abandoned as a shade or ornamental tree. As an example of the adaptability of the prairie to the growth of timber, we may refer to the fact that the first set- tlers here 30 to 40 years ago planted the common locust ; and after it grew up 20 to 35 feet high the worms and the winds made an un- sightly tree of it, and the white maple (acer dasycarpum) was next resorted to, which has already attained the height of 40 and 50 feet, HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. 283 with top and trunk in due proportion. Box Elder and Sugar Maple (both members of this family) and white elm are now being substi- tuted, thus making the third crop of good sized forest trees raised on the prairies within the short space of civilized life here. The Sugar, or "hard," Maple makes the most beautiful and durable shade-tree, as well as ornamental tree, but it is of slow growth. Indeed duribility and slowness of growth necessarily go together. Box Elder is of a scrubby form, and the least esteemed of the three most popular shade trees. As members of this family there are also the Bladder-nut, a beautiful little bush, and the Buckeye, a a tree of heavy foliage, soft wood, and large, poisonous nuts, and growing only in the river bottoms. Like the currant, it sheds its leaves in August, Custard-Apple Family. — The Pawpaw is abundant along the Illi- nois river. Linden Familu. — Bass-wood evervbodv knows. It is also called "white-wood," " linden," and " lime-tree," and in the Southern States it is known by the name of " lin," from its old European name lind, which gave the family name to the great Linnaeus, the father of botan- ists. Rue Family. — The Prickly Ash used to be a common bush or shrub, but is now fast disappearing. It is characterized by a very rank and pungent odor and taste, is covered with short briers or thorns, and bears a small brown berry. The Hop-tree, or " wafer ash," is a small tree sometimes met with. Cashew Family, or Sumachs. — The Smooth Sumach is by far the most abundant, growing even as weeds upon prairie farms. The Fragrant Sumach and the Poison Ivy are also to be found in Taze- well county. Buck-thorn Family. — Red-root, or New Jersey tea, was abundant in the margin of the uncultivated prairies, but is pretty well des- troyed at the present day. A decoction of its leaves has been em- ployed as a substitute for China tea. Possibly a species of common Buck-thorn may be found in this county. Staff-tree Family. — Burning-bush (" waahoo ") is a beautiful bush, sometimes cultivated for the fine show of odd-shaped crimson ber- ries it displays after the leaves have fallen off. The Climbing Bit- tersweet is also to be found in this county ; but at the most is ex- ingly rare. Pulse Family. — Trees and plants of this family are characterized 284 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. by bearing pods of seeds like beans. The Red-bud is a shrubby kind of tree, and, contrary to waahoo, displays a red top in early spring, before leaves appear on it or any other tree. The color is a beautiful crimson, and is made by the buds and flowers. The Honey Locust is famous for its large thorns and long pods, the inner border of the latter containing a large quantity of a sweet substance which tastes something like honey. A species or variety is said to occur which has but few thorns, if any. A few specimens of the Ken- tucky Coffee-tree grow in this county. The seeds of this tree are of the size of gum-drops, and have a hard, glossy, beautiful shell. A small shrub often called "swamp locust '^ is probably False Indigo. Saxifrage Family. — The Gooseberry, and Wild and Black Currants thrive in this section, though the latter are not abundant. Dogwood Family. — Four species of Dogwood flourish here, the most abundant of which is the Panijcled Cornel, bearing white ber- ries about the size of peas. Honeysuckle Family. — The most "extensive individual" of this family is the common Elder, growing like weeds in gardens and farms. The Yellow Honeysuckle and Sweet Viburnum, or " sheep- berry," are found in this vicinity, but are exceedingly rare. The Black Haw is a common bush, averaging 10 feet in height, and pro- ducing very edible sweet fruit. Madder Family. — The Button-bush flourishes on the borders of ponds and streams. Olive Family. — It would sound more natural to Westerners to call this the Ash family, as the ash is the principal representative here. The White Ash is the most prevalent kind, and is valuable on ac- count of its strength, hardness, durability and freedom from warp- ing, as well as its quality for making a blazing fire. The Blue Ash is about as good. Distinguished from the White by having square twigs. Perhaps two other species of ash can be found in the county, — the Green and the Swamp. Vine Family. — The Winter or Frost Grape is common, and the Summer Grape rare. The Virginia Creeper is also common. HERBACEOUS PLANTS. We will name only about 200 of the most common, growing spon- taneously, and give them, as nearly as we can conveniently estimate, in the order of their abundance, the more common first : HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 285 Grmoing Wild. — Besides several species each of grass, sedge, ferns, aster, golden-rod, wild sunflower, evening primrose, cone-flower, fleabane, cinquefoil, tick trefoil, violet, crowfoot, milk-weed, cress, loosestrife, and beggar's lice, there are the sneeze-weed, wood sorrel, wild bergaraot, strawberry, wild cranesbill, boneset, spring beauty, clear-weed, arrow-head, tick-seed, blue cardinal flower, May apple, self-heal, scouring rush, spider-wort, ginseng, sweet William (two species), meadow parsnip (two or three species), cow-bane, wild onion, louse- wort, vetchling, ditch stone-crop, cardinal flower, milk- vetch, three-seeded mercury, pepper root, wild-mint, spotted touch- me-not, soft rush (and probably one or two other species of rush), rue anemone, liver-leaf, marsh marigold, early meadow rue, blood- root, Indian turnip, mitre-wort, white and purple trilliums, cat-tail flag, cup-plant, everlasting, avens, bell-flower, ox-eye, blue-joint grass, white lettuce, hawk-weed, lobelia (medical), gentian, yellow adder's tongue, harbinger of spring, skull-cap, hare-bell, stone-root, groundsel, catch-fly, false Solomon's seal, Gerardia (two species), dodder, wild senna, wood sage, American pennyroyal, wood nettle, black snake-root, water plantain, rattle-snake master, Dutchman's breeches, button suake-root, Solomon's seal, blue cohosh, Seneca snake-root, bastard toad-flax, arrow-leaved tear-thumb, iron-weed, water star-grass, peppermint, Greek valerian, trumpet-weed, hop, bell-wort, rosin-weed, prairie dock. Growing in Cultivated and Waste Places. — Blue-grass, white clover, dandelion, water smart- weed, hog- weed (" rag- weed"), plantain, door-weed ("goose-grass," two species), sneeze-weed, wire-grass, panic-grass (several species), fox-tail grass, hair-grass ("tickle- grass"), spear-grass, shepherd's purse, green pig- weed, Spanish needle (three species), chick-weed, purslane, common smart- weed. May -weed, goose-foot ("lamb's-quarter"), ground ivy, blue vervain, hedge mustard, yarrow, nightshade, cinquefoil (two species), mild water-pepper, mallow, burdock, white pig-weed (" tumble-weed "), wild sunfloAver (several species), mother-wort, black mustard, cheno- podium urbicum and murale, Euphorbia maculata, orchard grass, wood sorrel, polygonum Pennsylvanicum, clear-weed, wild pepper- grass, black bindweed, barnyard grass, biennial wormwood, sow thistle (?) (two species), scurvy grass, convolvulus bindweed (three species?), catnip, cockle-bur, common thistle, three-seeded mercury, toad-flax, false red-top (grass), fescue (grass), jimson-weed, red-top (grass), red clover, bouncing Bet, curled dock (" yellow dock "), 286 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. mullein, great rag-weed ("horse-weed"), white vervain, timothy, cirsiiim altissiraum, Indian mallow, ground cherry, hemp, fetid mari- gold, cut-weed, bugle-weed, wire-grass (two species), swamp milk- weed, horse-tail, green milk-weed, morning-glory, speedwell, silk- weed, hop, scrophularia nodosa, verbena Aubletia hoary vervain, climbing false buckwheat, wild balsam-apple, sida, hedge nettle, fire-wood, tansy, chess, wild rye, buckwheat, white sweet clover, asparagus, white mustard, poke, prince's feather (polygonum orien- tal e). All plants growing in cultivated and waste grounds, except four or five repeated in each of the above lists, may be considered as introduced by Anglo-Saxon civilization. While the wild plants in the woods are supposed to be the same now as originally, the prairie has changed its grassy clothing for cultivated crops and hundreds of different weeds. Before settlement by the whites the prairie was mostly covered by one kind of grass. Several other kinds could be found, especially in places here and there, notably the blue-joint, which grew the tallest of any. Along the sloughs and in other wet places there was the slough grass and several species of golden rod, aster and wild sunflower. All other kinds of weeds were scarce. Here and there were patches of rosin weed. But the golden-rod, aster, and sunflower made beautiful yellow stripes across the prairies in low places, which were peculiarly charming. In the earliest stages of the growth of prairie grass it was interspersed with little flowers — the violet, strawberry -blossom and others of the most deli- cate structure. Soon these disappeared, and taller flowers, display- ing more lively colors, took their place, and still later, a series of still higher, but less delicately formed flowers appeared. While the grass was green the prairies were adorned with every imaginable variety of color. In the summer the plants grew taller and the colors more lively ; in autumn another generation of flowers came. A poetess beautifully writes : Where'er I turn my eyes There springs a lily : here the wild pink vies With clustering roses and the rich blue-bell, The morning-glories and the daffodil, And countless others. How and whence they came, I leave for botanists, to tell and name. The original prairie grass can scarcely be found anywhere now. It cannot stand close pasturage. The blue or June grass bears pastur- HISTOKY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY, 287 age the best of any ; but where live stock are kept oif this grass it will be eradicated by other kinds of grass. A curious fact similar to this, and of interest to botanists, is the eradication of the May- weed along the road-sides by hog-weed, smart-weed, and Spanish- needles. Possibly this has been aided by the greater amount of wet weather for a few years past. The most troublesome weeds which are on the increase at the present time are the common and the tall thistle, Indian mallow, toad-flax, wild lettuce or sow thistle, and jimson-weed. Clear-weed and mercury are becoming abundant in the gardens and door-yards where shade trees are plentiful, but they are not troublesome. CHAPTER VI. CRIMINAL RECORD. John Wood. THE first indictment for murder in this county was against John Wood. It was made by the grand jury at the April term of the Circuit Court, 1844. Wood had caused the death of his own child by throwing it up against the ceiling. He was tried, found guilty and sent to the penitentiary for four years. Bulger. Henry Berry, a young man, was stabbed at a house of ill-fame in Pekin, Sept. 29, 1859, by a man named Bulger. Berry was an im- portant witness against two men who were confined in jail for com- mitting larceny. MURDER OF A MOTHER AND HER TWO CHILDREN. John Ott. On Friday morning, Oct. 12, 1860, George W. OrendorfP, who lived about four miles southeast of Delavan, left his family, consist- ing of his wife and two little girls, Emma aged nine and Ada seven years old. On his return in the evening he found his entire family murdered. This is the most hellish, fiendish murder ever commit- ted in the county and after a lapse of twenty years the feelings of sympathy and indignation has not died out, nor will it as long as the sad, sickening affair remains pictured in language. When Mr. Orendorff reached home he found his wife lying upon the floor lifeless, and by her side lay her elder daughter, and near them lay little Ada moaning piteously in the agonies of death, which soon relieved her of the pains of the mortal wound she had received on the head. On the floor a few feet from where the mother was lying was found an old rusty axe stained with human blood. It was with HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTYV ^'"' 289 this weapon that this triple murder was committed. Mrs. Orendorft* had been engaged in washing in the back part of the house, and the bodies were all found in the front room with the door closed. Mrs. Orendorff had received upon the head eight distinct strokes with this axe, either of which was sufficient to have produced death. She was a most estimable woman, and the little girls were at such an age as to make them peculiarly interesting to the bereaved father. One of them had apparently been out getting flowers, as she had a bunch of flowers in her hand when the assassin struck her down. It was indeed one of the most heart-rending sights that could have been witnessed, — to see a poor defenseless mother and her two unoffend- ing little children lying in their own blood upon their own threshold. Diligent search was at once made for the perpetrators of this terri- ble deed, which resulted in finding a young man named John Ott. He was concealed in a shock of corn near Lincoln and brought back to Delavan. Many of the best citizens were so infuriated that strong feelings of lynching him were displayed, but at the urgent solicitation of Mr. Orendorff*, the bereaved husband and father, Ott was handed over to the civil authorities to await trial. A man named Green, a cousin of Ott's, was also arrested. The Board of Supervisors of the county offered a reward of $2,000 for the capture of the murderer, and requested the State to offer an additional reward. Wednesday, Feb. 6, 1861, John Ott was arraigned before the Circuit Court and pleaded guilty to the murder of Mrs. Orendorff and het" two daughters. He was then immediately sentenced to be hung Friday, Mar. 1, 1861. EXECUTION OF JOHN OTT. At eleven o'clock, Friday morning. Mar. 1, 1861, John Ott was publicly executed for the murder of Mrs. Mary Orendorff and her two little children. When arraigned Ott obviated a protracted trial by pleading guilty. An effort was immediately made to have him executed in public, by applying to the Legislature for a special act, but failed. Preparations were then made for executing him in ac- cordance M'ith the existing law. A scaffold was erected in the yard on the east side of the prison and enclosed with a wooden structure to exclude the public gaze. As soon as this was determined on, rumors began to circulate that a portion of the people of the county 19 290 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. would band together and demolish the structure. With this rumor came also some of a more startling import, involving the safety of the other prisoners confined in the jail. These rumors assumed such an alarming shape by the Wednesday preceding that the Sheriif was induced to apply for assistance from abroad, A request was sent to Capt. Miles, of Washington, to secure the attendance of his rifle company. The Peoria National Blues were also notified that their services would be needed, and, after receiving orders from the Gov- ernor, they held themselves in readiness to come. On Thursday evening the Washington Rifles, accompanied by the Quarter-Mas- ter General, arrived, and the men marched to the American house to await further orders. During the early part of Thursday night, the crowds which gath- ered about the jail and along Court street, gave evidence that some unusual excitement was anticipated. The impression prevailed that a concerted attack would be made before sunrise upon the enclosure at the scaffold. The arrival of the troops from Peoria was anxious- ly looked for, but they did not reach Pekin until about three o'clock. They consisted of three companies, the National Blues, Emmett Guards and German Rifles, and were accompanied by the Adjutant-General. They were marched to the court-room to await orders. At that time quiet prevailed throughout the city. But between the hours of five and six o'clock a startling noise was heard in the vicin- ity of the jail, and upon investigation it was found that the entire structure surrounding the scaffold was leveled to the ground. The actors in this affair had done the work completely and quickly, and quietly dispersed. After the demolition of the temporary structure the military were posted in position to protect the jail, but no demonstration was attempted against the building. At an early hour Friday morning, people came pouring in from all parts of. the country, and by ten o'clock it was estimated that at least five thousand had assembled in the city. About ten o'clock preparations for the execution were commenced. The number of persons indicated by the law, with a few others, were invited to witness the proceedings in the jail. The prisoner, who up to that time had been engaged in religious exercises, was brought from his cell. Some time was occupied in removing the manacles from his ankles. During this operation, and while the Sheriff" was robing him for the grave, Ott exhibited considerable firmness, but HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 291 he looked subdued and resigned. At a quarter before eleven he was led forth to the place of execution. He was passive in the hands of the Sheriff, and it seemed as though 'he had determined to meet his fate without exhibiting any evidence of fear or trepidation. Besides the officers the Revs. Messrs. Sawver, Rvbolt and AVindsor, with a few others, ascended the scaffold with the prisoner. A dense crowd filled the streets in the vicinity, and the tops and windows of many neighboring houses were occupied with spectators. The military were drawn up around the scaffold to prevent the crowd from pass- ing the fence. At the close of the prayer offered by the Rev. Mr. Rybolt, the prisoner stepped forward and addressed a few disjointed remarks to the people. With much calmness he declared that he alone was guilty of the crime for which he was about to die ; that Green was innocent ; his doom was just ; and he hoped to be for- given in heaven, where he hoped to meet those who were there to witness his death. As he closed he was placed upon the trap, the rope adjusted about his neck, the cap drawn over his head, the trap fell, and with a mut- tered prayer on his lips for mercy the spirit of John Ott passed into eternity. His neck was broken by the fall and life was soon ex- tinct. After hanging nineteen minutes the body was taken down, placed in a coffin and removed to the jail yard. Soon the crowd began to disperse and all was quiet. Thus terminated the first and only legal execution for murder in Tazewell county. BRIEF SKETCH OF JOHN OTT. John Ott was born near Dayton, O., Nov. 6, 1839, and conse- quently was not twenty-one years old when he committed the fearful crime for which he suffered death. While quite young his parents removed to Iowa, and soon to Indiana, where they were living when their wayward son was hung, both old and feeble. John remained at home until about sixteen years old, when he went to live with his uncle. At school he learned to read, and obtained some knowledge of arithmetic, but never learned to write. Not long after he went to live with his uncle he began to sow the seeds of his future ruin. His first theft was a three-cent piece. From this he went on, from time to time stealing money and other things. Finally he became enamored of a woman who must have had a large amount of the demoniac in her nature, for she urged him to set fire to barns, to rob and the like. These things, however, he 292 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. would not do. Still he wanted money to enable him to deck him- self out. The desire for money grew to a blind maddening passion. He stole some jewelry and fled to -Illinois^ where he brought up at Delavan. There he heard, as he said, people talk about Orendorif having plenty of money, and that Miller, who worked for Orendorif, was laying up money fast. Money he wanted, money he would have. He thought and cared for nothing else. So in his own mind he determined to get it, and said nothing to anyone about his intentions. When asked if he went to Orendorif 's intending murder, he replied : " No ; I did not expect to find anyone at home." When asked if he did not think it might be necessary to commit murder to get the money, he replied : " Yes ; I had taken that into account on going there." When he started out from his cousin's, where he lived, he went west till he struck the road leading north. Down this he walked some distance and then struck straight for Orendorff 's home. He saw Mrs. Orendorif at the stable and inquired after Mr. Miller. Then leaving her as if to go out to the east and west road he slipped around the straw stack near the house, and remained there about half an hour meditating murder. Having determined to do the deed, he sallied out ; but as he approached the house he saw the innocent ones and his heart failed him. He then requested Mrs. Orendorif to tell Miller when he came home to come over to his cousin's. She replied, " I will," and these are the last words she is known to have spoken. But no sooner had he left the house than his diabolical intent began to gather strength in him once more. This time, he hid him- self behind a straw stack, remaining there about half an hour. Having fully determined to do the deed, he started toward the house, picking up a club on the way. As he passed into the kitchen he laid hold of Mrs. Orendorif and told her she must die. She sprang away from him, and ran screaming into the front room. She was not able to open the door before'her pursuer was upon her and felled her with powerful blows with his club. Then he struck down one < of the children, who followed and clung to her mother. The the other little girl had run out of the house. He met her at the corner of the house and beat her down also. Having done this he next took the axe and finished his bloody work. The one he struck out of doors, he carried in and laid beside her mother. He burned HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 293 the club in the stove. He then took what money he could find and fled. Joseph W. 3IcDowell. Joseph W. McDowell, indicted for the murder of A. J. Finley, was arraigned before the Circuit Court Thursday, Feb. 7, 1861. Both sides were represented by able counsel. For the prosecution appeared State's Attorney FuUerton, and Mr. Grove, assisted by C. A. Roberts and J. M, Hanna, while the defendant was represented by Messrs. Puterbaugh and James Roberts, of Pekin, and Julius Manning, of Peoria. The jury returned into Court Sunday morn- ing with the verdict of " guilty." A new trial was granted, and in June, 1861, a change of venue to McLean county was taken, and the prisoner tried and sentenced to one year in the penitentiary. He never entered within the walls of that prison, however, as he was met at the doorway with a pardon. McDowell now resides in this county a respected citizen. Edward McDoioell, a brother of Joseph W., was indicted at the February term of the Circuit Court as a party concerned in killing A. J. Finley. He was arraigned before the Court Feb. 15, 1861, and granted a change of venue to Mason county. He was tried at the March term of the Circuit Court and acquitted. Enoch Green "Was indicted in February, 1861, for participation in the Orendorff murder. At the June term, 1861, he was discharged. Thomas Hougle. Sunday evening. May 24, 1863, Thomas Hougle shot and killed Abner H. Underbill. The tragedy was enacted upon the farm of Underbill, about two miles east of Delavan. Hougle had lived with Underbill for sometime, but left his employer and a quarrel ensued between them concerning a woman, when Hougle with a shot-gun committed the murder. Hougle was' immediately arrested and had a speedy trial, which closed Saturday, June 13, 1863. He was convicted of murder, and Judge Harriott sentenced him to be hung July 9, 1863. Two days before the date of the execution, Gov. Yates commuted the death sentence to a life sentence in the penitentiary. He was taken from the Tazewell county jail July 9, when not a prisoner was left within its heavy stone walls. 294 • HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. George Dunn. Thursday, Feb. 9, 1865, the body of David Townsend was found on the farm of Benjamin O'Brien, near Groveland. A jury was called and a post-mortem examination made by Dr. F. Shurtleff. The jury came to the conclusion that Townsend had been shot with a pistol in the back of the head. He was killed on or about the 26th of December. The body was concealed under some logs, where it remained undiscovered until the above date. Townsend and an- other man named George Dunn, had been chopping wood for Mr. O'Brien, and from the sudden and peculiar manner in which Town- send's companion left the neighborhood, there seemed to be little doubt of his being the murderer, although he was never found. Unknown. On Thursday, Oct. 19, 1865, the body of a man, at the time sup- posed to be that of George Jackson, was found in the Illinois river near Pekin. The head had been severed from the body, and to pre- vent the body from floating a quantity of iron was fastened around it. The body bore marks of five or six deadly wounds. The corpse was not identified positively, but was thought to be that of George Jackson, a well known resident of the county who had been mys- teriously absent for some weeks. The mayor of Pekin offered a re- ward of $500 for the apprehension of the murderer. Nothing was heard from Jackson until in 1866, when his wife went to England, and on arriving in Liverpool almost the first per- son she met was her supposed murdered husband ! Who the mur- dered man really was has never yet been discovered, or who com- mitted the deed. Thomas A. Williamson Was arrested Monday, Aug. 27, 1866, for the murder of Charles Koch, of Delavan township. Koch was last seen in the neighbor- hood about July 18, but his body was not found until Saturday, Aug. 25, when it was found in the corn-field near his house. The fact that Williamson was living with Koch at the time, and the contra- dictory stories he told concerning the missing man, excited suspicion, and led to an inquiry among the people of the neighborhood. Wil- liamson left and suspicion became stronger then ever. A search was made and Koch's body found. The murdered man was a German and had no relatives in this country. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUIfTY. 295 At the February term of the Circuit Court, Williamson was tried and found guilty of murder. Judge Harriott sentenced him to be hung Friday, March 22, 1867. Just previous to the day of execu- tion, however, a postponement was obtained until June 21. This fact was not known to the Sheriff until Thursday night. Much dis- satisfaction was manifested among the people at this delay of the ex- ecution. On the loth of June Gov. Oglesby commuted the sentence to twenty-one years in the penitentiary. He was discharged from prison about April 1, 1879, and went to Kansas, where he says he will live a good and peaceable life. Enoch West. A man named West was arrested by Deputy Sheriff Stone June 9, 1868, in Fulton county, for the killing of a German named Henry Winninghaum. The Circuit Court was in session, but his trial was postponed until the September term, when he was convict- ed and sentenced to the penitentiary for nineteen years and six months. ' A new trial was granted, however, and at the February term, 1869, he was again tried, and sentenced to twenty years in the penitentiary. William Berry and others. On Friday night, July 30, 1869, Deputy Sheriff Henry Pratt was murdered near Circleville whilst endeavoring to arrest a band of desperadoes, who had long held the community in terror. Armed with the necessary legal papers, the Deputy Sheriff, accom- panied by the jailor, George Hinman, assistant City Marshall Kessler, and Constable W. F. Copes, proceeded to Circleville for the purpose of making the arrests, when he was shot and killed by Ike Berry, one of the parties named in the warrant. Jailor Hinman was wounded, and Mr. Copes made a narrow escape. The body of Sheriff Pratt was brought to Pekin Saturday morn- ing, when the most indescribable excitement ensued. Hundreds of armed men started to scour the country for the murderers, and by Saturday afternoon five of the gang were captured and lodged in jail. William Berry, who was said to be the leader of the band, was arrested in the city early Saturday morning. The other members of the gang were Emanuel Berry, Ike Berry, Matthew McFarland, C. Daily and Robert Britton. The latter was arrested at San Jose, Mason county, Saturday night, by Marshal Stone, and Ike Berry was captured by M. M. Bassett, at Bath, Mason county, some weeks after. 296 -j- HISTORY OF TAZEWELIy CQUNTY. Late Saturday night, July 31, an organized body of men, mostly from Delavan, where Berry had killed a young man some time before, proceeded to the jail, overpowered the police, battered down the iron doors of the prison, and after a desperate struggle took William Berry from his cell and hung him to a tree in the jail yard. During the struggle, Berry, who had by some means secured a knife, severely wounded three of the lynchers. The trial of the remaining desperadoes came off afterwards at Jacksonville, Morgan county, it having been taken to that Court on a change of venue. The jury found a verdict of guilty and sen- tenced the prisoners to the penitentiary as follows : Ike Berry, for life; Robert Britton, 20 years; Emanuel Berry, 15 years; Matthew McFarland, 15 years; Cornelius Daily, 15 years. Simeon Berry was found " not guilty," and is now living in Elm Grove township in this county. McFarland was pardoned some three years ago, went out West and was killed. Daily was also pardoned about the same time, and has disappeared. Attorneys Bassett and Rodecker, and Barnes for the defense. Brown, State's Attorney Morgan county, Whitney, State's Attorney of this county, and C. A. Roberts, ex- State's Attorney, for the prosecution. Thus, with the career of a band of bad men, ended the first and only mob violence known in the history of Tazewell county. William Ashby. Saturday, Aug. 13, 1870, the body of Alfred Carl, a lad of ten years of age, was found concealed in the brush near the upper end of Pekin lake. About noon the previous day he was sent out by his step-father, William Ashby, a mulatto, after his horse. Not returning Ashby went after him and returned without finding him. The neighbors became suspicious and went in search of the lad, and found the body, which to them showed evidences that he had been murdered. The skull was crushed. Ashby was indicted for the murder, tried and acquitted. William Costly. William Costly, alias Nigger Bill, was indicted for the murder of Patrick Doyle, at Pekin, tried and acquitted. Jehiel Stevens. Was indicted Sept. 13, 1870 for the murder of a man by the name of Crawl, at Pekin. Crawl was waylaid. o^e night near the v.: HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 297 Wide-awake engine house on Court street, and pounded to death, for which crime Stevens was arrested. A change of venue was taken and he was tried at Lincoln and acquitted. Samuel E. Willard. Tuesday morning, June 8, 1875, Samuel E. Willard shot and killed Charles Ziegenbien. Both of these men were farmers, living on adjoining farms, on section 10, Spring Lake township. Willard appeared before Esquire Tinney at Pekin, and on his own evidence was placed in jail on the charge of murder. Willard was indicted at the September term of the Circuit Court for murder, and tried at the November term. The evidence showed that for two years there had been trouble between Willard and Ziegenbien ; that each had threatened to take the life of the other. The difficulty out of which the murder grew arose from the trespass of Ziegenbien's stock on Willard's premises on the previous Sunday. Willard took up his horse and tied it in the brush not far from his barn, sending word to Ziegenbien to come and get it and pay charges. He went over after it, taking a boy with him. The boy went to see if Willard was at home ; not finding him he went into the barn after the horse. It was not there. Ziegenbien remained on his horse at the gate. When the boy came out he heard the horse in the brush, went and got it and proceeded to Manito. There the two men met and quarreled. The next morning Ziegenbien started his cows down the road by Willard's house, and as they passed Willard's hired men set the dogs on them. Ziegenbien came out and went down the road to Willard's barn-yard gate, went inside the yard and was engaged in loud talk with the men for dogging his cows. Wil- lard came out and demanded what he wanted, Ziegenbien replied, " none of your damned business." Willard ordered him off the premises, and went to his house for his gun, procured it and came down to the front gate. Ziegenbien was then passing along the road toward his house. Willard stopped him and gave him a talk- ing; told him he had invaded his premises, abused his family, and , interfered with his rights as a citizen. Ziegenbien went on toward his house. Willard followed on the inside of the fence for some distance, finally climbing over. Ziegenbien told him he was a coward to bring out his gun. Willard told him he had come loaded down with arms to kill him. Ziegenbien replied that he was. not armed. Willard then laid down his gun and wanted to fight. 298 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Ziegenbien would not fight. Willard then picked up his gun when Ziegenbien took hold of the barrel, Willard then fired twice, the first shot striking Ziegenbien just below the ribs, killing him instantly, the second shot passed over his head. Ziegenbien was a constable and had a revolver as it was his custom to carry. The trial of Willard occupied the greater part of the November term of the Circuit Court of that year. Considerable interest was felt in the case, as both the murderer and murdered were well known. The trial lasted ten days, and is said to have been one of the most closely contested criminal cases ever tried in this county. The attorneys for the prosecution were, States Attorney Henry, Ro- decker, Shoup & Dearborn; for the defence, Cohrs, Roberts & Green, and Prettyman. The jury found Willard guilty of murder and sentenced him to the penitentiary for fourteen years. George W. Johnson, Stephen D. Johnson and John Pruitt. The above named persons were indicted for murder in the county of Mason, but they took a change of venue to this county. They were tried in May, 1875. The case was one of unusual importance, on account of the length of time consumed in obtaining a jury and trying it ; the enormity and brutality of the murder, the large number of witnesses brought from Mason county, and the ability and reputation of the attorneys engaged in the trial. The scene was enacted at a dance, and while some of the parties were under the influence of liquor. George W. Johnson and John Pruitt were acquitted, and Stephen D. Johnson was sent to the penitentiary for two years. George Clinton. George Clinton, a police officer, shot and killed William Thorpe at Mackinaw, Friday, June 28, 1876. In the preliminary examina- tion it was found the act was justifiable and no crime. Mrs. Anna E. Weyhrich. Peter Weyhrich, an old resident of Sand Prairie, died very sud- denly Wednesday night, June 20, 1877. The sudden death and incidents attending it caused grave suspicion of foul play. A jury was impanelled and a post-mortem examination made of the de- ceased, and the stomach sent to Chicago for examination, where it was decided that he came to his death by poison. Mrs. Weyh- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 299 rich, wife of the deceased, was arrested and tried for the mur- der. The case was taken from this to Logan county and tried the last week in March, 1878. States Attorney Prettyman and J. B. Cohrs prosecuted, and Messrs. Roberts & Green defended. The trial was a long and tedious one, and the prisoner was found guilty and sentenced to fourteen years in the penitentiary. A mo- tion for a new trial was made and denied, when an a])peal to the Supreme Court was taken. This tribunal reversed the decision and remanded the case for a new trial, which took place in July, 1878, and resulted in her acquittal. Jacob and David Hudloic. Rudolph Myers, of Sand Prairie township, left Pekin on the night of Dec. 22, 1877, for his home. About 10 o'clock he returned to the city and went to the Central House. There he told of his assault about half a mile below the city, — how three men apprached him in a threatening manner ; that one had a dirk, another proceeded to gag him, and the third did the robbing ; that he told them to take everything if they would not harm him ; that after robbing him they brutally and violently kicked him and fearfully maltreated him ; that his watch and chain and money were stolen, and then how he made his way back to Pekin. Medical aid was summoned, and it was discovered he was seriously injured internally. At one o'clock, P.M., Sunday, he died. Some time elapsed before any apprehension of the murderers was made. On Wednesday, April 17, 1878, at the instigation of Chris- topher Ropp, of Elm Grove, Jacob and David Hudlow were arrested as being the offenders. They were clearing timber in Spring Lake township at the time. They were tried at the May term of the Circuit Court, found guilty of manslaughter, and sentenced to the penitentiary for fourteen years. CHAPTER VII. IMPORTANT LABORS OF THE BOARD OF SUPERVISORS. COUNTY COUET. IN 1847 a State election was held for members of the Constitu- tional Convention, which Convention prepared and submitted to the people a new constitution, which was adopted by a large majority. By this constitution, in place of the Commissioners' Court a County Court was organized in each county. This Court consisted of a County Judge, and, if the Legislature saw proper to so order it, two Associate Justices. This the Legislature favorably acted upon. The last meeting of the County Commissioners' Court was held Nov. 7, 1849. After the transaction of such business as properly came before them, they adjourned until court in course, but never re-assembled. On the 3d of December of the same year the first regular term of the County Court was held. The duties of the Court in a legisla- tive capacity were precisely the same as those of the County Com- missioners' Court. In addition to the legislative power the members of this Court were permitted to exercise judicial authority, having all the rights and privileges of justices of the peace, together with all probate business. This Court consisted of a County Judge and two Associate Justices. The Judge and Associate Justices acted together for the transaction of all county business, but none other. The Justices had an equal vote with the Judge, and received the same salary while holding court, which was §2 per day. Two of the three constituted a quorum. Benjamin F. James was chosen the first County Judge, being elected Nov. 6, 1849, — the first November election held. The first Associate Justices were Joseph Stewart and Lawson Holland. During the existence of this Court the people were agitating the question of township organization. Many counties of the State, HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. 301 since the new constitution, had adopted that mode of conducting county affairs. The constitution gave counties the privilege of adopting either the County Court or the Board of Supervisors. At the fall election in 1849 a vote was taken "for" or "against township organization," which resulted in favor of the new measure. The County Court had but a short existence. The last meeting was held Saturday, April 6, 1850. In the mean time, however, the Court appointed B. S. Pretty man, Anson Gillon and J. M. Coons a commission to divide the county into townships. This duty they performed in due time. Generally they constituted each congres- sional township a separate town. Beginning at Fond du Lac town- ship they fixed the boundary as it now is, and named it " Fond du Lac," according to the wish of the people. The first election under the township organization was held at Farm creek school-house. Washington township was laid off six miles square east and ad- joining Fond du Lac. It was called Washington because the village and post office bore that name. The east half of township 26 north, and range 2 west, was attached to Washington at the request of the citizens, as there were not sufficient • inhabitants to form a separate town. The first election was held in the district school-building at Washington. Deer Creek had its boundaries fixed as they are at present. The first election was held at the Monmouth school-house. The town- ship was named by Major R. N. Cullom, taking the name of the creek that flows through it. Morton was laid off and named as it is at present. Harvey Camp- bell proposed the name in honor of Gov. Morton of Massachusetts. First election was held at W. W. Campbell's. Groveland was constituted a township, and its boundaries fixed as they now are. The first election was held at the Randolph house, Groveland. The township took its name from the village. Pekin township was at first one tier of sections less north and south than it is at present. The northern tier of sections of Cin- cinnati was taken from that township and added to Pekin. It was named after the city of Pekin. Cincinnati township was laid oflp by this commission one tier of sections larger than it is at present. The first election was held at the Cincinnati hotel, Pekin. Elm Grove had its boundaries fixed as they now are. First elec- tion held at Elm Grove school-house. - 302 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Tremont had its boundaries defined by including a Congressional township. First election was held at the court-house at Tremont. Mackinaw township had its boundaries permanently fixed. First election was held at school-house in the town of Mackinaw. Little Mackinaw has never had its boundary lines changed. First election held at a school-house on Little Mackinaw creek. Hopedale at first was christened Highland. The present bounda- ries were fixed. A portion of Boynton township was attached to Hopedale, there not being enough inhabitants to organize a town- ship. First election '\\;as held at Mrs. Purviance's residence. The name Highland was changed because there was another township in the State wearing that name. Dillon was constituted for a Congressional township. First elec- tion was held at the school-house in Dillon. Sand Prairie, formerly JeiFerson, had its boundaries described as they are at present. First election held at John Hisle's. Malone township was not organized, but the territory was attached to Sand Prairie. Spring Lake had its boundaries -described as they remain at pres- ent. First election held at Charles Scewell's. Delavan was constituted a township as it remains at present, and had a portion of Boynton attached to it. Hittle was first named Union, then changed to Waterford, and finally to Hittle. It included its present territory and a portion of Boynton. First election held at Hittle Grove church. The last meeting of the County Court was held Saturday, April 6, 1850. It then adjourned sine die. TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. This system of county government is so entirely different in origin and management from the old mode by county commissioners, which had such a long and favorable run, that we deem a brief synopsis of the differences quite pertinent in this connection. Elijah M. Haines, in his " Laws of Illinois Relative to Township Organization," says the county system "originated with Virginia, whose early settlers soon became large landed proprietors, aristo- cratic in feeling, living alone in almost baronial magnificence on their own estates, and owning the laboring part of the population. Thus the materials for a town were not at hand, the voters being HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 303 thinly distributed over a great area. The county organization, where a few influential men managed the whole business of the community, retaining their places almost at their pleasure, scarcely responsible at all except in name, and permitted to conduct the county concerns as their ideas or wishes might direct, was, moreover, consonant with their recollections or traditions of the judicial and social dignities of the landed aristocracy of England, in descent from which the Virginia gentlemen felt so much pride. In 1834 eight counties were organ- ized in Virginia, and the system extending throughout the State, spread into all the Southern States and some of the Northern States, unless we except the nearly similar division into 'districts' in South Carolina, and that into 'parishes' in Louisana from the French laws. " Illinois, which with its vast additional territory became a county of Virginia on its conquest by Gen. George Rogers Clarke, retained the county organization, which was formerly extended over the State by the constitution of 1818, and continued in exclusive use until the constitution of 1848. Under this system, as in other States adopting it, most local business Avas transacted by three commission- ers in each county, who constituted a county court, with quarterly sessions. During the period ending with the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, a large portion of the State had become filled up with a population of New England birth or character, daily growing more and more compact and dissatisfied with the comparatively arbi- trary and inefficient county system." It was maintained by the people that the heavily populated districts would always control the election of the commissioners to the disadvantage of the more thinly populated sections, — in short, that under the system, "equal and exact justice" to all parts of the county could not be secured. The township system had its origin in Massachusetts, and dates back to 1635. De Tocqueville, in his work entitled " American Institutions, " in speaking of our political system, very properly remarks that two branches may be distinguished in the Anglo-American familv which have grown up without entirely commingling, — the one in the South, the other in the North. He discovers the causes which led to this condition of things, which are apparent to the most casual observer. " They arise, " he says, " not from design, but from the force of cir- cumstances at the beginning. The planting of the original colony of Virginia at Jamestown had for its design the single and naked 304'" '^ hist6"ey" OF tIzewell county." object of pecuniary profit to the proprietors. Its mission involved no principle for the benefit of mankind. It recognized the crown of Great Britain, from whence it derived the charter of its existence, as the source of political power. There was no recognition of the principle of self-government. "But the circumstances attending the first settlement of the Col- onies of New England, so called, were of an entirely different char- acter. The early colonists in this instance were non-conformists, or dissenters from the Church of England. They came as exiles, flee- ing from the wrath of ecclesiastical tyranny, whose displeasure they had incurred, — cast out as public offenders, 'as profane out of the mountain of God.' Whilst the colonists of Yirgina came with the law, those of New England came against the law, or perhaps, more properly speaking, without law. Thereupon arose on the part of the latter a positive necessity for the establishment of law for their mu- tual protection. The result was a written compact, — this being the first written constitution extant, based upon the general good. It was the first time since the 'morning stars sang together' that the people themselves met in council and framed a government based upon equal rights." The supervisor is the chief officer and representative of the town- ship, and it is his duty to prosecute and defend all suits in which the township is interested. The township clerk keeps the records of the towsnhip, and the treasurer takes charge of the funds. The establishment, vacation and repair of the public roads is committed to the three commissioners of highways. The supervisor, the two justices of the peace whose terms of office soonest expire, and the township clerk constitute a township board for examining and auditing the accounts of the town. The Board of Supervisors convened for the first time just one month after the adjournment of the County Court. It assembled at the court-house in Tremont May 6, 1850, the following members be- ing present : R. W. Briggs, Tremont ; William S. Maus, Pekin ; W. J. Thompson, Jefferson ; R. N. Cullom, Deer Creek ; B. F. Oren- dorff. Little Mackinaw ; W. W. Grossman, Delavan ; Seth Talbot, Elm Grove ; C. J. Gibson, Fond du Lac ; George L. Parker, Grove- land ; Samuel P. Bailey, Cincinnati ; Nathan Dillon, Dillon ; Ly- man Porter, Mackinaw ; Horace Clark, Morton ; Charles Holder, Highland ; Hezekiah Armington, Union ; George H. Daniels, Spring Lake. Hon. Richard N. Cullom was chosen chairman. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 305 The last meeting of the Board at Tremont, was held August 26, 1850, when the Board moved in a body to Pekin and held a meeting on the same day in the new court-house, built by that city. Since 1850 the business affairs of the county have been under the guidance of a Board of Supervisors, at present composed of 24 members. It would be unprofitable, as unnecessary, to present in detail the numerous orders, reports, resolutions, etc., of this body. Their proceedings partake a great deal of the nature of a legislature. Among so many men there are always some cool business heads, as well as a good many glib tongues. Some of them are practical, in- dustrious workers, others are of the buncombe order, always ready to make a speech or a voluminous report. This has always been the case with such assemblies, and we suppose always will be. By an act of the Legislature, approved Feb. 2, 1849, in regard to the disposal of the court-house at Tremont, it provided that in case the countv-seat was moved to Pekin, a deed of trust of the court- house, should be made to Joseph L. ShaAV, Wells Andrews, Lyman Porter, Thomas P. Pogers and William A. Maus. The building was to be used and occupied exclusively for the purpose of education and for the use and benefit of the people of this county. Accord- ingly when the vote was taken and it was decided to make the move, and when the move was made, the above act was complied with, and for several years a high school was conducted there. THE FIRE-PROOF BUILDING. This structure, which stands near the south-east corner of the public square, was ordered erected by the Board in 1857. The contract for its erection was awarded to J. P. Hall, and it was completed in the spring of 1859. The building committee of the Board consisted of R. B. Marley, David Hainline, James Mitchell, G. H. Rupert and William S. Maus. The committee ajipointed Dr. Maus superintendent. He was also authorized to provide for furnishing the office with suitable furniture. The idea of introduc- ing iron furniture was considered rather a novel one, but it was urged that while the building might be rendered fire-proof as to the exterior, the interior fixtures being constructed of wood, there would really be no certainty that the records would be protected from fire. It was believed that in nearly every case where court-houses or other buildings containing records had been de- 20 306 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. stroyed by fire, the cause originated in the interior. In such a case fire-proof walls alone would prove but a slight protection. The good sense of the Supervisors convinced them that iron cases, shelv- ing and furniture would prove the best kind of insurance they could place upon the records of the county. Acting under authority from the building committee. Dr. Maus visited several establishments in the East where iron furniture was manufactured. On his return he perfected a plan for the furniture needed, the drawing of which was executed by Thomas King. The building was first occupied the latter part of May, 1859, and ever since has kept the public records, which are invaluable, in safe custody. At a meeting of the Board May 2, 1861, Supervisor Pratt intro- duced a resolution that, whereas our forts, arsenals and government stores had been seized and, "whereas many of our citizens have volunteered in defence of our country, and have come forward with the same spirit that actuated our sires in the days of ' 76, leaving their wives and children, homes and firesides, with their lives in their hands, periling their all at their country's call, and many of them without money or means to pay a single day's board, and their families entirely unprovided for, trusting to the God of mercies for the means of their sustenance," — therefore resolved that the Board pay their board and expenses while and before being mustered into service ; also maintain their families during their absence. The resolution was tabled and a substitute offered by Supervisor Maus, and passed, to the effect that a committee be appointed to examine all accounts and expenses incurred in raising volunteers, as well as such relief as may be necessary for the support of the families of such married men during their absence, and report the result to the Board. Said committee was appointed, and at the next meeting reported claims " for the support of women and children where hus- bands and fathers have volunteered," to the amount of $1,100. The whole matter was turned over to the Board, when $132.75 of the amount was allowed. Again Supervisor Pratt attempted to get aid for the volunteers by making a motion that $2.50 per week be allowed on all bills for boarding volunteers while being organized. This motion was also rejected. It seemed the majority of the people were in favor of the Board contributing means for the support of volunteers. A petition to HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 307 that eifect was presented to the Board. The City Council of Pekin also took cognizance of this refusal to aid troops. At a special meeting held Thursday, May 23, 1861, seemingly for no other pur- pose. Alderman Harlow offered the following : "Whereas, the Supervisors of Tazewell county have been peti- tioned to bear a portion of the expense of volunteers and have refused, therefore, resolved, that we, the Board of Aldermen of the city of Pekin, do utterly disapprove and condemn the action of said Board of Supervisors, and, with all good and loyal citizens, feel that old Tazewell has been disgraced by the action of said Supervisors." While the Board was not as liberal in this respect as some would have had it, yet it paid out considerable money for the support of families of soldiers. In September, 1864, the Board decided to give a bounty of $150. to each volunteer under the first call of that year for 500,000 men. In January, 1865, a bounty of $300. was offered. The sum of $128,000 was appropriated to pay said bounty. This was based on the quota of the county being 400; but in February it was found to exceed that number by 144, and a further sum of $53,000 was appropriated. To raise this a tax of three cents on the dollar was levied. A special assesment was made, and the tax collected in short order. The levy was made upon the property of soldiers, which was unavoidable, but the Board subse- quently refunded such tax. The Board have experienced much difficulty in regard to the swamp lands of the county : indeed, we believe they have been the source of the greatest trouble and expence to the Board. A vast system of drainage was undertaken, which proved highly beneficial although quite expensive, and for years more or less controversy was had in regard to this matter. The present Board is composed of the following gentlemen : Chairman, Richard Holmes, Delavan ; John H. Anthony, Wash- ington ; Peter Fifer, City of Washington ; John Eidman, Cincin- nati ; Daniel Sapp, Spring Lake ; Matthias Mount, Dillon ; E. J. Orendorff, Hopedale ; D. John Bennett, Elm Grove; Asa Hicks, Little Mackinaw; James K. Pugh, Malone ; John Meyers, Sand Prairie ; William Smith, Morton ; S. C. Hobart, Tremont ; Jacob Brennamann, Boynton ; James Mitchell, Deer Creek ; C. S. Worth- ington, Groveland; J. H. Porter, Mackinaw; John Q. Darnell, Hittle ; Samuel R. Mooberry, Fond du Lac ; C. B. Cummings, J. M. Gill, I. Lederer, City of Pekin ; Thomas Skelly, and E. Schur- man, Pekin township. CHAPTER YIII. BLOODED STOCK. AX interest paramount to every other in agricultural pursiiits is that of stock-raising. Many of the farmers have realized this and have turned their attention largely to this branch of agri- culture ; and the result is that Tazewell county can boast of as fine stock as any other county in Illinois. While this chapter is headed as if to treat on stock indiscriminately, yet as cattle are receiving, and have received, more attention than any other class of domestic animals, we shall devote most of the space to cattle. As thorough- bred stock was introduced into Tazewell county at a very early day, as early indeed as in almost any part of the State, we will speak of the first introduction of such stock into Illinois. The first, perhaps, that were brought into the State were by James X. Brown, in 1834, when he arrived in Sangamon county with the progenitors of his afterwards famed herd of "Island Grove." Some grades of the "Patton" stock are said to have been found in Madison and in some other southern counties' even earlier. G. W. Fagg, of Perry county, advertised a short -horn bull in the Union Agriculturist in 1841. The Prairie Farmer notices the Devons of James McConnell, near Springfield, in 1843. A letter of Gov. Lincoln, of Massachusetts, to Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, published in the Union Agriculturist for 1841, shows that the former sent some crosses of Ayrshire and short-horn cattle to a son in Alton that year, which was, perhaps, the first introduction of Ayrshire blood even in a diluted state. The Prairie Farmer, in 1844, chronicles the arrival at Chicago of an imported short -horn for Bronson Murray, of La Salle county. By the time of holding the first State Fair at Springfield, in 1851, the short-horn appeared in very respectable numbers, and Devons, although not much shown, were said bv the Prairie Farmer to be already found in quantity in the northern part of the State. In 1857 the formation of the Illinois Stock Importing Association, and their importations and sales, among other animals, of twenty- seven short-horns, increased the interest in breeding. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. 309 The first introduction of blooded stock into Tazewell county, together with the history of the progress made in improving the stock of the county, would be an interesting article to many. We have not, however, been able to gather sufficient data of a reliable nature to warrant an article of great lengtli. The first importation into the county, and among the very first into the State, was made by Col. Charles Oakley. The importation was made in 1840 from England, and consisted of horses, cattle, hogs and sheep, of the following stock and number: one full-blooded Durham roan bull; two roan cows ; one full-blooded stallion of the celebrated Campbell stock ; one full-blooded mare of the Bertram stock ; five Berkshire pigs, and a number of long-wooled Cotswold sheep. Three years later Col. Oakley again brought with him on his return from England stock of the following kinds : white Durham cow and calf; a num- ber of pigs of the Woburn stock, and the stallion Sampson. The latter was not a direct importation of Col. Oakley's, but he was brought from New York here. This horse did much in the way of improving the farm horses of this section, and even now many of the Sampson breed of horses are to be seen traveling the roads. Had the people ap])reciated at that early day the value of this stock imported by Col. Oakley, for many years past Tazewell county might have been, in regard to fine stock, foremost in the United States. The people, however, could not see any special benefit to be derived from investing in animals costing so much, and but little interest was taken in them. The Colonel's public duties would not permit him to give his personal ■ attention to his stock, and the consequence was that in a few years they were scat- tered here and there, and but few persons ever derived any benefit from them save from the horses. We deem it fitting in this connection to speak personally of Col. Charles Oakley, as he not only made the greatest effort ever made in an early day to improve the domestic animals of Illinois, but he was also prominently identified Avith great works of the State, and an honored and respected citizen of Tazewell county. He w'as born in AVest Chester county, N. Y., in 1792 ; came to this county with the Tremont colony in 1834, and erected the first house in Tremont. He was in the war of 1812, and in the Black Hawk war. In 1839, during the great internal improvement system, he was appointed State Fund Commissioner, and went to Europe to negotiate a loan. It was on his return from this trip that he brought the first lot of 310 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. stock. In 1843 he, with Senator Michael Ryan, was by the Gov- ernor appointed to negotiate a loan to carry on the building of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. They went to Europe in the early part of 1843, and returned in November. In 1844 Col. Oakley again went to Europe, but came home still unsuccessful in borrow- ing funds. Early in the winter of 1844-5 he again proceeded to Europe, Ryan remaining at home, and finally succeeded in borrow- ing $1,600,000. He came home to be appointed Canal Commis- sioner, which position he held at his death. He again went to England in company with Charles L. Butler (brother of Ben But- ler), to secure funds for the completion of the Indiana and Wabash Canal. For this service Butler was paid, after Col. Oakley's death, the sum of $25,000, none of which, however, ever found its way to the Colonel's family. Col. Oakley was president of the first bank ever established at Pekin. It was a branch of the Bank of Illinois, and was first opened in that city in 1840. He was one of the most popular men in Illinois, during his day, and was once looked upon by his party as the proper person to succeed Gov. French as the chief executive of the State. In the very prime of life, however, he was stricken down. He died at his home in Tremont on the 31st of December, 1848. His widow still survives him, and at present resides at Peo- ria. She is about eighty years old, and in very feeble health. Oakley Avenue, a prominent thoroughfare in Chicago, perpetuates his memory. It has cost time, labor and money to introduce thoroughbred stock, but the result of bringing imported stock and a scientific knowledge of breeding has placed Tazewell in the very front rank of counties in Illinois in the raising of fine cattle. Among the foremost breeders of blooded stock in the county are : John Trout of Elm Grove, who owns Florence, bred by D. E. Davis, of Salem, N. J. For pedigree see page 561, Vol. 15 of the American Herd Book. He also has Breastplate, bred by J. G. Clark, Champaign county. 111.; pedigree number, 18,236; Elfrida, red and white, bred by Clark; pedigree number, 11,341; Pearl, also bred by the same man; pedigree number, 12,578. Mr. Trout also has Elfrida the Seventh, bred by himself; pedigree number, 28,853, American Herd Book. Thomas Wibray, section 4, Tremont township, has Duke of Herndoka; pedigree number, 19,485. Jos. Ropp owns Red Duke, bred by J. G. Clark of Champaign county. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 311 This fine animal was got by Royal Airdrie, pedigree number, 18,236. Isaac Miars, of Elm Grove, has four head of short-horns, — one of them from AVyburn's herd, of Bloomington, the other three from Waltmire's herd, of Tremont. Hon. James Robison has a fine herd of short-horns, consisting of nine head from John Gillett's herd, Elkhart, Logan county. 111. There are many others in the county who are prominently identified with the improvement of the cattle stock of the county. William Birkett, section 26, has a fine herd of from 50 to 75 head of imported Jerseys and Durhams. He runs a large dairy farm, manufacturing with horse-power an aver- age of 200 pounds of butter per week. We quote the following from a letter published in a recent num- ber of the Tazewell Republican, Pekin : " I find a very marked improvement in cattle in the neighborhood of the breeders of short-horns in the early days of Illinois. The average lots of steers in Morgan, Menard, Cass, Sangamon and Logan average several hundred weight heavier at the same age than they do in counties that more recently introduced short-horns, and, besides, the quality in a good high-grade steer will command from one to one and one-half cents per pound more than common stock. This difference in price, at the low price of corn last winter, would buy corn enough to fatten a steer. AVith this difference in size and price in favor of the short-horns, it is apparent to every calculat- ing farmer that they cannot afford to raise any but the best stock, and those well cared for, on our high-priced land. Perhaps no neigh- borhood is doing more to improve their cattle at the present time than the farmers in the vicinity of Tremont. They have purchased and brought to their farms within a few months ten young thorough- bred short-horn bulls, and quite a number of heifers also. This new introduction of short-horns will, in a few years, greatly im- prove the cattle of that vicinity, and there are some lots of cattle there now feeding that will weigh nearly two thousand pounds. Tremont, April 17, 1879. Jas. W. Robison. The improvement in the hog stock of the county is, perhaps, more noticeable than that of any other class of domesticated ani- mals. Since the arrival of the first settlers with their hogs, bred and raised entirely in the timber, and almost altogether upon the roots and acorns of the native forests, there has been a most wonder- ful advance in securing better stock. For many years at first it seems to have made no difference with the farmers in regard to the 312 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. breed of hogs. They reasoned that a hog was a hog, and that one was as good as another, and they therefore made no effort to better their stock. Several years ago, however, the Poland Chinas, Berk- shires and Chester Whites were introduced, and as a result the class of hogs bred in Tazewell county are inferior to none. Among the many who breed the best grades, is N. M. Saltonstall, who has the pure Berkshire. He has about 25 head which are said to be the finest lot of hogs in the county. In aggregate value the horses of the county are worth more than the combined aggregate value of all other domestic animals. Much interest is now being taken to improve the farm-horse stock as mtII as the roadsters. Among those who are especially interested in this branch of stock raising, are E. D. Fuller & Bro., of Elm Grove township. They have imported some of the finest horses brought to the United States. They have two fine horses which they went to France and purchased. The famous horse, Rob Roy, which they own, and which has taken the premium at the State fair, is a perfect model of a horse. Leon, which they also own, is a fine animal. This firm has made two importations, two horses each time. They have a fine herd of about 35 head of graded horses and colts. A. J. Danforth, of Washington, has a large stable of fine roadsters, some of which are among the best and fastest horses in the State. The result of these importations, a scientific knowledge of breed- ing, the expenditure of vast sums of money and close attention M-ill be of as great benefit to the county as any other branch of com- merce. CHAPTER IX. UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. BLACK LAWS. THE early settlers of this county, although mainly from the Southern or slave States, entertained a deep-seated prejudice against the negro, for which it is hard for us to account at the pres- ent day. This prejudice, we may remark, was not held altogether and only in this county, for by referring to the Revised Statutes of this State, approved March 3, 1845, we find the following in chapter 54, under the head of " Negroes and Mulattoes : " Section 8. Any person who shall hereafter bring into this State any black or mulatto person, in order to free him or her from slavery, or shall directly or indirectly bring into this State, or aid or assist any person in bringing any such black and mulatto person to settle and reside therein, shall be fined one hundred dollars on conviction and indictment, before any justice of the peace in the county where such offense shall be committed. Section 9. If any slave or servant shall be found at a distance of ten miles from the tenement of his or her master, or person with whom he or she lives, without a pass or some letter of token whereby it may appear that he or she is proceeding by. authority from his or her master, employer or overseer, it shall and may be lawful for any person to apprehend and carry him or her before a justice of the peace, to be by his order punished with stripes, not exceeding thirty- five, at his discretion. Section 10. If any slave or servant shall presume to come and be upon the plantation or at the dwelling of any person whatsoever, without leave from his or her owner, not being sent upon lawful business, it shall be lawful for the owner of such plantation or dwell- ing house to give or order such slave or servant ten lashes on his or her bare back. Section 12. If any person or persons shall permit or suffer any 314 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. slave or slaves, servant or servants of color, to the number of three or more, to assemble in his, her or their outhouse, yard or shed, for the purpose of dancing or revelling, either by night or by day, the person or persons so offending shall forfeit and pay the sum of twenty dollars with cost to any person or persons who will sue for and recover the same by action of debt or indictment, in any court of record proper to try the same. Section 13. It shall be the duty of all coroners, sheriffs, judges and justices of the peace, who shall see or know of, or be informed of any such assemblage of slaves or servants, immediately to com- mit such slaves or servants to the jail of the county, and on view or proof thereof to order each and every such slave or servant to be whipped not exceeding thirty-nine stripes on his or her bare back. MODE OF RUNNING THE U. G. R. R. Very likely all of our readers have heard of the famous Under- ground Railroad, but ver^- few know anything of its system of work. Happily the corporation does not now exist, the necessity for the enterprise not being apparent at the present time, as the class of freight or passengers transported over the line are not now pro- duced. The question of slavery has always been a mixed one, from the time the first slave was imported into our country until, by the emancipation proclamation of Abraham Lincoln, all men were made free and equal in the eyes of the law. A strong anti-slavery party has long existed in the country. The framers of our constitution upon the organization of the Government had to deal with the ques- tion of slavery ; the successive administrations from Washington to Lincoln had to grapple with it ; various compromises were adopted which it was thought would quiet its spirit ; but like Banquo's ghost, it would not down at the bidding of any man or party. The death of Lovejoy at Alton, in 1837, a martyr to the anti-slavery cause, gave an impetus to the agitation of the question which never ceased until the final act was consumated which broke in pieces the shackles that bound the slave. Growing out of the agitation of this question, and the formation of a party in sympathy with the slaves, was the organization of the so-called Underground Railroad, for the purpose of aiding fugitives to escape to a land of freedom. The secrecy of its workings justi- fied its name. Notwithstanding the system was an organized one. d/7?7.^ ^^.^c^;- Cincinnati, HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 317 those engaged in it had no signs or passwords by which they might be known, save now and then a preconcerted rap at the door when a cargo of freight was to be delivered. Each relied npon the honor of the other, and, as the work was an extra-hazardous one, few cowards ever engaged in it. Pro-slavery men complained bitterly of the violation of the law by their abolition neighbors, and perse- cuted them as much as they dared : and this was not a little. But the friends of the slaves were not to be deterred by persecution. " The blood of martyrs is the seed of the church, " and persecution onlv made them more determined than ever to carrv out their just convictions of right and duty. No class of people ever made better neighbors than the Abolitionists, or better conductors on a railroad. It is well, perhaps, in this connection, to note how the passengers over this road were received in Canada, the northern termination. From mere goods and chatties in our liberty-boasting nation they were transformed into men and women ; from being hunted with fire-arms and blood-hounds, like wild beasts, they Avere recognized and respected as good and loyal subjects by the Queen as soon as their feet touched British soil. At the same time there stood, with open arms. Rev. Hiram Wilson, the true, noble-hearted missionary, ready to receive these refugees from " freedom's (?) soil, " and ad- minister to their wants. In February, 1841, there came a day of jubilee to the doubting ones, when Queen Victoria's proclamation was read to them : " That every fugitive from United States slavery should be recognized and protected as a British subject the moment his or her foot touched the soil of her domain." A very singular circumstance in connection with this road was the fact that, although people well knew who were engaged in it, and where the depot was located, freight could seldom be found, search as carefullv as thev miojht. A consignment would be forwarded over the line, notice of which would reach the ears of slave hunters, and when ready to ])lace their hands on the fugitives, like the Irishman's flea, they wouldn't be there. The business of this road for a num- ber of years was quite extensive, but to-day all its employes are dis- charged, and, strange to relate, none are sorry, but all rejoice in the fact. As illustrating the peculiarities of this line we append several incidents that occurred in this countv : THE MATTHEWS DEPOT. The main depot of the U. G. Road in Elm Grove township was 318 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. at Josiali Matthews', on section 24. Mr. Matthews was an earnest anti-slavery man, and helped to gain freedom for many slaves. He prepared himself with a covered wagon especially to carry black freight from his station on to the next. On one occasion there were three negroes to be conveyed from his station to the next, but they were so closely watched that some time elapsed before they could contrive to take them in safety. At last a happy plan was conceived, and one which proved successful. Their faces were well whitened with flour, and with a son of Mr. Matthews' went into the timber coon-hunting. In this way they managed to throw their suspicious neighbors off their guard, and the black freight was safely conducted northward. One dav there arrived a box of freio-ht at ]Mr. Matthews', and was hurriedly consigned to the cellar. On the freight contained in this box there was a reward of $1,500 offered, and the pursuers were but half an hour behind. The wagon in which the box containing the negro was brought was immediately taken apart and hid under the barn. The horses, which had been driven very hard, were rubbed off, and thus all indications of a late arrival were covered up. The pursuers came up in hot haste, and, suspecting that Mr. Matthews' house contained the fugitive, gave the place a very thor- ough search, but failed to look into the innocent-looking box in the cellar. Thus, by such stratagem, the slave-hunters were foiled and the fugitive saved. The house was so closely watched, however, that Conductor Matthews had to keep the negro a Meek before he could carry him further. This station was watched so closely at times that Mr. Matthews came near being caught, in which case, in all probability, his life would have been very short. THE CROSBY DEPOT. Mr. Uriah H. Crosby, of Morton township, was an agent and conductor of the U. G. E,. R., and had a station at his house. On one occasion there was landed at his station by the conductor just south of him, a very weighty couple, — a Methodist minister and wife. They had a Bible and hymn book that they might conduct religious exercises where they found an opportunity along the way. On conducting them northward Mr. Crosby was obliged to furnish each of them an entire seat, as either of them were of such size as to well fill a seat in his wagon. The next station beyond was at Mr, Kern's, nine miles. He arrived there in safety, and his heavy cargo was transported on to free soil — Canada. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 319 The next passenger along the route that stopped at Crosby station arrived on election day. A company had passed on northward when a young man hastily came up. He had invented a cotton gin, and was in haste to overtake the others of the party as they had the model of his invention. He was separated from them by fright. J. M. Roberts found this young man in the morning hid away in his hay-stack, fed him, and sent his son, Junius, with him in haste to Mr. Crosby's. On his arrival Conductor Crosby put him in his wagon, covered him with a buffalo robe, and drove through Wash- ington and delivered him to Mr. Kern, who took him in an open buggy to the (Quaker settlement. He overtook his companions. AN ACCIDENT ON THE U. G. R. R. One of the saddest accidents that ever occurred on the U. G. Road in Tazewell county was the capture of a train by slave hunt- ers. Two men, a woman and three children, were traveling together. The woman and children could journey together only from Tremont toward Crosby station, as they had only one buggy. The negro men concluded to walk, but stopped on the way to rest. Waiting as long as they dared for the men to come up, Messrs. Roberts started on with the women and children, but had not gone far before they were stopped by some slave hunters and their load taken from them. The mother and her three children, who were seeking their liberty, were taken to St. Louis and sold, as the slave hunters could realize more by selling them than by returning them to the owner and receiving the reward. When the two men came up it was thought best to take them on bv a different route, the people determining they should not be cap- tured. J. M. Roberts arranged to take them ou horseback to Peoria lake. Several men accompanied them, riding out as far into the water as they could, and by a preconcerted signal parties brought a skiff to them, into which the men were taken and conveyed across the river and sent on the Farmington route in safety. All other routes were too closely watched. ANTI-SLAVERY MEETING. In those exciting days of the U. G. R. R. old Father Dickey and Owen Lovejoy, strong anti-slavery men, made an appointment to speak at Washington. On the notice of the meeting being an- nounced the pro-slavery men took forcible and armed possession of 320 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. the church to be occupied by these speakers, and determined, at all hazards, to prevent the meeting from being held there. A prominent man of conservative views on the slavery question advised the anti-slavery men not to attempt to hold the meeting as they were determined to do, as the mob, he said, were frenzied with liquor, and he feared the consequences. So they concluded to go to Pleasant Grove church, Groveland, where they addressed one of the most enthusiastic anti-slavery meetings ever held in this part of the State. Owen Lovejoy was the orator of the day. The mob were determined to follow and break up that meeting also, but were de- terred by being told that as the anti-slavery men were on their own ground they would fight, and doubtless blood would be shed. CHAPTER X. PIONEER life". LOG CABINS. WE shall, in this chapter, give a clear and exact description of pioneer life in this county, commencing with the time the sturdy settlers first arrived with their scanty stores. They had migrated from older States, where the prospects for even a compe- tency were very poor, many of them coming from Kentucky, for, it is supposed, they found that a good State to emigrate from. Their entire stock of furniture, implements and family necessities were easily stored in one wagon, and sometimes a cart was their only vehicle. As the first thing after they arrived and found a suitable location, they would set about the building of a log cabin, a description of which may be interesting to the younger readers, and especially their descendants, who may never see a structure of the kind. Trees of uniform size were selected and cut into pieces of the de- sired length, each end being saddled and notched so as to bring the logs as, near together as possible. The cracks were " chinked and daubed" to prevent the wind from whistling through. This had to be renewed every fall before cold weather set in. The usual height was one story of about seven or eight feet. The gables were made of logs gradually shortened up to the top. The roof was made by laying small logs or stout poles reaching from gable to gable, suit- able distances apart, on which were laid the clapboards after the man- nner of shingling, showing two feet or more to the weather. The clapboards were fastened by laying across them heavy poles called " weight poles," reaching from one gable to the other, being kept apart and in their place by laying pieces of timber between them called " runs." A wide chimney place was cut out of one end of the cabin, the chimney standing entirely outside, and built of rived sticks, laid up cob-house fashion, and filled with clay, or built of 322 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. stone, often using two or three cords of stone in building one chimney. For a window a piece about two feet long was cut out of one of the wall logs, and the hole closed, sometimes with glass, but oftener with greased paper pasted over it. A doorway was also cut through one of the walls, and the door was made of spliced clapboards and hung with. wooden hinges. This was opened by pulling a leather latch-string which raised a wooden latch inside the door. For se- curity at night this latch-string was pulled in, but for friends and neighbors, and even strangers, the " latch-string was always hang- ing out," as a welcome. In the interior, upon one side, is the huge fire-place, large enough to contain a back-log as big as the strongest man could carry, and holding enough wood to supply an ordinary stove a week ; on either side are huge poles and kettles, and over all a mantle on which was placed the tallow dip. In one corner stood the larger bed for the old folks, under this the trundle-bed for the children ; in another corner stood the old-fashioned large spinning wheel, with a smaller one by its side ; in another the pine table, around which the family gathered to partake of their plain food ; over the door hung the ever trustful rifle and powder-horn ; while around the room were scattered a few splint-bottomed chairs and three-legged stools ; a rude cupboard holding the table ware, which consisted of a few cups and saucers and blue-edged plates, standing singly on their edges against the back, to make the display of table furniture more conspicuous. These simple cabins were inhabited by a kind and true-hearted people. They were strangers to mock modesty, and the traveler, seeking lodgings for the night or desirous of spending a few days in the community, if willing to accept the rude offering, was always welcome, although how they were disposed of at night the reader may not easily imagine ; for, as described, a single room was made to serve the purpose of kitchen, dining-room, sitting-room, bed-room, and parlor, and many families consisted of six or eight members. SELECTION OF HOMES. For a great many years but few thought it advisable to attempt farming in the prairie. To many of them the cultivation of the prairies was an untried experiment and it was the prevailing opinion that the timber would soon become very scarce, a fear soon proven to be without foundation. Another obstacle that was in the way for ^. C-^^-'-'z-' DILLON TP HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 323 a great many years was that no plows suitable for breaking the prairie land could be had. The sod was very much tougher then than it was in after years when the stock had pastured the prairies and killed out the grass to some extent. It would be astonishing to the younger residents to see the immense crops of prairie grass that grew upon the fields which are to day in such a high state of cultivation. It grew in places six to twelve feet high. It was these immense crops of grass that furnished the fuel for the terrible fires that swept over the prairies during the fall. Then, again, there was so much of the prairie land that was considered too wet to be ever suitable for cultivation. Many of the older settlers now liv- ing well remember when farms that are now in the highest state of cultivation were a vast swamp. There was another drawback in the settlement of the prairies, and that was the great labor and cost of fencing. But the principal reasons for locating in the timber was that many of their cabins were poor, half-finished affairs, and pro- tection from the driving storms was absolutely required. The timber also sheltered stock until such times as sheds and out buildings could be erected. That the time should soon come when intelligent, enterprising farmers would see that their interest lay in improving prairie farms, and cease clearing fields, when there were boundless acres presenting no obstacle to the most perfect cultiva- tion, argues nothing in the policy of sheltering for a time in the woods. In regard to the pioneers settling along the timber, we often hear remarks made as though the selection of such locations implied a lack of judgment. Those who are disposed to treat it in that manner are asked to consider carefully the above facts, when they will conclude such selection argued in their favor. Clearing of timber land was attended with much hard labor. The underbrush was grubbed up, piled into heaps and burned. The large trees were in many cases left standing, and deadened by gird- ling. This was done by cutting through the bark into the wood, generally through the " sap," all around the trunk. MILLING. Not the least of the hardships of the pioneers was the procuring of bread. The first settlers must be supplied at least one year from other sources than their own lands. But the first crops, however abundant, gave only partial relief, there being no mills to grind the grain. Hence the necessity of grinding by hand power, and many 21 324 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. families were poorly provided with means for doing this. Another way was to grate the corn. A grater was made from a piece of tin, sometimes taken from an old worn-out tin bucket or other vessel. It was thickly perforated, bent into a semi-circular form, and nailed, rough side upwards, on a board. The corn was taken in the ear and grated before it got dry and hard. Corn, however, was eaten in. various ways. Soon after the country became more generally settled, enterprising men were ready to embark in the milling business. Sites along the streams were selected for water-power. A person looking for a mill- site would follow up and down the stream for a desired location, and when found he would go before the County Commissioners and se- cure a writ of ad quod damnum. This would enable the miller to have the adjoining land officially examined, and the amount of dam- age by making a dam was named. Mills being such a great public necessity, they were permitted to be located upon any person's land if the miller thought the site desirable. A horse-mill was built on the southeast quarter of section 1, Sand Prairie township, in 1830-1, by Elisha Perkins. People for many miles away came to this mill, but its capacity was small. During the Black Hawk war John Essex and others came from the extreme northern part of Knox county to this mill to have their grain ground. During these perilous times a fort was began at this mill. It was intended to enclose it with a heavy palisade so that the set- tlers would not be cut oiF from food, and also to jn-otect the people. But the fort was never fully completed. The puncheons of which it was made remained in position for several years afterward. Mrs. Parmelia Brown, widow of Rev. William Brown, the i^ioneer preacher, tells us that during the winter of the deep snow they, as well as many others, had to pound their corn in a mortar. NATIVE ANIMALS. The wild animals infesting this county at the time of its settle- ment, were the deer, wolf, bear, wild-cat, fox, otter, raccoon, wood- chuck or ground-hog, skunk, mink, weasel, muskrat, opossum, rab- bit, and squirrel ; and the principal feathered game were the quail, prairie-chicken, and wild turkey. Several of these animals furnished meat for the early settlers ; but their principal meat did not consist long of game. Pork and poultry were soon raised in abundance. The wolf was the most troublesome animal, it being the common HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 325 enemy of the sheep. It was quite difficult to protect the sheep from their ravages. Sometimes pigs and calves were also victims of the wolf. Their howling in the night would often keep families awake, and set all the dogs in the neighborhood to barking. Their yells often were terrific. Says one old settler : " Suppose six boys, having six dogs tied, whipped them all at the same time, and you would hear such music as two wolves would make." To effect the destruc- tion of these animals the county authorities offered a bounty for their scalps and besides big hunts were inaugurated for their destruction, and " wolf hunts " are prominent among the memories of the early settlers. Such events were generally turned into a holiday, and everybody that could ride a nag or stand the tramp on foot joined in the deadly pursuit. A large circuit was generally made by the hunters, who then closed in on every side, driving the hungry wolves into the center of the corral, where they were despatched. The return home with the carcasses was the signal for a general turn-out, and these " pleasure parties " are still referred to by old citizens as among the pleasantest memories of early life in Tazewell county. Many a hungry wolf has been run down on the prairies where now is located a town or fine farm residence. This rare old pastime, like much of the early hunting and fishing the pioneers indulged in here, departed at the appearance of the locomotive. Mr. J. Mooberry, his friend, Mr, Hudson, from Ohio, and a number of young men of Groveland, started on a wolf hunt one day many years ago. The young fellows were careful to take the best and fleetest horses, leaving, as they laughingly said, " the plugs for the old men." A wolf was soon found and chase given. After running a long distance it went through a herd of horses. This checked all the dogs save two, Avhich followed it. It ran directly toward the two "old men," and plunged into the thick, tall grass of a slough ; but soon the dogs came up and jumped upon the fatigued animal. Before the dogs killed it, however, the men jumped from their horses, muzzled the wolf and secured it alive. Mr. Mooberry took it upon his horse in front of himself. Soon the laugh was on the " boys," as the old men had captured the game. Kezer Hancock, an early settler and quite a noted hunter, was out hunting in Groveland township in the year 1839, when he sent his very large bull-dog after a panther. He followed it until it gave a terrible yawl, when the dog hastily retreated to his master, and would not leave him again while in the woods. The wily pan- 326 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. ther kept apace with them, and only about fifteen feet away all through the timber. It was doubtless the jiresence of the dog that kept the panther at bay and enabled Mr. Hancock to escape. Mr. Hancock has killed as many as 23 deer within three weeks' time. At one time while out hunting without a dog, he shot a large buck deer, causing him to fall. On attempting to rise Mr. Han- cock siezed him by the hind leg, and with his hunting knife struggled Avith him for about three quarters of an hour, gashing his body, until finally, he succeeded in thrusting his knife to the heart. Often has Mrs. Hancock chased the wolves from her door-yard to save her chickens. Once a wolf caught a big sheep by his tail, and pulled him back as he attempted to jump the fence, but Mrs. Han- cock frightened the wolf away and saved her sheep. Louis White, of Spring Lake, in relating to us a number of inci- dents of early times in Tazewell, tells of a scare he received by being lost on the prairie, and being surrounded by the pesky wolves. While the wolves were not generally dangerous to persons, yet they would occasionally attack them, and especially after night. Mr. White had been at the carding-mill in Dillonville to have some wool carded for home use. He returned by way of Tremont and Pekin, and it was well after dark when he passed through Pekiu. He had a very trusty pair of horses, and after getting a good start on the road, as he often did he tied the lines around his body and lay down in the wagon for a nap. He was awakened, after going he knew not how far, by the yelping and howling of the wolves which were following him. It was pitch dark, and the horses were greatly excited. He could not induce them to go as he wished. They wanted to go one way and he another. He got out of the wagon and found he was off the road, and in reality lost on the prairie with packs of ravenous wolves howling on every side. Un- fortunately he had no fire-arms to defend himself against their attack. He became alarmed at the unpleasant, yes, dangerous, situation he was in. Who would not ? Finally he thought he would let his horses go where they would and trust to them and Providence for his safety. After going a little ways they again stopped, and he could not possibly urge them further. Here was a dilemma worse than the first, — in the midst of the prairie, pitch dark, with wolves all around to eat him, and his trusty animals unwilling to move. At last he ventured to get out of his wagon to examine and dis- cover, if he could, what prevented his horses from going, and to his HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 327 utmost surprise found that they had stopped at his own door-yard gate ! BEE-HUNTING. During the early settlement of this part of the State, one of the prevailing customs of the pioneers was "bee-hunting." Often a small company would travel many miles into a wild, unsettled country, in search of the sweet-flavored honey of the wild bee. Large trees, containing many gallons, and often a barrel, were fre- quently found by bee-hunters. The little, busy bees would be carefully watched as they flew heavily laden with the richest extract of the flowers that were purely native and unknown to the present generation. They always took a "bee line" for their homes. This was a correct guide to the sturdy hunter, who had studied with care the ways of the bee and by their knowledge took advantage of the little insect. Once on the trail, good bee-hunters were almost certain to capture the rich prize. After the bee tree was discovered it was no trouble to get possession of the honey. The tree was felled, and the hunters would rush for their booty ere it was lost by running out upon the ground. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. We copy a very interesting and graphic article from the " History of Washington," by John W. Dougherty, upon the social habits and customs of the people of this community. He says : " We know but little of the social habits of the people in those days," referring to the time the first settlers came to the county. " Their appreciation of education is shown in their efforts to estab- lish schools, temporary at first, but finally perhianent. Their reli- gious zeal is shown by their successful efforts in establishing churches, and their Christian liberality by the number and variety of them. Nor are we informed in regard to the amusements indulged in by the young folks ; but, being young folks, we have no doubt they found many ways of robbing Old Time of loneliness. It would be unfair to suppose them, especially the ladies, destitute of fashonable aspirations, but the means for gaudy display were very much circumscribed in those days. The male attire consisted chiefly of buckskin, or homespun cloth, — we might add home-woven, the loom beiu": far more common in or near their rude huts than the piano or organ. They were not, however, destitute of musical 328 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. taste, and many of their vocal performances would compare favor- ably with our present choirs. We may safely say they sang with the spirit. Most of the ladies, also, wore homespun, which they manufactured from wool, flax, cotton, and the bark or lint of the nettle, colored with such ingredients as nature provided, without the aid of art. A few even adopted buckskin. How many yards of the latter article were required for a fashionable dress in those times, or in what particular style they were cut and trimmed we are not informed, and must leave the ladies to draw their own con- clusions. These dresses certainly were durable, and shielded the wearer in out-door exercises incident to the planting, attending and gathering of crops, in which pursuit the ladies in all new countries assist. " Another of the prevailing fashions was that of carrying fire- arms, made necessary by the presence in the neighborhood of roving bands of Indians, most of whom were ostensibly friendly, but like Indians in all times, treacherous and unreliable. These tribes were principally Pottawatomies. There were also in the northern part of the State several tribes of hostile Indians, ready at any time to make a murderous, thieving raid upon the white settlers ; and an Indian war at any time was an accepted probability ; and these old settlers to-day have vivid recollections of the Black Hawk and other Indian wars. And, while target practice was much indulged in as an amusement, it was also necessary for a proper self-defense ; the settlers finding it necessary at times to carry their guns with them when they went to hoe their corn. In some instances their guns were stacked in the field and the laborers worked for a certain dis- tance around them, and then moved the guns to a certain position and again proceeded with their work. " These were only a few of the hardships incident to pioneer life, which was largely made up of privations, inconveniences and dan- gers. They had few labor-saving machines and no reliable markets. Even communication by letter with their distant friends and relatives was rendered difficult for want of proper mail facilities, and some- times for the want of money to pay the postage on the letters sent to them, — the postage then being twenty-five cents for a single let- ter, many of which remained in the office for weeks on account of the inability of the persons addressed to pay the postage." HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 329 PREACHING OF THE GOSPEL. The earlv settlers were not entirely without preaching. Says an old pioneer on this subject : " The ministers of the Gospel of the Savior of the world hunted us up and preached to what few there were ; therefore we did not degenerate and turn heathen, as any community will where the sound of the gospel is never heard. I shall not give their names, though sacred in memory, for they were not after the fleece, but after the flock, because they had but little to say about science and philosophy, but spoke of purer things." EDUCATION. Though struggling under the pressure of poverty and privation, the early settlers planted among them the school-house at the ear- liest practicable period. So important an object as the education of their children they did not defer until they could build more comely and convenient houses. They were for a time content with such as corresponded with their rude dwellings, but soon better buildings and accommodations were provided. As may readily be supposed, the accommodations of the earliest schools were not good. Sometimes school was taught in small log houses erected for the purpose. Stoves and such heating apparatus as are now in use were unknown. A mud-and-stick chimney in one end of the building, with earthen hearth and fire-place wide and deep enough to take in a four-foot back-log, and smaller wood to match, served for warming purposes in winter and a kind of conservatory in summer. For windows, part of a log was cut out in either side, and may be a few lights of eight-by-ten glass set in, or just as likely as not the aperture would be covered over with greased paper. Writing benches were made of wide planks, or likely puncheons, resting on pins or arms, clriven into two-inch auger-holes, bored into the logs beneath the windows. Seats were made out of puncheons, and flooring of the same material. Everything was rude and plain; but many of America's greatest men have gone out from just such school-houses to grapple with the world and make names for themselves, and have come to be an honor to their country. Among these we can name Abraham Lincoln, our martyred President, one of the noblest men ever known to the world's history. Stephen A. Douglas, one of the greatest statesmen of the age, began liis career in Illinois teaching in one of these primitive school-houses. But all these things are changed now. We no longer see the log 330 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. school-house. Their places are filled with handsome frame or brick structures, which for elegance and beauty of design, rival those of older settled countries ; and in place of the " masters, " who were " looked up to " as superior beings, and were consulted on all matters of law, physic and religion, there are teachers of liberal culture, in- telligent and progressive, many of whom have a broad and compre- hensive idea of education, and regard their labor as something more than teaching merely in order to make a living — more than a knowl- edge of a great number of facts in the universe of mind and matter. It means culture, the educating, developing and disciplining of all the faculties of the human mind. It is the comprehension of the entire being of man ; and the school or teacher who takes charge and care of the young should provide the means and methods for carry- ing forward the process in all departments of their complex natures, ' physical, mental and spiritual. MARKETS. The earliest settlers of the county went to St. Louis with what little produce they had to sell and the merchants bought all their goods in that city. Soon, however, Peoria and Pekin became mar- kets, and produce was wagoned to those cities and from there sent south on the river. There was at that time no sale for corn, or com- paratively none, and wheat would bring only a small price ; so that really there was no impetus given to the raising of grain of any sort, except for home consumption, until the advent of the railroad. At that time improvement began. The great resources of the county which had scarcely supplied more than home demand, were then turned to supply the wants of thousands. That occasion, the advent of railroads, was the commencement of agricultural development. It was the commencement of the manufacturing institutions the county can now boast of; it was the building of her thriving cities and towns, — indeed it was the beginning of progress. The people of this county experienced considerable trouble getting to Peoria before the construction of the bridge across the Illinois. It consumed so much time to cross on the slow-going ferry, especially when there was a " big day " at that place, or when the river was high. To the settlers who lived on this side of the river the Peoria merchants offered inducements by paying their toll across and back if they would trade to the amount of one dollar. The pork-buyers would also pay the ferriage of those who would bring them pork, HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 331 and besides give them dinner and feed their team. This induced many to go there in preference to Pekin. In those early days large crops of all kinds of grain could be raised, but the prices were exceedingly low. Dressed hogs would bring $1.10 per hundred pounds, while wheat would bring 25 cents per bushel. At present, when hogs are considered very low, they are worth alive ^3.50 per hundred, and wheat 95 cents per bushel. C. R. Crandall tells us he sent a load of grain to Chicago to ex- change for shingles to cover his first house with. Indeed, many of the early settlers hauled their produce to that city. " When the first settlers came to the wilderness, " says an old set- tler, "they all supposed that their hard struggle would be princi- pally over after the first year ; but alas ! we looked for ' easier times next year' for about ten years, and learned to bear hardships, priva- tion and hard living as good soldiers do. As the facilities for mak- ing money were riot great, we lived pretty well satisfied in an atmos- phere of good, social, friendly feeling, and thought ourselves as good as those we left behind when we emigrated West." CHILLS AND FEVER. One of the greatest obstacles, and one which wielded a very potent influence in retarding the early settlement of this county, was the "chills and fever," or the "ague," or the "Illinois shakes," as it was variously styled. This disease was a terror to new comers. In the fall of the year everybody was afflicted with it. It was no respecter of persons ; everybody shook with it, and it was in every person's system. They all looked pale and yellow as though they were frostbitten. It was not contagious, but was a kind of miasma that floated around in the atmosphere and was absorbed into the system. It continued to be absorbed from day to day, and week to week, until the whole body corporate became charged with it as with electricity, and then the shock came ; and the shock ^v as a regular shake, with a fixed beginning and an ending, coming on each day, or each alternate day, with a regularity that was surprising. After the shake came the fever, and this " last estate was worse than the first." It was a burning hot fever and lasted for hours. When you had the chill you couldn't get warm, and when you had the fever you couldn't get cool. It was exceedingly awkward in this respect, indeed it was. It would not stop, either, for any sort of contingency. Not even a wedding in the family would stop it. It 332 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. was imperative and tyranincal. When the appointed time came around everthing else had to be stopped to attend to its demands. It didn't even have any Sundays or holidays. After the fever went down you still didn't feel much better. You felt as though you had gone through some sort of collision and came out not killed but badly demoralized. You felt weak, as though you had run too far after something, and then didn't catch it. You felt languid, stupid and sore, and was down in the mouth and heel and partially raveled out, so to speak. Your back was out of fix and your appetite was in a worse condition than your back. Your head ached and your eyes had more white in them than usual, and altogether you felt poor, disconsolate and sad. You didn't think much of your- self, and didn't believe othfer people did either, and you didn't care. You didn't think much of suicide, but at the same time you almost made up your mind that under certain circumstances it was justifi- able. You imagined that even the dogs looked at you with a kind of self-complacency. You thought the sun had a kind of sickly shine about it. About this time you came to the conclusion that you would not accept the whole State of Illinois as a gift, and if you had the strength and means, picked up Hannah and the baby and your traps, and went back "yander" to Injianny, Ohio, or old Kaintuck. "And to-day the swallows flitting Round my cabin see me sitting Moodily within the sunshine, Just inside my silent door — "Waiting for the "ager," seeming Like a man forever dreaming; And the sunlight on me streaming Throws no shadow on the floor — For I am too thin and sallow To make shadows on the floor — Nary shadow any more! " The above is no picture of the imagination. It is simply recount- ing what occurred in hundreds of instances. Whole families would some time be sick at one time, and not one member scarcely able to wait upon another. One widow lady at Pekin informs us she lost nine children from this dreaded disease ! COOKING. To witness the various processes of cooking in those days would alike surprise and amuse those who have grown n^ since cooking HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 333 stoves and ranges came into use. Kettles were hung over the large fire, suspended on trammels which were held by strong poles. The long-handled frying-pan was used for cooking meat. It was held on the fire by hand ; or, to save time, the handle was laid across the back of a chair. This pan was also used for baking short-cake. A better article was a cast-iron spider, which was set upon coals on the hearth. But the best thing for baking bread was the flat-bottomed bake- kettle of greater depth, with closely fitting cast-iron cover, and commonly known as " Dutch oven." With coals over and under it bread and biscuit would quickly and nicely bake. Turkeys and spare-ribs were sometimes roasted before the fire, suspended by a string, a dish being placed underneath to catch the drippings. IMPLEMENTS. The agricultural implements used by the first farmer here would in this age of im})r()vement be great curiosities. The plow used was called the bar-share plow. The iron point consisted of a bar of iron about two feet long, and a broad shear of iron welded to it. At the extreme point was a coulter that passed through a beam six or seven feet long, to which were attached handles of corresponding length. The mold-board was a wooden one split out of winding timber, or hewed into a winding shape in order to turn the soil over. Sown seed was brushed in by a sapling with a bushy top being dragged over the ground. In harvesting the change is most strik- ing. Instead of the reapers and mowers of to-day, the sickle and cradle were used. The grain was threshed with a flail, or trodden out by horses or oxen. women's work. The men were not called upon to endure alone all the hardships and labor of frontier life. The women also had their physical labor to perfi)rm, and much of it was quite arduous. Spinning was one of the common household duties. This exercise is one which few of the present generation of girls have ever enjoyed. The wheel used for spinning flax was called the "little wheel," to distinguish it from the "big wheel" used for s])inning yarn. These stringed in- struments furnished the principal music of the family, and were operated by our mothers and grandmothers with great skill, attained without pecuniary expense, and with far less practice than is neces- sary for the girls of our period to acquire a skillful use of their costly and elegant instruments. 334 ErtSTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. The loom was not less necessary than the wheel. Not every house, however, in which spinning was done had a loom ; but there were always some in each settlement who, besides doing their own weaving, did some for others. Settlers, having succeeded in spite of the wolves in raising sheep, commenced the manufacture of woolen cloth ; wool was carded and made into rolls by hand-cords, and the rolls were spun on the "big wheel." We occasionally find now, in the houses of the old settlers, one of these big wheels, some- times used for spinning and twisting stocking yarn. They are turned with the hand, and with such velocity that it will run itself while the nimble worker, by her backward step, draws out and twists her thread nearly the whole length of the cabin. A common article woven on the loom was linsey, also called linsey-woolsey, the chain being linen and the filling woolen. This cloth was used for dresses for the girls and mothers. Nearly all the clothes worn by the men were also home-made. Rarely was a farmer or his son seen in a coat made of any other. If, occasionally, a young man appeared in a suit of " boughten " clothes, he was suspected of hav- ing gotten it for a particular occasion, which occurs in the life of nearly every man. Not until the settlers had supplied themselves with the more use- ful articles of clothing and with edibles of various kinds, did wheat bread become a common article of food. It is true they had it earlier, but this was only served on extra occasions, as when visitors came, or on Sundays ; and with this luxury they would have a little " store coffee." " The little brown jug" found a place in almost every home, and was often brought into use. No caller was permitted to leave the house without an invitation to partake of its contents. PLEASURES OF PIONEER LIFE. The history of pioneer life generally presents the dark side of the picture ; but the toils and privations of the early settlers were not a series of unmitigated sufferings. No ; for while the fathers and mothers toiled hard, they were not averse to a little relaxation, and had their seasons of fun and enjoyment. They contrived to do something to break the monotony of their daily life and furnish them a good, hearty laugh. Among the more general forms of amusements were the " quilting-bee," "corn-husking," and the "apple-paring," and in timbered sections, " log-rolling" and "house- raising." Our young readers will doubtless be interested in a HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 335 description of these forms of amusement, when kibor was made to afibrd fun and enjoyment to all participating. The "quilting-bee," as its name implies, was when the industrious qualities of the busy, little insect that "improves each shining hour" were exemplified in the manufacture of quilts for the household. In the afternoon ladies for miles around gathered at an appointed place, and while their tongues would not cease to play, their hands were as busily engaged in making the quilt ; and desire was always manifested to get it out as quickly as possible, for then the fun would begin. In the evening the gentlemen came, and the hours would then pass swiftly by in playing games or dancing. " Corn-huskings " were when both sexes united in the work. They usually assembled in a large barn, which was arranged for the occasion ; and when each gentleman had selected a lady partner the husking began. When a lady found a red ear she was entitled to a kiss from every gentleman present ; when a gentleman found one he was allowed to kiss every lady present. After the corn was all husked a good supper was served ; then the " old folks " would leave, and the remainder of the evening was spent in the dance and in having a general good time. The recreation aiforded to the young people on the annual recurrence of these festive occasions was as highly enjoyed, and quite as inno- cent, as the amusements of the present boasted age of refinement and culture. CHAPTER XI. THE REBELLION. FIRST INDICATIONS OF THE WAR. THE brightest pages of the history of this county are those which record the acts of love and devotion to the Union of her people — the sacrifices made during the dark and trying days of the Rebellion. Well may the people of Tazewell county be proud of the record thev made both at home and in the field during the war traitors inaguratcd against the Union. It reflects honor upon their heads, and as future generations look back through history they will bless their names for so strenuously ujjholding the best government ever instituted by man. When, in 1861, the war was forced upon the country, the people were quietly pursuing the even tenor of their ways, doing whatever their hands found to do — working the mines, making farms or culti- vating those already made, erecting homes, founding cities and towns, building shops and manufactories — in short, the country was alive with industry and hopes for the future. The people were just recov- ering from the depression and losses incident to the financial panic of 1857. The future looked bright and promising, and the indus- trious and patriotic sons and daughters of the North were buoyant with hope, looking forward for the perfecting of new plans for the insurement of comfort and competence in their declining years. They little heeded the mutterings and threatenings being wafted from the South. They never dreamed that there was one so base as to attempt the destruction of the Union their fathers had purchased for them with their life-blood. While thus surrounded with peace and tranquility they paid but little attention to the rumored plots and plans of those who lived and grew rich from the sweat and toil, blood and flesh, of others. The war clouds grew darker and still darker, the thunders of treason grew louder and louder until April 12, 1861, when the fear- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 337 fill storm burst upon the country and convulsed a continent with its attendant horrors. On that day, the rebels, who for weeks had been erecting their batteries upon the shore, after demanding of Major Anderson a surrender, opened fire upon Fort Sumter. For hours an incessant cannonading was continued ; the fort was being injured severely ; provisions were almost gone, and Major Anderson was compelled to haul down the stars and stripes, — that dear old flag which had seldom been lowered to a foreign foe : by rebel hands it was now trailed in the dust. How the blood of patriotic men of the North boiled when on the following day the news was flashed along the telegraph wires that Major Anderson had been forced to surren- der! And nowhere was greater indignation manifested than in Tazewell county. THE FIRST CALL FOR TROOPS. Immediately upon the surrender of Fort Sumter, Abraham Lin- coln, America's martyr President, — who but a few short weeks before had taken the oath of office as the nation's chief executive, — issued a proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteers for three months. The last word of that proclamation had scarcely been taken from the elec- tric wires before the call was filled, men and money were counted out by hundreds and thousands : the people who loved their whole gov- ernment could not give enough. Patriotism thrilled and vibrated and pulsated through every heart. The farm, the workshop, the office, the pulpit, the bar, the bench, the college, the school-house, — every calling offered its best men, their lives and fortunes, in de- fense of the Government's honor and unity. Bitter words spoken in moments of political heat were forgotten and forgiven, and, join- ing hands in a common cause, they repeated the oath of America's soldier statesman : " By the Great Eternal, the Union must and shall be preserved." Seventy-five thousand men were not enough to subdue the rebel- lion ; nor were ten times that number. The war went on, and call followed call, until it began to look as if there would not be men enough in all the Free States to crush out and subdue the monstrous war traitors had inaugurated. But to every call for either men or money there was a willing and ready response. And it is a boast of the people that, had the supply of men fallen short, there were women brave enough, daring enough, patriotic enough, to have 338 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. offered themselves as sacrifices on their country's altar. Such were the impulses, motives and actions of the patriotic men of the North, among whom the sons of Tazewell made a conspicuous and praise- worthy record. The readiness with which the first call was filled, together with the embarassments that surrounded President Lincoln in the absence of sufficient law to authorize him to meet the unexpected emergency, together with an under estimate of the magnitude of the rebellion ; and a general belief that the war would not last more than three months, checked rather than encouraged the patiotic ardor of the peo- ple. But very few of the men, comparatively speaking, who volun- teered in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers for three months, were accepted. But the time soon came when there was a place and a musket for every man. Call followed call in quick succession, until the number reached the grand total of 3,339,748. Of this vast number Tazewell county furnished about 3,000. The tocsin of war was sounded, meetings were held in every town- ship, village and city, at which stirring and spirited addresses were made, and resolutions adopted admitting of but one interpretation, — that of unconditional allegiance and undying devotion to their coun- try and their country's flag; that, at whatever cost of blood or treasure, the stars and stripes, wherever floating, must be honored, and the supremacy of the law of the National Union sustained. VARIOUS MEETINGS HELD IN THE COUNTY. On the 17th, only two days after the proclamation of Gov. Yates, a large meeting of the citizens of Pekin was held at the court-house in response to a call of Mayor Leonard. It was a prompt and en- thusiastic gathering of all parties and animated by one motive — that of proving their loyalty to the Government and their willingness to sustain the national authorities in their efibrts to preserve the Union. Resolutions strong and full of meaning were offered, spirited addresses delivered interspersed with music by the Pekin brass band and soul stirring national airs of a martial band. As better show- ing the state of the feeling of the people in general we give ex- tracts from resolutions that met with unanimous approbation at this meeting. J. McDonald, editor of the Tazewell Register, offered a lengthy resolution which closed as follows : " Resolved, That patriotism prompts a ready and willing resjjonse HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 339 to the President's call for men and means to aid the general Govern- ment in the present crisis ; and that the people of Tazewell will not prove laggard in following where duty points the way." B. S.' Pretty man most eloquently and patriotically addressed the meeting, and closed by offering the following resolution : " Resolved, That in view of the present threatening aspect of a por- tion of our country toward the general Government, it is the duty of all men who owe allegiance to the nation, to offer themselves, and their lives and their fortunes to the powers that be in support of the Union and the laws. " Resolved, That we, the citizens of Pekin and vicinity hereby tender to the State and nation our united support, and pledge our- selves to them in every emergency and at all times, our fortunes and our sacred honor." S. T>. Puterbaugh made a few telling remarks and offered a resolu- tion commending Gov. Yates' proclamation, after which Joshua Wagenseller offered the following : "Re-solved, That the citizens of Pekin will protect, cherish and render the material aid to the families of all volunteers who are not able to make suitable provisions for their families, for their support during their absence in the service of their country." Dr. D. A. Checver offered the following eloquent resolution : " Resolved, That, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, we accept the issue presented by the attack upon our flag, and in jjeace or war, in life or death, proclaim as our motto, God, Justice and Our Country." At the close of the meeting volunteers were called for when a large number responded. At a meeting held at Tremont, Saturday, April 20, 1861, to con- sult upon the perilous condition of the country, great patriotism was manifested. Lloyd Shaw presided, and Seth Talbot, jr. acted as secretary. Short speeches were made by J. K. Kellogg, Dr. Cole, Stephen Stout, E. G. Smith, J. H. Harris, Isaac Stout, H. Shaw and W. R. Lackland. H. R. Brown offered the following resolution which was unani- mously adopted : " Resolved, That we keep step to the music of the Union, and stand by our Government and the stars and stripes, first, last and all the time.'' The City Council of Pekin held a special session April 20, 1861, 22 340 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. and showed their willingness to furnish material aid to the families of volunteers. The sum of ^1,000 was appropriated to their bene- fit, to be disbursed under the direction of a committee who pledged themselves that the families of the volunteers should not suffer for the necessaries of life while their protectors were absent. The council also appropriated $300 to defray the expenses of transporta- tion of volunteers. The Union sentiment was strongly expressed by the people of Mackinaw. Pursuant to notice a large concourse of people assem- bled at the Christian Church, in Mackinaw, Monday, April 22, 1861. On motion of W. A. K. Cowdry, William Watson was called to the chair, and J. B. Mathews appointed secretary. Strong resolutions were passed; among them were some by Dr. J. P. Terrell, which plainly and strongly set forth the feelings of the mass as they met with unanimous passage. AVe give extracts : " Resolved, That Jeff. Davis & Co. are the " biggest devils " among ten thousand, and the ones altogether devilish. ^ ^ ^ " That our faith is as fixed and abiding as that we repose in God, that our cause is just, and that a people battling for life, for liberty, and for the sanctity of homes and firesides, must and will triumph. " That if this Government, the noblest fabric ever reared for the worship of human liberty, must go dowm in a fratricidal conflict, we of the North, appealing to history may, before the world, cliarge, without fear of contradiction, that the responsibility rests upon our Southern brethren. That it is the result of a wanton repudiation bv them of the covenants of the constitution, and whether or not we shall be able to preserve it as the great heart and only bond of union. Mav the God of battles be our shield and strong defense." April 25, 1861, the people of Cincinnati assembled at the Wood- row school-house. A band from Pekin was present. Samuel Wood- row was called to the chair, and W. F. Copes chosen secretary. Remarks were made by R. Gibson, J. B. Cohrs, C. A. Roberts, Charley Gary, Benjamin Priddy, William Woodrow, Samuel Larri- more, John Slack, A. M. Woodrow, William Plawley, S. S. Parlin, John S. Sinnet, and others. But one sentiment prevailed, that was that they were all in for the Union at all hazards, and determined to stand by the administration. A large and enthusiastic meeting was held at the Christian church in Hittle, April 25, 1861, at which Ellis Dillon presided, Daniel Albright, secretary. G. W. Minier delivered a stirring and eloquent HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 341 speech and Mr. Cowdry, of Mackinaw, followed. Capt. Ketchum, with a number of volunteers and citizens of Mackinaw, was present. A number of volunteers had left for Springfield the previous week. The sentiments of the people were expressed in the following pointed language : " There is but one feeling here with regard to the present perilous condition of our country, and that is, if necessary, that every dollar be spent and every life sacrificed rather than have the Government fall into the hands of traitors. Past political differ- ences are laid aside. Democrats and Republicans stand side by side, ready to maintain the dignity of our Government and the honor of the glorious old stars and stripes." When the boom of the great guns in Charleston harbor went rolling across the continent, at this time their echo penetrated every loyal heart in this country. They had scarcely ceased belching forth their iron missiles, and our national ensign disgraced, ere the patriotism of the sons of Tazewell county prompted them to go to their country's defense. The call for troops was no sooner made than a company was organized at Pekin. Such alacrity in rushing to arms was never before witnessed in the world's history. DEPARTURE OF FIRST VOLUNTEERS. Early on the morning of the 22d of April, 1861, the people began to assemble at the river landing, at Pekin, to witness the departure of the first volunteers. This was a company under command of Capt. F. L. Riioads, with C. C. Glass, first lieutenant ; J. A. Sheets, second lieutenant; Dietrich Smith, third lieutenant. The company numbei'ed over 100, and was assigned to the Eighth regiment, of which Capt. lihoads soon became colonel. Previous to embarking the company formed a circle, when the Rev. Mr. Underwood, in a brief and feeling prayer, invoked the blessings of Heaven upon the brave men who were about to go forth in defense of the Union. Then, amid cheers and benedictions, tears and farewells, the company marched on board the steamer, Cambridge, for Peoria, where they took the cars for Springfield. It was an impressive scene, and the tear of regret which marked the cheek of many was no reproach to their manhood. LIBERALITY OF THOSE AT HOME. It is impossible for any historian to do full justice to the spirit and patriotism of this people in the early days of this gigantic and 342 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. bloody struggle waged by the American people against rebellion, and their liberal and continuous contributions to maintain the integ- rity of this glorious Union. It is, indeed, a proud record; for from among them went out brave soldiers and efficient leaders to aid in the grand struggle for the maintenance and perpetuity of the Union. "A union of lakes, a union of lands, A union that none can sever ; A union of hearts, a union of hands — The American Union forever." When the first companies were being raised, measures were inau- gurated and carried out to raise money by subscription for the sup- port of the families of volunteers. But there were so many calls for men, and the number and needs of these families, whose providers had gone to defend the life of the nation, that it became impossible for private purses, however willing their holders, to supply all de- mands, and the county authorities made frequent appropriations, and the aid societies donated largely. Private liberality still continued. This money was raised in the midst of the excitement of war, when the exigencies of the times demanded it, and the generous people never thought to inquire how much they were giving. Aside from the sums appropriated by county and city authorities no account was ever kept. Had there been, the sum would now seem most fabulous. FLAG PRESENTATION. One of the first acts of the ladies of the county, at the outbreak of the war, was the making of flags and presenting them to companies as they were about to march southward. Many such flags were carried over bloody fields by the brave boys from Tazewell County. The ladies were fired with patriotic zeal and sent the boys to the front with cheering words. The ladies of Pekin prepared a flag for the " Pekin Invincibles," which was presented to the company at a public meeting held at the court-house Saturday, April 27, 1861. Mrs. H. P. Westerman, on behalf of the ladies, presented the banner with the following most eloquent and encouraging remarks : " Captain Montgomery : — You and your company have done well thus promptly to respond to your country's call. As you are about to march to her defense, we, your sisters and wives, have thought it fitting to present to you some kind memento of our love. We HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 343 honor you for your patriotism ; we trust in your valor, and though sad to lose you, yet we freely bid you go. As you go take this flag of our Union, the work of our hands, which we now entrust to your care. May it never trail in the dust. Protect it, defend it, and fight for it as you would for your country, your homes and the graves of those you hold dear. Liberty and Union, let that be your motto, and let its sentiments be deeply engraven on your hearts. The Union, we love it, and the more now that it is in peril. ' Sail on, oh Union strong and great, Humanity with all its fears, — With all the hopes of future years, Is hanging breathless on thy fate. Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea. Our hearts, our hopes are all with thee ; Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears, Our faith triumphant o'er our fears. Are all with thee, are all with thee.' " Love the Union, and see to it that so far as your actions are concerned, none of its stars shall be stricken out. As freemen do valiant service in its defense. Be true to yourselves and to us. Disappoint not our hopes. Accept this banner : with calm unfalter- ing purpose ever bear it aloft." James Roberts, on behalf of the company, responded in an appro- priate manner, when Ca})t. Montgomery placed the flag in charge of Leonard Martin, the standard-bearer, and the company gave three hearty cheers for the Union, the flag and the ladies. A PICTURE OF A SAD AND DESOLATE HOME. The boys went forth to the field of carnage, and what vivid words can the pen employ that will do justice to their heroic valor, to their unequaled and unparalleled bravery and endurance. Home and home comforts, wives and little ones, fathers, mothers, sisters, broth- ers, were all given up for life and danger on the fields of battle — for exposure, fatigue, disease and death at the point of the bayonet or the cannon's mouth. But while they were thus suffering let us not suppose that the mother, and sister, the wife, the children were free from the tortures of anxiety, of the loss of dear ones. Yes, while the brave boys upon the Southern field suffered indescribably, the wife and little ones at home endured suffering beyond the power of pen or tongue to describe. Let us picture a home where the 344 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. the husband and the wife and little ones are thus separated. The picture of one will only reflect those of hundreds of others. We look into the plain but tidy room. A mother is preparing her even- ing meal. Upon a chair, and leaning her little arm on the window- sill, a little child is kneeling, looking far into the dusky shadows that encircle the brow of night. Her dark eyes have a longing, wistful look, and on her brow lies one of lifers shadows. At last she speaks : " Oh ! mamma, papa has been gone so long ; why don't he come ?" The mother sighs, and her heart repeats, "so long." But the little one must have an answer, and mamma tries to comfort her — " Papa has gone to war, dear ; gone to fight for his country, and when the war is over he will come back to see mamma and little Bessie." "But it seems so long, mamma; when will the war be over?" " Mamma cannot tell ,dear ; but we will hope for the best." Their frugal meal is now ready, and mother and child sit down with heavy hearts, their eyes wandering to the place where papa used to sit; but there is no manly form, — only a vacant chair. In the mother's heart sad questions icill arise : " Will he return to us? or will some swift-winged bullet, sped by a traitor's hand, de- stroy the life so dear to us?" Oh, why could not all men have been true to a government so mild, — to their country, so vast and grand ? AVhy should they cause sorrow and death to o'erspread our land, and the voice of wailing to go forth from every fireside? In silence the meal is ended, and the little one, whose eyes have grown heavy, is taken upon the mother's lap, and prepared for rest. Her little prayer is said, and a good- night kiss for papa, she falls asleep, and the shadow is chased from her brow. But the shadows hover darkly round the mother's heart, as she thinks of distant battle-fields ; of wounded and dying men whose lives, and those they love more than life, have been given up that their country might be saved. And on this September evening a terrible battle has closed. For three days they have fought, and now the evening shadows unite with clouds of smoke, and our army is victorious ; but the ground is strewn with the dead and dying. Hark ! here is one who speaks : " Water, water ; won't little Bessie bring me water?" But Bessie's soft hands cannot reach him ; kind, but rougher and stranger hands give him the cooling drops, and with a weary sigh for his home, wife, and little one, his breath is gone, and the brave heart beats no more. HISTOPwY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 345 Rumors of a terrible fight reached that quiet home ; then came dispatches, making rumors f arts. How long and dark are the hour of suspense to the anxious wife and little one. Eagerly the papers are watched for every word concerning the division in which was the loved one, and now at last comes a list of the killed and wound- ed in his regiment ; with fast-beating heart the poor wife takes the list of ywoimded first, that she may still have some hope. His name is not there. With hushed breath and heart beating faster, she scans the list of the killed, until she comes to his name, the paper falls from her nerveless hand and she sinks heavily to the floor. Bessie bends over her, and the touch of her soft hands and the sound of her sweet voice bring- the u-idow back to life that is now so dark. But for Bessie's sake she will still be brave, and struggle on alone, no, not (done. Bessie is still with her, and their heavenly Father will lead them through the darkness. This is only one of the many pictures that are drawn upon the pages of unwritten history. Have traitors nothing to answer for ? SOLDIERS AID SOCIETY. The continued need of money to obtain comforts and necessaries for the sick and wounded of our army, suggested to the loyal ladies of the North many and various devices for the raising of funds. Every city, town and village had its fair, festival, picnic, excur- sion, concert which netted more or less for the care of hospital relief The ladies of Tazewell honored themselves and this county by their noble, generous work in behalf of the soldiers. Their devotion to the loyal principles of the national Government was undying, and its defenders were objects of their deepest sympathy. During the dark and trying days of the Rebellion they were ever on the alert raising funds, sending food, clothing, delicacies and medicines to the soldiers in the hospital and at the front. In the noble efforts the ladies made to palliate the sufferings of their brothers upon the Southern fields of carnage, they were actuated by love of country, devotions to kindred and sympathy for those in distress. Though physically incapacitated to share with them the toil and perils of battle, yet before its smoke and the echoes of its artillery passed away, the offering of their hands would relieve their pain, and inspire them with holier ardor for the cause they M^ere defending. The number of weary sufferers on the field of battle and in the lonely hospital relieved by their bounty, none but the Recording Angel can tell. 346 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Money was raised for pushing forward this work in many ways, but underlying all was the willing hearts. Large sums were received by donations, but the chief reliance was upon entertain- ments and the one great fair which netted a handsome sum. The ladies had struggled on doing what they could in a smaller way, but it became evident greater exertions would be necessary to raise sufficient means to alleviate the sufferings of the soldiers. Accordingly, the Soldiers Aid Society of Pekin, issued through their Secretary, Mrs. H. P. Westerman, on the 3rd day of Aug., 1864, the following call, looking toward a grand county sanitary fair : "The continued need of money has suggested to the ladies of the Soldier's Aid Society the necessity of getting up something on a grander and larger scale than anything heretofore held in our county. The winter season will soon be approaching with its inclemency which will naturally make it more difficult for us ladies to replenish our soldiers aid fund ; therefore what is to be done must be done quickly and with might. "The need of money for this sacred purpose (that of alleviating the sufferings of our languishing heroes in our hospitals,) still con- tinue and calls loudly on all noble men and women to assist. Our brave men are still wrestling with Southern rebellion, which though often caused to fall back is not yet subdued ; and therefore there is treble the necessity for redoubling our efforts in their behalf. The hospitals made vacant by death, recovery or discharge are speedily refilled with new faces which disease and exposure have rendered pallid, and emaciated forms shattered by a gun-shot or shell. I tell you my friends we must continue to pour down our sanitary supplies for the comfort of those bleeding, suffering soldiers of our country, whose well-being lies near the heart of all true men and women. Who has not some father, brother or loved friend in our army ? Then awake and think. What can you do ? Your hands, however tiny, can work up some little item which will either do to send to our soldier boys or will bring money at our soldier's fair. Come up and do something while it is day, for night cometh when no man can work. Everything in the shape of the useful, fancy or orna- mental, vegetables, meats, machinery, and, in fact, anything that can be invented, both natural and artificial, will be heartily received." According to the above call a meeting was held at the court-house, Aug. 6, 1864, to inaugurate measures for the holding of the Tazewell HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 347 County Sanitary Fair. Henry Riblet was chairman of this meeting, and W. W. Clemens, secretary. The following named persons were elected officers of the Fair : President — Joshua Wagenseller. Vice Presidents — Joshua Saw- yer, Tremont ; Maj, R,. N. Cullom, Deer Creek ; William Dixon, Sand Prairie ; Joshua Brown, Dillon ; I. B. Hall, Delavan ; Daniel Reid, Boynton ; Samuel Woodrow, Cincinnati ; Gordon Nichols, Elm Grove ; A. S. Cole, Fond du Lac ; Michael Hittle, Mackinaw ; S. R. Crosly, Malone ; Dr. G, W. Minier, Little Mackinaw ; Daniel Albright, Hittle ; Jacob Keyser, Spring Lake ; Dr. B. H. Harris, Groveland ; Peter Weyhrich, William S. Rankin, Teis Smith, I. E. Leonard, Pekin. Recording Secretary — B. F. Blossom. Assistant, Lemuel Allen. Corresponding Secretary — George H. Harlow. Treasurer — George Greigg. Executive Committee — Henry P. Westerman, William P. Chain, George Tomm, Reuben Bergstresser, George W. Ingalls, David Keyes, William Grant, Mrs. H. P. Westerman, Mrs. W. S. Rankin, Mrs. G. H. Harlow, Mrs. E. Rhodes, Mrs. T. D. Vincent, Mrs. Abram Haas, Mrs. Thomas King, Mrs. Daniel Harlow, Mrs. Samuel P. Higgiuson, Mrs. W. Amsbary, Mrs. Robert Briggs, Mrs. Brear- ley, Mrs. W. W. Sellers, Mrs. G. W. Athens, Mrs. William P. Chain. Great eiforts were made to make this a grand affair. Committees were appointed to canvass in the surrounding counties. Circulars were sent out setting forth the great necessity of raising means for the relief of the soldiers in Southern hospitals. A large building was erected on Court street, Pekin, which had its various departments under able management. The fair lasted three days and proved quite remunerative, the proceeds being over $5,000. Whenever a great battle or any other emergency made unusual demands, appeals were made through the press and never in vain. In looking through the files of county papers we find call after call made by different societies during those trying times. As the war progressed the care of soldier's families became an important part of the work of soldier's aid societies. Let us examine into one or two of the boxes sent by the Soldier's Aid Society of Pekin and see what they contained. We give list of articles packed in box Sept. 15, 1863, and sent to the army of the Cumberland: Number sheets 2; shirts 17; drawers 17; handker- 348 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. chiefs 45 ; pounds of ground mustard 4 ; green tea 3 ; dried fruit 20 ; packages corn starch 8; number bandages 10; books and papers. Contents of a box packed and shipped April 13, 1864 — number pillows 9 ; pillow cases 12 ; handkerchiefs 79 ; towels 40 ; shirts 24 ; rolls butter 1 ; rolls cotton bandages 58 ; sheets 2 ; pairs slippers 5 ; number quilts 1 ; dressing gowns 1 ; old shirts 1 ; jar pickles 1 ; small sack dried peaches 1 ; bottle catsup 1 ; bundle linen rags 1 ; a large lot of magazines and papers. Shipped April 23, 1864 — Barrels dried apples 1; dried peaches 1 ; 4 dozen cans tomatoes ; 1 barrel of eggs ; When the boys in blue came home on a furlough they were cordially welcomed, and the ladies prepared dinners for them and made their stay happy and pleasant. AVhen they returned to the tented fields they carried with them grateful recollections of the efforts the ladies at home were making for their comfort. lee's surrender. — Lincoln's assassination. Our armies bravely contended until finally after four long years of bloodshed and carnage the news was flashed over the wires that Lee had surrendered. This joyful news reached this county Monday, April 10, 1865, being within two days of four years from the time the batteries were opened on Fort Sumter. On receiving the news of the fall of Richmond the people were very jubilant over the suc- cess of the Union forces. They assembled in all parts of the county and had grand jubilees. At Pekin the people came together at the public square and a procession was formed, headed by the band, and paraded through the city. The streets were brilliantly illuminated. Bonfires, rockets and music were seen and heard on every hand, it was indeed a season of rejoicing, and well might it be, for what had been endured, what had been suffered ? Scarcely had the downfall of the Southern Confederacy been re- ceived ere the sad news of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln was flashed over the wires. On that beautiful April morning, five days after the announcement of Lee's surrender, the people, joyful over the near approach of the return of their loved ones from the South, the sorrowing news of the President's death was announced. Mr. Lincoln was bound to the people of this county with stronger cords than simply being a good ruler. He had spent many days here ; had many warm personal friends and it was like the loss of a brother. Thev felt the loss keenly ; the tolling bells, the sym- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 349 pathetic dirges, interpreted not merely the grief of a people at the loss of a president, but the sorrow of a community at the death of a brother, a son, one who was closely akin to all. Meetings were held and appropriate resolutions passed. Dwellings, stores, churches and public buildings were draped and the flags which had been sent up in moments of rejoicing, were taken down, draped, and sent up at half-mast. THE CLOSE. The war ended aud peace restored, the Union preserved in its in- teirritv, the sons of Tazewell who had volunteered their lives in defense of their government, and who were spared to see the army of the Union victorious, returned to their homes to receive grand ovations and tributes of honor from friends and neighbors who had eagerly and zealously followed them wherever the fortunes of war called. Exchanging their soldiers' uniforms for citizens' dress, most of them fell back to their old vocations, — on the farm, at the forge, the bench, in the shop, and at whatever else their hands found to do. Brave men are honorable alwavs, and no class of citizens are entitled to greater respect than the volunteer soldiery of Tazewell county, not alone because they were soldiers, but because in their associa- tions with their fellow men their walk is upright, and their honesty and character without reproach. Their country first, {heir glory and their pride, Land of their hopes, land where tlieir fathers died ; When in the right, they'll keep their honor bright. When in the wrong, they'll die to set it right. No more fitting tribute to their patriotic valor can be offered the brave men who went forth in defense of liberty and union, than a full and complete record, so far as it is possible to make it, embracing the names, the terms of enlistments, the battles in which they were engaged, and all the minutiai of their military lives. It will be a wreath of glory encircling every brow — a precious memento to hand down to posterity, and one which each of them earned in de- fense of their and our common country. There are, no doubt, some men who, while they lived in Tazewell county, enlisted in other counties and were never credited to this countv. While the names of such properly belong here, and we would gladly give them did we know them, yet the Adjutant-General's reports, the source of our 350 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. information, gives their names as belonging to other counties. We sent out thousands of circulars urging those who thus enlisted, or their friends for them, if they were dead or had moved away, to send us their name, company and regiment, and those who did so will find their name properly recorded. TAZEWELL COUNTY VOLUNTEERS. ABBREVIATIONS. abs Absent. art Artiller}-. col Colonel. capt Captiiin. corpl ("orporrtl. com Commissioned. ciiv Cavalry. eapd Captured. dis Disability. d Di.scharged. e Knli.sted. hos Hospital. inf Infantn-. kid Killed. lieut Lieutenant. m.o Mustered Out. pris Prisoner. pro Promoted. regt Regiment. res Resigned. sergt Sergeant. tr Transferred. V Veteran. wnd Wounded. 7th INFANTRY. The 7th is claimed to be the first regiment organized in the State, under the first call of the President for three months' troops. The 8th also claims the same honor. The 7th was mustered in at Camp Yates, April 25, 1861 ; was forwarded to Alton and thence to Mound City, where it remained during its three months' service. It was re-organized and mustered for three years service, July 25, 1861 ; moved to Fort Holt, Kentucky, where it went into winter quarters; was with the reconnoitering expedition under General Grant, in the rear of ColumVjus, Kentucky. On February 3d it embarked for Fort Henry, and on the 12th for Fort Donelson, taking part in the siege and investment of that x^lju'e. At DoneLson the regiment was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Babcock; loss 3 killed, including the gallant Captain Mendell of Companj' I, and 19 wounded. The 7th was engaged continually April 6th and 7th, at the battle of Shiloh, losing 2 officers and 15 men killed, and 79 wounded. At the battle of Corinth, October 3 and 4, 1862, the regiment was engaged both days entire. Colonel Babcock commanding. Loss at Corinth, 2 officers and 6 men killed, and 46 wounded, also 21 prisoners. After the battle of Corinth, the 7th was engaged in scouting and guarding railroads through Tennessee and Mississippi, taking part in a number of expe- ditions and having some .some bri.sk skirmishes, capturing many prisoners, etc. December 22, 1863, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, January 7, 1864, started to Springfield, Illinois, for veteran furlough. It was mustered out July 9, 1865, at Louisville, Kentucky; arrived at Camp Butler, July 12, 1865, for final payment and discharge. Colond. A. J. Babcock, e. July 12,'61, res. Feb. 20,'63. PrivaJUx. Hoffman, Theo., e. Feb. 22,'65, in Co. B., m. o. May 2.3, '6.5. Di\-ine, M., e. July •i5,'61, in Co. C, v., m. o., July 8,'65. COMTAJriT E. Second Lieutenants. Mart. V. Miller, e. July 2.5,'61, m.o. July 2^,'&i. W. W. Judy, e. July 2o,'61, m.o. July 2oV64. First Sergeant. W. H. Miller, c. July 25,'61, m.o. June 16,'6.5. Privates. Barnes, L. I)., e. Julv 2.5,'61, v., d. for pro. in 3d U..S. col. inf. Bunvell, J. A. Burwell, A.W., e. Feb. 10,'6-1, m.o. July 9,'65. Burwell, W. H., e. Aug. 12,'fi2, kid. Oct. 5,'64. Brown, L., e. Sept. 1,'61, tr. to V.R.C. Bortlitt, Homer M., e. Oct. 1,'61, v., tr. V.R.C. Carr, S. P., e. Aug. 12,'62, died April 26,'64. Forbes, A. W., e. Aug. 12, '62, pro. capt. in 3d U.S. col. inf. 352 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Forbes, John B. Forbes, John S., e. Aug. 12,'62. flardiner, Thos., e. Feb. '64. wnd. (ranliner, Hiram, died Dec. l.'dl. (Gardiner. .\., v.. m.o. July '.'.'t'lo. Ilickev, Edward, v., pro. serj^, wnd. Mainline, T. B., v., m.o. Julv '.t.'ti.'). Hainline, .S., e. Aug. 12,'(i2, d. June 2,'f,o. Hainline, J. F., e. Aug. 12,'02, d. June 2,'65. Hainline, O., e. Aug. 12,'r52, d. July 2,'65. Hainline, A., e. Feb. 2,'tU, m.o. June 29, '6.5. Hainline, E., c. Feb. 12, '64. kid. Feb. 1,'6.'). Huston, ('., e. Feb. 18,'t">4, m.o. July ;i,'65. Ewing, S. H., e. Feb. IN.'tU, in hos. at m.o. Jones, W. R., e. Sept. 15, '61, v., m.o. July '.\'6o, sergt. Jones, S. H., e. Aug. 12,'62, d. June 2,'62. Kampf, \Vm. H., e. Oct. 4,'64, m.o. Julv 9,'6."). Kampf, M. R., e. Feb. 2,'W, kid. Oct. 5,'64. Kelley, Wm. H., e. Jan. 30,'64, m. o. July 9,'65. Keates, \Vm. S. Leise, John L., e. Sept. 2S,'64, d. June 2,'a5. Lancaster, R., e. Aug. 12, '62, d. July 25, '64. Lancaster, J., e. Aug. 1'2,'62, d. June 2,'65. Miller, G. L. Pangh, H. H., e. Oct. 4,'64, m.o. Julv 9,'65. Paugh, Peter, e. Feb. 2,'64, died Jan. '21, '65. Robinson, S., e. Sept. 15,'61, v., m.o. Julv9,'C5. Roberts, D. C, e. Feb. 2.'64, kid. Oct. 5,'64. Roles, J. P., e. Dec. 21, '64, v.. m.o. Julv y,'65. Stafford, W. G., e. Sept. l.i,'61, m.o. Nov. l'2,'r>4. Sullivan, G., e. Feb. 10,'64, m.o. July 9,'65. Smith, Wm., v., kid. Oct. 5,'64. Tompkins, J. Q., e. Feb. '2.i,'ti4, m.o. Julv 1,'65. Thornton, A. \V., died Nov. •26,'61. Verrv, \Vm. E., e. Feb. 2,'64, wnd. Watt, T. H., e. Aug. 12,'lVl, d. June 2,'65. Watt, S., e. Aug. 12,'64, d. June 2,'6.5. Wood, W., e. Julv 25,'61. died Nov. 12,'61. Watt, J. W., e. Feb. 2,'64, kid. Oct. 5,'64. Allen, L. E., .Sept. 1.5,'61, v., kid. Oct. 5,'64. Allen, J. B., e. Oct. 1,'64, pris. Barnes, Lor. D., (No. 2) e. Oct. 1,'61, v., m.o. Julv 9, '6.5. Brooks, F. M., e. Sept. '61, died June .S,'62, serg. Brooks, G. (i., e. Feb. 5, '64, m.o. J\ine 22,'65. Booher, T. J., e. Oct. 1,'64, m.o. Julv 9,'6.5. Burk, J. T., e. Oct. 31, '63, kid. Oct. 5, '64. Burk, L. A., c. Feb. 10,'64, m.o. July 9, '65. Goft'man, Peter, c. Sejjt. •29,'64, d. June 2,'65. Decker, Joel, e. Feb. 5, '64, m.o. Julv 9,'65. Decker, D., e. Sept. 1,'63, d. April 2l),'a5. Dillon, Aaron, e. Sept. 2S.'r>4, d. June 2,'6.5. Friend, H. B., e. Feb. 9,'64, m.o. July 9,'6,5. Gardner, J., e. July '25, '61, v., m.o., July 9,'65. Roelf.son, A. N., e. Oct. 31, '63, m.o. JulVg.'Go. Reed, J. C, e. Feb. 15,'64, m.o. Julv 9,'65. Stroud, L. C, e. Mar. 22,'64, kid. Oct. 5,'64. Scales, J. W., e. Feb. 2.5,'M, m.o. Julv9,'65. Warfield, J. H., e. Sept. 28,'(U, d. June 2,'&5. Warfield, P. B., e. Sept. 2,s,'64, d. June 2,'65. Ambro.se, M. H., e. Feb. 14, '65, in Co. H, m. o. July 9,'65. COtPANY K. Brooks, George, e. Feb. 5, '64. Brooks, William. Barnes, William. Barnes, Lorenzo. Decker, John. Friend, Henry. Robin.son, George. Robinson, William. Left, John. Hainline, John. Galbraith, Michael. Thornton, Watson. Gillroy, T. Beal, Jesse,' e. July •25,'61, d. Nolan, John. COMPANY !>. Burk, James. Crattv, David. Landan, L., e. July 25,'61, died Nov. 6,'61. Morman, L. J., e. July 25,'61, v., m.o. July 9,'65. Ral.son, John. Ralson, A. Roberts, D. C, e. April 14,'61. m.o. Mav 11, '65. Sparrov.-, J. M., e. Julv 25,'61, died Oct. 24,'61. Tomljlin, W. H., e. July 25,'61, m.o. Julv 9,'65. Ward. M. T. Williamson, Thos. A. Turner, John D. Garrety, Albert. 8tli IXFANTRY. On the 25th daj' of April, 1861, the 8th Infantrj' was first organized for the three months' service. Colonel Oglesby commanding. A contest for rank and seniority arose between the Seventh and Eight, both being organized on the same day. This contest was finally ended by according to Colonel Cook the first number (Seven) as the number of his regiment, with the second rank as colonel — Colonel Oglesby taking the second number for his regiment, with the first rank as colonel. During its three months' term of service it was stationed at Cairo, where, at the end of said term, it was mustered out, and on July 25, 1861, was re- organized for the three years' service. The regiment was stationed at Cairo, Illinois, until October, 1861, when it was ordered to Birds Point, Missouri, where it was stationed until February 2, 1862, with the exception of occasional excursions to Cape Girardeau, Norfolk Mission and Paducha, Kentucky. February 2, 1862, embarked for Tennessee river. On the 5th met the enemy near Fort Henry, and drove them. On the 11th was in advance of attack on Fort Donelson, under command of Lieutenan-Colonel Rhoads, Colonel Oglesby commanding brigade. On the 15th the Eighth met the enemy, who were attempting to cut their way out of the fort, and for three hours and a half withstood the shock of the enemy, although suffering ter- ribly. Its loss was 57 killed, 191 wounded, and 10 missing. March 6th, proceeded to Pittsburg Landing, where the Eighth did gallant service, being engaged in the hottest of the fight. Towards the close of the HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 353 second day, the regiment was ordered to take a rebel battery, which was pouring a destructive fire into our ranks — the battery was charged and taken, the gunners being killed at their posts. The regiment lost 26 killed, 95 wounded, and 11 missing. It was engaged in the siege of Corinth, and after the evacuation, moved to Jackson, Tennessee, thence to Lagrange. November 28th it pushed as far as Water Valley into Mississippi, returning after a very hard march. The regiment broke camp at Tallahatchee river, January 4, 1803, and marched toward ^lemphis, where it arrived on the 19th of January, and camped on the Hernando road. February 22d embarked for Lake Provi- dence. April 12th moved to Milliken's Bend; on the 25th started with the army, and passing through Richmond, struck the river at Perkins' Land- ing, and crossed over on the night of the 30th. May 1, 18H3, commenced the fight at Thompson's Hill, Captain Jones severely wounded. On the 12th engaged the enemy near Raymond. In this battle the regiment did distin- guished service, relieving the center at a most critical moment, and gallantly (Iriving the enemy. The regiment lost a l)rave young ofhcer here in Captain Frank Leeper, Company A, who fell while leading his men on to victory. Participateil in the l)attle of Jackson, May 14th, and on the 10th fought at Champion Hill. On the 18th crossed Big Black river, and on the following day drove the enemy into his works at Vicksburg. On the 22d engaged in the heroic assault on Fort Hill. August 21, 1863, under command of Lieutenant- Colonel Josiah Sheets, marched to Monroe, returning September 3d. The Eighth remained at Vicksburg until February 3, 1864, when it joined in the Meridian campaign under General Sherman. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans March 24, 1864, going to Camp But- ler, Illinois, for veteran furlough. Was consolidated June 21, 1864. Left Vicksburg July 1st, for Jackson, and, returning on the 6th, met the enemy tiiree miles from Jackson, and skirmished till dark. On the following day had a severe engagement, suffering a loss of 3 killed, 21 wounded, and 2 missing. From July 29th to September 3d, engaged in the Morganzia expedition; moved to ^lemphis, Tennessee, October 18th, where it remained with brief intervals till January 1, 1865, when the Eighth left for New Orleans, where they arrived on the 4th, and were stationed fifteen miles above the city. On March 26th encamped near Spanish Fort and entrenched; engaged in approaching the fort until the 30th, losing 1 killed and 3 wounded. Pro- ceeded to rear of investments April 3d, and on the 9tli engaged in a charge on the enemy's works, ami was the first to plant the flag on the works in her vicinity. The Eighth lost in this charge 10 killed, and .■)4 woumled. The regiment was mustered out May 4, 186(5, at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and arrived at Springfield for final payment and discharge May 13, 1866. Colonel. Frank L. Rhoads, e. April 2.'5,'61, res. Oct. 7,'62. .Josiah A. Sheets, e. July i'l.'fil, pro. to bvt. brig. gen., res. Feb. 9,'60. Quartrnnnstfr. Samuel Rhoads, e. July 25, '61, res. Dec. 9,'til. Sergeant- Ma jo r. \Vm. Jones, e. July 2-5,'f)l, v., m.o. May 4, '66. COMPANY D. Brich, C. N., e. Oct. l,'(>t, m.o. Sept- :!0,'65. Rodgers, 1). B., e. Jan. 2.t,'i;.'i, m.o. Jan. 21. '66. Woodland, W., e. Jan. 'A5,'65, m.o. Jan. 24, '66. Hawley, J. B., e. July 17,'61, d. July 16,'64. COMCPANY E. Sergeant. Jos. E. Harbin, e. July 25,'61, killed at Shiloh, April 6, '62. B. F. Lawson, e. July 25,'61, d. Mar. 14,'64. Privaleif. Benthan, D., e. Julv 25,'61, m.o. Aug. 2",'64. Thompson, E. H., c". July 2.->,'61. kid. Feb. 1.=>,'62. Maiianville. F. K., e. Mar. S,'64, died of wnd. Julv27,'64. Steward, Isaiah, e. Xov. ?.0,'63. Brown, B. W., e. July 2r),'61, m.o. July 30,'64. Thompson, J., e. July 2.5,'61, m.o. July 30,'64. COMPANY F. Captains. Joseph M. Hanna, e. April ZQ,'CA, kid. at Fort Doncl.son. Edwin L. Williams, e. July 2.'j,'61, tenii exp'rd July 24, m.o. May4,'66. Phillips, Louis, died Jan. S,'63. Reed, H. B., d. dis. April 1,'63. Shearer, Julius, m.o. Aug. 12,'65. Shaw, Augustus, m.o. Fob. 16, '66. Stewart, Jas., e. Jan. l,'6t, died April 14,'6-i. Warmsley, Wm., m.o. Aug. 13,'65. Wilson, Haslip. COMPAJVY I. Captain. Wm. Schlag, e. July 25,'61, m.o. May 4,'66. Second Lieutenants. Deitrich Smith, e. July 25,'61, res. Sept. 3,'62. H. Barkmeyer, e. Aug. 2,'61, v., m.o. May 4, '66. Privates. Block, J., e. Julv 25,'61, m.o. July 30,'64, sergt. Fluth, G., e. July 25,'61, m.o. July 30,'64. Rccrnit.^. Ahrens, A., e. Feb. 6,'64, m.o. May 4,'66. Hopman, D., o. Aug. 2,'61, kid. Ft. Donelson. Hills, J., e. Aug. 19,'61, m.o. July 1S,'64. Kalmbuch, R., e. Jan. 5,'64, tr. to hv>-. art. Miller, H., e. Aug. 22, '61, d. dis. Oct. 22, '62. Potrv, G., e. Aug. 2,'61, m.o. July 30,'64. Roolim, T., e. Aug. 2,'61, died April 20,'62, of wounds. Renstmann, John, e. Aug. 19,'61. Lorrin, Otto, e. Jan. 25, '64, m.o. July 4, '66. Smith, B., e. Jan. 15,'61, m.o. July 14,'64. COMPANY K. Privates. Cloud, Wm., e. Julv 25,'61, m.o. July 30, '64. Cloud, G., e. July 25,'61, died Oct. 17,'61. Cloud, George. Cloud, B., e. July 25,'61, d. dis. April 7,'63. Smith, John O. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 355 15th INFANTRY. COMPANY A. Sergeant. John W. Keithly, e. Mar. 1,'65, m.o. Sept. lf),'C5. Corjjoral. C. T. Robinson, e. Mar. 1,'65, m.o. Sept. IG.'Go. Privates. Bryson, James, e. Mar. 1,'65. Cliapman, 11. W., e. Mar. ],'65, m.o. July 'Z^,'C>o. E;vcle, G. T., c. Mar. 1,'(;5, m. o. June 12,'C5. Farrell, J., e. Mar. 1,'65, m.o. Sept. lfi,'C>r>. GrifTen, P., o. Mi.r. l.'tj.'i, m.o. Sept. 1(),'65. Howartli, T., e. Mar. l.'O.'). abs. siek at m.o. Haynes, M., e. Mar. l.'ii.'), m.o. Sept. lO.'G.'). Mace, Jos., e. Mar. l.'ti."), m.o. Sept. ll),'0."i. Noble, Jame.s, e. Mar. 1,'Ctr,. m.o. Sepi. lf),'()5. Noble, Wm. T., e. Mar. l.'tio, m.o. Sept. 10, '05. Phillips, Isaae, e. Mar. 1,'05, m.o. Sept. 16,'C5. ITth INFANTRY. COMPANY II. Privates. Learks, FToraec, e. Mav I'S.Ttl. Carey, Mieliael, e. May liii.'Ol. Howard, T., e. June 24, '01, m.o. June 24, '61. Hawley, J. B., e. Julv 17, 'til, rl. July 10, '04. Haekeii, B., e. Mjy 2'.t,'01, d. July 24,'01. Quick, Daviil, e. May 2J,'G1. COMPANY G. Dennis, J. ('.., e. Mry 2."),'01. Ko^ip, Ferdina.u', e. May 2.5, 'Gl. Li^atcap, John F., e. May 25,'(;i. Leiiiiard, John J., c. May 2.5, '01, v. Swariz, E. O., e. May 2.5,'01, drowndcd Feb. 10,'01. StewarL, Isai.ih, e. Mav 2.5,'Gl, v. WauRho^i, J. W., e. May 25,'Gl. \Vauf,:iop, J. L., e. May 2.5,'01, d. Sept. 6,'G2, of won. ids. Glenus, G., e. Feb. 20,'02, m.o. Feb. iy,'G5. ,]aequim, \ ., e. May 25 '01, d. May 10,'G2. Nariii, E., e. May 25, '01, tr. to KUiiboat. Hai.inidud, Win. M., e. May 25,'01, d. dis. Nov. 2S,'G1. Chai.deler, S., e. May 2S,'61, tr. to gunboat. Marauville, F. A., c. Mar. 8,'frl. 18th INFANTRY. COMPANY K. First Lieutenant. David Harmon, e. Mar. 4,'65, m.o. Dec. 1G,'G5. Second Lieutenants. Silas Biggerstaff, e. Mar. 4,'65, d. July 15,'05. Richard Land, e. Mar. 4,'65, m.o. Dec. IG.'Go. Corporals. Chas. B. John.son, e. Mar. 4, '05, m.o. Dec. 1G,'G5. M. Buck, e. Mar. 4,'G5, m.o. Dec. 10, '05. Phillip Sutton, e. Mar. 4,'G5, m.o. Dec. 10, '05. Musician. Thomas Anderson, e. Mar. 4, '05. Priviics. Fulford, James, c. Mar. 4,'G5. Gholstan, M. F., e. M<.r. 4,'05, m.o. Dee. 1G,'65. Garrison, Alex., e. Mar. 4, '05, m.o. Dec. 1G,'65. Nance, J., e. Mar. 4, '65, m.o. Dec. 16,'05, ccrpl. Wallace, Mathew, e. Mar. 10,'65. in Co. D., m.o. Dec. 10,'65. Proaser, Daniel W., e. Mar. 30, '65, in Co. D., m.o. Dec. 10, '05. 26th INFANTRY. COMPANY K. First Se)-geant. Lorenzo N. Perry, e. Dec. 13,'61, appointed hos- pital stevvsird, U.S.A. Sergeant. Henry Allen, c. Dec. 21, 'Gl, v., pro. 2d lieut. Carpoi-als. Wm. N. Steers, e. Dee. 25,'Gl. Jesse H. Fisher, e. Dec. 5,'Gl, d. dis. Feb. 10,'63. Privates. Bnrwell, J., e. Dec. 21, '61, d. dis. Oct. 6,'62. Giur, D., e. Dee. 1,'01, d. dis. May.30,'62. Darnell, V., e. Dec. 1,'61, v., pro. sergt. Fleniken, H. C, e. Dec. 31, '61, v., m.o. July 20, '65. Hill, P., e. Doc. 21, '61, wounded in both arms at luka, MiS3., d. dis. June 30,'63. McKay, J., e. Dec. 12,'61, v., died A])ril 10,'G4. Long, W. A., e. Dec. 31, '01, v., m.o. July •i0,'e5. McCormiek, J., e. Dee. 1,'61, v., m.o. JuiV 2'J,'G5. Sands, T., e. Jan. 17,'62, v., m.o. July 2J,'G5, wounded. Staples, S., e. Jan. 17,'62, v., m.o. July 20,'65. Wood, E. A., e. Dec. 28,'01, v., m.o. July 20,'65. Hecruits. Bak?r, Robert E., v., m.o. July 20,'65. Berrv, Emanuel, m.o. July 20,'65. Daniel!, James F., died Mar. 1(),'62. Davis, John \V. Dividson, Carneralsy, m.o. July 20,'C5. Franklin, W. H., v., "m.o. July 20,'65, coqil. Lvons, Wm. B, Mathews, M.L., e. Feb. 2,'62. v., m.o. July 20,'65. Miller, T. M., m.o. Julv 20, '05. SliM'k, .'V'jn-nam, m.o. Julv2y,'65. Spay, Isaiah, e. Oct. 4, '04, m.o. July 20,'65. Nash, George, m.o. July 27, '05. 27th INFANTRY. CO>n'ANY E. (^owen, J. F., o. Aug. 12, '01, wnd. Chickamau- ga, died Mav 22, '64. Pollard, J. S., e. Aug. 1'2,'61, wnd. m.o. Sept. 20,'Gl. Pem.ierton, G. W., e. Aug. 12,'61, d. dis. 'CI. Rochester, S., e. Aug. 12,'61, wad. m.o. Sept. 20.'04. Rankin, Marcellus, e. Aug. 12,'61, wnd. m.o. Sept. 20,'C4. Trcni, John A., e. Aug. 12, '61, wnd. m.o. Sept. 20, '64. 23 356 HISTOEY OF TAZE^\'ELL, COUNTY. 28tli INFANTRY. The 2Stli was organized at Camp Butler, in the month of August, 1861. The 28th met the enemy for the tirst time at Little Bethel Church, near Fort Henry, February 13, 18fi2, when a detachment of sixty men met and repulsed a "force of five hundred men. It was next engaged in the battle of Pittsl)urg Landing, when it drove General Prentiss, early in the day of April 6, 1862; was assigned a position in the Peach Orchard, which it held under a destructive fire for seven hours, only retiring by order of General Hurlbut. During these two blooily days of Pittsburg Landing the regiment fought heroically, suffering a loss of 239 killed and wounded. It was engaged in the siege of Corinth during the month of May, 1862; also in the siege of Vicks- burg from June lltli to .Julv 4th, 1863. On the 12th of July, 1863, near Jackson, ]\Iississippi, the 28th was ordered to charge across a level field and carry a strong line of the enemy's works, mounting twelve guns and manned by two thousand men, and while it was not possible to (nipture tlie works, these heroic men swept bravely forward under a destructive fire of grape and canister. The enemy appearing on both flanks as it reached the ditch, it was compelled to fall back, with more than half of the rank and file killed or wounded. Of the 128 men of this regiment in line, 73 were killed and wounded, and 16 taken prisoners. On the 4th of January, 1864, the regiment, having re-enlisted as veterans, was mustered for three years' veteran service. The 28th participated in the advance on Spanish Fort, March 27, 1865. COBIPAIVY A. Privates. EdwarfLs, J., e. Aug. l.'Ol, v., m.o. Mar. 15,'Ci6. Readfiinger, J., c. Aug. 1,'61, d. Aug. 2G,'o4. COIVEPANY IS. Blair, Greenbury, e. Aug. 17,'61, v. Hisel, Wm., e. Aug. 17, d. dis. McGhee, W. T., c. Aug. 17, v., m.o. Mar. 15,'GG. William.s, Forener, e. Aug. 17. "SVilliams, P. C, e. Jan. 5,'fi4, m.o. Mar. 1.5,'G6. Prypr, Alfred S., e. Aug. 27,'61. COIVEPANY K. Estes, Wm., e. Aug. 12,'Gl, d. dis. Oct. 19,'f)2. Fleming, T. J., e. Aug. 12,'61, m.o. Sept. 18,'64. Gardner, Wm. W., e. xVug. 12,'Gl, wnd. died Jan. 19,'G:5. Hurst, Merritt, c. Aug. 12,'Gl. Hunter, J., e. Aug. 12,'Gl, wnd., pro. sergt. HuTitor, G. K., e. Aug. 12,'61, m.o. Oct. 10,'&1. Miller, S. J., e. Aug. 12,'61, v., wnd., m.o. Mar. ir.,'6G. Scott, J. K., c. Aug. 12,'Gl, died Oct. G,'fi2, wnd. Stockard, G. E., e. Aug. 12,'Gl, died May9,'G2. Wooders, Geo., e. Aug. 12,'Gl, died Mound City. Dutr, Jas., e. Jlar. G,'G5, m.o. Mar. G.'GG. Fleming, Thos. H., e. Mar. 22, '65. Jackson, Henry, e. Mar. 22, 'G-'). Jarvis, J. W., e. Mar. 22,'G5, m.o. Mar. 13,'66. Rvau, Michael, e. Mar. 22,'6.5. Sunuiels, Ja.s. S., e. Mar. 18,'65, pro. 2d lieut. Bovd, R. M., e. Feb. 28,'65, m.o. May 2:3,'65. 31st INFANTRY. The 31st was organized at Cairo, Illinois, September 8, 1861, by Colonel John A. Logan. The regiment was engaged in the battle of Belmont, November 7, 1861, and took an active and honorable part in the engagement at Fort Donelson, February 13th, 14th and 15th; was engaged in the siege of Corinth, May, 1862. During the following year, was occupied in scouting through Mississippi and Tennessee, making many long and arduous marches, engaging in many brisk skirmishes, in wdiich it showed excellent fighting qualities and great powers of endurance. On May 2, 1863, defeated the enemy at Thompson's Hill, again on the following day, after a hard march without rations, came upon the enemy, after crossing Bayou Pirre, defeating and completely routing him. They still fol- lowed the retreating "Johnnies" to Jackson, where they had a severe fight w^ith them, and were again the victors. The 31st participated in the entire siege of Vicksburg, arriving there on the inth of Mav; in the charge on Fort Hill lost 2 officers and 8 men killed, and 40 wounded ; their liag received 153 shots, the staflf being shot in two four times, but with a heroism born only of the truest bravery, they never surrendered the flag. March 19, 1864, started for Illinois for veteran furlough. Leaving Cairo HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 357 for the field of action on May 3(1, joined Sherman's grand army at Aekworth; was with Sherman in the campaign after Hood, and on November 15th, started on that world famed "March to the Sea." The ;5lst was mustered out July 19, 1S()5, and moved to Springfield, Illi- nois, where they received final discharge and pay July 31, 1865. Colonel. Edwin S. McCook, e. Aug. 10, 'CI, pro. Brevet Brig. Geu. Principal Musicians. John J. Fuller, m.o. Julv 19,'65. John Turrell, m.o. Sept. '04. COMPANY I. Captain. Isaac Wert, e. Aug. 2.5,'61, v.. m.o. July 19,'G5. First IJcntenanl.o. John J. Curry, resigned Dee. 26,'f).'?. F. W. Siiekney, e. Aug. 15,'61, v., m.o. July 19, '65. (Second Lieutenants. Robert A. Bowman, c. Aug. 10,'Gl, res. Mar. 2<),'62. David West, e. Aug. 15,'r.l, v., m.o. July 19,'65, sergt. First .Sergeant. Alex. H. Sutton, e. Aug. 1.5,'61. Sergeant. Edwin D. Lampet, e. Aug. 1.5,'Gl, d. Mav 10,'G2. T. C. Murphy, e. Aug. 1.5,'Gl, m.o. Sept."l8,'6-1. Corporals. Jame.s 11. Miller, c. Aug. l.'i.'Gl, died at Andcr- .'iouvilU', Grave No. 21.')?. Charles Green, e. Aug. 15, 'Gl. Charles N. Emiltan, e. Aug. 15,'61, d. dis. Oct. 31, '61. John B. Reynolds, c. Aug. 15, '61, v., m.o. July 18, '65, sergt. Wagoner. Wm. Parker, c. Aug. 15, '61. Priratcs. Adams, John, e. Aug. 15, '61, v. Burr, IIukIi, e. Aug. 15,'()1, pro. sergt. Benson, \Vni., e. Aug. i5,'61. Beckwilh, J. E., c. Aug. 15,'61, v., kid. July 21, '64. Blanton, Thos. J., e. Aug. 10,'61. Brown, C. W., e. Aug. 15, '(H, died Nov. 16,'G2. Diekey, Jacob, e. Aug. 15,'61. Drake, Edward, e. Aug. 15, '61. Edson, Henry, e. Aug. 15,'Gl. Hoffman, Thomas, e. Aug. 15,'61. Jones, Henry, e. Aug. 15,'Gl. Kelly, John, e. Aug."l5,'61, d. May 1(),'G2. Marvin, H., e. .Vug. 15, '61, d. Mar .s,'62, wnd. Mathews, J., e. .Vug. 15,'6l, v., m.o. Julv 19,'6.5. Miekle, J., e. Aug. 15, '65, v., m.o. Julv i9,'65. O'Brien, J., e. Aug. 15,'tn, died Mar. 14, '62. Rearden, Ja.s., e. Aug. ]5,'61, died July 2U,'61, wnds. Roney, Jas., e. Aug. 15,'61, v., m.o. Julv 19,'6.5. Shidler, John, c. Aug. 15,'61, kid. July 22,'G4. Spillman, J., e. Aug. 15,'61, d. Mav 14, '62, wnd. Taylor, W., e. Aug. 15,'61, died Dec. 6,61. Vankiper, K., e. Aug. 15,'61, v., m.o. July 19,65. Easland, M. J., e. Sept. 10,'61, v., m.o. June 17, '65. Fuller, P. G., e. Sept. 10,61. Fuller, P. B., e. Sept. 10,'01, d. Mar. 17,'62. Orwin, Thomas P., e. Sept. 10, '61. Stevens, C, e. May 15,'62, m.o. May 31,'65. Nelson, A., e. Mar. 1,'65, died at Camp Butler. 32d INFANTKY. Moore, Wm. S., e. Sept. 23,'&i, in Co. B, m.o. June 3, '65. Wood, J., e. Fel). 14,'65, in Co. B,, m.o. Sept. 16, '65. COMPANY I, MeCormack, Thos., e. Oct. 14,'61. Abbott, Geo., e. Nov. 1,'61, d. dis. Aug. 18,'62. (Calhoun, John, A., e. Oct. 2.5,'61, v., m.o. Sept. b'),'6.5. Smith, Jacob, e. Nov. 17,'6I. Straker, P. E., e. Dec. 21,'61. Sill, David, e. Dee. 26,'61, wnd. Sinus, W. J., e. Dec. 26,'61, died of wud.s. Young, Peter, e. Nov. 17, '61. CJrittey, Daniel, e. Jan. 16,'62. 38tli INFANTKY. Major. Andrew M. Pollard, e. Aug. 15,'61, m.o. Mar. 20, '66. Privates. Beezeley, John F., e. Aug. 16,'61, v., pro. 1st lieut. Co. F. (;arpentcr, Horace G., e. Aug. 16,'Gl, in Co. F, m.o. Mar. 14, '64, wnd. Richmond, Frank, e. Aug. 16,'61, in Co. F, m. o. Sept. 9, '64. COMI'ANY G. Second Licutsnant. A. J. Rankins, e. Aug. 1.5,'Gl, r6s. Feb. 8,'G2. First Sergeant. V. Rector, e. Aug. 2G,'61, d. dis. Aug. 20,'62. ScrgcanU. J. Murphy, e. Aug. 26, '61. Geo. H. Daniel, e. Aug. 2G,'61, m.o. Sept. 26,'64. Privates. Be(iuoath. N., e. Aug. 26, '61, m.o. Sept. 15, '64. Howel, John, e. Aug. 26, '61, died May, '64. Howel. K., e. Aug. 26, '61, died Jan. 2li,'62. Lcoiiard, W., e. Aug. 26, '61, v., m.o. Mar. 20,'66. McCutclieon, Ja,s. A., e. Aug. 26,'61, died Dec. .S,'61. Whitaker, W. W., e. Aug. 26,'61, d. Nov. 7,'Gl, (lis., .sergt. Wiseman, J., e. Aug. 26,'61, v., m.o. Mar. 20,'66. Patten, W. T., e. Auar. 26,'61, v., m.o. Mar. 20,'66. Blizzard, T. T., died Jan. 12,'65, wnds. Moore, D. K., d. dis. J\nie 3, '63. Harrison, J., e. Jan. 2:5, '61, m.o. Mar. 20,'66. Unoj^signcd Recruits. Carey, Patrick, e. Mar. 1,'64. (Jerrety, Martin, e. Mar. l,'(i-l. O'Neil, James, e. Mar. 1,'G-l. Swift, John, e. Mar. 1,'6-1. BriuH^ James, e. Oct. 19, '64. Clark, John, e. Oct. 20,'64. Callahan, John, c. Oct. 20,'G4. Clark, Charles, e. Oct. 20,'64. Doyle, Frank, e. Oct. 20,'6l. Greenham, James, e. Oct. 20,'G4. Heoffman, George, c. Oct. 19,'64i Miller, John, e. Oct. 20,'64. Roberts, John, e. Oct. 20, '64. 358 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. ^ 44:th INFANTRY. This regiment was organized in August, 1861, at Camp Ellsworth, Chioago, and left for St. Louis, September 14th, where, at Benton Barracks, it remained till the 22d, was armed and left for Jefferson City, where it took quarters in the State House. It then went to Sedalia, and was assigned to General Siegel's famous division. On October 13th moved to Springfield, Missouri, and No- vember 8th moved to Wilson's Creek, but retreated next day toward Rolla, where it remained during the winter. On February 2, 1862, it moved toward Springfield, from where an exciting chase of General Price was kept up till Camp Halleck, Arkansas, was reached, where they remained till March 5th, when it became evident that the com- bined forces of Van Dorn, Price and McCullough were marching to give l)attle, and accordingly on the 6th moved toward Sugar Creek Valley, and the same day the rear guard was attacked by the enemy and repulsed. Thus began the terrible battle of Pea Eiilge, which resulted so disastrously to the rebels, in which this regiment took a prominent part. The 44th followed up the retreat of the enemy, taking hundreds of prisoners. May 8th took up line of March toward Little Rock, but changed to Cape Girardeau, on Mississijipi, two hundred miles distant, and from thence by water to Pittsburg Landing. After evacuation of Corinth was attached to General Pope's army, and sent in pursuit of the retreating foe. Bad roads prevented, and went into camp at Brenzo. The 18th was sent to Cincinnati September 1st, and from there to Coving- ton, Kentucky, thence to Louisville, where the command was re-organized under Major-General Buell, and started on the memorable cami^aign after Bragg, and was in the battle of Perryville under General Sheridan. Went to Bowling Green, where General Rosecrans assumed command, and November 4th started for Nashville; remained till December 26th, and moved against the rebels at Murfreesboro. In the bloody battle of Stone river the 18th took a prominent part, losing more than half its number in killed and wounded. Remained there till June, 186.3, when it marched to meet the enemy; arrived at Cowan's Station July 2d, then marched to Stevenson, Alabama, driving the rebels. Augfist 21st the movement against Chattanooga began, and took part in the bloody conflict September 19th and 20th. It was foremost in the des- perate charge upon Mission Ridge, General Sheridan giving it i>raise for having placed one of the first flags upon the rebel works. Noveml)er 27th set out for a forced march to Knoxville, one hundred and fifty miles distant ; it arrived three days after siege had been raised by General Burnside. At Blain's Cross Roads, while in camp, the troops were on the point of starvation several times, having, for days at a time, nothing but corn in the ear, and but limited supply of that. Nothing could more fully prove the patriotism of the men than the fact, that here, on the point of starvation, exposed to the most inclement weather, (it being so cold that the ink would freeze to the pen as the men signed their names,) over three-fourths of the men voluntarily con- sented to serve three years more. Marched to Dandridge, Tennessee, and was attacked January l'6th and 17th, and after much hard fighting, becoming evident that the whole rebel army was advancing, fell back to Knoxville. March 4, 1864, the men were furloughed, and started for home, having marched over five thousand miles. April 14, 1864, the regiment reached Nashville on its way back to the field. Moved toward Atlanta, and entered on the 8th of September. Was in many battles during this memorable campaign; was sent to Athens, Alabama, but fell back to Nashville, followed by the rebels. At Franklin, Tennessee, Gen- eral Schofield determined to give battle. The conflict was short and desperate. Took part in the battle of Nashville. January 5, 1865, went into camp at Huntsville, Alabama. In April ordered to Nashville, where it was thought it would be mustered out, but instead were ordered to New Orleans, and July 16th ordered to Texas, where it remained till September 25th, when it was mustered out. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 359 Captains. George Zelle, o. Aug. 14,'(U, res. Mar. 31, 'G2. Ahrend Behrend, e. July 1,'Gl, ra.o. Sept. 2r),'6ri. First Lieutenants. Nicholas Da^^.s, e. Aug. 11, '61, in.o. J\ine2",'62. Henry Sehinidtz, e. July l.'Ol, res. Nov. 1S,'(V_'. Peter Wevhrich, pro. adj't, died of wnds. Julv 7,'W." J. Eberling, e. July 1,'61, v., m.o. Sept. 25,'Go. Second Lieutenants. Chas. J. Hulblg, e. Aug. 14,'61, m.o. May 23, '62. John Fuchs, e. Aug. 1,'61, v., m.o. Sept. 2.5,'65. Sergeant Major. H. Huhn, e. July 1,'Gl, pro. 2d lieut. Co. K. Sergeants. J. Diiget, o. July 1,'61, ilied Jan. 28.'C.3, wnds. John C. Frederick, c. July 1,'01, m.o. July 1.'), '65, pas pris. CorporaU. Daniel C. Orr. e. July 20,'61. Jacob Metzler, e. July 20,'01, v. John Eger, e. July 20/01, d. dis. Dec. G,'C2. Henry Becker, e.Aug. l.'Ol. Franz Reuz, e. July l.'fil, v., m.o. Sept. 2.'>,'fi."i. Joseph Jackel, e. Julv l.'i!!, d. di.s. Juue 6, '63. W. Uecklenwald, e. Julv l.'(U, died Dec. :!l,'il2. M. F. Heckman, e. July l.'Ol, died Oct. 20,'G;;. 3fiwieia7is. Philip Remer. e. July l.'GG, m.o. Sept. 13,'tVl. George Lidle, e. Aug. 1,'Gl. Privates. Angstein, G., e. Julv l.'Gl, kid. Sept. 20,'63. Bartels, Frcl., e. July l,'t;i, v. Conrad, Henry, e. July l.'Gl, kid. June 27,'64. Darchner, Joseph, e. Aug. l.'Gl. Ehrmannadraut, Josei)h, e. July 1,'Gl. Ehrhard. J., e. July 1,'Gl, died .Tan. f<,'G3, wnd. Eisele, \Vm. L., e. July 1,'Gl. Eiscner, M., e. Aug. l.'Gl, v., m.o. Sept. 2),'G5. Frie, Henry, e. Julv 1,'Gl. Fluth, Jacob, e. July 1,'61. Guckcr, George, e. Aug. 1,'Gl. Greuel, Paul, e. Aug. ],'61. Grenetie, H., e. July 1,'Gl, v., kid. May 17,'frl. Geit, Henrv, e. Aug. 1,'Gl. Haffner, J.^ c. July 1,'Gl, d. di.s. gept. l.S,'G2. Helmreieh, P., e. July 1,'61, v.,m.o. Sept.25,'G5. Jansen, Henry, e. July 1,'Gl. Janscn, W., e. July 1,'Gl. died May.5,'6,5, wnds. Jaeggi, John, e. Julv 1,'Gl, d. dis. Dec. 1G,'G2. Junker, Henry, c. Aug. l.'Gl, kid. Dec. 31,'62. Koch, Charles, c. July 1,'Gl. Kirschner, Michael, "e. July 1,'Gl, v., d. Juue 18,'G5, wnd. Kessier, J., e. July 1,'Gl, died Dec. 31, '63, wnds. Kopp, Carl, e. July 1,'Gl, died Mar. 11, '61. Mielick, R., e. Julv 1,'iil. diei\ Dec. 31, '()2. Miller, H., e. July ],'G1, kid. Dec. 31, '62. O'Brien, P., e. July 1,'Gl, died Jan. 2.s,'G3, wnd. Oschmann, Henry, o. Aug. 1,'61, v., m.o. Sept. 25, '6.5. Rucbenkocnig, John, e. July 1,'Gl, v., d. Mav 3, '65, wnd. Suter. Jacob, e. Julv 1,'61. Schwab, F., e. July"l,'61, v., d. May 9,'65, wnd. Schai'hinger, John, e. July 1,'Gl, v., kid. Nov. 30, '64. Steinmetz, Fred., e. July 1,'61. Sturm, Christian, e. July 1,'61. Sehroeder, John, e. July 1,'61, died Mar. 15,'63, wnds. Schmidt, Andrew, e. July 1,'61. Schmidt, F., e. Aug. 1,'Gl, 'I. dis. Dec. 16,'62. Becruiis. Meer, W., e. Mar. 25,'64, m.o. Sept. 25,'65. Schock, J., e. Jan. 25,'C>4, m.o. Sept. 25,'65. Tochugy, Alovis, d. .'^ept. 2.S,'G3, wnd. Tohms, L., v., m.o. Sept. '25,'G5, as sergt. Tanbert, August. I'ukrcig, Otto, d. Dec. 1,'62, wnd. Villhaner, John, m.o. Dee. 25,'6o. Wchring, M., kid. at Stone River, Dec. 31, 'G2. Wagner, Charles. Zimmer, Henry, died July 26,'64, wnd. COMTAXY E. Privates. AItes.s P., c. Aug. 1,'Gl, d. dis. Fob. 4, '62. Ai)penzelU'r, G., e. Aug. 1,'Gl, kid. Doc. 31, '62. Becker, M., c. Aug. 1,'Gl, v., m.o. Sept. 2.5,'G5. Fluss, 11., c. Aug. 1,'Gl, d. di.s. Dec. G,'G2. Friend, Anton W., e. Aug. 1,'61, died May, '64. Pohhnauu, W., o. Aug. 1,'61, died Aug. '63. S.hmidt, Peter, o. Aug. 1,'61. Conrad, B., e. Sept. 22,'64, m.o. June 15,'65. Cash. S. II., e. Sept. 27,'(U, m.o. June 15,'65. Jackson, W., e. Sept. 27,'G4, m.o. June 15, '65. Oldmann, B. COMPANY K. First Lieutenant. M. Keiiiingor, e. Ang. 14,'61, died Aug. 20,'62. Sergeants. Alle Bildhoff, e. Aug. 1,'61, m.o. July 15, '65, was pris. Udo Dirks, e. Aug. 1,'61, d. di.s. April 1,'63. Philip Weber, e. Aug. 1,'61. Corporals. Fred. Traeger, e. Sept. 1,'Gl. Julius Trueholl", e. Sept. 1,'61. Privates. Folkers, G., c. July 1, '61, v., m.o. Sept. 2.5,'65. Jacobs, C, e. July 1,G1, m.o. Oct. 5,'64. Sior, Jacob, c. Sept. 1,'Gl. Seatou, Israel J., e. Aug. 1,'61. Schawarz, B., e. .Vug. 1,'Gl. Stanton, Anton, e. Aug. 1,'Gl. Tenzlingor, Michael, e. Sept. l.'Gl. Neef. F., e. Jan. 1,'G4, m.o. Sept. 25,'65, v. Volpel, Wm., m.o. June 15,'65. Neef, J., e. jNIar. 31, '61, m.o. Sept. 25,'G5. 45tli INFANTRY. COMPANY A. Corporal. J. Mahood, e. Aug. 30,'Gl, d. July 12,'G2, wnd. Privatoi. Frazer, Alex., c. Aug. 30,'61, died April 21, '62, wnd. Hardin, W. H., e. Oct. 15,'61, died June 15, '64. Kimmins, H., e. Aug. 30,'61, m.o. Sept. 3, '64, wnd. Patten, R., e. Aug. 30,'61, dropped Aug. 18,'62. Smith, J. B., e. Aug. ;i0,'61, tr. -to invalid corps. COMPANY I). Armstrong, F. M., c. Dec. 30,'63, d. Jan. 25,'65. Calvert, J., e. Dec. 30,'63, m.o. July 12,'G5. (Jeorge, L., e. Dec. 30,'63, m.o. Julv 3,'65. White, J., e. Dec. 30,'63, m.o. July 12,'65. Wilder, A. \., c. Dec. 30,'63, died Oct. 7,'64. 360 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 47th i:f^A:NrTRY. The 47th regiment was first organized and mustered into the service of the United States, at Peoria, on the 16th day of August, 18G1. They left Peoria on the 23d day of September, 1861, for Benton Barracks, where they received clothing, arms", etc., leaving for the seat of vftxr on the 9th day of October, 1861. The 47th was engaged at Farmington, Mississippi, on the 9th day of May, in which they lost their lieutenant-colonel, Daniel L. Miles, who was killed while bravelv leading his men. On the 28th of May the regiment participated in an engagement near Corinth ; took part in the battle of Corinth October 3d and 4th, where on the 3d fell the brave and honored Colonel W. A. Thrush, while heroically leading his command in a charge. Loss in this engagement, 30 killed and over 100 wounded. Thev were with General Grant on his expedition through central Missis- sippi, and on the 14th day of May, 1863, participated in the liattle of Jackson, Mississippi, which resulted in the capture of that place. Took part in the charge on the enemy's works at Vicksburg, May 22d, losing 12 men killed and a large number wounded; assisted in the defeat of the enemy at Mechanicsville, Mississippi, thirty miles below Vicksburg. The regiment was at the battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, April 9, 1864, arriving at Vicksburg May 22d, with General Smith's command, after a cam- paign of nearly three months, in which they suffered almost unheard of fatigue and privations, many men dying from hardships. The 47th met and defeated General Marmaduke near Lake Chicat, in which engagement they lost 11 killed and a number wounded, among the latter was Major IVIiles, who received almost a fatal shot in the neck. The original term of service having expired, they were ordered to Spring- field, Illinois, where those who did not re-enlist as veterans, were mustered out October 11, 1864. The veterans and recruits of the regiment numbering 196 men, com- manded bv Lieutenants Edward Bouham and Royal Olmstead, accompanied General Mouer's expedition up White river to Brownsville, Arkansas, and from there into Missouri after the rebel General Price's army, which was then raiding the State. The 47th as re-organized, was mustered out January 21, 1866, at Selma, Alabama, and ordered to Springfield, Illinois, where it received final pay and discharge. Lieutenant- Colonel. Daniel L. Miles, e. Aug. 25'61, killed in battle, May "J, '02. Major. John B. Miles, e. Aug. 25,'61, m.o. Oct. 11, 'C4. Sergeant- Major. Jay G. Rupert, d. Aug. 17,'63. Sospital-Stewards. Charles B. Cramer, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. Thomas O. Brown, d. dis. June 11,'64. COMPANY A. Privaics. Johnson, J., e. Aug. 16,'Gl. d. dis. July 30,'62. Nicholas, P., e Aug. 16,'01, died April 4,'62. COMPANY B. Captains. Benj. F. Biser, e. Aug. 2.'),'61, kid. June 6,'C>1. Diego C. Ross, e. Aug. 16,'01, m.o. Oct. 11, '61. Sergeants. S. H. Tobia.s, e. Aug. 16,'61, d. dig. Oct. r2,'62. George Eikelberuer, e. Aug. 16,'61, d. dis. Sept. 2, '63. Corporals. Catv C. Wright, e. Aug. 16, '61, m.o. Oct. 11,'64, Jos.'B. Bradley, e. Aug. 16, '61, d. dis. Feb. 1,'62. I. Kauft'man, e. Aug. 16,'61, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. S. L. Ewing, e. Aug. 16,'61, kid. Oct. 3,'62. Chas. A. Crane, e. Aug. 16.'61, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. Joseph Means, e. Aug. 16,'61. Dan'l Roberts, e. Aug. 16,'61, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. A. M. Crosby, e. Aug. 16,'61, m.o. Aug. 22,'64. Musician. J. Wieterhaet, e. Aug. 16,'61, kid. Aug. 16"64. Privates. Burtan, W., e. Aug. 16,'61, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. Bateman, W., e. Aug. 16.'61, died Oct. 22,'62. Bliss, James, e. Aug. 16,'61, d. Mar. 11,'63, e. in M. M. Brig. Bamber, J., e. Aug. 16,'61, v., m.o. Jan. 21, '66. Bowers, J., e. Aug. 16,'61, v., m.o. Jan. 21, '66. Barnum, T. J., e. Aug. 16,'61, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. Culbertson, Wm. E., e. Aug. 16,'61, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. Culp, S.. e. Aug. 16,'61. m.o. Oct. 11, '6-1. Crosby, H. X., e. Aug. 16.'61, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. Cutler, Charles A., e. Aug. 16, '61. Cooper, W. H., c. Aug. 16,'61, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. Dunley, W. A., e. Aug. 16,61, m.o. Oct. 11,'64. Drummond, J. M., e. Aug. 16,'61, died Jan. 12,'62. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 361 Evans, A., e. Aug. 16, '61, d. dis. Jan. 14, '63. Gross, C, e. Aug. 16,'61, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. Holland, J., e. Aug. 16,'61, d. 0,'61. Williamson, Alex. H., e. Aug. 16,'Cl, m.o. Jan. 21, '60. Wakelield, Wm., c. Aug. 1G,'61, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. Sergeant, Elijah D., e. Aug. 16,'01, d. dis. Dec. 17,'61. McKenzie, W. F., e. Aug. 16"61, died Oct. 19,61. Timbiell, B., e. Aug. 1C,'61, died Dec. 1,'61. Tice, A., e. Aug. 16,'61, d. dis. Nov. 8,'63. Rcendts. Brock, O. P., e. Nov. 4,'61. Clay, W. H., e. Jan. 5,'64, m.o. Jan. 21, '60. Koozer, Fred., e. Mar. 1.3,'62. King, J. M., pro. q.m. sergt. Russell, F. M., c. Sept. 20,'Gl, died June 6,'63, ■\vnds. COMPANY F. Sergeant. H. N. Ferguson, e. Aug. 21, '01, m.o. Oct. 11, '04. Privates. Frisby, I. M., e. Aug. 21, '01, d. dis. Dec. 26,'61. Martin, A. L. S., e. Aug. 21, '01, m.o. Oct. 11, '04. Marshall, R. A., e. Aug. 21, '01, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. Twineham, R. O., e. Aug. 21, '61, v., m.o. Jan. 21, '66. COMPANY H. Stilcer, L., e. Sept. 1,'61, v., m.o. Jan. 21, '66. Kayser, M., e. Mar. 1,'65, m.o. Jan. 21,'66. COMPANY I. Privates. Ashmore, R. B., e. Sept. 4,'61, died Dec. 26,'61. Bane, E., e. Sept, 4,'61, v., nro. Jan. 21,'66. Bennett, J., e. Sept. 4, '61, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. Chainey, A., e. Sept. 4,'61, kid. Oct. 3,'62. North, S. R., e. Sept. 4,'01, died July 16,'62. Poulton, Wm., e. Sept. 4, '61. Shompiert, J., e. Sept. 4, '61, m.o. Oct. 11, '04. Stormer, J., e. Sept. 4,'61, m.o. Oct. 11, '64. Secruits. Beekman, J., v., e. Jan. 2.5,'64, m. o. Jan. 21'00. Bennett, A., e. Jan. 21, '04, died April.14,'64. Carson, P. N., e. July 30,'02, m.o. July 20,'6.3. Camp, T., e. Feb. 1,'64, m.o. Jan. 21, '66. Dodson, C, e. July 24, '02, m.o. July 20,'65. Dillon, I., e. Jan. 21, '64, died Aug. 3,'64. Dane, Joseph, c. Aug. 6, '62. Howard, J. F., e. Aug. 4,'62, m.o. July 20,'C5. McNutt, L., e. Aug. 0,'02, m.o. July 20,'65. McCuUoch, J., e. Aug. 7,'62, m.o. July 20,'05. McNutt, J., e. Aug. 0,'62, died Dec. 28, '02. Bulon, H., e. Jan. 2.5,'64, m.o. Jan. 21, '66. Roberts, W. H., e. Jan. 21,'t>4, m.o. Jan. 21, '66. Sweet, L., e. Sept. 1,'62, m.o. July 20, '65. Tantlinger, P., e. Julv 30,'62, m.o. July 20,'05. Vining, J., e. Aug. 8,'02, d. dis. Mar. 18,'03. Ward, P., e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. July 20,'02. COMPANY K, First Sergeant. Henry Hill, e. Mar. 3,'65, m.o. Jan. 21, '06. Privates. Ankney, F., c. Sept. 17,'61, tr. to V. R. C. Boshow, J., e. Sept. 7, "61. Bradshaw, J., e. Sept. 12,'61, m.o. Oct. 11, '(Vl. Brown, T. O., e. Sept. 0,'01, pro. hosp. stew. Hoffman, H., e. Sept. 0,'61, m.o. Oct. 11, '04. Lowe, A., e. Sept. 18,'01, died Aug. 20,'03. Sharp, E., e. Sept. 11,'61, kid. May 22,'63. Hornback, D., e. Mar- 3,'65, m.o. Jan. 21, '06. Hofer, C, e. Mar. 3,'C.5, m.o. Jan. 21, '00. Hanuon, A., e. Mar. 3,'0.''), m.o. Jan. 21, '66. ISIaple, Albert, e. Mar. 3,'6.5, m.o. Jan. 21, '66. Maple, A., e. Mar. 3,'6.5, m.o. Jan. 21, '66. Maple, J., e. Mar. 3,'05, m.o. Jan. 21, '00. 49th INFANTRY. COMPANY K. Privates. Beard, J. E., e. Feb. 21, '0.5, m.o. Sept. 9,'65. Fairchild, J. G., e. Feb. 18,'65, m.o. Feb. 9,'65. Odin, T. M., e. Feb. 1S,'65, m.o. Feb. 9,'65. Whitehead, E., e. Feb. 21, '65, m.o. Feb. 9,'05. Hall, J. R., e. Feb. 18,'05, m.o. Fel). 9,'65. Odin, M. G., e. Feb. 14,'65, m.o. Feb. 9,'65. Thurmond, T., e. Mar. 1,'65, m.o. Sept. 9,'65. 51st INFANTRY. COMPANY D. Privates. Ellis, Thos., e. Jan. 22, '62. Egman, Augustu.s, e. Jan. 7, '62. Graham, A. J., e. Dec. 24,'63, v., m.o. Sept. 25, '05, sergt. Gardner, Wm., c. Jan. 14, '62, v. Goffinett, Peter, e. Jan. :;,'62, died at Anderson- ville, June 15,'lVt, No. Grave, 2001. Lee, J. F., e. Jan. 7,'02, d. dis. Jan. 17,'02. Merchant, S. P., e. Jan. 21, '02, m.o. April 1,'05. Ruble, B., e. Jan. 7,'02, tr. to V.R.C. Ruble, Wm., e. Jan. 14,'02, v., m.o. Sept. 25,'65. 58th INFANTRY. COMPANY E. Corporal. T. H. Lamplin, e. Mar. 21, '65, m.o. Mar. 20,'66. Wagoner. Chas. Perry, e. Mar. 21, '65, m.o. Mar. 20,'66. Privates. Guthrie, S., e. Mar. 21, '65, m.o. Mar. 20,'66. Hickev, D., e. Mar. 21, '65, m.o. Mar. 20,'00. Rohm' D. F., e. Mar. 17,'65, m.o. Mar. 16,'66. COMPANY r. Corporal. J. W. Ricard, e. Mar. 17,'65, m.o. Jan. 6,'66. W. D. Skelly, e. Feb. 2S,'65, m.o. Feb. 27,'66. Privates. Allison, W. T., e. Feb. 2S,'65, m.o. Feb. 27,'66. Green, Hardin, e. Feb. 28,'65. Primm, J. J., Feb. 28, '05, m.o. Feb. 27,'06. Riehards, S. S., e. Mar. 17, '65. Skelly, W., e. Feb. 28,'05, m.o. Feb. 27, '60. Tate, N. P., e. Mar. 3,'05, m.o. May 29,'05. Tucker, W. D., e. Feb. 28,'05, m.o. Feb. 27,'GG. Watson, H. E., c. Feb. 28,'05, m.o. Feb. 27,'06. Watson, W., e. Feb. 28,'65, m.o. Mar. C,'66. COMPANY H. First Lieutenant. J. W. Smith, e. April 1,'05, res, Aug. 29,'65. COMPANY I. Pi'ivates. Gross, L. K., e. Mar. 25,'05. Hall, J., e. Mar. 10,'65, died April 28, '65. Robinson, Geo., Mar. 22,'05. Wire, T. J., e. Mar. 25,'65, m.o. May 29,'65. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 363 Gist INFANTRY Was organized at CarroUton, Illinois. At Pittsburg Landing, on April Gth, 1862, 400 men were formetl into line in time to receive the first assault of the enemy, and stood their ground for an hour and a quarter. Upon retiring from their position, the regiment was complimented by Gen. Prentiss for its gallant stand. Loss 80 killed, w'ounded and missing, and 3 commissioned officers. Regiment mustered out Sept. 8th, 18l>>, at Nashville, Tenn. COMPANY B. Recruit. Damson, M. T., c. Sept. 30,'G4, m.o. July 20,'G5. COIVIPANY C. Adams, A., c. Oct. 10,'(>1, A: (lis. June 27, 'Co. Hinson, S., e. Oet. l,'t>l, m.o. July 2U,Go. C<>MP,\NY G. Bahvin, J., c. .Sept. 'JV.'fit, m.o. Jiilv 2n,'a5. Cratcliett, A., e. 0<'t. 1,'G4, m.o. July 2U,'r>ri. Crade, J. J., e. Sei>t. 27, '04, m.o. Julv 2(i,'ti.'). Crateliett, W. C, e. Sept. 27,'G-l, m.o. Julv20,'G.'). Clark, G. F., e. Sept. 27,'G-l, m.o. July 20,'G5. Peavine, J., e. iSept. 2iS,'G4, m.o. July 2().'G.'i. Rhode.*, J., e. Sept. 27, 'G4, died Murfree.boro. Robinette, J. R., e. Sept. 27,'G4, m.o. July 20,G.'). Warren, W. S., e. Sept. 27, 'G4, m.o. July 20,'G."). Predemore, A. J., o. Mar. 7,'G.'), m.o. Sept. 8,'Go. Vanai-sdale, N., e. Sept. 26,'C-}, in Co. G., 58th. COMPANY I. Recruit. Adams, E. C, e. Sept. 30, 'G4, m.o. July 20,'G5. COMPANY K. Recruits. Griffin, J. E., e. April .">,'G.5, m.o. Sept. 8,'G5. Gates, J. W., e. Oct. 5,'G4. Hauer, A., Sept. 27,'G4, m.o. May 23,'G5. Lewis, H. B., e. Sept. 2S,'G4. Simons, D. A., e, Sept. 27, 'G4. 62d INFANTRY. Adjutant. M. J. Haines, o. Feb. 2,'&4, m.o. Mar. 6,'66. COMP.\NY r. Recruit. Ford, S. D., e. Feb. 11, 'G.'), deserted Mar. 20,'G5. COMPANY H, Private.-'. Brauer, W. H., e. Feb. 1,'G2, deserted at Cov- ington, Kv. Hiscock, L. W., 6. Feb. 1,'G2, died .Vug. 13,'G4, corpl. Kellogg, F. A., e. Feb. 1,'C2, v., died April 3,'65. Seelye, W. IL, e. Feb. 1,'G2, v., m.o. Mar. G.'GG. Smith, J., e. Jan. 23,'G-l, rej. and discharged. 07tli (Three Months,) INFANTRY. CO»U'ANY G. Privates. Anthony, C. E., e. June 2,'C2. Burton, F. M., e. June 2, '62. Crane, William, e. June 2, '62. jVIishler. Samuel, e. June 2,'G2. Rodtjurs, I). A., e. June 4,'G2. Riddle, Hamilton, June 4, '02. Ri<'e, Daniel, e. June 4,'G2. Steele, J. A., e. June 4,'G2. Toliias, B. F., e. June 4,'G2. (Jadwell, William, e. June 2,'G2. 08th (Three Months,) INFANTRY. COMPANY K. Captain. Ed. J. J(mcs, e. June 23,'C2, m.o. Sept. 26,'C2. First Lieutenant. T. L. Masters, e. June 23,'G2, m.o. Sept. 26,'G2. Second Lieutenant. IT. L. Dunn, e. June 23,'G2, m.o. Sept. 2C,'62. Sergeants. L. W. Coplin, e. June 2,'G2. L. G. Smith, e. June 2,'G2. R. J. Edwards, e. June 2,'62. Corporals. George Jones, e. June 2, '62. Lueius Smith, e. June 2,'62. Musician. Ira Sipes, c. June 2,'G2. Privates. Barr, F. M., e. June 2, '62. Burk, James, e. June 2,'G2. Demorest, J. H., e. June 2'ri2. Devore, Noah, e. June 2'.t,'G2. Hailey, William, e. June 9,'G2. Hill, J. G., e. June2,'G2. Hinner, Ira, e. June 23, 'G2. Loekwood, Henry, e. June 15,'62. McNeal, John, e. June 2,'G2. MeFarland, Edward, e. June2,'G2. Mullen, Owen, c. June 2, '62. Owens, E. M., e. June 2,'G2. Ogden, I. B., e. June23,'G2. Putnam, John, e. June 30,'G2. Powers, James, e. June 2,'G2. Striker, David, e. June 2,'G2. Sams, .Vlexander, e. .June 11, 'G2. Strieker, Henry, e. .June 2;»,'G2. Turner, G. C, e. June 2'.i,'G2. VauBureu, Edwani, e. June 2, '62. Vaneil, J. P., e. June 2,'G2. Wat.son, John, e. June 22, '62. Zimmer, Henry, c. Juno 22,'62. 364 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 73rd INFANTRY. The 7ord was organized at Camp Butler in August, '62, and soon became part of Gen. Buell's army The 73rd took part in every Ijattle fought by the army of the Cumberland, from Oct, 62. until the route of Gen. Hood's army at Nashville. No greater eulogy can be pronounced on the patrotism, bravery, and heroic devotion to a sacred principle than that silent language of their dead, speaking from the graves of every battle-tield where they poured out their life's blood, at Perryville, Murfreesl^oro, Chickamaugo, Missionary Ridge, through out mountain gorges of East Tennesee and in a succession of battles from Chattanooga to the falls of Atlanta. The 73rd had 2 majors and 2 adjutants killed, and nearly every officer of the regiment wounded at some time — several, many times; but as to the aggregate loss during their service no data is to Ije found. They left the State one of the largest, and returned one of the smallest regiments, near two- thirds of the organization having wasted away, either by disease, or death on the battle field, during their three years' service. COMPAJfY B. Captain. Harvey Pratt, e. Dec. 1,'6'2, m.o. June 12,'65. First Lieutenant. Joshua Bailey, e. July 17,'C2, m.o. June 12,'G5. Sergeant. Jesse D. Kilpatrick, e. July 23, '62, pris. Sept. 20, '63. A. A. Holmes, c. July 15, '62, m.o. June 12, '6.'). Joseph S. Parke, e. July 1-J,'62, m.o. June 12,65. David J. Reid, e. July 23,'62, m. o. June 12,'65. Musicians. T. A. Martin, e. Aug. 12,'62, m.o. June 12,'65. N. D. Rodgers, e. July 12,'62, m.o. June 12,'65. Privates. Adams, D. H., e. July 31,'62, kid. Sept. 20,'63. Avers, J. M., e. Aug. 8,'62, d. dis. June 1,'63. Allen, W. M., e. Julv23,'62, died Dec. 23,'62. Baylor, J. D., e. July 19,'62, m.o. June r2,'65. Baldwin, A., e. Julv 22, '62, m.o. June 12,'65. Buckman, J. H., e. Julo 21, '62, d. dis. May 3,'63. Brown, J. A., e. Aug. 11, '62, died Anderson- ville, pris. Davis, W. E., e. Aug. 11, '62, died at Murfrees- boro. Mar. 23, '63. Few, P. B., e. July 17,'62, m. o. June 12,'65. Tailor, G., e. July 23,'62. m. o. June 12,'65. Fruman, M. L., e". July 23, '62, m.o. June 12, '65. Frazer, T. J., e. Aug. 8, "62, m. o. June 12, '65. Gilcrest, E. W., e. Aug. 11, '62, died at Nash%-ille, Dee. 6, '62. Gale, C. L., e. July 17,'62, trans. I. C. Aug. 1,'63. Glaze, C. M., e. July 22, '62, died at Delavan, Jan. 7, '64. Gooch, DeWitt R., e. Julv 22,'62, trans, to I. C. Goodale, D. S., e. July 22,'62, died at Nashville Jan. 8, '63. Gensett, J. M. e. July 23,'62, pro. Sei^t. Major. Gaskill, C. F., e. Aug. 11, '62, died at Nashville Nov. 24,'62. Holt, Jesse, e. Aug.7,'62, m. o. June 12, '65, corpl Huntlev, J. W., e. July 17,'62, died at Gallatin, Tenn. Hunt, J. A., e. July 17,'62, died at Murfreesboro May 27, '63. Hanna, F. H., e. July 22,'62, trans, to I. C. Hatch, T. C, e. July 19,'62, ra. o. June 12,'65. Hilderbrand, Jacob, Aug. 8, '62. died Feb. 1,'63, wounds. Hamptman, E. A.,e. Julv.31,'62,d.dis.Mar. 1,'63, Hill, L., e. Aug. 11, '62, d. dis. .Ian. 6,'63. Iscnberg, Joel, e. July 17, '62, died June 27, '64, wounds. Johnson, R. S., e. July 17,'62, kid Stone river, Dec. 31, '62. Jacobus, W. A., e. July 31,'62, d. dis. Jan. 15, '63. Jacobus, L. K., e. July 31, '62, died Nashville dec. '62. Kibbj, G. R., e. July 19,'62, m. o. June 27, '65, was pris. Lawler, D. F., c. Aug. S, 62, m. o. June 12,'65. Long, J. H., e. July 23, '62, d. dis. Aug. 7, '62. Lamphier, I. L., e. July 21, '62, m. o. June 12, '65, corpl. Lovno, Reuben, e. Aug. 5, '62, died Nashville ■ Nov. 30, '62. Morris, J. W., e. Aug. 7,'62, died Murfreesboro, April 28, '63, Monday, J. W., e. July 15,'62, m. o. June 12,'65. Mondav, E. R., e. July 15, '62, m. o. June 12, '65. McCormlc, M., e. Aug. 11, '62, d. dis. Jan. 10'63. Opdyke, Benj., e. July 22, '62, m. o. June 12,'65. Patterson, R. H.. e. Julv 19, '62, m.o. June 12, '65. Palmer, D. H., e. Julv 22,'62, m. o. June 12,'65. Reid, A. J., e. July 19,'62, died Oct. 28,'63,wnds. Rvbin.son, R., e. July 19,'62, kid at Stone river Dec. 31, '62. Richards, C. C, e. Aug. 5,'62, tr. I. C. Aug. 1,'63. Randolph, C. F., Aug. 11, '62, m. o. June 12,'65, corpl. Sherman, A., e. Julv 23,'62, m. o. May 20,'65. Ward, W. B., e. Julv 17,'62, ni. o. June 12,'65. Wertz, J. C, e. July 22,'62, d. dis. Apr. 23,'63. Jiecruit.^. Buckman, Joel, e. Sept. 29,'64, m.o. Junel2,'65. Brown, M. e. Fel). 9,'64, trans. 44th Inft., wnd. Bailcv, C. M., e. Feb. 13,'64, trans. 44th Inft. Drake, N., e. Oct. 4, '64, trans. 14th Inft. Kite, W. H., e. Oct. 4,'t54, trans. U. S. V. E. Harbinson, G., e. Oct. 4,'64, kid at Franklin, Nov. 30, '61. Miller, G. A., c. Feb. 18, '64, trans. 44th Inft. Newman, B., e. Sept. 29,'64, m. o. June 12,'65. Provost, A., e. Sept. 2'J,'6^1, m. o. Mav 21, '65. Patten, G. W., e. July 9,'62, d. dis. Feb. 9,'63. Spruce, J. H., e. Oct. 6,'64, trans. 44th Inft. COMPANY I. First Lieutenant. G. W. Patten, e. July 15,'62, m. o. June 12,'65. HISTORY OP TAZEWELL COUNTY. 365 85tli INFANTRY. The 85th was organized at Peoria in August, '62, by Col. Robert S. Moore, and mustered into service August 27, '62. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., Sep- tember 6, '62, assigned to Thirty-Sixth Brigaile, Eleventh Division, Third Army Corps, Col. D. McCook commanding Brigade, Gen. Sheridan command- ing Division, and Gen. Gilbert commanding Corps. The 85th marched in pursuit of the enemy under Gen. Bragg, Oct. 1, '62, was engaged in the battle of Champion Hill, at Perryville, Kentucky, Oct. 8, and moved with the army to Nashville, Tenn., arriving Nov. 7, '62. Regiment mustered out June, 5, '65, at Washington, D. C, and arrived at Camp Butler, 111, June 11, 65, wliere they received their final discharge. COMPANY A. Captain. Thos. R. RoberUs, e. July 11, '02, res. April 15,'G4. First Lieutenant. Daniel Havens, e. .July IS.'O^, m. o. May 15, '65. Sergeants. J. K. Miller, e. July is,'i>2, died hands enemy, Aus. 20, 'W, wounds. W. M. Landwitli, e. July 1S,'G2, d.dis. Meh.2G'62. Joseph Stout, e. July lis, '(12, ni. o. Juno 5,'65, as reg. color br'er. " Coi-poraU. Benj. Ohite, e. July 18,'G2, kid at Perryville, Ky., Oct. 8, '62. J F. Rodgers, e. July S,'G2, m. o. Suiie 5,'G.j, 1st sergt. Alonzo McCain, c. July IS, '62, m. o. July22,'G5, was pris. Privates. Alyea, J. W., e. July 18,'e2, m. o. June 17,'65, wa.s pris. Albin, W. M., e. July 1S,'62, m. o. June 5,'65. JJartram, K. W., e. July 18, '62, absent sick at ni. o. of regt. Boon, C. W., o. July 18,'62, died Chattanooga July 14, 'G4, wnds, corpl. Bradburn, J. M., e. July is, '62, m. o. June5,'65. Bradburn, J. M., Jr., e. July 1S,'G2, m. o. June 5, '65. Bradburn, J. W. e. July IS, '62, died Bowling Green, Nov. 1,'62. Bortzfield, Jacob e. July 1S,'62, ra. o. June 5, '65. Bortztleld, Wm., e. June 21, '62, died Aug. 11, '61, wnds. Booth, J. VV., c. July 21,'62, died Nov. 27,'63. Blizzard, W. D., e. Aug. 5,'62, m. o. Aug. 5, '65. Cunley, A., e. Aug. 10,'62, died Nashville, Feb. 12, '63. Charlton, W. P., e. Aug. 10,'62, m. o. May :!0,'65. Daniels, J. R., e. Aug. 10,'62, tr. i. c. Feb. 15,'64. Howell, Geo., e. Aug. 10,'62, died Nash%illc, Apr. 5, '63. Howell, H., e. Aug. 10, '62, died Louis\ille in '62. Jordan, B. F., e. July 1S,'62, m. o. June 2S,'65, wa.s pris. Koozer, Danl., c. July 24,'62, died Goldsboro Meh. 27, '65, wnds. Kratzer, David, e. July 24,'62, died Big Shanty, June 29,'64, wnds. Layton, W., e. July 29,'62, died Nashville, Dec. 1,'62. Mason, H., e. July 30,'62, died Louisville, Dee. 23, '62. Mayes, J. A., e. July 30,'62, abs. sick at m. o. of regt. Parks, Jacob, e. July 20, '62, m. o. June 5, '65. Pemberton, B., e. July 2'.i,'62, d. dis. Jan. 10,'63. Pemberton, W. J.,c. Aug.l0,'62,d.dis.Jan.24,'63. Shaw, R., e. July 18,'62, abs. sick at ra.o. of regt. Saint, P. e. July 18,'C2, kid Peach T. creek, July 19, '64. Streeter, H. R., e. July 18,'62, abs. atni. o. regt., wnd. Schniick, W. S., e. Aug. 10,'62, abs. sick at ra.o. of regt. Trent, Thos., c. Aug. 10,'62, m. o. June 5,'65. Vanduseu, J. P., e. July 18,'G2, died Nsishvllle Meh. 3, 'Go. Wood, J. A., e. Julv 1S,'G2, d. dis. Feb. 10,'63. Whit^iker, W. J., July 1S,'62, died Nashville, Dec. 20, '62. White, M. L., e. July 18,'62, died Nashville Dec. 13, '62. COHn»ANY F. Jn A Captains. 10. Kennedy, c. Aug. 27,'62, died July 19,'64. . J. Mason, e. June 16, '62, m. o. June 5,'65. First Lieutenants. Robt. J. Bowman, e. Aug. 27, '62, res. Oct. 17, '63. F. M. McColyou, e. June 1G,'62, abs. sick atm. o. regt. Second Lieutenants. R. M. Tinney, e. Aug. 27,'62, res. Jan. 13,'63. E. D. Lampett, e. June 16,'62. res. Oct. 10,'63. First Sergeant. Wm. Kelly, e. June 16, '62, ra. o. June 5,'65. Sergeants. Wm. Johnson, e. June 16, '62, m. o. June 5, '65, as 1st i>rivate. Corporals. Fd. Scattergood, e. June 16,'62, m. o. June 5,'65. Nathan Kellogg, e. June 16,'62, m. o. June 5, '65. Philip Beck, e. June 16, '62, kid Peach T. creek, July PJ, '64. Wagoner. John Wolf, e. June 16, '62, m. o. Meh. 6, '64. Privates. Bird, Wm., e. June 16,'G2, m. o. June 5, '65. Bcncr, David, e. June 16, ■62, d. dis. Junel9,'63. Cleveland, P. P., e. June 1G,'62, died Feb. 4,'63. Cregg, David, e. June; l(i,'G2, m. o. June 5, '65. Cary, Jas., e. June 16, '62, died Meh. 11, '61, wnds. Cheal, J. J. e. June 16, '62, tr. inv. corps Sep.7, '63. Clark, J. J., e. June 16, '62, m.o. June 17, '65, pris. Coombs, James, e. June 1G,'62, m. o. June5,'65. Driver,R.,e.Junel6,'62,died Louisv'eSep.29,'62. Dean, Wm., e. June 21,'62,m.o. June5,'65,corpl. Deball, L., e. June 21, '62. Earp, Wm., e. June 16,'62, died Nov. 30, '64, wu4j wnds. Hindbaugh, J. W., e. Aug. 13,'62, m.o. June 6, '65. Holland, I. W., e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 6,'6.5. Kindle, E., e. Aug. 11, '62, m.o. June6,'65. corpl. Kevs. J. T., e. Aug. 9,'62, trans, pioneer corps, July 25,'t>4. Lee, C, e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 6,'65. Lane, T. B., e. Aug. 8,'62, m.o. June 22,'05, pris. ■Jameson, J., e. Aug. 9, '62, m.o. June 0,'65, cor. Lewis, R., e. Aug. 9,'02, m.o. June G,'65. Layton, H. C, e. Aug. 11, '62, m.o. Dec. 20,'62. Merchant, Geo., e. Aug. 15,'62, m.o. June 6,'62, pris. Milligan, C. B., e. Aug. 9,'C2, m.o. April 13,'63. Mericle, R., e. Aug. 9,'62, trans, to P. C, July 29,'(>1. Merrick, I., e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 24,'65, pris. McBride, W. G., e. Aug. 14,'62, died NashviUe, Feb. 11, '63. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 367 , m.n. Jiinc fi.'Go. kid. Kenesaw Mt., McCoy, D., c. AuR. 0,'f.2, m.n. INInr. 'aS. Miiwnheimer, C.,0. Aug. ll.'iVi, in.o. .Tunefi,'65. Miinroe. Felix, e. Aug. 14,'i>J, died Nashville, Av)ril 5,'G."). Murphy, P., c. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. Juno 6,'66. Oberdurf, J., e. Aug. 14,'62, m.o. June (i,'(i3. Parker, W. J., c. Aug. 9,'(V2, m.o. .Tunc (),'fi5. Kuble, John, e. Aug. 12,'G2, m.o. June 0,'65, corj)!. Robinson, N., e. Aug. 15,'62, m.o. June f),'65. Ruble, Jona., e. Aug. 14,'62, m.o. June G,'6.5. Riehanl, Benjamin, e. Aug. 11, '62, kid. Perry- ville. Oct. 8,'G2. Shoemaker, R., e. Aug. 1.5,'02, m.o. June G,'65. Sutton, Phillip, e. Aug. 14,'G2, m.o. June G,'6.5. Smith, H. B., e. Aug. 0,'62, m.o. May 15,'G5, eorpl., wnd. Strawsburgh, (}., c. Aug. 9,'63, tr., Y. R.C. Oct. 'G3. Strawsburgh, e. .\ug. 9,'G2, died Jan. 7, '6?!. Scott, H. E., c. Aug. 14, 'C2, m.o. June G,'G2. Shreeve, Amos, e. Aug. 8,'G2, kid. Kenesaw Mt., Jan. 27,'G4. Shcppard, K. 11., e. Aug. 9,'G2, !il)s. at m.o. regt. Small, J. W., o. Aug. 9,'62, kid. Kenesaw Mt., eorpl. Spier, J. R., e. Aug. 9,'G2, m.o. Feb. '63. Tobias, Israel, e. Aug. 9,'G2, m.o. May29,'6.5. Truet, George, c. Aug. 9,'G2, died Nashville, Feb. 19, '63. Trowbridge, J, e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 6,'65, wnd. Walker, J., e. Aug. 14, '62, m.o. June 6,'G5. Wood, E., e. Aug. 9,'G2. m.o. June 6,'G5. Westerlield, .Jacob, e. Aug. 9,,G2, m.o. June 24, 'G.I, eorpl., was pris. Whistler, Benj.,e. Aug. 11, 'G.'), m.o. Dec. 20,'62. Wilson, J. O., e. Aug. 15, '62, m.o. June G,'G3. Jiccruits. Burns, E. C, e. Feb. 1,'64, m.o. July 12,'C5, eorpl. Eggman, A., e. Jan., 24,'64, m.o. July 12,'65. Eggman, J. J., e. Jan. 2.5,'64. Feely, W. S., e. Dec. 2G,'G3, never reported to companv. Graves, S. A., e. Feb. 1,'64, m.o. July 12,'6r). Gaudy, S. M., e. Aug. 27,'))2, m.o. June 6, '65. Minch, S., e. Aug. 27, '62, m.o. June G,'65. Riddle, W. H.,e. Sept. 23,'G4, m.o. JuneG,'G5. Shurts, J. W., e. Sept. 24, '64, m.o. June6,'()5. Smith, Bethel, e. Sept. 2:1, '61, m.o. June 6,'G.5. Smith, W. M., e. Sept. 23,'Gt. m.o. May 2;i,'65. Triplet, W. H., e. Sept. 2;!,'G4, m.o. June 6,'G5. Wilson, S. L., e. Feb. 1,'Gl, tr. V. R.C, Dec. 24, '64. Whistler, B. F., .Tan. 26,'G4, m.o. July 12,'6.5. 94tli INFANTRY Was organized at Bloomington, Illinois, in Aug. '62, and mustered in Aug. 20, and five davs later was ordered to Benton Barracks at St. Louis. The i)4th, after many fatiguing marches through Missouri and Arkansas, met the enemy at Illinois Creek, Arkansas, under Gen. Hindinan, hohling him in check for three hours, and being reenforced by Gen. Blunt's Division, continued the action until night, when the enemy withdrew. The regiment was mustered out July 17th, '65. at New Orleans, and ar- rived at Camp Butler Aug. 2, '65. when it received final discharge. COMP.INY H. Privates. Lane, Hugh, e. Aug. il,'G2, abs., sick at m.o. of McAlister, F., e. Aug. 21, '62, m.o. July 17,'65. Smith, I. L., c. Aug. 20,,G2, m.o. July 17,'G5, eorpl. Brinistol, Ira, e. Sept. 2l,'Gl, m.o. Jidy 17,'65. COMPANV I. Sergeants. J. B. Chaplin, o. Aug. 1(),'62, d. May 1,'G4, dis. Isaac Blair, e. Aug. .s,'G2, d. Feb. 24, 'G:',, dis. Theodore Miner, e. Aug. 8,'G2, m.o. July 17, '65, as sergt., com. 2d Ueut not mustered. Privates. Buggs, T., e. Aug. 9,'G2, d. June28,'63, dis. Parker, E., e. Aug. 15,'G2, d. Feb. 21, '63, dis. ('(jlville, W., e. Aug. 15,'62, m.o. July 17, '65. Durnan J. S., e. Aug. 11, '62, m.o. July 17,'05. Hammond, J. W., e. Aug. 15,'62, died New Orleans, Sept. 13,'63. Hunter, D. L., e. Aug. 15,'62, m.o. July 17,'65. Henry, J. W., e. Aug. 15,'62, m.(j. July 17,'65. John.son, G. W., e. Aug. 11,'62, m.o. July 17,'65, eorpl. Laton. S., e. Aug. 12,'62, d. Aug; 13,'6-1, dis. Livesav, J. T., e. Aug. 15, '62, died at home Sept. 9, '63. Loonev, A. P., c. Aug. 15,'G2, died at New Orleans, Sept. 9,'63. Lindsay, J. e. Aug. 17,'62, d. April 16,'63, dis. IMitchcll, Bvron L., e. Aug. 7, '62, died New Orleans, Aug. 29,'G3. Macv, W., e. Aug. 11, '62, m.o. July 12,'65. Macv, G. 0.,e. Aug. 11, '62, died Carroltou, La., Aug. 30,'63. Miller. Peyton, e. Aug. 15,'G2, m.o. July 17,'G5. Price, Dehuison, e. Aug. l(i,'62. m.o. July 17, 'G5. Rockbold, J. 11., e. Aug. 8,'62, tr. I. C. April 30,'Gl. Railsbaek, B. F., e. Aug. 9,'fi2, d. Jan. 24,'64. Railsbock, T. F., e. Aug. 9,'G2, m.o. Juiy 17,'65. Sweat, G. W., e. Aug. 19,'62, m.o. July 17, '65. Strickland, F., e. Aug. 15,'G2, m.o. July 17,'65. Smith, O. M.,e. Aug. 12,'62, m.o. July 17,'G5. Shaw, G., e. Aug. 1.5,'G2, d. Dee. 1,'Gl, dis. Ward, (ico., e. Aug. 9,'G2, m.o. July 17, 'G5. Winn, W. S., e. Aug. 12,'62, died at (Jarroltou, La., Aug. 14,'G3. Williams, J. H., e. Aug. 12, '62, d. Sept. 14, 'tU, (li.s. Williams, J. A., e. Aug. 12,'G2, d. Jan. 7, 64, dis. Jvrcruits. Hunter, W. II., e. Mar. 12,'64, m.o. May 16,'66, eorpl. Lance, C, e. Sept. 24,'64, m.o. Julyl7,'6.5. Hartzell, I., e. Feb. 27,'64, m.o. May 15, 66. lOOth INFANTRY. COMPANY H. First Sergeant. Wm. B. Connor, e. Aug. 14,'62, m.o. June 11, '64. 368 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Privates. Allbrisht, John, e. Aug. 14,'G2, d. June 11, 'M. AllbriKht, Jos., e. Aug. 14, '02, in.o. June 12, '65. Conner, J. K., e. Aug. 14, '02, d. Mar. 24,04. Conner, J. S., e. Aug. 14, '02, ni.o. June 12,'G.5. Dosse, P. H., e. Aug. 15, '02, died Chattanooga, Aug. 13,'G4, wnd. Hcninger, B. W., c. Aug. 14, '62, m.o. June 12. '05. Lyon, L. M., e. Aug. 19,'62, kid. Chattanouga, Sept. 19, 'G;!. Moore, D. T., e. Aug. lo,'62, died Nashville, Dec. 17,'e3. Shoemaker, J., e. Aug. 1,'62, d. April 2,'64. Coons, D., e. Aug. S,'62, abs. sick at m.o. regt. 104th IISFANTRY formed a part of First Brigade, Fourteenth Army Corps, in which it remained until mustered out. On the 25th of Nov. '63, was in the battle of Missionary Ridge, capturing a number of prisoners. The regiment moved to Ringgold May 3rd, to prepare for the campaign a])out to commence against Atlanta. The regiment partici- pated in many skirmishes up to the 5th of June, when they moved in front of Kenesaw Mountain, where it was engaged skirmishing almost continously until the 3rd of July, when the enemy left the Mountain. On the 20th July the 104th crossed Peach Tree Creek, and at 4 p.m. were attacked by the enemy, when the regiment distinguished itself for unsurpassed bravery, losing in killed and wounded 50 officers and men. The campaign, from May 7, when the regiment left Ringgold, to Sep. 6, when it left Jonesboro, was very severe, skirmishing almost continually, never halting for the night without throwing up w"orks for defence. The loss in these engagements being very heavy, in killed and woundeii, and at Peach Tree Creek the right of the regiment was almost annihilated, but the brave boys never faltered. On the 16th of Nov. the 104th started on that famous " march to the sea," taking possession of Savannah on the 21st Dec. The regiment had its share of the hardships, marches, ect., as also the fine foraging produced by that beauti- ful country through which they passed. The Regiment was engaged in the battles of Hartsville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek, Utoy Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville. They were mustered out June 7th, and on the 8th left for Chicago where they received their final discharge. COMPANY I. Captains. John Wadlegh, e. Aug. 12,'G2, res. July 30,'6.3. Willard Proctor, e. Aug. 12, '02, m.o. June 6, '65. First Lieutenant. Jas M. Wright, e. Aug. 12,'G2, m.o. June 6,'05. Second Lieutenant. C. E. Webber, e. Aug. 12,'62, res. Fel). 9,'G3. First Sergeants. W. C. Hempstead, e. Aug. 12,'G2, pro. chaplain. L. G. Stout, e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 6s'63. Sergeants. A. S. Smith, c. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 6,'65. A. Moffatt, e. Aug. 9,'G2, m.o. June 6, '65. Cor2Mrals. Ethridge Chapman, e. Aug. 9, 62, kid. Chicka- mauga, Sept. 20,'63. C. L. Bangs, e. Aug. 9, '62, m.o. June 6,'G5. Timothy Powel, e. Aug. 9,'G2, missing at Chick- amauga, sergt. N. II. Cooper, e. Aug. 9, '62, d. Jan. 8, '63, dis. A. A. Vermilvea, e. Aug. 11, '62. R. P. Hoge, e. Aug. 9,'02, d. May 29,'63. Wm. Cady, e. Aug. 9, '62, m.o. June 6, '65. C. L. Lymonds, e. Aug. 9, '62, died Tompkins- ville, Nov. 21, '62. Privates. Andrews, B., e. Aug. 11,'62, tr. to I. C. June 30, '64. Allen, David, e. Aug. 14,'62, d. Aug. 17,'63. Burns, F. W., e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 6,'65. Baker, S., e. Aug. 9,'G2, d. Jan. 20,'63, dis. Blackburn, O. C, e. Aug. 9,'62, d. July29,'63, dis. Bane, Jacob, e. Aug. 11, '62, d. April 23,'64, dis. Bailey, John, e. Aug. 12, '02, m.o. June G,'65. Bailv, A. J., e. Aug. 12, '62, m.o. June 6, '65. Beagle, D., e. Aug. 13,'62. Bane, Henry, e. Aug. 20, '62, rejected. Cooper, Jolin, e. Aug. 9, '62, m.o. June 6, '65. Collins, A., e. Aug. !t,'02, d. Nov. 7,'G3, dis. Coyne, J., e. Aug. 11, '62, abs., sick at m.o. regt. ('ailahan. A., e. Aug. 9,'(i2, m.o. June 6, '65. Davis, E. M., e. Aug. 11, '62, m.o. June 6,'05. Douglas, H. C, e. Aug. 12, '02, kid. at Mission Kidge, Nov. 25, '63. Everet, Richard, e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 6,'65. Ellenbocker, Nicliolas, e. Aug. 9,'62, died at Gallatin, June 19,'G3. Erie, John, e. Aug. 13,'62, died Cowen, Tcnn., Aug. 24, '63. Foster, Samuel, e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 6,'65. Frink,W. E.,e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June0,'05, corpl. Harkne.ss, P., e. Aug. 9,'02, m.o. June 0,'65. Lamb, C, e. Aug. 9,'G2, m.o. June 0,'05, sergt. Larkin John, e. Aug. 9,'62, d. Nov. 16,'03, dis. l^arkin, Wm., e. Aug. 13, '02. m.o. June G,'6.5. Miillin, I. B., e. Aug. 9,'02, d. June 1G,G3, dis. Marlev, J., e. Aug. 9, '02, d. April 22, '04, dis. McDonald, W. M., e. Aug. 9, '62, d. June 23, '63, dis. Mahan, Thos., e. Aug. 9,'62. Miller, Christian, e. Aug. 9,'62, died Bowling Green, Nov. 16,'62. Mallory, E. T., e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 6, '65. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 369 Moore, John, e. Aug. 9,'62, died at LouiSA'illc, Nov. ll,'t;2. IMoFaddoii, F. D.,e. Aug. 9,'r.2, m.o. JuneC,'f)5. Malone, S. B., e. Aug. 0,'62. Marsh, T. H., e. Aug. 11, '62, missing at Chicka- mauga. Mallory, M., c. Aug. 12,'C)2, d. May lG,'r)2, di.s. Mackev, A. \V., e. Aug. 18, '1)2. Mullins, N. H., e. Aug. '.),'(;2, d. Mar. 10,'o4, dis. Newton, A. A., e. Aug. U,'()2, died Cincinnati, Dec 23. '(;2. Obennan, .1. H. e. Aug. 9,'62, died Loui.s\ille, Sept. 21, T.;?. Powell J. ("., e. Aug. 9,'G2, d. Dee. 30,'t)2. Pouts, Andrew, e. Aug. 9.'62, m.o. .June 6,'G.'>. Purviance, M., c. Aug. 12, '62, m.o. ,lune 6,'f),5. Quinn, A. C, e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 6,'G5, Cf)rpl. Quinlin, J., e. Aug. 12,'62, d. Jan. 30,'63, dis. llohinson, O. L., e. Aug. 9, '62, m.o. June 6. '6.5. Kobbins, D. C, e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 6, '65. Rico, Charlos, e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June G,'65. Read, S., e. Aug. 9,'62. Shoemaker, N., e. Aug. 9, '62. Sowman, H. J., e. Aug. 11, '62, m.o. June 6,'65. Smith, J., e. Aug. 12,'62. Snyder C'ornelius, e. Aug. 11, '62, m.o. July 16, '6."i, was pris. Smock, A., e. Aug. 9,'62, d. June 15,'65, dis. Purviance, Walker, e. Aug. 12,'62, tr. to I.C. June 21, 64. Traver, John, e. Aug. 9,'62, died Columbus, O., Dec. 26, '62. Tliompson, J., e. Aug. 6,'G2, d. Dec. 18,'62, dis. Taylor, R. W., e. Aug. 9,'62. Traver, H. V., e. Aug. 9,'62, died Dec. 10,'62, wnds. Trask, D. L., e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 6,'65. Traver, J. J., e. Aug. 9, '62, m.o. June 6, '65. Winans, B., e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 6, '62. Whitman, Lewis, e. Aug. 9,'G2, died Anderson- ville prison, Jan. 7, '64. Williams, J. K., e. Aug. 9,'62, d. Jan. 7,'63. Winans, Louis, e. Aug. 9,'G2, m.o. June 6,'6r). Lewis, George, m.o. June 6, '65. 108tli INFANTKY "Was organized at Camp Peoria, and mustered into the service of the United States, Auf?. 28tli, 1862. The lirst cotnpany was recruited at Pekin, by Charles Turner. Oct. Gth, the refi;'t. left Covington, Ky. arriving on the 8th. On the 17th, marched into the interior of the State, following the retreating enemy. They passed through Falmouth, Cynthiana, Paris and Lexington to Nicholas- ville, where they went into camp Nov. 1st, and remained until the 14th, when they started for Louisville, arrived on the 19th, and left the 21st for Memphis, Tenn., where it went into camp near the city on the 26th. On the 20th of Dec. they went on hoard the "City of Alton," and proceeded with the expedition, under Gen. W. T. Sherman against Vicksburg. They ])roceeded down the river to the mouth of the Yazoo, and up that river to Johnson's Landing, near Chickasaw Blutt". On the 2i)th they moved upon the enemy, who was found strongly fortified upon the bluffs. It was here the 108th first met the enemy. They withdrew from the attack on Vicksl)urg Jan. 1st and returned down the Yazoo river and up the White river, antl through a cut-off into the Arkansas, to Arkansas Post, where on the 11th they bore an active part in that most brilliant and successful engagement. There was 13 wounded. On the 17th of Jan., 1863, they moved down stream to Young's Point, La., where they went into camp the 24th. The long confinement on the transports, and want of pure air and sani- tary conveniences during this expedition, cost the regiment more lives than all other causes during its term of service. One officer, Philo. W. Hill, 1st Lieut. Co. A. and 134 i^rivates died during the months of February and March, '64. Colonel. Charles Turner, e. Aug. 2«.'62, jiro. col. March 13,'63, pro. Brevet Brig. Geu. Mar. 26,'65, m. o. Aug. 5, '65. Lieutenant Colonel. W. R. Lackland, e. Aug. 2S,'62, m. o. Aug. 5,'65. Hospital Steward. 3. R. Riblet, m. o. Aug. 5,'65. COMPANY A. Captain. John W. Plummer, e. Aug. 28,'62, m.o. Aug.5'65. First Lieutenant.^. Philo W. Hill, e. Aug 28,'62, died San. 2C,,'m. A. C. Beals, e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. Aug. 5,'65. Second Lieutenants. J. S. Boucher, e. Aug. 14,'62, died July 22,'65. J. W. Nonis, e. Aug. 14,'62,m.o. Aug.5,'65,scrgt. Sergeants. P. J. McQueen, e. Aug. 14,'62, died Arkansas P. Jan. 3, '63. J. B. Hicks, e. Aug, 14,'62, died Nov. 25,'62. Martin Broyhill, e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. Aug.5,'65. Coi-porals. L. F. Puffer, e. Aug. 14, '62, d. .Tnly28,'65. Harrv Allen, e. Aug.l4,'G2,died Cairo Jan.26,'63. Thos. F. McClure, e..\ng. 14,'62, died Jan.26"63. R. W. Davidson, e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. Aug. 5, '65, private. F. A. West, e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. Aug. 5,'65,sergt. Elmore Brem, e. Aug. 14, '62, died June 25, '63. Privates. Ashburn, Jesse, e. Aug. 14,'62, died Young's Pt. Fe)). 22,'G3. Ashburn, J. W., e. Atig, 14, '62, died Mar. 25,'63. Amsburv, Horace, e. Aug. 14, '62, died Lexing- ton Nov. 4, '62. Beale, L. E., e. Aug. 14, '62, died Tazewell co., ■Jan. 1,'64. 370 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Better, Asa, e. Aug. 14,'G2, abs. sick at m. o. of regt.. corpl. Bright, Jacob, e. Aug. 14,'62, died Nov. 5,'Gl, pris. war. Blazicr, W. S., c. Aug. 14,'G2, died at St. Louis Feb. 22, '63. Burns, C. L., e. Aug. 14, 'G2, died Young's Pt., Marcli 2, '03. Broyhill, F. M., c. Aug. 14,'G2, m. o. Aug. .5,'05, Wagoner. Cooper, Isaac, e. Aug. 14, 'G2. Cheshier, Wm., e. Aug. 14,'G2, died Millilien's B., Mavl»,'G3. Cornelius. G. IL, Aug. 14,'62. Cale, John, e. Au^. 14,'G2, tr. V.R.C., Dec. 2G,'63. Cornelius, J. H., e. Aug. 14, '02, d. May 2G,'G.i. Davies, McLind, e. Aug. 14, '02, m. o. Aug. .'j.'O.'). Davies, Aaron, e. Aug. 14, '02, tr. I. C. Sep. 1,'()3. Dressier, Jos., e. Aug. 14 '02, died Feb. l.'),"(')3. Davidson, M. X., e. Aug. 1 1,'02, m. o. Aug. r),'i)'^. Davidson, Columbus, e. Aug. 14, '02, m. o. Aug. 5,'6.'i, corpl. Edworthy, J. B., c. Aug. 14, '02, died Jan. 10,'G3. Edworthy, J. W., e. Aug. 14, '02, m. o. Aug. .5,'G'i. Farmer, \V. C, e. Aug. 14, 'G2, abs. .sick at m. o. of regt. Folk, Samuel, Aug. 14,'G2, died St. Louis, Feb. 10, '03. Groundt, G., e. Aug. 14, '02, m. o. Aug. 5,'0."). Hendcrshot, John, e. Aug.l4,'G2,diod Jan.lG,'G3. Henderson, Robert, c. Aug. 14, '02, died Young's Pt., March G,'63. Hodson, W. R., e. Aug. 14, '02, d. Dec. 20,'G2. joUy, Daniel, e. Aug. 14, 'G2, abs. sick at ni. o. of regt. King, Thomas, e. Aug. 14, '02, died Memphis May 24, '04. Kramer, John, e. Aug. 14, '02, died Mempliis Nov. S,'G3. McQueen, C. F., e. Aug. 4, '02, died Nov. 7, '02. Mansion, l)a%'id, e. Aug. 14, '02, died Nov.'27,'02. McPeak, Leonard, e. Aug. 14, 'G2, died at La- grange. Nelson, John, e. Aug. 14,'62, abs. wnd. atm. o. of regt. Nelson, Samuel, e. Aug. 14, '02. Oelschlegel, II, e. Aug. 14,'02, died June 11, '03. Ogden, Geo., e. Aug. 24, '03. Pile, Calviu, e. Aug. 14, 'G2, died St. Louis May 1,'63. Russell, J. M., e. Aug. 14, 'G2, m. o. Aug. 5,'G.5. Rockhold, John, e. Aug. 14, '()2, m. o. Aug. 5,'G.'i. Rockhold, W. H., e. Aug. 14, '02, died Memphis Feb. 27, '03. Rockard, A. S., e. Aug. 14, '02, tr. to V. R. C. Sands, Israel, e. Aug. 14, '02, tr. to V. R. C. Speck, John, e. Aug. 14,'G2, died Lagrange Oct. 28, '03. Shorts, Thos., e.Aug.l4,'62,m.o.Aug','i,'6.5,corpl. Sheperd, Peter, e.Aug,14,'02,descr(ed Oct.l5,'0;!. Sparrow, S. B., e. Aug. 14, '02, died Feb. G,'0,3. Sherman, Jf)hn, e. Aug. 14, '02, m. o. Aug.."),'G.j. Smith, John, e. Aug, 14,'02, died Oct. 30,'62. Shiviler, Frank, Aug. 14, '62. Stout, S. F., e. Aug. 14, '02, d. June 8, '0.5. Tuttle, J., e. Aug. 14, '72, m. o. Aug. ."),'6.5, music. Vincent, Frank., e. Aug. 14, 'G2, m. o. Aug.5,G5. Vetitras, Louis, e. Aug. 14, '02, tr. to N. R. C. Williamson, T. H., c. Aug. 14,'G2, d. Dee. 26,'C2, wnds. "West, H. F., c. Aug. 14,'62, died Young's Pt. Fb]). 10, '03. Williams, W. H., e. Aug. 14,'G2, died St. Louis, April 10, '03. Williamson, M. B., e. Aug. 14,'C2, tr. to V. R. C. Sept. 1,'G3. William.sou, C, e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. Aug. 5,'05. Whittaker, Albert,e.Aug.l4,'G2,died Mar.21,'G3. Worick, Charles, c. Aug. 14, '02, r.i. o. Aug. 5, '65. William.sou, T. A., c. Aug. 5,'02, m.O. Vug.5,'05. Warner, DeWittC, e. Aug. 5,'02, m.o.Ang.5,'65. Wilson, Silas, e. Aug. 5,'G2, died Benton Bks uly 31,'63. Warner, IIir'm,e.Aug.5,'02,m.o.Aug.5,'G5,corx)l. Zul)er, Elijah, e. Aug. 5,'0.5. Zimmerman, The., c. Aug. 5,'62, m. o. Aug.5,'65. Recruits. Anderson, W. R., c. Feb. 27,'65, died July 26,'65. Garrett, Henry. Patten, W. H.", e. Oct 10,'G4, m. o. Oct. 9,'G5. Pettv, James, e. Sept. •2H,'CA, died April 25,'G5. Petty, W. B., e. Sept. 2S,'64, abs. wnd. atm. o. of regt. Spavdding, Wm., m. o. Aug. 5, '65, as sergt. Short, PaUerson, e. Sept. 2(),'&i, m. o. Aug. 5,'65. Stout, Isar.e, e. Sept. 28,'G-l, m. o. Aug. 5,'65. Slaughter, S. E., e. Sept. 2.s,'64, m. o. Aug. 5,'65. Sturglss, Geo., e. Sept. 22, '04, m. o. Aug. -5, '65. Shoi-i, John, died at Young's Pt., La., Jan.2G,'63. Wa.s'iiburn, Edw., e. Oct. 4, '04, m. o. Aug.5,'65. Whitaker, DeWitt C.,died at Ark.Post,Jan.9,'03. Worthinsiton, E., died Millikeu's Bend, March 10, '03. Warner, Emery, e. Sept. 28,0^1, died Mar. 31,'63. COMTANY B. Captains. Richard B. Howell, e.Aug.28,'62, res.Mar.25, '63. Wilbur F. Henry, e. Aug. 28, '02, m. o. Aug.5,'65. First LicvteinmlK. Garrett G. Ruhaak, e. Aug.28,'62, res.Nov.13,'62. William Franks, e. Aug. 13,'62, m. o. Aug.5,'6.5. Second Llmteiiant. John J. Kellogg, e. Aug. 8, '02, m. o. Aug. 5,'65' as sergt., wnd. Scrgmntx. S. J. Bumstead, e. Aug. 9,'02, pro. As.s. Surgeon 131st 111. Inf. Benj. Swayze, c. Aug. 0,'02, ra. o. Aug. 5,'65, com. 2d. lieut, not mustered. Edward J. Davis, e. Aug.l3,'G2, d. dis. Mar.20,62. Corporals. John Ledterman, e. Aug. 11, '62, sergt., pro. 2d Lieut. 01st. U. S- col. troops. Harlan Gridley, e. Aug. 8, '02, abs. at m. o. of regt., reduced to ranks. Reuben W. Heyers, e. Aug. 8, '02, m. o. July 12, '05, pris. Stephen ]?. Sallee, e. Aug. 9,'02, d. dis. Jalv0,'63. J. W. Timhrell,e.Aug.ll,'02,drowncdSep.ll,'64. 1\[. B. William,?, e. Aug. 0,'02 m. o. Aug. 5,'0.5. Evereit Young, e. Aug. 11, '02, died Jan. 22, '03. I. R. Brown, e. Aug. 11, '02, d. dis. April 7,'63. Mru^icians. Samuel Rankin, e. Aug. 9, '02, died Pekin Jan. 19, '03. J. G. Stauffer, e. Aug. 22,'62, d. dis. Feb. 19,'63. Wagoner. W. T. :Masters, e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. Aug. 5, '65. Privates. Brown, E. L., e. Aug. 9,'62, died May 18,'63. Bowers, P. O., e. Aug. 11, '62, died Young's Pt. July 10,'63. Bowers, S. K. or R., e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. Aug. 5, '65, corjil. Bloom, Wm., e. Aug. 15,'02,m.o. Aug.5,'65, corpl. Barnes, II. V., e. Aug. 22, '02, m. o. Aug. 5, '05. Champion, Thos., e. Aug. 11, '02, abs. at m. o. of regt. Cockrell, Joseph, e. Aug.11,'62, m.o. Aug.5,'65. Collins, Gr^•ill, e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. Aug. 5, '65. Campman, Saml., e. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. July 2, '65, pris. Coggins, H. L., e. Aug. 14,'62, m. o. Aug. 5,'65. Clark, Leauder, e. Aug. 15, '62, died Jan. 16, '63, corpl. HISTORY OF TAZEAVELL COUNTY. 371 Fish, Leander, e. Aug. 22,'62,m.o. Auk.5,'65. Goodwin, J. A., e. Aug. 11, '62, died Feb. 1,'63. Goodwin, \V. P., e. Aug. 11, '62, died at Mem- phis, Jan. 17, '03. Holsopple, Jacob, e. Aug. 11, '02, m.o.Aug.ri,'f>ri. Holsopplc, Edw., e. Aug. 11. '02, died Mar. 31, '03. Heihuan, \Vm., e. Aug. 11, '02, ra. o. Aug. .3,'0.5. Hcilinan. Geo., e. Aug. 11, '02, died Pekiu Aug. 30, '03. Howell, J. R., e. Aug. 22,'62, d. dis. Feb. 9,'63. Hubbard, John, e. Aug. 12,'62, m. o. Aug. .i,"65. Iwg, Saiiil., e. Aug. 11, "02, m.o. Aug. 5, '0.5. Jones, John, e. Aug. 11, '62, died rebel pris. Oct. 25,'64. Jones, J. C, e. Aug. 11, '62, died Memphis May 3,'04. Kohler, Henry, c. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. Aug. 5, '6.5. Kress, Christo'phcr, e. Aug. 9,'62, died Young's Pt. Feb. 14, '63. Kress, John, e. Aug. 9,'62, died Young's Pt. Feb. 4, '0.3. Lederman, H.,e. Aug.ll,'02, kid. Tusselo. Miss., July 14, '64. McBride, Thos., e. Aug. 9, '62, m. o. Aug. 5,'0.5 corpl. McGinnis, G. W., Aug. 21, '62, m. o. Aug. 5,'6.5. Musselman, Louis B., e. Aug. 8, '62, m. o. Aug. .5, '65. sergt. Ncavar, Juo., e. Aug. 15,'62, died Jan. 21, '63. Neavar, Jacob, e. Aug.l3,'02,m.o.Aug.3,'65,pris. Perkin, I.saac, e. Aug. 13, '02. Potter, Thos., e. Aug. 13,'62, tr. I.C. Sept. 1,'03. Perdue, W. F., e. Aug. 22,'02, m. o. Aug. 5,'05. Raush, John, e. Aug. S,'02, died May 16,'63. Raush, .Saml., e. Aug. 8,'02, died Jan. 25,'6.3. Rich, \V. H., e. Aug. 11, '62. died May ",'63. Riush, G. A., e. Aug. 11, '62, died Miir. 12,'63. Riblet, J. R., e. Aug. 9,'62, i>ro. hospital steward. Stewart, T. B.. e. Aug. 8,'62, died Keokuk Jan. 7, '63. Stewart, D. M., e. Aug. 15,'62, died Young's Pt., Feb. 1.'63. Sanders, Henrv, e. Aug.9,'62. Sallee, J. J., e." Aug. 11, '02, d. dis. March 8,'63. Stetler, Isaac, e. Aug. 11, '02, m. o. Aug. .5,'65. Sipe, W. H., e. Aug. 13,'02, m.o. Aug. 5,'65, sergt. Strickfadden, Wm., e. Aug. 15,'62, m.o. Aug. 5, '05, corjil. Shclton, Jos., e. Aug. 15, '62, died Memphis, Aug. 4, 63. Sloat, C. T., e. Aug. 15, '62, m. o. Aug. 5, '6.5. Tobey, H. S., c. Aug. 12,'02. d. dis. Aug. 13,'6.3. Tew, Vitruvius, c. Aug. 22, tr. Aug. 1,'63. Turner, J. G., e. Aug. 2. '02, died March 25,'03. Wcstcrnian, C. S., e. Aug. 12,'n2, m. o. .\ug.5,'05. Wehrle, F. W. c. Aug. 12,'02, tr. to I.C. Sept.l,'(i3. Wilcox, Levi, c. Aug. 11. '02. Webb, J. W., e. Aug. 12,'02, m.o. Aug. 5,'65,sergt. Eecruits. Bengal, Adam. Charles, J. H. Castle, J. H. Colburn, Wm., e. Sept. 17,'64, diedin Alabama, March 25, '65. Cottrell, Geo., Sept. 20,'64, m. o. Aug. 5,'65. Daman, J. W., m. o. Aug. 5,'05. Daman, J. H. m. o. Aug. 5, '65. Draper, J. W., e. Oct. 4,'frl, m. o. Aug. 5,'65. Dunnigan, Alpheus. Hoff, Bornett, e. Oct. 1,'64, m. o. Aug. 5,'65 Kellogg, H. C. McGrew, H. J. tr. toV.R.C. McQualitj-. Robt., e. Aug. 1,'M, m. o. Aug. 5, '65 Trumbull, J. H. Wicks, Michael, e. Sept. 20,'64, m. o. Aug. 5,'65 Watson, Wm.,kld at Guntown,Mis.s,June 10,'04. COMPANY C. Hecruits. Cook, Wm., e. Sept. 24,'64, m. o. Aug. 5, '63 McFadin. Wm., e. Sept. 24, '64, m. o. Aug. 5, '65. 24 Morganstein,Lewis,e.Sept.20,'64, m.o.Aug.5,'65. Ross, John, e. Sepl. 27,'64, m. o. Aug. 5,'6.5, Helsh, John. McGrath, Wm., e. Sept. 24,'64, m. o. Aug. 5,'65. COMPANY D. Privates. Buchanan, J. 11., e. Aug. .35,'62. Bullock, Thos., e. Aug. 15,'62. pro. reg. O. M. Brtines, John, e. .\ug. 11. '62. Hailman, D. E. V., e. Aug. 15, '62. Piffin, Sept. 10, '02, d. Nov. 7, '63. JiecruiU. Bellair, Peter, e. Sept. 24, '64, m. o. Aug. 5,'65. Lombard, Augu.stus, .Sept. 24, '04, m.o. Aug,5,'65. McGin, John, e. Sept. 20, '04. m. o. Aug. .5, '65. Wood, James, e. Sept. 20. '64, m. o. Aug. 5.'65. COMPANY E. Hccmits. Graves, I. H., Sept. 23,'64, m.o. Aug. 5,'65. Honner, Landon. Metz, F.. e. Sept. 20, '64, m.o. Aug. 5, '6.5. Souday, E., e. Sept. 20,'64. m.o. Aug. 5,'65. COMPANY F. Hecruits. Brtily, .S. P., c. .Sept. 27,'61, m.o. Aug. .5,'0,5. Grubb, C. D., e. Sept. 27,'64, m.o. Aug. 5,'6.5. Gaston, Cha.s., e. Sept. 27,'64, m.o. Aug. 5,'65. Penfield, H. W., e. Sept. 28,'64, m.o. Aug. 5,'65. COMPANY G. Privates. Brad.shaw, J., c. Aug. 15,'62, m.o. Aug. 5,'65. Brad.shaw, Wm., e. Aug. 15,'62, m.o. Aug. .5,'65, corpl. Brown, R. E., e. Aug. 15,'62, died Feb. 12,'63. Brown. John, e. Aug. ]5,'02. Cadwell, W. R., e. Aug. 15,'02, m.o. Aug. 5,'6o. Larimorc, J., e. Aug. 14, '62, m.o. Aug. 5,'65. Lewis, B., e. Aug. 15, '62, m.o. Aug. 5, '6.5. Hartly, J. J., e. Aug. 1.5,'62, m.o. Aug. 5,'65, sergt. Mitchell, L., e. Aug. 15,'62, died Andersonville. Mooberry, S. R., e. Aug. 15, '62, m.o. Aug. 5, '65. Mooberry, Wm., e. Aug. 15,'62, died St. Louis. Reeder, (;. B., e. Aug. 15, '62, m.o. Aug. 5,65. Sharp, A. T., e. Aug. 15,'62, m.o. Aug. 5,'65. .Simms, A. S., e. Aug. 15,'62, died Young's Pt. Uable, (;. W., e. Aug. 15,'62, m.o. Aug. 5, '05. Watts, Bobt., e. Aug. 15, '02, m.o. Aug. 5,'6.5. Recruits. Garbcr, Noah, e. Oct. 1,'04. m.o. Aug. 5, '65. Kinsinger, J., e. Oct. 5,'0-}, m.o. Oct. 4, '65. Smith, Christian, e. Oct. 1,'64, m.o. Aug. 5,'6,5. Twiggs, J. L., e. Oct. 1,'64, m.o. Aug. 5, '.55. corpl. Wilber, E., e. Sept. 28,'64, m.o. Aug. 5,'65. Lahargonette, P., e. Mar. 1,'6.5. CO^IPANY H. Second Lieutenants. Michael Glasheen, m.o. Aug. 5,'65. Sergeant. Simon P. Hite, e. Aug. 12,'62, d. Feb. 6, '65, dis. Corporals. J. B. Kelley, e. Aug. 12,'62. James M. Erwin, e. Aug. 12,'62, kid Ft. Spanish, Mar. 28, '65. Privaies. Burues, Hugh, e. Aug. 12,'62, d. Nov. 6,'(>1. Laiiig, I. B., c. Aug. 12,'62. McManis, P., e. Aug. 12,'62. 372 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Rvan, Thos., e. Ans. 12, '02, m.o. AiiR. 5.'Gr). Sliav, Michael, e. Aur. 12,'(;2, dii'd Julv 10,'(i:!. Shouj), Fraiikliu, c. Aug. 12, '02, tr. to V. K. (-!., Sept. 1S.'64. Spoek, Win., e. Aug. 12,62, abs., sick at m.o. of rep;t. Teift, H. M., c. Aug. 12, '62, died Young's Pt., Feb. 11, '63. Recruits. Anno, A. N., c. Sept. 27,'64, m.o. Aug. 5,'65. Avery, A. M., e. Sept. 27,'64, abs., sick at m.o. of regt. Botztield, Benj., e. Sept. 24,'64, m.o. Aug. 5/65. Fisher, J. A., e. Sep. 23,'64, d. May 5,'65. COMPANY I. Privates. Droyers, Dennis, e. Aug. 14, '62. d. Aj)ril 20, '04. Ennis, John, e. Aug. 11, '62. Hamilton, Daniel, e. Aug. 15,'62. Young, Peter, e. Sept. 18,'62. Recruits. \ Baker, John S., e. Sept. 23,'64, m.o. Aug. 5,'65. Bloom, Samuel, e. Sept. 23, '04, m.o. Aug. 5, '65. Kipcha, Jona., e. Sept. 20,'64, m.o. Aug. 5, '65. Wertz or Metz, Levi, e. Sept. 20, '64, m.o. Aug. 5, '65. COHTPANY K. Second Lieutenants. Philander E. Davis, e. Aug. 28, '62, d. Mar. 28, '63. J. M. Bruchher, e. Aug. 14, '62, m.o. Aug. 5, '65. First Sergeant. Henry C. Kellogg, e. Aug. 9,'G2, died April 24, '63. Sergeants. Amos Seeley, e. Aug. 5,'62. m.o. Julv 27,'05. David Stimmel, e. Aug. 5,'62, died Jan. 20,'63. Corporals. Alphius Donigan, e. Aug. 13, '62, died Young's Pt., Feb. 8,'63. J. H. Trumbull, e. Aug. 15,'62, tr. to I. C, Jan. 20, '64. H. T. McGrew, e. Aug. 12, '62, tr. to. V. R. C. Wagoner. John Sunderland, e. Aug. 12"C2, d. Jan. 14,'63, reason, family affliction. Privates. Cornelius, Levi, e. Aug. 14,'62, m.o. Aug. 5, '62. Cornelius, Henry, e. Aug. 14, '62. Castle, J. H., e. Aug, 13, '62, died St. Louis, Jan. 1,'64. Charles, J. H., e. Aug. 15,'62, d. May 5,'63, dis. Carett, H. E., e. Aug. 14,'62. m.o. Aug. 5,'65. Enslow, Worthington, e. Aug. 14, '62, died at Miliken's Beud, Mar. 10,'63. Eads, Henry, e. Aug. 12,62, died at St. Louis Jan. 30, '63. Fliagle, Robt., e. Aug. 14,'02, m.o. Aug. 5,'65. Flennakin, G., e. Aug. 24, '62, m.o. Aug, 5,'65. Heenan, M., e. Aug. 28, '62. m.o. Aug. 5, '65. Kahili, John, e. Aug. 22,'G2. O'Larv, Arthur, e. Aug. 2S,'62, died in Ander- Ronville pris., Sept. 23. John Keardun, e. Sept. 13,'63, m. o. Junell,'65. First Lieutenant. Silas Parker, e. Sept. 13,'f)2, res. Mareh 1l','63. Jos. J. Slaugtiter, e. Aug. 9,'C2, m. o. June 11, '65. Second Lieutenant. S. K. Hatfield, c. Aug. 8,', m. o. June 11, '05. First Sergeants. P. H. Herrott, e, Aug. 11, '02, m.o. June 11, '(5.5. David Poter, e. Aug. 11, '02, d. Dee. 14,'63, for pro. as 1st lleut. 15th U. S. C. T. Sergeants. Jame.s T. McDowell, e. Aug. 9,'62, kid. Dalton, Ga., Feb. 25, 'W. Theodore Van Hayne, e. Aug. 11, '02, ni.o. June 11, '65. Corporal'!. ■William Fleming, e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 11, '05. private. Burnhani Vinpent,e.Aug.ll,'62, m.o.May 20,'65. Rosewell WiUox, e. Aug. 12, '02, sergt., d. for pro. as Isl lieut. 44th U.S.C.T. Henry R. Gale, e. Aug. 11, '62, m.o. June 11, '05, sergt. Da\-id A. Johnson, e..\ug.ll,'02,m.o. Junell.'05. Wm.Gleason,e.Aug.l3,'(i2,m.o. Juneir05,sergt. Percival Place, e. Aug. 9,'62, d. dis. May 14, '02. Musicians. Elias O. Jones, e. Aug. 14,'62, d. dis. Dec. 24, '02. Wm. T. Bacon, e. Aug. 9, '62, died Franklin, Tenn., April 14, '63. Wagojier. Reulien Weller, e. Aug. 13,'62, d.dis. Mar.3,'C3. Privates. Arnold, G. H., e. Aug. 9,'62, died Lexington, March 7, '63. Akin, James, c. Aug. 13,'62, d. dis. Sept. 11, '03. Albright, Wm., e. Aug. 19,'02, d. dis. Dec. 15,'03. Albro, J. H., e. Aug. 9, '02, m. o. June 11, '05. Bird, P. II., e. Aug. 9,'62,tr. toeng. c. .Vug.24,'i>4. Briggs, E. M., c. Aug. 11, '62, tr. to V.R.C. May 1(),'64. Branson, Caleb, o. Aug. 13,'62, m.o. Mav 20,'65. Brighton, I. N., e. Aug. 12,'62, died Niishville, May 31, '04, wnds. C'reager, Chri.s., c. Aug. 14, '62, m. o. June 11, '05. Carrol, J. J., e. Aug, 13,'62, died .A.ndersonville pris. April 25,'64, No. of grave 600. Fisher, J. L., e. Aug.l9,'62.ra.o.June n.'65,cori>I. (Joodale, Simon, e. Aug. i:!,'62, d.dis. April :{,'{i3. Hiscox, Edwin, JulyU2,'02. m.o. June 11. '0.". John.son, Ja.s., e. Julv 9, '62, died at Nashville, Tenn., March 9, '03. Johnson, Ijcwis, e. July 9,'62, m.o. June 11, '65. Jones, W. T., e. July 9, '62, died at TuUahoma, Tenn. Aug. 2:5, '6.3. Jones, J. Y.. e. July 9,'62, kid. at Danville, Kv., Feb. 9, '63. Keller, G. J., e. July 11, '02, m. o. June 11, '0.5. Lamm, S. L.,e.July il,'62,m.o.June ll,'65,corpl. Lea.ser, Geo. N., e. July 12, '02, abs. sick at m. o. Mell, Geo., e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. June 11, '("15. Myers, F. H..e. Aug. 9,'62, kid. Chickamauga, Sept. 26, '63. Olson. Swan, e. Aug. 11, '62, m.o. June 11, '65, was pris. Patterson, L. m., e. Aug. 9,'62, m. o. .Tune 11, '65. Patten, Z. C, e. Aug. 9,'02, corpL, d. April 5,'65, to accept 2d lieut. in 149th N. Y. Infantry. Plackett. J. !^.,e. Aug. 9,'62, m.o. June 11, '6.5. Poling, Philip, e. Aug. 13, '62. m.o. June 11, '65. Robin.son, E. E., e. Aug. 9, '02, wnd. and missing at Chicaniauga, Sept. 30, '03. Ritchie, Jacob, e. Aug. 11, '02, d. dis. Dec. 1.3,'62. Riithl)un, Elias, e. Aug. 11, '62, m. o. June 1,'6.5. Sunderland, Samuel, e. Aug. 11, '62, m.o. June 11, '05, wnd. Thomi>son, L. D., e. Aug. 9.'62, died March, '63. Popping, Albert, e. Aug. 14,'62, tr. to eng. c. July27,'M. Van Nest, II. D., e. Aug. 9,'62. d. dis. Mav6,'63. Waldron, John, e.Aug. 9,'62, wnd. and mi.s,sing at Chickamauga, Sept. 20, '03. Will. John, e. Aug. 11. '02, m. o. June 11, '05. Work. Wm., e. Aug. 9,'02. corpl., accidenUlly kid. at (ireenwood Mills, (ia., Julv 29, '64. Work, Edw., e. Aug. 9,'02, d. dis. April 3,'e3. Wat.son, J. W., e. Aug. 13,'02, m. o. June 11, '65. Watson, T. J., e. Aug. 13,'62, d. Oct. 7,'64, wnds. White, J. P., e. Aug. 14,'62, corpl., died at Chat- tanooga. Oct. 30, '63, wnds. Zumwalt, Wm., e. Aug. 9,'62, died at Richmond, Ky., Jan. 10, '63. Kecruits. Brighton, J. v., e. Dec. 1,'63, m. o. Dec. 16,'65, corpl. Lamm, J. W., e. Sept. 30,'64, m. o. June 11, '65. Plackett, A. K., e. Feb. 13,'64, m. o. Dec. 16,'6.5. Zumwalt, John, e. April 3, '63, dis. H7tli IXFANTKY. Lieutenant Colonel. Jona. Merriam, e. Sept. 19, '62, m. o. Aug. 5,'65. COMPANY A. First Lieutenant. Benjamin R. Hieronymus, e. Aug. 7,'62, m.o. Aug. 5, '65. Privates. Dempsey, Da\'id, e. Aug. 7, '62, m.o. June 22, '65. Hieronymus, T. H., e. Aug. 7. '02, m.o. Aug.5,'G5. Mason, Trueman, e. Aug.7,'02, m.o. June 22,'65. McTerniii, John, e. .\ug. 7, '02, d. dis. Mar.19,'63. Philip Buchcr, e. '02, in n7th Inf.. co. B., died at Memphis, Tenn., of chronic diarrheii, July,'64. 139tli INFA]>fTRY. First Assistant Surgeon. .Vllen M. Pierce, e. June 1,'64, m. o. Oct. 28,'6'1. COMPANY C. Captain. Dietrich C. Smith, e. June 1,'64, m.o. Oct.28,'64. First Lieutenant. Elijah W.Dickin.son.e. June 1, '64, m.o.Oct.2.S, '64. Second Lieutenant. Benj. F. Burnett, e. June 1,'64, m.o. Oct. 28.'&1. Sergeants. Edward A. Hall, e. May 1,'64, m.o. Oct. •28,'64. Henry A, Tomm, e. May 10,'&4, m.o. Gct.28,'64. 374 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. Wm. Morchcafl, o. Mav 14, '&l, m.o. Oct. 2S,'(J4. Wm. H. Mars, c. May 4, '64, m.o. Oct. 2S,'G4. Corporals. Charles Tuesburv, e. May4,'fi4. m.o. Oct. 2S,'64. Henrv ■WaReiiscliur, e. May 2,'f>4, m.o.Oct.'J.s,'tU. Frank Kilpatrick, e. Mav 1,'G4, in.o. Oct. i!8,'64. Wm. H. Laing, e. May 4,'(>4, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. Musician. Wm. H. Clauser, e. May 2.5,'64, m.o. Oct. 2.s,'Cil. Wagoner. Lemuel Role, e. May 14,'64, m.o. Oct. 2S,'64. Privates. Arae.s, John, e. May 4,'f>4, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. Angler, Dwight, e. Mav4,'r)4, m.o. Oct. 2S,'f]4. Allen, Jesse, e. Mav 14,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'(>4. Bartlev, Wm., e. May 4,'C4, died Ang. 22, '&4. Burkv, John, e. May4,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'G4. Cufaude, Hugh, e. May 17,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. Coal, Wm. A., e. May 2.5, '64, m.o. Oct. 28, '64. Casev. Wm. C, e. Mav26,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. Ehlen, Hermon, e. May 2.5,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. Hall, George, e. May 12,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. Hiffen, Albert, e. May 5,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'fi4. Hampton, Augustus, e.May 7,'04,m.o.Oct.2.s,'64. Hooten. John, e. Mav 14,'&4, m.o. Oet. 28, '64. Koch, Henrv L., e. May 7,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. Kruze, Johii, e. mav 2,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. Kepler, Jos., e. Mav 2.5,'64, m. o. Oct. 2S,'64. Mowery, Daniel, e. May .5,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. McGrew, Nathaniel, e.Mav.5,'64, m.o. Oct.28,'t'>4. Mark, Wm. W., e. May I.'IU, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. Merithew, Fred., e. Mav 14, '64, m.o. Oct. 28,'W. McCov, Wm. M., May 19,'64, m.o. Oct. 2S,'61. Parr, Daniel, e. Mav 9,'64, m.o. Oct. 15,'64. PleiflFer, John, e. May 14,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. Rosentreter, F. L., e. Mav7,'61, m.o. Get. 2R,'64. Kobbins, C. L., e. Mav .5,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'tVt. Shaw, Henrv, e. May n,'M. m.o. Oct. 28,'tU. Sipes, Ira, e. Mav .5,'fVJ, m.o. Oc't. 28,'64. Speaker, Camp, e. May .5,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. Stewart, Henrv, e. May 4, '04, m.o. Oct. 28,'fi4. Sting, Henrv, e. Mav 14,'61, m. o. Oct. 28,'64. T(eTinigs, Henrv, e. Mav 23,'C4, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. Van Buren, Edward, May .5,'64, m.o. Ocf28,'54. Watts, Edward, e. Mav 4,'64, m.o. Oct. 27,'64. Watson, John, e. Mav 5,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. Winslow, Chas. A., e. Mav20,'64, m.o. Oct.28,'64. York, Henry, e. May 2, '64, m.o. Oct. 28,'C4. COMPA>"Y F. Baldwin, Henry N.,e. Mry 12,'64,m.o. Oct.2S,'64. Hanson, Abel, e. May 24,'64, m.o. Oct. 28,'64. 145tli INFANTRY. COlVrPANY D, Sergeant. James Flanniken, e. May2,'64, m.o. Sept. 23,'64. Corporal. Henry Wasborn, e. May 2'64, m.o. Sept. 2.3,'64. Privates. e. May 2, '64, pro. hos. steward. Burk, BartlettJ., Burk, John L., e. Bates, Wm. H., e Hannig, John, e. Mason, John G., R(rlof.son, Wm. .1 Sparrow, Yock, e Thomas, Henrv, Trout, Alex. W. May 2,'64, m.o. Sept. 23,'04. . Mav 2,'64, m.o. Sept. 23,'64. Mav 2,'64, m.o. Sept. 2.3,'64. e. Mav 2,'64. m.o. Sept. 23,'64. ., e. May 2,'64, m.o. Sept. 2.3,'64. Mav 2','64, m.o. Sept. 23, '64. e. Mav 2,'r>4, m.o Sept. 23,'64. e May- 2,"64, m. o. Sept. 23,'64 146tli INFANTRY Was organized at Camp Butler Sept, ISth, 1864, for one year. Companies B and C were ordered to Arighton, III, Companies D and H toQuincy, and Com- pany F to Jacksonville, and were a.ssigned to duty guarding drafted men and substitutes. The remaining companies were assigned to similar duty at Camp Butler. July 5th, 1865, it was mustered out of service. CO]>IPANY I. Captain. Geo. W. Baker, e. Sept. 19,'64, m.o. July 8,'6.5. First Sergeant. James Bliss, e. Sept. 12,'64, d. June 14,'65. Private. Laing, Thomas, e. Sept. 3,'64, m.o. July 8,'6o. COMPANY K. Captains. E. L. Williams, e. Sept. 21, '6-4, m.o. July8,'6.5 Sergeant. Lewis G. Smith, e. Sept. 17,'()4, m.o. July S,'6.5. Corporal'^. J. M. Carmichael, e. Sept. 17, '64, m.o. July 8,'6.5 C. W. Tooker, e. Sept. 17.'64, m.o. July 8,'6.i. W. E. ("niton, e. Sept. 17. '64. m.o. July 8,'6.3. Wm. (Jolgau, e. Sept. 17,'64, m^o. July 8,'6.5. ihmcian.'i. Chas. W. Lee, e. Sept. 17, '64, m.o. July S.'O.'S. ^ . C. W. Seiwell. e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July 8,'65. Wagoner. Andrew Kirk, e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o, July 8,'65. Athens, Geo. W., e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July 8,'6.5. Butts, ,Ias. P., e. Sept. 17,'C>4, m.o. July 8,'6.5. Cook, Wm., e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July S,'6.'). Cavin, Thos. E., e. Sept. 17, '(U, m.o. July 8,'6o. Doll, F. A., e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July 8,'6.5. Evans, Tavlor, e. .Sept. 17, 'tU, m.o. July 8,'6.5. Fitzpatrick, H., e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July 8, '6.5. Fellows, Hart, e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July 8,'65. Hatcher, H. C, e. Sept. 17.'64, m.o. July 8, '6.5. Jordon, John, e. Sept. 17, '(U, m.o. July 8,'6.). Kubbacher, P., e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July8,'0.5. Lohnes, John, e. Sept. 17, '64, m.o. July 8,'65. Lvle, John H., e. Sept. 17,'6S, m.o. July 8,'6o. Lockwood, J. I*:., e. Sept. 17,'f>4, m.o. July 8,'65. Lotz, L. C, e. Sept. 17, 'W, pro. hos. steward. Levans, John, e. Sept. 17, '64. McCnlloch. C. H., e. Sept. 13.'64, m.o. July 8,'65. Madden, M. H., e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July 8,'65. Popkins, John, e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July8,'65. Quiglev, Thos., e. Sept. 17, '64. Raus, Jacob, e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July 8,'65. Rapp, Jacob, e. Sept. 17,'74, m.o. July S,'6o. Schoolev, P. H., e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July 8,'6.-), Summers, J., e. Sept. 16,'64, m.o. July 8,'65. Shannon, E., e. Sept. 17,'(V1, m.o. July 8,'65. Spillman, Fred, c. Sept. 17,'&1, m.o. July 8, 65. Sandu.-^kv J. C, e. Sept. 17.'64, d. May2^'6o, Smith, E. P., e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July 8,'6o. Trost, Peter, e. Sept. 17, '64, m.o. July 8, '6.3. Troger, H., e, Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July 8,'6.3. Voglesang, F., e. Sept. 17,'64, m.o. July 8,'fo. Vories, Wm. L., e. Sept. 17, '64, m.o. July 8, bo. Waldick, Wm., e. Sept. 17,'64, d. June 5,'6o. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 375 148tli INFANTRY "Was organized at Camp Butler Feb. 21st, 1865, for the term of one year. Feb. 22d proceeded to Nashville, Tenn. Mach 1st moved to Tullahoma. ' June 18th five companies were ordered to Deckerd, one company was stationed at Mc- Minnville, and the other four companies were engaged' in guarding the Nash- ville and Chattanooga Railroad fromLombardy to Anderson Station. Arrived at Springfield Sept. 9th, 1865, where it received its final discharge. COMPANY C. Captain. Beuj. F. Burnett, e. Feb. 10,'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. First Sergeant. Abel. B. IJarron, e. Feb. 8,'G5, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Sergeants. Constantine Aberle, e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5, '65. Geo. W. Jones, e. Feb. 8, '65. m.o. Sept. 5,'65. M. R. Barron, e. Feb. 8,'6o, m.o. Sei)t. 5,'65. J. F. Haines, e. Feb. S,'65, m.o. June 19, '65. Corporals. Wm. Booth, e. Feb. S,'C5. m.o. Sept. 5,'65. C. W. Clark, e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'6.5. H. A. Miller, e. Feb. 8, '65, m.o. Sept. 5,'G5. Wm. A. Barker, e. Feb. 8,'&'>, m.o. Sept. 5,'05. D, Griflfey, e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Aug. 25,'6.5. Musicians. John F. Black, e. Feb. 8,'66, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. M. M. Leach, e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Wagoner. Henry Bloom, e. Feb. 8, '65, m.o. Sept. 5, '65. Privates. Aplegate, E., e. Feb. 8,'6.5, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Bahrens, J. H., e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Blair, W. S., e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5.'66. Bloom, J. W., e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Bolinder, Wm.. e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Bradv, Peter, e. Fel). 8, '65. Bequeath, N., e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Barkmier Henrv, e. Feb. 8,'65. Conley, David, "e. Feb. 8,'6.5, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Dcvinney, W. R., e. Feb. 8,65, m.o. Sept. 5,'63. DeLacy, J. A., e. Feb. 8,'65. m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Dwyer. Wm. E., e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5.'65. Hdvn. Jacob H., e. Feb. 8, '65, m.o. Sept. 5,'55. Fi.sher, Jerome, e. Feb. .s,'65. m.o. Sept. 5, '65. Gallin, Edward, e. Feb. 8. '65, m.o. Sept. 6, '65. (iriescr, Albert, e. Feb. is, '65, m.o. Sept. 5. '65. Garrett Henry, e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'6e. Ghuse, Samuel, e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 6,'65. Hayes, John, e. Feb. 8,'65. Hafdv, W., e. Feb. 8,'6.5, m.o. Sept. 5,'G5. Hall. Lewis, e. Feb. 9,'65. Kuhn, Luppe, e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. June 19,'65. Koozer, Tho.s.. e. Feb. 8,'65, died Mar. 29,'65. Kcefer, David, e. Feb. 8, '65, m.o. .Sept. 6,'65. Mc(Jrew, N. C, e. Feb. 8'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Musselman, Wm. H., e. Feb. 8, '65, m.o. Aug. 2.5, '65. Miller, Francis, e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Percey, John, e. Feb. 8, '65, m.o. Sept. 5, '6.5. Steinman, P., e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5, '65. Sipes, Ira, e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Williams, W. H., e. Feb. 8, '65, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Walker, R. C, e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'64. Wovtsbenjer, K., e. Feb. 8, '65, m.o. Sept. 5,'65. Wyatt, Wm. T., e. Feb. 8.'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'S5. Garritt, John, e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 5,'66. 152d INFANTRY Was organized at Camp Butler, 111., by Col. Ferdinand D. Stephenson, and was mustered in Feb. 18th, 1865, for one year. Feb. 20th it moved to Nashville, Tenn., and thence to Tullahoma. The regiment arrived at Camp Butler Sept. 9th, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge. Colond. Ferdinand D. Stephenson, e. Feb. 18.'66, m.o. Sept. 11, '65 COMP^VN'Y A. Captain. Wm. S. Slocumb, e. Feb. 18,'65,m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Privates. Anderson, Rice, e. Feb. 11, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Creekmur, Jno. R.,e.Fed.ll,'65,m.o. Sept.11,'65. Dnzev, Mark W., e. Feb. 11, '^5, m.o. Sept. 11, 'Rd. Helm, Wiley R.. e. Feb. 11, 'tV), m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Meador. Joel J., e. Feb. 11, '(>5, m.o. Sept, 11, '65. Pennington, E., e. Feb. 11, "65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Phelps, Ran.som, e. Feb. 11. '65, died Mar. 2,'65. Scott, Joseph D., e. Feb. 11, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. COMPANY C. Captain. James. M. Hunter, e. Feb.18,'65, m.o.Sept.11,'65. Sergeants. G. W. Cox, e. Feb.9,'65, j>ro. principal musician. Stephen Ml:Kenzie, e. Feb. 9, "65. Corporals. Allen Parlier, e. Feb. 9,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, "6.5. Charles Dunn, e. Feb. 9, '65, m.o. Sept. 11'65. Privates. Crews, Jas. R.. e. Fel). 9,'(i.5, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Campbell, D. F., e. Feb. 9,'65, m.o. Sept. 11. '65. Elliston. B., e. Feb. 9, '65, m.o. Sept. 11. '65. GilbrciUh, Jas., e. Feb. 9,'65, d. dis. July 29, '66. Gray, Saml., e. Feb. 9, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Gray, Geo. W., e. Feb. 11, '65, m.o. .Sept. 11, '65. Hart, Elias, e. Feb. 9,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. McKinzie, F. M., e. Fel). 9,'65, m.o Sept. 11, '65. Morris, Cha.s., e. Feb. 9, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. McClure, John. e. Feb. 9,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Quillnian, .1. W., e. Feb. 9,'65, m.o Sept. H,'65. Robinson, C^alvin, e. Feb. 9,'65. Smith, S. R., e. Feb. 9,'65, m.o. .Sept. ll,'r>5. Smith, W. J., e. Feb. 9, '65. m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Woodrow, Wm. C.,e. Feb. 15,'65, m.o, Sept.11,65. COMPANY D. * Captain. Wm. Morehead, e. Feb. 18, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65; First Lieutenant. C M. Kingman, e. Feb. 18,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65 376 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Second Lieutenant. Frank Richmond, e. Feb. 1S,'65, m.o.Sept.11,'65. Sergeants. Jas. R. Ogden, e. Feb. 9,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '6.5. Homer P. Albright,e.Feb.lO,'65,m.o.Sept.ll,'65, Corporals. John R. Whi.sler, e. Feb. 13,'6.5, m.o. Sept. 11,'65. Wm. H. Fleming, e. Feb. 9,'a5, m.o. Sept.11,'65. Edw. Patrick, e. Feb. 4,'6.i, m.o. Sep. 11, '65. Jno. H. Warfield, e. Feb. 7, '6.5, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Saml. Shreves, e. Feb. 10,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Musician. Edward K. Lee, e. Feb. 10,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Privates. Atkinson, Albert, e. Feb. 7, '65, died June 27, '65. Bosier, Jos., e. Feb. 10,'65. m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Bowles, Jos., e. Feb. 7, '65, d. dis. July 30,'65. Burk, John L., e. Jan. 2.3,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Baker, Geo. W., e. Feb. 7,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Cappilo Jos., e. Jan. 28,'65, m.o. Sept. 21, '66. Enslow, H. S., e. Feb. 10,'6.5, m.o. Sept, 11, '65. Evans, Clias. A., e. Feb. 7. '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Fleming, A. J., e. Feb. 9,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Galbreth, Wm., e. Feb. 9,'65, Garrison, J., e. Feb. 10.'65, m.o. July 14,'65. Hoops, David A., e. Feb. 7,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Henning, Martin, e. Jan. 31, '65, m.o. Sept. 11. '65. Johnson, Jno. W.. e. Feb. 7, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Kinzey, R. A., e. Feb. 13, '65, m.o. Aug. 22, '65, Kinman, Taylor, e. Feb. 8, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Laing, Wm. H., e. Feb. 8, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Leech, Wm., e. Feb. 10,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '55, Lee, Jeremiah, e. Feb. 10, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Lamason, Wm. I).,e.Feb. 13, '65, died Aug.25,'65. Melford, Geo. W., e. Feb. 4, '6.5. Morris, Hiram D., e. Feb. 8. '65. McCance, G. W., e. Feb. 2,'65. m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Meriweather, J.H. e. Feb. 11,'65, m.oSept.ll"65. Meriweather, F. F., e. Feb. 4, '65. Martin, Chas., e. Feb. 10, '65. m.o. Sept, 11, '65. Osborne, Jno. E., e. Feb. 11, '65, m.o. Aug. 25,'65. Richards, Wm. e. Feb. 3, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Reid, Jno. R., e. Feb. 7,'65, m.o. Sept. 11,'65. Ramsey, Henry, e. Feb. 10, '65. Sann, Jacob, e". Jan. 27,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Shreve, Wilton, e. Feb. 11, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Shay, Martin, e. Feb. 10, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Sullivan. Benj. F.,e. Jan. 30,'65, m.o. Sept.11,'56. Santer. Jno., e. Jan. 23,'65, m.o. Julv 27, '65. Thompson, W. T., e. Feb. 8,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Taylor, Jas. N., e. Feb. 7,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Vanmeter, H. R., e. Feb. 10,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Wilt, David. J', e. Feb. 7,'65, m.o, Sept. 11,'65. COMPANT E. Sergeant. Chas. Wagoner, e. Feb. 10,'65, m.o. Sept. 11,'65. Privates. Cutcomb, Willis, e. Feb. 10,'65, d. Mar. 4,'a5. Gilmore, J. H., c. Feb. 16,'65, m.o. Sept. 11, '6.5. Lunn, Elijah, e. Feb. 16, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. Mondy, Jos., e. Feb. 16, '65, m.o. Sept. 11, '65. COMPANY G. First lAeutenanis. Thos, L. Orendorff, e. Feb. 18,'65,res. Aug.14,'65, Hamilton Sutton, e. Sept. 5, '65, m.o. Sept.11,'65. Privates. Blankinship, Jno., e. Feb. 16, died Mar. 10, '65. 154tli INFANTRY. COMPANY C. Sergeant. Alfred Jenkins, e. Feb. 11, '65, m.o. Sept. 12,'65. Corporal. Joseph Crocker, e. Feb. 11, '65, m.o. Sept. 18,'65. Privates. Neal, James, e. Feb. 22, '65, m.o. Sept. 18,'65. Phillips, James, e. Feb. 14, '65. Swan, Alonzo, e. Feb. 22,'65, m.o. May 23,'65. COMPANT G. Sergeant. Fayette Baker, e. Feb. 15,'65, m.o. Sept, 18,'65. Privates. Brookins, S., e. Feb. 16,'65, m.o. July 4,'65. Brown, Richard, e. Feb. 15, '65. Clark, Henrv R., e. Feb, 15, '65, pro. 1st lieut. Cornelius, Henry, e. Feb. 18, '65, pro. 2d lieut. Dixon, Abrahams., e. Feb. 15,'65. McCormick, C, e. Feb. 18,'65, m.o. June 19,'55. COMPANY H. Privates. Duff, John W., e. Feb. 21,'65, died April 3,'65. 155tli INFANTRY Was organized at Camp Butler Feb. 28th, 1865, for one year. March 2d it pro- ceeded via Louisville and Nashville, to TuUahoma, Tenn. June loth it was divided into detachments of 20 to 30 men each, and assigned to guard duty on the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroads from Nashville to Duck river, a dis- tance of fifty miles. Sept. 4th it was mustered out, and moved to Camp But- ler, 111., wliere it received final pay and discharge. COMPANY I>. Privates. Clarkson, J.is. V., e. Peb. 23, '65, m.o. Sept. 4, '65. Camp, Isaac, e. Feb. 22. '65, m. o. Sept. 4, '65. Maines, Jas., e. Feb. 16, '65, pro. 1st Lieut. Smith, John H., e. Feb. 18,'65, m.o. Sept. 4.'65. Spaglc, Asa R., e. Feb. 20,'65, m.o. Sept. 4, '65. COMPANY F. Private. Cazey, Joseph T., e. Feb. 24,'65, m.o. Sept. 4,'65. COMPANY K. First Sergeant. Henry Lervin, e. Feb. 21, '65, m.o. July 10,'65. Privaies. Corder. Elijah, c. Feb. 16,'65, m.o. Sept. 4,'a5. Edwards, Wm. R., e. Feb. 24,'65, m.o. Sept.4,'65.. Fi.sh, Charles, e, Feb. 21, '65, m.o. Sept. 4,'65. Gable, Augustus, e. Feb. 24,'65, m.o. Sept.4,'65. Hiple, Fred. W., e. Feb. 21,'6.5, m.o. Sept.4,'65 Hadlev, Lamar W.,e. Feb. 21,'65, m.o. Sept.4,'65. Kapp,"Johu H., e. Feb. 22,'65, m.o. Sept. 4,'65. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Z11 Minch, Henry, e. Feb. 21,'6.5, m.o. Sept. 4,'65. Minch, Geo., e. Feb. 21, '65, m.o. Sept. 4, '65. Middleton, ('. C, e. Feb. Zi.'C^'i, m.o. .Sept. 4,'65. Tobias, Wesley, e. Feb. 21, '65, m.o. Sept. 4. '65. Tompliiin, Oliver, e. Feb. 21, '65, m.o. Sept. 4, '65. Wilson, Merritt, e. Feb. 24, '65, m.o. Sept. 4, '65. Walker, J. B., e. Feb. 21, '65, died Mar. 1'J,'65. Ziuzer, Israel, e. Feb. 21, '65, m.o. Sept. 4,'65. 156th INFANTRY. Corporals. * .John Lvneb, e. Feb. 15, '65, m.o. Sept. 20, '65. Wm. A. Hill, e. e. Feb. 15,'65, m.o. Aug. 24,'65. Privates. Hill, Martin, e. Feb. 15,'65. Hill, .John, e. Feb. 15,'65. Miller, Jaeob A., e. Feb. 15,'65. Most, Henry, e. Feb. 15,'C5. 3rd CAVALRY "Was organized at Camp Butler Aug., 1861. Sept. 25th moved to St. Louis, Mo. October 1st to Jetferson City, thence to Warsaw, arriving Oct. 11th, and on the 23d marched to Springfield, Mo. Feb. 13th it fought the first engagement, and won the first victory of Curtis' campaign. Feb. 14, '62, occupied Springfield, Mo.; loth came up with Price's retreating army, capturing some prisoners; 18th, partici])ated in a charge, routing the enemy, at Sugar Creek, Ark. ; 20th marched to Cross Hollows; INIarch 5th fell back to Pea Ridge; was engaged on the 7th and lost 10 killed and 40 wounded; 19th moved to Keetsville; April 10th arrived at Forsyth ; 29th moved to West Plains; May 1st started for Bates- ville; 14th moved to Little Red River. June 4th fell back to Fairview; on the 7th Capt. Sparks with 66 men was surrounded liy 200 of the enemy, he cut his wav out, losing 4 wounded and 4 prisoners; June 11th to Jacksonport; July 5th to Helena, and moved to IMemphis in the spring of 1863. They took part in the battles of Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, and siege of Vicksl)urg; also Vermillionville, Opelou.sas and Carrion Crow Bayou; participated in battles of Tupelo, Okolona and Guntown. Aug. 21st it took part in repulsing Gen. Forrest's attack on Memphis. Took part in the battles of Lawrencel)urg, Spring Hill, Campbellsville and Franklin. In May moved to St. Louis, thence to St. Paul, Minn. July 4th started on an Indian expedi- tion. Returned to Springfield, 111., Oct. 13th, 1865, and was mustered out of service. • COMPANY B. CaptaiJis. Joseph S. Maus, e. Sept. 2.5,61, res. July 8,'G2. John B. Baker, e. Aug. i:!,'61, m.o. Sept. 5, '64. Fimt Lieutenants. J. B. Ketchum, e. Sept. 21,'61, res. Mar. 18,'62. Samuel L. Shellenberger, e. Aug. 13, '61, pro. capt. Co. F. as consolidated, pro. maj. Second Lieutenants. Michael Fisher, e. Sept. 21, '61, res. Dec. 26,'61. f'has. C. Wortli, e. Aug. 1:;,'61, res. Feb. 2.S,'63. H. W. Bachman, e. Aug. lo,'61, m.o. Sept. 6, '64. Sergeants. M. W. Skinner, e. Aug. i:!,'61, d. May 2,'62, dis. S. Start'ord. e. Aug. l;!,'61, d. Oct. 16,'62, dis. J. D. Welch, e. Aug. 13, '51, m.o. Sept. .5,'64. Corporals. Peter .Sneider, e. Aug. 13,'01, d. Aug. 13,'62, di.s. James Burton, c. Aug. 13,'61, v. d. June 7, '65, sergt. Philip Mutter, e. Aug. 13,'61, m.o. Sept. 5,'64. Bugler. Frank Smith, e. Aug. 13,'61, died at Memphis, June 30, '64, wiids. Wagoner. Charles Habberfield, e. Aug. 13, '01, died Pekiu while on parole. Saddler. Karl Shaflfnit, e. Aug. 14,'61, d. Oct. 17,'G2, dis. Privates. Adams, J. R., e. Aug. 13,'61, v., m.o. Oct. 10,65. sergt. Adams, David, e. Aug. 13, '61, m.o. Sept. 5, '64, sergt. Bachman, August, e. Aug. 13,'61, d. July 1,'62, dis. Banner, Patrick, e. Aug. 13,'61, tr. to V. R. C. April 15,'64. Blair, Austin, e. Aug. 13,'61, died at Mackinaw, Dec. 5, '61. Basquin, Barnard, e. Aug. 13,'61, died Lafay- ette, Tenn., Aug. 10, '63. Bowen, P., e. Aug. i3,'61, m.o. Nov. 5,'64. Clayton, Wra., e. Aug. 13, '61, m.o. Nov. 5,'G4. CiV-ssle, J., e. Aug. 13, '61, m.o. Nov. 5,'6-l, corpl. Campbell, C, e. Aug. 13,'61, d. June 24,'02, dis. Davis, .\lex., e. Aug. 13,'61, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Dennis, (ieorge, e. Aug. 13,'61, m.o. Sept. 5,'64, saddler. Druckliouse, Lewis, e. Aug. 13,'61, tr. to V. R. C. Ajiril 16,'04. Dyer, S. J., e. Aug. 13,'Gl, d. for pro. in 7 La. A. D. Flanniker, .\. W., e. Aug. 13,'61, v., m.o. Oct. 1(),'65, sergt. Fessler, D., e. Aug. 13,'Gl, m.o. Sept. 5,'64. I'lannikcr, J., e. Aug. 13, '61, d. April 30, '62, dis. Gaither, W. G., e. Aug. 13,'61, v., m.o. Oct. 10, '65. Hood, David B., e. Aug. 13,'61, died St. Louis, Dec. 4, '61. Hobbs, John, e. Aug. 13,'61, v., m.o. June 5, '65, Judy, S., e. Aug. 13,'61, v., m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Kock, Wm., e. Aug. 13,'61, v., m'o. Oct, 10,'65. Linek, Henrv, e. Aug. 13,'61, died in hos. April 25,'63. 378 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Loutz, W., c. Aug. 13,61, m.o. Sept. 5,'65, sergt. Monro, J. YL, e. Aug. 13, '61. Mullen, O., e. Aug, 13,'61, d. May 23,'62, dis. Mltchel, Julius, e. Aug. 13,'61, v., m.o. Oct. 10, '65, sergt. McConkie, J. A., e. Aug. 13,'61, left sick at Warsaw, Mo., Oct. 13, '61. Potter, P. G., e. Aug. 1.3,'61, v., d. June 7,'65, dis. Pence, John, e. Aug. 13,'61, m.o. Sept. 5,'64. Parks, Baniard, e. Aug. 13,'61, v., m.o. Oct. 10, '65, corpl. Robinson, I. N., e. Aug. 13,'61, m.o. Sept. 5,64. Richmond, A., e. Aug. 13,'61, v. d. Dec. 19,'62, dis. Smith, John, e. Aug. 13,'61, v., died Lafayette, Tenn., July 31, '63. Sunderland, W. E., e. Aug. 13, '61, v., d. June 7,'65, dis. Snyder, S. S., e. Aug. 13,'61, v. pro. sergt. and 1st lieut. Stuckhard, Henry, e. Aug. 13,'61, v. Sunderman, George, e. Aug. 13, '64, died at Young's Pt., La.. June 24,'63. Sutton, N. W., e. Aug. 13,'61, died at Lagrange, Tenn., Sept. 9, '63. Tenny, James, e. Aug. 13,61, v. Walters, John, e. Aug. 13, '61, m.o. Sept. 5, '64. Walters, W. J., e. Aug. 13,'61, v., m.o. Oct. 10, '65, corpl. Worst, W., e. Aug. 13,'61, m.o. Sept. 5,'64, corpl. Leach, N., e. Aug. 13,'61, m.o. Sept. 5,'&4. Puterbaugh, S. G., e. Aug. 13,61, m.o. Sept. 6, '64, sergt. Wills, N., e. Aug. 13,'61, v., m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Simpson, E., e. Aug. 13,'61, m.o. Sept. 5,'64. Probasco, J. H., e. Aug. 13,'61, d. June 16,'62, dis. Webber, J. B., e. Aug. 13,61, died at Memphis, Julv 18,'64. Erlicher, Fredrick, e. Aug. 13,'61, kid. at Pea Ridge, Mar. 7, '62. Sparks, Thomas, e. Aug. 13,'61. JVilliamson, Joseph, e. Aug. 13,'61, d. Feb. IS, '63, dis. Walten, W., e. Aug. 13,'61, v., m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Recruits. Barr, F. M., e. Feb. 4,'64, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Churchwell, W., e. Nov. 2,'63, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Eyger, N., e. Dec. 24, '63, m.o. June. 5,65, pris. Graham, H. D., e. Feb. 1,'&4. Miller, T., e. Jan. 13,'64, m.o. Oct. 10,'65, sergt. Powers, James, e. Jan. 29, '64. Putnam, John, e. Jan. 29,'64, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Shaft'er, Jacob, e. Dec. 17, '63. Sunken, George, e. Jan. 4,'64, died at Eastport, Miss, May 16,65. Taylor, V. W., e. Oct. 23,'63, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. White John, e. Nov. 5,'63, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Wagoner, Christian, abs., sick at m.o. of regt. 3(1 CAVALRY, (Consolidated Regiment.) Major. Samuel Shellenbergher, e. Aug. 13,'61, m.o. Oct. 10, '65, as capt. COMPAJVY F. Recruits. Allensworth, G. M., e. Sept. 27,'64, m.o. May 23, '65. Barton, J. F., e. Sept. 27,'64, m.o. May 23,'65. Campbell, C, e. Oct. 8, '64, m.o. Oct. 10, '65. Ewing, Charles, e. Oct. 4,'64. Gray, Siliis, e. Oct. 4,'64, m.o. Oct. 10,'66. Maiiker, L. L., e. Oct. s,'64, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Patterson, Geo., e. Oct. 16,'64, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Parmerlee, C. L., e. Sept. 27,'64, m.o. May 23,'65. Samples, J. W., e. Oct. 7,'64, m.o. May 23,'65. Search, J. W., e. Sept. 27,'&4, m.o. May 23/65. Watson, Wm., e. Sept. 27, '64, m.o. May 23,'65. COMPA^STY G. Privates. Glenn, J. W., e. Feb. 18,'65, m.o. May 10,'65. COMPAJ*^' H. Corporals. Joseph B. Wilts, e. Mar. 1,'65, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Joseph M. or W. Travis, e. Mar. 1,'65, m.o. Oct. 10, '65. Privates. Bear, Wm. e. Mar. 1,'65, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Hibbetts, C. W., e. Mar. 1,'65, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Hibbard, A. B., e. Mar. 1,'65, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Maddux, W. M., e. Feb. 28,'65, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Masser, J. M., e. Mar. 1,'65, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Thorp, D. W., e. Mar. 1,'65, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. COMPANY I. Sergeant. Franklin Whitmer, e. Mar. 16, '65, m.o. Oct. 10, '65. Corporal. Samuel Strobe, e. Mar. 16,'65, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Privates. Lyons, J., e. Feb. 4,'65, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Moore, John, e. Mar. 7, '65. COMPANY K. Fatrier. S. D. Stewart, e. Feb. 18,'65, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Privates. Collins, Lewis, e. Jlar. 7, '65. Evans, Samuel, e. Mar. 10,'62, m.o. Oct. 10,'65. Unassigned Recruits. Leech, Robert, e. Oct. 8,'64, died Camp Butler, 111., Nov. 2Q;(A. Smith, J. F., e. Oct. 8,'64, m.o. May 21, '65. Tu.ssillian, S. R., e. Feb. 24,'65, m.o. June 3,'65. 4tli CAVALRY. COMPANY E. Pickernell, W., e. Sept. 11, '6i, died Mar. 1,'62. COMPANY G. Orr, Thos., e. Sept. 5,'61, m.o. Nov. 3.'64. Woodberrv, H., c. Sept. 5,'61, m.o. Nov. 3, '64. Tuesburg.'H., e. Oct. 26,'61, kid. July 1,'62. COMPANY H. First Sergeant. C. H. Cooper, e. Sept. 5,'61, d. June 19,'62, dis. Sergeants. Go. N. Leoni, e. Sept. 6,'61, pro. 2d lieut. Ilngh. A. Work, e. Sept. 2,'61, m.o. Nov. 3,'64. Corporals. Jeremiah B. Cook, e. Sept. 21, '61, d. for pro. L. P. Harwood, e. Sept. 26,61, died May 8,'62. Privates. Allen, Chas. L., o. Sept. 2,'61, m.o. Nov. 3,'64. Becroft, John, e. Sept. 1,'61, m.o. Nov. 3,'64. Brausau, C. P., e. Sept. 6,'61, m.o. Nov. 3,'64. Blancbard, W. F., c. Sept. 6,'61, died, Feb. 9,'62. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 379 Cheever, A. B., e. Sept. 7,'61, m.o. Nov. 3,'64. Cook, Henry C, e. Sept. ",'01, d. June 3, '62. ' Cook, Howard, e. Oct. l.'Ol, d. for pro. Eiekhardt, A., e. Sept. 16,61, d. June 19,'C2, dis. Fen, John, e. Oct. 1,'61, v. Gififord, C. S., e. Sept. 2,'01, m.o. Nov. 3,'G4. Holt, T. B., e. Sept. 9,'61, v. Lang, Thos., e. Sept. 8,'Cl, v. McMackin, Wm. H., e. Sept. 17,'Gl, m.o. Nov. 3, '04. Scullv, Michael, e. Sept. 2.'),'6, d. for di.s. Slaughter, J., e. Sept. 1.S,'64, died Sept. 12,'62. Varnev, VV. S., e. Sept. 9. 61, d. May, 'ti2, wnd. Mhipp", A. P., e. Sept. 6,61, died Feb. 10,'62. Blair, W. S., e. Oct. 21, '61. Beals, Jacob, e. Nov. 21, '61. Durham, Lorenzo, e. Nov. 16,'61, d. for pro. O'Neil, John, e. Oct. 1,'61, v. Underbill. A. H., e. Oct. 1,'61. Youtz, Jacob, e. Oct. 1,'61. Elder, Leonard, e. Sept. 23,'61, v. 5tli CAVALRY. COMPANY E. Bell, Ellis, e. April 7,'G5, m.o. Oct. 27, '65. Burt, Alonzo, e. April 7, '65, m.o. Oct. 27, '65. Curtis, v., e. Ai)ril 7, '65, m.o. Oct. 27, '65. Collins, C, e. April 7, '65, m.o. Oct. 27,'67. Cunningham, Berry, e. Mar. 23, '65. Lane, Larkin, e. April 7. '65, m.o. Oct. 27, '65. Wilkinson, J. H., e. Jan. 4. '61, m.o. Oct. 27, '65 6th CAVALRY. Ward, Alfred, e. Feb. 22,'65, in Co. B., m.o. Nov. 5, '65. Hile, Samuel S., e. Mar. 1,'64, in Co. C, m.o. Nov. 5, '65. Morrell, P. W., e. Mar. 10.'65, in Co. F., m.o. Nov. 5, '65. Weaver, Wm. W., e. Mar. 10,'65, in Co. F., m.o. Nov. 5, '65. Duke, James H., e. Feb. 22,'65, in Co. H., m.o. Nov. 5,'65. Rutherford, E., e. Feb. 9,'65, in Co. H., m.o. N6v. 5. '65. EUedge, N. D., e. Mar. 15,'65, in Co. I., m.o. Nov. 5, '05. Spence, Theodore, e. Mar. 15,'65, in Co. I., died April ,5, '65. Speers, Wm. H., e. Jan. 27,'65, in. Co. I,, died June 24, '65. Martin O. S., e. Mar. 10,'65, in Co. L., m.o, Nov. 5,'65. Green, H. P.. e. Mar. 23,'65. White, James. A., e. Feb. 22,'64. 7th CAVALRY. Davis, Jacob, e. Co. F., Feb. 28, '65, m.o. Nov. 4, '65. COMPANY G. Wago7ier. Isaac York, e. Aug. 20, '61. Privates. Colbert, Wm., e, Aug. 20,'Gl. m.o. Oct. 15,'04. Campbell, J., e. Aug. 20,'61, m.o. Oct. 1,'6.1. Morehead, A. J., e. in Co. L., Mar. 7,'65, m.o. Nov. 4, '65. Moore, G. G., e. Co. L., Mar. 2,'65, m.o. Nov. 4, '65. Unassigncd liccruiis. Black, Charles, e. Oct. 11, '04. Brenner, Henry, e. Oct. 11, '64. Casey, Mitchell", e. Oct. 7, '64. Cook, John, e. Mar. 3,'65. Decker, Wm., e. Mar. 3, '65. Farlar, James, e. Sept. 28, '64. Wagner, John, e. Oct. 7, '64. 8th CAVALRY. COMPiiNY B. Privates. Jordan, E. M., e. Mar. 20,'G4, m.o. June 21, '65. Whitmore, J., e. Sept. 20,'G4, m.o. June 21, '65. Whitmore, C, e. Sei)t. 20, '64, m.o. Jan. 21, '65. Bowes, Geo., e. Oct. 3,'01, Co. F., d. for wnds. 9th CAVALRY. Privates. Keoler, C. M., e. Mar. 3,'65, Co.A.,m.o.Oct.31,'65. McCulloch, Wm., e. Mar. 3,'65, Co. A., m.o. Oct. 31 ,'05. Taylor. II. R., e. Mar. 3,'G5,Co.A.,m.o.Oct.31,'65. Hill, Thos., e. Feb. 2,S,'05, Co. C, m.o. Oct.31,'6.5. Dueneiiing, H., e. Sept. 10,'61, Co. D., v., m.o. Oct. 31, '65. Lightsey, J. II., e. Feb. 20,'65, Co. L., m.o. Oct. 31, '65. Unassigned Pecruiis. Gritfm, G. W., e. :March 3, '65. Hamlin, Edward, c. March 3,'65. 10th CAVALRY. Privates. Crafton. Sam'!., e. Jan. 3,'C4, in Co. L. Chambers, Noah, e. Sept. 28,'G4, in Co. L. Hencle, J., e. Sept. 29,'04, in Co. L. 11th CAVALRY. Company " F," of this regiment, was recruited at Pekin in the fall and win- ter of 1861, and reported to the regiment, at Peoria, with ninety-eight men, and three commissioned officers. The regiment left for the field, 22d of Feb., 1865, and participated in the battle of Shiloh. After the evacuation of Corinth, the regiment was assigned by detachments to service l)etween that place and Memphis. Nov. 19th Co. "F" reported to the regiment at Jack.son, Miss.; was engaged at Lexington, Dec. 18th, 18C2, when 46 of their number, with the colonel, fell into the hands of the enemy. The regiment remained in West Tennessee till September, 186:5, doing gooVl work among the guerrillas. After this they operated in the country between the Big Black and Pearl rivers, and on the Yazoo, rendering that' country untenable for the Johnnies. The regiment veteranized in December, 1864. They participated in Sherman's grand march through Mississippi. During the summer of 1864, they were in 380 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. many skermishes and raids. November and December were with General Osborne in the raid against the Mississippi Central Railroad, reached Vicks- burg on Dec. 5th; moved to Memphis in January, 1865; joined in Grierson's raid; was engaged at Egypt Station; after this raided in Arkansas and Louisiana, and done guard duty on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. It was mustered out at Memphis, Tenn., Sept. 30th, and arrived at Peoria, Oct. 12th, 1865. Lieutenant Colonel. Aquilla J. Da\-is, e. Dec. 20,'61, m.o. Sept. 30/65. Major. Dennis S. Shepherd, e. Get. 8,'61, res. May 29,'65. COMPANY A. Bugler. John Kraft, e. Sept. 27,'61, d. Oct. 14,'G2. Privates. Burkhardt, M., e. Oct. 29,'61, m.o. Dec. 20,'Cl. Cook, F., e. Nov. 13,'61, v., m.o. Sept. 30,'65. Dehwert, Wm., e. Sept. 25,'Gl, v.,m.o.Sept.30,'C5. Geis, Geo., e. Nov. 26,'01, d. dis. Jan. 27,'64. Graf, Jacob, e. Dec. 16,'61, v., m.o. Sept. 30,'65. Hossert, John, e. Oct. 29,'61. Krenser, Albert, e. Dec. 16,'61, died July29,'G4. Kuhn, Gregor, e. Nov. IS.'Ol, kid. Aug. 25,'62. Metz, John. e. Nov. 19,'61, m.o. Dec. 20,'64. Ringle, Chris., e. Dec. 16,'(U, v., m.o. Sept.SO.'Gf). Schaumburg, F.,e. Oct. 3,'(51, v., m.o. Sept.20,'G.5. Recruits. Bauler, Matthias, e. Jan. 21, '62, v. Bailev, Ira M., e. Feb. 25,'G5, m.o. Sept. 30,'G5. Gaengel, John, e. Dec. 18,'Gl, m.o. Dec. 20,'64. Laspe, Fred., e. Dec. 9,'63, died Oct. 22,'G4. Nievar, Adam, e. Feb. 2:5, '64, m.o. Sept. .30, '65. Litlar, Jacob, e. Dec. 16,'63. m.o. Sept. 30,'G5. Legesser, Samuel, e. Dec. 14, '63, died Nov.23,'64. Watson, Jas., e. Feb. 25,'65, m.o. Sept. 20,'G5. Thomas, Henry, e. Feb. 4, '65, in Co. B. COMPANY C. Sergeant. John Mickil, e. Nov. 14.'61, v. Corporal. Samuel Miller, e. Nov. 17,'Gl, v. m.o. Sept. 30,'65. Blaclcsmeth. Wm. McColgan, e. Nov. 14,'61, d. dis. May 8,'G2. Privates. Edds, David C, e. Nov. 26,'Gl, v. m.o. Sept.20,'65. Graham, H. D., e. Nov. 14,'61, d. dLs. May S,'62. Hanger, J. W., e. Dee. 3. '61. Kemper, Wm., e. Nov. 20, '61. Leary, James, e. Dec. 4,'Gl, v., died Aug. 29,'G5. Learv, John, e. Dec. 4,'Gl, v., m.o. Sept. 20, '65. Sommers, Juo., e. Nov. 15,'61, d. dis. July 10,'62. Wood, John, e. Nov. 14,'Gl, d. dis. May 20,'G2. Reeruits. Parker, J. R., e. Sept. 28,'G4, m.o. June 9,'65. Brontage, John, e. Feb. 22,'62. Gregory, Benj., e. Sept. 2«,'64, m.o. June9,"65. Graham, Fred., e. Jan. 4,'62, kid. at Shiloh April 6, '62. Hover, Fred., e. Feb. 11, '64, m.o. Sept. 30,'65. McClung, Jas., e. Sept. 28,'64, m.o. July22.'G5, was pris. of war. Dehalderman, Simon, e. Nov. 27, 'Gl, in Co. D. Wilmoth, L., e. Oct. G,'64, in Co. D. COMPANY r. Captains. Wm. M. Olmsted, e. Dec. 23,'61, res. April 18,'G2. Bernard Wagner, e. Dec. 20,'61, m.o. Sept. 30, '65. First Lieutenants. Richard Burns, e. Dec. 20,'61, kid. In battle of Shiloh, April G, '62. David M. Cummings, res. April 11, '63. John Backus, e. Dec. 31, '61, res. May 11, '65. Chas. T. Mans, e. Nov. 5,'61, m.o. Sept. 30,'G5. Second Lieutenant. David Blair, e. Dec. 4,'61, m.o. Sept. 30,'G5. Sergeants. Samuel Dusenberry, e. Sept. 21, '61 Andrew McBride, e. Sept. 16, '61, v., m.o. Sept. 30, '65. Corporals. Chas. Jacob, e. Sept. 30,'61, v., m.o. Sept. .30,'65. Wm. Hanlin, e. Sept. 25,'61, d. dis. July,'G2. Richard Flinn, e. Sept. 21, 'Gl, v. m.o. Sept.30,'G5. Frank H. Dare, e. Sept. 29, '61, v. m.o Sept. 30,'G.5. Walter McDonald, e. Oct. 4,'Gl, m.o. Dec. 20,'64. Blaclismith. JasperSmJth, e. Oct. 3,'Gl, v.,m.o. Sept. 30,'65. Privates. Blanchard, W. S., e. Sept. 16,'Gl. Bridgewater, Henry B., e. Sept. 23, '61, died Feb. 18,'63. Brooks, Joseph, e. Oct. 16,'Gl, v., m.o. Sept30,'65, Bennett, Richard, e. Oct. 3, '61, died May 1, '62. Bover, Joua., e. Oct. 20,'61, v., m.o. Sept. 30,'6.5. Cla'rk, Henrv, e. Sept. 16,'61, v., m.o. Sept. 30,'G5. Cohenour, Wm., e. Sept, 21, '61, d. for dis. Curran, Patrick, e. Dec. 15, '61. Davis, Joshua, e. Oct. 11,'Gl, v.,diedFebl3,'64. Goft; Alex., e. Sept. 30,'61. died May 25,'G2. Gibbons, Thos., e. Oct. 3,'61, v., m.o. Sept. 30,'65. Havs, Jacob, e. Sept. 27, '61, v., m.o. Sept 30, '65. Harman, D. H., e. Sept. 23,'61, d. Oct., '62. Hammond, Lemuel B., e. Nov. 11,'Gl. Hudson, Nathl.,e. Dec. 15,'Gl,v.,m.o.Sept.30,'G5. Kriell, John, e. Dec. 17,'61, v., m.o Sept. 30, '65. Kemp, John, e. Sept. 23, '61, died. Little, John, e. Nov. 2y,'Gl, d. for dis. Long, John, e. Sopt, 23,'61. McGinnis, John, e. Oct. 5,'61, d. Dec. 20,'G4. Mulvahill, Albt., e. Sept. 1G,'61, m.o. Dec. 28,'64. Mulvahill, Geo., e. Sept. 24, '61, d. Dec. 20,'frl. Murphv, Alex., e. Sept.2y,'Gl, v.,m.o.Sept.30,'G5. McKassen, R. J., e. Sept. 19,'61, v. Merrvtield, M., e. Sept. 21, '61, died Feb. 28,'62. Miller, Geo., e. Oct. 16,'61, v., m,o. Sept. 30,'65. Myers, J. C, e. Nov. IG.'Gl, died Sept. 30,'62. Nelson, Daniel, e. Sept. 17,'Gl, d. Dec. 20,'G4. Pickerell, Saml., e. Sept. 23,'61, died May 3,'62. Rvans, Moses, e. Sept. 23, 'Gl. Rvan, Dennis, e. Nov. 13, '(;i, v., rft.o. Sept.20,'G5. Stiles, David, e. Sept. 24, 'Gl, v., m.o. Sept. 30,'G5. Scott, J. M., e. Oct. 21, '61, v., m.o. Sept. 30,'65. Slawbaw, Jno., e. Dec. 17,'Gl, v.,m.o. Sept.30,'65. Thorpe, M. G.,e. Sept. 24, 'Gl, v., m.o. Sept. 30,'65. Town. L. A., e. Dec. 4,'Gl. Winner, Jos., e. Dec. G,'61, v., m.o. Sept. 30,'65. Recndts. Cunningham. Charles, e. Mrrch 1,S,'63. Davis, J. W., e. Dec. 9,'63, m.o. Sept. 30,'65. Happenev, Pat., e. Jan. 4.'64, m.o. Sept. 30,'65. Happenev, Elwd., e. Jan. 4, '(^, m.o. Sept.30,'65. Ilabbertield, F., e. Nov.l3,'Gl,v.,m.o.Sept.30,'G5. Heaney, Frank, e. Dec.26,'61,v.,m.o. Sept.30,'65. Henderson, Fred., e. Dec. 25,'61. HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 381 Jones, J. L.,e. Feb. 25, '65. Johnson, Win. T., e. Dec. 6,'61, v. Lock, M. M., e. Jan. ;n,'a'i, m. o. Sept. 30,'C).S. Mundcr, Ellis ('., e. Mar. 81, '04, m.o. Sept.:W,'G.'). McFarlaiul, Kdw., e. Oct. :i,'W, m.o. Sept.:)0,'(i5. Noi'\'elle, Thos., e. Jan. 31, '65, m.o. Sept. 30,'G5. O'Riley, Jas., e. Sept. 23,'(;i, died Oct. 10,'W, v. Pollard, Richard, e. Jan. 1,'G4, m.o. Sept.:50,'65. Pero, Alex., e. Oct. o,'('A, m.u. Sept. :W,'(i5. Powers, Thos., e. Mar. 31, 'tU, died Feb. lS,'i;,5. Rjivles, Jacob, e. Jan. 31, '05, m.o. Sept. 30, 'G5. Williams, S. N., e. Mar. 22, '(14. Yerker, Wm., e. Dec. '25, 'Ol. Hainlinc, tieo., e. Dec. 2, '01, in Co. G., v., m.o. July 14, '&5. Abbey, A., e. Feb. 29,'tU, in Co. G., m.o. July 14,'65. COMPANY H. Second Lieutenant. Andrew T. Linbarger. Corporal. Henry Pratt, e. Dec. 6,'Cl, d. Dee. 22, '04. Privates. Barraton, Jos., e. Nov. 29,'ei, d. Dec. 22,'r)-4. I-cnard, Peter, e. Nov. lO.'Ol, v.,m.o.Sept.30,'G5. Murphy, P. M., e. Nov. 7, '01, m.o. Sept. 3o,'05. Stamm. Jno., e. Nov. 10, '01, m. o. Sept. 30, '05. Humphrey, Milt., Mar. 1,'02, m.o. Sept. 30,'05. Recruits. Crain, Frank, e. Feb. •29,'04, m.o. Julv 8,'C5. Doty, Sidney, e. Mar. ;!1,'W, died July 22,'04. Humphrey, Jno.,e. Mar. 31, '04, m.o. Sept. 30, '05. Hiimphrey, N., e. Oct. 4. '04, m.o. Sept. 30,'O5. Hcjward, G. W., e. Jan. 26,'t)4, m.o. Sept. 30,'05. Kenneily, Isaac, e. Mar. 24, '04, m.o. Sept. 30,'05. Owens, Funis M., e. Jan. 30, '04, m.o. Sept.30,'05. Parsons, E. L. e. Fob. 1,'04, m.o. Sept. 30, '05. Princeton. Wm., e. Dec. 16,'G3, m.o. May 22, '05. Pemberton, J. K. e. Jan. iy,'04, m.o. Sept.30,'05. Pemberton,.\lvin,e. Jan.l'J,'04,m.o. Sept.30,'G5. Rose, Chas., e. Dec. 19, '03, m.o. Sept. 30, '05. Speers, J. F., e. Feb. 27, '05, m.o. Sept. 30,'05. Sakers, Henry, e. Dec. 15, '03. Winklebleck, J., e. Oct. 4,'04, m.o. Sept. 30,'65. Wright, Alfred, e. Sept. ■2S,'04, died Julv 12,'05. Westfall, J. H. e. April 1,'04, m.o. Sept. 30,'65. Pemberton, B., e. Feb. 5,'W, m.o. Sept. 30,'05. COMPANY I. Humphreo, W. H., e. Nov. 7, '61. Shay, John, e. July 1,'02, m.o. June 9, '05. Taggart, David, e. Feb. 23, '62, died Aug. 10,'G2. COIVIPANY L,. Farran, Geo., e. Feb. '2.3, '01. Murphy, Pat., e. Oct. 27,'01. Green, John, e. Jan. 7,'0-l, m.o. Sept. 30,'65. Frye, Henry .V., e. Feb. 27, '05, m.o. Sept. 30,'05. Manlion, D. F.. e. Feb. 1.S,'65, m.o. Sept. 30. '75. Powers, A. C, e. Feb. 18, '65, m.o. Sept. 30, '05. COMPANY M. Brady, J. W., c. Feb. 27, '(U, m.o. Sept. 30, '65. Delanev, Thos., e. Feb. 'i/.'Oo, m.o. Sept. :50,'0o. Ickes, W. J., e. Feb. 27,'C5, m.o. Sept. 30,'05. Unassigned Recruits. Barrett, M. v. B., e. Nov. 16,'6'2. Bowlsby, John. e. Nov. IS, '02. Biggins, Patrick, e. Jan. 12,'63. Betty, Joseph, e. Jan. 12,'03. Brown, Edward, e. Dec. 19, '6:?. Cufaude, Hugh, e. Nov. 14, '04, m.o. May 29,'65. Crosby, Hugh, e. Jan. 10,'6:i. Eibe, Conrad, e. April 4,'6o. Howard, C. M., e. Nov. 16, '62. King, John, e. Oct. 7, '64. Strong, Jason, e. Dec. 3, '63. 12th CAVALRY. Carey, Edward, e. Jan. 1.'62, in Co. E. I'na.t.'^igned Recruits. Blanche, Charles, e. Sept. 2S,'G4. Cook. John, e. Sept. 2.S,'64. James, Thos., e. Sei)t. 28, '04. Layhe, Michael, e. Sept. 28, '64. McGovern, John, e. Sept. '28,'0-l. 14tli CAVALRY. COMPANY A. Polland, J. P., e. Nov. 31, '62, missing in action Aug. 3, '04. Kolb, John, e. Sept. 11, '62, d. dis. Dec. 5, '63. COMPANY B. Amnion, John. Baldwin, Erwin, e. Feb. 10. '64, m.o. July 31, '65. COMPANY C. Farrier. Johi) Buxton, e. Nov. 1,'62, d. dis. June S,'65. Privates. Highland, Culberton, e. Sept. 17,'62, died at Andersonville Pris., Nov. 17,'64, No. grave 12,070. Pippin, R., e Jan. 26,'G3. m.o. July 31, '6.5. Pippin, Thos., e. Jan. 22, '03, m.o. July 31, '65. Pippin, -Arnold, e. Feb. 22,'t'>4. m.o. Julv 31, '05. Rittenour, J. P., e Sept. 22,'02. in Co. G. Miller. Henry, e. Sept. 14, '02, in Co. K. COMPANY M. SergeaTit. Benj. Kaunnan, e. Sept. 15,'62, died Feb. 9,'64. Corporals. John Probasco, e. Sei)t. 15,'62, m.o. July 31, '65. J. J. Ferguson, e. Sept. 15, '62, m.o. July 31, '65. Privates. Casev, J. M., e. Sept. 15, '62, m.o. July 31, '65. Stinlev, Wm. J., e. Sept. 15, '02. Kellogg, David, e. Oct. 0,'64. Burk, Thomas, e. Sept. 27, '6-1. Hass, Jacol), e. Oct. 5, '03, in Co. D., 17th, m.o. Dec. 20, 'Cm. Howard, D. ^i., e. Jan. 15,'61, in Co. D, 17th, m. o. Dec. '20, '05. Vorhees, David, e. Jan. 28,'64, in Co. D, m. o. Dec. 20, '05. ARTILLERY. Gillett, Chas. S., e. Dec. 30,'63, in bat. F., 1st kid. Aug. 3,'64. Richardsdii, Thos., e. July 3,'62, tr. to V.R.C. Betterliiig, Geo., e. April 19,'01, in bat. A. 2d Art., il. Hayner, Christian, e. Dec. 17,'63, unassigned recruit, cav. Clark, Lewis, e. Dec. 10,'64, 3d cav., Co. A., re- cruit, m.o. Oct. 10,'05, as sergt. Ansell, Joseph, e. Oct. 11, '64, 3d cav., Co. D., m.o. Oct. 10,'C5. Dalbv, Milo, e. Oct. 10,'fri, 3d cav., Co. E., m.o. Oct. 10,'05. McCance, G. R., e. April 12,'65, 3d cav., Co. E., m.o. Oct. 10, '65. Morris, Geo., e. Feb. 13,'65, 3d cav., Co. E., m. o. Oct. 10, '0.5. Larish, Da\id, e. '01, in sappers and miners, kid. in battle. Moody, Albert, e. '61, in sappers and miners, m.o. at close of war. Ramige, W., e. Aug. 15,'62, 85th inf., Co. K., m. o. June 5,'65. Speicht, M., e. Aug. 15,'62, 85th inf., Co. K., died Oct. 30, '62. Eaton, F. L., e. Aug. 11, '62, 8Cth inf., d. as hos. steward. Chauncy, W. W., e. July 18,'62, 86th inf., Co. H., d. Dec. 28, '02, dis. Howland, C. A., e. Oct. 13,'64, 92d inf., Co. K., recruit. Sloan, J. L., e. Aug. 1,62, 94th fnf., Co. F., m.o. July 17, '65. Cathar," William, e. Mar. 3,'65, 97th inf., m.o. Julv 29, '05. Hand, Wm. B., e. July 26,'62, 99th inf., Co. A., m.o. Julv 31, '65. Hand, WiUis, e. July26,'62, 99th inf., Co. A., m.o. Julv 31, '65. Fitzpatrick, John, e. Mar. 9,'65, 103d inf., Co. E., m.o. Julv 24, '65. Vanmeter, J. B", e. Julv 22,'62, 106tli inf., Co. C, m.o. Julv 12,'0.5. Vanmeter, S. G." e. July 2,'62, 106th inf., Co. C, m.o. July 12, '65. Smith, James, e. Jan. 23, '64, unassigned re- cruit 113th inf. Holmes, Samuel, e. Sept. 22,'64, 113th inf., Co. D., recruit, m.o. Aug. 3, "65. Nale, William, e. Sept. 22, '64, 113th inf., Co. D., recruit, m.o. Aug. 3,'65. O'Conor, Peter, e. Sept. 22,'&4, 113th inf., Co. D., m.o. Aug. 3,'65. Thompson, J. W., e. Sept. 22,'&4, 113th inf., Co. D., m.o. Aug. 3, '65. Carter, Wm., e. Oct. 6,'64, 115th inf., Co. K., died Camp Butler, Jan. 8, '65. Lee, Chas. K., e. Sept. 27, '64, in 116th inf., re- cruit, Co. C, m.o. Jan. 7,'65. Hamilton, Pa.schal, e. Oct. 11,'64, 116th inf., Co. E;., recruit. Smith, J. K. P., e. Sept. 20,'62, 116th inf., Co. F., m.o. June 7,'05. Harbinson, S. J., e. Aug. 12,'01, v., 2d cav., Co. B., accidentally kid. Oct. 10,'65. Collison, Madison, e. Oct. 1,'64, 2d cav., Co. B., d. June 12, '65. Jones, WilUam, e. Oct. 1,'64, 2d cav., Co. D., d. June 12, '65. VanMeter, Newton, e. Feb. 20,'Cl, v., 2d cav., Co. D., m.o. Nov. 12, '05. Kemp, Abraham, e. Mar. 25, '64, 2d cav., Co. K., m.o. Nov. 22, '65. Hodges, Wm. J., e. Feb. 28,'65, Co. H., 14th regt. Hammond, J., e. Feb. 28,'05, Co. K., 14th regt. Wells, Marcus P., e. May 24,'ei, in Co. K., 16th inf., died Mav 26,'02. Hodgson, Hugh D., e. Dec. 14, '63. Cadwell, W., e. June 17,'61, in Co. F., 19th inf. Ketz, Fred., e. Mar. 8,'65, in Co. A., 20th inf., m.o. July 22, '65. Scholotour, John, e. Mar. 8,'65, in Co. A., 20th inf., m.o. Julv 10, '05. Miller, Wm. H.. e. June 13,'61, in Co. E., 20th inf., died. Kelly, Thos., e. Jan. 23, '65, in Co. F., 20th inf. Kelly, James, e. Jan. 23, '65, never reported. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY, 383 Donghert\', James, e. Jan. 16,'65. Rotze, Fre.5. Brown, Jackson, e. Aug. 'iO.'Gl, v., in Co. G., 3:kl inf. Davis, Jonathan, e. Oct. 7,'G4, in Co. H., o3d inf. Oliver, R., e. Feb. 1.'),'(;.5, in Co. 1, drowned. Kagan, H. W., c. Oct. 7,'64, in Co. I, m.o. Oct. Carr.'Mark, e. Sept. 7,'61, v. in Co. I., 34th inf., missing in action. Sullivan, C.. e. Dec. 30, 'G3, in Co. I., 34th inf., m.o. July 12, '(■).'). Muller, J. B., e. Aug. 30,'61, in Co. G., 39th inf., d. Julv4,'63, dis. Neef, Fred., e. Aug. 30,'fil, in Co. G. 39th inf. Heintz, P. H., e. Aug. 30,'61, v. in Cy. G., 39th. inf. Kuchule, M., c. Sept. Leatherwood, Alex., 43d inf., died May 1,'61, in Co. G., 43d inf. e. April 5,'G5, in Co. K., 9,T». Spradley, A. J., c. April r>,'&o, in Co. K., 43d inf.," m.o. May 11, 'G5. Roberts, Newman, e. Oct. 1,'6-1, in Co. E., 120th Inf., died Mav 2,'G.\ Bloonishine, Fred., Dec. 8,'C3. JlcCullertv, James, e. Oct. 10,'G4. Anderson", \Vm., e. Feb. 22,'65, in Co. B., 12Gth Inf.. m.o. July 12,'G5. Henderson, \Vm.," e. April 5.'65, in Co. E., 12Gth Inf., m.o. Julv 12, 'G.'). Mueller, A. II., A"pril 5,'G,"i, in Co. E., 126th Inf., m.o. July 12, 'G.'). Peninger, Washington, e. March 21, 'G5. James, John T., e. Mav20,'G4, in Co. G., 134th Inf., Oct. 2.'^,'G4. Robison, Geo. F., e. Mov 20,'G4, in Co. G., 134h Inf., m. o. Oct. 25,'G4. Willard, Erasuis II., e. June 21, '64, in Co. E., :!Sth Inf., is 1st lieutenant. Zanies, Samuel A., e. T*Iav 1G,'64, in Co. I, 442d Inf., m.o. Oct. 2G,'G4. Armstrong, Thos., e. Nov. 1.5, '64, in Co. K., 144th Inf., m.o. Julv 14, '65. Houghton, Tnos. B.. e. Feb. 3,'65, in Co. A., 150th Inf., m.o. Jan. 16,'GG. CHAPTER XII. THE TAZEWELL COUNTY BAK. As the prosperity and well being of every community depends upon the wise interpretation, as well as upon the judicious framing of its laws, it must follow that a record of the members of the Bar, to whom these matters are generally relegated, must form no unim- portant chapter in the county's history. Upon a few principles of natural justice is erected the whole superstructure of municipal law tending; to relieve the wants and meet the desires of all alike. But where so many interests and counter interests are to be protected and adjusted, to the judiciary is presented many interesting and complex problems. But change is every-where imminent. The laws of yesterday do not compass the wants and necessities of the people of to-day. The old relations do not exist. New and satisfactory ones must be established. The discoveries in the arts and sciences; the invention of new contrivances for labor ; the enlargement of indus- trial pursuits, and the increase and development of commerce, are without precedence, and the science of the law must keep pace with them all ; nay, it must even forecast events and must frame its laws as will most adequately subserve the wants and provide for the necessities of the new conditions. Hence the lawyer is a man of the day. The exigencies he must meet are those of his own time. His capital is his ability and individuality. He cannot bequeath to his successors the characteristics that distinguished him, and at his going the very evidences of his work disappear. And in com- piling this short sketch one is astonished at the paucity of material for a memoir of those who have been so intimately connected with and who exerted such an influence upon the county^s welfare and progress. The pecvdiarities and the personalities which form so pleasing and interesting a part of the lives of the members of the Bar, and which, indeed, constitute the charm of local history, are altogether wanting. Unlike the fair plaintiff in Bardell vs. Pick- wick, we have no pains-taking sergeant to relate " the facts and cir- HISTOTIY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 385 cumstances " of the case. The Court records give us the facts, but the circumstances surrounding and giving an interest to the events are wanting. Tazewell, like all pioneer counties, suffered much in the stability of her judiciary owing to the numerous contests concerning the loca- tion of the county-seat and the consequent bitterness and local prejudice attending the various removals. The county-seat was first located at Mackinaw, March 22nd, 1827. Tazewell county, at that time, for judicial purposes, formed a part of the Second Circuit. The first term of the Circuit Court ever held in this county was at Mackinaw, May 12th, 1828, and presided over by the Hon. Samuel J. Lockwood. The first case docketed was entitled Bryan and Morrison vs. Wm. Eads, action of debt. The first indictment presented was against William Herbert for assault and battery. Samuel J. Lockwood. — The Hon. Samuel J. Lockwood was one of the justices of the Supreme Court of Illinois and assigned to circuit duty in the Second Circuit. He was a man of good ability and discharged his duties very acceptably. Stephen T. Logan. — The Hon. Stephen T. Logan was the next presiding Judge for several years and afterwards was Judge in the Sangamon Circuit. He now resides in Springfield, Illinois, having retired from active life. He was one of the ablest lawyers in the State, and one whose ability and legal knowledge placed him in the front rank of his profession. The Judge had a mania for whittling, and Court never moved smoothly until the Sheriff had placed a number of white pine shingles beside the wool-sack, when the evolution of law and pine shavings proceeded Avith equal dignity and composure. John Pearson. — The Hon. John Pearson succeeded Judge Logan. He is spoken of as a man of good ability and a good Judge, but was not popular with the people on account of his inability to accommodate himself to their ways and primitive civilization. The court-houses were rude buildings with but few of the conveniences considered necessary at the present time, and Judge Pearson, not content with the chair provided for the Court, refused to sit until a rocking-chair was procured for his use, which desire for personal comfort led to a great deal of unfavorable comment among the people. Jesse B. Thomas. — The Hon. Jesse B. Thomas was the next 386 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Judge and presided for several years. He was one of the most active men ever upon the bench. He allowed no delays, and his executive ability is highly praised. At one term of Court in this couutv he cleared the docket of some 500 cases and did much to avoid the delays so tedious to litigants. Judge Thomas was Presi- dent of the first Constitutional Convention of the State, and in whatever position called served with distinction. William Thomas. — The Hon. William Thomas served as Judge but few terms owing to some change in the judicial circuit, and was scarcely identified with the legal interests of this county. Samuel H. Treat. — The Hon. Samuel H. Treat next came on this Circuit and served until 1848, when the Judges were elected in accordance with the provisions of the new constitution then adopted. Judge Treat was afterwards appointed to the bench of the United States Court, at Springfield, which position he still holds. He is a close observer of men and times, and is considered one of the ablest and most upright judges in our entire judiciary. David Davis. — The Hon. David Davis was elected Judge of this Circuit in 1848, and so remained until 1857. On first coming to Illinois Judge Davis settled in Pekin, but shortly afterwards re- moved to Bloomington. Early in Lincoln's administration he was appointed to the United States Supreme Court from which he re- signed in 1877, being elected in that year to the United States Senate from Illinois. He was much inclined to indolence while Judge of this Circuit, and required a great stimulus to exertion, but he discharged very acceptably the onerous duties of his office. James Harriott. — The Hon. James Harriott was elected to suc- ceed Judge Davis in 1857. He came to this county in 1849, having previously served a term in the State Legislature from the district surrounding Jerseyville. He was the first Judge of the old 21st Circuit, including the counties of Tazewell, Mason, Menard and Cass. He filled the office for over 10 years and was highly respected for his sterling good sense and discernment, and was well liked by the Bar and the people. He died at his home in Pekin in the year 1869. Charles Turner. — The Hon. Charles Turner was elected over Judge Harriott in 1867. Judge Turner came to this State from Ohio, 1851, and practiced law until 1862, when he entered the army, serving three years and attaining the rank of Brev. Brig. General. On his return he again pursued the practice of law, and was elected HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 387 CountyTrcasurer in 1865, when he resigned to accept the Judgeship in 1867, and served until 1873, when the circuit was changed from the 21st to the 12th. John Burns. — Hon. John Burns in 1873 was elected over Judge Turner, and is now one of the three Judges of what is known as the 8th Circuit, being composed of the counties of Tazewell, Peoria, Woodford, Marshall, Putnam and Stark. His term expires in June of this year, and he is now (April, 1879) a candidate for re-election. He is an able lawyer, an upright judge, and has proven very accept- able to the people of this circuit. Among the lawyers who were prominently known at this Bar during and previous to the time when Judge Treat held Court at Tremont were, Lincoln and Douglas, whose names and history have become a part of that of our country ; George Farquhar, at one time Secretary of State ; John T. Stewart, now of the firm of Stewart, Edwards & Brown, Springfield, Illinois, and for many years in Congress ; Daniel Stone and Thomas Nealc ; A. F. Hubbard, during 1826 ad interim Governor of the State, and who precipitated the celebrated case of Ewing vs. Farquhar, which called into ques- tion the construction of Art. 3 of Sec. 18 of the then Constitution; Edward Baker, Senator from Oregon, who was killed at Ball's Bluff during the war for the Union ; Col. John J. Hardin, killed during the Mexican War at Buena Vista ; Wm. A. McDougal, afterwards United States Senator from California; Judge Dunmur, David Pick- ett, Alexander Herring, A. L. Davidson, W. H. Purple, O. H. Merryman and others whose history is coeval with that of the early days of the county. Among those of a later day who have either died or removed from the county are the following : Echcard Jones, who came to this county about 1830 and was among the first Circuit Clerks. He was a captain in the Mexican War, a man of fine education, a natural lawyer, and in the days of the strict common law pleadings was without a peer at the local Bar. He died at an early age, the victim of those habits which are too frequently the accompaniment of brilliant and distinguishing qualities of mind. B. F. James, who was County Judge in 1850, in 1852 moved to Chicago, but now lives in Washington, D. C. W. D. Briggs, who was among the first County Judges, was a fine business lawyer and a man well liked. He died in 1854. 25 388 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Wm. Furguerson, a very able and talented man, but was unfortu- nately killed in a duel in California. Ashiel Gridley and Wm. Holmes, who moved to Bloomington, some years since. A. H. Saltonstall, who practiced several years in Tremont, and died in 1855. William B. Parker and his son Edward Parker, men of fine edu- cation and good abilities, but who lacked the perseverance so neces- sary to the success of a lawyer. They died respectively in the years 1873 and 1874. Samuel W. Fuller, who came from the East in 1851, and was elected to the State Senate in 1856. In 1858 he removed to Chicago, where he resided up to the time of his death, in 1873. Mr. Fuller was an able and accomplished lawyer, and at the time of his death had a reputation second to none in the State. Samuel P. Bailey settled in Pekin about 1830 and practiced law up to the time of his death in 1869. Mr. Bailey was an omnivorous reader, and was probably the most widely read lawyer at the Bar, but he lacked practical application and could in no way utilize the immense stores of his knowledge ; and the learning which would have given him the highest place as an advocate, was rendered val- ueless because it availed him but little in the practical discharge of the duties of his profession. Richard W. Ireland came to Pekin about 1848 or 9 and was Clerk of the County Court. At different times in his life he was associated with prominent attorneys as a partner and was a very successful office lawyer. He removed to Tremont a short time previous to his death, in 'l 869. James Roberts was admitted to the Bar in Missouri, in 1849, but removed to Pekin in June, 1852. He was a man of fine abilities, to which he united the most studious habits. He prepared his cases with the most painstaking accuracy, and his knowledge of the law was such as could only be gained by the severest application. He built up one of the largest and most lucrative practices ever con- trolled by any one lawyer, but his career was cut short at the early age of 33 years by his death from overwork. He practiced in the Supreme Court of the United States, being engaged in the cases concerning the patents of the Illinois Harvesters, which at that time attracted great attention. Hon. Sabill J), Puterbaugh wag admitted to the bar in Pekin, and HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 389 in 1857 formed a partnership with Samuel W. Fuller, and after its dissolution he removed to Peoria where he still resides. He was elected Judge in that circuit for one term of six years. He is the author of Puterbaugh's Pleadings and Practice, a work of merit and which is in general use throughout the State. Joseph Hanna came to this county from McLean about 1859 as a partner of Hon. J. B. Cohrs, under the name of Cohrs & Hanna. Mr. Hanna was a young lawyer of great promise, but on the breaking out of the war he enlisted in the army and was killed at Fort Donelson. Richard W. Williams, one of the finest educated men, and one of the best speakers at the Bar, came from the South to Pekin in 1866, He died suddenly in the summer of 1873. Abram Bergen came to Pekin in 1862, and shortly afterwards was appointed States Attorney to fill the vacancy caused by the absence of Major Fullerton in the army. In 1865 he moved to Minnesota, and was there elected to the State Senate. He again moved, going to Kansas, and from there was appointed to a judgeship in New Mexico, but finding the position distasteful he resigned and returned to Kansas, where he now resides. Mr. Bergen is an excellent law- yer, and the various distinguished offices he has filled mark him as a man of no ordinary ability. Cassius G. Whitney was admitted to the Bar in 1869, and was elected States Attorney of the 21st Circuit in 1868. In 1872 he removed to Cass county, taking a very prominent part in the county- seat contest between Virginia and Beardstown, which was finally decided in favor of Virginia, where Mr. Whitney now resides. He is a young man of talent and a leading lawyer in his county. Charles Tinney was admitted to the Bar in 1870, practiced in this county awhile and then removed to Virginia, and is now the junior partner in the firm of Whitney & Tinney. Frank Purple read with Messrs. Roberts & Green and after his admission to the Bar, in 1869, became a partner in the firm. He finally removed to Peoria and has since forsaken the law for other pursuits. Thomas W. Mehan was admitted to the Bar in 1868; was elected to the office of City Attorney for one term and remained here until 1876, when he removed to Mason, and is now States Attorney for that county. William A. Mehan v^as admitted in 1870. He still resides in this county though not engaged in active practice. 390 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. JSIias C. Brearley was admitted to the Bar in 1861 in the State of New Jersey. He practiced in Pekin several years in the firm of Brearley & Henry, then at Jacksonville and Washington City. He is now located in Leadville, Colorado. M. 31. Bassett was admitted in 1870, and removed to Peoria where he is still engaged in the practice. Henry P. Finnigan was admitted to the Bar in 1868. He had served as Circuit Clerk in this county. He removed to Lincoln, Nebraska, about 1870, where he resided up to the time of his death, in 1878. Albert J. Ware came to this Bar in 1868, and was for some time associated as a member of the firm of Prettyman & Ware. He practiced here until the spring of this year when he removed to Leadville, Colorado, his present home. George B. Foster was admitted to the Bar in 1869, and practiced in Pekin until 1877, when he moved to Peoria and became a mem- ber of the firm of Johnson & Foster. The Bar of the county has always maintained a high standard of legal excellence, and that it has not diminished will be seen by the present able representation. Hon. B. S. Prettyman came from New Castle, Delaware, in 1831, and commenced the practice of law in 1845. Mr Prettyman's inter- ests have always been identified with those of Pekin, which has been his home since coming to this county. He is an able lawyer and in the matter of real estate law has scarcely an equal in the State. Wm. A. Tinney came to this State from Kentucky in 1833, and in 1834 he was elected to the office of sheriff, which he held until 1840, but was beaten in "the coon-skin campaign." He then removed to Washington where he opened a country store. In 1846 he enlisted for the Mexican war. On his return he opened the Eagle House, and at one time owned and conducted the Bcmis House. In 1861 he was elected Justice of the Peace and also Police Magistrate, which he still retains. In 1865 he was admitted to the Bar but has practiced but little, being principally occupied in the discharge of the duties of his office. Judge David Kyes was Sheriff of the county in 1852. At the expiration of his terra he moved to Washington where he carried on a grocery store until 1857, when he was admitted to the Bar. In 1860 he was elected to the State Legislature, and in 1865 to the office of County Judge, which he hel4 for 12 years. He is now en- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 391 gaged in the practice of the law, having discharged the duties of his various offices to the entire satisfaction of his constituents. Hon. Ccesar A. Roberts came to Tazewell county from Missouri in 1850, and practiced medicine up to 1858. In 1859 Mr. Roberts, in company with a large number of the citizens of Tazewell, was attracted to Colorado by the promising mining prospects. At a convention on the 11th of July the same year, and of which Mr. Priscoif, the present Mayor of Denver, was president, he was ap- pointed to and drafted a code of mining laws, many of which are still in force, and was then elected Recorder of Claims in the district surrounding Central City. Later in the same year he returned to Illinois, and in 1860 was admitted to the Bar. In 1864 he was States Attorney for the 21st Circuit, and in 1870 became a member of the State Legislature and served through the long session of the 27th General Assembly, engaged in revising the statutes in accord- ance with the new constitution of 1870. Judge Wm. Don Maus came to Illinois from Pennsylvania and was admitted to the Bar in 1857. He was appointed Master in Chancery by Judge Harriott, and filled that office for ten years, or during the entire term of that Judge on the bench. In 1863 he was elected County Judge, to fill the unexpired term of Wm. Tackaberry, then recently deceased. Nathaniel W. Green came to Illinois from New Jersey and was admitted to the Bar in 1856. He practiced in Delavan, in this coun- ty, until 1865, when he removed to Pckin and became a member of the firm of Roberts & Green. Although frequently solicited, Mr. Green has refused to accept any official position, and has confined himself exclusively to the practice of the law. Hon. John B. Cohrs was born in South Carolina, and at an early age removed to New York where he received a collegiate education. He then came to McLean county where he engaged in farming, but shortly afterwards sold his farm, read law in Bloomington, Illinois, and was admitted in 1859, when he came to this county as a mem- ber of the firm of Cohrs & Hanna. In 1864 he was elected to the State Senate. He is now a prominent candidate for the Judgeship in this Circuit. Hon. Abial B. Sawyer was admitted to the Bar in 1861. He has made a specialty of Real Estate and Collection law. In 1877 he was elected Mayor of Pekin, which he held one term. Capt. Wilbur F. Henry came from Ohio to Illinois, and was ad- 392 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. mltted to the Bar in 1866; is a graduate of the Ohio State and Union Law College. He served three years in the Army and was Captain of Company "B," 108th Illinois volunteers; was Master in Chancery from September 1867 to 1873, and was States Attorney for this county from 1872 to 1876. William S. Kellogg was admitted to the Bar in this county in 1869 and practiced until 1876, when he was appointed Deputy Circuit Clerk, in which capacity he now acts. Collins J. Elliott was admitted to the Bar in 1862. He has sever- al times filled the office of City Attorney, and is still engaged in the law practice in Pekin. Henry T. Spoonhoff was born in Amsterdam, Holland, in 1834. He came to America and was admitted to the Bar of this county in 1862. Gurdon T. Saltonstall was admitted to the Bar in 1866, and in 1877 was appointed Master in Chancery for this County by Judge Burns, which position he still holds. Judge A. W. JRodecker was admitted to the Bar in 1868, and in 1877 was elected County Judge as successor of Judge Kyes. Judge Rodecker was a member of the Board of School Inspectors for 7 years, and to his energy and ability may be attributed much of the excellence of the public schools of Pekin' John H. Pirkey was born in Virginia and came to Illinois at an early age. In 1862 he enlisted in the Army under the " 600,000 call," and served three years. In 1875 he was admitted to the Bar in the State of Missouri. Shortly afterwards he came to Illinois and engaged in school teaching, and in 1879 he was admitted to the Bar in this county. Mr. Pirkey has been principal of the public schools for several years, but contemplates soon to engage in the active practice of his profession. James Haines, Sr., came to Pekin about 1849 and was admitted to the Bar in 1850. He practiced several years when he engaged in the Banking and Insurance business, and since then he has not resumed the practice of the law. William T. Stansberry came to this State from Ohio, in 1848, and was admitted to the Bar in 1849. He has engaged but little in the practice, having turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. Cornelius Mihigan was admitted to the Bar in 1876. Hon. William R. Hall was first admitted to the Bar in this State in 1871, and went to Missouri but returned to the Bar of this county HISTORY OF TA2EWELL COUStTV. 393 in 1871. He was elected City Attorney for one term, and is a member at present of the House of Representatives from this district. W. L. Preityman was admitted to the Bar in 1871, and was elect- ed to the office of States Attorney for this County in 1876. George C. Rider came from New York to Illinois in 1870, and was admitted to the Bar in 1873. He was first elected to the office of City Attorney in 1873, which office he has filled for 5 years, and has now entered upon his fourth term. Chsar A. Roberts, Jr., was admitted to the Bar of this State in June, 1878. The Bar at Delavan is represented by Mr. M. D. Beecher, who was admitted to the Bar in 1869 ; by W. R. Curran, who came to this county from Livingston county in 1876, and by Edward Reardon, who was admitted to the Bar in 1876, and associated with Mr. W. R. Curran under the name of Curran & Reardon. And at Washington, Illinois, by Matthew Craig, who was admitted to the Bar in 1870; by J. W. Dougherty, who was admitted in 1875 and acted as Master in Chancery in this county for four years, and by Mr. William Dougherty, who was admitted in 1877, but who is now engaged in teaching in the College at Quincy, Illinois, Thus closes the complete roll, as we believe, of judges and attor- neys who have presided at the courts of Tazewell county or pleaded at its Bar. * COURT DAYS. Among the notable days in the early history of the county, was court day. The convening of Court was one of the events of the year. On that day nearly everybody gathered at the county-seat. If a settler happened not to be on a jury, or a witness, or a suitor, he felt it his bounden duty to " go to Court," to see and hear what was going on. It answered the place of the shows and circuses of a later day, and perhaps was as instructive if not as entertaining. When Court was over, in the evening the Judge, lawyers and citi- zens congregated in the bar-rooms of the taverns, where stories were told and the evening spent in conversation. These seasons were accounted the most enjoyable of pioneer life, and when we consider the men who were there to edify and please the crowd, with their stories and anecdotes, we may well consider court days as pos- sessing an interest of no little merit. There was Lincoln and Douglas, two of the greatest statesmen the world has ever known. 394 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. and both of whom possessed an inexhaustible fountain of anecdotes. It is said the immense fund of anecdotes possessed by the late Pres- ident Lincoln was largely derived from collections made while " on the circuit." Then there was Baker, Stewart, Lockwood, Farquhar, the comical Hubbard, Hardin, Treat, Logan and Davis, and others who could relate as good a story as ever was heard. Who would not love to sit at the feet of such men and listen to their arguments, their general conversation and their stories. Abraham Lincoln was attending Court at Tremont, in 1842, when Gen. Shields sent him the challenge to fight their famous duel. Many of the older citizens remember this exciting: occurrence. In speaking of the Circuit Courts in the very earliest settlement of this part of the State, before Tazewell county was organized, Nathan Dillon said: "In those days (1824) when we could not get the store room of Hamlin or Allen, or the dwelling house of John Dixon, we held our courts on the river bank ; not being as wealthy or strong handed as in Sangamon, we had to do without a court- house. Judge Sawyer was our circuit Judge, and it was some time before we could scare up a jury. At that date there was not a cabin on the site of the city of Pekin, and perogues were the only crafts we had to freight our whisky, salt and iron from the State to Peoria." Nathan Dillon was a Justice of the Peace for many years in the early history of the county, and in an action for debt always ren- dered decision in favor of the plaintiff. He did so on the grounds, as he would say, " that if the defendent had never owed the plaintiff he certainly would not have sued him." That was his logic, which overruled good evidence to the contrary. 'squire tinney as an instructor. At the June term of the County Commissioners' Court the Judges placed 'into the hands of a young aspirant of the legal profession the following commendation : " Whereas, J. Farnham is a gentlemen of respectability, honest, and of good repute ; and, whereas, he is desirous of practicing in Court, therefore, he is recommended to the Justices of the Supreme Court as a man worthy to be admitted to practice in said Court." Armed with this document Farnham was admitted. No doubt he was a promising young sprig of the law, or else we believe the Commissioners had refused to grant him a recommend. But he HISTORY OF TAZEAVELL COUNTY. • 395 had some practical knowledge to gain, and this essential part of his education 'Squire Wni. A. Tinney undertook to supply. It is true he received but one lesson from the 'Squire, but let us hope that it was so eifective, and made so strong an impression upon his mind, that he never needed another. It was in a suit for debt that Farnham received this lesson. 'Squire Tinney was at the time Sheriff of the county, and had levied upon a fine team and carriage belonging to the defendant in the suit. He proceeded to call a jury of disinterested persons to decide the matter. The defendant had secured the services of Farnham to defend his interests. The latter, being but just admitted to the bar, endeavored to show off his legal knowledge, and consequently was a great stickler to red tape. As might have been expected, he used the privilege of objecting to one of the jurymen. This, of course, delayed the case for several days, for it must be remembered a petit jurv could not be gathered so quickly as at the present time. The Sheriff was put to considerable trouble in impaneling another jury, but finally the case was again opened when Farnham objected, as usual. Of course, this was mere pettifogging, and merely done to provoke and harass. A third jury w^as called, and Farnham began, "I object" — but forbearance could endure no more, and Sheriff Tinney gathered up a chair and laid the legal gentlemen sprawling upon the floor. That trial was ended. Farnham soon thereafter sought the exhilerating atmosphere of Oregon, and was never heard of afterwards by any of the Tazewell county Bar. CHAPTER XIII. BOYNTON TOWNSHIP. THIS township is situated in the southern portion of Tazewell county. In point of acres under cultivation it is not surpassed by neighboring townships, and when we take into consideration the fact that Boynton, but a quarter of a century ago, contained but little tillable land, the result is marvellous. It was attained only through unflagging energy on the part of its enterprizing citizens and an admirable system of tile drainage. The first settlement was made by Joseph Grant on Section 9, in 1839; the first birth, in 1842, w^as Albert, son of Robert Houston, who settled here about the year 1840. Benjamin Roe also came during that year, G. W. Clamon located 6 years later. Among those who settled prior to 1852, we find Samuel Falor, John Blair, Andrew Kerr, and Wm. Benton. In 1850 Wm. Milner, Charles and Richard Holden and John T. Scates, Wm. and Peyton Alexander, John Jacobus and others. In 1854 the township was organized and the following persons, some of whom are now prominent in the affairs of the township, met at the residence of James Huston as a committee on organization : James Crawford, Wm. Wooters, Daniel Bennett, Ira Judy, Wm. Burton, John T. Scates, John Jacobus, Philip Wade and others were present. The majority of the citizens assem- bled on this occasion declared in favor of township organization. Many were the names suggested with which to christen their town- ship, in consequence of which a ballot was taken. After the lapse of considerable time spent in discussion, it finally received the name of Boynton, in honor of an Eastern gentleman of that name. There is a post-office kept in the center of the township. Mail is received three times a week. The character of the schools and school-houses are good, and every improvement in the township adds its testimony to the enterprise, thrift and culture of the people. Among the representative farmers of Boynton, those who make its history and mold its destiny, we call attention to the following gentlemen : HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 399 E. Atkinson, farmer and stock raiser, Sec. 14 ; P. O., Boynton. The subject of this sketch was born in Ohio in 1844. During the same year his parents moved to Tazewell county, where Mr. A. has since resided, and where he was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Farmer, a daughter of John H. Farmer of Logan Co., Kentucky. Two children blessed this union — Emma A. and Martha Jane. Mr. Atkinson has witnessed many changes in the beautiful county of Tazewell, wrought by the swift hand of Time. In this Township he has acquired a farm property of 80 acres and few are of a more hospitable disposition than he. George Bcnhler was born in Baden, Ger., near the banks of the historic river Rhine, on the 16th of Feb., 1832; turned to farm life from his earliest days. He acquired a good common school educa- tion, and at the age of 25 crossed the ocean ; after a short delay in New York made his way to Chicago, and thence to McLean Co. 111., and finally to Tazewell Co., where he first procured employment as a farm hand. He worked early and late to procure enough to get a start in life. In 1865 he was married to Miss Delilah Burton, daughter of Wm. Burton, of this township. In 1867 Mr. B. suc- ceeded in purchasing an 80-acre tract of land on sec. 9, which he has improved greatly by tiling. Of his marriage with Miss Burton five children were born, four of whom are living — Esther, John, Emma and William. Post-office address, Boynton. Christian Beaver, farmer and stock raiser, Sec. 6 ; P. O., Delavan. Although not ranking among the original pioneers of this county, Christian Beaver is worthy of more than a passing notice. He was born in Adams Co., Ohio, in the year 1808. His father, Michael Beaver, was a native of Penn., and in an early day, at a time when Daniel Boone ruled, in a measure, the destinies of Kentucky, Michael Beaver, then but a youth, accompanied his parents to the then wilds of Kentucky. When we take into consideration the fact that not a steamboat plowed our AVestern waters, and Kentucky the home of wild beasts and still wilder men, this was indeed a bold step on the part of these daring pioneers. He resided many years in Kentucky, and in 1808 located in Ohio at a time when Ohio was the home of the red men, and was inhabited by few white men, save the hunter and trapper in search of new scenes and inci- dents. During his 19th year the subject of this sketch, with his parents, moved to Fountain Co., Indiana, where the head of the family passed the remainder of his days. We now follow the fortunes of him whose name heads this column and from whorn our narrative is obtained. In 1831 he was united in marriage to Miss Lydia Heuston, a native of Indiana. Here Mr. Beaver continued to reside until 1862. One year previous Mrs. Beaver was laid at rest in Fountain Co. Of this marriage thirteen chil- dren were born, 6 of whom are living, Daniel, Sarah, Mary, Samuel, Simon, Phoebe, Asa, Ann, Abraham, Jacob, Mahala, Eliza, Ellen. In 1862 Mr. Beaver was married to Miss Phrana Livingood, a 400 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. native of North Carolina. One child blessed this union — Christian. During the year above mentioned Mr. B. located in Boynton town- ship, where he now resides. John Beezley, farmer and stock raiser, Section 21 ; P. O., Boynton ; was born in Shelby Co., O., on the 15th of April, 1843. He is the oldest son of William Beezly, a native of Clark Co., O., now a resident of Iowa and a farmer. John came to Illinois — Logan Co. — in 1859, and was quietly pursuing his farm duties when the war broke out. He then enlisted as a private in Co. F., 38th III. Infantry. He participated in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Franklin, Nashville and in Sherman's Atlantic Cam- paign. He was promoted for meritorious conduct, March 23, 1864, to 1st Lieutenant, which he served till he was mustered out April 9, 1866. When Gen. Rosecrans had charge of the army of the Cum- berland he organized a corps of honor to which Mr. B., as a veteran, belonged. After the war he returned to Logan Co. and engaged in farming until he came to Boynton, in 1868. In 1867 he was mar- ried in DeWitt Co. to Mattie, daughter of Edward and Margaret Morris, natives of England and Virginia, respectively. Three children were born of this marriage — Jennie May, Margaret A. and Alice G. L. C. Blair, farmer and stock raiser. Section 18; P. O., Delavan. The subject of this biography is a native of Tazewell Co., where he was born in 1851. His lather, J. J. Blair, was a native of New York State ; he was a farmer by occupation, and there married Miss Elizabeth Clark. About 1850 he came West and settled in Taze- well Co., where he followed farming until his decease, which occurred in 1858. Mrs. Blair survived her husband several years, being laid at rest in the Delavan Cemetery in 1866. The survivors of the family are seven in number — Emily, Allie, Winfield, Anna, Bessie, L. C. and Susan. L. C. Blair grew to mature years in this Co., where, in 1876, he was united in marriage to Miss Rosa E. Verbryck, by whom he had one child — Warren. The homestead property consists of 120 acres. Daniel Brenneman, farmer and stock raiser. Sec. 3 ; P. O., Hope- dale. The subject of this sketch is one of the oldest and wealthiest agriculturalists of Boynton township. He was born in Germany, in the year_ 1804. His father, Jacob Brenneman, was a well-to- do farmer in his native land, and on the old farm homestead young Daniel grew to manhood, and there married Miss Elizabeth Jutzic. In 1832 he first landed in America, and subsequently, for a period of 22 years lived in Warren Co., O., where he resided until the spring of 1854, when he located in McLean Co. In 1855 he settled in Boynton township. By this union they had seven sons and six daughters, namely — Jacob, Mary, Peter, deceased, Eliza, Joseph, Phoebe, deceased, Ella, John, Christian, deceased, Anna, William, Amelia, and Edward. Mr. B. began his agricultural career in poverty, but after a long and successful career he now en- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 401 ioys the fruits of a well spent life. Mr. Brenneman lias succeeded, *bv the characteristic energy of the German people, in acquiring a farm, consisting of 320 acres in Boynton township. Jacob Brenneman, farmer and stock raiser, Sec. 4 ; P. O., Hope- dale. Jacob Brennaman ranks among the more opulent farmers of Bovnton township. He is a native of that portion of Germany ceded to Prussia at the close of the war of 18(36, and was born in 1827. Five years thereafter his parents, whom we shall find occa- sion to mention, concluded to cast their lot in America, and after the usual voyage landed in Baltimore. They remained but a short time when they moved near Cincinnati, where young Jacob received a liberal education. On the 20th of Nov., 1853, he was united in marriage to Miss Jacobinia Jutzic. It was during the spring of 1854 that Mr. B. moved flirther west, coming to McLean Co., 111. He remained there until 1855, when he became a permanent resi- dent in Tazewell Co., locating in Boynton. Like nearly all settlers at this time his means were limited : so much so that he did not purchase property till 1856, when he bought 160 acres on Sec. 9. Since this period, when the financial horizon appeared none the brightest, Mr. B. has prospered, even far exceeding his most sanguine hopes of a quarter century ago. At the present writing he is the owner of 520 acres of land unsurpassed in the county. For- tune has smiled bountifully upon him, but it has by no means dwarfed his naturally enterprising spirit of liberality. Of the mar- riage above referred to seven children were born, six of w^iom are living and whose names are — Maria L., Julia A., Albert I., Amelia E., Minnie S. and Wm. C. Mr. B. represents this township in the Board of Supervisors. Joseph Brenneman, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 1 ; P. O., Hope- dale. Although of German parentage, as the name implies, yet he was born in Warren Co., O., Nov. 22, 1833. There he passed his early youth and grew to manhood. The year 1854 found the fami- ly enroute for the fertile prairies of Illinois, where, in Tazewell Co., and this township, they settled on farm property. It was here he embarked in life for himself and has proven himself the possessor of good business ability. He ranks among the liberal and progressive farmers of the county. In 1858 he was united in marriage with Miss Eliza Ensmann, daughter of Peter Ensmann, of Bureau Co., 111. In 1865 Mr. B. made his first purchase of farm property, consisting of 160 acres in Boynton, where, and in Hopedale, he now owns 300 acres. The marriage refered to has been blessed with three children — Otitia F., William A., and Sidney. Wm. M. Burton, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 8 ; P. O., Delavan. William Burton is a well known agriculturalist of Boynton town- ship, and among the early pioneers of this Co. He was born in Adams Co., Ohio, in March, 1811, where he received, so to speak, a round log-cabin education, and passed his boyhood amid the associ- ations of pioneer life. Hearing many glowing accounts of the 402 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. fertility of Illinois, thither he directed his footsteps in 1837, and first located in Peoria, here, however, he remained but a short time, as the following morning he proceeded on foot to the village of Peru. Shortly after he went to Groveland, where he secured employment as a rail-splitter, where he afterwards married Miss Rebecca Staples, a daughter of Joshua vStaples, of New York State. Mr. B. made his first purchase of land in 1850, in Boynton township, consisting of 160 acres. Robert Collins, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 28 ; P. O., Boynton. Robert Collins was born in Ohio, April 5, 1841, and spent his boyhood days upon the old farm homestead. His father, Barnabus Collins, was a native of Pennsylvania, and in an early day came to Ohio, where he married Miss Aimee Miller, by whom he had six children, of whom Rob't is the fourth. He came to Boynton in 1865 and first secured employment as a farm hand. He purchased his present farm of 80 acres in 1869. When the war broke out he enlisted in Co. B, 106th Ohio Infantry, and was honorably discharg- ed in 1864 and returned to his home in Tazewell. James Crmrford, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 16, P. O., Boynton. Mr. C. is a well known resident and prominent farmer of the town- ship. He was born in Rochester, N. Y., Feb. 29, 1832. He is the third child of David Crawford, a native of Ireland, and who came to America during the autumn of 1830. He was then married, having united his fortunes with Miss Margaret Alexander. He set- tled at Rochester, N. Y., and afterwards moved to Iowa where he died, leaving to the care of his estimable wife five children — Mary A., Margaret, David, Samuel and James. The latter grew to man- hood in the States of Ohio and Indiana, and during the spring of 1851 directed his footsteps to Tazewell Co., where he first Avorked as a farm hand, receiving therefore 50cts. per day. In 1855 he was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Samuel Falor, of Penn. Of this marriage seven children were born, all of whom are now living. — Margaret J., Emma, Samuel, Eliza A., Byron, Clara and Mary Mr. C. has succeeded well in the agricultural walks of life. In 1876 he served the township as Assessor. Henry Curtis, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 18; P. O., Boynton. The above named gentleman was born in Fountain Co., Ind., April 26, 1839. He is the oldest son of Henry and Elizabeth Curtis. Henry Curtis, Sr., is a native of New York State and came to Tazewell Co. at an early day, and in 1854 located in this township. Henry, whose name appears at the head of this article, grew to manhood in Boynton township, and on Feb. 11, 1864, was united in marriage with Mary E. Matthews, daughter of Eli W. Matthews, deceased. Their children number four — Ida A., Angie M., Ruble E., and Florence. Mr. C. ranks among the more liberal, progressive farmers of the township, and owns 240 acres of well improved and tilled land. He is a consistent member of the M. E. Church. Robert W. Darah, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 9 ; P. O., Delavan. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 403 He is a native of New Jersey, where he was born August 15th, 1833. His fother was born in Pennsylvania; was a stone mason by occupation, who acquired his trade in New Jersey, where he married Miss Martha Severns, of that State. Of eight chiklren born of this marriage the subject of this sketch is the eklest. He lived with his parents in N. J. until he was fourteen, when he went with them to Indiana, where, fourteen months later, the head of the family passed away from earth. Upon Robert, then scarcely sixteen, devolved the support of a mother and a family of eight children. With a resolution beyond his years he rented a farm and for many years "roughed it," living in a log cabin and enduring all the hard- ships of pioneer life. After working hard for 37|cts. a day, and board, when the day's labor was done the youth applied himself diligently to his studies, acquiring thereby a liberal education, that subsequently turned to good account. On attaining his majority he secured a school, which he taught for several winters, farming during the summer season. While engaged in the latter the war broke out, he enlisted in Co. F., 52 Ohio Inf and afterwards to the 53d. He remained until after the battle of Shiloh, where he escaped with a slight wound. When the smoke from the guns of the ever-to-be-remembered Shiloh had cleared away he was discharged, and returned to his home in Indiana, where he was married to Miss Amanda Freeman. In 1864 he moved to Logan Co., 111., and in 1870 located in this township. James Donley, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 8 ; P. O., Delavan. The whole-souled gentleman whose name heads this page was born near Rochester, in the State of New York, on the 30th of April, 1829. At an early day his parents, George and Elizabeth Donley, settled in Jefferson Co., Ohio, where the head of the family found employment in a woolen factory. Young Donley grew to man- hood in Ohio, and at an early age also secured employment in a woolen mill. In 1852 Mr. D. was united in marriage to Miss M. C. McCary. In 1854 he set out for Illinois, and first found em- ployment in McLean Co., subsequently settling in Delavan town- ship, Tazewell county, where he rented farm property. At the end of two years he purchased the property of Milner Brown, consisting of 160 acres, the property he now owns, brought to a high state of cultivation. Of the marriage above mentioned six children are now living — Lizzie, Samuel, Mary B. D., Frank, Laura, and Nellie. Samuel Donley, farmer and stock raiser. Sec. 15; P. O., Boynton. Samuel Donley is a native of Belmont county, Ohio, where he was born in 1855; is oldest son of James Donley, a patron of this work. Samuel grew to the mature years of manhood in this county. In 1878 he was united in marriage to Miss Florence Ireland, a daugh- ter of a well known farmer of this township. Michael Fanning, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 16 ; P. O. Boyn- ton. Michael Fanning, as the name implies, is a native Irishman, and ranks among the more generous agriculturalists of this town- 404 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. ship. He was born in the County of Tipperary, Ireland, about 1815. Growing to manhood in Ireland, he acquired a good com- mon-school education at such odd times as the duties of the farm would permit. While still a young man he crossed the Atlantic for the New World, landing in New York City during the Spring of 1835, and for sometime worked in the Metropolitan City at SOcents per day. From thence he went to Savannah, Georgia, where he hired as a steamboat hand, thence to New York and Pittsburgh, from whence he took passage on the Wisconsin, the only steamboat then plying the Illinois River, for Pekin, then but a small place, that Mr. F^ decribes in the following manner : Landing from the boat I discoverd but few dwellings, mostly log cabins, on what is now the main street. The village probably contained, at this time about 25 inhabitants, mostly Frenchmen and Southerners. Mr. F. afterward made the acquaintance of Mr. Tharp, Wm. Mosley, and others, many of whom have passed the dark river. In 1851 Mr. F. joined an expedition enroute for California. After some months of weary travel he reached the golden coast, where he remained some 13 months and became quite successful as a miner. Return- ing to Tazewell Co., he again worked as a farm hand for a time. In 1852 he was married to Miss Bridget Ann Phcan, of Ireland. During this year Mr, F. leased property until enabled to purchase. He is now the owner of 280 acres, and one of the most generous of men. Of this marriage eight children were born, seven of whom are living — James, Thomas, AVilliam, Mary, Sarah, Ellen and Louisa. Henry Fehrmann, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 27 ; P. O., Boynton. He was born in Germany, July 28, 1837. In his native land he followed farming and received a liberal education. In Julv, 1868, he crossed the Atlantic for the New World, landing in the city of New York. From that city he went to St. Louis, thence to Waterloo, Monroe Co., 111., where he worked as a farm hand for space of the two years. From there he went to Macoupin Co., and finally brought up in Tazewell Co., Boynton township, where, Oct. 5, 1874, he was married to Susan N. Rosenthall, by whom he has one child — Henry J. John Freeman, deceased, was born in New York State. In his 22nd year he was united in marriage to Miss Margaret Fowler. Of this marriage eleven children were born, nine of whom are living. Early in life Mr. Freeman became a convert to religion, and his hospitable home was always open to all of God's people, and many happy meetings were held at his residence. Over 38 years ago this consistent Christian cast his lot with the Church of Christ. His lather was a soldier during the struggle for National Independence, in 1776. In religious matters John Freeman took a deep interest, and on all occasions it pleased him greatly to hear the word of God read, and it was his custom frequently to call his family around him and have some one read a chapter in the Bible, and lead in family HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 405 prayer. Shortly before his death he called his family around him, and commending all to God, passed peacefully away. Thus ended the life of one whose eventful career furnishes a moral for the ris- ino- generation. The funeral discourse was preached by the Rev. J. I. Judy, from Rev. xxii, 14. There were gathered together on this solemn occasion many relatives and friends of this veteran in the Lord's service, who attentively listened to the pastor, whose lips uttered a just tribute to one whose life had not been in vain. Franklin Freeman, farmer, sec. 11 ; P. O., Hopedale. This whole- souled gentleman was born in Butler Co., O., Dec. 25, 1833. There he passed his youth. He then removed to Indiana where he was united in marriage with Miss Lucinda Bartholomew. Four- teen vears ago Mr. F. came to Boynton township, where he owns 80 acres of choice land. The marriage referred to has been blessed with four children, only two of whom are now living — Ashian and Effie M. Joseph Gilchrist, was born in Logan Co., 111., Feb. 10, 1853. His father, James Gilchrist, was a prominent agriculturist of that county; was born in Scotland; a farmer by occupation, and was there married to Miss Jane Clark. In an early day he crossed the ocean for America, and directed his footsteps to Logan Co., where he became prominently identified with agricultural affairs. He died at the age of 58 years, universally respected. Mrs. G. died many years prior to her husband, and their remains lie interred in Union Church cemetery. Joseph grew to manhood in Logan Co., received a good common-school education and became identified with the farming and stock raising interests from his earliest years. At the age of 19 he was married to Miss INIartha Chenoweth, by whom he had three children — Charles E., Burtie W. and Pearl. In 1877 Mr. G. moved to Boynton and resides on sec. 25; P. O., Boynton. Jacob Hauler, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 9 ; P. O., Hopedale. Few have succeeded better in life than the genial gentleman whose name stands at the top of this column. He is a native of Germany, where he was born in 1824, and there passed his childhood, youth and grew to manhood. Attaining his majority he concluded to seek his fortune in the New World, and accordingly sailed for America, arriving during the. summer of 1845 in New York city, where he remained a short time, and then proceeded to Ohio where he pro- cured employment as a farm hand, and there married, in 1853, Miss Mary Brenneman, a daughter of Daniel Brenneman, a well-known resident of this township. For seven years Mr. Hauter worked in Ohio, and then plunging still further westward, he located in Put- nam county. 111., where he remained three years, when he moved and settled in Boynton township, where, in 1858, Mr. H. made his purchase of land in Illinois, consisting of 160 acres, now the property of Jacob Brenneman, Esq. At the present writing Mr. H. is the owner of 245 acres of land unequaled in this Western country, on which he erected four years ago a handsome farm residence. 26 406 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Francis Ireland is numbered among the progressive agriculturists of the township. He was born in Salem township, AVarren Co., O., Sept. 18, 1830, where at the old farm homestead he also passed the days of his childhood and grew to manhood. During the winter seasons he succeeded in acquiring a good common school education, and then, perhaps, laid the foundation for future success in life. In 1853 he was united in marriage to Miss Ruth Coddington, daughter of Wm. Coddington, of Ohio. In 1856 Mr. C. concluded to move farther west and eventially located in Delavan township, this Co., and soon after moved to Boynton, where he erected a small frame building in which he suffered many inconveniences during the win- ter, sometimes finding nearly as much snow inside the dwelling as outside. The fare at this time, humble as it was, however, was enjoyed by the family and the occasional visitor. Times proved very discouraging, and not until the flush war times did Mr. I. begin to prosper in his new home, since then he has been extremely fortunate. They have four children — Florence, William F., John- athan and Monroe. Mr. I. holds the position of Road Com., and takes a deep interest in educational matters. Thomas J. Ireland, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 10 ; P. O., Boyn- ton. Thomas Ireland was born iji Ohio, May 17, 1832. He is the eldest son of James Ireland, a native of Virginia, and who moved to Ohio during its early settlement, and where he united his fortunes to Miss Naiicy Coyle, by whom he had eight children. James Ireland became an exceedingly prosperous farmer in Ohio, where, in the year 1852, he was laid at rest. His estimable wife still survives and resides in Indiana. Thomas left Ohio in his twentieth year and made his way to Shelby Co., Ind., where he turned his attention to farming. In 1 855 he united in marriage with Miss Ann Coddington, daughter of Wm. Coddington of War- ren Co., O. Of this marriage seven children were born, only three of whom are living, whose names are — Allen, James and Cora. Ten years ago Mr. I. disposed of 120 acres of land he had in Indiana and set out for Illinois, and located in this township, where he has since been identified with the farming interests. Mrs. Ireland died in 1870, and was laid away in Orendorff cemeterv. In 1874 Mr. I. was united in marriage to Mrs. E. Pultz, of Ind., by whom he had two children — Katie and Edgar. Frederick A. Intzi, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 2 ; P. O., Hope- dale. The above named gentleman, as is well known, keeps pace with the present times, and is a progressive farmer of Boynton township. He was born in Butler Co., Ohio, on the 26th of Dec. 1841, where he lived upon the farm homestead until attaining his majority _, when he became employed as clerk in a general furnishing store, and at Dayton, Ohio, he ran, so to speak, a Yankee notion wagon. In 1868 he acee})ted a situation as traveling agent for farm machinery. He remained with this firm but a short time, as the game year found hini a resident of this township, where he was HISTORY OF TAZEAVELL COUNTY. 407 united in marriage during the autumn to Miss Amelia Brenneman, a daughter of Daniel Brenneman, whom we have mentioned, by whom he had five children — Laura, William, Augusta, Edward and Emma. Since his residence here INIr. Intzi has acquired a prop- erty of 80 acres brought to a high state of cultivation through an admirable system of under-drainage. J. I. Judy, minister of the Gospel and farmer, sec. 25 ; P. O., Boynton. The courteous gentleman whose name heads this biogra- phy is a native of ISIackinaw, Tazewell Co., where he was born on the 16th of Sept., 1832. His father Daniel H. Judy, a well-remem- bered and prominent citizen of this county, is worthy of more than a passing notice, although owing to a limited space we cannot enter into particulars of his eventful and energetic life. He was born in Greene Co., Ohio, and made his way to Tazewell Co. prior to the deep snow. Like all pioneers he suifered many inconveniences, but made the best of his humble lot and lived an exemplary Christian life. He was one of the original members of the Hittle Grove Christian Church. At an advanced age, he resides on his farm near Atlanta, Logan Co. James I. Judy, whose sketch we here append, passed his boyhood days amid pioneer associations, and at the early age of 16 w^as con- vinced of the necessity of leading a Christian life, and since this period has been proniinently identified with the Church and Sun- day-school. In 1853, he crossed the plains for the gold fields of California, and after a year of moderate success returned to his old home in Illinois; during the autumn of 1854 moved to Atlanta, and entered into the mercantile business. During this time he was married to Mary E. Campbell, daughter of G. R. Campbell of Ky. In 1855 Mr. J. settled on his present form, and here he has lived and labored for the salvation of souls during all those years, and no one meets with more universal respect than Elder Judy. In order to show to some extent the estimation in which he is held, we copy the following : ^'A visit to Haw Grove and a visit to the Sun- day-schooL'' — After school the house began filling with people. Elder Judy preached his last sermon for the old year. We never heard a more beautiful address than he gave his attentive listeners. At night he bade his congregation larewell, although we know it is not final. He has won to himself a place in the hearts of the people that cannot be filled by another. He is accomplishing much good in the world. Surely his life would seem just begun, and God in his infinite goodness and mercy seemed to be blessing him in every way, and tlie sincere wishes of the people are for his future success and return to Haw Grove." Michael Judy, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 26 ; P. O., Boynton. Mr. Judy ranks among the more liberal fiirmers of this township. He was born on the old homestead of his parents, John and Chris- tiana Judy, near Hittle Grove, April 22, 1837. John Judy, the head of the family was a native of Ohio, and a farmer by occupa- 408 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. tion. While a young; man he wended his way to 111. and was among the first to settle at Hittle Grove, this county. This period of time, about 1826, marked an era in the settlement of this coun- ty. Indians were then a numerous and powerful people and tliose few adventuresome settlers suffered many inconveniences from their depredations. In subsequent years, Mr, J. who is mentioned in our township history became a prosperous and respected farmer. He died in Aug. 1861, in the 65th year of his age and his ashes repose amid the scenes of his early labors. Michael grew to manhood in Hittle township, received a common school education, or in other words a log-cabin education. In Livingston Co. Feb. 8, 1858, Mr. Judy was united in marriage to Miss Elvira Steers, a daughter of Hugh Steers, of Ky. They have five children — Charles, John, Christian, Hartzel and Hattie. Eleven years ago Mr. J. moved to Boynton where he purchased 250 acres of land. S. A. Knott is the oldest son of Wm. Knott, one of the original pioneers and wealthy men of the county. He was born in Randolph Co., Ind., 1847. He was but five years of age when his parents settled in Delavan township, this county, where they remained some eight years, when they came to this township, where our subject attained his majority. In February, 1862, he mas united in mar- riage to Mrs. Sarah Jane Pence, daughter of Thomas Pence, of Ohio. Of this marriage two children were born — Viola R. and Maggie Cordelia. Mrs. Knott passed from earth on the 26th of Sept., 1865. In 1869, on the 4th of March, Mr. K. united his fortunes with Miss Clarissa Ellen Morley, daughter of 'Squire Morley, a well-known resident of this county, and who has held numerous offices of trust and respectability. Of this marriage four children have been born — Elmer, Ernest, Troy E. and Elizabeth A. Mr. K. is engaged in farming on sec. 13; P. O., Delavan. Nicholas Martin, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 3 ; P. O., Hopedale. The above named gentleman is worthy of more than a passing notice. He was born in France on the 15th of March, 1834. Growing to manhood upon the farm homestead he acquired a liberal education. At the age of 20 he concluded to better his fortune in America, and accordingly sailed for this country during the spring of 1854. Land- in New York city he remained there but a short time, when he made his way to Illinois, locating in the town of Pekin, this Co., and first worked as a farm hand. In 1855 he was united in marriage to Miss Catherine Lytwiler, by whom he has five children — Barbara, Joseph, Mary M., Emma and Catherine. Daniel B. Meeker, farmer, sec. 1 ; P. O., Delavan. Mr. M. is a well-known resident and prominent farmer of Tazewell Co. He was born in Essex Co., N. J., on the 19th of August, 1819. His father, Benjamin Meeker, was a native of Ncav Jersey, as was also Phoebe, his wife. In 1859 he first set foot in Tazewell Co. He has passed the greater portion of his life in the AYest. He is well known for liberality and kindly manners, and )\q,b been financially successful HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 409 In 1841, while in New Jersey, he was united in marriage to Miss Eliza, daughter of John N. Baldwin, of N. J., and now a wealthy citizen of Delavan township, and ujiwards of 80 years of age. Six children blessed the union of Mr. Meeker and Miss Baldwin — Celia, born Sept. 3, 1845; Anna K., born June 6, 1853; Charles B., Dec. 22, 1855; E. W., Nov. 25, 1859; Harvey C, Dec. 20, 1862, and John E., Sept. 23, 1866. Peter J. Nafziger was born in Germany Aug. 31, 1829, and is the oldest son of Jacob N., a farmer in his native land. During the infancy of Peter the elder Naifzigcr thought he could better his for- tunes in America. He accordingly crossed the Atlantic, during the spring of 1831. He landed with his flimily in New York city, and from there moved to Ohio, where he resided six years. He then moved to Woodford Co., 111., where he now lives, and is in the far decline of life, being over four score years of age. Peter grew to manhood in Woodford Co., where he acquired a common school education. In 1854 he was united in marriage to Miss Magdalena Naffzigcr, by whom he has eight cliildren — John W., Jacob A., Henry E., Samuel, Joseph, Daniel, Kate and Barbara. Eight years ago Mr. N. disposed of his property in Woodford Co. and came to Boynton, where, on sec. 1, he owns 80 acres of valuable land. P. O., Boynton. Andrew Peters, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 2 ; P. O., Hopedale. Andrew Peters was born in Pa. on the 23d of April, 1826. During his infancy his parents moved to Ohio, Guernsey Co., where young Andrew passed his boyhood upon the farm homestead. In 1854 he was united in marriage to Miss N. Egger, a daughter of Samuel Egger. In 1858 Mr. Peters came to Illinois, settling in Tazewell Co., Boynton township, where he bought 120 acres in Boynton and adjoining township. John E. Powell, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 15; P. O., Boynton. He is a native of Logan Co., 111., where he was born May 19, 1838 ; is the oldest son of Wm. Powell, a native of Green Co., O. He acquired a liberal education, and while a young man made his way to this county, where he taught school and secured employment as clerk. While residing in this county he married Eliza, daughter of Sanford Quisenbery, who was among the early settlers of Tazewell. In 1850 he settled 'in Logan Co., where he held many responsible local offices, and where he passed the remainder of his life. John passed his boyhood in Logan Co.' Left an orphan at the age of fourteen he came to Tazewell Co., where he has since lived, with the exception of some years spent as a farm hand in Logan Co. In 1862 he purchased 160 acres of land in this township and is now the owner of 375 acres. Bryan Reardon, fiirmer and stock dealer, sec. 22 ; P. O., Boynton ; is a native of Ireland. He was born July 14, 1836, and is the oldest son of Daniel and Margaret (Keefe) Reardon. Daniel Reardon was a farmer in Ireland, where he married Margaret Keefe, who bore 410 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. him nine children. In 1850 the family, inchuling Bryan, sailed for America, and in due course of time landed in New York city, from whence they proceeded to Providence, R. I., where they remained until 1857, when they came to this township. One year previous, however, our subject came. He was then unmarried, and secured employment as a farm hand. In 1860, with other members of the family, he purchased 360 acres of land. In 1867 he was united in marriage to Miss Anna Fleming, daughter of Edward Fleming, a native of Ireland. Thev have five children — Edward, Michael, Daniel, Bryan and Wene. For several years Mr. R. held the posi- tion of Town Clerk, and for ten years Justice of the Peace. Capt John Reardon, sec. 14; P. O., Delavau. Capt. R., a well and favorably known agriculturist of this county, is a native of Thomastown, in the County Tipperary, Ireland, wliere he was born in 1840. His father, Daniel Reardon, crossed the Atlantic in 1850, and eventually settled in Rhode Island, where our subject passed his boyhood days, and became employed in one of the numerous cotton mills that dot the little State. In 1875, John, Bryan and Thomas Reardon directed their footsteps to Illinois, and located at Delavan. Here they became employed as farm hands, and in time became farmers. In August, 1862, when the great civil war had reached a fever heat, Mr. R., true to his adopted country, and the stars and stripes, assisted in the organization of Co. H, 115th 111. Inf. Although he enlisted as a private, he was appointed, at organ- ization, second lieutenant. Proceeding to the front, he participated in some the great battles of national renown. He was promoted to first lieutenant, and soon to captain. After the war he returned to this county, where he has since resided. Although of a retiring disposition, he was once nominated for the office of sheriff of this county, and was twice elected Supervisor. In 1870 he married Miss Mary Murphy. They have three children, Nellie, Geniere and John. Daniel Reardon, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 14 ; P. O., Delavan ; was born in the county of Tipperary, Ireland. During his child- hood his parents moved to America, as elsewhere given, and settled in Rhode Island, eventually settling in Tazewell Co. Here young Reardon grew to manhood, and received a good common school education. In 1860, since the decease of his father, and the neces- sary division of property, our subject received 240 acres, in the township. In drawing this sketch to a close, we can say of the Reardon boys, that few in Tazewell Co. have succeeded better in life. Samuel Roles, although not among the earlier residents of Taze- well Co., is worthy of more fhan a passing notice. He was born in Luzerne Co., Pa., in 1818. Of his father, James Roles, but little is known. He was an Englisman by birth, and on moving to this country settled in Pennsylvania, where he married Miss- Esther Miller, by whom he had 13 children, of whom the subject of this sketch was the sixth child. Growing to manhood in Pennsylvania Samuel early became apprenticed to learn the blacksmithing trade, HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 411 and subsequently worked as a journeyman for many years. In 1841 he was married to Miss Surah, dauij;hter of George Davison, of Pennsylvania. On moving to this county, which he did in 1854, he farmed for one year, when he purchased a shop, and when his skill as a workman became known he received a large patronage. In 1859 he received the iirst jiremium at the Logan County Fair, for skill disylayed as a nail worker and horse shoer. At the present writing he resides on his farm, on sec. 23 ; P. O., Boynton. Lewis Scarborough, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 15; P. O., Dela- van; was born in New Jersey, in 1836, his father, Thomas Scar- borough, was also a native of New Jersey. He was a farmer by occupation, and married Miss Charity Burroughs, a daughter of Andrew Burroughs, bv whom he had 9 children, 6 of whom are living — Mary Ann, who married John Fish, and now resides in Pennsylvania; Wilson T., who married Miss Sarah Hunt, and now resides' in Trenton, Jersey Co. ; Howell, who married Miss Rebecca Dallas, and now resides in Mercer Co., N. J. ; Comelia, who married Francis Duffield, and now resides in Trenton ; Jacob, who married Mary Servas, and resides in Pennsylvania ; Lewis grew to manhood in Xew Jersey, where he followed farming, and where he was united in marriage in the year 1860, to Miss Margaret Snedeker, a daugh- ter of Jas. W. Snedeker. In 1871 Mr. S. moved to Pennsylvania, where he resided until his removal to Boynton township, Tazewell county, two years ago. John Scoff, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 22 ; P. O., Boynton. He was born at Delavan, Tazewell Co., 111., May 2, 1850; is the oldest son of John and Mary Scott, natives of Scotland and Ohio, respec- tively. George grew to manhJOHN R^^ vc\^ -'O/yjy GA\^^^ Cincinnati Township. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 423 Henry and Adelhelt Kastens. In 1869, he was married to Marga- ret Baker. Louis Henry and Rhoda, are their children. They were born in 1870 and 1878 respectively. He united with the Evangelical Lutheran Chureii in 1870. Timothy Larimore, a prominent farmer in this township, resides on section 26; was born in Hampshire county, Va., in 1826. His parents were William and Nancy Larimore. Mr. Larimore is one of the oldest residents of Tazewell Co., having come to the county in 1831, where, in the common schools he received his education. For the last fifteen years Mr. L. has held some township office, either Collector, Supervisor, or some other position. In politics he is a Democrat. In 1857 he married Mary Dillon. They have had six children born to them, all of whom are living. They are William Edgar, Arnold J., Effie A., Lillie I., Alpha E., Udie E. Post-office address, Pekin. Frank Loyd, a native of Yorkshire, England, having been born there in 1827. He came to Tazewell county in 1865. He attended only the common schools of England. His ]iarents were Frank and Jane (Ward) Loyd. He was married to Sophia Porter, also a native of England. They are the parents of three children — Frank, who was born in 1854; Carrie, born in 1856; and Jennie, born in 1861. Mr. Loyd's present wife he married in April, 1871. Her name was Elizabeth Rankin. Post-office, Pekin. Frank HarJand Loyd, farmer, and resides on section 19 ; was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1854. His parents, Frank and Sophia (Porter) Loyd, were also of English birth and parentage. Frank came to this country, with his parents, in 1865. He was married Feb. 5, 1879. In politics he is Republican. Pekin is his post- office address. Alonzo McCain was born in Peoria, 111., in 1839. His parents, N, H. and Harriet McCain, were from Ohio. He received his education in the common schools of Peoria. In 1862, when treason was gaining victories at the South over our Government, he enlisted in the 85th 111. Infantry, to help defend his country. He served three years and three months, and during this time laid in i\\e worst prison pen of the world's history for nine months and ten days. Yes, for almost a vear he was tortured with all the fiendishness the ingenuity of those in charge of Andersonville prison could invent. Language can not convey an idea of the enormity of his suffi^ring. Perhaps the strongest way we could put it would be to sim])ly say, he was confined in Andersonville prison. He was married Nov. 24, 1868, to Phebe Davis. They have two children, John, born Sept. 5, 1869, and A. E., born January 6, 1871. Politically he is a " Black Abolitionist." Post-office, Pekin. Philip OH, farmer, sec. 13; P. O. address, Pekin. Mr. Olt was born in Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, in 1817. His parents, Philip and Catharina (Schafer) Olt, were also native Germans. At the age of thirty-four he thought to better his condition in life by seeking 27 424 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. a home in the New World. He crossed the Atlantic and came direct to this county, and purchased the farm upon which he now lives of James Haines. After farming for four years he moved into Pekin and engaged in the butcher business, returned to his farm and again to Pekin. He also engaged in the brewing business at Pekin. In 1856, after remaining from the fatherland for fifteen years, he sailed with his family for Germany. He passed sixteen months there, amid the pleasant associations of his earlier life. In 1858 he was married to Catharina Sherman. The names of his children in order of their births, are — Catharina, (deceased), Lena, Louisa, Emma and Louis. Lena is the wife of Andrew Soechtit, and resides in Pekin ; Louisa is the wife of Wm. Horn, of Chicago. Philip OR, Jr., son of John and Margaret Olt, and w^as born in Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, in 1834. He was educated in the common schools of Germany, and came to this county in 1852, and engaged in farming, which pursuit he now follows on section 22, and has been quite successful. In 1856 he was married to Margaret Pepper. They have four children — Catharena, born in 1861; Margaret, born in 1863 ; Leonard, born in 1865 ; and Philip, born in 1868. Post-office, Pekin. Robert Portufield McClintock is a native of this county, having been born here in 1841. His parents, Robert and Mary Mc Clintock, were from Augusta county, Va. All his opportunities for an education were in the common schools of this county. He resides upon sec- tion 24, where he is engaged in forming. In 1872, Dec. 9, Char- lotte Hafliger and he were married. They have three children. Cyrus Eugene was born in 1873, Letitia Ann, born in 1875 and Clara Mable, born in 1878. John S. Ranki7i is a native of Tazewell county and a son of Daniel M. and Esther Rankin. He received his education in such schools as was offered him at home. He is engaged in farming on section 14 of this township. He is a Republican in political views. Post-office address, Pekin. John N. ReiUng was born in the village of Hergeshousen, Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, Nov. 17, 1834. He came to the L^nited States in 1846 and settled at Gettysburg, Penn., and came to this county in 1867. The famous and bloody battle of Gettysburg was fought on his farm. His parents were Wendel and Magdalena (Seltzer) Reiling, natives of Germany. On the 14th of June, 1870, Mr. R. was united in marriage with Catherine M. Starck. Their children are, John Edward, born May 7th, 1871, and Philip Martin, born March 16th, 1873. The parents of Mrs. Reiling, George and Magdalena (Morehead) Starck, were natives of Hess Darmstadt. She came to this county June 14, 1870. She and her husband are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church Mr. R's post- office address is Pekin. Gottfried Schrech, farmer, P. O., Pekin ; was born in Saxe Coburg, Ger., March 6, 1821. His parents were Gottfried and Christiana HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 425 Schreck. Mr. S. received his education in the common schools of Germany and came to this county July 6, 1855, and resides on sec- tion 12. His wife, Susanah Eichlieber, became such in 1849. Their children are — Adam Jacob, born in 1853, Jan. 31, and Elizabeth, born ]March 22, 1855. He has been connected with the Evangelical Luthern Church since 1858. Jacob Stockcrt was born May 13, 1817, in Hesse Darmstadt, Ger- many. He thought to better his condition in life by coming to America, which move he made in 1854, arriving in Missouri in June of that year. He remained there but a little time, ho\\Tver, when he came to Illinois and located in Tazewell county. Mr. S. is a well informed man on the general topics of the day. He received a liberal education in Germany, and, although devoting his attention to farming, he takes a deep interest in geology, astronomy and other kindred sciences. He is also a practical mechanic, making articles of use and convenience for family and farm use. Mr. S. is consid- erable of a philosopher and enjoys tracing eifects to their causes. On his farm, section 12, are three veins of coal which are not over fortv feet from the surface. He has found relics of Indian and sav- age warfare on his place, which goes to show that the Indians once had a destructive battle there. In 1845 he was wedded to Mary Catharina Schwim, who died Aug. 5, 1867. She bore him five chil- dren onlv one of whom, Jacob Stockcrt, jr. is now living. Mr. S. is a member of the Evangelical Luthern Church. Post-office, Pekin. George Skvhr, farmer, was born in Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, in 1825. His parents were George Nicholas and Elizabeth (Hilbert) Stoehr. He came to this county May 25, 1847, and resides on sec- tion 20, Cincinnati township. He was educated in the common schools of his native country and followed the tailoring business there. Mr. S. held the office of Supervisor of his township for six consecutive terms. He has been twice married. In 1852 he was joined in marriage with Elizabeth Eidman. His second marriage was to Mary M. Weiroch. His children are Mary Ellen, born in 1861; Alice L., born in 1863; Louisa W., born in 1865; George Henrv, born in 1869; Laura, born in 1872, and Charles, born in 1875.' Elizabeth, the child of his former marriage, is the wife of Peter Meisinger. Post-office address, Pekin. Enoch P. Walker. In 1832, while Jesse and Sarah Walker were living in Shelby county. 111., they had born unto them a son, whom they christened Enoch. Twenty-four years thereafter we find he was married to Clarissa Davis, also a native lUinoisan. Their chil- dren number seven — five of them living, two dead. Their names are Thomas F., Sarah, Annie J., Emma, Ella, Harvey and Enoch. Ella and Enoch sleep in their graves. ]\Ir. Walker is engaged in farming upon section 26. Post-office, Pekin. Jacob Wcijhrich, a native of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, was born in 1832 and came to this county in 1857. His parents were Philip 426 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. and Elizabeth (Stoehr) Weyhrich. He was educated in German schools, and since his coming here has held the office of School Director. The same year Mr. W. came to Tazewell county he took unto himself a wife in the person of Mary Kulper. They are the parents of nine children, three of whom sleep with the dead. These .are, Louis, who died at the age of four years, John, a baby of four months, and Catherine was taken from them, a girl of eight sum- mers. The children living are Philip, born Oct. 11, 1858; Eliza- beth, born May 20, 1860; George, born April 2, 1864; Peter, born Sept. 20, 1868"; Eve, born Feb. 18, 1870, and Jacob, born Nov. 15, 1874. Mr. W. is a member of the Evangelical Lutheran. Church. Post-office, Pekin. The following is a list of township officials from its organization to the present time, with dates of the years served : SUPERVISORS. Samuel P. Bailey 1850-52 John W. Coleman 1863-65 Lemuel Allen 1853-54 James S. Hawkins 1866 G.H.Rupert 1855-57 Timothv Larimore 1867-68 Samuel P. Bailev 1858 John Ei'dman 1869-72 Samuel Woodrow 1859 George Stoehr 1873-78 James Hawkins 1860-61 John Eidman 1879 TOWN-CLERKS. James R. Babcock 1854-58 John H. Baker 1868-76 W. F. Copes 1859-61 John H. Baker. 1877 F.B. Chapman 1803-66 T. Larimore 1878-79 Wm. L. Pratt 1867 ASSESSORS. Thomas King 1854 G. G. McClintock 1865 Geo. H.Pike 1855 E.T.Williams 1866 Samuel Woodrow 1856 Bennett Bailey 1867-68 John Coleman 1857 G.W.Mitchell 1869 Samuel Woodrow 1858 Bennett Bailey 1870 John Coleman 1859 Timothy Larimore 1871-72 EnosWest 1860 Leonard A. Beck 18?8 Thomas A. Orr. 1861 John Hatfield 1874-76 EnosWest 1863 James S. Hawkins 1877-79 Theodore Tharp 1864 COLLECTORS. EnosWest 1854 Andrew Arnote 1867 Joel White 1855 John Hatfield 1868 ApollasCane 1856-58 George Stoehr 1869 EnosWest 1859 John Lohnes 1870 A. J. Arnott 1860 J.H.Baker 1871 EnosWest 1861 Timothv Larimore - 1874 Thomas A. Orr 1863-64 J. H. Baker 1875-76 M. P. Chapman 1865 T, Larimore 1877-79 T. Larimore I860 MARY M.STOEHR. GEORGE STOEH R CINCINNATI TOWNSHIP HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 427 DEER CREEK TOWNSHIP. This township received its name from the creek which runs through it, by that name, and it was christened by Major R. N. Cullom. James Allaway was the first settler in the township, and Major Cullom the next. Soon came John Small, James Harvey, A. Hughes, Eli Swarens, James Perry, James Robinson, James Har- land, and others. None of these are living, and but few of their descendants now reside here. Juliette B., daughter of R. N. and Betsy Cullom, was the first white child born in the township. The day of her birth was January 22, 1832. She is the wife of Alvord Parker, of Sedalia, Mo. The first death in the township occurred in November, 1830. It was the death of James, infant son of Major Cullom, and twin brother to Governor Cullom. The first school taught here was by Nancy Parker, on section 27, in 1835. Rev. William Brown, an M. E. preacher, delivered the first sermon, at the residence of James Perry, in 1833. There are now three Churches in the township — Baptist, Presbyterian and Methodist. Deer Creek Baptist Church is located on Wm. Huxtable's farm, section 4. They have good frame edifice, 28 by 40 feet, which was erected in 1868, at a cost of ^2,000. The congregation was organ- ized Jan. 22, 1860, with the following members: C. Shaffer, W. Huxtable, AV. Lockwood, B. C. Allen, W. Ammerman, Joseph Green and their families, and others to the number of 35. The following pastors have served the Church : Rev. A. J. Ammerman, Geo. Sutherland, W. E. James and H. A. Nixon. The present officers of the Church are James F. Lane and \Vra. Huxtable. The present membership is 61, who contribute for the support of the Church $600 per year. They have a Sunday-school, which was organized in 1869, with an average attendance of 73; annual con- tribution, $25. Deer Creek Presbyterian Church building is a good plain frame, located on section 8. The pastors who have served this congrega- tion are W. L. Adams, Rev. Mr. Wood, John Wilson, and the present pastor, Thomas Martin. The Elders of the Church are Peter Doward and G. W. Smith, The congregation raises $640 per year. They have a Sunday-school, with an attendance of 68. The Deer Creek Methodist Church is located on the northwest quarter of section 20. It is a good frame edifice. There are four whole and four fractional school districts in the 428 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. township. The character of schools are good ; the County Superin- tendent pronounces them first-class. The streams in the township are, the Mackinaw river, Allaway's branch, and Deer creek. The arcliJBologist could find a rich field for investigation in this township, near these streams. On section 35 is a mound in which has been found the remains of Indians. Mr. Joseph Dean dug into one of the mounds here, preparatory to erecting a building. Among other curious remains was a grave of three diiferent departmen*^^, one above the other, and separated by layers of clay. In the top one was one skeleton, while in the second and third were two each. The bodies appear to have been burned, or else the grave had con- tained fire before their interment, for there were ashes and coals in the graves, and the walls of the graves were burned until red as brick. The bones were quite entire. One skull was perfect, and every tooth in its place, and retaining their gloss as in life. One thigh bone was found, judged to be three inches longer than that of a man six feet in height. Flint darts, or arrow heads, some ten to twelve inches long, made of red flint, were found. A stone hatchet with stone handle, solid, and which weighed six or seven pounds, was found here. Also a grindstone about a foot in diameter, of same material as the hatchet. A material similar to plush or red flannel was found with the skeleton in the upper grave. These were exhumed some fifteen years ago. Mr. Perry M. Stephens tells of a burying place here, where the inmates of the graves were hurried in a sitting posture. One, which was found, had his steel trap and gun by his side. There was also a lock of hair done up with a little silver band and plate. Upon this plate was a rude engraving of a woman. We might surmise that the individual consigned to this tomb was a chief, and the lock of hair was given by his sweetheart ; and the engraving represented she whom he loved. These were exl»;,'med near the iron bridge over the Mackinaw. .'' There is a post-office in the centef 'of the township by the name of Deer Creek. On section 32, John W. Osborn laid off the town of New Castle, in 1861. In giving the history of the township, we would also mention a few of the p*.,'{3ons who have and are making its history. Among this number we find Eri Bogardus, residence, section 21. Post-office address, Deer Creek. Abraham Chaffer, deceased. Mr. Chaffer was born in Essex Co., Eng. March 6, 1806. His parents, John and Mary (Stanley) HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 429 ChaiFer, were also English by birth. When ready to embark in life for himself he looked to the United States for a home, and a field to labor in. He accordingly crossed the ocean, in 1832, and three years later came to this county. Before he left England he had learned the wheelwright's trade and worked at it until he bade his native land adieu. He came here and engaged in farming, and, until shortly before his death, he continued at that pursuit. He died March 5th, 1874, respected and loved by all who knew him. He h id retired from business and moved into Washington only a few months before his death. He held many local official positions, and had the contidance of the whole community. Soon after com- ing to this country he married Eliza Osborn, in New York City. She died Dec. 19th, 1845. He was again married, Feb. 5, 1847, to Sarah Huxtable, who was born Sept. 11, 1817, in England, and came to this county in 1838. She lives with her sons, Daniel, who resides at Washington, and Elijah, who lives at the old homestead. Her P. O. address is Morton. James Cornwell is the youngest subscriber w^e have for this work, and was encouraged to interest himself in it by his mother, Susan (Little) Cornwell. His father's name was Price Cornwell, both his parents were natives of Ohio. James was born in Belmont Co., Ohio., Aug. 24, 1864, and was brought to this county in 1872. He is yet a scholar in attendance upon the common schools, and has a choice for farming. Residence sec. 6 ; P. O., Washington. Henry Danforth, farmer, sec. 8; P. O., Washington; was born in St. Albans, Vt., Feb. 26, 1823. He is the son of Jonathan R. and Amanda (Walker) Danforth, also natives of St. Albans. He came West when young, and in 1848 located in this county poor, but now owns 480 acres of fine land. He does not believe in the credit system and has not asked for credit for twenty years. Jan. 12, 1846, he was married to Abigail Hathaway, of Swanton, Vt. They have had born to them six children. — Jonathan R., born Jan. 19,1847; Henry P., Dec. 28, 1849; Byson W., Jan. 23, 1852; Louis J., Sept. 13, 1858 ; James A., April 23, 1861 ; Mary A., Sept. 7, 1863. Jonathan died May 7, 1863. Mr. D. united with the M. E. Church in 1854; politically. Republican. William Huxtable, farn sec. 4 ; P. O., Cooper ; was born in Devonshire, Eng., Nov. <21. His parents, George and Ann (Rottenberry) Huxtable. English people. They left that coun- try, crossed'the Atlantic ' ^^^^' were landed on the shore of America with their eight chi' and by the year 1838 arrived in this county, where they .d the remainder of their earth-life. He came here a young "In, and ^ -r a period of over forty years has lived an exemplary life, honored and respected by all. For a period of thirty years he has been a member of the Baptist Church, first uniting with the Church at Tremont. He has served eight years as Justice of the Peace, and given satisfaction. His life thus fiir has been successful. He now possesses 530 acres of good land. Jan. 1, 430 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 1846, he was married to Barbara Robison, daughter of James and Isabella Robison, of Elm Grove. His wife died and he was again married, in 1879, Feb. 19, to Levina Culbertson, daughter of Chris- topher and Elizabeth SchsefFer, of Morton. John Sampson, farmer, sec. 5 ; P. O. address, Washington. Mr. S. was born in Penn. in 1818, Dec. 25. He is of Irish-German descent. He came into Tazewell Co. in 1847, where he has since lived a respected citizen and kind neighbor. He had only such advantages for an education as the common schools of pioneer times afforded. He is married and the parent of nine children, six of whom are living. John Small came to this county from Kentucky in 1833. He was born in Christian Co., of that State, Aug. 20, 1818. John and Mary (Mason) Small, his parents, were Virginians. John attended subscription schools when small, and has always followed the occupation of a farmer, and now resides on the original home- stead of the Small family, sec. 22, and is engaged in farming. Jan. 13, 1847, he was united in marriage with Nancy Ramsey, Avho was born Aug. 23, 1827, in Franklin Co., O. The union has been blessed with nine children — Eliza Ann, born Dec. 7, 1847; Martha E., Jan. 15, 1850; Sarah A., Nov. 18, 1851; Wm. M., Oct. 22, 1853; Millard F., Oct. 23, 1855; James C, Nov, 2, 1857; Robert F., Nov, 29, 1859 ; Mary J., Dec. 4, 1861 ; Clara L., Jan. 20, 1869. Post-office, Deer Creek. Perry M. Stephens, farmer, sec. 28 ; P. O., Deer Creek. This gentleman is the son of Milo and Sally (Purdy) Stephens, of Genesee Co., N. Y., and was born in Muskingum Co., O., Aug. 10, 1820. When but thirteen years old he was brought to this county. He learned the potter's trade and followed it for some years. At the time we called upon Mr. S., which was Mar. 29, 1879, no other man, save Robert and John Small, had been longer in Deer Creek township than he. He has held minor local offices, but has been no office seeker. Jan. 14, 1847, he was married to Mary Jane Small, who was born Oct. 17, 1822. There have been born to them five children — Sarah L., born Sept. 6, 1848; Margaret A., Nov. 27, 1850; Catharine, Sept. 1, 1853; John M,, Dec. 4, 1857; Robert A., April 1, 1862. Two of the girls are dead. The following gentlemen have served the township, since its organ- ization, in the various official positions and during the years named : SUPERVISORS. Eichard N. Cullom 1850-51 James Mitchell 1865 E. H. Durham 1852 R. N. Cullom 1866 E. Bogardus 1853 Abraham Chaffer 1867-68 Edward H. Durham 1854-55 Alex. Small 1869 James Mitchell 185(i-57 Eri Bogardus 1870-76 John Q. Adams 1858 George H. Small 1877-78 Alex. Small 1859-63 James Mitchell 1879 Eri Bogardus 1864 :^ 5^ ' '"'^h%v 4^ ? \/^% is»-^ R . FRt"^ .^^-^^^ ^. n >. ^^O^GE NICHOV-^ Delavan, HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 433 TOWN-CLERKS. David H. Sherman 1854 D. H. Sherman 1864 T. A.Crane 1855 Tunis TenEytk 1865-70 David H. Sherman 1856-57 Wm. A. Cory 1871-72 Vivian Cloud 1858 John R. Small 187S-75 David H. Sherman 1859 Wilbur Allen 1876 William R. Miles 1860 John R. Small 1877-78 T. A. Crane 1861-63 ASSESSORS. Joseph Dressier 1854-55 Vivian Cloud 1864-66 Vivian Cloud 1856 T.A.Crane 1867 John Q. Adams 1857 Dennis Osborne 1868-70 Joseph Dressier 1858-59 Geo. W. Smith 1871-74 Wesley B. Harvev 1860 Dennis Osborne 1875-77 David Sherman..". 1861 Wilbur Allen 1878 A. Chaffer 1863 COLLECTORS. Alex. Small 1854-55 T. Ten Eyck 1868 Joseph Dressier 1856 P.M.Stephens 1869-70 Andrew Muckey 1857 T. B. Lane 1871 David H. Sherman 1858 H. B. Smith 1872 Wm. R.Miles 1S59 George H. Small 1873 Joseph Dressier 1860 John Lavten 1874 H. C Cullom 1861 John R. Small 1875 L. C. Fisher 1863-64 Wm. S. Pierce 1876 John Vancamp 1865 John Minnich 1877 Henry Kingman 1866 Wm. S. Pierce 1878 P. M. Stephens 1867 DELAVAN TOWNSHIP. The history of Delavan is peculiar to itself. It began with the Western trip of Deacon Jonas E.. Gale, which was made in 1836. Having met Mr. Wright, of Dillon, in the East, the latter invited him, in case he came West, to be sure and make him a visit. Dea- con Gale, after making arrangements to settle at Alton, started for home, with the intention of visiting Tazewell county on the way. He was struck with the beautiful prairie land, which then abounded in all kinds of game, and he conceived the idea of having a colony, from Providence, R. I., settle on these lands. At Tremont he fell in with Mr. Edward C. Delavan, of Albany, N. Y., who took great interest in the proposed colony. The result was, that an organiza- tion was formed, with a capital of over $20,000, and 20,000 or 22,000 acres of land were entered. Over fifty heads of families agreed to come West and settle upon these lands, or to send a sub- stitute to do so. Accordingly the land was laid off in 160-acre farms. A town lot of 300 square feet went with each farm, as it 434 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. was thought the people would want to live in town in winter. The farms were bid off at auction, at Providence, so much being paid as choice money, independently of the regular price of the land ; the amount, in some cases, ran up to $1,000. Henry R. Green, Deacon L. Allen and Harris were the locating committee, and the first gentleman named was the financial agent. Two rules of the associ- ation were, that the place should be called Delavan, and that it should be a temperance town. In 1837, the company sent out carpenters and material to erect the Delavan House, which was to be divided into compartments suitable for family house-keeping, for the accommodation of the settlers, till they should be able to build upon their own places. Part of the material for this building was shipped from Providence, via New Orleans and Pekin, part from Pittsburgh, Pa., and part came from the Mackinaw. The material for a few dwellings was brought from the East. W. W. Grossman, with his family, accompanied the carpenters, and his wife saw no white woman for three months. She lived until the winter of 1874, and was therefore a witness of the entire growth of the com- munity. Mr. Grossman still lives, and enjoys pretty fair health in his old age. Gomparatively few of those who enrolled themselves as actual settlers came West, and the growth cf the colony was not as vigorous as had been expected. The Deacon left Alton about 18 months after the first settlement, and has lived in Delavan ever since. Himself and Mr. Grossman are the only surviving members of the original colony, James Phillips, another member, was closely identified with the place, died not long ago. In 1840, Ira B. Hall came to Delavan and opened the Delavan House as a hotel, though some slight accommodations had been offered there previ- ous to this. The stage line from Ghicago via Peoria to Springfield, passed about one-half mile west of the village, and about four months after Mr. Hall opened the hotel, Delavan was made a stage stand. The telegraph line was put up in 1850, and Delavan became an important point. But a little later, before the G. & A. railroad was built, the poles were taken down, the stage withdrawn, and the place became shut out from the world. Atlanta was the nearest railroad point, and thither the people carried their produce, and made many of their purchases. This continued till 1868, when the branch of the G. & A. road was completed, and from this time the place began to grow with great rapidity. The first store was kept by a man named West, who was also the first postmaster, and who HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 435 was succeeded by Ira B. Hall. It seems that James Phillips bought out West and kept a small stock of goods for a time. Geo. Straut and Putnam came along one day with a one horse ped- dlers' wagon, and they traded the horse and wagon with Phillips for the goods. Putnam kept the store, and Mr. Straut, who was a blacksmith by trade, went back to St. Louis to work. After a time he returned to Delavan, worked a while at blacksmithing, increased his stock of goods, and was soon doing a prosperous business. Mr. Straut became interested in Mason City and amassed considerable property, and now has an influential voice in the affairs of the C. & A. railroad. At a meeting held in April, 1850, the township was organized, and the following officers were elected : Supervisor, W. W. Cross- man ; town-clerk, Charles Grant ; assessor, Daniel Reid ; collector, Geo. P. Vincent ; overseer of poor, W. S. Caswell ; commissioner of highways, Geo. Teift, AV. S. Caswell, Folsom Dorsett ; constables, Geo. P. Vincent and John Reese; justices of the peace, W. S. Cas- well, AV. C. Clark; overseer of highways, Hugh Reid; pound- master, Simon Goodal. There is, perhaps, nothing of general interest in the history of the township till the time of the war, when an event occurred which was the cause of no little excitement. It was this : Some time in 1864, Mr. James H. McKinstry, who had been chosen special agent by the town to provide volunteers, in order to fill out the necessary quota, and thus avoid a draft, lost |4,106 of the funds subscribed for this purpose, under the following circum- stances. Mr. Mc'K., while at Springfield looking for men, learned that a number could be obtained at Alton, as Mr. Stephen Hobort, of Tremont, was going there, Mr. McK. handed him ^4,106 with which to procure men in that place. The money, as it was claimed, was stolen from Mr. H. The important question now arose as to who should bear the loss — the township, the parties who had sub- scribed the money, or one of the • gentlemen who had handled it, and which one. In 1865, at a town meeting, three resolutions were adopted. One to re-im burse Mr. McK. ; another to refund money subscribed by individuals to avert the draft; a third authorizing Mr. McK. to bring suit against Mr. H. To procure money for the carrying out of these resolutions, a tax of 3 per cent, on the assessed valuation, was ordered levied for town purposes. This was meant to include, also, the current expenses of the town. But an assessment 436 HISTOKY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. of fifteen cents on $100 was amply sufficient jor town purposes, and an injunction was therefore issued from the Circuit Court, restraining the collection of this tax, on the ground that such a tax was not necessary for town purposes. The injunction was confirmed by the Supreme Court, though it provided that the town was to bear the expense incurred during the litigation, and then, after two or three years of intense local excitement, Mr. McK. was finally compelled to bear the loss himself. DELAY AN TOWN. In 1858 the village of Delavan was incorporated, but opposition to the movement was so strong that the Trustees elected did not qualify, and the incorporation seems to have fallen through. It was organized Oct. 2, 1865, when it was voted to establish the corpora- poration to include the old town proper, and its platted additions. The following were the first officials : Trustees — E. O. Jones, pres- ident ; L. P. Flynt, clerk ; J. C. Appleton, Stephen C. Hobart, Wm. B. Orrell, and P. Clark ; city marshal, J. H. Upham ; col- lector, Wm. Vaughn ; treasurer, D. L. Whittemore. The village was incorporated under the new State law in July, of 1872, with the following Trustees : Theo. Van Hague, president ; Wm. H. Phil- lips, clerk ; P. D. Stockwell, Henry Kingman, John Carr, Andrew Stubbs and John Warne. In 1874 the subject of license or no license came up, and the board stood four to two against the grant- ing of license ; in '75, '76 and '77 licenses were granted ; but in '78 the board was again four to two against, and in '79 unanimous against authorizing the sale of liquor. Delavan is one of the finest villages in the West. It is well laid out, is abundantly supplied with sidewalks, has good drainage, is lighted by about 40 street lamps, and has a Babcock Fire Co. and a Hook and Ladder Co. The stores are numerous and confined to one line of goods as a rule ; the houses are neat, with well-kept gar- dens, and the entire surroundings of the place, together with the manners and customs of the inhabitants, show at a glance that the community is composed of Eastern people. The place has a graded school, which, under the care of Mr. J. S. McClung and his assist- ants, has become one of the best schools of the kind in the State. A school building was erected at the time the Delavan House was con- structed, and this building was also used for some time as a church. It is still standing. About nineteen years ago another building, with HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 437 two rooms, was put up, which was used till 1871, when a fine brick edifice was erected at a cost of not far from $25,000. It was com- pleted in the fall and in the following December it was destroyed by- fire. An insurance of $22,000 on the building and furniture had been secured, and a new building, after the same design, was erected in 1872, at a cost to the district of only $250. There are four churches in the place. The oldest one is the Baptist. Baptist Church was organized Dec. 17th, 1846, with Deacons Henry R. Green, Jonas R. Gale, and Joseph Grant, John Daniels, Annes Green, Cynthia M. Gale, Sarah Grant, Eunice Hall and Mary Ann Phillips, as constituent members. The pastors, from the organ- ization to the present time, have been. Rev. Nelson Alvord, John Scrogins, S. S. Martin, Wm. C. Pratt, R. Morey, L. L. Lansing and T. P. Campbell, who is now pastor and has served as such since January 24, 1872. The meeting house was dedicated April 2, 1854. The parsonage was finished during the year 1868, at a cost of about $2,500. In April, 1861, twenty-three members were dismissed to organize a Baptist Church at Green Valley, Illinois, and on Septem- ber 5, 1868, nine were dismissed to organize a Baptist Church at San Jose, Mason Co., 111. Two of the former members, Daniel Drake and Chas. A. Reese, are ordained Baptist ministers. The former has been a missionary to the Telegoos for the last five years, and the latter is now the pastor of a church in Roxbury, Mass. There have been four clerks since the organization of the Church — J. R. Gale, D. A. Cheever, Daniel Cheever (who served in that capacity for twenty-three years) and A. B. Cheever. The officers of the Church at the present time are, Deacons, Edward Drake, W, Bower and T. E. Ward ; Trustees, G. D. Randolph, J. S. Hemstreet and Geo, Drake ; Clerk of Church, A. B. Cheever. The Church now numbers about 165 members. M. E. Church. The M. E. Church was organized about 1850, and was at first merely a circuit station. George Miller and John Webster are said to have been the earliest preachers in charge. The first church building was erected about the year '52, and it is still in existence. A few years ago a fine brick church was built, and is a very commodious building. The church was organized with about 20 members, among whom were the following : Samuel Hall, Sam- uel Briggs, Jesse Trowbridge, John Fraze and Levi Cheever. There is a parsonage in connection with the church. At present the mem- bership includes about 175 persons. 438 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. Presbyterian. On the 19th of June, 1855, Rev. W. T. Adams and Elder Cantrell organized this church, consisting of twenty-two members, viz : Wm. Dorrence and Mary J., his wife ; J. C. Duncan and Margaret M., his wife ; Mrs. Jane Davidson, J. H. McKinstry and Sarah J., his wife ; Mrs. Martha Crawford, Wm. E. McDowell and Elizabeth, his wife ; Miss Nancy E,. Davidson, Miss Sarah Bell Davidson, Mrs. Susan Work, John McKinstry and Anna M., his wife ; Ralph Martin and Eliza, his wife ; John Harbison, Thomas McKinstry and Mary A., his wife ; Jacob McCollister and Catherine, his wife. J. C. Duncan and Ralph Martin were elected ruling Elders, and John McKinstry and Wm. E. McDowell were elected Deacons, all of whom, except Ralph Martin (he having been a ruling member before), were ordained and installed in their respective offices by the committee of Presbytery. The Lord's Supper was administered for the first time by Rev. W. T. Adams, of Washington, Illinois. In July, 1857, being a little more than two years after its organization, the congregation began the building of a house of worship, which was finally completed at a cost of $4,400, and dedi- cated, free of debt, in July, 1859, being about two years after the work was begun. In 1872, the church building was remodeled and enlarged at a cost of $4,600. The pastors of the church have been as follows : Rev. S. M. Templeton, 1856-'67 ; Rev. Wm. Baldwin, '67-'89 ; Rev. R. C. Colmery, '69-'71 ; Rev. J. A. Hough, who was installed in April, 1872. The church has about 175 members. Catholic. The Catholic Church was founded by Father Mur- togh, in 1868. The principal benefactors were Messrs. Ryan, Leoni and Reardon. The membership numbers 400. Pastor, P. A. Macshaur. Delavan has two temperance societies, the Good Templars and the Washingtonians, both vigorous organizations. It has a lodge of Odd Fellows — Siloam, No. 207, which was organized in 1856, with the following charter members : S. W. Hall, E. J. Davis, L. D. Smith, A. S. Stilman and E. O. Jones. It has also a lodge of A. F. and A. M., No. 156, which received its charter in 1854. The following were the first members : W. W. Crossman, W. M ; H. S. Latham, S. W. ; and A. P. Littlefield, J. W. Mr. Crossman is the oldest Mason in the State, having been made a Master Mason in 1814. This township, with its beautiful village, is inhabited by an enter- prising, wealthy and cultured people. In these respects it compares favorably with any portion of the great Prairie State of like popu- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 439 lation. We give below personal sketches of some of the leading and representative people of the township and town. Joseph C. Applcfon is the youngest of a family of three chiklren, of Rev. Geo. W. and Mary (Guild) Applcton, natives of Mass. He was born in Sterling, Windham Co., Vt., May 18, 1825. His father was a Baptist minister and came to Delavan in 1848, where he died three years later. His mother passed from earth in 1859. Joseph C. had a good education and has been actively identified with the county's history for over twenty years. He has served seventeen years as Justice of the Peace. He is by trade a tailor. In 1853 he was married, at Woonsocket, R. I., to Frances Baken. They have one child. Politically the 'Squire is a Democrat. Andrew W. Ball was born in Irvington, N. J., Mar. 17, 1834. In 1836, his father, Amzi Ball, moved West, to Fountain, Ind., where he remained for fourteen years. In July, 1851, he came to Tazewell county and shortly afterwards came to Delavan. His mother's maiden name was Mary Meeker. When a young man Mr. Ball taught school during the winter and worked in summer, and by dili- gence has made life a success. He is the possessor of 80 acres of land here and nearly 400 in Champaign Co. On the 27th of Dec, 1855, he was united in marriage to Elizabeth Mosely, at Delavan. The union has been blest with four children — Arthur A. the eldest, was born April 7, 1858 and died Mar. 5, 1859; Clarence H., born Sept. 26, 1860; Gertrude H., born Jan. 22, 1862, and Joseph H., born Mar. 20, 1866. Uriah Briggs, farmer, section 7 ; was born in Ontario county, N. Y., April 9, 1829. His parents, Uriah and Mary (Holcomb) Briggs, were both born in Ontario county, and were farmers. Mr. B. was educated in the common schools and at the age of twentv- one came to this county. Before coming, however, he was married, at Granger, O., to Cornelia Hatch, of Medina county, O. This memorable event of his life occurred on the 11th of April, 1850, and has been blessed with four children : Delia A., born Feb. 9. 1855, Adella M., born June 26, 1862, died Mar. 5, 1865, Jennie A., born Feb. 15, 1866, and Meloin E., born Dec. 28, 1872. P. O., Delavan. /. H. Burlingame, farmer sec. 14; P. O., Delavan; was born in Meig Co., O., July 13, 1824. His parents were Edwin and Jane (Evans) Burlingame. When Mr. B. was a boy between four and five years old, his parents moved to Muskingum Co., where he received a good common school education. In 1851 he made his entrance into this county and located at Delavan. His parents moved to the same place about two years thereafter. Mrs. R. died March 25, 1875, at the ripe old age of 77. Mr. B. is still living and resides with one of his children. He is 82 years old. In March, 1869, this estimable couple celebrated their golden wedding. J. H. was married to Jane Allison, Jan. 1, 1851, at, or near, Zanes- 440 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. ville, O. They have eight children — Thomas E., born Feb. 16, 1853; Mary S., April 11, 1855; Sarah E., Sept. 10, 1857; Jane E., April 7, 1860, died Oct. 23, 1862; Fannie P., July 30, 1862; Louisa E., April 25, 1865; Charles H., Sept. 3, 1868, and Robert C, August 5, 1871, died in 1872. Mr. B. is a member of the Pres- byterian Church. Robert W. Crothers. Dr. Crothers was born at»Mt. Pleasant, O., in 1833, and graduated at the Jefferson Medical College, of Phila- delphia, in 1855. In 1856 he came to Delavan, where he has since engaged in the practice of his profession, in which he has been eminently successful. In addition, he has conducted a drug store there and in this he has also been successful. Rudolph Frey, banker, was born in Germany Oct. 30, 1841. His parents, who were Germans, gave him a good common school educa- tion. At an early age he crossed the Atlantic and was landed in the United States ; and when only ten years old was brought to this county. Just as he was emerging into manhood, when he expected to enter upon the stage of active life, the Rebellion broke out. True to his adopted country and to the flag of our glorious Union, he shouldered his musket and went to the front to defend it ; and for three long and bloody years he served in the 94th Illinois Infantry. In 1865, at Pekin, Mr. Frey was united in marriage with Rose Clauser. They have one child. He has held a position on the Town Board of Trustees for some time and President of that body. He is a Republican in political views. Mr. Frey is a well known and respected citizen of this town and largely identified in the bus- iness interests of the place. His portrait may be found in this volume. Elwood M. GarUek, printer, is a native of Pleasant Valley, Clark county, O., having been born at that place Sept. 19, 1849. His parents are Mortimore A. and Martha (Gilmore) Garlick. When a young man Mr. G. entered a printing office, in Loudon, O., where he acquired his trade. He came to this county when at the age of nineteen, and is now foreman of the Delavan Advertiser. He had the privilege of attending only the common schools, but the printing office is one of the best schools in the land. On the 9th of April, 1875, he was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth Keefe, at Delavan. They have two children — Minnie M. and Mattie E. The latter died Nov. 27, 1877. Augustus Giles came to this county, in 1858, and settled in Malone township, and came to Delavan in 1873. He now resides on section 18, and is engaged in agricultural pursuits. He is the son of Benjamin A. Giles and Mary Clauson, both natives of Middlesex county, N. J., where, in Piscataway, of that county, he was born July 5, 1824. He was raised on a farm, and engaged in the hay- pressing business before leaving New Jersey. At Plainfield, N. J., Jan. 18, 1846, he was married to Anna M. Brokaw. She is the mother of nine children, seven living, two dead. Mr. G. has served HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 441 as School Director several times. He has been a member of the Baptist Church for a number of years. Post-office, Delavan. Vandiver G-iles. This gentleman, who is engaged in farming, was born in Piscataway, Middlesex county, N. J., Oct. 15, 1822. His parents, Benjamin E. and Mary (Clauson) Giles, were also natives of Middlesex county. His father was a farmer and a weaver. Mr. G. was well advanced in life before he cast his lot and fortune among the people of this county. He came in Feb., 1865. Before coming to the West he was engaged in farming in his native county. In 1842, at the age of twenty, he was married to Miss Experience Giles. Twenty-one years later she died. She left three children, who are still living — Patterson S., Martha A. and Martin. Martha is the wife of Alfred Runion, who resides in this township. Pater- son married Jane McCray, of New Jersey, and they now live in Terre Haute, Ind. Martin married Sarah Z. Runion, and resides in Delavan township. Mr. G. was again married in 1865, to Elizabeth D. Boice. For many years he has been a member of the Baptist Church. Hon. Ira B. Hall is the eldest son of Preserved and Eunice (Browning) Hall, and was born in Exeter, R. I. Nov., 29, 1812. His father came to Delavan in 1844, where he resided until his death, which occured Oct. 26, 1847, in his 68th year. His wife passed from earth Sept. 20, 1849, and was in the 68th year of her age. Ira B. Hall had tlie advantage of only the common schools of his native State, but received good home training. Mr. Hall early in life went to New York city and engaged with a publishing house. He then returned home and engaged in teaching, which profession he subsequently followed, both in New York and Ken- tucky. He came to 111., and located in Springfield in 1839. Here he was intimately associated with Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas and others of Illinois' honored sons. In Sept., 1840, we find him landlord of the Delavan House. July 4, 1845, he quit the hotel business and since has been mostly identified with agriculture. In 1840, Oct. 22, he was married to Miss Mary Elizabeth Thurston, of Lee Co., Iowa. By this marriage they had two children — Al- bert T. and Mary E. ^Mrs. Hall died Sept. 16, 1844. He again married Feb. 11, 1846, to Sarah A. Briggs, formerly of Providence, R. I. This union was blessed with two sons and four daughters. In 1870 Mr. H. was elected to the Legislature and served with distinction. He is one of the representative men of Tazewell Co., and as such we give a portrait of him in this book. John Hays. This gentleman come to this country from Ireland, (where, in the county of Limerick, in June, 1823, he was born) in 1847. He lived in Saratoga Co., N. Y., for four years, and then came to this county and located at Pekin, where he lived for ten years. He then moved on his farm, sec. 23, where he has since re- sided and been quite successful. His parents were Patrick and Catherine (Mahoney) Hays. On the loth of April, 1855, he was 28 442 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. married to Margaret Feehan, at Peoria. Miss Feehan was born Oct. 25, 1838, in Kilkenny, Ireland, and was brought to this country by her parents at a very early age. The names of their six children are — Anna, Kate F., Ella M., M. Louisa, Daisey E., Henry (died Oct. 24, 1872), and Edward J. Mr. H. is a member of the Catholic Church ; P. O., Delavan. Joseph Holmes, farmer, sections 5 and 6 ; is the son of Joseph Holmes and Charlotte Few, of Cambridgeshire, Eng., where, July 5, 1825, their son Joseph was born. He came to this county in 1848, not until he had married, however; for we find, on the 22d of May, 1842, he was united in marriage with Mary Allgood, also a native of Cambridgeshire, Eng., but at the time of the marriage a resident of Lockport, N. Y. Their children — Alfred was born Jan. 25, 1845, Charles, born April 4, 1855, and Alice J., Mar. 24, 1863. Alfred served three years in the 73d 111. Infantry during the Rebellion. Mr. H. is a brother of Richard Holmes, and, like him, is identified with the Republican party. P. O., Delavan. Richard Holmes, farmer, and Chairman of the Board of Super- visors, was born in Magora county, N. Y., Feb. 26, 1834. His parents, Joseph and Charlotte (Few)' Holmes, were natives of Cam- bridgeshire, Eng., and came to this country about the year 1837, and settled at Lockport, Magora county, N. Y., where they lived till 1848, when they came to this county and settled in Delavan town- ship, where they remained till their death. His mother died April 14, 1867, in the 75th year of her age. His father died in April, 1871, at the advanced' age of 79. He was elected from the 27th District, in 1874, to the Legislature, and served the last session held in the old State House. In 1869 he was elected Supervisor, and has held the ofl&ce ever since except 1875. He has served six terms as Chairman of that body. Dec. 6, 1855, at Lyons, Wayne county, he was married to Lienor H. Carr. Their children are — Orville W., Kate E., Oliver, Frank, Laura and Willie. P. O., Delavan. Philip Humbert, baker, Delavan, was born June 14, 1832, in Alsace, when it belonged to France. He came to this country in 1849, and located at Rochester, N. Y. ; came to Henry, 111., where he remained till 1859, when he went t9 California overland. In 1861 he enlisted in the 2d Cal. Cavalry, Co. M., and was stationed most of the time at Utah. After his discharge, in Oct., 1864, he re-enlisted in Co. H., 4th Regiment of Hancock's Veteran Corps, organized at Washington, and stationed at Winchester, Md. ; then at Washington till the hanging of Mrs. Surratt ; then at Columbus till his discharge, Aug. 3, 1866. He was married to Mary Sann, at Delavan, in 1868. Peter F. Johnson, farmer, was born in Sweden, Sept. 8, 1833. His parents were Jonas and Sarah Johnson. The elder Johnson brought his family to the Bishop Hill Colony, (Henry county. 111.) in 1846. The privations suffered were great. They walked from Chicago ; their onl^ food potatoes and corn-dodgers. About one- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 443 half of the colony, which numbered about 360, died. Mr. John- son, after a month's sojourn, then became dissatisfied with the manner of life and the tyranny of Eric Jansen, the leader. He worked one winter for the board of his family, near Victoria, Knox county. His wife died one month after leaving Bishop Hill. His father put out his children to be raised, and Peter fortu- nately fell to the care of Horace Clark, the first Supervisor of Morton township. He remained with him until he was twenty-one. April 13, 1859, he was married to Emily Bowman, who was also raised by Mr. Clark, and under the same circumstances. She died July 18, 1877. Mr. J. was educated in common schools and the Academy of Knox College, Galesburg. His children are Ida E., born Dec. 29, 1862; Arthur L., Aug. 24, 1864; Edith M., July 20, 1869; Florence E., Mar. 27, 1872; Leslie H., Aug. 23, 1874. Residence, section 29. Post-office, San Jose. Elias 0. Jones. Esquire Jones is a native of the Empire State, having been born in Berlin, Rensselser Co., of that State, July 21, 1820. He is the oldest son of Elias and Lydia (Sweet) Jones, also natives of New York. During the dark days of the Rebellion, he, with his brother. Dr. James A. Jones, enlisted in the 115th 111. Inf. His brother was Acting Surgeon of the regiment, when he was mur- dered by guerrillas near Tunnel Hill, Ga., July 11, 1864. After several months in the army Elias O. was obliged to quit the service, on account of disability. He came to Delavan in Dec, 1855. He has for many years held the position of Justice of the Peace. Mar. 13, 1843, he was united in marriage with Mary Brock way. She died Dec. 25, 1872, and in April, 1877, he was married to Mrs. Henrietta Barker, of Peoria, at Monmouth, 111. He has two children — Henry P., born Mar. 20, 1846, and James O., born July 20, 1847. Gyrus M. Kingman was born in Deer Creek township, this Co., Sept. 20, 1839. His father, Abel Kingman, came from Mass., and his mother, Mary A. Kingman, came from Baltimore, Md., in 1831. They were married the following year in Elm Grove township. At that time there was but one other family living in the neighborhood, though the Indians were numerous. The elder Kingman served for several years as County Commissioner, and died many years ago. His wife continues to reside on the old homestead, in Deer Creek. In July, 1861, Cyrus M. enlisted in 47th 111. Inf, and served three and one-half years. He entered the service again as 1st Lieut, of Co. D., 152d 111. Inf. He participated in 37 engagements, and had a horse shot from under him, being himself slightly wounded. He holds commission of 1st Lieut, in the State militia. In 1867, May 27, he married Lucy Rouse, at Bloomington. Their children number four — one girl dead. Mr. K. is engaged in the hardware business. He has three brothers, all of whom are engaged at differ- ent places in the same business. William Knott, farmer and stock raiser. His father, Ephriam Knott, was a native of Pennsylvania^ and his mother^ Agnes Knott, 444 lilSTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. was born in New York. They settled in Fayette Co., Ind., early in the present century, where in 1821, Dec. 28, was born to them a son, the subject of this sketch. Ephriam Knott took great interest in preserving the Union when it was assailed by traitor hands. Although too old to take up arms, he contributed liberally for the cause. At the age of twenty-one, William was united in the holy bonds of matrimony with Margaret Clark, in Randolph Co., lud. Miss Clark was born in Montgomery Co., O. Their home has been blessed by seven children. The gloom of death has found its way over the threshold, however, and carried away one of the number. Samuel Lmvton, jeweler, Delavan, came to this county in April, 1855. He was born July 12, 1831, in Warren, R. I. His parents, William B. and Sarah (Smith) Lawton, were also natives of Rhode Island. His educational advantages were limited to the common schools. He has acted as Township Treasurer for fifteen years. For many years has been connected with the Methodist Church. In October, 1856, he took unto himself a wife in the person of Albina Briggs, of Delavan. They are parents of four children. George A. Martin, carpenter, Delavan, was born in Middlesex county, N. J., Nov. 30, 1821. His parents were Henry and Cathe- rine (Strangman) Martin, who were natives of the same county. He was educated in the common schools and at the Semenary, at New Brunswick, N. J. Mr. M. came to this county in October, 1855, from New York city, where he lived five years. Jan. 1, 1850, he was married to Margaret Mundy, at New Brunswick. They have one child living, one dead. John McKinstry, miller and farmer, is the son of Thomas and Isabella (Huston) McKinstry, and was born in Franklin Co., Pa., July 22, 1822. In May, 1855, he came to this county, and for nearly a quarter of century has engaged in active life here, winning the respect and esteem of all who know him, and being successful in his business career. He is now actively identified with the business interests of this place. His father was a native of Ireland, and was brought to this country when only four years of age ; his mother was born in Franklin Co., Pa. He held at one time a com- mission as Second Lieutenant, under D. R. Porter, in Co. A, 7th Regt., Pa. Vol. This regiment was organized previous to the Rev- olutionary War, and is still in existence. Sept. 12, 1843, he was united in marriage with Anna M. Work, of Pennsylvania. She died April 4, 1861, leaving six children. He was married a second time to Mary Hall, of Gettysburg, Pa., Dec. 21, 1863. Mr. Mc- Kinstry united with the Presbyterian Church in 1842, and has been a consistent, liberal and active member since. His portrait, as a representative citizen, may be found in this volume. George Nichoh, farmer ; P. O., San Jose ; was born at Boston, Mass., Jan. 20, 1825, and is the son of John and Mary (Gordon) Nichols^ who^were natives of New Hampshire. Mr. Nichols' peo- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 445 pie came to this county in 1836, and after a little settled in Elm Grove township. They remained here till obout 1854, when they removed to Prairie Creek, just over into Logan county. Here John Nichols died, in 1871, and his wife a few years after, both at a good old age. The family consisted of four boys and four girls, three of whom settled in Kansas ; one died 32 years ago, at the age of 11 ; a sister, the wife of William Jones, lives on the old home- stead next to Mr. Nichols' home. The latter moved to Prairie Creek, in 1856, and he still occupies the same place which he did while in Logan county, is still a part of the original township of Delavan. His home is one of the finest country residences in this section. He owns 330 acres of land in Tazewell county, and 240 in Logan. He was married Feb. 14, 1854, to Caroline, daughter of Thos. Edes, of Elm Grove. He has had six children, five of whom are living, viz: Ella E., born April 6, 1857, died September, 1858; Norman T., born June 23, 1860; Enos R., born Dec. 18, 1863; Clara G., born Oct. 16, 1866; Gertrude E., born Feb. 15, 1871 ; Jessie M., born Jan. 4, 1S79. Mr. Nichols boyhood was spent in this county, when the schools were neitlier good nor plentiful, and he therefore did not enjoy very fine educational advantage. But he was blessed with good common sense, was energetic and industrious, and has achieved that success in life which those ({ualities are bound to bring. A portrait of Mr. Nichols appear in our Delavan group. John L. Orendorff. The family of Orendortfs, since the organi- zation of Tazewell county, have been prominently identified with its history. The name has numerous representatives residing in the county at present, which are, in general, descendants of the old pioneers. The gentleman whose name heads this sketch, is a repre- sentative of the earliest pioneers of the county. Enoch and Rosan- na Orendorff came from Kentucky to Tazewell county as early as 1826, While living in Hopedale township, and Sept. 15, 1835, John was born to them. He received a common school education in that township, moved to Delavan, and is now engaged in the jewelry business, in whl(;h he has been successful. In July, 1858, at Delavan, he was married to Mary Arnold. One boy and two girls have blessed the union, all of whom are living. Qaintus Orendorff] son of Enoch T. and Rosanna Orendorif, was born in Tazewell Co., 111., Nov. 10, 1828. His father was one of the earliest pioneers of this Co., having come here in 1826. He died April 2, 1852. The death of his wife occurred April 15, 1851. Quintus received such school training as the common schools aiford- ed in pioneer times. He embarked in business life in Delavan. He erected a steam flouring mill here in 1855, which was the first in the town. This proved a financial detriment. He then went to Mason City, 111., and engaged in the mercantile trade. He remained here for eleven years, when (1866) he returned to Delavan and went into merchandising. He is a live enterprising business man and respected by the whole community. He married Miss 446 HISTOEY OP TAZEWELL COUNTY. Emma E. Kelley Sept. 24, 1854. This union has been blessed with five children, the names of whom, in the order of their births, are — Oren B., Anna B., Olive B. (deceased), Charles B. and Jesuline B. George W. Patten. This gentleman was born in Jeiferson Co., N. Y., May. 8, 1836. He is the son of John A. and Betsey E. (Caster) Patten. He received a liberal education in the common schools and Lowville Academy, Lewis Co. He has been engaged in farming during the greater part of his life, and in addition has conducted a hardware store in Delavan for four years. He has, however, disposed of both his store and farm. He served three years in 73d 111. Inf., enlisting in July, 1862. He is now Captain of Co. K. 7th I. N. G. This company is made up of citizens of Delavan. He led to the marriage altar in 1867, Sept. 10, Lottie J. Holmes. Their children are John A., born Sept. 27, 1868, Maggie B., Nov. 27, 1869, Zeboim C, Sept. 15, 1875, and George H., Oct. 15, 1877. /. B. Phillips, merchant, is the son of ^enoni and Lucy (Fry) Phillips, who were both natives of Khode Island. He was born in Providence, of that State Nov. 7, 1828. He attended the common schools of his native city and obtained a good education. A few months before he attained the age of eighteen (June, 1846) he came into this county. For a period of twenty-five years thereafter he was engaged in farming on sec. 3, of Delavan township. He then embarked in marcantile business in Delavan, and has been success- ful at both occupations. For several years he has been a member of the Town Board, of Delavan. Jan. 31, 1843, he was united in marriage with Ann Hoghton, in Delavan. Two children, a boy and a girl, bless their home. James Ryan was born in Limerick Co., Ireland, in 1811, and his parents were John and Johanna (Leyston) Ryan. On Feb. 18, 1842, he married Margaret Hayes, who was born in the same county, Oct., 29, 1825. Mr. Ryan was a poor man, and, though he had a strong affection for " old Ireland " he decided to try his fortune in America. He came to this country in 1851, leaving his wife and four children behind him. Shortly after his arrival he went to Delavan, and after working three years he saved sufficient money to send for his family. After a few years he was able to buy some land, to which he has, from time to time, made additions and he now has a farm of 415 acres with excellent buildings. The names of his children are as follows : Johanna, John, Patrick, Michael, Cath- erine, (died Dec, 1851), James, (died in 1856) Catherine, James, William (now at school at Notre Dame, Ind.) Daniel and Margaret Idella. Besides these they have an adopted daughter, Johanna Dohaney and a grandchild, Margaret Ryan, now living with them. Mr. Ryan is a Catholic, and is one of the principal men in the Church at Delavan. He votes with the Democratic party. George T. Scott, farmer, son of Simon and Elizabeth (Farish) HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 447 Scott, was born in Scotland, Dec. 8, 1797. Mr. Scott came to this country in 1830 and settled iii Rhode Island, where he worked at cotton spinning till 1843, when he came to Logan county. 111., and engaged in farming. In 1854 he made another move and came to Delavan where he has since lived. Sept. 1, 1819, he wes married to Sarah R. Bell, in Scotland. Twelve children were born to them. Mrs. Scott died in July, 1854, at Delavan. He was married again, Aug. 7, 1855, to Mary Pratt. Of Mr. Scott's children five sons and two daughters still live, — Simon lives in Atlanta, 111., John resides in Delavan, Dr. George, at Sedalia, Mo., William and Nor- man F. at Delavan. One of the daughters is the wife of Harvey Pratt, of Pekin, the other is Mrs. Elizabeth Perrin, who lives in Kansas. Of the dead children, one of the first born died in Scot- land ; two died young in Providence, R. I. ; a daughter married John Phillips and died in Delavan in 1872 ; Richard enlisted in the 73rd Illinois Infantry and was wounded in the battle of Franklin, Tenn., in 1864, and died shortly after at Jeiferson Barracks, Ind. His body was brought home and buried at Delavan. Mr. S. has for many years been a member of the Christian Church. John N. Snedeker was born in Mercer county. New Jersey, Feb. 18, 1832, and he is the son of James W. and Ann (Newell) Sned- eker. He learned the trade of harness making in the East, but on coming West, he settled on a farm in Delavan, and later he moved into Boynton. He has always enjoyed the highest esteem of his neighbors, and has represented Boynton in the Board of Supervi- sors. He still owns a fiirm in Boynton, but is engaged in harness- making in Delavan. He was married Nov. 20, 1853, to Miss Amanda ]\Ieranda, of Warren county, O. Arthur Stubbs, of the firm of Stubbs & McKinstry, millers, pro- prietors of the Young American Mill. This genteman, who repre- sents one of the important business interests of the county, was born in Sheffield, England, Dec. 11, 1837, and is the son of George and Harriet Stubbs. In 1849, his father crossed the Atlantic to this country, leaving his son, then only twelve years old, in England. He remained only two years, when he too sailed for the United States. His father settled in St. Louis. Arthur was not long in this country before he found his way to Tazewell county, for he arrived at Pekin in 1861. He remained in that city for two years, and then went to Morgan county, but returned to Tazewell in 1866, and two years thereafter moved into Delavan, and, in connection with Mr.'Starz, built the Delavan City Mills. Later he sold his interest in that mill and built, in 1870, the Young American Mill, with Mr. Ironmonger and C. L. Booth. In 1873, Mr, Booth sold his interest to Mr. John McKinstry, and the present firm was organized. In February, 1861, Mr. S. was married to Celia Ann Sanford, of Macoupin Co., 111. They have seven children living, one dead. Mr. S. is connected with the Presbyterian Church. Ebeii a Teft, farmer, section 9 ; was born Dec. 24, 1829, at East 448 HISTORY OF T'X'ZEWELL COUNTY. Greenwich, R. I. His parents were George and Eliza A. (Clark) Teft. His father came to Delavan, in 1841, and bought a farm and lived there until his death, which occurred Feb. 17, 1874, at the age of 67. In the spring of 1852, the subject of this sketch crossed the plains to California. He remained on the Pacific slope over thirteen years, when he returned to Delavan. He was united in marriage with Jane Rose, of Fulton county. 111., at Delavan, Nov. 2, 1873. Their children, Eliza and Rosa May, were born, respect- ively, Aug. 15, 1874 and Nov. 25, 1877. Religiously he is non- sectarian. Post-office, Delavan. Henry H. Tomm, grain dealer, Delavan ; son of Joachim and Carolina (Nunke) Tomm, was born in Prussia, Germany, Dec. 31, 18391 He came to this country at the time his father's family did. He attended the schools of Prussia and Quincy College, Quincy, 111. He first entered the dry goods business, but now deals in grain. He served in Co. C, 139th 111. Infantry, during the late war. He is of the Lutheran faith, religiously. James H. Upham was born March 26, ] 820, at Sand Lake, N. Y. In '49 he went to California at the breaking out of the gold excite- ment. After spending two years there, he decided to try his for- tune in Australia, where he remained nearly two years more. Leaving Australia Mr. U., and George Chase, the companion of his travels, sailed for the western coast of South America. Greatly impaired in health, and with no desire to catch the yellow fever, which was at that time raging there, Mr. U. decided to return home, which he did after an absence of four years. Few men have had so varied an experience as has fallen to the lot of Mr. U. He not only encountered the usual dangers of mining life, but twice narrowly escaped death on the sea. The vessel on which he sailed to Austra- lia was unseaworthy, and as she carried a heavy insurance, there were strong indications that the owner intended that the boat should not reach her ultimate destination, though, as he himself was on board, his plan was to run upon the rocks near the Australian coast. Convinced in his own mind that such were the facts, Mr. Upham and his chum left the vessel at Sidney, with the intention of making the 100 miles to Melbourne afoot. Whether his suspicions were correct or not a typhoon suddenly struck the vessel and she went down with the most of those on board, including the owner. The news of the lost vessel reached America, and Mr. U.'s friends, not receiving any of his letters, mourned him as dead ; nor did they get any information from him till he himself appeared two years later. Again, when sailing for South America, a watery grave seemed to await the entire crew. The vessel was conveying sand ballast, and when in mid-ocean sprang a bad leak. The sand got into the pumps, which, continually clogging, could not be worked to any ad- vantage, whatever. There was no ship-carpenter aboard, and matters became worse and worse. Mr. Upham was lying sick at the time, and knew nothing of the state of aiFairs till his companion told him HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 449 they had to go down. "Why can't we put in mining pumps?" said the sick man. Sure enough, why coukhi't they"? They would pump water, sand, or whatever came in their way. They were both carpenters, and after consulting the captain, who was very glad to receive a suggestion from anybody, a number of pumps were soon in operation and the vessel saved. Some time after reaching Amer- ica Mr. Upham again came to Delavan, where he has since lived, serving, for ten years, in the different capacities of Constable, City MarshTd and Deputy Shcriif. He was married, May 20, 1857, to Catherine Mounts, who died Jan. 13, 1861, leaving two children, Ella and Charles; was again married, Jan. 2, 1866, to Mary Rugg, who was born, Sept. 25, 1834, in Oneida Co., N. Y. One child, George H., has been the result of this union. Isaac Vanicy, farmer, sec. 1 ; P. O., Delavan ; was born in the District of London, Canada, June 4, 1826. His parents were Smith V. and Mary (Johnson) Varney. His father was a native of New Hampshire, and when a young man went to Canada to engage in school teaching. He remained in the Queen's dominion for about fifteen years, and while there married jSIiss Johnson. After this event of his life he changed hi:; profession for the life of a farmer, and came to this country in 1839, and settled north-east of Washington in what is now Woodford Co. At this time Isaac Varney was about nine years old. His father died in Dec, 1843, and the widowed mother with her family came to Delavan the next year. March 5, 1857, Mr. V. was married to Eliza Allgood, who was born in England, Nov. 2, 1831. She was brought to this country when an infant child They have had born to them four children, two of whom are now living — George E., who was born Oct. 7, 1859, and Flora I., born May 27, 1864. Mr. V. is connect- ed with the M. E. Church and identified with the Republican party. William A. Vaughn, farmer, section 9. This gentleman, who has been residing in this county since October, 1851, was born in Coventry, R. I., Nov. 6, 1827. He is the son of Caleb Vaughn, also a native of Rhode Island. He was privileged to attend the common schools of Providence, where he attained a good education, which, with his practical knowledge, has enabled him to meet with success in life. He has held local offices but is no office seeker. In 1855 he united his fortunes with those of Susan OrendorfF, of Hopedale. This union has resulted in the birth of three children — one boy and two girls. Hugh A. Work, farmer and clerk, came to this county in the fall of 1847, and located in Groveland township. In the spring of 1852 he moved into Dillon, and nine years later came into Delavan. During this year the flag of our country was assailed by rebel hands, and in the month of September Hugh enlisted in the 4th 111. Cav. ; served three years and four months, and in Feb., 1865, re-enlisted in Hancock's Veteran Corps ; served till the close of the war. Shortly after Lincoln's assassination this regiment was ordered to 450 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Washington, where it remained for three months, and then to Albany for that length of time. He was mustered out that fall, at Elmira. Hugh A. Work was born in Franklin Co., Pa., June 15, 1827. His parents, Henry and Susan C. Work, were also born there. In June, 1852, he was married, in Pekin, to Harriet Hill. Their children number seven, one of whom sleeps in eternity. Jacob Yontz, farmer, son of Jacob and Fanny (Lehman) Yontz, was born in Lancaster county, Pa., Jan. 14, 1835. When a young man he came West, with only money enough to pay his fare. Arrived in this county April, 1852. He worked out a number of years, and in 1854 bought 40 acres of land. He now has 160 acres on section 29. He enlisted, in Oct., 1861, in Co. H., 4th 111. Cavalry. He served mostly in Tennessee, Mississippi and Louisiana ; took part in the battles of Fort Henry, Donelson, Shiloh and others. He was mustered out in Dec, 1864, at Natchez, Miss. He has been married twice. His first wedding occurred Jan. 17, 1860, at Springfield, 111., when he was united in marriage with Anna M. Cochran. She died Dec. 23d, of the same year. He was again married Aug. 26, 1866, this time to Kate Cummings, at Mt. Pulaski, 111. His children were born as follows: Samuel J., born Dec. 16, 1860; Laura F., Oct. 30, 1867 ; Robert A., Aug. 24, 1870; William E., July 7, 1873, died Aug. 25, 1875; John, June 2, 1875. Politically, Mr. Y. is a Republican. Post-office, San Jose. Sarah Youle, widow of the late William Youle, was born in Eng- land, July 28, 1819. William Youle, her husband, was a native of the same country, and born Jan. 4, 1823. Her maiden name was Sarah Askren. They were married May 6, 1845, in England, and came to this country in June, 1851, and to this county the following autumn. Thev did not locate in Delavan till 1866. From 1858 till 1866 thiey lived just across the line, in Mason Co. Mr. Y. engaged in farming during the greater part of his life. He also was an exten- sive stock raiser and stock dealer. From 1873 till his death he was engaged in the lumber business, and was a member of the firm of Youle & Brunson. His death occurred Aug. 4, 1878. He was a man loved and respected by all who knew him. In business, enter- prising and successful, as a citizen, honored and esteemed, and as a husband and father, loved. He was the first to introduce osage hedge, for fences, into this county, and was for a time engaged in the hedge business. The marriage above referred to was blessed with nine children — Michael A., died in Iowa in 1869; Leathan, died Oct. 8, 1861 ; Wm. S. ; Elizabeth D. ; Laura J., died Dec. 15, 1875 ; Emma, George S. and Ada M. Other prominent men here worthy of mention are Benjamin F. Orndorff, Louis Bechcith, Thomas Pawson and 31. D. Beecher. The following is a list of township officials from its organization to the present time, wnth dates of the years served : HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 451 SUPERVISORS. Wm. W. Grossman 1850-55 H. L. Fisher 1866 Ira B.Hall 1856 Benj. F. Orendorff 1867-68 Henry Pratt 1857-60 Richard Holmes 1869-72 Henry R. Green 1863 M. D. Beecher 1875 James H. McKinstry 1864-65 Richard Holmes 1876-79 TOWN-CLERKS. Charles H. Grant 1854-55 Wm. J. Scott 1866^7 Abraham Storms 1856-60 Charles L. Gale 1868 E.O.Jones 1863 Thomas S. Morris 1869 Wm. J. Scott 1864 M. D. Beecher 1870-74 Louis D. M. Lawton 1865 Louis D. M. Lawton 1875-79 ASSESSORS. Silas Dand 1854 J.N.Nichols 1864-65 David Vandeventer 1855 Ricnard Holmes 1866-67 John Upham 1856 Burt Newman 1868 Daniel Reid 1857 Joseph J. Slaughters 1869-70 John Upham 1858 Geo. W. Patten 1871-73 Wm. D. Evans 1859 John N. Snedeker 1874-79 J. M. D. Davidson 1860-63 COLLECTORS. Daniel Reid 1854-55 Simeon R.Drake 1865-72 Eben P. Sanford 1856-53 John Disbrow 1873 Levi T. Cheever 1856-60 Charles L. Gale 1874-78 Samuel Lawton 1863-64 Joseph M. Garrett 1879 DILLON TOWNSHIP. Fifty-six years have come and gone since Nathan Dillon erected his cabin on section 1, of this township. It is claimed that he was the first settler in the county, save the old French traders, and for proof to substantiate this we refer the reader to his own words, recorded in the first chapter of this book. There is another claim- ant, however, to this honor. We refer the reader to William Blanchard's sketch in the history of Fond du Lac township. He brings a prior claim to that of Mr. Dillon's. We state the facts as clearly and pointedly as we can deduce them, and leave the readers to draw their own conclusions. It is useless to dwell at length upon the early history of this township, as that is embraced in the first chapter of this volume. A few incidents of the early settlement will illustrate the hard- ships encountered by the pioneers. Mr. John Trowbridge relates, that when he came to the county, in 1833, he worked for his uncle, James Kinman, for two years at his saw mill, and for other parties, for ^5 per month. He says there were but four or five cabins on his side of the Mackinaw then. When he and his brother, Jessie, 452 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. first purchased land, they had no timber from which to make rails. They accordingly went over to a grove, called Walnut Grove, which they named at the time. This grove was eight miles from their cabin. In the first tree they cut down, which was a walnut, they found and killed four coons. While there at work it suddenly turned cold. This was the most intense cold weather ever experi- enced in the country. He does not so state, but it likely was the "sudden change" refferred to elsewhere in this history. They could not keep warm and their provisions gave out. Their folks were afraid to come for them and they dare not undertake to go home, for fear they would freeze to death on the way. They set a trap and proceeded to cut a tree for fire. They soon returned to their trap and found a quail. This made them one breakfast. Toward evening it began to turn warmer, and while busily cutting they heard a loud noise. They went back to their " shanty," made a big fire, and Jessie laid down to sleep, but his brother kept him awake, fearful that the wolves would devour them, for it appeared that there were over 500 right around them. The following morn- ing they left for home, and when on the top of a sand ridge, just below them they counted 110 deer. They were running in Indian file and were counted as they passed. The noise made by their hoofs was heard at a distance of over a mile. Mr. Trowbridge has seldom been out of the county since his coming. He used to go on hunting excursions with Seth Kinman, his cousin. Many of the old settlers remember this remarkable character. On one trip they started up a wolf and killed it, and started another, gave chase, and killed it also. They then found three bee trees and got four tubs of honey. While they were cutting the third tree, the dogs treed fifteen coons, all of which were killed. This was called a good hunt. Mrs. Ellen Studyvin tells us that when they first came, which was in 1830, they kept a tavern or an inn. It was known as Studyvin's Tavern. She recollects the deep snow, and says it covered the fences entirely. Three children were drowned in the Mackinaw when she first came. They were sliding on the ice, which broke, they went through and were drowned. Their graves are near the Mackinaw. They were children of Mrs. Mosler, who now resides with her daughter, Mrs. Ball, at Delavan. Mrs. Josiah Baily came in the fall of 1828, and is to-day, at the age of 73, one of the Smartest old ladies in the county. She resides with her brother, Daniel Brown. She remembers seeing Black HISTORY OF TAZEWEI,L COUNTY. 453 Hawk and 1,500 warriors on parade. They had to go to Peoria after lumber when they first came, and it took them four days to make the trip. Matthias Mount came in 1833, Feb. 20. He served in the Black Hawk war, as Second Lieutenant in Co. C, 1st regt. He was at the battles of Wisconsin and Bad Axe, and attended the treaty at Rock Island, and says our portrait of Black Hawk is an excellent one. He had a horse shot from under him. Daniel Crabb is one of the early settlers, and one who has, by his own labor and good management, amassed a fortune. He made rails for 37| cents per hundred, and took his pay in trade, when he first came. The first meeting after the the township mode of conducting county affairs was adopted, was held April 2, 1850. Nathan Dillon presided. A vote was taken, and Nathan Dillon elected Supervisor ; J. W. Musick, Clerk ; R. H. Hardy, Assessor ; J. B. Landet, Col- lector; Daniel Dillon, Com. of Poor; Abncr Rulon, Obediah Study vin and Samuel Berry, Com. of Highways; Sherrod Will- iams and Jesse Kinman, J. P. ; John B. Landet and Wm. Stock- ton, Constables ; Andrew Wallace, Pound Master. Nathan Dillon was the first Justice of the Peace in the township ; he held his com- mission from Governor Edwards. Antioch Ghridian Church was the first Church organized in the township. The congregation was formed by Jesse Fisher, Jerome AValtmire, William Dillon, Abner Rulon, and others. The first edifice was built in 1838; the present one in 1858, at a cost of $600. The Elders are J. R. Cainpbell, Wm. Johnson, Rees Gatlis and Allen Leonard. There are two towns in the township, both of which are small and quite old. They are Dillon, situated on section 3 ; and TuUa- more, on section 24. In connection with the history of Dillon township, we mention some of the representative and leading citizens, believing they not only deserve mention, but that a short sketch of them will be read with interest. John Birky, farmer, sec. 34 ; P. O., Delavan ; was born at Tre- mont, this county, Feb. 4,1849; son of Clu-istian and Catharina (Moseman) Birky, natives of Germany and France. Mr. Birky attended the common schools of this county ; is connected with the Omish Church; was married Jan. 25, 1874, to Magdelina Zimmer, also of this county ; she was born Oct. 9, 1854. They have had three 454 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. children — Benjamin, born Dec. 28, 1875, deceased; Samuel, born Jan. 6, 1877; and Emma, born Sept. 17, 1878. Is a Republican in politics. John C. Boivlsby, was born in 1799, in New Jersey; received a common school education ; has followed the pursuit of farming ; came to this county in 1868. Mr. Bowlsby went, with 1,000 others, to Hockistown, under Colonel Williamson, to fight in the war of 1812. Has held numerous offices in his time. Mr. Bowlsby gave his first vote to Thomas Jefferson ; is a Democrat. Was married in 1819, to Ann Young; is the father of twelve children, eight of whom are now living. P. O., Green Valley. Charles H. Bowlsby. John, his father, and Ann (Young) Bowlsby, his mother, were natives of N, J., where Charles H. was born Oct. 5, 1836. He received a common school education. He came to Tazewell county in May, 1850; has been Collector and now holds the office of Justice of the Peace; was married Nov. 14, 1869, Is the fiither of Melvin J., born Aug. 29, 1871 ; Lillie B., born April 7, 1873; Charles M., born July 26, 1874; Lewis T., born Oct. 11, 1876; Warren F., born Dec. 10, 1878. He belonges to the Methodist Church ; is a Democrat ; P. O., Green Valley. Daniel Brown, farmer, sec. 35 ; P. O., Delavan. Mr. Brown is a native of this county; was born Nov. 1, 1829. William Brown and Rachel Milner Brown were his parents. The subject of this sketch received a common school education ; has been School Direc- tor ; was brought up in the Quaker Church ; was married in Nov. 1859, to Ariette Lillie. They have two boys — Louis E., born March 30, 1862, and Daniel Jr., born Oct. 23,1867. Mr. Brown is a Republican in politics. JoJi^ T. Clemens is a native of Indiana, where he was born July 29, 1830. His parents were Roger T. and Nancy (Higgens) Clemens. John T. received a common school education ; has held the office of Justice of the Peace. He came to this county in the spring of 1852, and worked by the month; 12 years ago he bought his first land, a valuable piece of farm land on which he now resides. Mr. C. has driven from the Mackinaw to Decatur when there were but few houses on the way, and has passed over the site where the city of Lincoln now stands when there were no houses there ; was married Aug. 20, 1854, to Tamzon Bowlsby. They are the parents of Charles W., born May 30, 1855; Frank T., born May 7, 1857; Henry, born July 29, 1859; Jennie H., born Feb. 14, 1865; Min- nie, born Dec. 14, 1868. He belongs to the Methodist Church, and is a Republican. P. O., Green Valley. Jeremiah Connell, farmer, sec. 23, P. O., Delavan. Mr. Connell is a native of Ireland, where he was born Sept. 1, 1825. His parents, James and Mary (Welch) Connell, were natives of the same country. The subject of this sketch received a common school edu- cation in his native country. He, like many of his countrymen, thinking to better his condition, came to free America, locating in HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 455 this county in 1856, and was married Dec. 18, 1858, to Catharine Gleason. They are the parents of seven boys, born as follows : James, Dec. 3, 1859; Edward, Jan. 28, 1861; Thomas, Sept. 6, 1862; Michael, Feb. 5, 1864, died March 9, 1864; Richard, Feb. 10, 1866; Michael, Feb. 13, 1868; William, Aug. 6, 1870. Mr. Connell is a Catholic and a Democrat. Daniel Crabb, farmer and stock raiser ; son of Edward and Nancy (Figens) Crabb, of Ohio. Daniel was born May 8, 1818, in the above State, and received a common school education. Mr. Crabb came to this county in the winter of 1844. He is one of the most thrifty and successful stock raisers, and now owns 10 head of horses and 300 head of cattle. He does not pay much attention to flirm- inff, although he is the owner of 1,400 acres of valuable land. Mr. Crabb was married in December, 1843, to Margaret Bailoy, who died Feb. 13, 1857. They were the parents of the following children : Frances, born Jan. 17, 1844 — she married Gilman Bailey, of this township, and has four children; Emily, born Aug. 14, 1845 — she married Joseph Phillips, of Malone township, and has four children ; Edward, born Dec. 26, 1846 — married Mrs. Powers, and has two children, and resides in Bates county. Mo. ; Lettitis. born Nov. 8, 1848 — she married Henry Bailey, of Dclavan, and has two children ; Richard, born June 23, 1851, died April 27, 1867; James Warren, born Dec. 28, 1853 — married Libbie Schureman, and has one child. James Warren Crabb, farmer and stock raiser, was born in this county Dec. 28, 1853; is a son of Daniel and Margaret (Bailey) Crabb, natives of Ohio. James Warren was educated at Lake For- est Academy. He was married Sept. 21, 1875, to Libbio, daughter of Jonathan Schureman. They have one son. Mr. Crabb ])urchased his first farm from Jonathan Schureman. He is now numbered among the heaviest farmers and stock raisers, owning 540 acres of choice land in this county, and 640 acres in Mason county. He has on his stock-farm 15 head of horses, 200 head of cattle and 100 head of hogs. He belongs to the Democratic party. P. O. address, Green Valley. Nathan C Fisher, farmer, sec. 1, P. O., Dillon. Mr. Fisher was born in Elm Grove township, this county, March 30, 1838. His parents are Jesse H. and Annie (Dillon) Fisher. Mr. Fisher was married March 12, 1865, to Helen Hitt. They have had three girls, but only one is living. He is a member of Antioch Christian Church. Caleb W. Hopkins, farmer, sec. 34 ; P. O., Delavan. His parents, Samuel R. and Hattie (Bates) Hopkins, were natives of R. I., where Caleb was born, April 3, 1826. Mr. Hopkins is a descendant of Stephen Hopkins, who came to this country in the May Flower. The subject of this sketch received an Academic education in his native State. He came to this county April 15, 1856; was married July 23, 1849, to Catharine R. Stone, of R. I. Names and dates of births of children — Annie C, May 8, 1852 ; Hattie E., Aug. 15, 456 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 1854; Mary L., Oct. 15, 1861 ; Charles L., July 15, 1865. He is a Republican in politics, and is connected with the Baptist Church. John R. Horton, farmer, sec. 33 ; P. O., Delavan. Mr. Horton is a native of Providence, R. I., where he was born March 19, 1838. His parents were Stephen and Harriet M. (Brown) Horton; received an academic education in his native State. He came West in search of a new home, and located in this county in the spring of 1860; was married, Feb. 8, 1869, to Mary A. Miller. They have had six children; they were born as follows: Louis, Feb. 17, 1870, died March 1, 1871; Carrie, Jan. 23, 1871; Nathaniel B., Nov. 22, 1872; Anna F., May 12, 1874; Henry, April 23, 1876; Grace v., Sept. 1, 1877. Patrick Haypenny, farmer, sec. 22 ; P. O., Delavan. Patrick is a son of John and Mary (Donnell) Haypenny ; was born in Waterford county, Ireland, in 1830, and came to this county in 1850; is a Catholic. Mr. H. married Margaret Brien, a native of Ireland. They have had six children — Mary, born April, 1856; John, born March 18, 1858; Andrew, born 1860, died 1866; Thomas, born Jan. 17, 1862; Kate, born May 25, 1864; Patrick, June, 1866. Is a Democrat. Chridian Lorenson, farmer, sec. 26 ; P. O., Delavan. Mr. Loren- son is a native of North Tlesvig, Germany, where he was born Oct. 21, 1850; parents, Erik and Anna (Peterson) Lorenson; attended the common schools of his native country ; is connected with the Lutheran Church; was married March 1, 1876, to Anna Sophia Grav, a native of the same place as Mr. Lorenson. They have one girl — Anna, born Feb. 25, 1878. Is a Democrat. Nicholas Luft, farmer, sec. 1 ; P. O., Delavan ; is the owner of 217 acres. Is a native of Germany, where he was born Nov. 23, 1833; came to this county Aug. 6, 1851. Mr. Luft was in the cavalry, in the German army, 6 years; was married April, 1847, to Katrina Horn. They have had eight children — four boys and four girls, five of whom are living. Mr. Luft is connected with the Evangelical Church, and is a Democrat. Jacob Maurer is a native of Germany, where he was born in 1835. His parents were Gatleib and Elizabeth Maurer; Jacob received a common school education. Mr. Maurer but recently came to this county, arriving here Feb. 4, 1878, He is a farmer; is the father of five children ; is connected wdth the German Re- formed Church, A Democrat. P. O,, Delavan. Dennis McCarthy is of Irish parents, and himself a native of Ireland, being born in Limerick, in 1833. His parents were Den- nis McCarthy and Hanora Murphy, his wife ; attended the common schools, Mr. McCarthy left his native country to try his fortune in a strange land. He located in this county in 1848; he is a far- mer; is a member of the Catholic Church; was married May 18, 1854, His children are — Michael, born 1855; Ellen, born 1857; Josie, born March 1859; Bridget, 1861 ; Katie, 1863; Annie, 1865; Dennis, Oct. 11, 1868; John, March 31, 1872. Is a Democrat. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 457 Frederick Merhee, farmer, was born in Germany, Feb. 21, 1845. His parents, Jacob and Barbara, are natives of the same country. Mr. Merkee received a common school education. He left his native country and came to America and located in this county in 1873; was married Dec. 15, 1871, to Lizzie Schmidt. She has borne him four children, as follows — Lena, born Nov. 1,1873; John, born Dec. 4, 1874; Liddie, born Jan. 21, 1876; Lizzie, born Sept. 4, 1877. Is connected with the German Lutheran Church. Thomas Morrisey is of Irish descent, being a son of John Morri- sey and Julia Flinn, natives of Ireland. Thomas was born in AVarhor, Ireland, in 1839. The subject of this sketch left the land of his birth, and arrived in this county in the fall of 1857. He is a farmer and a Catholic; was married in Feb., 1862, Thev are the parents of John, Thomas, Kate, Patrick, Nellie, James, Martin and Michael. Is a Democrat. P. O., Delavan. Matthias Mount. This gentleman is, perhaps, as well and flivor- bly known as any other man in Tazewell Co. He was born in Shelby Co., Ky., Aug. 7, 1810, and came to this county in 1833, Feb. 20. He received his education in the log school houses of his native State and was married to Ann Louisa Broyhill, May 31, 1836. She died Feb. 20, 1840, leaving one son, Matthias, "born Jan. 13, 1840, who, also, sleeps in death. Mr. M. was again mar- ried Nov. 4, 1843, to Abigail Chapman Orendorff. She died June 23, 1853, leaving three children — Joseph, born Dec. 14, 1846; Jane, July 9, 1848; Martha, March 2, 1852. Again Mr. Mount was married. This time to Eliza Jane Bennett July 23, 1854. By this wife he has five children — William M., Jolin DeKalb, Mary Elizabeth, Nathaniel Green and Ida E. Mr. M. is engaged in farming and owns about 700 acres of land and is considered one of the solid men of the county. He has been a member of the Board of Supervisors for a longer time than any other member. He cast his first vote for Jackson in 1828 and has voted for every Democrat nominee for President since, excepting Horace Greeley. He came to Morgan Co., Ill, Nov. 25, 1830. He enlisted in the Jacksonville Co. and served in the Black Hawk war as 2nd Lieut, and participated in the important engagements of that war. In the spring of 1833 he came to Tazewell Co. and since has lived an honored, respected and useful life. John Oswald, farmer, sec. 19; P. O., Dillon. This gentleman is the son of Benjamin and Sarah (Geiser) Oswald, of Maryland. His father was born in 1776, his mother in 1792. John was born in Maryland, July 17, 1810, and came to this county in May, 1855, and has since lived an active, energetic life, respected and esteemed by all who know him. He was united in marriage with Margaret Stephey, April 14, 1833. This union has been blessed with three children, two of whom are living — William D., born May 7, 1834; Mary Ann, wife of Anthony Fisher, was born Oct. 13, 1836; John 38 458 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. B., born Sept. 26, 1846. Mr. O. has filled many local official posi- tions, and has been a Democrat since Jackson's time. Thomas Page, farmer, is a native of England, and son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Martin) Page. Thomas Page was born in Colchester, Essex, England, in Dec, 1823; received a common school education in his native country ; came to this county from England in the fall of 1844; has been School Director. AVas married in March, 1846, to Hannah Dillon, who lived but eight months and two days there- after; married to Ruth Allgood, March 6, 1852, and is the father of four children. Thev were born as follows — Marv Ann, April 6, 1853; Allean, Jan.' 26, 1856, died, Aug. 28, 18o7; Thomas C, May 29, 1861 ; James H., Jan. 29, 1866. Mr. Page is one of the descendants of the Jenning's family whose estate is now in litigation, involving millions of money ; is a Republican. P. O., Delavan. James Franklin Boilings, merchant and farmer; P. O., Dillon; was born in Jackson county, "West Ya., Sept. 23, 1843. His parents were James W. and Sarah (Casto) Rollings. Mr. Rollings came to this county in the spring of 1852, attended the common schools of this State, and spent his early days on the farm with his father. Has held the offices of Constable, Justice of the Peace, and Postmaster. Was married Sept. 28, 1865, to Martha Bliss. They have five girls — Sarah E., born June 25, 1867; Mary A., born June 10, 1871; Minnie J., Aug. 1, 1873; Martha M", May 25, 1876 ; Emma L., Dec. 21, 1878. Mr. R. is a member of the Meth- odist Church. Hiram Boilings, farmer, was born in Virginia, Jan. 31, 1847. His parents were James and Sarah (Casto) Rollings. Hiram came to this county in the spring of 1852. He received a common school education. Was married Feb. 10, 1872, to Alice Rodecker. Their son, Edger, was born Sept. 24, '73, and daughter, Luella, was born Jan. 13, 1875; Mr. R. is a Democrat in politics, P. O., Dillon. Frank Scott was born in Dillon in Oct., 1851. His parents were Moses and Harriet (Alexander) Scott, natives of Mississippi. Frank spent his school-boy days at school in Dillon. He now fol- lows the occupation of farming ; is a Democrat in politics. Was married Dec. 4, 1872, to Mary Cooper. They have one sou, Wal- ter, who was born Oct. 30, 1874. Cornelius Shay, son of David Shay, native of Ohio, and Rachael Ridgwav, native of Illinois. Cornelius was born in Dillon town- ship April 15, 1857, and has always lived in this county; received a common school education. His chosen occupation is that of a farmer ; is a member of the Methodist Church ; was married Sept. 3, 1878, to Samantha Dillon. Political views, Democratic. P. O., Green Valley. Henry Stevens, a native of X. J., was born in Jersey City, Nov. 20, 1852 ; his parents are Julius and Mary (McCord) Stevens. Henrv came to this county in the fall of 1856 ; attended the com- mon schools of this township. His occupation is that of a farmer ; HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 459 is a professor of religion in the Methodist Church. Mr. Stevens was married to Matilda Clawson, in 1875, who died three months after marriage; was again married, Oct. 1, 1878, to Delia Morris; is a Democrat. P. O., Green Valley. Henry H. Stewart, farmer, was born in Tazewell county, April 20, 1847 ; is a son of Joel Stewart, native of Penn., and Mary Hinsey, native of Ohio; received a common school education. Mr. Stewart enlisted in the 139th Regiment, Company C, in April, 1864; was married Feb. 12, 1874, to Sophie W. Lantz. Cora B., their daugh- ter, was born Aug. 27, 1875; is a member of the Christian Church; belongs to the Republican party. P. O., Green Valley. Noah Studi/vin is a native of this county, having been born in Dillon township July 28, 1853; is a son of John and Ellen Studyvin, natives of Ohio. Noah attended the common schools. Follows the jmrsuit of farming. Was married in Dec, 1876; is a Democrat. P. O., Delavan. Stephen Studyvin, farmer, was born in Dillon, Feb. 10, 1838. His parents were Obadiah and Cynthia Studyvin ; received a com- mon school education. Has been Assessor and Collector. Mr. Studyvin was married Dec. 5, 1873, to Frances Ann Fisher. They have one daughter, Delia May, who was born July 4, 1875, and a son, Artie, born Nov. 6, 1877; is a Democrat. P."0., Delavan. Levi Tollinger is a native of Penn., where he was born ]\Iarch 17, 1845. His ])arents were George and Margaret Tollinger. Levi received a common school education, and came to this county in Sept., 1872. In the dark days of the Rebellion Mr. Tollinger came foward and offered his services to his country. He enlisted in the 9th Penn., Cavalry; was engaged in many hard fought battles, among which we might mention "Thompson's Station," Tenn., "Stone river," "Lexington;" was with Sherman on his great "march to the Sea." He was one of the party who captured Gen. Johnson. Mr. Tollinger was shot through the clothes and had sev- eral horses shot under him, but had the good fortune to escape any personal injury ; was in the service four years. Was married in Dec, 1875, to Emma Trimble. Jesse L., their son, was born Aug. 19, 1876. Mr. L. is a Methodist. Republican in politics. P. O., Green Valley. Jacob Zimmerman was born in Germany, May 12, 1829. His parents, Christian and Barbara (Sommers),'wcre "natives of Germa- ny. Jacob attended the common schools of Ohio, and came to this county in the Spring of 1872; was married in 1852, to Catherine Unzickcr. She was the mother of nine children, born as follows : — Magdalena, Feb. 23, 1853; Barbara, July 29, 1854; Catherine, Nov. 9, 1856; Fannie, Feb. 26, 1858; Mary, March 28, 1860; 460 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. This township has been ably represented in all official positions since its organization. The following is a full list of officers : SUPERVISORS. Nathan Dillon. 1850 Ezra Reetor 1863 C. Gill 1851-53 John A. Reinagle >< 1864 Nathan Dillon 1854 Sherrod Williams 1865 Sherrofl Williams 1855-57 Jonathan Schureman 1866 E C Hobert 1858 Mathiaa Mount 1867-75 S. Wilhams 1859 C. W. Waltmire 1876 H.C.Sutton 1861 Mathias Mount 1877-79 TOWN-CLERKS. John L. Paine 1854-55 R. Lord 1868 R Lord 1857-59 J. W. Shurts 1869-72 W.D.Oswald 1861 James M. Shay 1873-79 James M. Shay 1863-67 ASSESSORS. David Renner 1854 H.C.Sutton 1863-67 John L. Paine 1355 G. J. Boyles 1868 John A. Reinagle 1857 H. C. Sutton 1869-77 David Renner 1858-59 Stephen Studyvin 1878 E. Rector 1361 Charles E. Morris 1879 COLLECTORS. David Renner 1854 John Oswald 1866 G. J. Haines 1855 Henry C. Sutton 1867 J. B. Landet 1857-58 Joseph A. Scott 1868 John M. Dillon » 1859 James Greenan 1869 Joseph Scott 1861 Stephen Studyvin 1870-76 Wm. D. Oswald 1863 C. H. Bowlsby 1877-78 J B Landet 1864 Stephen Studyvin 1879 John Keefer 1865 ELM GROVE TOWNSHIP. The brave, true-hearted pioneer settled in the beautiful groves of this township about as early as in any other place in this portion of Illinois. The native groves were beautiful in the extreme ; and a place of historic fame, in a local way, during the early history of the county, was Pleasant Grove, which was located in this township. Absalom Dillon erected the first cabin, in 1824. This was built on section 34. The first mill in the county was built here, in 1825, by William . Eads. The first woolen factory of the county was also erected here. It stood on section 34, and was built in 1832, by Theodorus Fisher. The first marriage in the county was celebrated in this township in the spring of 1826. Daniel Dillon and Martha Alexander were the happy couple. The first school-house was built in 1827, on section 27. Samuel Bentley was the first teacher. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 461 The first meeting held in the county was held in a grove on Dillon creek, in Elm Grove, in September, 1827. This was a Methodist meeting, and was conducted by the celebrated Peter Cartwright. He invited all present to partake of the Lord's Supper, but exclaimed, " If there are any old button-hole rams present, stand back." He had reference to the Regular or Hard-shelled Baptist people. An old lady indignantly jumped up and said that " she was an old button-hole ewe, and would take a back seat." The person who tells us this incident was present on the occasion, and recollects the cir- cumstances well. She is now a resident of the township. The first church building erected in the township was in 1830, by the Quakers, or Friends. The building was located on section 34. The first cemetery of the county was located on the same section, in 1826. The first death to occur was that of Hannah Dillon, the wife of William Dillon, in the year 1826. In the year 1834 the cholera raged through the settlement and carried oif many of the settlers. One of the oldest deeds in the county is in possession of Mrs. Fisher, who resides in this township. It was given in 1830. It is signed by Elijah Hayword, Commissioner of the Land Office, and Andrew Jackson, President. She also has one in her possession which was given to her uncle, Walter Dillon, in 1826. This is signed by John Quincy Adams, and is recorded in Vol. 2, page 300. The County Farm is located on sections 11 i\nd 14 of this township. Among the earliest settlers were William Davis, John Dillon, Hugh Montgomery, Alexander McKnight, Benjamin Briggs, James Scott, Thorton Wilson, James Wright, Levi and Thomas Moulton, Thomas Bennett, John Lord, John and Eli Redman, Rufus North and Alexander Barnes. We find living there at the present time none of these sturdy pioneers, but there is a good thrifty class of agriculturists. Among the number we would mention, as fairly representing the better portion of the community, the following persons : Jesse B. Cooper, Superintendent of County Farm, was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, Sept. 25, 1831. His father, William Cooper, was a native of Ohio, while his mother, Mary (Beal) Cooper, was born in New York. He arrived in Tazewell county April 5, 1855. In 1851, Nov. 11, he married Malinda Burns. They arc the parents of six children, all of whom are living. They are Addie, William, Kate, Chara, Charles and John. Mr. C. affiliates with the Democ- racy. He resides on section 11 ; post-office, Tremont. John W. Davis, a native of this county, was born in Elm Grove 462 HISTORY OP TAZEWELL COUNTY. township, Jan. 4, 1889. His birtli occurred in the first house built in that towhship. His parents, William and Jane (Eads) Davis, were among the very earliest settlers of Tazewell county. Mr. Davis received only a common school education, attending the schools of his native township. On the 29th of March, 1863, he was married to Mary J. Fisher, who has borne him five children — Alvin T., Amos A., Alphis W., Laura M. and Thomas J. Mr. D. resides on section 22. In politics he is a Republican. Post-office, Tremont. Jesse H. Fisher. Mr. Fisher is engaged in farming, and resides on section 36. He is one of the oldest residents of Tazewell county, having come here Sept. 23, 1829. He is a native of Ohio, having been born in Clinton county, of that State, Aug. 26, 1814. His parents were Theodorus Fisher, a very prominent man in his day, and Martha (Dillon) Fisher, both of whom were North Carolinians. Mr. F. enlisted in Co. K., 26th 111. Infantry, in 1861, and served till 1868. April 9, 1835, he was married to Anna Dillon, daughter of Nathan Dillon, the first settler of the county. Their children number seven, and bear the following names : Sarah J. ; Nathan ; Mary ; Frances E. ; Albert ; Martha A. ; Franklin A. In politics he is a Republican. Post-office, Tremont. Charles H. Fuller, son of James and Julia (Carpenter) Fuller, was born in Elm Grove township, in 1823. He attended the schools at Tremont and finished his education at Bloomington. He lives on section 26, and is engaged in farming and raising Norman horses. Charles has been Assessor of his township, and enters politics as a Republican. Post-office, Tremont. George W. Greeley, farmer, residing on section 2, was born in the State of New Hampshire, Jan. 31, 1824. His parents, Benjamin and Rebecca (Whittier) Greeley, were also natives of New Hamp- shire. Mr. G. came to this county in 1836. He received most of his education in Tremont High School. Mr. G. has held the office of Treasurer of his township for the last nineteen years, and Assessor for six consecutive terms. In politics he is a Democrat. In 1850 he was joined in marriage with Sarah Becker. Their children num- ber four — James, Edward, George and Benjamin. Post-office address, Tremont. Philip Ileisel. Mr. Heisel was born in Sand Prairie township, Tazewell county, Dec. 3, 1844. His parents, Philip and Mary (Swain) Heisel, 'are natives of Germany. He was educated in the schools at Pekin. He is a member of St. Paul's Church, Pekin. In politics, he stands on the Democratic platform. He^ resides on section 6, where he is engaged in farming. February 17, 1877, he took unto himself a wife in the person of Mary Hoby. Post-office, Pekin. Christian Hochstetfler was born in Germany, June 16, 1841. His parents were Joseph and Josephine (Zingorich) Hochstetfler. Mr. H. came to this county in 1849, and received his education in the HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 463 common schools here. He is engaged in farming, on section 18. He is a member of the Mennonite Church, Washington. In Feb- ruary, 1868, Mr, H. was married to Mary Unzicker, who has borne him four children, two girls and two boys : Louisa M., Robert H., Arnold H. and Annie L. Post-office address, Pekin. Freeman Kingman was born in Bridge water, Mass., March 26, 1799. His parents were Henry and Anna (Bryant) Kingman. Mr. K. is an old settler of the county. He came to section 12, this township, in 1834, and has resided here since. He has transferred passengers on the line of the famous Under-ground Railroad, through Tremont township. He rode on the boat from Norfolk to Baltimore, in 1833, in company with Black Hawk and his suit. Gen. Jackson was also on the boat. In 1830, Mr. K. was married to Mary White, who died in 1839. He was married again in 1840, to Narcisa Greeley. By his first wife he had three sons : Lysander P., John H., and Freeman. The union with his present wife has been blessed with seven children : Mary, Annie, Emily, Augustus, Amelia, Almeda and Nellie M. Mr. K. is quite stout for a man of four score years, and has the a]ipearance of a man of sixty, rather than eighty years old. He has followed stone cutting, but his time prin- cipally has been devoted to farming. He is a member of the Con- gregational Church. Post-office, Tremont. Al/en Leonard came to this county at a very early age. He was born in Clinton county, Ohio, Jan. 21, 1827. and arrived in Taze- well county, Sept. 24, 1830. Thus it will be seen he is what we term an " old settler." His parents, Thomas and Hannah (Starbuck) Leonard, were natives of North Carolina. In September, 1849, he was joined in marriage with Louisa Fisher. They have two chil- dren, Elmira and Raphael. Mr. L. is extensively engaged in farming, on section 26. In politics he is a Republican. Post-office, Tremont. Nathan Leonard was brought to Tazewell county, when a lad of a dozen summers. He resides on section 36, which has been his home for thirty-two years. He has a farm of 350 acres, which he cultivates. He was born in Clinton county, Ohio, in 1820, and arrived in this county, Sept. 24, 1830, and gained his education in such schools as the home of his early a(lo})tion affi)rded. His parents were Thomas and Hannah Leonard. On the 2")th of May, 1848, he was married to Ann Robinson, and two children, Leslie and Eugene, have been born to them. Mr. L. adheres to the doc- trine promulgated by the Republican party. Post-office, Tremont. Thomas J. Jjeonard, a native of this township, having been born here on the 16th of April, 1838, is engaged in farming rather exten- sively in Elm Grove. He resides upon section 35. The common schools of the county affin'ded all the advantages for an education he ever had. His parents were Thomas and Hannah (Starbuck) Leonard, the former a native of North Carolina, the latter of Ohio. May 25, 1865, he turned from his bachelor habits, and took to him- 464 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. self a wife. This lady, Mary E. Loy, has borne him five children : Emer A., Elmon, Ednie T., Mertie M. and Maiy C. Politically, Mr. L. is identified with the Democracy. Post-office, Tremont. Wilson S. Mauker, farmer, section 23, Elm Grove township, was born in Ohio, Jan, 30, 1843, and came to Tazewell county in 1867. He had only the common schools of Ohio at which to secure his education. In 1877, Sept. 13, he was married to Elmina Hodgson. Anna A. was born to them Sept. 21, 1878. Mr. M. is found in the Democratic ranks. Post-office address, Tremont. David B. McLean. The subject of this sketch was born in Ire- land, Feb. 14, 1834, but was brought to this country during the first year of his life. He lived three years in New York, when he came to this county, arriving July 25, 1837, where he has since resided. He is engaged in farming on section 15. He attended the common school, and finished his education at Tremont. His parents are Hugh S. and Janet (Breckenridge) McLean. Mr. Mc- Lean has held the office of Town Clerk for ten years. Justice of the Peace four years, and School Director twenty-one years. In 1859, March 31, he was married to Lydia Williams. They are the parents of six children : Mary J., Alice, Hugh S., William L., Charles and John. Politically, Mr. McLean adheres to the princi- ples of the Republican party. Post-office address, Tremont. Isaac Miars is a son of Martin jVIiars, one of the earliest settlers in Tazewell county. Mr. Miars arrived here in 1825, and on Sept. 30, entered the land upon which he now resides. His land . was located on sections 27 and 28, Elm Grove township. He got the " sheep skin " from the Government on the first day the land office was opened at Springfield. Mr. Miars, sen., was born in 1801. When he first came to the county he went out hunting in company with an Indian. It was customary for him to carry a biscuit and an onion. The Indian became very hungry, and Mr. M. gave him the biscuit, and he swallowed it down ravenouslv. He then passed him the onion, and it, too, as quickly went to his mouth, but the strong effects caused the tears to flow freely. Mr. M. enjoyed this hugely, and laughed at the horrid faces the Indian made. This made the red man mad, and he walked behind sullen and silent, and would not shoot his gun off. Isaac was born in Tazewell county, in 1838. His mother's maiden name was Ann Hodgson. He was educated in the common schools ; and is en- gaged in farming on section 22. Was married, Sept. 1, 1857, to Finetta Carpenter. They have six children : Louisa', Isaac E., Charles, Annie, Ellen and Alberta. Politically, Mr. M. is a Re- publican. Post-office, Tremont. Fannie J. Miller, daughter of Phineas J. and Caroline (Drey) Miller, was born in Fulton county, Jan. 27, 1857, and came to Tazewell county in 1864. She attended the common schools, and finished her education at Heading College, Abingdon, 111. Miss Miller is engaged in school teaching. She resides on section 17, and her post-office address is Pekin. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 465 Enoch G. 3£orse, farmer, sec. 21, was born in Concord, N. H., Jan. 10, 1827, and came to this county Oct. 7, 1835. His j)aronts, Moses and Hannah (Smith) Morse, were also natives of New Hamp- shire. Mr. M. has resided on his present farm for forty-two years. October 22, 1856, he was married to Elizabeth Eades. They are the parents of seven children — Robert C, born in September, 1859 ; Annie M., born Feb. 16, 1862; Lucy S., born Dec. 21, 1865; Mariette, born Xov. 12, 1868; Albert, born May 25,1875. In politics Mr. Morse affiliates with the Republican party. Post-office, Tremont. Thomas J. Prunty, farmer and carpenter, was born in Franklin county, Va., Dec. 12, 1824, and is a son of John and Cassandra (Chunnery) Prunty. He came to this county in 1843, and got his education in the common schools of McLean county. On the 31st of August, 1855, he entered into the marital state with Sarah Dil- lon. They are the parents of four children, all of whom are living. They are Matilda, Clara, Ann and Elmer L. Mr, P. resides on section 23. He adheres to the doctrines of the Democratic party. Post-office, Tremont. John Ringwald was born in Germany, Feb. 3, 1846, and came to this county June 15, 1866, His parents, John and Catharine Ring- wald, were Germans. He had only such opportunities to gain an education as the conmion schools of his native country offi^red. He learned the carpenter trade and followed it for eight years. He is now engaged in agricultural pursuits, residing on section 7, this township. On the 6th of March, 1868, he was married to Marga- rethe Daum, who has borne him six children — John, Christ, Adam, Margareth, George and Mary. Mr. R.'s post-office address is Pekin. James Jxobison. Mr. Robison is a native of Scotland, having been born in that country May #15, 1801. He received his education in the commt)n schools of Scotland. His parents were James and Gean (Hunter) Robison. Mr. R. was united in marriage with Isabella Leslie, of Scotland, six years ago. They had born to them eleven children : William, Barbara, (deceased), Frank, Annie, James, Archie, (deceased), Susan, George, (deceased), Mary, Ijcslie and Belle. He is a member of the Baptist Church. In politics he is counted with the Republicans. He resides on section 10, and his post-office is Tremont. Mr. R. emigrated to the United States in 1832, and engaged in a contract to construct the iirst railroad across the Alleghany ^ Mountains, in company with Jonathan Leslie. They operated there successfully for two years, when they moved to Micliigan into a heavily timbered and wild region, and there cleared about sixty acres of land and built a house. He remained there al)out three years when, in 1837, he sold out and came to Tazewell county. He took contracts on construction of the Pekin & Tremont railroad. The road-bed of this road, the present I. B. & W., was finished through Elm Grove in 1830. It was contemplated to lay the track 466 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. of this road with strap-iron on wooden rails. It was all completed except the iron work, which was never done. Mr. R. next engaged in contracts on the Illinois & Michigan canal. James W. Robison. Although a native of Scotland, Mr. Robison has been reared in this country. He was born in 1831, and with his parents, James and Isebella (Leslie) Robison, came to the United States, and in 1837 found himself under the parental roof in Elm Grove township. Mr. R. was educated in the common schools of this county, and attended school at Jacksonville, 111. He is engaged very extensively in farming, and takes great interest in fruit grow- ing, and has been president of the State Horticultural Society. He has also represented his district in the State Senate, being elected on the Republican ticket, which party he is identified with. Post- office, Tremont. Jacob S. Ropp was born in Elm Grove township, April 29, 1846. His parents, Peter and Mary (Gehrig) Ropp, were natives of Ger- many. Jacob got such an education as the common schools of his native township aiforded. He resides on section 9, where he is engaged in forming. In 1869, Jan. 10, he was married to Mary Ann King. Thev are parents of four children : Walter, born Aug. 12, 1872; Albert,' born March 28, 1875; Ezra, born Sept. 16, 1877; and Amelia, born Dec. 19, 1870. For a short season, from 1870 to '7b, Mr. R. lived in Missouri. With this exception his entire life has been passed in Tazewell county. He is connected with the Mennonite Church. Post-office, Pekin. Joseph. P. Ropp. It will be noticed that quite a number of the prominent men of Elm Grove were born in the township. They were reared from earliest childhood in their pleasant country homes, and wisely have embarked on the busy career of life on their own native prairies and woodland. The ^subject of this sketch, Joseph P. Ropp, first saw the light of day here. He was born March 19, 1844. His parents were Peter and Mary Ropp. On the 4th of March, 1869, he was joined in the holy bonds of matrimony with Josephine Ropp. Levi, Mary B., and Ephriam are their children. Mr. R. is extensively engaged in farming. He resides on section 23. His political views accord with those of the Democratic party. Post-office address, Tremont. Joseph W. Ropp, son of Andrew and Jacobina (Wurkler) Ropp, was born in Tazewell county 111., Jan. 30, 1840. He received his education in the common schools of this county. In 1865 he went 'to Germany and spent seven months. He is an agriculturist and resides on section 1. Mr. R. made a profession of religion in 1857, and is connected with the Mennonite Church. In 1866, March 13, he took unto himself a wife in the person of Catherine Garber, who has borne him five sons : Samuel, William, Asa, Ithel and Alvin. Mr. R. views politics from a Democratic standpoint. Post-office, Tremont. Seth Talbot, This is a name familiar to most people in Tazewell HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 467 county. He has been foremost in the various enterprises of the county during the past thirty years. He was a member of the first Board of Supervisors of the county, and remained an active mem- ber of that body during; the five following terms, and since has served occasionally. He was Secretary of the County Agricultural Society for twelye years. He had charge of the first mail that was ever carried from Tremont to Pekin by rail. He was engaged in the mercantile business at Tremont for three years, after which he went to farming, living on section 13. He has been engaged in the shipping business between United States and the West Indies. He was born in Providence, R. I., June 3, 1820, and came to this county April 28, 1838. He was educated in the common schools of Bristol county, Mass. His parents were Seth and ]\Iary (Ware) Talbot. He has two children: Mary E., born in 1842, is the wife of John H. Trout, and William E. Talbot, born in 1852, is a farmer in Elm Grove. Politically Mr. T. is a Republican. John H. Trout was born in Tremont township, this county, Feb. 26, 1838. He is engaged in farming and stock raising on section 24 of this township. He received his education in the common schools of this county. In his business he has been quite success- ful. In 1863, the 29th of January, he was married to Mary E. Talbot. This union has been blessed with three children : Mary E., Clara W., and Seth Talbot. Politically Mr. T., is a Republican. Post-office, Tremont. Joseph T «u Dorn is the son of William H. and Sarah E. (Dirling) Van Dorn and was born in Lansing, X. Y., June 9, 1836. He was educated in the common schools of DeKalb county. 111. and came to this county March 14, 1877. He learned the carpenter trade, and and at present follows the occupation of farming. He entered the army Sept. 23, 1861, in 11th 111. Cavalry, under Col. R. G. Inger- soll and remained until October, 1865. In 1878, Dec. 14th, he w^as united with Rosanna Kunncr in marriage. Politically he is a Democrat. Post-office, Pekin. John Voupel was born in Heussian Castle, Germany, March 4, 1820 and came to this county in 1855. He attended the common schools for five years and for the same length of time was in the military school. He served a term of six years in the flying artil- lery of Germany. He was married to ^largaret Sahmeihart Oct. 19, 1851. They have five children: Christoj)her, born June 8, 1852; John, born Sept. 12, 1858; George, born Dec. 26, 1860; Annie, born Nov. 6, 1863; and Charlie born Nov. 3, 1865. Mr. Vaupel is engaged in farming on section 2. He is a member of the Luth- eran Church, Pekin. In politics he is a Republican. Post-office address Groveland. The following is a list of the officials serving since the organiza- tion of the township: 468 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. SUPERVISORS. Seth Talbot.. 1850-55 George W. Greeley 1863-64 John Dillon 1856 Seth Talbot 1865 Daniel Hodson 1857-58 George W. Greeley 1866-67 Seth Talbot 1859 Alfred E. Leonard 1868-71 A.J.Davis 1860-61 D. John Bennett 1872-79 TOWN-CLERKS. William Murphy 18.50-54 William L. Pratt 1864 E.G.Morse 18.55 E. G. Mor.se 1865 William Murphy 18-56 Aq. J. Davis 1866 E.G.Morse 18-57-61 David B. McLean 1867-75 Daniel Brown 1863 E. G. Morse 1876-79 ASSESSORS. John Waldon 1850 • Jesse Fisher 1865 John Buckley 18-54-55 Edward Pratt 1866-67 John AVal.lon 18.56-57 George W. Greelev 1868-73 Jesse Fisher 1858-59 Leslie W. Leonard 1874 Edward Pratt 1860 Wm. H. Roof 1875-76 John Dillon 1861 C. H. Fuller 1877 John Waldon 1863-64 Wm. H. Roof 1878-79 COLLECTORS. G.W.Greeley 1850 Allen Leonard 1865 N.G.Nichols 1854 Thomas Larimore 1866 A. J. Davis 1855 H. T. Davis 1867 Isiah Newkirk 18-56 Aquilla J. Davis 1868 A. J. Davis 18.57 L. P. Kingman 1869 E.G.Morse 1858 Warner L. Pratt 1870 G. W. Ciine — resigned Lysander P. Kingman 1871 A.J.Davis. 1859 Thomas Larimore 1872 Thomas Larimore I860 M. A. Davison 1873-75 G. W. Greelev 1861 W.L.Pratt 1876 Thomas Larimore 1863 John E. Potts 1877-78 John Wolneldorf 1864 C. B. Bennett 1879 FOND DU LAC TOWNSHIP. In the first chapter of this work we give to Nathan Dillon the honor of being the first settler in the county. We mean, of course, aside from the French traders who located here long before any settlers came. But if we take the statements of William Blanchard, who now resides in Woodford county, and we have no reason for discrediting them, to him the credit of being the first settler of Taze- well county belongs. We have no disposition to be partial, or record facts differently from what they really are, indeed we could possibly have no object in so doing. It is our desire to record the facts just as they have occurred and precisely as they are, uncolored and unchano;ed, and if we had known before this late date of Mr. Blanchard's claims, we would have given his statements in the first HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 469 chapter. "We visited him at his home in Woodford county, Illinois, and found a very genial old gentleman. We obtained the following items from him : Wm. Blanchard, Jr., is a native of Vermont, where he was born in 1797; left that State when seven years of age, and with his parents went to Washington Co., N. Y., where his father, William, died. When seventeen years of age he enlisted in the regular army, and took an active part in the war of 1812, serving five years, when he, with Charles Sargeant, Theodore Sargcant and David Barnes, veterans of the war, started West, coming to Detroit, Mich., thence to Ft. Wayne, whence they journeyed in a canoe to Vincennes, thence to St. Louis. From there they came up the Illinois in a keel boat manned by a fishing crew, and commanded by a man named Warner, and landed at Ft. Clark, now Peoria, in the spring of 1819. Crossing the river to what is known as the bottom lands they found a cleared spot, and with such tools as they could arrange from wood put in a patch of corn and potatoes. This land is now embodied in Fond du Lac township. Looking farther down the stream they found, in 1822, an old French field of about ten acres, on which they erected a rude habitation, and soon this soil was filled with a growth of blooming corn and potatoes. This was the first settlement between Ft. Clark and Chicago, and was the first dwelling erected. The site is now covered by the fine farm of Jacob Ames. In 1825 he was married to Miss Eliza Donohue, a native of Delaware. The ceremony took place in his cabin, and was performed by Jacob Wilson, first Justice of the Peace between Peoria and Chicago. This was the first license taken out between those cities. She died Dec. 18, 1867, leaving five children. His present wife, Sarah E. Gale, was a native of Virginia. They were married in 1869, He entered the land of his present home, in Woodford county, and settled on the same, in 1830, where he has since made his home. He is now living in quietness, surrounded by his relatives and friends. His experiences of pioneer life, and the dangers that often visited his abode, are interesting in the extreme. At one time he was visited by a stalwart chief of the red skins, who demanded whisky, and upon refusal raised his tomahawk and would have plunged it in his skull, but the keen eye of the settler was upon him, and he wrested the weapon from hira, and with the aid of friends the assail- ant was secured. But he never forgot it, and always threatened his life. 470 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. The second oldest living settler of Fond du Lac township is Jacob L. Wilson, a resident of Washington, Illinois, who, with his father, Jacob, and family, in company with Jakey Phillips, Joshua Walker, Thomas Banks and Elisha Green, started from Wayne Co., Ind., in the fall of 1823. They stopped at the farm of Isaac Wil- son, grandfather of Jacob L., through the holidays. His large area of acres are now covered by the costly stores and palatial residences of Indianapolis, Ind. In the midst of winter, with two sleighs drawn by ox teams, this little colony ploughed their way through deep snows and high waters. When they arrived at the Vermillion river, it was deemed unsafe to cross on the ice, and after consulta- tion it was decided to break the ice, and, if prossible, ford the stream. Accordingly, heavy clubs were cut from the timber skirt- ing the stream, and the band of heroic explorers began the task. Ere the day dawned the ice was broken, and the Egyptian pilgrims passed through with water nearly over the wagon box, and en- camped on the opposite shore. A blinding snow storm set in, which made further progress impossible. AVhile hunting in the woods for game the party were surprised to find six large fat hogs, feeding leisurely upon acorns and other growth that the woods afforded. It is supposed that this stock strayed from a drover, or was the stock of an unknown pioneer. However, the swineships were slaughtered, skinned, and divided equally among the party, whose provisions had began to show a famished condition. With this fortune came bright sunny weather, and the little party journeyed on until they reached the banks of the Illinois river, where they landed in Febru- ary, 1824. Of this number but few remain to tell the story of their trials and difficulties. Uncle Jacob, by which name he is familliarly known, is the only one who has clung to the home of his boyhood. Among those who came in afterward were Cyrus J. Gibson, who came in 1830, and settled on section 11 and 12. His son, who accompanied him, is now a prosperous merchant of Washington, 111. Austin and Horace Croker, Elza Bethard, Thomas Camlin and Jacob Funk, who was shot by the Sheriff; Major Donohue and David Mathews, whose families all grew up in this township ; Jos. Schertz, who came in 1830, is still a living resident near Farmdale; also, William and Samuel Moberry, brothers, who settled in Grove- land, in 1832, and have experienced all the hardships of pioneer life. There are many others equally worthy of notice, but want of space will prevent the mention of an extended number of names. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 471 William Blanchard hauled the mother of Jacob Minch to her grave over the bare ground on a sled, it being the only conveyance among the settlers at that time. Samuel Beck came in early and made his living by hunting deer. The first mill built in Fond du Lac was in 1832, on Ten Mile creek, by Samuel Parks. This mill was aftewards sold to Abraham Lewis. It was burned and after\vards re-built. The first saw-mill was built on the same creek, in 1828, by Hugh Woodruff and David Baily, of Pekin. It has passed away in the debris of time. The first religious meetings were held in this mill by the pioneers. Samuel Brown, a Methodist minister, preached the first sermon. He was soon followed by Zadock Hall, an early pilgrim who settled in this township. Buckeye school-house, on section 11, was built in 1835. It was used as the first church. It has been torn down, and the erection of a substantial structure is being considered. On the same section it was our pleasure to visit a mound, which had, until 1877, been covered by a heavy growth of timber. On this mound has been found the remains of human skeletons of large proportions. These were, no doubt, the remains of the Mound- Builders. Near this mound stood the relics of a mighty oak, which had spread afar out its garland of geeen sweeping branches for scores of years, and beneath which both the Indian and pioneer children sported in childish glee. In the hollow of this mighty monarch of the forest was imbedded in the debris and bark, a human skull. This was a common curiosity for some years. It was taken out at a later day, and secured by Dr. Hazard, now deceased. Since the Doctor's demise all traces of it has been lost. We give below a few personal sketches of citizens of this town- ship, in order to more fully detail its history : Jacob Amen, farmer, sec. 11 and 12 ; P. O., Fond du Lac; born in Alsace, Germany, April 5, 1820, and emigrated to America, in 1837, with his parents, David and Barbara (Bard) Ames, who settled in Richland, Woodford Co. ; lived with his parents until he was unit- ed in matrimony to Miss Henrietta Pfeffer, at Metamora, Feb. 28, 1850. She was born in Germany, Nov. 26, 1827, and emigrated to America in 1848. He purchased 52 acres of land in Partridge township, where he lived until 1863, when he moved to this Co. and settled on his present farm of 160 acres. Of their several chil- dren there are living — Henry, born Dec. 3, 1850, married Miss Hannah Haedicke Aug. 8, 1876, and resides in Kansas; Charles, born April 25,1857; and Mary Magdalen, born Sept. 19, 1860. They lost three twins, Sophia, born Oct. 20, 1853, married John 472 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Conrad, Dec. 25, 1872 ; and died May 23, 1877 ; one not christened and Jacob, born Jan. 20, 1855, died March 1, 1855. Thomas Andrews, miller, sec. 2 ; P. O., Fond du Lac ; born in Mercer Co., Pa., in 1834, came to this Co. in 1852, and engaged on the premises of his present estate, where he remained five years, when he went to California prospecting ten years, at the end of which time he returned and purchased the farm of 109 acres. He afterward formed partnership with Abraham Lewis and erected the mill he now occupies. In 1808 he was married to Miss Sharlotta Lewis, a native of this county, where she was born Nov. 16, 1845. Mr. Lewis died in 1871, and was succeeded by Mr. A. in the busi- ness, where he has conducted a prosperous trade. Charles A., Mary M., Martha E., Amanda and Susan are their living children. J. J. Arnold, farmer, sec. 26, P. O., Hilton; born in Licking Co., O., in 1847. His parents were Umphrey M. P. and Patsy Maddox Arnold, natives of Va., who emigrated to O. at an early day, and to this State in 1854, settling in McLean Co., where he lived three years, when he came to this Co. and settled on the pres- ent estate. He subsequently moved to Woodford Co., where he died in 1873. His wife still survives him at the age 70 years and resides on the homestead. In Feb., 1865, Mr. A. enlisted in the 150th I. V. L, Co. A. and served one year. Was married in 1869, to Miss Mary A. Allen who was born in England, in 1850. Samu- el P., Charles A. and Daisy P. are the living children. His moth- er still owns the farm of 185 acres. /. TF. Cunningham, postmaster, Farmdale, sec. 36 ; born in Fond du Lac township, in 1852. His parents were John and Mary Goodman (Cunningham), natives of O., who emigrated and settled in this township in 1838, where he lived until his death, in 1867. His mother survived him until May 12, 1879. The subject of this sketch still resides on the homestead, and was appointed P. M. in 1876, since which time he has filled that office. The same year he opened store, keeping a general stock of goods, and conducts a small yet prosperous trade. Is also School Director and is well known throughout the county. His parents numbering among those of the early settlers. Jane L., a sister, remains at home, and conducts the affi\irs of the household. Avery F. Dehor if ij, farmer, sec. 26 ; P. O. Hilton. Born in Licking Co., O., Dec. 9, 1833. His parents were George W. and Mary Draper (Dehority) natives of Del., who emigrated to O. in 1821, and to this county in 1838, settling on the present estate of 160 acres, where they resided until 1854, when his father moved to Woodford Co., thence to El Paso, where his father died Dec. 9, 1874; mother died in Palestine township in 1855. Mr. D. has always lived on the homestead and was married to Miss Matilda Cross, at Columbus, O., in 1860. She was born in Franklin Co., O., Nov. 19, 1833, and left parentless when young. She was adopted in the family of Alexander Moberry, and at eighteen years of age HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 473 commenced teaching school, and engaged in that capacity until mar- riage. Mr. D. has filled the office of town Treasurer three years ; town Clerk six years and Constable two years, and always been identified with the interests of the town and county. Scoaud li. Jlooberry, farmer, sec. 30 ; P. O., Farmdalc. Born in Franklin Co., O., Jan. 1artv since its organization. Post- office, Mackinaw. Hermon W. Hill, druggist, INIackinaw. Mr. Hill luis a first-class drug-store, is an experienced apothecary, and is (juite successful in his business. He is a native of Tazewell Co., and was born Aug. 550 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 7, 1850. His parents are Nehemiah and Emily I. Hill, natives of North Carolina and Mississippi, respectively. Hermon W. was ed- ucated in the common schools of this county and Eureka College, Woodford Co., 111. He was married to Ida B. Boucher Feb. 20, 1879. James E. Hill, postmaster, of the firm of J. E. & N. L. Hill, general merchants, INIackinaw. Mr. Hill was born in this county and township, Oct. 29, 1835. His parents were Nehemiah and Emily I. Hill, of North Carolina and Mississippi. James E. at- tended the common schools of this county ; was married to Mary E. Blair Dec. 27, 1862. They have one boy and two girls. Mr. Hill is a member of the Christian Church, and, politically, a Republican. Michael Hittle was born in Greene Co., O., Nov. 29, 1808. His parents, George and Mary Hittle, were natives of Northumberland Co., Pa. His father came West to Ohio in 1790. He visited Illi- nois in 1817, and moved into Sangamon county in 1825, where he remained only four months, when he pushed on to the beautiful grove in Hittle township, which was christened Hittle's Grove in honor of the Elder Hittle. Mr. H., the subject of this sketch, felled the first tree and split the first rail in Hittle township. He sold out his improvements in Hittle's Grove in 1830, and moved into Mackinaw township, sec. 22, where he has since resided. He received his education in the log school-houses of Ohio and Indiana. Aug. 6, 1828, he was united in marriage with Mary Ewing, of Logan county, 111. She died Sept. 15, 1869. June 16, 1870, he married Mrs. Agnes Bovd. His children, with dates of birth, are as follows: Eliza Jane, May 29, 1829; Mary Ann, Oct. 27, 1831; George, April 8, 1836 ; Ehzabcth, July 8, 1837 ; Angeline, Aug. 19, 1839; Harriet, Aug. 20, 1841; J. A., Oct. 16, 1843; Clara B., June 12, 1846; Jonas, May 14, 1849, and Emma A., Sept. 6, 1851. Seven of these ten children are now living. Mr. Hittle was a member of Capt. Adams' company, Avhich went from this county during the Black Hawk war. He participated in the battle of Stillman's Run. We were not aware Mr. H. was in the Black Hawk war at the time we wrote the chapter on that war, in this volume, or we would have given his name there. We made diligent inquiries, but his name was not mentioned. Mr. H. is a member of the Christian Church ; politically, a Republican ; post- office, Mackinaw. Mosea W. Ingersoll is a son of William and Lora Ingersoll, na- tives of Mass. Moses AV. was born in Courtland Co., N. Y., Sept. 26, 1813. He was educated in the schools of his native State. Mr. I. moved to Ohio in 1836, and to this Co. in 1852. He follows the occupation of farming. INIr. Ingersoll was united in marriage Oct. II, 1840, to Miss Caroline Hoffner, by whom he had eight chil- dren. She died April 12, 1856. He was again married June 25, 1857, to Elizabeth Taylor, by whom he had five children. Of his HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 551 thirteen children, but six arc now living. In politics Mr. I. is a Eepnlilican. P. ()., INIackinaw. Elder Jtimes Alfred Lindsey was l^orn April 28th, 1793, near Haw river in the vicinity of Raleigh, N. C. His father, James Lindsey, a native of Va., was of English and Welsh origin. His mother, Delilah Hodgson, a native of North Carolina, was of Scotch ])arent- age. His father was a mill-wright by ])rofession. On his way from the South at the close of the Revolutionary war, in which he served as a soldier for many years, he was taken down sick in North Carolina, at the house of Mrs. Delilah Brewer, formerly Miss Hodg- son as above. On his recovery he was mtirried to the Avidow Brewer, who bore him eight children, four sons and four daugliters, among whom was James Alfred, the subject of our narrative. When he was thirteen years old his parents removed to Christian Co., Ky. Here his father opened a farm and built a mill, which bears the name of Lindsey's mill to the present day. James A. grew up among the pioneers of Western Kentucky, and had many an adventure with the wild beasts of the forest ; bears, wolves and panthers being numerous. When about 19 years of age he enlisted in the army against the Indians in the war of 181*2; but before leaving home he obeyed his deep religious convictions, and was bap- tized Sept. 29, and united with the Baptist Church, of which his forefathers had been members time immemorial. He was chief mu- sician in his regiment. He was married when 21, to Miss Jean Scott, dautrhter of Wm. Scott, also a Revolutionarv soldier. Jean's origin was Scotch and Irish. She Avas also at that time a member of the Bajitist Church and deeply pious. She had, however, been reared a member of the Scotch Presbyterians or Independents. Soon after his marriage James A. became fully convinced that God required him to preach the Gospel. He therefore began his work as a minister. He was poor, but thirsted for knowledge, and went to school after his marriage, and among other studies he mastered sur- veying. He was elected County Surveyor of Christian Co. He, however, grew exceedingly unhappy over human creeds and human names in the Church, and resolved to abandon all these, and have no creed, but God's word, and, accordingly, he left the Baptist con- nection and took his whole church with him. In the meantime he fell in with the ChristUoi B<(pfisi, and on reading it he found that in many things Alexander Campl)ell taught his own views, and on many other points Campbell gave him new and better views. So, when he took the Noali's Spring Church witli him they were at once, in derisif>n, called Campbellites. This was the first church in Ken- tucky south of Green river to take this position. Soon many other churches and several other preachers went with them. His new position was taken as early as 1827 or 1828. W'iicn he had worked hard all day as surveyor he wouhl j)reach at night, and he, in this way, baj)tized many. His wife, Jean, bore him twelve children — six sons and six daughters — who all lived to be grown. The fami- 552 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. ly record is as follows : James Alfred Lindsey, born April 28, '93 ; Jean Scott, his wife, Aug. 6, '92 ; Elizabeth, Dec. 5, '14; James, Feb. 18, '16; William, Oct. 13, '17; Alfred, June 1, '19; John, June 15, '21; David, Jan. 28, '23; Delilah, Dec. 21, '24; Jane, Oct. 22, '26 ; Eliza Davenport, June 10, '29 ; Lucy Ann Major, Feb. 1, '31; Mary Eleanor, Dec. 3, '32; Felix Erastus, April 15, '35. He never dabbled in party political strife, but was early con- vinced that human slavery was wrong and alike injurious to master and slave. Hence his great concern, for many years, was to move his family from the region of its pernicious influences. Elder Lind- sey first came to Tazewell county, in the fall of 1833, in search of a new home. He entered land on sec. 23, Mackinaw township. Dur- ing this visit he baptized the first man and the first woman ever baptized in Tazewell county. In the Spring of 1834 he moved to the spot chosen for his new home, with his wife and their eleven children, the twelfth being born the following year. On his arrival at Little Mackinaw, which occurred about two o'clock in the after- noon, on Saturday, he found that they had a meeting appointed at three. He preached that afternoon and again on the next day, the Lord's-day, at the house of Thomas Railsback, five miles south of Mackinaw. He thus promptly began his life-work in his new home, which he prosecuted to the day of his death with unabated interest. His first work was at Little Mackinaw, where he and his numerous family held their membership, till he gathered in enough of his neighbors to form a congregation in his own neighborhood, called Mount Pleasant congregation. This took place in 1837. Being a practical surveyor he was of great value in locating corners and lines, and this settled and prevented many difficulties and much strife. Being a good practical scholar he taught for several winters. But his life-work was preaching the Gosjiel. So, as the Apostles and the primitive preachers, he went every where preaching the Word. He constituted a church at Stout's Grove ; preached often at Bloomington, and in the region all round about Bloomington, Danvers, Lexington, Leroy, etc. He began to preach early south- west of Tremont, and soon built up a large and prosperous church called Antioch. He preached much at Hittle's Grove, where he baptized many and established a strong church. He was the first man who ever taught the distinctive features of his church at Sugar Creek, now in Logan county. Salt Creek, Dewitt county, at Hieron- ymus, Delavan, Pekin, Green Valley, and, indeed, for from fifty to one hundred miles all around Mackinaw. He early formed the ac- quaintance of H. D. Palmer, near Lacon, Hugh Bowles and his son, Walter P. Bowles, near Clinton, Elder E. Rhodes, near Blooming- ton, and several others, who belonged to the Christian connection or New-Lights. He had much earnest labor in harmonizing the differ- ences between himself and them. Yet he ultimately succeeded, and those who differed so widely at first became one, and all preached and practiced as he had done from the first. Thus he became one of ELDER JAMES A.LINDSEY MRS. JEAN S.LINDSEY. Mackinaw. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 555 the greatest mouklino; powers that gave shape and caste to all the churches in the State of Illinois, from S])riiigfiekl, north, and from the Illinois, east. Although his great power lay in organizing and harmonizing, this was by no means his only power. His mind being clear and delineative, he seldom failed to bring conviction to those who heard him. Hence, he was a successful prosclyter, and baptized manv hundreds with his own hands. Being mild and gen- tle toward all he was generally beloved, and early received the title. Father Lindsey, and was so addressed and spoken of during the last forty years of his life, and his name is yet sacred in the memory of thousands. He had the pleasure of seeing three of his s(nis successful ])reach- ers of the Gospel, James, Alfred, and John. The two former went to the spirit land before him. He was an earnest advocate of the great temperance cause, and as early as 1842, in company with his sons, John and William, got up a Washingtonian society, writing the pledge with his own hand. He was often heard to say: "if this nation is ever overthrown, it will be caused by intemperance and })ride." He was also one of the first jireachers of his church who advocated a missionary society, and a new and improved translation of the Scriptures into our great English language. He advocated the establishing of high schools and colleges for the education of preachers and teachers ; and after his son, John, graduated at Beth- any College, and entered into the work of establishing AValnut Grove Academy (now Eureka College), he gave him his full aid and support, and deserved more honor than any other man, living or dead, who lived as far from the College as he did, for the existence of that great seat of learning. During his career of near forty years in this county, besides constituting some twenty or thirty churches, he had the good fortune to induce many young men to enter the ministry. Tiie last earnest labor of his useful life was to aid in establishing a congregation and erecting a house of worship at Lilly, a new town near his own home. To this work he subscribed very liberally. His son William is now Elder, presiding over it. And his aged widow, now near 87 years of age, is a member of the Lilly congregation. His three living daughters also have their membership here, and are all active workers, both at home and for the foreign mission cause. The mother also gives freely to the mis- sion work. Before taking any step in life, his standing question was, "Is it right?" His motto in action towards others was, "Do unto others as you would have them do to you." " Owe no man any thing," was his financial motto. Hence he never went in debt. For all reliijious dutv he said, "Give me a thus saith the Lord." His posterity, living and dead, number at the date of this writing, eighty-eight persons. The leading features of his life grew still more vivid as he drew near to his closing hour. His house, as he lay on his death-bed for many weeks, was truly a house of worship. As friends crowded around him from far and near, before each one 556 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. took his last earthly farewell, he had a portion of God's word read, singing and prayer, and then followed the exhortation to be faithfnl. Thus there was worship from three to five times a day in his room. He was in his 80th year when he died. Shortly before he breathed his* last, he looked steadily into the face of his son John, who stood near him and said, " My Son, work while it is day. The night soon cometh when no man can work." " How short is life in which to do the great work for God, for Christ, for Humanity." He wrote his last will and testament with his own hand many years before he died, chosing Michael Hittlc, who had for near forty years stood by him and been true as a neighbor, a friend, and a brother in Christ, to see that he was hurried in a precise spot, and that his wife was laid to his right side. He committed to the care of his daughter, Jane, and her husband. Dr. S. K. Linn, his beloved and aged wife, having also left ample provisions for her support, then fell asleep, and rests, not like Jacob, with his fathers, but, like Abraham, with his children. As a souvenir for the many who dearly loved the old veteran, we place in this volume his portrait, and, also, that of his wife. Elder John Llndsey, A. 31., was born in Christian Co., Ky., June 15, 1821. His parents, James A. and Jean (Scott) Lindsey, were blessed with twelve children, of whom John was the fifth in order of birth. He was in his fifteenth year when his father moved to Tazewell Co. A few days after John was 15 years old he obeyed his religious convictions and was baptized, uniting with the Little Mackinaw Christian Church, being the first north of Sangamon to take the Bible as a rule of faith, and break the loaf every first day of the week. At the age of 19 he began to preach in Tazewell, McLean, Logan, Dewitt and Woodford counties. He was ordained when quite young and began to administer baptism when almost a boy. He preached much and baptized many before going to college. He entered Bethany College, AV. Va., in the fall of 1844; gradua- ted in 1848. AVhile a student he often went out to preach, and especialy during vacations, and gathered many into the Church, also many of the so-called New Light congregations, of West Va. and Tenn., laid aside their peculiarities and came into the fellowship of the Disciples. In two summers more than 1,500 souls thus came over. At the close of his stay in College he returned to Illinois, and after preaching till his last coat left the elbows exposed to pub- lic gaze, he commenced teaching a district school in Mackinaw township. While in school he conceived the plan of erecting one central college in Illinois, and a subordinate high school in each county in the State. On presenting his plan to his father. Elds. J. P. Jones, Wm. Davenport and H. D. Palmer, and especially Elder Major, they decided to locate at Walnut Grove, now Eureka. After a few rousing meetings at Eureka, he went forth, in company with Wm. Davenport, among all the Churches, soliciting means to found the College. He would first give a lecture on education and then HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 557 Elder D. would join him in appealing to their pockets. Where they would not give money, he would take a cow, a horse or any other property worth money. On one occasion he procured a mule, blind of one eye, and sold "it in an hour for §37.50. He also solicited money to build a boarding house. The school was opened and he began to teach in the fall of 1850, in company with Professor A. S. Fisher. He was married the previous April to Miss Mariah Mason, of Woodstield, Ohio. He taught for two years and then abandoned teaching on account of the failing health, both of himself and wife. During this period he had also done much preaching, and held suc- cessful meetings. In the meantime his plan being openly made known, the Church at Jacksonville and one at Abingdon aimed to outstrip the Eureka enterprise, and each desired to become the central school. This engendered strife and division, and greatly retarded the well-begun work. He returned to Tazewell county and located in Washington, Avhere he built up from a handful of 32 members, a strong Church numbering 150 members. He removed from Washington to Peoria, where he built up a congregation of 65 members in a short time, and a neat and elegant house of worship. His best estimates of additions in Tazewell county is about 1,000; he can count up near 500 at Mackinaw alone, 250 at Washington, 125 each at Lilly and Antioch, and about 40 at Pekin. He also held a very successful meeting in Tremont. These two Churches were sutfered to go down when he was called to other fields. While in Peoria he Avas one of the editors of a religous paper. He has been married three times. He was first married in 1850, to Miss Maria K. Mason; second, in 1855, to Miss Sarah F. Eeding; third, in 1858, to Miss Martha M. Davidson. His children by the first two are all dead. He has three childreen by the present wife. He began in the temperance work when a boy, and has been very earnest all his life as a temperance man. He has been State Evan- gelist or Corresponding Secretary of the State Missionary Society for three different times, a year each ; was President of Princeton College, Kentucky, two years; has been pastor at Peoria, at Pekin, at Washington, at Atlanta, Logan county, and at Duquon, in Illi- nois ; also pastor of the Churches at Palmyra and St. Joseph, Mo. Of his 5,000 additions to the Church, one-fifth have been in Tazewell county. Being the first college graduate among his people in Illi- nois, he has been often called upon to hold public debates, and in the numerous discussions held by him, he has always succeeded in leaving his people in a healthy and prosperous state, and fully confi- dent that he had sustained himself well. At the present writing his residence is in Eureka, yet he always calls it going home to return to Tazewell. He has just entered his fortieth year as a minister of the Gospel, and is yet strong and vigorous, being only 58 years old. He loves to recount the days when they beat all their meal in the old homony mortar, or went thirty miles or more to mill. The wolf chase, and deer hunt of the early times, are percious to his memory. 558 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Samuel K. Linn, M. D., was born in Clinton Co., O., Aug. 17, 1819. His parents Avere Samuel and Jane Linn; He was educated in the common schools of his native State and was graduated from the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, O., Feb. 21, 1848. Dr. Linn came to this county in 1840 and owns farm property on sec. 23, on which he lives and farms in connection with the practice of medicine, in which he has been successful ; was married Oct. 22, 1850, to Jane Lindsey, daughter of Elder James A. Lindsey. Dr. Linn is a member of the Christian Church, and a Republican in pol- itics. P. O., Lilly. John McFall. Mr. McFall was born at Brownsville, Fayett Co., Penn., June 4, 1822. He is the son of Charles and Jane McFall and came to this State in 1846, locating in Peoria. He moved to this Co. in the year 1859. By occupation he is a blacksmith and brickmaker. Mr. McFall has served his people in the office of Justice of the Peace. He has considerable musical taste and talent and has taught vocal music for many years. He was united in marriage April 14, 1842, to Miss Mary Wagoner. They have had seven children, only three of whom are living. He is a member of the Methodist Church. P. O. address, Lilly. Philip J. F. 3Iiller, former, sec. 22 ; P. O., Mackinaw. Mr. M. is the happy possessor of 333 acres of choice land. He was born in Robinson Co., Tenn., Nov. 4, 1836. George and Elenor, his parents, were natives of Virginia. Philip came to this county in June, 1837. Attended the common schools of this county; and has held the offices of Assessor and Highway Commissioner; was joined in wedlock to Martha Adams, June 29, 1858 ; they have had seven children — three boys and four girls; five are living; is a member of the Christian Church, and a Democrat in politics. Joseph H. Myers is a son of John and Catharine Myers, who were natives of Pennsylvania, in which State Joseph H., the subject of this sketch, was born March 1, 1826. He came to this county while a lad nine years of age. He is a farmer on sec. 27, and is the owner of 263 acres of land. His post-office is Mackinaw. Mr. Myres has been a consistent member of the Christian Church for the past sixteen years. Mrs. Myers is also a member of the same Church. He was united in marriage to Mis Susan Perry, who was born in Kentucky, April 30, 1830. The day upon which he led Miss Perry to the hymenial alter was March 13, 1849. They have been blessed with six children, four of whom are living. Daniel W. Pnterhaugh, farmer, lives on sec. 26, and is the OAvner of 619 acres of choice farming land; has succeeded admirably in his chosen profession. He was born in Miami county, Ohio, Oct. 24, 1824. His parents were Jacob and Hannah Puterbaugh, natives of Maryland and Pennsylvania, respectively. Daniel W. was educated in the common schools of Ohio and his adopted State. He is a member of the Christian Church, and has served as Elder for about sixteen years; was married Oct. 8, 1846, to Sarah J. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 559 Smith, who was born in this township Sept. 9, 1829. She is the mother of seven children — three boys and fonr girls — six of whom are living. Mr. Pntorbaugh has served as Justice of the Peace for sixteen years, and has held the offices of Supervisor and Highway Commissioner. P. O., Lilly. Solomon Putcrbangh is an extensive farmer and one of the solid men of the county, owning over 1,000 acres of land, well stocked and equipped. He is a native of Miami Co., O., where he was born Sept. 9, 1822 ; his parents were Jacob and Hannah Puterbaugh. Solomon came to this county in 1839. He only enjoyed the priyilegeof at- tending the common schools of pioneer times, yet with his rare native business qualifications he has conquered, to a very great extent, the circumstances that tend to keep men down, and has made of life, thus far, a success. Has been Supervisor and Highway Commissioner. In politics is Repulican and Prohibitionist. Mr. Puterbaugh was married Feb. 27, 1844, to Eliza A. Howell, who was born in White Co., this State, June 10, 1826. They have had four children — three boys and one girl — of whom two boys are living. He is a member of the Christian Church. P. O., Mackinaw. Warren Percy, deceased, was born in Rutland, Meigs county, O., Jan. 26, 1822. His parents were natives of the same State. He Avas educated in the common schools of Ohio, and came to this county in 1858» He resided on sec. 35, where he owned 160 acres of fine land, which he cultivated. In this he proved quite success- ful. Mr. and Mrs. Percy accepted the teachings of the Gospel of our Savior, and united with the Christian Church. He Avas a Re- publican, politically. Mr. Percy went to California in 1850, where he was quite successful, financially. He returned in 1854, and was married Dec. 15, 1857, to Emma E. Williams, a native of Meigs county, Ohio, where she was born March 7, 1835. Their home was blessed by the birth of two boys and two girls, only one of whom, a boy, is now living. D. G. A. Railshack, farmer, sec. 32. Mr. R. has spent an active life of almost half a century in this county, and has acquired 356 acres of land ; P. O., Mackinaw. He is one of the substantial pil- lars of the Christian Church of this section, having been a member for 45 years ; has been an elder in the Church for nearly 25 years. The subject of this sketch was born in Montgomery Co., Tenn., April lb, 1819,' and moved to this county in the fall of 1830. Thomas F. and Louisa V. Railsback, his parents, were natives of Virginia. The first school Mr. Railsback went to in this county was taught by his father in his own cabin, in 1832. Mr. Railsback was united in marriage Jan. 17, 1839, to Ellen E. A. Walles, who died in March, 1853; was again married Aug. 5, 1854, to Virginia E.Adams; He is the parent of eleven children — four boys and seven girls — nine of whom are living. Thomas A., his eldest son, served during the Rebellion in the 94th 111. Inf Asa S. Smith, Sr. This gentleman is a native of Sumner Co., 560 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Tonn., where he was born Feb. 16, 1816. His parents were Joshua and Eliza])eth Smith, the former a native of Va. the hitter of Ky. Mr. Asa S. Smith came to tliis county in 1848. He foHows the oc- cupation of farming and stock raising. He was united in marriage May 16, 1838, to Elizabeth Neville, a native of Montgomery Co., Teiin. They have had twelve children — nine boys and three girls — four of their sons were taken with a fever, in Jan., 1867, and died within forty-two days. Mr. S. has been a member of the Methodist Church for thirty-five years. Post-office, Mackinaw. We will cite an incident of his life which he vividly relates : In Jan., 1836, while engaged in the woods getting out timber, in the State of Louisiana, and having no weapons of defense but his axe, he was attacked by a panther. So sudden was this nimble and treacherous animal in its attack, that Mr. S. was compelled to drop his axe and use only his hands against the formidable enemy. After a long and severe struggle, he succeeded in killing it by choking it to death. The scars of the many wounds he received cling to him yet and will through life. irichnrd Sparks, of the firm of Sparks & Son, fiirmers and grain dealers, Mackinaw. He is a member of the Christian Church, and was born in Salem Co., N. J., Aug. 19, 1805. Thomas and Abi- gail, his parents, were natives of New Jersey. Mr. Sparks has lived for over half a century in the holy bonds of matrimony, hav- ing been united in marriage March 14, 1820, to luicy Devore, of Brown Co., O. She is the mother of ten children — five boys and five girls — eight of whom are now living. Mr. and Mrs. Sparks celebrated their golden wedding March 14, 1879. On that occasion four of their children and ten grandchildren were present. Mr. Sparks is one of the original Republicans, having acted with the party since its organization. Tliomas Sparks, the third son of Richard, served in the 3d 111. Cavalry during the Rebellion. James R. Whisler, proprietor of the steam flouring-mill at Mack- inaw, was born March 17, 1836, in Cumberland Co., Pa. His parents were Jacob and Mary A. Whisler, natives of l*a. James R. while a youth, attended the common schools of his native State, ac- quiring a good practical education, and came to this county in 1855. Two years later, Oct. 28, 1857, he was married to Mary C. Smith, who was born Sept. 14, 1840, in Fulton Co., Ky. She is the mother of three girls. Mrs. Whisler is a member of the Christian Church. Mr. W. is identified with the business interests of Taze- well Co., and has been quite successful. Georr/e Walker, farmer on sec. 22, He has acquired the owner- ship of 900 acres of land, and, too, when he commenced life with nothing. He worked as a laborer at $12 per month for his first start, "This certainly speaks well for his energv and business ability. Mr. Walker was born Cecil Co., Md., May 24, 1832. His parents, George and Harriet Walker, were natives of Maryland. He came to this county in 1838; attended common schools of WILLIAM ALLENSWORTH [deceased) UTTLE MJICKff^^^ -■■^ EDWARD H.BACON MACKINAW HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 561 McLean county, 111., where lie received his education. He was married March" 18, 1858, to Mary Lilly. They have five children — two bovs and three girls. He made the good confession befi^re men and ibr sj)iritual strength and support, and to aid in the great labor of the Church, united himself with the Christian Church. His P. O. address is Lilly. George T. Williams was born in this township June 2, 1834. He is a son of Isaac J, and Anna AVilliams, natives, respectively, of Ky. and Tenn. They are among the earliest settlers of the county, having come here in the year 1829. George T. Williams, the subject of this sketch, is a farmer on sec. 13, and is the owner of over 400 acres of land. Mr. T. was married May 6, 1858, to Miss Rebecca A. Macy, a native of Randolph county, Ind. Their home has been blessed with three daughters and three sons, of whom two girls and one boy are living. Mr. W. acts with the Republican party, and is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. P. O., Lilly. John H. Wilson was born in Augusta Co., Ya., July 11, 1834; attended the common schools of his native State and came to this county in 1855. P. O., INIackinaw. His parents were Daniel and Elzabcth A. Wilson, natives of Virginia. JSIr. Wilson was married Nov. 18, 1858, to Charlotte Sargent. He was in the Quartermas- ter's Department for over a year during the Rebellion, and has held the office of Justice of the Peace, and Assessor of his township. Below may be found a schedule of the township officials serving since the organization of the township, together with the years of serving : SUPERVISORS. Lyman Porter. 1850 Daniel W. Puterbaugh 1866 Jonas H. Hittle 1851-52 George Miller 1867 David Judy 1853-56 Solomon Puterbaugh 1868 J. W. Brack 1857-58 George Miller 1869-74 George Miller 1859-65 J.H.Porter 1875-79 TOV,-N-CLERKS. M.F.Gerard 1854-55 William M. AVatson 1871 M. D. Tenny 1856 Norman L. Porter 1872 Lyman Porter 1857-58 J. W. Wbite 1873-74 J.A.Terrell 1859 William Saxton 1875-76 N.L.Porter 1860-64 L. M. Brook 1877-78 J.L.Davis 1865 William M. Watson 1879 John A. Richmond 1866-70 ASSESSORS. Thomas C Wilson 1854 J. W. Puterbaugh. 1868 J.L.Davis 1855-56 N.L.Porter 1869 D. W. Puterbaugh 1857 Elisha Barton. 1870 Elisha Barton 1858 Clark Barton 1871 Clark Barton 1859 Rufus M. Elliott 1872-73 J. L. Davi.s. 1860 C. W. Samuel 1874 D. W. Puterbaugh 1861 Clark Barton 1875 J. L. Davis. 1863 J. L. Davis 1876 Elisha Barton 1864-65 P. J. F. Miller 1877 J. L. Davis 1866-67 J. H. Wilson 1878-79 34 562 • HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. COLLECTORS. Clark Barton. 1854 Clark Barton 18()0-67 J. Matthews 1855-56 J. L. Davi.s 1808-73 J.B.Chaplin 1857 Daniel Beckley 1874-76 E. B. Hibhard 1858 Wm. Ammerman 1877-78 J.B.Chaplin 1859 James F. Quigg 1879 PEKIN TOWNSHIP. As the history of the city of Pekin will include that of the town- ship, we will at once enter upon the difficult task of detailing the history of that city. CITY OF PEKIN. This city is beautifully situated on the eastern shore of the Illi- nois river. During its early history it enjoyed the advantages of being a river-town. Since the advent of railroads into the county, it has been bountifully supplied with the " steel rail " and the " iron horse," which has very largely replaced the steam-boat as a means of traffic and travel. The earliest pioneers, the very advance guard of civilization, as they wended their way up the placid Illinois, and plunged into the wilderness, where dwelt the red man and wild beasts of forest and plain, were especially attracted by the beautiful lay of the country upon which Pekin is located. They looked upon it as a most favorable site for a town, and, ere a lot had been laid off or a stake driven, it was christened " Town Site." It was thus known far and wide by those who traversed the river. We have been fortunate enough to secure, from the old journals of the late venerable Jacob Tharp (whose son was the first settler, and who was, himself, the second person to locate here), a very minute and inter- esting sketch of the settlement of Pekin. These journals are in the possession of Mr. W. F. Coopes, of Cincinnati township, to whom we are indebted for them. We quote in his own language : "I was born in New Jersey, in September, 1773. In 1792, I married Miss Phoebe Winans, of Pennsylvania. Two weeks after we united with the Methodist Episcopal Church. After a streak of bad luck, in 1825, left Ohio, where I then resided, and traveled through Indiana with one ox-team, a span of horses, and a family of twelve persons, reaching the site of Pekin just before Christmas. " Jonathan Tharp, my son, built the first house ever erected in the city of Pekin, in 1824, on the spot now occupied by Joshua HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 563 Wagenseller's residence. Jonathan's farm embraced the land now covered by our heaviest business houses. " At the time of my arrival, Jonathan was the only occupant. Their neighbors were Major Nathan Cromwell, living on the Hawley farm ; Gideon Hawley, living on the Mackinaw side of Sand Prairie ; Seth Wilson, living on John Young's farm; John and Geo. Clines, between that place and Tremont ; the Woodrows and John Sum- mers, living in the AVoodrow settlement ; the Dillon family, after whom that township was named ; the Hodgsons, friends and rela- tives of the Dillons; old Benj. Briggs, afterwards Sheriff; James Scott, who with Wilson, acted as constable in those days ; and Wm. Eads, who was the first miller in this section of the State. He ran a "horse-mill," and ground only corn. On New Year's day, 1827, I went to Fort Clark, now Peoria, where I found a few cabins occu- pied by John Hamlin, James Dixon, and others. Hamlin had a little store, and I bought groceries, coffee selling at 37h cents per pound. On my way home I contracted for mast-fed pork at $2.50 per hundred. I soon built my cabin, placing it about half way between Joshua Wagenseller's house and the present landing at the river. "In the summer of 1827, the first consignment of goods was sent to Pekin, by one Mobley, the land auctioneer. I received them, and so won the honor of being the first commission merchant. jSlost of the goods, however, went on to Mackinaw, which was the first shire-town. Pekin at this early day, was reported to be the best commercial point on the Illinois river. All goods came up from St. Louis, which was the great basis of supplies for the settlers. "The Government surveys were made previous to 1828. This year we were cheered by a close neighbor, a Mr. Hinkle, who came to put up a trading house for Absalom Dillon. The goods came before the house was finished, and so my smoke-house was used for the first store. This season the Methodists established a mission, and their first service was held in Hawley 's house, on Sand Prairie. In the fall of 1828, Absalom and Jose])h Dillon moved to Pekin, and 'camped out' for a while. Major Cromwell came in 1829, and bought out Dillon's stock in trade, when those gentleman returned to the country. In the same year, Hawley and William Haines built cabins in our town. The inhabitants then consisted of Crom- well, Hawley, Haines, Dr. John Warner, the two Hiatts, Jonathan Tharp and myself. Mr. Clark made a raft of hewed puncheons, 564 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. and started the ferry, placing a stake just below the present ferry landing to mark his claim. " When the land sales were held at Springfield, there were several claimants for the Pekin town-site. On the first day of the sale, the biddino; ran hio-h, and the land was knocked down to Wm. Haines at $20.00 an acre, but he did not comply with the regulations of the sale, and on the second day the same tract was sold for one hundred dollars per acre. The buyer again failed to comply, and the tract was once more offered on the third day. A man in Springfield, named Harrington, had in the meantime a deadly quarrel with Ma- jor Perkins, one of the principal claimants, growing out of some delicate question. Those were chivalrous days and he determined on revenge. So he placed himself near the auctioneer, armed to the eyebrows, and when the coveted tract was put up, he bid one dollar and twenty-five cents an acre, and swore he would blow out any man's brains who offered a higher bid. Major Perkins was stalking around the room, armed for battle and hunting blood. There was immense excitement, and death was felt in the atmosphere, but the tract was knocked down to Harrington. He complied with the regulations, and walked out feeling sublime, but the Major and his friends captured the usurper, conveyed him to a room, and j)er- suaded him to make out deeds for the prize. From these papers the original title is derived. "In the spring of 1830, the proprietors surveyed and laid out the town, Perkins, Hawley, Haines and Cromwell being the active agents. Cromwell did the surveying. About this time Perkins sold out to Thomas Snell, from Cincinnati, Ohio. The gentlemen were much exercised about the way in which to lay off the celestial city. The elder Hiatt had a claim upon the Lake shore, but when the land sales occurred he forgot to bid, and Carpenter bought Ids tract, also buying eighty acres on the east side of said tract. The proprietors of the future city included these two tracts in the town- site. Mr. Hiatt was appeased with a pony purse of seventy-five or eighty dollars. " After some property sales, the foreign owners were bought out and the entire city owned, body and soul, by five persons, namely : William Haines, Thomas Snell, Nathan Cromwell, William Brown, and David Bailey. The surveys were finally completed, and it was found that the lots had cost just twenty-eight cents apiece. The advertisement for the gale of lots was immediately made, to take HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 565 place in April, 1830. The deed of partition was drawn up before the sale, and is the one now on record." Jacob Tharp was a large, robust man, and lived almost long enough to celebrate his centennial birthday. He was born in 1773 and survived till 1872. Much of his life was spent upon the front- ier, opening up and developing new country for coming generations. He died at Lancaster, Peoria county, 111., and his remains were brought to his old home and interred at Pekin. A daughter of his, Mrs. Mary D. Taggart, and the mother of W. F. Copes, resides in Cincinnati township. The manuscript, of which the above is an extract, was put in shape by the old gentleman himself, about 1860, and revised about 1872. The survey of the new town was mode by Wm. H. Hodge, the first County Surveyor, in 1827. He had no surveyor's chain, and, instead, used a string. Now that the town had been laid off it must be christened. Mrs. Cromwell, wife of Major Cromwell, was hon- ored by being called on to perform this important part of founding their new city. Doubtless with a proplietic eye she could sec a brilliant future for their town in the not far distant time, and, there- fore, gave to it the name of Pekin, we suppose after the celestial city of that name. We should think the streets were also named by this goodly matron, judging from the feminine names they bear. It is stated that they were named in honor, and perpetuate the names, of the early women of the city, and that the older streets, with few exceptions, bear the given names of the mothers, grandmothers, wives and daughters of the pioneers. For instance, there is Aman- da street ; then there are streets that bear such names as these : Ann Eliza, Caroline, Catharine, Charlotte, Cynthiana, Elizabeth, Har- riet, Henrietta, Isabella, Jane, Margaret, Matilda, Minerva, Lucinda, Ruth, Susanna, etc. A store was soon opened, as recited by Mr. Tharp, The settlers then wisely turned to look after the welfare of their children. They erected a school-house in 1831. This pioneer institution was long known as the Snell school-house. It was a one-storied building and was erected by Thomas Snell, and stood on the west side of Second street, between Elizabeth and St. Mary's streets. Its first occupant, as a teacher, was John S. Snell, a son of the builder, who also dis- tinguished himself by delivering the first Fourth of July oration to the citizens of Pekin. In the same year a warehouse was erected by Thomas Snell, who 566 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. seems to have been a prominent man, and a promoter of the com- mercial and educational interests of the town. The Asiatic cholera visited Pekin in the beginning of July, 1834, bringing death to many a household, and sadness and sorrow to the hearts of those who were left behind. Many prominent citizens, among whom are mentioned the names of Mr. Smith, Mrs. Cauldron, Thomas Snell, Dr. Perry, Mrs. Perry, and Mrs. J. C. Morgan, fell victims to this fearful malady. Drs. Perry, Pillsbury and Griffith were the representatives of the medical profession here at that time. July 9, 1835, the first town election of which we have any au- thentic account was held in the court-house in Pekin, for the elec- tion of five resident freeholders of the town of Pekin as Trustees, with the following result : David Mark received 24 votes ; Daniel Bailey, 24; Samuel Wilson, 17; J. C.Morgan, 22; S. Pillsbury, 24, and S. Field, 12. The five first-named candidates were elected and qualified before Alden Hull, a Justice of the Peace. The Board of Trustees met and organized by electing J. C. Morgan, President, and Benj. Kellogg, Jr., Clerk. The Board of Trustees met at the court-house, Aug. 1st, 1835, and passed an ordinance defining the limits of the corporation of Pekin, which were as follows : " Beginning at a point on the west side of the Illinois river, opposite the northwest corner of fractional section 34, in township 25, north of range 5, west of the third prin- cipal meridian ; thence east on the north line of section 35, in the township above named, to the middle of last-named section ; thence south on a line with the middle of said section 35, to Broadway, in the town of Cincinnati, county and State aforesaid ; thence west along Broadway to the west bank of the Illinois river; thence north to the place of beginning." Benjamin Kellogg, Jr., was appointed Treasurer, and Richard H. Snell, Collector, by the Board of Trustees, at this meeting. Asses- sors were afterwards appointed. The following anecdote is related of Rev. Joseph Mitchel, the first regular pastor of the M. E. Church at this place : Some of the neighbors met to hold a religious meeting, when some of the younger members, thinking instrumental music would add to the enjoyment of the occasion, as an accompaniment to the singing, brought a bass viol. When Father Mitchel came in and was seated, they began to tune up the viol, which brought Father M. to his feet at once, with the exclamation, " What's that ! " what's that ! " HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 567 Some of the brothers explained that it was a bass viol which they had brought for the purpose above mentioned. The old man ex- claimed "No such thing! no such thing! it's an ungodly great fiddle. Take it out ! take it out ! " And thus the brethren Avere obliged to dispense with the " fiddle " and thereafter content them- selves with vocal music. The second election for Trustees was held at the school-house, Aug. 8th, 1836, when Samuel Pillsbury, Spencer Field, Jacob Ea- mon, John King and David Mark were elected. John King was chosen President and Benj. Kellogg Clerk, and on the 23d the Board approved the bond of David Mark as Assessor. At the third election, Aug. 8, 1837, David Mark, Samuel Pills- bury, John W. Casey, John A. Jones and Gideon H. Rupert were chosen Trustees. The Board chose David Mark, President ; Wm. M. Sandusky, Clerk ; Irenus N. Henkle, Constable and Collector, and Alden Hull, Treasurer. On the 8th of August, 1838, a fourth election was held at Lind- ley's Hall, on the southwest corner of Second and Court street. The following were the Trustees elected : Spencer Field, David C. Alexander, Samuel Pillsbury, Richard H. Snell, and John O. Hyde. The Board elected Dr. Samuel Pillsbury, President ; AVm. H. San- dusky, Clerk; and Alden Hull, Treasurer. On Dec. 6, 1838, the Board appointed Wm. H. Holmes, Clerk, vice Wm. H. Sandusky, who had removed from the State. John Gridley and David Mark were appointed Assessors, and J. Peters, Street Commissioner. On the 1st of April, 1839, the town of Pekin acquired the title to the Ferry across the Illinois river, by a release of all the right and interest of Mrs. Lucretia Mount, administratrix of Sexton Mount. The fifth election for Trustees was held Aug. 12, 1839, when Harlan Hatch, Middlcton Tackaberry, James W. Tharp, R. H. Snell, and John W. Casey were elected. Harlan Hatch was elected President by the Board; Alden Hull, Treasurer; and John Gridley, Clerk. On Aug. 26, M. Tackaberry was appointed Collec- tor and Street Commissioner. At the sixth election for Trustees, held Aug. 10, 1840, Wm. S. Maus, M. Tackaberry, Benj. Wagenseller, Orlando F. Earnest and Joseph B. Worley were elected. The Board elected Wm. S. Maus, President ; Alden Hull, Treasurer ; and John Gridley, Clerk. The Board resolved, Dec. 29, 1840, that "An eagle of a quarter of a dollar of the new coinage, be adopted for a seal of the corporation of the town of Pekin." 568 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. On Jan. 20, 1841, Joseph Haines, Sr,, Wm. H. Holmes, and Juo. Gridley were appointed Assessors for 1841. On Feb. 24, a tax of four mills on the dollar was levied, and Joseph Haines was appointed Collector. At the same time John Gridley, Town Clerk, was " Authorized to procure one fire ladder and two hooks for the cor- poration." We find no evidence to show that license was given to sell spirituous liquors until the 21st of April, 1841. On that day Lawrence Doyle and Henry Schwan were granted a license for that purpose, for one year, in consideration of the sum of $25. The seventh election was held Aug. 9, 1841, resulting in the elec- tion of Wm. S. Maus, John W. Casey, Orlando F. Earnest, Benj. Wagenseller and Richard Snell. They organized by electing Wm. S. Maus, President; and John Gridley, Clerk. On Nov. 16th, Wm. S. Maus tendered his resignation as a member of the Board, which was accepted, and David Mark elected to fill his place. In December, 1743, a fearful epidemic overspread the town, spread- ing disease and death on every hand. It was erysipelas and malig- nant scarlatina. The physicians in attendance were Drs. AVilliam Rinehart, Wm. S. Maus, and Wm. Cromwell, and although they labored faithfully and earnestly to check the disease, it held its sway for four months, but finally disappered, after having attacked over five hundred out of a population of about eight hundred, and carry- ing fifty-two of its victims to the grave. An ordinance was passed June 4, 1847, declaring the ferry across the river to be free, and authorizing the Street Commissioners to receive subscriptions from the citizens to defray the expenses of the same. The free ferry did not prove a success, however, for on the 28th of August following, the Trustees resolved that "from and after the 28th day of August, 1847, ferriage shall be charged at the ferry at Pekin." The ferry was sold in December, 1847, to B. S. Prettyman, for $1,575. In 1848, a Division of the Sons of Temperance was organized, which flourished for some years, but finally died out. On the 7th of August, 1849, the Board resolved "that the census of the town should be taken preparatory to a city organization," and John App was appointed census taker, with instructions to report at the next meeting. On the evening of the 9th Mr. App reported the census completed, which showed that the town contain- ed 1,500 inhabitants, the minimum number required by law for the adoption of a city charter. On Aug. 20, 1849, an election was held, HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 569 pursuant to previous notice, and an unanimous vote polled in favor of city organization. Thus Pekin became a city, and the first city election was held for city officers on the 24th of September, 1849. The first calaboose was built by John S. Boone, in 1849, and in the summer of 1868 was set on fire by an inmate and destroyed. A census of the city was taken in 1850, when it was ascertained to contain 1,840 inhabitants. Early one Sunday morning in March, 1851, the citizens of Pekin were suddenly startled by a terriffic explosion, which brought them in crowds to the river, where they beheld one of the most sickening and heart-rending spectacles that could well be imagined. The boiler of the Prairie State had exploded just as she was about to land at the levee, and being loaded with passengers, many were pre- cipitated into the river, some never to rise again, while others lost some of their limbs, and nearly all were severely scalded, a number fatally. The sufferers were taken into houses near by, and every attention given to them that was possible. Many recovered, but some were so badly injured that they lived but a short time. Some of the survivors are still living in Pekin. On April 2d, 1851, John Giblin w^as awarded the contract for grading the plank road on the opposite side of the river, and on Oct. 13, 1854, it was completed, having cost the sum of $32,000. It was a frail affair and soon abandoned, and in 1867 what remained of it was torn down and replaced by an embankment of earth, erected by J. A. and T. J. McGrew. In 1853, D. P. Kenyon and B. Kellogg, Jr., were appointed a committee to subscribe $100,000 to the Mississippi and Wabash Railroad, which they did in their individual names, and afterwards transferred it to the city; and, on Oct. 23, 1856, the city voted to subscribe $100,000 to the capital stock of the Illinois River Rail- road, The first rail was laid on the Illinois River Railroad on July 4th, 1859, and appropriately celebrated by the leading citizens of Pekin on the anniversary of the birthday of our nation's independence. About ten o'clock on the night of March 22, 1860, the citizens of Pekin were startled by an alarm of fire, which had been discovered in the grocery store of E. Grondenburg. In a few minutes a large crowd of citizens had gathered to combat the fiery monster, but in spite of all their efforts it continued to gain headway, and soon the buildings adjoining, including the office of the Tazewell Register, 570 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. were enveloped in flames. All eiforts to check the spread of the fire were unavailing, and in a short time the buildings on both sides of Court street were enveloped in flames, and it was not got under control until it had destroyed nearly all the buildings on both sides of the street, from Third to Capitol street, including over thirty of the principal business houses. This was a severe blow to the busi- ness interests of the city, involving a loss of over $150,000. But the enterprising citizens soon went to work to rebuild their business houses, and it was not long before Court street, on both sides, be- tween Capitol and Third streets, was rebuilt with substantial brick buildings. Mr. McDonald, of the Register, issued a small sheet to his subscribers until April 17th, when, having refurnished his office with new material, his paper was issued in its regular form. Immediately after the fire above referred to, the people became enthusiastic over the formation of fire companies. A company was formed and sent in a petition to the council for the purchase of an engine, and desired it to be called " No. 1." Another company was formed, consisting of Germans, and sent to the council a similar petition. Two engines were ordered, and it appears the council was somewhat partial to the German company, for it recognized it as No. 1. The day of the arrival of the engines was a gala day in Pekin. They came on a boat, and the two companies marched down to the dock in fine style to get their engines. The German company found their engine all right, with "No. 1" conspicuously painted on it. Equally as prominent, on the other engine, was " No. 2," which was distasteful to the other company, and they marched away, leaving it, for they claimed their engine had not come. Thus, the original fire company of Pekin had but a momentary life. In June, 1860, one of the Commissioners for taking the census of Tazewell county, reported the population of the city of Pekin at 5,023 ; the number of dwelling houses, 742 ; trading establishments, commonly called stores, 49 ; commission houses, 5 ; small establish- ments of productive industry, with less capital, 21 ; principal ho- tels, 4 ; drug stores, 6 ; printing offices, 2 ; lager beer saloons, 25 ; billiard saloons, 5 ; steam flouring mill, 1 ; churches of different denominations, 11; school-houses, 12; pupils in attendance, 503; taxable property, $1,900,570, paying a revenue of $29,370. The call of President Lincoln for troops, at the breaking out of the Rebellion, elicited a prompt response from the citizens of Pekin, which furnished for the defense of our country as brave and noble HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 571 a band of soldiers as any city of its size in the Union. It is but just that we shouki Jionor and revere the memories of these brave men, for many of them laid down their lives, while others suffered untold miseries in Southern prison pens, to perpetuate the freedom and unity of this great nation. Col. Frank L. Rhodes was the first to enlist in this city. He'died at Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879. The death of Stephen A. Douglas was announced to the council on the 3d of June, and, on motion of Alderman Harlow, appropri- ate resolutions of sorrow were adopted. On the 16th of April, 1865, the sad news of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln cast a shade of gloom and sadness over the city. All business was practically suspended, crowds of citizens gathered along the streets, whose hearts were sad and sorrowful, and soon flags were to be seen floating from numerous business houses and residences, draped in mourning and displayed at half-mast. Busi- ness houses and dwellings were also draped in mourning, and a feeling of sorrow and sadness for the loss of one whom they loved, and to whose wit, wisdom and eloquence they had listened in years gone by, pervaded every heart. He had once been an honored member of the Pekin Bar, and his eloquence and large-heartedness had won for him a prominent place in the hearts of its citizens. The city council passed resolutions expressive of their regret and sorrow for the murdered President. On the 15th of March, 1869, a new city charter was adopted by the city council. On Feb. 28, 1870, the Pekin Agricultural and Mechanical Asso- ciation was organized, under the general law of the State, the society having for its object the development and encouragement of agriculture and the mechanic arts, fixing its capital stock at $50,- 000, divided into 2,000 shares, of $25 each. B. S. Prettyman was elected President ; Teis Smith, Vice President ; G. R. Cobleigh, Secretary ; Geo. Greigg, Treasurer ; and Jas. W. Robinson, C. R. Cummings, J. H. Height, John Stoltz, Peter Weyhrich, H." P. Finigan and W. W. Sellers, Trustees. Eighty acres of land were purchased, enclosed with a fence, and stalls, amphitheatres, etc., were erected. The first two or three years this enterprise was quite successful, but was finally abandoned on account of insufficient pat- ronage, although it was one of the finest and best located fair grounds in the State. On the 7th of August, 1877, a meeting was held at Hiberuia 572 HISTORY OP TAZEWELL COUNTY. Hall, for the purpose of organizing a military company, and the following officers were elected : Captain, K. S. Conklin ; First Lieut., Geo. G. Geiger; Second Lieut., H. L. Koch. The company was styled the Celestial Guards. On the 20th of the same month, Captain Conklin was elected Major of the 7th regiment, by accla- mation, and on Oct. 26, following, Lieut. Geiger was elected Cap- tain, vice Conklin, promoted, and Wm. L. Prettyman was elected First Lieutenant, vice Geiger, promoted. On Dec. 27, 1877, the ladies of Pekin presented the company with a handsome silk flag. On August 29, 1878, the company competed with the Governor's Guards, of Springfield, and Morgan Cadets, of Jacksonville, defeat- ing them by several points, and winning the first prize of $150. At its organization the company numbered about forty members. Its membership has steadily increased, until now it numbers about eighty members. Captain Geiger has proved himself an able and efficient officer, and has contributed in a great measure to make the company one of the most perfect in the State. Having thus given the most prominent events in the history of Pekin, for the data of which we have largely drawn upon the His- tory of Pekin, found in the City Directory, pulished by Sellers & Bates, in 1870, we Avill note some of the business interests of the city. Before, however, taking up this line of history, we wish to copy the following extract from that work, which describes the location of the city of Pekin : " Beautifully situated on the east bank of the Illinois river, on an elevated jjlain, two miles wide before reaching the picturesque scenery of the east bluff, the location challenges a comparison with any in the West. On the west side it is bounded by the river, crowded, during the greater portion of the year, with steam packets, tow-boats, steam propellers, canal boats, barges and other water- crafts, while the beautiful lake to the northward is made alive of summer evenings with pleasure boats of every description. Sur- rounding the city on the other sides is a country teeming with every product that brings wealth and luxury to the people — the field, the orchard, the garden and the vineyard, vieing with each other in the richness and abundance of their yields. The city is located about midway between Chicago and St. Louis, with direct communication by rail with both, and, during the season of water navigation, by daily packet with St. Louis, and by steam propeller, via the Illinois and Michigan Canal, with Chicago and the lakes. As a railroad HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 573 center it has no superior, having now daily communication by rail in every direction." We have no doubt the reader will regard the above graphic description somewhat overdrawn, especially that clause relating to the river. We presume, however, that Pekin's former historian was of a poetic turn of mind, and, now and then, indulged in such bursts of phantasy. Pekin has a population of about 8,000. MANUFACTORIES. Among the manufacturing establishments of Pekin, the first claiming our attention is that of T. & H. Smith & Co., corner of Third and Ann Eliza streets. The business of this firm, which has grown to such large proportions, was started in 1849, by the pur- chase of a small shop by Messrs. Teis and Henry Smith, from Mr. Alright. They established themselves, and with but a small capital, commenced business. Steam power was out of the question, with the means at their command, and many of the citizens can well re- member the horse which walked around the ring from morning till night, furnishing the power for certain mechanical operations. The business of the firm steadily increased, and it soon became necces- sary to erect more commodious buildings. In 1850, Mr. Lupper came to the city and became one of the firm. As the business con- tinued to increase, other partners soon came in, and finally new branches were established in other parts of the city. The following firms are the outgrowth of T. & H. Smith & Co., in all of which that firm have an interest at the present time : Smith, Hippen & Co., grain dealers, organized in 1857; Smith, Velde & Co., dealers in hardware and agricultural implements, organized in 1858; Teis, Smith & Co., bankers, organized in 1866; the Smith Plow Com- pany, manufacturers of plows and cultivators, organized in 1875. Just before the formation of the latter company, a fire broke out in the shops of T. & H. Smith & Co., totally destroying the build- ing and contents. Phoenix-like, it soon rose from its ashes, a larger and more imposing structure than before. The Smith Plow Com- pany was organized, and the manufacture of plows and cultivators transferred to another building, which was fitted up with machin- ery of the latest modern improvements, for their manufacture. The firm of T. & H. Smith & Co., now confine themselves exclusively to the manufacture of wagons and buggies. Their 574 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. business is steadily increasing, and by employing first-class work- men and using only the best material they have won a reputation second to no manufacturing firm of the kind in the United States. Hon. Teis Smith, the original founder of the above works, was born in Hamswerum, Hanover, Germany, March 21, 1827. He was the first-born son of Conrad and Margaret (Velde) Smith, descendants of a long line of German ancestors. Conrad Smith had a strong love for his native country, but his love for his children, and his anxiety for their welfare, induced him to leave his Father- land and come to the New World, where better chances for their success and advancement in the road to fortune and honor were aiforded. His decease occurred in June, 1850, and his wife died in April, 1851. Teis Smith was married to Miss Elizabeth Neef, a native of Germany, and daughter of Deiderich Neef, in the spring of 1852. They had six children, only one of whom, Maggie C, is now living. Mr. Smith became a member of the German M. E. Church about the time of his marriage, and took an active part in the erection of the German M. E. Church, in Pekin. He was a gentiine and consistent Christian gentleman, and honored and res- pected by all with whom he came in contact. His wife died in the spring of 1862. He was married the second time to Miss Dinah Neef, daughter of Frederic Neef, and a cousin of his former wife. By this union three children have been born to them, of whom one son and one daughter are living. In politics Mr. Smith was identi- fied with the Republican party. He was public spirited, and was active and earnest in promoting the advancement of the interests of the city of his adoption, and the financial welfare of Tazewell Co. He was called away from the cares of earth on the 12th of Septem- ber, 1870, and was followed to the grave by a host of friends, who felt that in his demise they had sustained a loss which was practi- cally irreparable. Luppe Luppen, manufacturer, another member of the firm of T. & H. Smith & Co., is a first-class mechanic and one of the sterling men of Pekin. He was born at Hamswerum, Germany, Aug. 20, 1823, and was educated in the common schools of that country. His parents were Peter and Juste (Lutjcns) Luppen. He was mar- ried to Catharine Smith in 1846, and came to Pekin June 21, 1850, and in the same year united with the German M. E. Church. They have had four children — Margaret, born Sept. 18, 1849; Conrad, Dec. 6, 1851; Louisa, Aug. 11, 1852; and Peter, Nov. 24, 1855. D.C.S WITH TEIS SMITH -^CJS^K^' FRED SMITH LUPPE LUPPEN HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 577 Conrad is the only one now living. Mr. L. has been financially successful, and now owns a fine residence on the corner of Fourth and Catharine streets. Frederick C. Smith, another member of the above-named firm, was born in Hanover (now incorporated with Prussia), Germany, June 20, 1829. His parents were Conrad H. and Margaret (Velde) Smith. He was educated in the public schools of Germany, and came to this city in August, 1849, and afterwards became associated with the firm of T, & H. Smith & Co., manufacturers. On the 6th of May, 1855, he married Miss Louisa Grondenberg. Nine chil- dren were the fruits of this marriage, seven boys and two girls, as follows: Conrad, born Oct. 2, 1856, died Oct. 23, 1857; Fred. F., born Jan. 26, 1859; Conrad F., Aug. 29, 1861; Charlotte Louise, Oct. 1, 1863; A. Lincoln, Sept. 12, 1866; George A., March 8, 1869; Louis Teis, Aug. 13, 1871; Teis H., Dec. 30, 1874, and Maggie Centennella, Oct. 3, 1876. Mr. Smith became connected with the German M. E. Church in September, 1849. In polities he is a Republican. By untiring industry and strict attention to busi- ness he has been financially successful, and regards his coming to this country as a stepping stone to fortune, and is enthusiastic in expressing his gratitude to his adopted country. Hon. Dietrich C. Smith, banker, a member of the firm of Teis Smith & Co., was born in Hanover, Germany, April 4, 1840. His parents, Conrad and Margaret (Velde) Smith, were also native Ger- mans. He came to Pekin with his parents and brothers in 1849. His education was obtained in Germany and at the college in Quincy, 111. During the Rebellion Mr. Smith was Lieutenant of Co. I, 8th 111. Inf, and was also Captain of Co. C. 139th 111. Inf., and was wounded in the battle of Pittsburg Landing, April 6, 1862. He has held the offices of Alderman of the city of Pekin, Super- visor of Pekin township, member of the 30th General Assembly of Illinois, etc. He was married, in 1863, to Miss Carrie Pieper, by whom he has had six children — Walter, born in 1864; George L., in 1866; Ernest, in 1868; Mary in 1870; Dietrich, in 1872; and' Carrie, in 1875. George L. died, the other five are still living. He has been financially successful, and is now the owner of a fine brick residence on the corner of Newhall and Willow streets. He is a member of the M. E. Church. In politics he is a Republican. INIr. Smith is a public spirited man, and is largely interested in the I., B. & W., and other railroads in this county. 578 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. Weyhrich & Co. The firm of P. Weyrich & Co., manufacturers of the Weyrich Headers, employs a large number of hands in the manufacture of that machine. They run an 80 horse power engine at their works, and turn out from 600 to 700 machines annually, at an aggregate valuation of at least $100,000. On the 20th of May, 1879, they had one hundred machines in their yard, some of which were finished and packed ready for shipment, while the finishing- touches were being put upon others, every one of which were already contracted for. The business of the firm is steadily increas- ing, and under its present management bids fair to surpass any other establishment of the kind in the West in the amount and excellence of its work. BANKS. The banking interest has for a long time been, and must always be, a very important factor in all commercial centers, and the large amount of money-transactions carried through without the inter- vention of coin or bank notes, in a country like ours, is inconceiva- ble to those not engaged in business pursuits. The manner in which these transactions may be effected without money would be at once apparent, if all persons in the same locality dealt with the same bank, and all banks throughout the country were branches of the same institution, and in reality, the business is managed by the operations of the clearing house, as if this were true. The checks, bills or other drafts which come into the hands of the banker, drawn on (that is, payable by) other banks, are set off and liquidated by drafts, which they have received, drawn on him. The balance or difference, only, is paid in money. The largest banking house in the world — the Bank of England — was started by William Patterson, a Scotchman, and was char- tered in the year 1694, and since that time the banking business has steadily grown in volume and importance until now, it has reached such magnitude that the collossal business transactions of our coun- try could scarcely be carried through without the use of banks. The first banking house in this county was opened under the name of the Shawneetown Bank, in 1839, and was a branch of the Bank of Illinois, with Col. C. Oakley as its President ; Charles C. Wilcox, Cashier; and William C. Docker, Clerk. The bank was located on the southeast corner of Court and Second streets. This institution had but a short run, as the collapse of the great internal HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 579 improvement system, inaugurated in 1836-7, so efFectecl its ojiera- tions that in June, 1842, it closed its doors. The old safe used by the bank is still in existauce, and in possession of Peter A. Brower, step-son of Colonel Oakley. It is a quaint old relic of antiquity that the skilled burglar of to-day would delight to meet. For many years after the close of the Shawneetown Bank the business men of Pekin were without a bank, and not until 1852, Avhen Rupert & Haines organized the Platte A^alley Bank, was this want supplied. This institution had a run of about nine years, when it went down, causing quite a flutter in business circles in Pekin, depositors and others losing heavily by the failure. After the collapse of the Platte Valley Bank, Greigg c^' Smith did a bank- ing business just east of the Bemis House, in a ])uilding now occu- pied by George Greigg. On the 15th of March, 1860, the First National Bank was opened. This bank was organized by the Leon- ards, and did business as a bank of issue for about ten years, when it called in its bills and surrendered its charter as a National bank, and was then conducted by Leonard & Blossom for a short time, and is now known as the Banking House of F. W. Leonard & Co. About the time of the organization of the First National Bank the Banking House of Teis Smith & Co. was inaugurated. This bank is located in the block occupied by their extensive wagon factory, but is conducted as a distinct and separate enterprise. They do a gen- eral banking and foreign exchange business, with D. C. Smith as General Manager, and H. B. Whitefoot as Cashier and Clerk. The Farmers National Bank was organized June 9, 1875, with a jiaid up capital of ^50,000, Jonathan Merriam and A. C. Hoblit l)eing the ])rincipal movers in the enterprise. The bank opened with Jonathan Merriam, President, S. H. Jones, Vice President, and A. B. Hoblit, Cashier. Mr. Merriam still occupies the position of President, with C. R. Cummings, Vice President, and B, R. Hieronymus, Cashier. A large number of the solid business men of the county are inter- ested in this institution, which occupies one of the finest brick buildings in Tazewell county, erected and fitted especially for it, and located on the northeast corner of Court and Capitol streets. Its fire-proof vaults and burglar-proof safes are of modern build and the very best make. The present Cashier, INIr. B. R. Hieronymus, is widely known throughout the county for his cour- tesy and fair dealing, and his known business qualifications and in- tegrity of character, so characteristic of the man^ eminently fit him 35 580 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. for the most important office in one of the leading' lianking houses in Central Illinois. RELIGIOUS HISTORY. The M. E. Church. — Fifty-two years ago a little band of movers might have been seen wending their way from Ohio, with faces bent on the prairie wilds of Illinois. At nightfall the weary oxen were loosened from their yokes and left to lazily graze and rest, while this little colony, as it were, prepared their evening's meal and couches for the night. Nor did they forget, on bended knees, to thank their maker and preserver for guiding them aright in that great wilderness of wild waving grass and dense woods, by the Avay side, where crouched in ambush lay the red men of the forest. Little children sleeping in the calm moonlight, the cattle resting from the toilsome march of the day, chewing their cud as they lay, the smoke slowly ascending from the camp fires which smouldered close by — when, hark! what sounds echo through the still woods: "Praise God from whom all blessings flow," comes up in deep and earnest tones from grateful hearts, and, they retire for the night, with the wild wolves of the forest howling about them, and the red eyes of the catamount glaring upon them. Methodism was the pioneer Church of Pekin and of Tazewell county. In 1826, Jacob Tharp and family pitched their tents on the banks of the Illinois river, and on the present town site of the city of Pekin. In 1823-4, Sangamon Circuit was laid out, which comprised all territory lying between Springfield and Lake Michi- gan. Rev. Samuel Thompson was appointed Presiding Elder, and Rev. Jesse Walker was appointed as a missionary, taking in Pekin and Fort Clark. Jesse Walker is therefore booked as the first Methodist preacher in Tazewell county. We quote from the diary of Jacob Tharp : "However, in the same season, but I cannot now remember whether before or after Dillon and Hinkle's goods arrived, the Methodists had established a mission or circuit for this part and range of the country. Religious services by that persuasion were first held at my friend's, Gideon Hawley, on Sand Prairie, when I first met our preacher, Jesse Walker, and invited him to give us a discourse at the 'Town Site.' He thought it unnecessary, as no body but myself and family, and my son Jonathan and family, re- sided there, but I insisted and he complied. We had quite an HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. OJ^I aiulionre. Pokin then giving promise of being something in the future. Some came to examine tlie site, .'iome to do some trading, and some to h)ok at the river and to Jisli, etc. The meeting was hchl in my house." Thus the first j)reaching and" meeting was hekl in the cabin of Jacob Tharp. During the same year, 1(S26, the first ckiss was organized, with Jacob Tharp and Hendricks as leaders. The foHowing persons comprised that class: Jacob Tharj^ and wife, Phoebe, and her mother, whose name was Winans; Jonathan Tliarp and his wife, Sarah ; N. B. Tharp and Avife, Margret ; Wm. Tharp and wife, Jane ; Gideon Hawley and wife, Elizabeth ; Geo Hinkle and wife; Mr. Clark and wife, Mr. Hendricks and wife, and John Rylander. This class met from time to time, giving in their relig- ious experience, singing their hymns of praise, and thanking God for His great mercy and goodness vouchsafed unto them. Preaching occurred occasionally in Mr. Tharp's cabin and that of his son Jon- athan's. The circuit extended from Chicago to Springfield, and it generally took from two to three months to make the trip. The circuit rider's equipmentj|i(Ras a horse and a pair of saddle bags, to contain his Bible and discipline of the Methodist Church. The next minister we can find any account of, is Rev. Lord, and he, in turn, was succeeded by Rev. John Sinclair, in 18.'j1. He and Zadock Hall (then a young man in the full vigor of his manhood) formed the first regular organization. Old Peter Cartwright had then formed, for himself and family, a little habitation at a place called Pleasant Plains, this side of Springfield. At his home the weary and exhausted circuit rider found rest and encouragement in labors. Quarterly Meetings, in those days, meant a big time. Extra cooking and preparing went on for some days in advance of the meeting. Men, women and chikh'en came from miles about prepared to stay the meeting through, which generally lasted three days. The Rev. John T. Mitchell followed Rev. Hall. He was a man of great power and eloquence, and eccentric to a great degree. His fiights of )[)ratory at times were truly sublime. He began his labors as the first regular installed minister, in 18o4, in a little room, about twenty feet square, in the old barracks or stockades, which stood on the ground now occupied by the old frame residence of Joshua Wagenseller. In this little room Judge David Davis, of the Supreme Bench, and now U. S. Senator, made his maiden speech, the room being occupied as a kind of court-house during the week. 582 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. We will give one or two illustrations which, in themsolvcs, will speak for the plain-tongued man of God, John T, Mitchell. One of his congregation, and a widow, who had but recently laid off her weeds, sold a cow and purchased what in those days was termed an elegant cloak, and she disposed of a brass preserving kettle and bought a bonnet (we presume a love of a one). This piece of whole- sale extravagance had gone the rounds of the village, and loud were the censures for this wanton outlay, when to wear a bow or an arti- ficial flower was ecpiivilent to receiving sentence with the damned. Well, one Sunday morning when Father l^.Iitchell was coming down on the pomps and vanities of the world, and earnestly hoping that none of his congregation would be guilty of putting on the flippery and flummery as worn by the worldings, just as his eloquence waxed warm on the subject of dress, in walked the widow M'ith her new clothes, whereupon the sight of her was too much for him, and he said (pointing his finger directly at her,) "Yes, and there comes a woman with her cow upon her back and her brass kettle on her head." The rebuke and the lesson must have been severe, and in ruminating over those days and fashions we have wondered what Father Mitchell would say if he were to wake up and open his eyes in the chapel of to-day. We think he would find many cows and kettles decorating the devout of the present age. Rev. Richard Haney, as Presiding Elder, figured conspicuously in the early history of the Church. But more of Father Mitchell. In those days all the excitement the populace had, by way of break- ing the monotony, was the landing of the steam-boats, and we are told that more always came on Sunday than any other day. Father Mitchell was exceedingly annoyed, from time to time, by many of his congregation jumping up and running to the river every time a boat whistled. Once, when the stampede began. Father Mitchell, with voice raised in tones of thunder, cried after them, "The wicked fleeth when no man pursueth." Whcreu])on a waggish fellow turned in the doorway, hat in hand, and, looking calmly at the divine, answered back, "and the righteous are as bold as a lion." In 1839 the old brick church was founded. It was commonly called, in after years, the old Foundry Church. For this Father Mitchell labored hard and zealously. The Church was, in its incep- tion, to be quite a grand and imposing edifice, built of brick, with basement for schools, and an auditorium above. Grandfather Tliar2> went back to Ohio to raise money to finish it, and raised $100 and HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 583 spent $200 of his own in getting it. The basement was compk^tecl, but the dreams of the vast auditorium, which was to hokl the com- ine; multitudes was never fullv finished, and their visions and dreams remained as castles in air. The old Foundry Church was situated immediately west of Crittenden's livery s,table. We think Father Mitchell must have been a firm believer in total depravity. There was a Universalist minister by the name of Carey, from Cincinnati (who was afterwards sent to Congress), came to Pekin and held a series of meetings in the two-story frame house directly opposite the old Foundry Church. This preacher, Carey, was brilliant and fluent of tongue, gathering about him, apparently, the whole village, to the disgust of Father Mitchell and his meml)ers. This was something new to them, it being the first time the broad- guage religious track had struck Pekin, and many there were who were charmed with the doctrine. Still, some of the young men felt an innate sense of delicacy in openly and glaringly cutting old faith- ful Father Mitchell's teachings, and they would walk about and reconnoitre until they would get to the corner of the building, and then stand and look around them for a few minutes, to see who was looking at them, and then like lightning dodge in. Father Mitchell, across the way, was of course taking in the full imi)ort of the scene, and feeling just a little bit of human chagrin at the boys leaving him for that glittering faith, he would walk up and down his church aisles, with his arms crossed behind his back, and as another and another would dodge in to hear Carey, lie would say, very audibly, " there 's another one gone to hell." The following persons composed the first choir : Samuel Rhoads, John W. Howard, James White, Daniel Creed, John M. Tinney, John Rhoads, and Henry Sweet, who acted as leader. This band of "ye singers" met in Creed's room for practice, and sometimes "took a hand," to pass the time until service. One morning one of the members (still surviving in Pekin) felt the conviction that the boys had pinned a card upon his back. So deep was the conviction, and so annoying was the sensation, that he reached his hand over his shoulder in hopes of grasping it, and then rubbed his back against the wall, but there was no card there; it was only another instance of " the guilty conscience needeth. no accuser." This choir did valiant service in waiting on the sick during the fearful scourge and epidemic, called putrid sore throat, or black tongue, which swept over this part of the country during the winter of 1843 and 44. 584 HISTOKY OP TAZEWELL COUNTY. Tliey paired off, night about, in watching the sick. But one even- ing Creed did not put in his apperance, and some of the boys sug- gested that he might be sick, and went to his room where they were wont to sing, but poor Daniel Creed had sung his last song on earth, and passed to the anthem choirs in the courts of Heaven, for they found him dead in his bed. The poor fellow had passed away in the loneliness of his own chamber, all alone, " to that bourne from whence no traveler returns." This fearful disease swept off, seemingly, half the village. The dead and the dying were in almost every house ; men and women were aroused to a sudden sense of their oblijiations to their God, and with death apparently staring them in the face, they were crying out, " What shall we do to be saved '?" During this panic was started what was always afterwards termed the " sore- throat revival." Shops were shut, stores were closed, and all voca- tions for the time suspended, while the sick were nursed, the dead laid away, and the souls of the living presented to God for mercy. A pall hung over the infant town. A doom, at once dark, and deep, and solemn, seemed to settle oyer the citizens. Everybody joined the Church, Lucus Vanzant, the editor of the Pekin Gazette, and one of " the b'hoys," took sick early one night, and during the progress of the meeting, that same evening he sent his name down to the minister to be enrolled on the Church books. Vanzant got well. Old Father Wolston was a local preacher who did much good in his time. In his own language he always " whittled his sermons down to a pint." In 184G, the first regular Methodist Sunday- school was organized with Father Wolston as Superintendent. In 1847, the old brick church was sold to Messrs. Jewett & Baker for a foundry, and Rev. James Olliver came on the field and commenced the work and plans of the old frame church, which stood north of the residence known as the Holmes property, and where now stands the Farmers National Bank. This Church was burned in 1870. The sleepers and sills of the church were taken from a little Method- ist Church, which stood for a while near the. farm of Wm. Davis, and close beside what is known as the Myers grave yard. This church they pulled down, and with oxen hauled the timbers into Pekin, to helj) form the frame of the new church. He was followed in turn by one Rev. Bristol, one of the finest built and most splendid looking men who ever graced a Pekin pulpit. His manner and style was courtly and engaging. His dress was of the old martial day. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 585 with knee breeches, and big steel buekk's on his shoes. ^Ivu nud women in turn raved over him, and in ])assin<>; turned and k).oked again. Timothy Crosby was the next ])astoi'. OKI Father Ledterman rendered vahuible assistance in the comph'tiou of the Chureh.buikl- ing, and in 1847 it was dedicated. The bell, which for years was mounted in the tower of the old frame church, and which rung and tolcd alike in joy or sadness, for marriage or funeral, was presented to the Trustees of the Church by the following gentlemen : Samuel Rhoads, Colonel Frank L. Rhoads, William Tinney, and John ISI. Gill, and was captured by them Avhen in Mexico, in the Mexican War. They took it from the tower of a Roman Catholic Monastery, at Vera Cruz, ])afked it in a flour barrel with straw, and brought it liome with them to Pekin, and presented it the Methodist Church oi" this city, where it, with its old cracked chimes, made singular music for the masses in its rino-iuir for service or fire. But the old bell wearied of in'otestant- ism, and in the year 18G7 was sold, with its full consent, to the English Roman Catholic Church, of Pekin, where its peculiar tones may be heard at five in the morning, calling its devotees to the early mass. And thus the old bell has returned to its early faith and original creed. Timothy Crosby was followed by Father Chandler, a man of great force of character and native ability. Isaac Hawley here began to work valiantly for the Ijord. He served as Sunday-school Superin- tendent for several years. Father Chandler was followed by Rev. Worthington, an excellent man and minister. Rev. John Bour- land now put in an appearance, in his own language, he felt as though "the devil had the hawk of his jaw on most of the town." At the end of two years he departed to make room for one Rev. Vance. He remained but one year. Rev. George Erwin came to Pekin as a boy bridegroom in 1855. His sermons were concise and emj)hatic. His personal appearance was good. Next came Rev. Gregg, a min- ister with more brahis and mind than physic to support it. The Church raised a purse, Mr. Sam Rhoads collecting in two hours time ^130, to help Mr. Gregg go South for the benefit of his heaUh. He returned ere long to Pekiu, where he died. Rev. J. C. Rybolt now steps into the j)ulpit, a man of remarkable ability and gift of oratory. He did not grace the ])ulpit in Pekin long, as he turned his attention to law. Next comes long John Windsor, who served 586 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. acceptably for two years. He was a good man, no higher can be said of any. The church sustained a heavy loss about that time in the decease of the persons of INIrs. Whitefoot and Mrs. John Hammer, who was a Shelton. Rev. James Vernon followed John Windsor. He had a large family wholly dependent upon his salary for sustenance. His cares and anxieties were so many, and the struggle for bread and butter so hard, that it is a wonder how he could forget his embarrassments sufficient, to prepare his sermons, which were always polished and methodical. Zadock Hall, known better of late years as " old Father Hall," now turns up again. He served full three years. He was here when the times were stirring, and the war was upon us with all its terri- bleness ; when women and children were weeping for their husbands and fathers ; when maidens wer^ sad in the absence of their lovers, and when brother was arrayed against brother, and when the South had said " extend to us the Mason and Dixon line," and when the North was saying back, in smoke and thunder, " unshackle those bent forms from bondage and toil, and consent to our flag waving over you, — the Star Spangled Banner which was bought amid peril and blood in the Revolution." What changes Father Hall must have beheld in his coming back to the Church he left in its infancy. His life was so humble and exemplary that the whole town loved him for his gentle ways, and when there was low whisperings that perhaps a younger man might prove more efficient, the populace arose in a mass and petitioned Conference to send the gentle old man back the last and third year, which its session cheerfully granted. During Father Hall's time the Church invested (amid many mis- givings as to the righteousness of the act) in a melodeon, at a cost of forty dollars. There had been a feeble attempt once before to introduce some instrumental music, in the form of a flute in the hands and mouth of Richard Shaw, which was to be accompanied by a bass viol, but somehow the thing wouldn't work as pure orthodox, and the instruments were banished. Rev. Robert Pearcc, a nephew of Rev. Robert McChaiu, the emi- nent Scotch divine, of Edinburgh, came next. Robert G. Pearce is an Edinburgh Scotchman, born and educated in that city, the mod- ern Athens of the world. Rev. Pearce in stature is below the HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. 587 medium, with coal black hair, as straight as a shoo string, and a pair of eyes dark and piercing and a large and well defined mouth and nose. But wait, he has stepped into the pulpit or rostrum. He has opened his mouth, and now all eyes are upon him, and every ear strained to catch each syllable as it falls from his lips, and he holds his audience in breathless silence. The coming of Robert Pearce was the dawning of a new era in Methodism in this city. He opened a series of meetings with the new year of 18GG. The old church would not begin to hold the people who thronged to hear the little Scotch preacher. His work was full and complete and men and women bowed before the old altar rail, who had been called proud and haughty. Two names we have handed down on the wings of the memory of that winter, who came out gloriously on the Lord's side, arc Mrs. Henry P. Westerman and Emma AVagoner. The Morks of these ladies speak for themselves. Rev. Pearce raised the subscription and built the present edifice. The little frame church was sold to David Lowery, who prostituted its old sanctified walls into those of a billiard hall and drinking saloon. Afterwards it was leased to Hight & INIiller as a livery stable, and in 1870 it was burned down. What early associations cluster around its old-time memories ; what scenes of joy have been witnessed within its four old walls, when, in solemn vow and prom- ise, men and women, with right hands clasped, vowed to love one another till death did them part; and then what shouts of gladness were borne out on the midnight air when some darkened soul was born again of God; and then what hush would fall as some mother with pale hands clasped in the cold embrace of death, was carried up the aisles in her last earthly tenement, or some infant sweet with white roses scattered on its silent breast. Ah, what tales'of joy and sadness the ashes of the past could tell, if tongues to ashes were given. Teis Smith subscribed $500 towards the new church, it being the first subscrii)tion given. Reuben Bergstresser followed with .^100, and Isaac Hawley, Mary L. Westerman, Stephen Roney and Geo. Greigg giving the same, and thus the first $1,000 was raised. The new church edifice was erected at a cost of $12,000. It was finished and dedicated in April, 1867, the dedicatory sermon being preached by the Rev. Dr. Eddy, of Chicago, and the sermon in the evening by Rev. J. G. Evans, late President of Hedding College. Joseph C. Hartezell was appointed in 1808. He was a young man 588 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. of fine mind and capabilities, and a graduate of the Xorthwestern University. He served until removed South by Bishop Janes, to fill the unexpu'ed year of Dr. Newman, of Ames Chapel, New Or- leans, who had been elected as Chaplain of the U. S. Senate. After the removal of Hartezell, the pulpit was filled from Sunday to Sunday, by Professors from the Wesleyan University, or until Rev. Joseph Millsap, Presiding Elder, could secure a minister to fill the vacancy, which he did in May, in the person of Rev. James B. Blakency who acted as a supply until Conference, which con- vened in Pckin in the fall of the same year (1870), The session was presided over by Bishop Janes, who, with a niunber of his cab- inet, were entertained by Mr. and Mrs, Reuben Bergstresser, Mr. B., although not a member of the Church until the year 1869, still he saiight to labor in the Lords vineyard somewhere and for years cast his influence in behalf of the Methodist Church and for nine years he served as Sunday-school Superintendent. The Church sustained a severe loss in the death of Martha Burnett, wife of Sam Rhoads, This good woman was a power and might in her day and many missed her cheering voice by the weary wayside. While it is not a written law of the Church politic, yet it is conceded as a mat- ter of courtesy to permit the Church entertaining the Conference to pick their man at the time of the session, therefore a conmiittee waited upon Bishop Janes and requested him to send Rev, James W, Haney to preside over them as a Church, and in accordance M'ith their request, he was appointed. He is the eldest son of Rev, Richard Haney, one of the old pioneers of Western Methodism, His address and manners are pleasing and engaging. His dignity and pose in the pulpit could not be surpassed. As a preacher he was immensly popular; his sermons always abounding in fine logic and diction, and with all a splendid delivery and powerful voice, which, at will, could be hushed to the most tragic whisper. During the three years which he served he was for two thirds of the time the only English speaking minister in the town. This was during the ravages of the spinal menengitis in Pekin, and Mr. Haney's la- bors and visits among the sick, were early and late. He made more visits on the sick, buried more dead and married more than any other minister ever did in the same time in Pekin. Durino; his ad- ministration much was done to improve the church property. The pews were cushioned, the church building was given two coats of paint, the Smith's American organ placed in the infant room, and HISTORY OF TAZEAVELL COUNTY. 589 the hand.some pipe organ placed in the audience room and many mi- nor improvements were added to the church and Sunday-school in a general way. Rev. Haney was followed by Rev. Dr. Hugh M. Laney, a Chris- tian gentleman, full of analysis and philosophy as well as the Gospel. His sermons were concise and well put. His reign in Pekin was two years. His last was marked by great im])rovement to the church building. The two stairs were changed, the auditorium re- freshed, the windows put into frames and hung with weights so as to come down from the top, gas chandeliers put in, new carpets put down, pews all repainted, and new chairs [)laced in the Sunday- school room. This was done under the Doctor's direction and supervision, at a cost of thirteen hundred dollars. Mrs. Westermau ])resented the mountings to the ])ulpit which she had put on fresh for the funeral of W. W. Sellers, which took place from this church. In the fall of 1875, Rev. Edward Wasmuth was sent to Pekin, where he remained two years. During the fall of his first year, the ^Central Illinois Conference met in session in this city in the M. E. •Church, Bishop Wiley presiding. The Bishoj) and Cabinet, with •the agents, book and newspaper men, numbering twenty-five, were entertained at Rose Villa, by ]\Ir. and Mrs. Westerman. At this 'session E. Wasmuth was returned to Pekin. Through letters of solicitation to Aberdeen, Scotland, and to India, Mrs. Westerman received from Lord Wm. Leslie, of Aberdeen, and from Major Francis Gillie, of her Majesty's service in India, the money wdiich placed the fence and pavement around the church, as also the walks to the doors and the out-houses. Thus Auld Caledonia and India have contributed to Pekin Methodism. Rev. Marion F. Havermale now pnts in an appearance on the scene, and his bright and sparkling sermons still live in the com- munity, as they always abounded in happy hits and well-made points, which he hurled at his hearers like sledge hammers. Rev. R. D. Russell, the present minister, was appointed to fill his place. Rev. Russell is a gentleman of fine intellectual ability, pleasing address, and scholarly attainments. He graduated with the first honors of his class from the Northwestern University at Evanston. He is serving his people and the city in a very accept- able manner. During his brief stay, he has already lifted some six hundred dollars indebtedness from the Church. And now the pen-picture is done ; the history, in much weakness, 590 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. is given. In all these years that have come and gone, the Church has had its seasons of sadness and rejoicing. The record is made, and the Recording Angel hath it. The Pekin Methodist Episcopal Church will continue to stand. Blows which were meant to be death, have been struck at her vitals, but they fell harmless and powerless on the breast-plate which confronted them, and those who gave with the sword, were, in turn, met with the scabbard. German M. E. Church. — This is the finest and costliest church edi- fice in Tazewell Co. It was erected in 1873, at a cost of -f 27,000. It is a large brick, 55 by 85 feet, with basement story. The congrega- tion was organized in 1842, and a building, which at present stands on Fourth street, near the L, B. & W. Raildroad track, was erected. Among the first pastors were Revs. Plcuel, Zimmerman, Holl, Fiegenbaum, and Holtcamp. The present pastor. Rev. John Schlagenhauf, came in 1878. The present membership is 200. The congregation raise $2,000 per year. The Trustees are Luppe liuppen, H. Feltman, John Velde, Fred Schaefer. The Stewards are Luppen, H. Velde, Unland, Schaefer, D. C. Smith, Fred Smith, and IT. Albertson. There is a large Sunday-school in connection with the Church, which is presided over by Supt. E. F. Unland. The average attendance is 360. The annual contribution amounts to from 1350 to $400. The school has a well selected library of 450 volumes. First Dutch Reformed Church. — The sketch of this Church is gleaned from an historical sermon preached by Rev. E. P. Livings- ton, Jan. 18, 1874, being the last discourse preached in the old church edifice. When Pekin was a small village, there was felt the pressing need of a Church. The desire for a Church assumed deffi- iiite shape in the organization of a Sabbath-school. As early as Feb. 21, 1836, we find J. R. Crandell as Superintendent of the school. There were at that time four teachers and twenty-nine scholars. This school was short lived, however. Another school was organized Nov. 22, 1837. On the 26th of the same month a con- stitution was adopted, which, in the main, is the one under which the school now works, which makes this the oldest school in the city. Until 1844 or '45 it was the only one. As it often happens in new countries and mission fields, the Sun- day-school became the parent of the Church. There was piety here, and as that was called out and developed by work in the school, it would not be satisfied until all the means of grace were enjoyed. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 591 Hence we find the Presbyterians making early efforts to establisli a cliurch. Indeed, Rev. jNIr. Bascom was aetuallv settled here for a short time. Through his efforts a church was organized under the title of the Presbyterian Church of Pekin and Sand Prairie. For some reason this church was soon disbanded, and the field atrain left open. The next effort toward a church was made by Rev. A. D. Wilson, the energetic and ])ersevering pioneer of the Reformed Ciiurch in the West. During 1842-3, this father in Israel pressed his wav to this place to prepare the way for a churcli. In the spring of 1843, Father Wilson fell in company with IMr. Daniel Bailey, on a trip to St. Louis, and at once engaged in conversation with him in refer- ence to the prospect of a church at Pekin. At that time the propo- sition was made that if the citizens would raise $1,000, he (Father Wilson) would secure a like amount. This the people accepted, and accordingly, April 9, 1843, Rev. A. D. Wilson and George Sill came to organize the Church, which consisted of ten members. The Elders chosen were Charles M. Grimwood, David Bailey, and Henry Lew. Of the original members, Mrs. Olive S. Tackaberry is the only one living here. The first Trustees chosen were John W. Casey, Daniel M. Bailey, David Mark, Harlen Hatch, I*. G. Thompson, and T. J. S. Fluel. A church building was begun and the corner stone laid July 24, 1843. The subscription in the village amounted to %\ ,500 instead of |1,000. The day of laying the corner stone was a gala day in Pekin. Business seems to have been sus- jx'nded and they paraded the streets. Nov. 11, 1843, Rev. N. D. Williamson arrived and took charge as pastor. As soon as the building was enclosed and floor laid, services were held in this new church, the pastor using a dry goods box for a j)ulpit. The build- ing was not fully completed till 1847. It cost $G,000. It was occupied for thirty years, an honor and ornanuMit to the town. January 1, 1849, Rev. S. V. E. Westfall was called to take charge of the Church. He was an earnest worker, and remained with the Church until April 1, 1856. Over a year elapsed without a pastor when. May 24, 1857, Rev. A. Lloyd was called and re- mained until No. 1, i860, when another period was passed without a pastor. July 1, 1861, Rev. N. D. Williamson was recalled as stated supjily. Rev.^U. D. Gulick took charge of the Church in Sept., 1862. The Church had experienced many seasons of pros- perity, but it was not jDermitted to enjoy an uni;iterrupted tide of 592 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. prosperity. The deepest gloom often settled over it, but it became recognized on every hand as one of the strongest Reformed Churches in the West. In 1866 was the season of the greatest revival. As many as forty in one day were admitted. May 1, 1870, Rev. Gulick resigned and Dec. 1, 1871, Rev. A. Thompson assumed charge. In the meantime many of the wealthier members withdrew and were organized into a Congregational Church. Rev. Thompson's pastor- ate was short, when (Dec, 1872) the present pastor. Rev. E. P. Livingston, was called, and has remained with the Church since. The fine church edifice was erected under his pastorate. In the fall of 1872 the building of a new house of worship was agitated. The following spring it was begun, and just thirty years from the laying of the corner stone of the old church the corner stone of their new Ijuilding was laid. It is a handsome edifice, and in every way in keeping with this age of culture and refinement. Rev. Edward P. Livingston, the present pastor of this congrega- tion, is the son of Rennselacr and Rachel Livingston, and was born Dec. 5, 1831. He attended the common schools and then entered Rutirers Collco-e, New Brunswick, N. J. He was united in mar- riage, Feb. 5, 1856, with Minnie A. Kipp, at Newark, N. J. Two children have been born to them, to gladden and cheer their home. Minnie A. was born in Sept., 1857, and Mary C, born in Feb., 1864. Mr. Livingston came to Pekin in Dec. of 1872, and took charge of the Reformed Church. As a speaker he is clear, forcible, and effective ; as a pastor exemplary in his daily walks, pleasant and genial, and watches with care and tenderness over those under his charge ; as a husband and father he is kind and devoted, and as a citizen has the respect and esteem of all. Second Dutch Rcfonned Church was organized July 26, 1876, by Revs. K. B. Wieland," John Miller, and E. P. Livingston, with fifteen members. The building was erected the same year. It is a good frame, 35 by 55 feet in size, and cost $2,500. It was dedicated the first Sunday in October, 1876, and since has made great ad- vances, and the pastorate of Rev. P. F. Schuolke, the present pastor, has been especially blessed, and the meml)ership increased to 80. Rev. K. B. Wieland preceeded Rev. Sehuelke, who came in May, 1876, and was the first pastor. The Elders are U. B. Johnson, and W. Dickman. Deacons; D. Greon, and D.dvlok. The Sunday- school was organized with two teachers and twelve scholars. It now numbers 125 to 150 scholars in attendance, Henry Ploepot, HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 593 Sui^erintcnclent. Contribution, !$75 }>er year. Salary of jiastor, $700. Pekin Baptist Church was organize! in LS50, by Rev. G. 8. Bailey, with four members. These were Mr. and Mrs. Lemuel Allen, Mr. Hall anti Mrs. Haas. The congregation grew and prospered and in ISoo, built a house of worship. A fine large brick, 40 by 70 feet, with basement, was erected. The audience room is reached by a short flight of stairs from an ante-room into a vestibule under the gallery of the main room. St. Paur.s Episcopal Church was organized in the Spring of 1850, bv Rev. J. S. Chamberlaine. He was succeeded by Rev. Lloyd Johnson. Rev. G. Sayres took charge of the Parish during the foil of 1854, and remained pastor until 1859. In Feb. 1861, Rev. C. F. Loop was called and remained till 18G3, when Rev. S. M. Steele succeeded him and he in turn was superceded by Rev. A. B. Russell, then by Rev. Hyde and he by Rev. T. N. Morrison. A new church edifice was erected in 1874, on Buena Vista Ave. and Washington St. The foundation was laid in the fall of 1870, but as the society was unable to complete the church it was left thus until the spring of 1874. The structure consists of two stories proper, a brick basement and main auditorium. The building is of Gothic style of architecture and about 35 by 85 feet in si/o. Lt is neat and tasty and elegantly furnished. Umver'salist ChurcJi was organized April 20, 1851, by Rev. (J. C. Lemon, with fifteen members. A church edifice was erected in 1857, and was dedicated on the second Sunday in February 1858. The Universalist society no longer hold regrdar services. Their church building is occupied by the Christian Church. idity and soon demanded a larger room, number- ing, at one time, 400 active pupils, and it is said that in 13 years half the children in this city have passed through her hands as Sun- day-school children, aiul the incidents of her teacher-work alone would fill a volume. In this limited record of facts we have no s})ace to speak of those qualities which have ever won for her honor and respect. Pier daughters. Misses Alice and Susie, have enjoyed unusual educational advantages ; have also made two trips t^ Europe in company with their mother. Mrs. W. is a ready, pleasin,g' Sjieaker, a vigorous, forcible writer, and has filled with al)ility every po^'^ion to which she has been called. Like all persons of progrtssiv^' ind liberal ideas and fixedness of purpose, she has been the subject of many bitter animadversions, but through all trials she has borne herself with characteristic dignity, and, as time has developed, her opponents have acknowledged that she was right. No one, whether mendicant or business man, in distress (and many have gone to her), has appealed to her charity in vain, and were the little "heart histo- ries," the teai;s that she has dried, the wants that she has relieved, made known, it would add a lustre to her name tliat time could not dim. It in the penalty of such lives to meet untold op})osition, and it is only when the tenderness is of no avail, and the kind words can no longer be heard, that such lives are truly estimated. But they are a legacy that make the inheritors richer than seas with sands of gold. Charh'8 Young, a Justice of the Peace at Pekin, was born at Athol, Mass., Dec. 4, 1818. His ancestors were natives of the same State, and, like most of the loyal sons of that grand old common- wealth, fought in the Revolution. Both of his grandfathers, elec- trified by the burning words and matchless eloquence of the immortal Patrick Henry, sprang to arms at the first call for troops, and fought tell the close of the war. Charles was sent to Brattle- 37 614 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. boro, Vt., where he received an academic education. We next find him in New York, where, in 1841, he united his destiny with the accomplished Miss Read, who, however, lived but a few years. About 1840, Mr. Young joined the New York Malitia, where, for his commanding presence and military bearing, he was commis- sioned, by Wm. H. Seward, a Lieutenant in the Light Artillery. Leaving New York, he went South, where he traveled extensively, and at the beginning of the war in 1860, he left New Orleans and came to Pekin. He was married in 1852 to Henrietta Hanaghan, who died in 1872, and who was the mother of his six children. Louis Zinger, whose portrait appears in our Pekin group, was born at Alsace, France, June 7, 1846. His parents, Barnabas and Stephania .Zinger, were also natives of Alsace, where Louis passed his childhood and received his early education, which he completed at Peoria, where he came at an early age. He came to Pekin Feb. 27, 1874, where he engaged in the monumental business, in which he has had good success, having, in the short space of five years, es- tablished a fine trade. Mr. Zinger was married to Miss Catherine Stalter, and three children gladden their household, who are all liv- ing, and promise lives of usefulness. Mr. Zinger has held the office of Supervisor and is at present Treasurer of the City of Pekin. In })olitics he acts and votes with the Democratic party, having been elected to his present office by that party. OFFICIALS OF PEKIN CITY. 1849. Mayor— Bernard Bailev. Aldermen— 1st Ward, John Atkinson; 2nd, David P. Kenyon ; Srd, Wm. S. Maus; 4th, Jacob Riblet. Clerk— Benj. Kellogg. Treasurer— John Gridley. City Attorney— Benjamin S. Pret- tyman. City Marshal— Thomas Cloudas. 1850. Mayor— Bernard Bailey*; A. Woolstein. Aldermen— 1st Ward, Peter Weyhrich: 2nd, David P. Kenyon; ord, Wm. S. Maus; 4th, Jacob Rib- let;" 5th, John Turner. Treasurer— John Gridley. City Attorney— B. S. Prettyman. City Marshal— Wm. Snider. 1851. Mayor— Jas. Harriott. Aldermen— 2nd Ward, William AVilkey; Srd, Stephen Robinson; 5th, Jacob Clauser. City Attorney— John S. Mc- Intire. City Marshal— T. M. Cloudas. 1852. Mayor— James Harriott. Alderman— 1st Ward, Thomas N. Gill, 2nd, David P. Kenyon; Srd, James A. McGrew. Clerk— T. D. Vincent. 1853. Mayor— Middleton Tackaberrv. Aldermen— 1st Ward, Thos. N. Gill; 2nil, David P. Kenyon; Srd, R. "Buck; 4th, Peter Weyhrich; 5th, Jacob Clauser. City Marshal— Wm. A. Tinney. Clerk— W. B. Parker. 1854. Mayor— M. C. Young. Aldermen— 1st Ward, Thos. N. Gill; 2nd, Jno. W. Glass; Srd, R. Buck," A. Brown; 4th, Peter Weyhrich; 5th, Jacob Clauser. Attorney— C. H. Goodrich; Marshal — S. P. Higginson. 1855. Mayor— M. C. Young. Aldermen— 1st Ward, Thos. N. Gill ; 2nd, Jno. W. Glass; Srd, A. Brown,* G. L. Thomas; 4th, Robert Gibson. City Attorney— Wm. B. Parker. Clerk— Wm. B. Parker. 1856. Mayor— L. H.Wilkey. Aldermen— 1st Ward, Joshua Wagenseller and James S. Mclntire ; 2nd, Peter Devore and Conrad Westerman ; Srd, Reuben Bergstresser ; 4th, Benj. S. Prettyman. Clerk— Wm. B. Parker ; Treasurer— John Gridley. City Attorney— James Roberts. " Resigned. HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 615 1857. Mavor — M. Tackaberrv. Aldermen — 1st Ward, J. Wagenseller ; 2nd, S. D. Pnterbaugh ; 3rd, A. Haas; 4tl), David Mark; Clerk— William B. Parker. City Attorney — James Roberts. Treasurer — John Gridley. 1858. Mayor— Peter Weyhriob. Aldermen— 1st Ward, S. P. Higginson; 2d, Peter Devore and Wm. Devinnj^; Srd, N. Davis and T. J. Pickett; 4th, B. S. Pretty man. Clerk — Wm. B. Parker. Attorney — James Roberts. Treasurer — John Gridley. 1859. Mavor — Peter Wevhrich. Aldermen, 1st Ward, Joshua Wagenseller; 2nd, John Sandusky; 3rd, Teis Smith; 4th, Thos. C. Reeves. Clerk— Wm. B. Parker. City Attorney — Jas. Roberts. Treasurer — J. Gridley. 1860. Mavor — I. E. Leonard. Aldermen — 1st Ward — Daniel S. Reisinger; 2nd, John Lucas; 3rd, W. T. Edds; 4th, Samuel Rhoads; Clerk— A. P. Griswold. Attorney — James Roberts. Treasurer — John Gridley. 1861. Mayor — L E. Leonard. Aldermen — 1st Ward, Henry P. Westerman; 2nd. Henry Zuckweiler; 3rd, Teis Smith; -Jth, Geo. H. Harlow. Clerk — A. P. Griswold. Attorney— J. M. Hanna and C. A. Roberts. 1862. Mayor — B. S. Prettyman. Aldermen — 1st Ward, Stephen Roney and Daniel Reisinger; 2nd, John Lucas; 3rd, Reuben Bergstresser ; 4th, I. E. Leonard. Clerk — A. P. Griswold. Attorney — Jno. B. Cohrs. Treas- urer — John Gridley. 1863. Mavor — Samuel E. Barber. Aldermen — 1st Ward, Jacob Clauser; 2d, George Kennedy; 3rd Teis Smith; 4th, Thos. N. Gill. Clerk— A. P. Griswold. Attorney — A. Bergen. Treasurer — John W. Glassgow. 1864. Mayor — Thomas C. Reeves. Aldermen — 1st Ward, Stephen Roney ; 2nd, John Lucas; 3rd, John Herget; 4th, John D. Mclntire. Clerk — H. Yandervoort. Attorney — A. Bergen. Treasurer — J. W. Glassgow. 1865. Mavor— Wm. W. Sellers. Aldermen— 1st Ward, Peter Schaumleffel; 2nd, J. F. Tucker; 3rd, Teis Smith ; 4th, W. Don Maus. Clerk— Wm. M. Olmstead. Attornej- — N. W. Green, Wm. E. Parker. Treasurer — B. F. Blossom. 1866. Mayor— Wm. W. Sellers. Aldermen— 1st Ward, John Cohenour; 2nd, John Berrv ; Srd, John Herget; 4th, James F. Pevton. Clerk — Wm. Olmstead. ' Attorney— C. J. Elliott. Treasurer— J. M. Gill. 1867. Mavor— C. J. D. Rupert. Aldermen— 1st Ward, Peter Schaumleffel ; 2nd, Wm. Schlagg; 3rd, Teis Smith; 4th, Chas. Turner. Clerk— Wilbur F. Henry. Attornay — Richard Williams. Treasurer — John M. Gill. 1868. Mayor— C. J. D. Rupert. Aldermen— 1st Ward, Stephen Roney ; 2nd, August Winkle; 2rd Benjamin Michael; 4th, George S. Smith. Clerk — Felix G. Knott. Attorney — Richard Williams. Treasurer — George R. Babcock. 1869. Mayor — William T. Edds. Aldermen — 1st Wanl, Herman Kickler; 2nd, Jacob Klein; 3rd, Teis Smith; 4th, Reuben Bergstresser; .^th, Lott Bergstresser, James Haines; 6th, Jonathan H. Mvers, John G. Eyrse. Clerk— William H. AVallingford. Attorney— Collins J. Elliott. Treas- urer — Charles Young. 1870. jNIayor— David T. Thompson. Aldermen — 1st Ward — Joshua Wagen- seller; 2nd, W. Weiss; 3rd, D. W. Umdenstock; 4th, I. E. Leonard; 5th, James F. Peyton; 6th, Charles Young. Clerk — William Docker. At- torney — A. B. Sawyer. Treasurer — Thomas J. Roney. 1871. Mavor— David T. Thompson. Aldermen — 1st Ward, John M. Gill; 2nd, E. vSchurman; Srd, D. C. Smith; 4th, H. P. Westerman; 5th, Wm. Blenkiron; 0th, Fred Christopher. Clerk — Wm. Docker. Attorney — E. C. Brearley. Treasurer — Thomas J. Roney. 1872. Mayor— John Stoltz. Aldermen— 1st Ward, Chas. J. Hulbig; 2nd, D. W. Umdenstock; Srd, George J. Webber; 4th, W. T. Patterson; 5th, C. R. Johnson ; 6th, Phillip Weber. Clerk— Wm. Docker. Attorney— T. N. Mehan. Treasurer — J. G. Rupert. 1873. Mavor— John Herget. Aldermen— 1st Ward, John Hallinan; 2nd, Ja- cob Klein; 3rd, Habbe Velde; 4tb, G. F. Saltonstall; 5th, W. Blenkiron; 616 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 6th, W. L. Prettyman. Clerk— Wm. Docker. Attorney— Geo. Rider. Treasurer — J. G. Rupert. 1874. Mavor— John Hcrget. Aldermen— 1st Ward, E. A. Hall ; 2nd, I. C. Frederick; 3rd, John Bonk; 4th, W. F. Henry; 5th, A. B. Sawyer; 6th, C. K. Myers. Clerk — Wm. Docker. Attorney — W. R. Hall. Treasurer — Jay G. Rupert. 1875 Mavor— C R. Cummings. Aldermen— 1st Ward, John M. Gill, E. A. Hall,T. R. Skelly; 2nd, E. Schurraann, H. A. Bruns, Habbe Velde; 3d, U. G. Albertson, W. D. Oswald, John Scheidel; 4th, G. R. Cobleigh, Jas. Haines, John Roos. Clerk— J. M. Moloney. Attorney— W. R. Hall. Treasurer — Oscar Hofer. 1876. Mayor— C. R. Cummings. Aldermen— 1st Ward, H. W. Hippen, T. R. Skelly, Henry Lautz; 3rd, W. J. Albertson, J. P. Scheidel, Thomas Schneider. Clerk— J. M. Moloney. Attorney— Geo C. Rider. Treas- urer — Oscar Hofer. 1877. Mayor — A. B. Sawyer. Aldermen— 2nd Ward, H. A. Burns, Geo. S. DeVries, John Velde; 4th, J. F. Peyton, G. R. Cobleigh, J. G. Ledter- man. Clerk, J. M. Moloney. Attorney— G. C. Rider. Treasurer— Louis Schurman. 1878. Mayor— A. B. Sawver. Aldermen— 1st Ward, E. M. Mulvey, John Kelch, I. F. Schipper'; 3rd, H. Vork, O. Wieburg, Adam Saae. Clerk— J. M. Moloney. Attorney— G. C. Rider. Treasurer — Louis Schureman. 1879. Mayor— H. W. Hippen. Aldermen — 2nd Ward, Aug. Winkel, Ahrend Behrens, E. Schurman; 4th, G. R. Cobleigh, Erastus Rhoads, William Rundle. Clerk— John W. Hoffman. Attorney— G. C. Rider. Treas- urer — Louis Zinger. SUPERVISORS. William S. Maus 1850 H. Naylor 1874 James Haines 1851-52 Peter Steinmetz 1875 Williams. Maus 1854-61 Henry Lautz 1865 William S. Maus, asst 1863-65 Ernest Schurman 1876 Joshua Wagenseller 1860 Wm. Don Maus 1876-77 Peter Wevhrich, asst 1861-65 C. B. Cummings 1876 Martin Stover, asst 1860 Fred Smith 1876 Wm. Don Maus 1866 J.G.Weber 1876 George Greigg 1867-68 Henrv Didcock 1877 Teis Smith, asst 1867-70 John'C. Avdelott 1878 Joshua Wagenseller 1870 Thomas R. Skelly 1878-79 John Stoltz 1871-72 C. B. Cummings 1878-79 John Herget, asst 1871-72 E. Schurman 1878-79 GeorgeGreigg 1873-74 H. W. Hippen 1878 W. Don Maus, asst 1873-74 J. M. Gill 1879 John Herget 1874 J. Lederer 1879 D. C. Smith 1874 TOWN-CLERKS. JohnGridley 1854-55 AVm. H. Teibert. 1806 Charles Turner 1857-59 Julius Maverhoff. 1867 A P Griswold 1860-61 Charles F." Vatterline 1868 Geo. R. Babcock 1863 Mvron Cory 1870-76 David W. Umdenstock 1864 Erastus Rhoads 1877-78 Harmon Kickler 1865 Charles Young 1879 ASSESSORS. M. Tackaberry 1854 Henry Riblet 1867 S P. Higginson 1855 Jacob Lucas 1868-70 Thomas C. Reeves 1857 Fred Schaefer 1871-72 Charles Turner 1858-59 H. Lautz 1873 Robert W. Briggs I860 John Wildhack 1874 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 617 Richard Shaw 1861 Jacob Stout 1875-76 James Haines 1863 Michael Gallow 1877 Thomas C. Reeves 1864 Jacob Lucas 1878 Jacob Stout 1865-66 David Wandschneider 1879 COLLECTORS. Henry Riblet 1854-58 Ibe Look 1873 Joseph Stewart 1S59 John G. Kuhl 1874 David T. Thompson 1S60 John Cohenour 1875 John B. Wliitefoot 1861 Phillip Webber 1876 Hugh K.Alexander 1863-66 Thomas B. Dorsey 1877 Hezekiah Naylor 1867-()S Hezekiah Naylor 1878 August Riese 187U-72 U. J. Albertson 1879 SAND PRAIRIE TOAVNSHIP. The Mackinaw river courses eastwarclly through this township, dividing it near its center. The groves on the north side of the river were settled at a very early day. Elisha and Major Isaac Perkins .settled on sec. 1, about 1824. J^oth of the.se gentlemen were active, enterprising pioneers, and were prominent in the early history of the county. Major Perkins was killed in the famous battle of Stillman's Run, during the Black Hawk war. Isaac moved to Iowa about twenty-five years ago. They came here from near Shawneetown, 111. Gideon Hawley came from the East and settled on the section with the Perkins'. He died on the farm where Jas. Hamson now lives. Thomas Lander located on section 7 ; he was from Virginia. Jno. Sommers was from North Carolina; he erected his cabin on section 1. Daniel Rankin came from Pennsylvanin in 1828, and located on 7. Jolni Shelton came the following year from Virginia, and made himself a home on 8. James Reese came the same year, and located on section 9. John Vancil was among the first to come ; he settled on section 9, and is the only one of the earliest pioneers of this township now living. He resides in the town of Circleville. He was born in Penn.sylvania in 1798. When he was but two years of age, his parents moved to Kentucky. Here he remained until he was nineteen years old, when he was married to Miss Nancy Tuley, who was born in North Carolina, Jan. 20, 1800. Her parents al.so moved to Kentucky when she was a child. Shortly after their marriage they came to Illinois, and to Tazewell county. Mr. Shipraan came from Kentucky in 1826, but did not live in this township a great while. He moved from this into Elm Grove township, where he spent the remainder of his life. He brought 618 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. with him to this township a negro man, his wife and children. He treated them kindly, and they in turned loved him. They all lived here in peace and freedom, carving new homes in the wilderness, and preparing for future prosperity and pleasure. The quietude of the little settlement was disturbed one dark night, by the appearance of some slave hunters. There were some men from Kentucky came up the river, left their boats at the mouth of the Mackinaw, quietly came over and carried oif the negro family. They were all tied and hastily run to the river. It appears that Mose, the name of the negro man, was a singularly constructed negro, and it would almost seem, as an old settler said, that " he was part aligator." He had a double row of large sharp teeth. His hands were tied, and with a rope he was led along. He pulled back considerable, and lagged behind as much as he dare do, all the while chawing on the rope by which he was led. Finally he succeeded in severing it, when with all his might he ran back to the settlement, and informed his neighbors of the theft of his family. This aroused the ire of those sturdy pioneers, and, being equal to any emergency, three of them saddled up their horses, that gloomy night and set out for St. Louis, anticipating the destination of the thieves. These resolute men were Johnson Sommers, Wm. Woodrow, and Absalom Dillon. They pushed on toward that city, and fortunately rode off the ferry boat just as the Kentucky would-be slave-traders landed with the family of Mose. This was a singular coincidence, but true, and with determination that plainly showed he ment what he said, Sommers jumped from his horse, gathered up a stone and swore he would crush the first one who attempted to leave the boat, and the men, who could steal the liberty of their fellow men, were passive before the stalwart pioneers. One of the pioneers hurried up to the city, and procured the arrest of the men. We do not know the penalty inflicted, but most likely it was nothing, or, at least, light, for in those days it was regarded as a legitimate business to traffic in human beings. The family was secured, however, and carried back to this county, where most of them lived and died. All honor to the daring humane pioneers. Joseph Haines built the first frame house and barn ever erected in the county, in this township. The house was built in 1829, and the barn in 1831. Both of them are still standing, and are yet good substantial buildings. It was some years before the portion of the township lying south HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 619 of the Mackinaw was settled. It was a sandy prairie, and was thought to be almost worthless, but we now see some of the best farms in the county on this prairie. The first school-house erected south of the Mackinaw was in 1854. The first school in this house, which was in district No. 5, was commenced Oct. 1st, of the same year. The first church edifice in this portion of the township was erected in 1865. There are now several fine church edifices in the township. The Presbyterian Church of Green Valley was called at first the Sand Prairie Church. It was organized June 10, 1832, at Circle- ville, and it was united with the Green Valley Church, or re-organ- ized, April 15, 1863. At first the meetings were held in private residences, and at school-houses. We copy the following from the " Record of the Presbyterian Church of Tazewell Co.," which was made at the time of its first organization. "On the 10th of June, 1832, the following persons : Samuel Woodrow, Catharine (Monta- gue) Woodrow, George Rausbarger, Stephen Holton, Emily Som- ers, and Mary Babbitt, agreeable to previous appointment, for the purpose of mutual benefit in Holy living, voluntarily associated themselves into a Christian Church, under the rules of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of the United States of America." Samuel Woodrow was elected Ruling Elder, and C. W. Babbitt, their stated supply, was chosen Clerk. " A congregational meeting was held at Green Valley, for the purpose of electing Trustees : S. S. Darling, C. F. Buckman, and Samuel Schureman were chosen. A motion was then made and carried, that the Presbyterians of Green Valley proceed to take necessary steps to build a house of worship. Also that the Trustees act as a committee to suggest a site and exhibit a plan for a place of worship." The above is the record of the first meeting held for the purpose of building a new church edifice. Other meetings were held, site and plans were adopted, and the work vigorously prose- cuted. Work was commenced September 1, 1876, and the house dedicated, free of debt, Sunday, Dec. 31st, of the same year, being the last Sunday, the last of the last month of the Centennial year. It was supplied by Rev. Charles A. Holmes. On the 15th of Oct., 1878, Rev. W. R. Smith, of Albion, Iowa, received a call. The Methodist Church, Green Valley. — The present church edifice of this denomination was erected in 18(i5, at a cost of $5,000. This society at that time, was connected with the San Jose Circuit. 620 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. It continued in that relation until the autumn of 1870, when, at the request of the official board of the Church, Green Valley was set oif to itself. Its present pastor is Rev. H. S. Tryon. The first sermon by a Methodist preacher, Mr. Totten has any knowledge of, was preached in the school-house, and the first Methodist discourse delivered in the neighborhood. It was delivered by Rev. Craig, of Delavan, who continued to preach here while he was pastor of the Delavan Church. The next preacher was Rev. H. B. M. Colt. There are two towns in the township. One of them, Circleville, is located upon section 1. It was laid oflF Aug. 7, 1837, by Spencer Field and E. M. Perkins. It will be seen, therefore, that Circle- ville is one of the oldest towns in the county. The other town is Green Valley, upon section 35, and is upon the line of the P., L. & D. Ry. Mr. Samuel Schureman was the original proprietor of the land upon which Green Valley is located. He entered it in 1852. The town was laid off by Mr. Schureman, Oct. 19, 1872. The village received its name in this wise. There was a Union Sunday-school organized in 1853, and the question came up as to what the school should be called. There were several names pro- posed, and among the number was Green Valley by Samuel Schure- man. The names were voted upon, and Green Valley received the majority, and the name was adopted for the school, and when the town was laid off it was christened with the same name. There are five store buildings in the east end of the town, owned by Samuel Schureman, and occupied as follows : Israel Schureman, dry goods, boots and shoes ; Samuel Bradfield, drugs ; A. Helmbolt, post-office, books, and stationery ; S. Schureman, office ; James Mc- Cord, carpenter; Rachel Greenleaf, millinery; and Thos. Champion, butcher. The improvements throughout the township are of a substantial character. Comfortable and even elegant houses dot the prairies, with good out-houses, and well built fences, bespeak the fact that the people are permanently located, and take a pride in their surroundings. AVith the elements of a prosperous future in her grasp, with every resource of this temperal clime, it will be strange, indeed, if the township and the county does not rapidly grow in wealth. We cannot, in justice, close this historical sketch, without speaking personally of some of its citizens. We therefore would call attention to the following : W. C. Auld, farmer, sec. 24 ; P. O., Green Valley. Mr. A. was HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 621 born in Guernsey Co., O., in 1848. He is a son of Alexander and Rose (Cunningham) Auld. The subject of this sketch received a common school education. He came to this county Nov. 20, 1873; was married Oct. 9, 1873, to Kate Woodrow, a daughter of William and Ellen (Kellogg) Woodrow, of this county. Mr. and Mrs. Auld have two daughters — Alice, born May 3, 1875; and an in- fant, born March 28, 1879; is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Jesse Black, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 27 ; Post-office, Green Valley. Mr. B. is a son of Jacob Black and Sarah Wikirk, natives, respectively, of Penn. and Maryland ; Jesse Black was born in Huntingdon Co., Penn., Feb .7, 1825; Mr. B. came to this county March 13, 1854; is now the owner of 440 acres of valuable land which he has made since he came to this county. Mr. B. has repre- sented this township in the Board of Supervisors. He was united in marriage Oct. 20, 1846, to Mary J. Johns; their childrens' names and births are as follows — John W., born Oct. 28, 1847, de- ceased ; William, Sept. 11, 1849, married Calesta Miller, a native of Mich ; Sarah J., Feb. 20, 1852, married George Cockefair ,who lives in Deer Creek townshi]> this county ; Henry T., July 10, '54, de- ceased; Almon J., July 20, '56; Francis M., Dec. 11, '58; Arthur N., Aug. 31, '61 ; George, Feb. 20, '64, deceased ; Charles, June 28, '65; Edgar, May 20, '68; Jesse May, Nov. 5, '73. Mr. B. has been a member of the Methodist Church since he was twenty years old, and Mrs. B. ever since she was fifteen. The Blacks are of German descent, they were Protestant-Lutheran, and left their homes in Germany on account of religious persecutions by the Cath- olics, about the year 1679. The first of the family that came to this country, was named Jacob. On the voyage his wife and two children died and were buried in the sea. Mr. B. settled where Philadelpliia now stands, it was then a small village. Mr. B. was again married. Jessie B. is a lenial descendent of the Jacob above referred to. The family were great hunters, they kept going west- ward where game was plenty. Mr. B. is honored and respected by all who know him, Lewis II. Burns was born in Carroll county, Maryland, March 17, 1827; John Burns, his father, and his mother, Mary Liester, were natives of Maryland but of (Tcrman descent. LcAvis H. Burns, the subject of this sketch, learned the miller's trade but follows farming. He is the owner of 651| acres of land, that he has accumulated by industry; when Mr. B. came to this county in 1854, he obtained work at five bits a day for some five months, afterwards worked l)y the month at §18.00 per month, but before three months rolled around he bought 60 acres of prairie land at $20 per acre; in the fall of this year he sowed the whole 60 acres in wheat, which yielded 1600 bushels, and for wdiich Mr. B. received §1.00 per bu. After realizing on this crop Mr. B. returned to Maryland, to get him a wife, and was married Feb. 12, 1857, to Julia Hilderbrand, 622 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. they are the parents of Thomas Jeiferson, who was born Dec, 17, 1857, deceased; John J., born Feb. 13, 1860; Sally Ann Elizabeth, born May 13, '62 ; Louis N., born Jan. 16, '66 ; George Z., born May 18, '68, deceased; William H., born Oct. 29, '72; Mr. and Mrs. Burns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. P. O., Green Valley. Abraham Champion, deceased, was born in Huntingdon county, Penn., in 1812. His parents were Thomas and Sarah (Nikirk) Champion, of Penn. Abraham C. was married in 1834 to Leah Barto. She died in 1855. She was the mother of six children — Alfred G., Wm., F. Marion, Thos., Henry, Mary Ellen. Mr. C. was married again in 1856, to Catherine Hawkins, of Virginia, by whom he had three children — Belle, Abraham Lincoln, and John M. William and INIary (Orr) Hawkins, the parents of Mrs. C, came to this county from Virginia with a family of eight children, four of whom now reside in the county, they are — Elizabeth, (Hawkins) Claton, James S., John C, Catherine (Hawkins) Cham- pion, Margaret (Hawkins) Coleman, who now resides in Fulton Co., 111., Mary (Hawkins) Wilsev, who now^ lives at Jackson, Mo., Sarah (Hawkins) Vroom, who died in 1864 ; William died in 1868. They all raised families, and many of their descendants reside in this county. Mrs. Abram Champion, the widow, now lives on section 34, Sand Prairie township, and Belle, A. Lincoln, and John M. are living with her. Russell W. Crosby was born in Summit county, Ohio, in the year 1834. His parents were Simeon R. and Roxana (Pitts) Crosby. Russell W. Crosby, the subject of this sketch, came to this county in 1852. He received a common school education; by occupation is a farmef ; in politics he is a Republican. P. O., Green Valley. Mr. Crosby was united in marriage in 1868, to Miss Emma C. Hart, a native of Wadsworth, Medina county. She is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Solomon Simeon Darling, farmer, sec. 34. Post-office, Green Valley. His parents were Solomon and Mary (Hatter) Darling, natives of N. Y. The subject of this sketch, S. S. Darling, is a native of N. Y., where he was born in 1830. He was educated at Lockport Seminary, N. Y. Mr. D. has always taken a great inter- est in educational matters. Pie has been a faithful School Director for 18 years in succession, and has done much to advance educational facilities. Mr. D. was united in marriage to Sarah Amanda Wood- row. He is the father of Samuel W., Clarence S., Susan Adelaide, Solomon Byron, George W., and Catharine. Mr. and Mrs. Darling united with the Presbyterian Church in 1866. John Z. Evans was born in Licking Co., Ohio, in 1837. His parents were Thomas and Susannah (Sturman) Evans. Mr. Evans, whose name is at the head of this sketch, came to this county Nov. 13, 1868. He received a common school education in his native State ; is a farmer by occupation ; was united in marriage to Chloe HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 623 E. Shanholtzer in I860. They are the parents of E. T., John S., William E., and Frank X. P. ()., Green Valley. Anthony Fisher was born in Hohoeus, Bergen Co., N. J., Jan. 23, 1830. His parents were David and Kate (May) Fisher. The ances- tors of the Fishers came to N. J. before the Revolutionary war. Anthony Fisher first visited this county in 1850, but did not locate here permanently until 18-34. He was united in marriage Nov. 20, I806, to Miss Araann Melinda Oswald. Mrs. F. was born Oct. 13, 1836. They have been blessed with thirteen children, born as fol- lows : David Scott, born May, 1857 ; John Walter, July 30, 1858 ; Laura ]Margaret, born April 14, 18()0, died Sept. 10, 1861 ; Emma Kate, Oct. 12, 1861; Ella Frances, April 29, 1863, died Oct. 8, 1864; Anna Belle, Jan. 13, 1865; Malinda Rachel, Jan. 30, 1867; Charles Mav, Nov. 22, 1868; Sarah Elizabeth, Jan. 9, 1871 ; Lewis Elmer, Nov. 7, 1872; Frank F., Sept. 17, 1874; Minnie Maud, Feb. 17, 1876 ; Mary Alice, July 31, 1878. Besides Mr. F.'s farm- ing interest, he has one-half interest in the Valley Mill, situated on the Mackinaw, sec. 15. It runs by water-power, has two run of stones, one for wheat, the other for corn. P. O., Green Valley. Jonathan Frazee, son of Jacob and Sarah (Ogden) Frazee, was born in Summersett Co., New Jersey, in 1812. He learned the blacksmith's trade, but follows farming on sec. 35. He came to this county 28 years ago. Hr. F. was united in marriage May 3, 1834, to Miss Caroline Bilyieu, a dauo;hter of William Bilvieu, who was a native of N. J. Mr. B. is of French extraction, and a descend- ant of the French Huguenots. Mr. and Mrs. Frazee have four children — Mary; Thomas J., born June 2, 1840; Almeda; Cor- nelius, born April 21, 1840. Mr. and Mrs. F. are members of the Methodist Church. P. O., Green Valley. John Heiselwa.^ born in Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, His parents were John and Elizabeth (Karg) Heisel, both of whom died in Ger- many. John Heisel, whose name heads this sketch, came to iWner- ica in 1841, and located in this county, where he has accumulated a large property. He owns 500 acres of choice land, which he rents, he having retired from active business. Mr. H. united in marriage in 1842, to Margaret Schwrim, daughter of George and Eva (Mar- quardt) Schwrim. ]Mr. and Mrs. Heisel are the parents of John, boru Aug. 4, 1847, married Catharine Woner, in 1871 ; Leonard, born July 29, 1854 ; Mary, July 27, 1845, the wife of Michael Horn, married in 1871 ; Eva, Nov. 13, 1849, married Jacob Shmetle, in 1872, and resides in Greene Co., Iowa; Catharine, March 4, 1852, the wife of Michael Hilt, married in 1871 ; Louisa, Feb. 22, 1857, married to Henry Urich in 1878. Mr. and Mrs. Heisel are mem- bers of the Lutheran Church. P. O., Pekiu. John Heisel, Jr., son of John Heisel, Sr., and Margaret Schwrim, his wife, natives of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, who came to this county about the year 1843. John Heisel, Jr., was born in this township in 1847. He received a common school education. He 624 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. follows the pursuit of farming, and resides on sec. 26. Post-office, Green Valley. Mr. H. was united in marriage March 10, 1870, to Catharine Woner. They have been blessed with three children — Emma, born Feb. 22, 1872; Clara, born Oct. 18, 1876; Leonard Louis, born Dec. 22, 1870. Mr. H. and his wife are members of the Lutheran Church. Frederick Lutz, was born in Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, in 1850. His parents were Frederick and Margaret (Bigler) Lutz. The sub- ject of this sketch was brought to this county while an infant but two years old. He was educated in the common schools of this county ; is a fiirmcr by occupation ; was united in marriage to Eliza- beth Heisel in 1874. They are the parents of George N., born Jan. 13, 1875; Emma E., born Feb. 15, 1877; Philip H., born Nov. 4, 1878. Mr. and Mrs. Lutz are both members of the Lutheran Church. William Magee is a native of Westminister, Maryland, Avhere he was born in Feb. 1825. Aquillia and Mary (Blizzard) Magee were his parents. They were natives of Maryland. William Magee's ancestors on both sides were of Scotch decent. His great great grandparents came from Scotland at a very early day, and took part in the early struggle of the colonist, and in the Revolutionary war. Mr. M. was married in March 1855, to Mary Jane Burns, a native of Maryland. Her ancestors on her mother's side were of German descent. Mr. M. adopted a daughter, who married Richard Correll and now resides in this township. Mr. Magee acts with the Repub- lican party in politics. He has been a profess(?i' of religion for some 23 years, and is connected with the Methodist Church. P. O., Green Valley Joseph Warren Martin was born in Geneva, Fayette Co., Penn., in 1835. His father, Tazewell Presley Martin, was born in Monon- gahela Co., Va., and is now living in Lloydville, O., 78 years old. He has always voted the Democratic ticket except once and then under protest he voted for Horace Greeley. His wife, Ann Dixon Bailey, was a native of Geneva, Penn. The ancestors of Mr. M. served in the Revolution army and also suffered depredations from the Indians. Several members of the family were massacred by the Indians in an early day in Virginia. The Martins are of English descent. Joseph W. Martin was educated at the graded schools of Ohio and Carmichael Academy, Greene Co., Ohio. Mr. M. was married to Carnelia Woodrow, Oct. 13, 1868. She is a native of this countv. She is a daughter of William Woodrow, Jr., and Ellen Kellogg. Mr. Woodrow died March 3, 1860, and Mrs. Ellen W. died April 25, 1858. Mr. and Mrs. Martin are the parents of Fannie D., born Jan. 30, 1870; Thompkins P., July 31, 1871; William W., Feb. 3, 1874; P. O., Green Valley. Charles E. Mcintosh is a son of Charles Mcintosh, a native of Ky. and Elizabeth Adams, his wife, a native of 111. Charles R. is a native of Weakly Co., Teun., where he was born Jan. 8, 1836. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 625 He located in this county in 1861 ; by occupation is a farmer, and in politics a Democrat. He has represented the sixth ward of Pekin in the City Council. He was united in marriage April 1, 1857, to Miss Lucinda Glover, a native of this county. They have one son — James E., who was born Nov. 18, 1858. John Mcifers, farmer, sec. 36 ; P. O., Green Valley ; is a son of A. Louis Meyers and Fannie Hafliger, his wife, they are of Swiss and German descendants. John Meyers, whose name is at the head of this sketch, is a native of Sand Prairie township, Tazewell county, 111., where he was born Aug. 26, 1838. Mr. Meyers was educated in the schools of this county ; has filled the offices of Collector, Supervisor, and other local offices with satisfaction to all those who were interested. On Feb. 26, 1863, he was united in marriage to Mary Hafliger, of Dillon township, a daughter of John Hafliger, a native of Switzerland, whose wife was Catherine Rhink, a native of Germany, They settled in Dillon township about 40 years ago. Mr. and ]\Irs. Meyers are the parents of — Joseph A., born Oct. 30, 1865; Franklin E., born Oct. 21, 1867; Catherine Mabel, born Dec. 26, '69. Thomas C. 3Iurphn, 31. D., was born at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1844. His parents were John and Margaret (Hayes) Mur[)hy, natives of Limerick, Ireland. Dr. M. came to this county Jan. 29, 1856. He attended the schools of his native State, and also of this State ; the Doctor received his medical education at Rush Medical College, Chicago, 111., where he graduated Feb. 5, 1868; is now located at Green Valley. When treason stalked abroad in this land ; when this mighty nation of ours was reeling and rocking to and fro like a distressed vessel upon the stormy seas, Thomas C. Murphy was one of the band of j^atriots in this land who defied treason and fliced the war made against the nation; willing to risk his life and his all for its presevation. He enlisted Aug. 6, 1861, in Co. I, 31st regt. 111. vol. In April, 1862, was promoted to Sergeant, in which posi- tion he served until mustered out, Sept. 18, 1864. Dr. M. partici- pated in the battles of Belmont, Mo,, where he received a wound in the leg, Fort Henry, Tenn., Fort Donelson, and all the skirmishes from Pittsburg Landing to the capture of Corinth, Miss. ; took part in the second battle of Corinth, and the battles while marching to the south and rear of Vicksburg, receiving two wounds, one in the neck from a pistol ball, and in the back by a piece of shell, Avhich so disabled him he was sent home on furlough. April 18, 1864, the regiment joined Sherman's army at Clinton, Tenn., and was actively engaged in the battles and skirmishes as far as Atlanta, on Sher- man's famous march to the sea, where the Doctor was mustered out on account of exj)i ration of term of service. Dr. M. was married Feb. 2, 1871, to Virginia M. Plackett, a native of New Jersey. They are the parents of Edward Powell, born June 9, 1874, and Ettie I., born Dec, 26, 1876. John Benjamin Oswald, is a native of Washington county, Md. 626 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. His parents, Jolin and Margaret (Stephy) Oswald, were natives of Maryland, and same county in which John Benjamin Oswald first saw light, Sept, 26, 1840. John B. was educated in the schools of his native State, and has always taken a deep interest in educational matters, has held the office of School Director for some eight years. Mr. O. was united in marriage in 1861, to Caroline Keefer, of Pekin, Tazewell county. Their children are — Emma K., born July 5, 1861; Harvey L., April 8, 1864; Benjamin F., March 31, 1874; Alva Edwin and Alvin Edgar, twins, born Jan. 22, 1877; and an infant son, born Feb. 9, 1879. Mr. O.'s post-office is Green Valley. Enoch Runyon is a native of Plainfield, Essex county, N. J., where he was born in 1824. His parents were Benjamin and Joan B. (Hariott) Runyon. The Runyons, Hariotts, and Blackfords were very early settlers of New Jersey, dating back from the Revo- lution. Enoch R., the sul^ject of this sketch, received a liberal education in his native State. He came to this county May 10, 1853. He follows the occupation of a farmer, but formerly worked at the hatter's trade, in New Jersey. He resides on sec. 33 ; owns 180 acres of laud ; post-office. Green Valley. Has been a consist- ent member of the Baptist Church for the past thirty-six years ; has been Assessor and School Director; was married in December, 1845, to Margaret D. Shortwell, daughter of Jacob and Dorcas (Drake) Shortwell, who were descendants of very early settlers of New Jersey. Enoch Runyon, the subject of this sketch, is the father of twelve children — Alfred H., Benjamin N., Sarah Z., Jacob S., Jaso, Julia E., Howard, Andrew S., Walter, Arabella, Jeanna, Ralph S. Mrs. Runyon is a member of the Presbyterian Church. John Sehafer, farmer, sec. 9 ; is the ow^ner of (500 acres of valua- ble land. . Mr. Sehafer is a native of Germany, where he was born in 1818. His parents were Philip and Margaret Sehafer. John, the subject of this sketch, received a common school education in his native country, and came to this county in 1840. Has been Supervisor for this township for two years ; is a Democrat in poli- tics; was married to Elizabeth Carroll, in 1843. They are the parents of — Anton, born Feb. 4, 1844, he married Margaret Lutz; Philip, born Nov. 26, 1848, was married to Elizabeth Lutz; John, Jan. 13, 1854, (deceased), John, born March 12, 1855, married Mary Hafleger; Elizabeth, March 17, 1842, married to Philip Weyhrich ; Margaret, Aug. 14, 1876, (deceased) ; Eve, Aug. 13, 1851, married Peter Weyhrich; Margareta, Oct. 21, 1857, married U. Lutz: Elizabeth, Jan. 29, 1861. Mr. and Mrs. Sehafer are members of the Lutheran Church. P. O., Pekin. Jonathan Schureman was born in Essex Co., New Jersey, March 13, 1816. His parents were John and Jane (Totten) Schureman, natives of N. J. Mr. S. received a common school education. He is a farmer, and the owner of 500 acres of choice land. He was formerly a carpenter and builder. Mr. S. was married to Miss HISTORY OP TAZEWELL COUNTY. 627 Kcziali Lawler in 1837. They are the parents of Rachel, who was born in Oct., 1839; Mariette was born Feb. 7,1841; Israel was born Dec. 27, 1843; Elizabeth was born May 4, 1855. Mr. Schure- man first started from New Jersey in Oct., 1849, on a prospecting tour, for the purpose of finding a place to locate permanently ; going through New York State, Canada, IVIichigan and Wisconsin. Trav- eling by canal, stage, and where there was no public conveyances, traveling on foot. He passed down into Illinois as far as Jacksonville, where he concluded to stop, on account of meeting a Mr. Goltry, who was general superintendent of carjwnter and mason work on the Insane Asylum, which was then being built, and although Mr. S. proposed locating lands for the purpose of farming, as he was offered the superintending of the mason work on the Asylum, he concluded to accept, and returned immediately to N. J. to secure other masons. Mr. S. returned to Jacksonville with his help about March 24 ; and, as soon as he got his men fairly at M'ork, he came to this county and bought 320 acres of land, but afterwards sold this tract, and in 1855 he bought 800 acres of raw prairie land in sees. 19 and 20, Dillon township, at |25 per acre. Mr. S. has sold all his farms, and lives at a very pleasant residence in Green Valley. Samuel Schureman, farmer and stock raiser, sec. 35 ; P. O., Green Valley ; was born in Essex Co., N. J., March 1, 1818. His parents were John and Jane Schureman, natives of N. J. Mr. S. received a common school education in his native State, and was united in marriage May 15, 1845, to Cornelia H. Dickinson, a daughter of Philomen and Cornelia (Howel) Dickinson, of Essex Co., N. J. Mrs. Schureman died Oct. 27, 1858. She was the mother of five chihlren — Mary E., born Feb. 1, 184G; Alice, born Jan. 28, 1848; John \y., born Jan. 3, 1851, Avho died while an inflint of one year; William H., born Sept. 11, 1863; Charles E., born Oct. 25, ISod. Mrs. S. was a member of the Presbyterian Church at the time of her death. Mr. S. was again married March 30, 1865, to Deborah Osborn, daughter of John and Sarah (dark) Osborn, of N. J. With a stout heart and a determined will Mr. S. has made life a success. Thomas Schureman was born in Essex Co., N. J., June 16, 1823. His parents were Samuel and Sally (Scuddcr) Schureman, natives of the same place. Mr. S. was educated at New Providence Academy, N.J. He came to this county in 1852. He is retired, and lives in Green Valley. He has held several local offices. Mr. S. was Ellworth, Frederick W., Estella Mav. Mrs. S. is a member of the Methodist Church. Christopher Stoehr was born in Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, in 1828. His parents were Nicholas and Elizabeth Stoehr. The subject of this sketch came to this county in 1850. He follows the 628 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. occupation of farming ; is the owner of 260 acres of land ; resides on section 6 ; P. O,, Green Valley. He was married in 1851, to Elizabeth Ekrhart, a native of Hesse Darmstadt, Ger., where she was born May 6, 1831 ; they have been the parents of fifteen chil- dren, of Avhom eight are living, as follows — George, born Oct. 28, 1852; Philip, Sept. 30, 1854; Conradt, Oct. 25,"' 1863; Margaret, Feb. 5, '65 ; Alice, March 1, '70 ; Catherine, March 31, '72 ; Louisa, July 11, '74; Ada, June 11, '77, and the following chiklren are dead — Martin died at the age of live years; Philip, one year; Mary, six years ; Elizabeth, age four years ; Lena, age three years, and two infants not named. Peter Urish, farmer, sec. 24 ; post-office. Green Valley ; is a native of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, where he was born in 1824. He emigrated to this country in 1831, and settled with his parents on section 24, this township. His parents were George and Eve (Wyhrick) Urish. Peter Urish was united in marriage in 1846, to Margaret Vogel, a daughter of Frederick and C'harlotta (Beck) Vogel, who were natives of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany. They emigrated to this country and located at Smithtown, Maryland, in 1833, and moved to this county in 1846, bringing Mrs. Urish with them. She was born in Germany in 1828. The fruits of her mar- riage with Mr. Urish are — *Henry, born Nov. 10, 1847; '^'Mary, born Jan. 29, '49 ; Eva, born Dec. 10, '53; Elizabeth, born May 30, '56 ; *Mary Ann, born Feb. 4, '58 ; John, born Feb. 24, '60 ; *George, born March 18, '62; Jacob, March 15, '63; Nicholas, April 20, '65; Peter, Nov. 11, '67; Adam, Dec. 13, '69; Amelia, April 17, '73. Those marked * not living. Mrs. Urish has been a member of the Lutheran Church ever since she was 14 years old. Nicholas Yolk, farmer, sec. 9 ; P. O., Pekin. Was born in Ger- many, July 22, 1818. He came to this county 37 years ago. His parents were John and Mary (Schwin) Volk. Nicholas Volk served in the German army. He was united in marriage to Margaret Ulrich, in 1846. She was born in Germany, in 1826. They are the parents of thirteen children, who were born as follows — Peter, born in 1847, Mary, 1849, Elizabeth, 1851, Jacob, 1853, Eva, 1855, Caroline, 1857, Balz, 1859 Lizzie, 1861, Margaret, 1863, Nicholas, 1865, John, 1867, George, 1869, Philip, 1871. James M. Watkins, 31. D., Green Valley. Is a son of William M. and Mary Patterson, his wife, natives of Rockbridge Co., Vir- ginia, near the Natural Bridge. The Watkins are of Scotch- Irish Welch descent. The subject of this sketch was born in the town of Montezuma, Parke Co., Ind., in 1830. He attended the schools of Terre Haute, in his native State. He attended one course of lectures at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Penn., and two courses at Rush Medical College at Chicago, where he graduated in Jan., 1864. Was united in marriage in 1862, to Sarah B. Megaw, a native of Ind., this union has been blessed with four children — Sarah F., born in Dec. 1858; Samuel M., born in May ^^' %^ .'.. ^■m^4 ?'% ''^'^^^UUS L.GOVO^^' ^/ZAB.GOVO^^' Spring Lake Township. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 629 1863; Anna E., born March 23, 1865; James Edmund, born in April, 1867. Mrs. \V. is a member of the Presbyterian Chureh. ThoHKVi Hdriford Wilcman, physician, Green Valley. Dr. W. was born in Stark county, Ohio, in 1829. His parents were Jesse and Lydia (Gregg) Wileman. Dr. AV. received his literary educa- tion in Fulton county, and Knox College, Knox county, and his medical education in the Allopathic, Homeopathic, and Eclectic schools, and practices as a regular physician of these schools of medicine ; has practiced medicine for nineteen years ; having com- menced his medical studies in 1857, at Vermont, Fulton county. The Doctor's medical studies did not cease with lectures that he attended, or at the commencement of his practice, but he has always been a close student; during these nineteen years of jiractice he has always taken the leading medical journals of this country, keeping apace with the knowledge gained by experience from all parts of the country. Dr. W. enlisted Feb. 8, 1865, in 147th regt. 111. vol., and was appointed assistant surgeon, and served in that capacity during the time of service, which was one year. Dr. W. came to this county in April, 1866; was united in marriage April 11, 1871, to Lizzie* D. Field, a native of Pennsylvania, Their union has been blessed with two daughters — Mabel, born May 25, 1873; and Bessie, born July 29, 1877. Dr. and Mrs. A¥ileman are members of the Methodist Church. *S'. M. Wood row, Sr., was born in Cincinnati township, Tazewell county, 111., in the year 1840. His parents were Samuel and Cath- arine (Montague) Woodrow, natives of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, res})ectively. S. M. Woodrow is a farmer, on sec. 25 ; P. O., Green Valley. Mr. Woodrow is a Republican in ])olitics. Pie united in marriage with Miss Anna Hill, Aug. 21, 1862. They have been blessed with five children — Katie A., born Sej)t. 30, '63; Edna May, born Jan. 15, '65; Louis C, born July 27, '(yS; Bennie E., born March 23, '72; Richard S., born Sept. 18, '76. Jo.scpli Woodruff is a native of Fabius, Onondago county. New York, where he was born in 1824. He is a son of Joseph and Lavina (Blanchard) Woodruff. The Woodruff's are of English descent. Three brothers came to this country, one settled in Con- necticut, which was the great grandparent of the subject of this sketch ; another settled in the State of Rhode Island, and the other in South Carolina ; they took i)art in the struggle for independence in the Revolutionary AVar. Gurdin W. emigrated to New York when it was a wilderness, his son, Joseph, the father of the subject of this sketch, died at his son's residence in Sand Prairie townshij), in 1862, at the age of 72, having ex})erienced pioneer life in three States. Mr. W.'s first wife was Adeline S. Davis, of New York. She is deceased. His present wife is Anna Eliza Codding, of Sum- , mit county, Ohio. Mr. W. is the father of — Emma J., born Feb. 5, '50; Esther L., Dec. 14, '54, died Oct. 1, '63; George D., Nov. 9, '59 ; Adeline A., Oct. 4, '63 ; Nettie M., Feb. 21, '65 ; Gurdin 38 630 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. A., Jan. 18, '67; Byron M., Jan. 28/70; Alta O., Feb. 13, '74. P. O., Green Valley. SUPERVISORS. W.J.Thompson 1850 John Schaffer 1868-69 Lewis Prettvman 1851-55 Moses R. Meeker 1870-72 James Hanison 1856-61 James H. Kilpatrick 1873-74 James Hampson 1863-64 Jesse Black 1875-77 Henry A. Sweet 1865 John Meyers 1878-79 Jonathan Totten 1866-67 TOWN-CLERKS. William Dickson 1854-60 Samuel Renner 1869-71 William Woodruff 1861 Baltz P. Melick 1872-77 James Hampson, Jr 1863-64 Samuel Ornofield 1878 John C. Edwards 1865-68 Samuel Bradfield 1879 ASSESSORS. William Woodrow, Jr 1854 William Edwards 1864-68 David W. Ayres 1855 Jesse Black 1869 William Edwards 1856 J. W. Burhans 1870-72 Alex. McCrea 1857-58 Henry A. Sweet. 1873 William Edwards 1859 Anthony Fisher 1874-75 James Kilpatrick 1860-61 Enoch Runvon 1876-78 Moses R. Meeker 1863 P. E. Ripper 1879 COLLECTORS. David G. Williams 1854 Hubbard Latham 1869 James Hampson 1855 Samuel Renner 1870 David G. Williams 1856 H. Latham 1871 Lewis Shelton 1857 Samuel Renner 1872 Abraham Champion 1858 John Meyers 1873 Benj. Priddy 1859-60 Hubbard Latham 1874 Thomas S. McKasson 1861 I. N. Munson 1875 James H. Killpatrick 1863-64 S. M. Woodrow 1876 Thomas Schureman 1865-66 Peter Ripper 1877-78 Lewis H.Burns 1867 David F. Lawler 1879 William Woodruff. 1868 SPRING LAKE TOWNSHIP. The soil of this township is not unlike that of Cincinnati, and the history of its early settlement is similar. Joseph Otfutt erected a cabin on the border of Spring lake in 1839, and moved in the following year. The first school-house was built in 1849, on sec. 11, range 7, 23 north. Mr. Offutt was to the expense of getting the shingles and lumber for this house. The neighbors joined in and hauled the logs for this building. Daniel Hawkins was the first to wield the rod in this school-house, the same year. The children of all the settlers attended. The first sermon preached in the township was by a Mormon by the name of Woods. This meeting was held at the house of a man named Grover. Quite a MRS HAR;«I£T woods ABRAHAM WOODS SPRING LAHE TOWNSHIP HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 633 number of the neighbors went to hear him, not knowing that he was a Mormon, and they were prejudiced against that people. Two weeks thereafter he preached by appointment again, but no one went to hear him. This finished his ministration here. Louis White tells, that when he settled here, he had but few neighbors, and no church nearer than Long Pine Church, but he had preaching in his house occasionally, both in English and German. The nearest mill was seventeen miles away ; they would start in the early morning with a load of corn and wheat, and get back the next morning. The first school in his neighborhood was held at what is now No. 4. The first teacher's name was Hoagland. This house was used for school, Suuday-school, preaching, town-meetings, and elections. The first regular Methodist meeting was began in this house, the preacher being Rev. Joseph Hart. The first church organized was the Dutch Reformed Church in 1856. The first death was that of John Owen Offutt, Oct. 10, 1841. The first marriage was that of Chas. Seiwell to Deborah Claton, in 1842. Among the earliest settlers in the township were Valentine Haas, Chas. Seiwell, Maxon Claton, James Flemings, Daniel Devore, and the McLeashes and Hibbards. Mr. Christian Hermann bought a land warrant of an old veteran of the Mexican war, named John H. Banker, and settled on the land in 1851. It is the farm David W. Hermann now lives on. He tells us that this part of the county, to a great extent, was used as a public range for stock for many years after the first settlement of the county. The soil was then regarded as not desirable on account of its sandy nature, consequently, it was not settled as rapidly as some other portions of the county. There were other drawbacks besides the soil. There was no bridge across the Mackinaw, and the settlers had to depend upon the slow-going ferry of John Bequeaith, and when the water was high, it was . impossible to cross even on this. But as the people learned of the productiveness of the soil, it was rapidly settled. A good iron bridge has taken the place of the ferry. He also tells us that game was plentiful here. He has seen, within rifle-shot of where he now lives, twenty-five deer in one drove. Prairie wolves were numerous, and timber wolves were often seen. These would destroy pigs, calves, sheep, and other domestic animals. A terrible tornado passed through the township in 1859, carrying destruction in its path. It destroyed Mr. Hermann's fine orchard 634 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. of 150 trees, leaving but one standing. It destroyed corn-bins, barns, out-houses, carried off wagons, etc. It carried oiF a spring wagon which was never heard of afterwards ; destroyed fowls, many of which, when found, had no feathers on them at all, and were as clean as though they had been picked. Mr. Christian Hermann re- ceived an injury from a flying timber, from the eifects of which he never fully recovered. He was a large, portly man and healthy, and during the prevalence of the cholera at Pekin, he took upon himself the care of many a poor suiferer of that dreaded disease. He was fearless, and although constantly with it, did not catch it himself. TERRIBLE TORNADO. The following account of the disastrous storm of May 26, 1859, as referred to above, is gleaned from a letter of Dr. C. C. Hodgland, of Spring Lake, to the Tazewell Register: "We had a refreshing shower during the night of the 26th, and the early morning wrapped the hills in dense fog. About 9 o'clock rain began to fall which continueil at intervals till mid-day. About 4 o'clock our attention was attracted to a very dark and heavy cloud which arose out of the southwest, and soon began to show the shape and indications of a waterspout — from the dark cloud above the eart spiral tubes of vapor, varying and shifting in a circle, accompanied with vivid streaks of lightning ami heavy thunder in the distance. Soon the cloud advanced rapidly with a gyrating motion, appearing very grand and awful, but filling our minds with apprehension as it ap- proached with the rapiclity of the wind. Rev. Mr. Brumstead's house is about a mile and a half from mine and it was doubtful whether the cloud was pass- ing east of his house or over it ; but all doubt was dissipated in a moment more as the tornado struck his barn and smashed it in a moment, scattering the timbers and enclosures, and carrying them to great height in the air, whirl- ing and tossing them as if they were feathers. A young man in the barn hear- ing the roaring ran out and was overturned at once, and rolled over and over thirty or forty yards before he could regain his feet. The farm wagon was taken next and dei)0sited, the fore wheels with the tongue, three hundred yards from where it stood, while the hind wheels were carried one hundred yards further. Then a small granary was crushed like an egg shell ; a two- rowed corn planter was hurled fifty yards over the ruins of the granary and deposited against a shed in the yard which next shared the fate of the granary, anil the well-curb was lifted from its place and hurled against the house and broken in pieces. The kitchen was next in order, and instantly unroofed, the shingles flying in every direction and the fragments covering the i)rairie for hundreds of yards with cloth and household fui'niture. Trees were twisted down and flower gardens and shrubs made a desolation. The fence was broken thoroughly and then across the prairie the tornado marked its path with the ruins of fences and buildings. George B. VanNortwick's buildings were next in range. Here fences, outhouses, well-curb, boxes, barrels, stove furnitui-e and clothing were at once flying in very direction. The house-door was burst open, window panes and sash smashed in, and the south lialf of the roof torn bodily from its place and sent flying over the prairie. Mr. Hermann's fence was extensively torn up, an out-building demolished, and the house moved from its foundation several inches. "It is wonderful that no lives were lost. The minister's four horses were in the barn, and were covered with the ruins, but Avere taken out uninjured. In his house he was struck by a falling rafter, but only slightly bruised. Mr. VanNortwick and his daughter, in trying to close the door, were thrown in violence across the room but only bruised." HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 635 From the earliest period of the county's history down to the present time, we find that the loss of life by accident has been most remarkably frequent. Scarcely a week has passed but some home has been darkened by the gloom cast over it by the loss of one of its inmates. One of the saddest of these painful accidents occurred in this township in October, 1865. A party of young people embarked on a boating and fishing excursion on Spring lake, unfortunately, in an old leaky boat, which cost the lives of three young ladies. The party was composed of Joshua G. Claton, Silas McLean, the Misses Julia and Susan Van Bonthusen, and William Van Benthusen, of Bloomfield, Iowa, Miss Mary ]\Ioore, of same place. Miss Mattie King, and the Misses Amanda and Bina Claton,of Spring Lake. Happy and jovial were the party as they left the shore in their fated boat, but ere they had got sixty yards from shore it began to leak. It grew worse and worse rapidly and before anything could be done toward returning to the shore a hole was broken in the bottom of the boat and it filled immediately. McLean, becoming excited jumped out and swam ashore, but in doing so upset the boat, precipitating the entire party into the water. At this critical moment the presence of mind of Mr. Claton prevented the six young ladies from all going to a watery grave. He remained with them, directing them to hold on to the side of the boat. Three of them, with Willie, managed to retain their hold on the skiff, and Mr. Claton shoved the boat ashore and saved three. Although he made strenuous efforts to save the other three, they went doMai before he could rescue them. The unfortunate ladies were the Misses Van Benthusen and Miss Bina Claton. The sad catastrophe cast a gloom over the en- tire neighborhood, which remained for many a day, and even at present it is referred to only with sighs and tears by those who .were living there at that time. The grief-stricken parents of the young ladies, had their bodies removed to their home in Iowa, for interment. Mr. Benj. Priddy, of this township, was the first to introduce the Osage orange hedge in the county. About the year 1846, when he was in Texas, where this tree grows in a wild state, he saw its qual- ities as a fence. It was there known as " boycdare." The timber is used for the purpose of manufacturing wagons, furniture, etc., where a fine-grained, tough timber is needed, being susceptible of very fine polish. Another peculiarity of the wood is, that it will 636 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. neither swell or shrink. Mr. P. sent home seed to his friends, for them to experiment on its growing in this climate. Their trials proved eminently successful, and in 1852, when he came back to this county, he brought 500 bushels of the seed and introduced it generally. It is unnecessary to say anything of the usefulness of the Osage orange for fences, if properly cared for, or to the extent to which it is used, as it is so general, all of our readers are acquainted witli those facts. This country, in an early day, was infested by bands of horse- thieves, who were regularly and strongly organized. In these bands were some daring, reckless fellows, and an account of their exploits is exciting, even in detail. At the close of the career of these des- peradoes a book was written recounting their adventures and detail- ing their crimes. This was called " The Banditti of the Prairie." Abraham Woods had an experience with a member of one of these bands in 1853. A very gentlemanly appearing man stopped at his house for dinner. He was sociable, agreeable in conversation, and, withal, a clever fellow. He claimed to have plenty of money, and said he was on his way to California. He left, and a few days thereafter again appeared and called for breakfast, remarking as he entered, "Treat a dog well and he is sure to return." He was such a fluent talker, so intelligent and agreeable, that Mr. W. was glad to see him. He soon left. Mr. W. observed that he had a sharp eye, which could not be caught for an instant. On coming to the house that morning he passed the barn and looked at two spans of fine horses, a gray and a bay team. He expressed much admiration for the grays, and made inquiries about their gentleness, &c. Mr. W. replied that they were his " darlings," and were perfect pets. A week passed, when Mr. W. was awakened during the night by the running and whinnying of a horse, as if it had lost its mate. He sent his man out, telling him one of his horses was loose. He soon returned with two letters, one had been stuck up on the door, the other was found on the ground. He also reported one of the gray horses gone. One of the letters read as follows : "Oh, avick! shurc and its meself that's trying to make a dacent outfit to go home to Sarah and the childer. As Col. Doniphan said in the Mexican war, I came across your ranche and made bowld to take into my sarvice two Ille- gant Gray travellers I found on your premises. I wunst thought of calling and telling yer Honor what I was after transacting. But thinking it would be to bad intirely to be Robbing a dacent gentlemon of his Darlings and sweet sleep at the same time I mean, I hope and trust your Darlings can travel Handsomely, for I shall be after putting them to their trumps, for a while at least, for it's no more than likely you'll be after sending the dirthy spalpeen HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 637 of a constable after me. Bad cess to the likes of him, He'd be asking my name and other unconstitutional questions, for what does Will Shakspeare say, ' That which we call the Rose By any other name would smell as sweet.' "So you perceive that this settles the point at i.ssue. Perhaps you would be mighty well obliged should I tell you my name, place of Residence, and where I am from. AVell, yer honor, I am from every place but this, and shall be from this Just as quick as your Darling's legs can carry me. Now to con- clude. Fare ye well, and still'forever fare ye well, Hoping your Darlings you'l see never, before I can them swap or sell. Acushla Mavourneen." The above letter goes to show that the writer was undoubtedly the stranger who had been so hospitably received a few days before. As soon as this letter was read, and Mr. W. found his horse gone, he notified his neighbors. Soon a large number of his neighbors assembled and prepared for the chase, but ere they had fairly started the stolen horse returned. It was evident that the thief got alarmed before he had fairly started. He attempted to take both horses, but one had broken loose. It was evident from the other letter found, that there was a regu- lar systematic gang of horse-thieves running from here to Texas. It was in a sealed envelope, and was directed to Frederick Gamble, Galvaston, Texas, forwarded by Patrick Dougherty, and contained a promisory note for $220, on David C. Jones, of Texas. He states in this letter that, " Patrick and Jim have gone in the neighborhood of Pekin to make a raid on fine horses, which they would likely get away with, as Patrick was a good engineer, and knew the country. They would stop the first night with a friend on Salt creek, thence to W. Davis', near Carlinville, from there to Chester, where they knew the ferryman, who would take them across in the night, thence proceed with due dilligence to Texas." ^ The town of Spring Lake, which is located on sec. IG, 22 north, 7 west, was laid out May 15, 1862, by Thomas G. Conant. Haines- ville is on the P., P. & J. Railroad, on sec. 2, 6 west, 22 north. Spring Lake M. E. Church. — The church edifice is located on sec. 31, of town 24 north, and 6 west, and in size is 36 by 50 feet, with basement story. It is one of the largest and finest church structres located in the rural district, that Central Illinois can boast of. It was erected in 1872,- at a cost of $3,500. A class was organized in this neighborhood as long ago as thirty years. Meetings were held at school-houses and at private houses, until their building was erected. The first pastor after the completion of the duirch was Rev. Williams ; the present pastor is Rev. Boggess. The Trustees of the Church are Eli Haas, D. C. Orr, Abraham Woods, Lewis 638 HISTORY or tazewell county. AVhite, and Mr. Hammer. Abraham Woods is class leader; and Eli Hass, Jesse Scott, Abraham Woods, John B. Lowry, Edward Reader, and others, are Stewards. There is a good school in con- nection with the Church, of which Isaac Larish is Superintendent. The membership of the Church is about 40, which is also about the attendance at school. Spring Garden Dutch Reformed Church. — This is an old well established congregation, being organized in 1856. As far back as twenty-six years ago, this people began to hold public religious services in this township. Some years thereafter a neat edifice for worship was erected on sec. 5, 23 north, and 6 west. It is a good frame, and although the congregation has no regular pastor at pres- ent, yet is in a good healthy condition. Rev. Gilmore was the last pastor. We have occasion, in giving a more detailed history of the town- ship, to speak personally of some of its leading and representative residents, among whom we find the persons named below : Frank E. Adams is a native of West Haven, Vt., where he was born Aug. 15, 1852. His parents were Edward and Calista Adams ; the Adams are lenial descendents of the Pilgrims. They came to America about tw^o years after the "May Flower" landed. Mr. Frank Adams, the subject of this sketch, took a scientific course of studies at Ft. Edwards, N. Y. He follows the occupation of school teaching ; he has taught five school years of nine months each. He was united in marriage. May 10, 1876, to Miss Mary G. Emens, a native of Dayton, Middlesex Co., N. J. She is a daughter of Abraham Emens and Anna Van Arsdale, his wife, natives of Mid- dlesex and Hunterton Cos., N. J. They came to this county, April 26, 1866, and settled in Pekin, but now live in Spring Lake town- ship. Mr. A. is connected with the Reform Church of America. In politics, is a Republican. Post-office, Manito. John Barnes was born in Fulton Co., 111., in 1835. His parents, John and Susan (Chandler) Barnes, natives of Kentucky, died in Mason Co. His father died in 1843, his mother in 1853. The subject of this sketch was first married to Charity Ide, of New York. She died in 1863, having one child, William Barnes. In 1868, Mr. B., was again married, this time to Ellen Lawson, of Sangamon Co., 111. Mr. Barnes, memory carries him back to the times when wolves were very numerous through this part of the State. They became very bold, even so daring as to chase a small dog through the house. Mr. B. was in the war of the Rebellion. He enlisted in Feb., 1865, in 148th 111. infantry, under Col. H. H. Wilsie. He was in Co. C, and served till the close of the war. Post-office, Pretty man. MRS.ANN. C.HAAS EZLI HAAS SPRING LAKE TOWNSHIP /■ ■J:- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. 641 Harman Henri/ Beimfohr. John Henry and Mary (Hokanip) Beimfohr were his parents. H. H. was born in Minclen, Prussia, Oct. 30, 1842; was educated in the schools of his native country. He has held tlie office of School Director. ^Ir. B. was united in marriao:e, April 2, 1808, to Miss Mary Ann Bortzfield, a daui^hter of William and Catherine (Musseliyan) Bortzfield. They were natives of Penn. Mr. B. is now living in Osborn, Kansas. Mrs. B. died in 1859. The children of Mr. Beimfohr are,-Mjiry^nn Catherine, born Oct. 22, 1869; Fanny Wilhelmina, born Augr 2^), '71; William H., Dec. 9, '72'r Mary Magdalena, May 28,^ '75; Lucy Wilhelmina, born March 2, '77, died Sept. 21, ,78. Mrs.JB. is a member of the Evangelical Church. Mr. B. acts with the Democratic party. P. O., address, Prettyman. John Bernhcvd Beimfohr was born in Minden, Prussia, in 1836. His parents were John Henry and Mary (Hokamp) Beimfohr. John B. came to this county in 1854; was educated in the schools of his native country. He is a farmer ; in politics is a Democrat He was united in matrimony in Oct., 1856, to Mary Wilhelmina Baker. They have been blessed with six children — August, born Oct. 27, '54;" Mary Ann, born Dec. 25, '61; Martha Theresa, Nov. 19, '65; Emily, July 29, '68; John Harmon Henry, Feb. 5, '72; George Frederick, March 21, '77. Mr. and Mrs. B. both united with the Evangelical Church in 1867. Post-office, Prettyman. David P. Black was born in Blair Co., Penn., in 1842. His parents, George and Rebecca (Mauly) Black, were both natives of the same county. He came to this county in 1858; received his education at Green Valley, this county, and has been generally suc- cessful in business. He was joined in marriage with Somantha H. Marshall, in 1865. They have one girl — Annie Laura, born in August, 1866. He enlisted, in 1862, in the 85th 111. Inf , and served as musician. He was in the battles of Perrysville, Stone River, INIission Ridge, Atlanta, Jonesboro', and all the battles of Sherman's army on its march to Savannah. Post-office, Manito. WiJIiam Ira Callaway, farmer, was born in C-ampbell Co., Va., in 1826. He came to the county in 1851, and to the State, with his parents, Isaiah and licttice Callaway, in 1836. He had only a common school education ; has served as Justice of the Peace, School Trustee and School Director. In 1851 he married Ruth A. Lowry, who died April 1,1878. She bore him six children — Siralda S., Sarah B(41, Rhoda J., Louis F., Henry M. and Fannie A." Three of these are married and live in this township, not three miles from the parental roof Siralda, w^fe of Wm. McFarland, is living about two miles away, while Rhoda and Sarah, wives of Isaac Schinick and John McFarland, respectively, live but a short distance from their father. His present wife, Catharine Sherrer, he married Nov. 10, 1878. Mr. C. has been a member of the M. E. Church for 13 years. Post-office, ^lanito. /. G. Claton, farmer, residing upon sec. 27, township 24 north, s,^.> 642 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. range 6 ; was born in Shelby Co., Ind., in 1844. His parents, James and Sarah Ann (Guile) Claton, were both natives of Ohio. Mr. Claton was educated in the common schools of Iowa. He came to this county in 1865. In 1870 he married Sarah E, Vanorstrand, who has borne him two children — Thomas A., born Dec. 28, 1870, and Cora, born Oct. 23, 1872. Post-office, Prettyman. llrs. Margaret Claton. — One of the earliest settlers of the town- ship is Mrs. Margaret Claton, who, at this writing, April 13, 1879, is just 86 years old. She is a native of Georgia. Her parents, John and Anna (Davidson) Gaston, moved to Virginia before she was two years old, and subsequently to Ohio. While living in that State, and on July 4, 1812, she was married to Maxon Claton. They came to this county in 1836, locating in Sand Prairie, and in 1838 moved on the farm where she now lives. Her husband died Aug. 17, 1839. Mrs. Claton had a family of ten children, only one of whom is now living. For an old lady, nearly four score and ten, she is remarkably quick and smart, and has a good memory. To hear her relate her experiences in early times, is almost like reading a thrilling romance of border life. At one time all her fences and her wheat crop was burned by the prairie fire. She hired a man, during an early day, for two years, at $50 a year and board and clothes. She was to give him 12 yards 4-leaf jeans, 9 yards of cot- ton flannel, 4 cotton shirts, 2 pair cotton socks, 1 pair of boots, and 1 pair shoes, and a hat. She had all these articles specfied in the agreement. Frank F. Deyo is a son of John P. Deyo and Sarah Ann Forester, his wife, natives of New York. Frank F. Deyo, the subject of this sketch, was born in Erie county, Ohio, 1847. He received his edu- cation at Milan Xormal School, Ohio. Mr. D. came to Tazewell county in September, 1869; by occupation is a farmer and teacher; has taught for the past fifteen years. He resides on sec. 15; post- office, Pekin. He was united in marriage, Dec. 28, 1871, to Miss Irene Claton. She is the daughter of Jno. Claton and Elizabeth Ann Hawkins, his wife; they came to this county in 1835. Mr. Claton's portrait may be found in his book. Mr. and Mrs. Deyo have two children — Eunice Anna, born Nov. 25, 1873; and Palmer Claton, born Nov. 16, 1878. Mr. and Mrs. D. both united with the Meth- odist Church in 1874. In politics Mr. D. acts with the Democratic party. Abraham Gorman is a native of Lehigh county, Penn., where he was born in 1823. His parents were Abraham and Elizabeth Gor- man. Mr. G. was educated in the schools of his native State. He came to this county in 1855; and was united in marriage to Mary Hensinger, a native of Pennsylvania, in 1849; they are parents of — Benjamin F., Abraham, John M., Wm. L., Emery G., Elizabeth C, Mary F., and Sarah Bell. Mr. G. acts with the Democratic party. Post-office, Manito. Cornelius L. Golden is a native of Hunterdon county, N. J., where HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 643 he was boru Oct. 5, 1807. His parents, David and Deborah (Wil- son) Golden, were natives of New Jersey. Mr. G.'s grandfather came from Holland. The subject of this sketch came to Fulton county, this State, and after residing there three years he removed to this county in tlie year 1853. Ho received his education in his native State; by occupation he is a farmer. Mr. G. was united in the holy bonds of matrimony to Miss Eliza B. Dallas. This mar- riage has been blessed with six children, five of whom arc living — Joanna, born Dec. 17, '30; Ephriam D., born March 4, '32; Frank- lin L., boru Dec. 12, '35; Jane E., born Aug. 11, '37; Rebecca, born Aug. 4, '39, deceased ; Sarah, born Sept. 30, '43. Mrs. Golden is a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. Mr. G. has lived a long and useful life, and is beloved and respected by all who know him and a is representatives of Spring Lake. His portrait, with that of his wife, will be found in this volume. Ephriam D. Golden, a native of New Jersey, came to this county with his parents, in 1850, and is engaged in farming in this town- ship. His education was obtained in the common schools of New Jersey. Mr. Golden was married to Lydia R. Van Deuscn, of New York. They have four children — John W., born Nov. 18, 1863; Reuben S., born May 13, 1865; Emma May, born Nov. 3, 1869; Rebecca H., born Aug. 15, 1871. Mr. Golden and his wife are both members of the Reformed Church of America, and have been for fifteen or sixteen years. He has held the positions of Road Commissioner and School Trustee in his township. Post-office address is Manito. Eli Haas. This gentleman is certainly one of the representative men of the county, and an extensive farmer, owning 2,000 acres of land. He came here with his father in 1839, and at that time was the possessor of a very limited amount of this world's goods. The simple statement of his owning, at present, thousands of acres of land, is the best evidence of a well-sj)ent life. He was born in Union Co., Pa., Sept. 13, 1817. His father was born in Montgom- ery county of that State. He died here in 1852 at the age of 69. His mother, Mary Magdalene (Mauck) Haas, was also a native of the grand old Key-stone State. She passed over the Jordan of Death, Jan. 6, 1876, being at that time almost ninety years of age. The marriage of Mr. Haas with Miss Ann Catherine Orr, took place March 2, 1853. They have one son, Edward S., who was born Dec. 2, 1864. Both Mr. and Mrs. Haas are consistent and active members of the Methodist Church. He has held the office of School Director for some sixteen years. We give his portrait, with that of his wife and son, in this volume. He resides upon sec. 30, upon which section he has lived since his advent into the county. Post-office, Manito. Joseph F. Haines, grain dealer and farmer, is one of the oldest residents of Tazewell county. He was born in Jiutler Co., O., and came to the county with his parents, William and Elizabeth (Wil- 644 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. son) Haines, also natives of Ohio, in the year, 1828. In Feb., 1865, he enlisted in the 148th 111. Inf., under Col. Wilsie. Mr. Haines was joined in marriage with Emeline Lance in 1844. Their children are William C, born in 1848, and Maggie May, born in 1863. William Haines, the father of the subject of this sketch, on coming to this county, located first at Pekin, and was one of the original proprietors. He died in that city in 1834, with the cholera. He owned, at the time of his death, all the lots fronting north on Court street, save two, of the original town of Pekin. INIr. H. re- lates that Pekin wa:s first called " Town Site." The name " Pekin " was given by a Mrs. Cromwell, a wife of one of the proprietors, who, doubtless foreseeing its brilliant future, gave it its illustrious name. Mr. Haines, Sr., left a family of five children at his death, whose names were, Sarah Ann, now the wife of B. S. Prettyman of Pekin ; Elizabeth Jane, many years deceased ; INIartha Ellen, who married John Gorage, of Ottumwa, Iowa, and died about the year 1872 or '73. One of her sons is now running a paper in the Black Hills; Caroline Matilda, who married John M. Hedrick, of Ot- tumwa, Iowa, and is still living ; the next, Mr. Joseph F. Haines, the subject of this sketch, is now living at Hainesville, a station on the P., P. & J. P. P., which derives its name from him, he being the first settler, and built the first house at that place in 1860. The house is now owned by B. S. Prettyman, and occupied by Mr. Ben- jamin Priddy. Post-office, Prettyman. Samuel C. Hammer was Ijorn in Franklin Co., Pa., in 1824. His parents, Jacob and Priscilla (Eyler) Hammer, were natives of Maryland. Mr. H. came to Tazewell county in 1855. He learned the trade of shoe-making and followed that business for ten years, but for many years has been engaged in farming. In 1846 he was married to Ann Elizabeth Working, a native of Maryland, The union has been blessed with five sons and four daughters : Frances Virginia, Lewis Cass, John Winton, Elizabeth H., Emma, Alvin Davis, Clara, William Pufus and Johnson. He is a member of the M. E. Church. In politics he is a Democrat. John G. Ham- mer, brother of Samuel, is a veteran of the • Mexican war and is now living in Pekin. He enlisted in Capt. Jones' company, and served about a year. He participated in the engagements of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Puebh). He first settled at Springfield, then came to Pekin to build a mill for Mr. Wagenseller, and has since lived there. Samuel Hammer, like many of the early settlers, thought the best locations were by the streams and timber, and let thousands of acres of fine prairie land go for others to occupy, thinking it would never be settled. Leivis Franklin Harbaugh was born in Franklin Co., ]\Id., in 1837. His parents, John and Margaret Harbaugh, were also natives of the same county. Mr. H. came to this county in 1865, and is engaged in agricultural pursuits in this township, owning z^-^?-^ ^L-iH^^'C^^ SPRING LAKE TP. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL OOIJNTT. 645 over 300 acres of land. He was married to Mary J. VanOstrand, April 2, 1873, who has borne him two children, Frank Leslie, born Jan. 18, 1874, and Charles Dana, born Dec. 2(3, '75. Mrs. H. is a member of the American Reformed Clinrch. Mr. H's ancestry was of Swiss descent. Yost Harbangh, of whom the sudject of this sketch is a lineal descendent, came to this country in 1736 or '38, and settled in York Co., Penn. David WdUnyton- Herrmann wa>' born in Wayne Co., N. Y., in 1846. His parents, Christian and Barbara (Lux) Herrmann, were natives of Germany. He was married to ]\Ienni Hanns, of Prussia, in 1869. They liave four children: Lilly, born Feb. 18, 1871; Irene, May 20,' 1872 ; Albert, Sept. 24, 1874 and Carlina May, Feb. 7, 1879. Mrs. Herrman's parents were Christian and Frederick (Dietrich), Prussians. Her father died in that country. Her mothcT CJirae to this country in 1868, bringing Mrs. H. with her, and located at Bloomington, 111., where she still resides. Mrs. H. is a member of the Kvangelical Lutheran Church. Christian Herrmann's family consisted of six children : David W., Caroline, Jemima, Louisa, Catharine, Rosena. Mr. H. has held the office of Justice of the Peace, Road Commissioner and School Director. Post-office, Prettvman. Jacob Kei/ser. INIr. Keyser ' is one of the early settlers of this county, having settled in this townshi]) in 1833. Mr. K. is a son of Phili]) and Elizabeth (Flower) Keyser. Jacob Keyser was united in marriage, in 1847, to Miss Hannah Wood. They are the parents of — Minerva, born June, 1848; William T., born June 9, 1850; Jacob F., born May 14, 1852; Sarah Jane, Sept. 7, 1854; Louis E., March 22, 1857. When Mr. K. first settled on S])ring Lake prairie, they lived on what they raised, and made the cloth at home to clothe the family. Their friends were every one for twenty miles around; their fresh meat consisted of venison and other wild game. ]\Ir. K.'s house at that time was headquarters for religious meetings. In politics ]\rr. K. is a Republican. Post-office, Pekin. Jo/in B. Loirri/ is a native of Jefferson Co., O., and a son of Wil- liam and ]\Iartha Ann (McCoy) Lowry, natives of the above State. John B. attended the schools of Clark and Tazewell counties; by occupation a farmer. Post-office, Pekin. He has filled several local offices with perfect satisfaction to all. Mr. L. was united in marriage to Sarah C. Claton, in 1862. The fruits of this marriage are four boys, as follows : William E., born Nov. 14, 1863 ; John C, born March 18, 1867; James M., born March 13, 1869; George M., born iSIay 15, 1874. Mr. and Mrs. Lowry are both members of the Methodist Church. Joshua Marshall is a native of the State of Va., where he was born in the year 1814. He is a son of Joshua and Sarah (Hayne) Marshall. The subject of this sketch settled in this county in 1862. Mr. M. has been very successful, financially, since he came to this county ; has filled several local offices. He came to Kankakee Co., 646 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. , this State, in 1846. He was not very successful there. He com- menced in the hotel business in Kankakee, havino; l)uilt a new hotel. He was burned out in 1857, which caused almost a total loss of $6,000. After coming to this county, everything turned the other way, and in the year 1867, he sold $6,200 worth of produce off his farm. Was united in marriage, in March, 1838, to Miss Dru- sella Rakestraw. They are the parents of — Samantha Black, John A., Horace S., Allen J. and Henry H. Post-office, Manito. Allen J. Marshall was born in Kankakee Co., 111. He is a son of Joshua and Drusella Marshall, and received his education in the jniblic schools. His political views are those of the Republican party. He was joined in matrimony, in 1876, to Miss Anna R. Patterson. His post-office address is Manito. Henry H. Marshall is a son of Joshua and Drusella Marshall, and was born in Kankakee Co., this State, in 1852. He came to Taze- Avell county with his parents in 1862, received his education in this county, and is, by occupation, a farmer. He was married Oct. 6, 1875. In politics he is a Republican. Post-office, Manito. Horace 8. Marshall is a native of Kankakee Co., 111., where he was born in 1848. He is a son of Joshua Marshall. Horace was educated in the schools both of this and his native county. He is an extensive farmer, owning 1000 acres of land, and is also a dealer in grain. Mr. M. was united in marriage, in 1871, to Miss Mary Haas. In political matters he acts with the Republican party. His post-office address is Manito. David K. Moore was born in Fleming Co., Ky., in 1815. His parents were Jacob Moore and Rebecca Paddicks, his Avife, who were natives of Kentucky. David K. came to this county in 1857. During the war for the Union he enlisted in the 38th Regt. 111. Inf., and was engaged in many important battles, among which were the Battles of Corinth, Miss., and Perrysville, Ky. Mr. Moore's health gave way after two years of service, from which he has never en- tirely recovered. He was married to Miss Fanny Mcintosh in '45. They have been the parents of ten children, named as follows : Louisa C, Thomas J., Clarinda, deceased, Sarah J., deceased, James W., Mary Isabel, deceased, Rhoda, deceased, Hannah E., deceased, Fanny Belle, and Jacob R. Edward Purdy was born in the county of Westmead, Ireland, in 1831. His parents were Thomas and Catherine (Hosey) Purdy. He came to New York in 1846 and to this county in 1857. In '60 he united with Elizabeth Jane Ballard, of Allen Co., Mo., in mar- riage. Her parents were Anderson S. and Susan (Archer) Ballard. He is the parent of nine children, six of whom are living. The names and dates of birth of his children arc as follows : Catherine Ann, born Nov. 5, 1860; Susan Jane, Sept. 7, 1864; Mary Ellen, Feb. 26, 1866; Emma Viola, Feb. 16, 1868; James Edward, Sept. 30, 1830; Sarah Cordelia, March 5th, 1872; Frans A., Jan. 5, '75; John William, March 25, '76; Florence L., Oct. 28, '78. Oath- HISTORY OF TAZEWEIJ. COUNTY. 647 erine, Emma, and John are dead. He is a member of the Roman Catholic Cluirch. P. O., Manito. Benjiuain Pviddy, grain dealer at Hainesville, was horn in Kan- awha Co., W. Va., in 1821. His father, Nelson Priddy, was a na- tive of Virginia, and his mother, Leah (Morris) Priddy, was born in West Virginia. Mr. Priddy's introduction into Tazewell county was over half a century ago, when he was a lad of but eight sum- mers. His parents first settled on sec. 10, Sand Prairie township, and spent the remainder of their earth-life there. His mother died in 1833, and his father in 1844. This couple reared a large family of children, only three of whom are now living. Their children were Strawther, Sclden, Elgin, Morris, Charles, Benjamin, Sybil, Leah, Nelson and Frances. They all lived to maturity except Elgin, who died at the age of 13 or 14. Two of the boys, Selden and Charles, served in the Mexican war. The company they were in was raised in Pekin by Ca]itain Jones. They were in the battles of Buena Arista, Vera Cruz, and other engagements. Their com- pany was the one which captured Santa Anna's wooden leg. Selden lived but a short time after his return home. Charles lived till '78, when he died. Sybil, the wife of H. H. Elmore, and Frances, the wife of Thomas Baker, are now living in Sangamon county. Their husbands are early settlers of that county and are in good circum- stances. Benjamin was married to Harriet A. Prettyman in 1844, who has borne him three children — Louis P., born in 1848; Chas. C, born in 1851, and Benjamin F., born in 1857. James Fredon, farmer and stock raiser, is a son of James and Sarah (Cohenour) Preston, who resided in this county about one year, when, in 1846, he moved to Iowa with his family, where he died in the fall of 1866, leaving a wife and five children. His wife has since followed him over the river of death. James Preston, the subject of this sketch, returned to this county in the fall of 1868, and still resides on sec. 23. Mr. P. takes a great interest in educa- tional matters ; has held the office of School Director for twelve years. He has been quite successful in life, having accumulated considerable property by industry and close attention to business. He was united in marriage, in 1861, to Adaline Avery, a native of New York. They are the parents of six children — Martha Jane, born Aug. 24, 1862; Ella L., April 10, 1864; Walter G., Sept. 8, 1866; Leonard L., Aug. 28, 1868; Norah B., Sept. 10, 1870; Ed- gar W., Feb. 17, 1874. In politics is a Democrat. Jesse Wilson Scott is a native of Scott county, Ky., where he was born March 15, 1837. Thomas and Elizabeth Scott were his par- ents. Jesse Wilson Scott came to this county, in 1843, with his parents. He received his education at Pekin. When our country called for men, Mr. S. was among the first to respond ; he enlisted, July 5, 1861, in the 8th regt. 111. vol., Co. F, and served till May, 1866. He took part in many a hard fought battle, among them were Ft. Donelson, Shiloh, and Vicksburg. On several occasions 648 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. he has had balls pass through his clothing, but was never seriously injured, beyond mere scratches, until the last battle he was in, at Ft. Blakely, Alabama, where he received a severe wound in the right shoulder, braking the bone. His hearing was also affected by heavy artillery at Vicksburg. Mr. S. was united in marriage, in Dec, 1866, to Margaret Fleming. They have one son — William Edwin, born Dec. 6, 1867. They are both members of the Meth- odist Church. Post-office, Pekin. F. 11. Heiivcll was born in Spring Lake township, this county, in 1841. His parents were Charles and Deborah (Claton) Seiwell. F. E,. received his education in the school of this township, and at Pekin. Mr. S. is a farmer by occupation. He Avas united in mar- riage, in 1868, to Miss Frances C. Kuly. She is a daughter of Hiram and Mary (Mowrery) Kuly, who were natives of Philadel- phia, Pa. They moved to this county in 1854, and are now living at Manito, Mason county. Mr. and Mrs. Seiwell are the parents of — Charles Edward, born July 10, 1869; and Annie May, born June 26, 1874. Politically Mr. S. is a Democrat. Post-office, Pekin. Mrs. Catharine Seiwell (Westspher) was born near Harrisburg, Penn. Her parents were George and Mary E. (Myers) Westspher. Mrs. Seiwell came to this county about the year 1849. She was married to Charles Seiwell in 1855; they had four children — De- borah, Hauorah, Almira, and Catharine. Mrs. S. is a consistent member of the Methodist Church. Her post-office address is Pekin. Stephen ShanhoHzer, farmer, was born in Hampshire county, Va., March 17, 1819. Plis parents, Philip and Zilpha (Queen) Shauholt- zer, were also natives of Virginia ; his father of German parentage, and his mother of Irish. Mr. S. came West to Ohio in 1859, in 1864 to Illinois. In 1838 he married Hannah II. William, a native of Hampshire county, Va. They have had twelve children borne unto them, eight of whom are now living. The names and dates of birth of their children, are as follows : Sarah Ellen, born Nov. 16, '38; Zilpha Jane, Feb. 29, '40; Jacob N., Nov. 7, '41; William Jasper, April 11, '43; Chloe E., Jan. 4, '46; Hannah M., Sept. 25, '48; Philip M., Sept. 18, '51 ; James W., Nov. 30, '53 ; Virginia F., Jan. 17, '56; Albert D., April 19, '59; Geo. R., Sept. 6, '61 ; and Ida B., Nov. 12, '64. AVilliam, Philip, James, and George are dead. Post-office, Prettyman. Louis White. This gentleman was born near Reading, Berks Co., Penn., Dec. 9, 1809. He is the son of Louis White and Susan (Crouse) White, both of whom are natives of the above county, and their ancestors took part in the Revolutionary war. Mr. White received a liberal education. He holds the office of School Director at present, and has for fifteen years past. He was united in mar- riage, Oct. 20, 1833, to Miss Catharine Keyser, a native of Penn. She was born Sept. 26, 1811. Her father, Philip Keyser, was a native Russian, and her mother, Elizabeth Flower, of Penn. Mrs. White was the mother of — Mary E., deceased ; Catharine, deceased ; HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 651 William H. ; Martin Luther, deceased ; Jonathan Franklin, deceased ; Louis Wesley, Lydia Ann, deceased. Mr. and Mrs. White were united with the Methodist Church some 27 years ago ; they have lived a long and consistent Christian life. Mr. W. was an old-time Whig until the formation of the Republican party, with which he has since acted. His post-office address is Prettyman. Abraham Woods. This gentleman was born in the city of York, England, in the year 1818. He is a son of Abraham and Jane (Masey) Woods. Mr. W. left his native country and came to America, arriving in Greene Co., this State, in 1831. He came to this county in 1850, and is one of the prosperous farxners. He is the owner of 524 acres of land. His success is wholly due to his own efforts. He was united in marriage, in 1853, to Elizabeth Woorfoot. She died in 18G1. He was again married in 1863, to Harriet M. Adams. Mr. W. is the father of the following ch ildren : Maria J., born in Sept., 1854. She married the Rev. R. B. Williams, and now resides in McLean Co.; George A., born in Dec, 1856; John L, born March 28, 1858; Mary E., born July 15, 1860; James Lincoln, born April 14, 1865; Clarissa E., born Jan. 11, 1867. Mr. W. has been a member of the Methodist Church for upwards of 45 years, and Mrs. Woods since 1861.^ Mr. W. acts with the Republican party in politics; his post-office address is Manito. The reader will find portraits, in this volume, of INIr. and Mrs. Woods. Edwin A. VanDeiisen was born in Greenport, Columbia county, N. Y., March 15, 1832. His parents were James and Eve (DcLa- mater) VanDeusen. His parents came to this county in 1856. Jacob VaiiDcum is a son of James A'anDeusen and Eve DeLa- mater, his wife. Jacob was born in Columbia Co., N. Y., in 1835. He received an academic education at Charlotteville, N. Y. He has filled several local offices. Mr. VanDeusen was united by marriage, in Feb., 1863, to Elmina King; they have had one child, a daugh- ter, Eva May, who was born Aug. 15, 1864. Mr. and Mrs. Van- Deusen are both members of the Reformed Church of America. In politics he is a Republican. Post-office, Manito. Charles Gregory VanOrstrand. This gentleman's jjarents, Chris- topher and Mary Ann VanOrstrand, came to 111. in 1839, taking up his residence at Whitehall, Greene Co., where he carried on black- smithing and wagon-making for twelve years, when he moved to this county and township in 1851. Their children, four in number, now live in this township. Their names are Sarah Elizabeth (Cla- ton) ; John Oliver, living on the old homestead ; Mary Jane (Har- baugh), and Charles Gregory, whose name is at the head of this sketch. His father, J. C, departed this life March 9, 1868. His mother, Mary Ann, died March 9, 1866. Charles G. was born in Greene Co., this State, in 1844: was married to Mary M. VanDeu- sen in 1868. They have two children — Charles Edwin, born Feb. 8, 1870; and Catharine, Sept. 20, 1872. P. C, Pekin. 39 652 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. The following gentlemen have served the township in the various official capacities named. The years of serving are given, and where more than one date is set opposite a name, covering a period of years, the official served during the intervening years. SUPERVISORS. George H. Daniels 1850-51 Edward Bailev 1870 Elbert Park 1852-53 Daniel Sapp ." 1871-74 J. C. VanOstrand 1854-65 E. A. VanDeusen 1875 EzekielPoe 1866-69 Daniel Sapp 1876-79 TOWN-CLERKS. N. Holton 1854 James Claton 1871 EzekielPoe 1855-57 Frank Devo 1872 D. J. Heck 1859-69 E. \V. Reader 1873-76 Daniel Sapp 1870 Frank F. Deyo 1877-79 ASSESSORS. J. Offutt 1854 Edward Bailev. 1863 Wellington King 1855 Wellington King 1864-65 T.Clark 1856 J. W. Claton 1866 A.J.Rankin 1857 Wellington King 1867-70 R. S. Eakin 1858 Charles G. VanOrstrand 1871-76 Wellington King 1859 James Claton 1877-78 Wm. Stewart 1860 Jonathan Ayres 1879 Wellington King 1861 COLLECTORS. J.P.Ross 1854-55 AVm. Claton 1869 E. Poe 1856-58 D. J. Heck. 1870-72 E.Park 1859 J. B. Lowrv 1873-73 D.J. Heck 1860-61 Jacob Bartzfield 1875-76 Charles W. Skinner 1863 Daniel Havens 1877-78 D. J. Heck 1864-68 John B. Lowry 1879 TREMONT TOWNSHIP. This township has a fair proportion of timber land, and is well drained by numerous streams, among which are Mackinaw river, Prairie creek. Deer creek. Mud creek, etc. The township was set- tled at a very early date, and has been brought to a very high state of cultivation. Among the first settlers Avas Hezekiah Davis, who was born in Virginia, Dec. 3, 1798. He came to Illinois in 1819, and to Tazewell Co. in 1826. He bought out Thomas Cameron, who had started in the tannery business, but had not finished any leather. In July, the 17th, 1827, Mr. Davis moved his tannery to Pleasant Grove, sec. 2, Elm Grove township. He carried on the business there until the Tremont colony came. The colonists bought up all the timber land and he could get no more bark, and was com- pelled to abandon the business. It took him about a year and a HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 653 half to tan hides, as the fires that ran througli the timber liad weak- ened the bark. Mr. Davis could do nothing at his business during the winter of the deep snow. He was away from home, and was unable to get home for two months. It is supposed that James Chapman was the first settler in the township. Among other early settlers were Michael Trout, David Lackland, Wm. Stcarling, Wil- liam and James Broyhill, the former of whom bought the improve- ments made by Chapman. For some years nothing of interest occurred in the history of the township. It was not until 1834, when the purchasing committee of the Tremont colony appeared, that anything of interest is noted. This committee was composed of Josiah L. James, John H. Harris and Wjlliam Sampson. They selected a fine body of land on the prairie in the western part of this and Elm Grove townships. There was no settlement on this prairie at that time, save a place known as the Auburn house, which was near the center of the township. The Tremont colony was formed in New York City and in Providence, R. I., and came here in 1835. It was composed of about fifty persons. They brought with them the culture, refinement and enterprise of the East. The town pros- pered at first, and soon secured the public buildings of the county, which gave an impetus to its growth that was remarkable. But soon the long, eventful and disastrous contention arose between Pekin and Tremont, which not only retarded its growth at the time, but injured the bright prospects of both towns. We speak of this portion of Tremont's history in the second chapter of this book, and will, therefore, make no repetition. The rapid strides made by the young colony is shown by the fact of their eagerness to incorporate as a town. On the 25th of July, 183G, a vote was taken for or against incorporation. There were twenty -eight ballots for and one against the proposed move. The incorporation measure being adopted, town officers must be chosen. Accordingly, Tuesday evening, Aug. 2, 1836, at the school-house, for the purpose of chosing five Trustees, an election was held. The following gentlemen were selected : IMiilij) Flaglee, Coles Tomp- kins, Palmer Holmes, J. C. Morgan, and Richard S. Updike. Nathan Kinsey delivered the first load of lumber in Tremont for the first house, which was Col. Chas. Oakley's, and Josiah Matthews completed the first house. The old county buildings still stand, and are owned by the town. The court-house was used for a number of years as a high-school building, and many of the men and women 654 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. who are to-day actively engaged at various callings throughout the county, received much of their education in attendance upon the the Tremont High School. Among the early settlers of this township who are now living, is Martha S. Sawyer, wife of Rees Sawyer. They came in 1835, and she has lived here ever since. Mrs. Sawyer was born in 1801, and during the past winter spun twelve knots in a day. She walks to town, a distance of seven miles, and returns, apparently without much fatigue. Capps & Wisler have a grist-mill on the Mackinaw, in this town, on section 26. This is a new mill, and has three run of burrs, two for wheat and one for corn. The mill that formerly stood here was destroyed by fire in the fall of 1878. Phillips Bros, have a saw-mill on the Mackinaw, on the line be- tween Hopedale and Tremont townships, on sec. 3 of the former and 34 of the latter. They have good facilities and are doing a good business. They have a twenty horse-power engine, and a capacity of turning out 4,500 feet of lumber per day. Before closing this sketch of Tremont we wish to speak person- ally of some of the leading citizens. We would call attention to the following : Charles A. Bowyer, son of Engle and Mary Bowyer, was born in Cullpepper Co., Va., Oct. 31, 1822. In Dec., 1845, he moved to Tazewell Co., and is farmer on sec. 12. He has served in the important position of Justice of the Peace. Oct. 29, 1846, he was married, and is the father of seven children. Politically he is a Democrat. John Boyle is an old resident of this county, having come here in December, 1835, when he was a small boy. His father, John Boyle, was a native of Ireland, while his mother, Sarah Green, was a Virginian. They were residing in Henderson Co., Ky., in 1830, when their son John Avas born to them. He is engaged in farming on section 23. He was married to Sarah Miars, on the 23d of Sept., 1856. Their children number six, wearing the following names: Mary, Martin, Fannie, Charles, Martha and Archie. Twenty-one years ago Mr. B. made a profession of religion and is connected with the Christian Church at Mackinaw. He votes the Democratic ticket. Post-office, Mackinaw. Wileam Buchele is a native of Baden, Germany, where he was born in 1841. His parents were Hieronymus, and Frances (Jager) Buchele. He came to this county in 1865. He has a bakery, grocery, and confectionary in the village of Tremont. He served, during the war, in the 8th 111. Infantry, in Co. I. Mr. B. was uni- ted in marriage, Feb. 11, 1866, to Josephine Brellesaner. She has HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 655 borne him five children — Henry, William, August, Josephine, Mary, Francis. Mr. B. is a Catholic. Fred Capps, miller, was born in Germany in 1842. His parents, August and Fridrike (Trieka) Capps, were also natives of Germany. Mr. C. attended the High Schools of Germany and finished his edu<^ation in Wisconsin, When the Rebellion first broke out he took up arms to defend the Government of his adopted country. He enlisted in company H, 7th 111. Infantry, in December, 1861, and re-enlisted in 1863 as a veteran. He accompanied Sherman's army on the march to the sea. December 26, 1866, he was married to Minnie Brown. Charlie, Minnie and Freddie are their children. Mr. C. resides on sec. 26, and is carrying on a milling business on the Mackinaw. He is a Democrat. Post-office, Mackinaw. Milo Dalbey is a son of John, and Clara (Gard) Dalbey. Mr. Dalbey was born in the State of Ohio, Jan. 23, 1843, and was brought to this county the following year. He resides on sec, 34, and is engaged in farming. He served during the Rebellion in Co. E, 3d 111. Cavalry. At the close of the war he turned his attention to domestic affairs, and was united in marriage, March 8, 1865, to Miss Margaret Davis, Avho has borne him seven children, as follows — Ira, George, Clara, Seborn, Henry, Idila, and Milo. Post-office, Tremont. Aquilla J. Bavis is one of the pioneers of this county. His par- ents, Hezekiah and Sarah T. (Scott) Davis, came to this county in an early day. Aquilla J., the subject of this sketch, was born in this county, March 3, 1830. He grew to manhood while his native county was being converted from a wilderness to modern homes. When our nation was in peril, Mr. Davis went to her defense. He was mustered as second lieutenant, Nov. 1, 1861, in Co. H, 11th cavalry, under Col. R. G. Ingersoll, and served until Oct. 15, 1865. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Dec. 24, 1850, Col. Davis was united in marriage to Miss Martha A. Gowdy. They have been blessed with seven children, three boys and four girls, six of whom are now living. Col. Davis' political views accord with those of the Democratic party. Post-office address, Tremont. Thomas J. Bavis, farmer and stock raiser. Mr. Davis is a i)io- neer of this county, having been born in Elm Grove township, Nov. 23, 1831. His parents were William and Jane (Eads) Davis, His flither was the old hunter, surveyor and early settler of this county. Mr. D. was educated in the schools of his native county. As a farmer and stock raiser, he has been very successful. He was married April 10, 1859, to Miss Susan Fisher. Their children are Sophronia, William, Charlie, Eliza, Archie, and Walter. In politics he is a Republican. Post-office, Tremont. Robert Sanford Finks is a son of John and Wineford Finks. Robert S. was born in Culpepper county, Va., Oct. 5, 1816, and when 18 years old went to Howard county. Mo. In the year 1836 he entered the State malitia, under General Clark, against the Mor- 656 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. mons. They captured the leaders, among whom were Brigham Young, White, and others. They took them to Richmond, Mo., where a compromise was made that they should leave the State. He then went back to Virginia. After about ten years he came to Illi- nois, and settled in Tazewell county, where he has since remained. Mr. F. is a consistent member of the Christian Church, and an intelligent and enterprising citizen. He was united in marriage to Miss Lucy A. McQueen ; the union has been blessed with four chldren. James F. Finks is a native of Mackinaw township, this county. He is a member of the firm of Finks & Allen, of Allentown, grain dealers. The subject of our sketch was united in marriage, Feb. 29, 1872, to Miss Nellie Franklin; they have one child, who was born May 2, '73. Gustiis Flegel is of German parentage, and was born in Tazewell county, June 4, 1855, where he received a common school educa- tion. His parents are Christian and Willmanda (Hodgson) Flegel. Gustus is engaged in farming on sec. 23, Tremont township, and has been quite successful financially. He has identified himself with the Republican party. Post-oifice, Mackinaw. Marks Goodyear was born June 10, 1809. Mr. Goodyear left New York on the 17th of Jf.n., 1837, for Illinois, with his family, consisting of wife and three children. Their conveyance was a wagon set on a sleigh. In this vehicle they traveled three hundred and fifty miles ; then there came a thaw in which the snow disap- peared, the wheels were put on the wagon, and they went from Day- ton, Ohio, to Cincinnati, over very rough roads, most of the time it being very cold. Arriving at Cincinnati, they had to wait a week before they could get a boat down the river. Mr. G. says " they had a long, tedious voyage ; the boat caught fire once, but finally the flames were extinguished." He landed his familv in Pekin the 7th day of March; he remained in this township till 1841, when he moved to sec. 32, Morton township, where he now resides. Mr. Goodyear was united in marriage, April 13, 1834, to Miss Eliza Hodges. This union has been blessed with ten children, of whom seven are living. Mr. G. is a member of the Episcopal Church. In politics he acts with the Democratic party. EUsha Grenard, farmer, resides on section 23 ; was born in Indi- ' ana in 1831. His parents are Elisha and Anna (Reeve) Grenard. He was educated in the common schools of Indiana, and came to this county in 1873. The 18th of Oct., 1855, is a memorable day in the history of the life of Mr. Grenard. Upon that day he took unto himself a wife in the person of Joanna Roll. Their children number seven, all of whom are living. Their names are — John C, Mary E., Elizabeth J., Emma J., Harvey L. and Fred. E. Mr. G. is a member of the Mackinaw Methodist Church. In politics he is identified with the Republican party. Post-office, Mackinaw. Daniel W. Hammond is a native of the Buckeye State, having HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 657 been born in Miami county, of that State, in 1835. It was there his early life was passed, and where he gained his education, in attendance upon the common schools. His father, Jonathan Ham- mond, was a native of the Green Mountain State, and his mother, Louisa Harrington, was born in the Empire State. In July, 1843, Mr. H. was married to Mary Lance. The following ten children are the fruits of this marriage — Peter, Jonathan, Elizabeth, Catha- rine, John, George, Alice, Annie, Winficld and Belle. Mr. H. came to this State in 1840 and settled in Fulton county, and in 1848 came to Tazewell. He resides on section 23. Politically he is a Democrat. Post-office, Mackinaw. John H. Harris was born in Bedford, Westchester Co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1792. He was the sou of Ezekiel and Elizabeth (Hamil- ton) Harris, natives of N. Y. His early life was spent on the farm, receiving a common school education. In the year 1809, he went to learn the hatter's trade with William Garretson, at Sing Sing, N. Y. ; here he remained until 1812, when he went to New York, from there he went to South Carolina, on Nov. 1, 1812, to clerk for a brother in the hatter's business. Mr. Harris was taken prisoner twice by the British during the war of 1812, but was paroled both times. Mr. H, returned to N. Y. and imbarked in the hatter's business for himself in 1815, which he continued until 1833, when he came to 111. to look at the country, which made a favorable im- pression on him. He returned to N. Y. in 1835, and helped to form a colony which afterwards settled in Tremont township. Mr. Harris was made Treasurer, Mr. H. was married to Miss Catharine Montross, Dec. 2, 1815. She bore him four children — Elizabeth, Jacob, Louise M., deceased, and John H. Mr. H. was again mar- ried, April 3, 1844, to Mrs. Sarah Holder, of Lynn, Mass. Post- office, Tremont. Henrietta Jenks was born in Somerset Co., Maryland Dec. 20, 1811. Her parents were James and Elizabeth (Nelson) Owens. She came to this county in 1833, and was united in marriage, Oct. 29, 1835, to George Jenks. This union was blessed with ten chil- dren. Mrs. Jenks resides on sec. 5, Tremont township, on what is known as the Lone Tree Farm. Jlclcin P. Lackland is a son of Col. William II. Lackland, who served three years in the Civil war, and his wife, Cordelia C. (War- ner) Lackland. Melvin P. was born in Tremont towniship, Oct. 12, 1851. He has received a liberel education, having graduated at the Wesleyan University, of Bloomington, 111., with the Class of '78, after a five years' course. He was President of his class. He took a more extended course in mathematics than any graduate of the Institution. Mr. L. has been a member of the Methodist Church since Oct. 12, 1872. Post-offi(!e, Tremont. Levi R. Matthews was born in Ro(!hester, Vt., in 1830. His par- ents were Josiah and Mariette (Waters) Matthews. He attended the schools of Tazewell county, and finished his education at Knox 658 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. College, Galesburg, 111, He was married April 30, 1852, to Miss M. A. Sill, who has borne him seven children — Mary L., Ellen M., Katie L., Annie M., Levi E,., Grace L., and Wimfred L. Mr. Matthews became connected, in 1850, with the Antioch Christian Church. He was a conductor on the Under-ground Railroad. Post-office, Tremont. Vitilda May is a daughter of Samuel and Malinda (Wood) May. She is a native of Tazewell county, having been born here Sept. 15, 1358. She was educated in the schools of her native county. She resides on sec. 36. Post-office, Mackinaw. Samuel A. McClure is a native of McLean Co., 111., where he was born Feb. 9, 1850. His parents were Samuel and Deliah J. (Oren- dorff") McClure. The subject of this sketch was educated in the schools of Logan Co., 111. He came to this county in 1858, and now resides on sec. 35, following the occupation of farming. He was united in marriage in 1874, to Miss Mollie Stout. They are the parents of three children — Lillian E., Maudie J., and Lourin. Mr. McClure is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Post-office, Mackinaw. Samuel R. Saltonstall, M.D. Dr. S. is one of the solid men of this county. He was born in Scott Co., Ky., Aug. 31, 1818, and came to this county in 1839. Dr. S. attended the schools of his native State and finished his education at the St. Louis University, where he received the degree of M.D. Dr. Saltonstall has repre- sented this district in the State Legislature three terms, which fact speaks of his ability in much higher terms than we can find words to express it. He has also represented the township in the Board of Supervisors. Dr. S. was united in marriage, Dec. 3, 1840, to Elizabeth C. Harris. They have been blessed with three children — Nathaniel M., born Sept. 20, 1841, by occupation a stock raiser; Hamilton H., born Sept. 14, 1843, died March 28, 1868, was a law- yer by profession; Kate, born March 5, 1848. Politically Dr. Sal- tonstall is a Democrat. Post-office, Tremont. Thomas S. Shaw is a native of Ky., in which State he was born, Dec. 31, 1832. His parents were AVilliam and Alice (Nesbit) Shaw. Mr. Shaw came to this county in 1865, and became engaged in farming and stock raising, in which he has been quite successful. He was united in marriage June 3, 1861, to Miss I^orena C. Marrs; they are the parents of three children. Mr. S. is a member of the Christian Church. In politics he is a Republican. P.O., Tremont. James B. Sterling was born in East Tennessee, Oct. 11, 1827. His parents were William and Jane (Lackland) Sterling. Mr. Sterling came to this county when but four years old. He is a farmer on sec. 17, in which calling he has been quite successful. Mr. Sterling was united in marriage Feb. 1, 1856, to Miss Mary J. Shepherd. His father was born in McMinn Co., Tenn., in 1800, and came to this State in 1830, and stopped in Sangamon county and put in a crop and came to Tremont in September and settled on HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 659 the place he now owns. He had nothing but one horse and a wagon. His horse strayed away from him leaving him without any horse. Then the deep snow came and his family saw no persons except the family that came with him, which was Mr. Broyhill's, for two months. They killed eleven deer, which furnished meat, and they lived on deer and hominy. They could get no flour. They got' out of corn and went to the nearest settlement, which was three miles away, to get some corn to make hominy. It took all day to gather 10 bushels of corn and four horses to haul it home. Peter Speece, farmer ; is the son of Peter and Sarah (Princehouse) Speece, Virginians. He was born to them in 1824, while they were living in Champaign county, Ohio. In the common schools of that State he received his education. At the age of twenty (Sept. 1, 1844), he was married to Tliamer Swiger, who has borne him seven children, all of whom live. Their names are Washington, Martha A., Mary E., "William, Elizabeth, Edward, and Thomas T. Mrs. S. came to this State from Ohio in 1850, and settled in Sangamon county, where he made a farm. In 1865 he came to Tazewell county. In 1863 he made a profession of his faith in Christ, and united with the Christian Church. He is connected with the Concord Congre- gation in Hopedale township. Politics, Democratic. Post-office, Tremont. Wtlliam D, -S/je/T7/ was born in Onondago county, N. Y., Sept, 10, 1831. His father, Aurelius Sperry, was born in New Haven, Conn., in 1800, and came to Tazewell county in 1849. He was Deacon in the Baptist Church at Tremont for many years and held the position at the time of his death. His mother, Julia Mandiville, was born in Middlebury, Conn., in 1804. She is now living. William's grandmother died in 1877. She was born in New Haven, Conn., in 1780. On the 4th day of July, 1877, at a picnic, this old lady was present and had grcat-great-grandc^hildren with her. They were the children of William S. Russell. The younger nearly three years of age. These children had eleven grand and great- grand and great-great-grandparents living. Mr. Sperry resides on sec. 10, and is engaged in farming. He formerly worked at the cooper's trade. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace for eight years. In 1853, Jan. 11, he was married to Anna Dean. Ella, Eugene, Adelbert, and Elmer E., are the names of their four children. He is a member of the Tremont Baptist Church. In politics, a Republican. Post-office, Tremont. Henry L. Trout. One of the many young men who were born in Tazewell county ; who have grown u]>, educated and married here, and who have identified themselves with the interests of their native place, is the subject of this sketch, Henry L. Trout. His parents were Matthias and Mary (Ireland) Trout, of Tennessee. He was educated in the common schools and Tremont High School. He is engaged in farming on section 15. October 15, 1874, he was joined with Elizabeth Owens in holy matrimony. Mrs. Trout is also a 660 HISTORY OP TAZEWELL COUNTY. native of this county. They have a little girl, Gertrude, who was born March 5, 1876. In politics he is a Democrat. Post-office address, Tremont. Mrs. Minnie E. Trout, wife of the late William H. Trout, a stock dealer, which business he carried on successfully until his death, which occurred Dec. 14, 1872, after a brief illness of thirty hours. Mrs. Trout was born in Lorain Co., Ohio, April 23, 1839. Her parents were Libeus and Anna (Bliss) Sperry. She was wedded to William H. Trout April 18, 1861 ; they have had two sons — Zenas A., born Sept. 7, 1862, died July 7, 1867; and Frederick H. Trout, born June 5, 1864. Mrs. Trout united herself with the Methodist Church in 1859. Post-office, Tremont. Dc Witt C. Warner. In the dark days of the Rebellion Mr. War- ner came forward and enlisted, Aug. 14, 1862, in Co. A. 108th 111. Vol. He had the misfortune to fall into the hands of the enemy at Price's Cross Poads, on ths 12th day of June, 1864. He was taken to Andersonville prison, where he was confined for five long months and eight days, sufficing terribly the pangs of hunger, his rations being a half pint each of beans and corn meal per day, and a tea-spoonful of salt once a week. Fredrick W. Warner is a son of Hiram and Phebe Warner. He was born in Tremont, this county, Dec. 24, 1854, and was educated in the schools of his native county. He chose the pursuit of farm- ing, in which he has been quite successful. Mr. W. was joined in marriage, Aug. 13, 1875, to Miss Elizabeth J. Williamson, Jesse Wilso7i, farmer, is a native of this county, having been born in Tremont township. His parents are Edward and Mary Wilson. Mr. Edward Wilson is a very large farmer and stock raiser, and is the owner of 1800 acres of land. Post-office, Mackinaw. 3fary Wilson was born in Montgomery Co., Tcnn,, in 1829. Her parents were John Allensworth and Rebecca Shankliu, his wife. She came to this county in 1834. She was united in marriage Feb. 3, 1846, to Henry Wilson. She is the mother of seven children — Edward S., Sarah E., Benjamin F., Susan E., William S., Jesse S,, and John L. She is a member of the Hopedale Christian Church. Post-office, Mackinaw. Alexander Wynd, grocer and farmer, Tremont, was born in Dun- dee, Scotland, June 18, 1808. His parents, Robert and Margaret (Constable) Wynd, were Scottish people. Young Alexander was apprenticed to the bakery trade to Margaret Proctor, of Dundee, then worked in London two years, and shortly afterwards sailed for America, landing in New York in 1830. He remained in that city for a number of years, when he went to New Orleans, and in 1839 came to this county, and engaged in mercantile life. He received a good common-school education in Scotland. In 1844, May 27, he united his fortunes with those of Frances E. Clement, a native of France. Their children numbered ten, six of whom are living — Margaret, John C, Augustus P., Frances, Freeman and Genevieve. Religiously he is a Presbyterian ; politically, Democrat. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 661 Henry C, Vaicter, farmer, sec. 27, post-office, Tremont. He is a son of J. D. and Sarah (Foster) Vawter. He was born in Ky., April 4, 1838, and came to this connty when bnt nine years old. Was educated in the public schools of his adopted State and county. He has been a consistent member of the Christian Church since 1858. He was united in marriage to Miss Sarah L. Davis, Sept. 7, 1866. They have been blessed with three children — Oliver, Sarah L., and Henry L. The following gentlemen have served the townshi]) in official ca- pacities since its organization : SUPERVISORS. R. W. Britrgs 1850 Peter Menard ISOG John M. Bush 1851-52 Edward Allen 1S67 James K. Kellogg 1853-54 Stephen Stout. 1868-71 Charles Emerson 1855 A.J. Davis 1872-73 James J. Kellogg 1856-59 Edward Pratt 187-1 Samuel R. Saltonstall 1860-61 S. C. Hobart 1875-79 Edward Allen 1863-65 TOWN-CLERKS. David Roberts 1854-58 James E. Phillips 1867 H R Brown 1859 David Roberts 1868-69 Robert Wvnet, Jr 1860 W. Hayward 1870-71 James E. Phillips 1861 J. C. Wynd 1872-73 C. G. Rowland 1863 A. J. Davis 1874 John Ingalls 1864 W. Hayward 1875 Stei^hen Stout 1865 James Pons 1876-77 L. M. Hobart 1866 W. Hayward 1878 ASSESSORS. John Stiles 1854 Samuel G. Russell 1866 A. Stockwell 1855 E. L. Case 1867 John Stiles 1856-59 Simeon Norman 1868-69 David Eaton 1860-61 Stephen Stout 1870 Stephen Stout 1863 C. M. Broyhill 1871 Edward L. Case 1864 C. W. Clark 1872 AlfredLowell 1865 Justin S. Armstrong 1873-78 COLLECTORS. Richard Oliver 1854 R.Oliver 1867 J W.Howard 1855 W.B.Armstrong 1868 Richar.l Oliver 1856-59 R. L. Rvant 1869-70 Emerv Warner. I860 S. H. Quinn 1871-72 Stephen Stout 1861 W. W. Stiles 1873-,4 Gilson Hok'omb 1863 Richard Oliver 18/o-/b James Pettijohn 1864 Wm. H. Harris 1877-78 Justin Armstrong 1865-66 662 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. The first settler in Washington township was William Holland, Sen., a native of North Carolina, and who emigrated from that State, and settled in Edwardsville, Madison county. 111., in 1815. He remained there for three years, when he removed to Sangamon Co., and after two years residence there moved to Peoria, then Fort Clark, in the spring of 1820. He crossed the river to the flats, now Fond du Lac township, and occupied an old shanty. Here he raised a crop during the summer of the same year. He cut logs, which he hauled across the river and erected a double log cabin. This was the second dwelling built in Peoria. Prior to his settling in Peoria, and during his residence in Sangamon, he was employed by a man named Cramer, who had contracts with the Government to do blacksmithing for the Indians. But completing the erection of his abode, he, himself, formed negotiations with the Government, and commenced at his trade, blacksmithing. In the spring of 1825, he came to this township, and built a log house on section 23, and on the present site of A. G. Danforth's residence. Here the family were surrounded by a dense wilderness, and were the only white occupants of this township until 1826. Holland commenced im- proving a farm on sec. 24, town 26, range 3, just east of the town of Washington, and embracing a part of the Holland, Dorsey, Wal- than and Robinson addition to the town. His nearest neighbors were located on Farm creek, three miles east of Peoria, where the first settlement was made in this section. Amono' them were Wm. Blanchard, Elza Bethard, Jack Phillips, and his son William, Aus- tin and Horace Crocker, and Thomas Camlin, whose cabin was located nearest Holland's Gove. There are others, the exact data of whose coming seems quite impossible to determine. In 1824 Jacob Wilson, Sr., Joshua Walker, Thomas Banks, and Elisha Green, all settled on Farm creek. Cyrus J. Gibson followed in 1830, and Thomas Trimble, whose sons are now prominent among the residents of Washington City, settled there in 1834. William Thompson, a native of Indiana, came in 1826, and settled on the farm now occu- pied by John Johnson and made some improvements. The same year William Weeks came from Indiana, and settled on the present estate of Peter Portman, where he erected a rude habitation, which has since given place to the fine residence of its owner. In the fall of the same year, John Redman, also from Indiana, settled near the farm of 'Squire Baker. These four families were the only white inhabitants in this town- ship until 1827, when Ira Crosby, of New York, located on the place now occupied by James R. Crane. George Burrow, of Ten- nessee, came in the same year, and settled on the Peter P. Scott farm, and James Holland, a brother of William Holland, Sen., from North Carolina, made a temporary location, but removed to Macou- pin Co. In 1828, James Harvey, father of Wesley B. Harvey, came ^^^3. .s^^^^ ■ L/(oeceASEo) HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COFNTY. 665 and purchased the Benjamin Kindig farm, where he lived until 1834, when he removed to Groveland, where he died in 1859. In 1829, George Burrow and Peter P. Scott added their number to the little community. In the spring of 1880, William Heath located in AVrenn's Grove, also a man named Pearl, made a temporary lo- cation in this vicinity. The same year James McClure settled on the present farm of Orin Castle, where he lived until his death, in 1858. His son, Hamilton, is still a resident of this townshij). William and Walter Berket, of Lancashire, Eng., and John Low- man, from Indiana, came in 1831, and located west of the city, where they are still living. Their heads are silvered by the frosted tooth of Time. These worthy pilgrims are numbered among the few living pioneers. The same year Reuben Bandy, a Kentuckian, came and located on the claim made by Ira Crosby ; Abarham Van Meter, from the same State, settled on the farm now occupied by Adam M. Switzer, and where he lived until his death, in 1868. In the fall of the same year. Rev. Nathan Curtis, a Methodist minister, located on the present farm of W. T. Higgins. Several of his chil- dren are still residents of the township. Col. Ben. Mitchell, a Vir- ginian, settled in Wrenn's Grove, and opened the present farm of Wade T. Wrenn. He was elected to the Legislature in 1834, and to the State Senate in 1836, and was succeeded in this position by Major R. N. CuUom. He died at his home in 1840. In 1832, the settlements became numerous. Among the arrivals of that year, were Elias Slaughter and Philip Varble, from Kentucky, Thomas and Jonathan Reed, from Indiana, and John Mincli. The last two named located on their present estates. With the coming of the spring and summer months of 1833, there came a general rush of immigrants, and ere the first snows of winter fell, the whole of the timbered sections of the township were nterspersed with cal)ins and settlers. A large ])ortion of the lands bearing timber, and the smaller groves, were claimed, if not occu- pied, while the prairie, for most part, was left untouched and un- sought. The })rairie land was regarded as Avorthless for purposes of agriculture, and considered a useless waste. There were hundreds of men w^ho believed it would never be occupied. If any of the settlers at that time had located on the prairie he would have been regarded as extremely visionary, if not absolutely crazy. Of those whose names appear among the early pilgrims, many removed from the township ere many years had flown ; others followed from year to year, in other localities; others have passed to the Shining Shore of the Beautiful River, while many others still remain in the en- joyment of the homes of their industry, endurance, and enterprise ; fashioned and founded in the beautiful lands of Washington. The surroundings of piom^er life arc well calculated to test the true in- wardness of the human heart, and the trials, sufferings, and endur- ance, incident to the founding and building of homes, unite them in the strongest and deepest feelings of friendship, that grows and 666 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. strengthens with their years. Raven locks may bk'ach and whiten ; full round cheeks wither and waste away ; the fires of intelligence vanish from the organs of vision ; the brow become wrinkled with care and age, and the erect form bowed with accumulating years, but the true friends of long ago will be remembered as long as life and reason endure. The oldest living settler of this township is Lawson Holland, eldest son of William Holland, Sr., who was born in Lincoln Co., N. C, in 1812, and came to this county with his parents. From him we gather many incidents connected with the early settlement of the township. He was married in Oct., 1833, to Miss Elizabeth Bandy, daughter of Reuben Bandy, who came from Kentucky in 1831, and bought out the claim of Ira Crosby. They were married by Rev. Nathan Curtis, a Methodist minister. This was the fourth marriage in the township. The first in the neighborhood was in 1828, between James Hendricks and Miss Sallie Redman, daughter of John Redman, They were united by Daniel Meek, Justice of the Peace and resident of Waterloo. The same day Terrill Hall was married to Miss Jane Redman, second daughter of John Red- man. The first funeral was that of a child of Plenson Thomas. It was buried in the graveyard on the 'Squire Baker farm. The first death of an adult was a Mr. Pembrock, a stranger, who had stopped at the residence of William Heath, where he died. He Avas also laid away in the same grounds. The first physician was Dr. Goodwin, who came from Vermont in 1832, where he was a student with the late Dr. G. P. Wood, and with whom he associated a busi- ness relation in 1835, in this city. They were the originators of Goodwin & Wood's addition to Washington. He is now a resident of Kendall Co., 111. James Huggins, of North Carolina, came in 1833. Jle learned wagon-making in the same shop in which Hol- land worked at blacksmithing. He engaged in the practice of med- icine until 1859, Avhen he removed to Peoria, where he died in 1870. In 1834, Joseph Kelso and George D. Gibson came in, and are all of the living relics of that date. In 1835, Anthony Field, deceased, came in and located on sec. 34, where he resided until his death, in 1878. His widow still occupies the homestead. Thos. Cress came in the fall of the same year, and has secured an impregnable j)osi- tion in the public history of this township, having beeuelected Col- lector twenty-four consecutive years. The first school-house was built near Wm. Holland's hut in the winter of 1827-28. It was built of logs and was 16 by 18 feet. The writing desks and seats were made of split logs, and it was lighted by sawing an aperture out of each end of one log, over which was pasted greased paper. This ancient and somewhat unique style of windows served to keep out the wind and admitted some light. The school was a subscription school and Avas taught by George H. Shaw, now a resident of Shaw's Grove, who was travel- ing through the country, and stopped over night with Wm. Hoi- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 667 land, Sr. He was satisfied to receive, as oonipcnsation, his board, washing and horse feed. The second school was taught by Eli Red- man, in the house built by William Weeks as a residence, on the Portman place in the winter of 1828-29. In the spring and sum- mer of 1829 or 1830 school was taught by Miss Elizabe'rh Wathon, a native of Kentucky. It was taught in a building which at that time was erected near the site of the old Methodist Church. It has since gone to decay. Chas. S. Dorscy, who came from Kentucky in 1831, erected the third building in the townshi]) and the first on the present site of Washington city, in 1834. It was built of logs, and near the present site of Kingsbury & Snyder's store. It was occu- pied by Dorsey, who had the honor of exhibiting the first stock of goods for sale in the city. The first frame building was erected by Jehu Lindley, on the present site of Long's wagon manufactory, where he also opened a store, and was, for some years, a pioneer merchant. The following year he built the premises noAv occupied by Thomas Handsacker, as the office of the Washington Herald. It was used by Lindsey as a store-house. The caqienter work was done by L. J. Smith, a native of Virginia, who settled in Washing- ton in 1834, and performed the first carpenter wark in this cit!y, where he died in 1844. His son, Robert, came with his father aiid is a resident of the city. Other authorities say the first frame build- ing erected in the town is still standing opposite the present resi- dence of Mr. Buckley, and is called the Gorin House. Be this as it may, we have positive information that this building retains the first i)lastcring done in the city. It was originally owned by Ben Sickler. It has been rebuilt, and at the present writing presents a good appearance. The Buckley mansion, on Walnut street, nearly opposite, shelters its happy occupants from spring and autumn rains,, and the cold blasts of winter fail to pierce its Avalnut sides.. William Holland, Sr., laid out the original town of Washington in 1834, being part of the town lying east of main street. The first building was erected on the original town plat by Joseph Kelso, Sr., in 1834. Kelso and a Mr. AV'agoner had purchased of Holland three lots for ^150 each, ujmn one years credit. Much valuable timber grew in front of these lots, and in the street, which, by agreement, the first to build should be entitled to use. The ques- tion was settled by lot, which fell to Kelso, wdio was also the first of the pioneers to open a farm wholly on the prairie. The first hotel was opened by Charles Dorsey iii a two-storv frame house, which stood on the lot now occupied' by Lewis Tobias tt Sons' hardware store. Jesse and James Oatman came in 1835, and engaged in the mercantile business. The same year Whipple and Blair opened a general stock of goods, and a man named Kilebrem, also opened a small store. Lands & Hawks were another firm added to the busi- ness list. Burton Pa., in 1825; emigrated to this Co. in 1868 and settled in this city, where he engaged in the livery business, and in 1870 became the proprietor of the Sherman iiouse, which he conducted with success and purchased it, retiring from the active pursuits of life in 1878. Julia, Arminta, Sophia K., Cyrus I., John H., Franklin A. and Hattie M., are their living children; lost three children — Jacob, Mary M., and one that died in infancy. He is a member of the English Lutheran Church. Walter T. Berket, farmer, sec. 26 ; P. O., Washington ; born in Lancaster Co., England, in 1792, and in 1817 emigrated to America and settled in A'ermont, where he resided 12 years, when he started for the AVest, making his first stop at Fort Clark, in 1831, where he remained only a short time, when he came to this township and settled on his present estate, and erected the first frame-house built in the township. Mr. B, was married in 1833 to Miss Dorothy ^\"eth- erell, a native of England, who died in 1856, leaving one child, Walter, Jr., who was born in this township in 1841, and was mar- ried Sept. 19, 1878, to Miss Mary Beman, a native of London, Eng., where she was born Dec. 25, 1842, and is daughter of Jeremiah and Susan Beman, who were banislied from I'russia and found a home in the broad land of the free, and number among those of the county pilgrims. Mr. B. has always clung to his pioneer home, and is the oldest man in the township. A previous record predicted his early demise, but, though in the 88th year of his age, his eye is sharp at long range, and it was the pleasure of the writer to accompany his elastic footsteps to a row of apple trees which he set out in 1832, all of which are in a fine state of preservation, and have grown to an immense size. William Berket, farmer and dairyman, sec. 26 ; P. O., Washing- ton ; born in Addison Co., Vt., Jan. 21, 1818; his ])arents were Thomas and Mary (Field) Berket, who came from England and settled in that State, and to this Co. in 1831, landing at Fort Clark, now Peoria, in Sej)t. of that year, and alter a short stop, came to this township and made a claim of 160 acres in sec. 26, where he erected a cabin and lived until his deatii in 1838. On May 12, 1842, Mr. B. was married to Miss Mary J. Keys, daughter of Laban Keys, 680 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. a native of N. H., and a veteran of the Revolutionary war, in which he enlisted when 17 years of age; was the first settler to erect a habitation on the present site of Kalamazoo, Mich., from which place he came to this township in 1837 and purchased of John Lindly 200 acres of land now occupied by the residences of J. R. Crane and Ben. Nichols. He died at his home in Dec, 1865. Mr. B. carries on an extensive dairy business, manufacturing an average of 200 lbs. of butter weekly ; has 130 head of cattle, many of them being thoroughbred Durhams and Jerseys. Another noticeable occupant of his farm is a large pear tree, which he planted when a mere switch, and it has grown until it measures over six feet in cir- cumference, bearing yearly from 40 to 80 bushels of its fruit — the popular Berket jiear. Mr. B. is one of the early pioneers of this township, and has realized all the hardships of pioneer life. The fine impr(jvements of his farm attest his energy and perseverance. Of his children, 10 are living. David, eldest son, enlisted, in 1861, in 86th I. V. I., Co. G; was wounded at Goldsborough, N. C, and died at Newburn, April 12, 1864; Clara J., Annie E., Charles L., Lafayette, George, William, Ella, Perry, Hattie and Lester. William A. Berket, farmer and brick-maker, sec. 27 ; born in Peoria, 111., in 1836. His parents were John and Mary (Thomas) Berket, who emigrated from England in 1826, and settled in Peoria, (at that time Fort Clark, there being but one house there at that time,) where he remained until 1839, when he removed to this county and purchased 320 acres land, where he lived until 1849, when he returned to Peoria, where he died in 1875. Married Sarah J. Wilson, in 1860. She was born in Drum Lodge, Ireland, in 1836. Returned to this county in 1862, and settled on his present estate. Martha A., Margaret W., John A., James W., Frank, Samuel, Edward A., Lewis C, and William W., are their children. William A. Berket, farmer, sec. 26; P. O., Washington; was born in England Aug. 30, 1796, and is the second son of John and Ann Berket, who emigrated to America in 1816, and went to Ver- mont, where he engaged in farming, and in 1821 settled at Fort Clark, now Peoria, there being but few cabins erected at that time. He became extensively engaged in the nursery business and farm- ing, his being the first nursery started in the State north of the Sangamon ; was also engaged in farming in Greene Co., and spent one winter in Madison Co., and in 1831 settled in this township on his present estate. Here he erected a cabin and commenced to improve the farm. The same year he was married to Miss Mar- garet Barrick, a native of Ohio, where she was born in 1816; she died in 1852. Charles, Ann, Margaret, Margy, Eliza, John and Thomas, are his living children. His youngest son, Thomas, re- sides on the homestead. He was born in this township in 1847, and in 1872, married Miss Jennie E. Frances, a native of Ohio ; Albert H. and Lillie Bell are their children. The life of this aged veteran of four score years has been one of industry and perseverance. An HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 681 early pilgrim to this townsliip, he lia.s lived to see his sons and daughters grow up witli their families, settled on the land that was (in his prime) a dense forest. His locks are silvered with the frosts of time, but he has been spared to be a living witness of the great changes which have taken })lacc in this township and county. James Brown, farmer, sec. 12; P. O., Washington; was born in Woodford Co., 111., in 1841, and is the eldest son of Asa and Cath- erine (Kines) Brown, and grandson of Amos A. and Ruth (Nelson) Brown, natives of Conn, and Md. His father was born in Switzer- land Co., Ind., in 180(S, and came to the West in 1834, settling in Woodford Co., and numbering among the early pioneers of that county. Came to this county in 1859 and settled on his present es- tate, consisting of 160 acres; his father still owns 120 acres in AVoodford county. In 18(32 was married to Miss Mary Noel, a na- tive of France, where she was born in 1845. Nellie, Nettie, Stella, Linda, Ida, and George are their living children. James Cameron, stock dealer, was born in Scotland in 1834. In 1855 married Plelen Glegg, a native of Scotland, where she was born in 1824. In the same year emigrated to America and settled in this city, where he became engaged at blacksmithing for eleven years, and after two years in the lumber business with F. D. Har- rington became largely engaged in stock dealing, which business he has since followed with success. He has served two consecutive terms on the old Board of Trustees, and was elected to the City Council at the first election for city officers in 1878. Ann IL, Belle E., Mary and liouisa L. are their living children. Members of the Christian Church. Charles A. Crane, jjostmaster, Washington ; was born in Wash- ington, March 9, 1839; married Laura L. Parker, March 4, 1864. She was born in Washington, April 29, 1841 ; have two children — William T. S. and James C A. He is a descendant of Mathew and Martha (Rogers) Crane, natives of Pa., from which State tlujy emigrated to O. and to this county in 1835 ; his father died Sept. 28, 1855. His wife still survives him at the age of 77 years. Mr. C. engaged in teaching until his ap{)ointment as P. M. in March 1870, which office he has filled to the present time. He is a member of the Methodist Church. James H. Crane, general broker, residence and business. Main street; was born in Zanesville, O., Sept. 14, 1824; came to this county in 1835, and settled in this city, where he became engaged in carpentering and milling; married Leva A. Burton, Sept. 13, 1855. She was born in Ky. in Oct., 1835. In 1854 he opened a general brokerage office in which business he has been entirely successful ; filled the office of School Treasurer for 16 years and is well known throughout the town and county. A. G. Danforth, banker, Washington ; was born in AVashington, 111., Dec. 8, 1840, and is eldest son of Asa H. Danforth, who was born in Norton, Mass., June 4, 1813. His jiarents were Asa and 682 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Hanniih (Walker) Daufortli, natives of Mass., where they died at an early day ; and during the years of his boyhood worked on the farm until seventeen years of age, when he went to Fall River, where he served an apprentieeship at cabinet making and for four years after became engaged in the manufacture of furniture at Mil- ford, Pa. In 1835 he removed to Coshocton, O., where he engaged in the manufacture of wheat-mills, and in the following year settled in Peoria and engaged in turning and planing until July, 1836, when he removed to this city and became extensively engaged in his profession. In those primitive times machinery was unknown, and the increasing demand for his goods made it apparent that a power to turn his" lathe was necessary to meet the requirments of his trade, and to attain this desired object his inventive faculties were brought to play, and the problem soon solved. He owned two large dogs, and these intelligent noble friends were brought to take an active part in his success. Accordingly, he constructed a large cylindrical wheel twenty feet in diameter, into which the dogs were placed for duty. The experiment proved an entire success, and in this manner he w^as enabled to turn out hundreds of bed- steads and other articles of furniture which found its way to the cabins and homes of the pioneers. He erected the mill now occu- pied by Andrew Brothers, in 1844, and has in various ways added to the growth and prosperity of the city. He was for four years Director of the eastern extension of the Peoria & Otpunvka R. R., and at an early day established the first banking institution in this city, and became entirely engaged in the interests and development of his Western home. Of him we may say he is a self-made man in every respect. Beginning without capital, but with a determined will and ready hands. His unquailing purpose and tireless indus- try, making every opportunity useful, combined wdth scholarly enthusiasm," with which he acquired wealth. He w^as married in Feb., 1839, to Miss Catherine Rupert, a native of Mt. Pleasant, Va., where she was born in 1819 — Almon G., Henry R., Harriet C, Caroline R., Catherine M., are their living children. Mr. D. retired from the active pursuits of life in 1872. The subject of this sketch began life in the mercantile business and became a partner in the banking house of his father, w^here he has since been actively engaged. In 1872 the firm dissolved, and Mr. D. assumed control of the institution. Was married in 1861, to Miss Susan A. Burton, a native of this city. From the marriage five children are growing up in all the educational advantages of the present day. They are George C, Jessie M., Cassie A., Asa H., and Mary. Mr. D. is among those of the present business men of the city and a social genial gentleman. His residence stands upon the site of ground historic as the spot where the palatial log cabin of William Holland Sr., was erected in 1825. Mr. D. takes a just pride in his blooded stock of horses, prominent among which is Fairy Gift, a brown stallion of Hambletonian stock, who has a HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 683 record on private trial of 2 :38J after two montlis work including; breaking;. He will undoubtedly rank among the celebrities of American trotters. Nellie, grey" marc, Restless, bay mare, Dolly, bay filly, and a thoroughbred bay mare, all Hambletonian stock, also bay stallion. Live Oak, bred by Col. Peppers, of Ky., all of which promise fair records and are valuable stock. Robert Davis, ticket agent and telegraph operator of T. P. & W. R. R. ; was l^orn in Laiue, county of Antrim, Ireland, in 1852; married Martlia Davis in June, 1876. She was born in Laine Co! in 1858; emigrated to America in 1871, and settled in Peoria, where he became engaged with the T. P. & W. R. R., and by strict attention to duties has been promoted to his present position, which he fills with satisiaction. Are members of Presbyterian Church. Henvy Iknhurt, merchant and banker, of the firm of Anthony & Denhart; was born in Hessel Kassen, Dec. 8, 1842, His parents were Andrew and Mariah (Storner) Denhart, natives of Germany. They emigrated to America in 1853, and settled in this city. In June, 1866, the present Partnersliip was formed with Mr. A., which has been successfully carried on to the present time. In March 1872, he was married to Clara S.Lawson, a native of Somerset Co.,' Pa., where she was born in 1833. Mr. D. has always taken an ac- tive part in the interests of the town and countv, and was elected to t\iG City Council, March, 1877. John W. Douf/hcHy, attorney at law, was born in New Castle Co., Del., in 1824. His parents Avere Dennis and Margaret (Baldwin) Dougherty, natives of Ireland and Pennsylvania. They emigrated to Dayton, ()., in 1828, thence to Centreville, Ind., where he re- sided until 1857, when he came to this county and settled in this city and became engaged in the grocery business. He then com- menced tlie study of law, relying upon his own efforts and ambi- tion; he was admitted to the' Bar in Jan., 1874. He now fills the office of City Attorney, and is successful in his profession. In 1852 he married Caroline E. Hornish, who was born in Wayne Co., Ind., in 1834. William J., ]\Iartin D., Forest and Florence, twins, John B., Robert, Edith A., Martha PI, and Laura C. are their living children. Reuben W. Dunningfon, farmer, sec. 30 ; P. O., Washington ; was born in Putnam Co., Ind., in 1836. His parents were Joshua and Mary (Spencer) Dunnington, natives of that State, and who emi- grated to 111. in 1840, and settled in this townshij) one mile west of AVashington. From that place he moved to Walnut Grove, now Eureka, where he lived until his death, in 1844. His mother died in 1876. Mr. D. settled on his present estate in 1848; was mar- ried in 1868 to Miss Catherine Bayler, daughter of John Bavler, an early pilgrim to this county. She was born in this town"ship in 1847. They have six children — Mary M., John C, George E., Reuben F., Cora M., and Catherine. Christian Engel, farmer, sec. 5 ; P. O., Washington, was born in 684 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Woodford Co., 111., in 1840. His parents were John and Barbara (Detwilda) Engel, natives of France. They emioratod to America in 18.'j1 and settled in Woodford county, where his father is still livinjy; his mother died in 1874. He came to this county in 187.3, and settled on his present estate, consisting of 160 acres, valued at $65 per acre. The same year was married to Miss Elizabeth Nof- singer, who was born in this county in 1848, and was the daughter of John Nofsinger, an early settler of this county. Ida E., John A. and Anna M., are their living children. Members of the Ornish Church. George Ferner, farmer, sec. 25 ; P. O., Washington ; born in Somerset Co., Pa., in 1815. His parents were Abraham and Bar- bara (Smith) Ferner, natives of Pennsylvania. He married Miss Catherine Weyand, in 1835. She was born in Somerset county, in ]812. They have five children — George W., John W., Sarah, Mary, and Elvina ; lost one, Barbara. He came to this county, in 1851, without means and rented land until, by frugality and indus- try, he was enabled to secure 40 acres of land, where he lived until he purchased his present estate. He is a Deacon in the Evangelical Church, of which the family are members. 3Iarii A. Field, farmer, sec. 34; P. O., Washington. Mrs. F. is the wadow of Anthony Field, who was born in Franklin Co., Vt., Aug. 15, 1808. He was married to Miss Mary A. Hathaway, Aug. 11, 1836, a native of Swanton, Vt., where she was born April 17, 1817. Mr. F. came to this county in 1835, and settled on their present estate, consisting of 260 acres, where he resided until his death, which occurred Dec. 19, 1878. He was one of the early pio- neers to this county, and the first man to lay out the roads through this section of the township. He died, l)eloved and res})ected by all who knew him. He was a mcml^er of the Methodist Church. Peter Fifer, grain broker; was born in Rockingham Co., Va., Jan. 21, 1821, and emigrated to this county in the spring of 1842, where he engaged in farming for some years, when he commenced buying grain and stock, opening the grain house of Fifer & Co., at Peoria, in 1866, which is still in successful o})eration. He also has a saw- mill in operation in this city, where he is extensively engaged in business. He was married in 1843, to Miss Mary J. Curtis, a native of Erie Co., Pa., by whom he has four children — Cordelia, Inez, Charles M., and Ellie. Mr. F. is among the foremost of the business men of this city, and was the people's choice to fill the Mayor's chair in March, 1877, at which time the city was incorpo- rated ; was also elected Supervisor April 15, 1879, and has always been identified with the interests of the town and county. John Frederick, farmer, sec. 7 ; P. O., Washington ; was born in Germany, in 1833, and emigrated to this country in 1855, settling in Butler Co., where he resided two years, when he removed to this county and settled in Morton, where he lived two years. He then came to this township and settled on his present estate ; was married HISTORY OF TAZEAVELL COUNTY. 685 in 1859 to Miss Nancy Graves, a native of Ohio. AVilson Freder- ick is their only child. He has a farm of 80 acres, and 10 acres of timber, valned at ^70 per acre; also owns 100 acres in Fairbnry, Livingston Co. C. J. Gibson, of the firm of Gibson & Co., grocers, Main street; residence, corner Catharine and I^Ilm streets. He Avas born in Lan- caster Co., Pa., in 1823; his parents were Cyrus J. and Margaret C. (Canon) Gibson, natives of that State, who emigrated to tiiis county in November, 1830, and settled in this township, where he purchased a claim and erected a log cabin, where he died in 1832. His son remained on the homestead until 1863, and moved to Woodford Co., and after a few years returned to Washington, when, after some years, he embarked in his present business, in w^hich he has been success- ful. He is one of the early pioneers of this township, and expe- rienced all the hardships of pioneer life. George D. Gibson, farmer and dairyman, sec. 34, P. O., Wash- ington ; born in Fayette Co., Pa., in 1810; parents were John and Nancy (Mills) Gibson, natives of N. J. and Pa. He worked at home until he had saved $100, with whi(;h he pui'chased a horse and equipments and in the fall of 1834 started for the West, and made his claim on the site of his present estate and commenced work in Washington at wagon-making with Wm. Spencer ; the same winter split 5000 rails, enduring much hardship and privation ; has hauled wheat to mill that weighed 60 lbs. to the bushel and in those j)rim- itive days portage was paid in produce. Some years later he became engaged in business at Pekin, where he continued until he was enabled to purchase a few cows and commenced on a small scale in the dairy business. Mr. G. has now increased his farm to 360 acres, which he has gained only by continued perseverence and economy, and all the privations of pioneer life. He was married in 1836 to Miss Alice Berket, a native of Vt., where she was born in 1820. Sarah, Elizabeth, John, Charles, Martha, George, William and Mary, are their living children. He is an Elder in the Presbyteriau Church. U. Z. Gilmer, D.D., pastor Methodist Church, was born in Brown Co., O., in 1846. His parents were Derrick and Margaret (Strain) Gilmer, natives of O. and Pa„ respectively, who emigrated to Put- nam Co., Iowa, in 1850, and after four years' residence there, moved to Decatur Co., Ind., where they resided three years, and re- turned to Iowa, where they lived for a short time; thence to Clinton Co., 111., where his father died in 1860. He commenced his course of studies at the Monmouth Academy after his removal to that place, in 1865; entered college, in 1869, at Oquawka, Hen- derson county, where he graduated in 1872, and immediately en- tered upon his duties as pastor of the Methodist Church at Milan ; after which he became engaged as teacher in Abingdon College, Knox Co., where he continued until three months prior to his Qoming to this county, which he spent at Chaddock College, Quincy, 686 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 111. Came to this county Nov., 1878, and has hckl the pastorate of the Methodist Church since that time in a commendable manner. In 1870, he married Mary McCullough, a native of Rush Co., Ind., where she was born in 1852. Emma, Nellie L., Nina M., and Carl R. are their living children. Jacob Glebe, farmer, sec. 31 ; P. O., Farmdale ; was born in Germany, in 1815, where he married Catherine Stein in 1844. She was born in Germany in 1816; emigrated to America in 1848, and settled on his present estate, consisting of 120 acres, 80 acres of which he entered. He is one of the early settlers of this township, and well and favorably known. Henry, John, Caroline, Jacob, Jr., Levi and Sebasken are their living children. They are members of the Evangelical Church. Andrew Gonglof, farmer, sec. 2 ; P. O., AVashington ; was born in Tazewell Co., in 1841 ; is son of John B. and Mary (Millei-) Gong- lofP, natives of France, and who emigrated to America in 1839, and settled in Woodford county, and after a residence in this county, re- turned to that county where he still resides. The subject of this sketch settled on his present estate, in 1863. He was married, in 1871, to Miss Elizabeth Roth, by whom he has four children — Mary, Julia E., Susannah, and Christena. They are members of the Catholic Church. John G. Gorin, agent T., P. & W. R.R. and U. S. Express Co., was born in Vandalia, Fayette Co., Ill, Feb. 28, 1835. His par- ents were Sanford P. and Jane H. (Gaunt) Gorin, natives of Ky. His family came to this county in 1839, and settled on a farm near this city, where they resided until 1844, when they moved to Eureka, and after a few years returned to this city. In 1854, he became engaged in the mercantile business. March 8, 1758, he was married to Miss Julia A. Wood, a native of Washington city, 111. He followed mercantile business until 1860, when he received his appointment to his present position, which he has since filled with ability and satisfaction, and is one of the oldest agents in the State. Was for three years President of the Board of Trustees and has always bore an active interest in the welfare of the town and county, and been prominently identified with its interests. Is also an offi- cer in the Sunday-school of the Presbyterian Church, of which the family are members. Josephine, Elizabeth W., Ellen M., and Harry W. are their living children. W. T. Griffith, 31. D., residence, Walnut street ; born in Sullivan Co., Ind., in 1833. There he commenced the study of medicine, and in 1856 entered upon a course of lectures at Cincinnati, O., and the folloAving year began practicing at Washburn, Woodford Co. In 1858 he moved to Shelby Co. where he attained a successful practice and was married, in 1859, to Miss Lucy A. Applegate, a native of Orange Co., Ind., where she was born in 1838 ; came to this county in 1865 and settled in this city, where he has since made it his home and been successfully engaged. George M., War- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 687 den T. and Fiinnie are their living children ; lost two — Willie, and one that died in infancy. Henry Gulick, physician, east side of the square ; was born in Northumberland Co., Pa., in 1839; parents were William and Annie Clark Gulick, natives of the same State ; commenced his studies at Jefferson College, Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1865, and in the same year was appointed to the charge of a post at Fortress Monroe and Lynchburgh, where he was engaged until July, 1866. Returning home he began practice at Mt. Carmel, Iowa, and the following year was married to Miss Lottie Hay, a native of Warren Co., O. ; came to this Co. in the spring of 1876 and settled in this city, where he has conducted a successful practice. Anna M., Charles B., Agnes W. and Frank H. arc their living children ; a member of the Presbyterian Church. John Guth, farmer, sec. 21 ; P. O., Washington ; born in Wash- ington, 111., in 1839, and is the son of Peter Guth, an early pioneer of this township. He married Mary Cursman in 1861. She was born in McLean Co., in 1838; settled on his present farm in 1861, consisting of 315 acres, valued at $60 per acre. Annie, Joseph, Katie, John, Jr., Barbara, Peter, Christian, Samuel and Mary are their living children ; a member of the Omish Church. Valentine Gunthcrt, farmer, sec. 32 ; P. O., Washington ; born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1828; emigrated to America in 1852, and settled in Peoria, w^iere he married Miss Anna M. Ucbel, in 1855, a native of Bavaria, Ger. Anna M., Bonnie, George, William C, Emma, Valentine, Jr., Adam, Caroline, Josephine and Louis are their living children. He settled on his present estate in 1863; a member of the Methodist Church. Henry Harms, proprietor of meat market. Main street ; born in Germany, in 1825; and emigrated to America in 1852, settling near this city, where he engaged in farming two years, when he worked at milling with M. Andrews until 1859, when he opened his pres- ent place of business, where he has since carried on a successful trade ; same year married Catharine Denhard. She was born in Germany in 1836. Loney W., Lizzie, Katie and Henry D. are their living children ; are members of the liuthcran Church. F. D. Harrington, of the firm of Harrington & Bickman, lumber merchants, contractors, builders and millers. He was born in Ot- sego Co., N. Y., in 1830. His parents were John J. and Lydia (Gallop) Harrington ; was married to Mariah Smith Nov. 24, '58. She was born in Province of Canada in 1832; came to this county in 1855, and settled in this city, where he has been successfully en- gaged in his present business. Frank B., Nina M., Chas. E. and John G. are their living children. W. B. Harvey, retired farmer, born in Licking Co., O., in 1825. His parents were James and Mary (Billingsly) Harvey, natives of Va. and Md., and who emigrated to this county in 1828, and settled pear this city, there being only six families in the township at that 688 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. time. He took an active part in the Black Hawk war, and numbered among the early pioneers of this county. He died in 1859. The subject of this sketch was united in marriage with Eliza Barrett in 1849. She was born in Saline Co., 111., in 1827. Mr. H. has been for years on the Board of Supervisors, Justice of the Peace, and a participant in the organization of the town, and being otherwise identified with the interests of the city and county. Trustee of the Methodist Church, and among the few left of the early pioneers. Eli E. Heiplc, grain dealer, P. O,, Washington ; born in Somerset Co., Pa., in 1830; was married to Mary E.. Snyder, a native of Somerset Co., Pa., in 1851. Came to this county in 1857, and set- tled in Washington, and became engaged with Andrew Miles & Co., in the dry-goods business, with whom he remained until he opened his present place of business, where he has since been actively en- gaged. He has filled the office of Town Clerk for fifteen years and was the first City Clerk elected in the spring of 1877, and is other- wise prominently identified with the interests of the town and county. He is well known throughout as a thorough, live business man. Augustus and Frank are their living children. Israel Hicks, farmer, sec. 30, P. O., Washington ; born in Bel- mont Co., O., July 15, 1816. His parents were Asa and Annie (Cox) Hicks, nativ^es of Va. and Ga. The family started from Ohio in Oct., 1837, in wagons, and when near the Wabash river in Ind., the horses took fright and ran away. His father, attempting to get out of the wagon, fell under the wheels, causing almost instant death. This was a terrible blow to the grief-stricken family, who after a reasonable time, resumed the journey westward, settling on the old Dillon farm in Tremont township, which his father had rented prior to his coming. He had but fifty cents left when the family arrived at this place, and he commenced teaming, splitting rails, and cheering the discouraged and broken-hearted mother. By constant labor and untiring industry, in a few acres of land, which he improved, and the dark clouds of adversity were soon scattered from his home. After five years residence at Tremont, he moved to Pleasant Grove, then came to this townshi}^ in the spring of 1 843, and settled on his present farm. He was married, Feb. 24, 1848, to Miss Susan M. Umphrey, daughter of Luke Umphrey, and who was born in Tompkins Co., N. Y., June 8, 1825. Her father was one of the pioneers of this county, where he died in 1878. Julia E. is their only living child. His mother died in his first home in 1853. Mr. H. has experienced the roughest side of pioneer life, and only through a determined will has attained his present position in life. Elo7i E. Hornish, dry goods merchant. Main st., residence, corner Main and Oakland streets. He was born in Wayne Co., Ind., in 1849. His parents were Martin and Elmira (Rupert) Hornish, na- tives of Penn. and Va., and who' emigrated to this county in 1858, and settled in this village and engaged in the grocery business. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 689 where he died in 1859. Elon engaged with Rupert <& Hornish in the dry goods business in 1868, and this firm dissolved in July of the same year, when he went to New York. city and engaged as a salesman. On Dec. 28, 1871, he married Frances L. Sticklcy, who was born in Ohio in 1849; returned AVest in 1873, and formed a partnership with C. B, Cummings at Pekin. He remained one year and returned to New York in 1874, and to this city in 1875, and formed a co-partnership with M. H. Hornish, and in July of the same year purchased the interest of M. H., where he has since car- ried on a successful and prosperous business. Robert S., George B., Morris E., and Ella R. are their living children. G. R. Hornish, grocer. Main st., res. cor. Pine and Holland ; born in Wayne Co., Ind., in 1839; married Mary E. Grady April 1, '61. She was born in Woodford Co. in 1838; came to this Co. in 1857 and settled in this city, where he engaged as salesman with J. W. Dougherty, with whom he remained eight years, when he opened his present place of business, where he has since carried on a suc- cessful and prosperous trade. Grant, Joseph G., Mary H., and Lulu E. are their living children. /. T. Hoover, dentist, north side Commercial Square, res. High st. ; born in Belmont, O., in 1838. Parents were Jacob and Phoebe (Frazier) Hoover, natives of Penn. and Va. Emigrated to this State in 1855, and settled in Peoria, where he served an apprentice- ship and opened his first place of business, and in 1863 came to this city, where he has since followed his profession and continued in a prosperous and successful career. Married Emma S. Couch a native of Peoria in 1865,. May E., Abbie E., and Edna E. are their liv- ing children. Nicholas Huguet, Jr., farmer, sec. 11 ; P. O., Washington ; born in France in 1808. His parents were Nicholas and Maggie (Chawry) Huguet, native of that country. Was married, in 1830, to Miss Sophia Cunig, and emigrated to America in 1850, and settled on his present estate of 198 acres, valued at $50 per acre. Julius, Maurice, Charles, Nicholas, Jr., Peter, Josephine, Gabriel, Annie, Mary and Julia are their living children. Are members of the Catholic Church. JaclcHon Hukkl, retired farmer ; residence, Washington ; born in Fayette Co., O., Oct. 12, 1823. At 20 years of age he left home and went to Champaign Co., where he served an apprenticeship at the tanning bwsiness, and engaged in that business for seven years in Cass Co., Mich. Was married, in 1847, to Miss Sarah J. Nicholson, by whom he has one daughter, Samantha A., wife of S. D. Murphy, of Chicago. In 1855 he moved to Atlanta, 111., and became en- gaged in the mercantile business, when his wife died, March 27, '56. After a residence of one year in Lincoln he became extensively en- gaged in the wool trade and farming implements, and for ten years dealt largely in real estate, when he sold his proi)erty and moved to McDonough Co., and in Jan., 1875, settled in this city, where he 690 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. has since made it his home. His present wife, Sarah Kern, daugh- ter of Jacob Kern, was born at Mt. Pleasant, Pa., Dec. 28, 1829. They were married in this city Dec. 1, 1859. James H., Mary C, Ida Belle, and Gracie, are their children. Mr. H. is Elder and Sunday-school Superintendent in the Baptist Church, being well known throughout the town and county. S, W. Harkey, D. D., pastor St. Mark's English Lutheran Church, born in Iredell Co., N. C, in 1811. His parents were John and Sarah (Welcher) Harkey, natives of that State. He commenced his course of studies at Pennsylvania College, at Gettysburg, in 1830; graduated from that institution in 1834, and entered upon his official duties at Philadelphia, then to AVilliamsport, Woodsborough, Md., Frederick City, and in 1852, emegrated to the West and entered the State University at Springfield, 111., as professor, at which place he enlisted, in 1864, as chaplain, serving until the close of the war, when he went to St. Louis and officiated until 1871, when he came to this city and became pastor of the German lAitheran Church a short time, when he was called to fill the pulpit of the English Lutheran Church, where he is still occupied in his professional calling. Rodger Jenkins, farmer, sec. 29 ; P. O., Washington ; born^ in South Wales, in 1811. His parents were John and Rachel (Wal- kyns) Jenkins, natives of that country. Mr. J. emigrated to Amer- ica in 1845, and settled in Pennsylvania, where he resided five years, when he came to this county, and settled in Deer Creek township, and in 1858 moved to this township and settled on his present estate of 240 acres, valued at ^65 per acre. Was married, in 1848, to Miss Elenor Davis, a native of South Wales, where she was born in 1817. Margaret, John, and Morgan are their living chil- dren ; lost two — George B., and Geo. B. 2d. Mr. J. is one of the early settlers of the county, and is Trustee of the Presbyterian Church of Deer Creek, of which the family are members. Joseph AWso, farmer, section 18; P. O., Washington; born in Venango Co., Pa., July 27, 1805, and was the second son of Robert and Jane (Mercer) Kelso, natives of New Hampshire, who emi- grated to the West in 1800, and after an eventful life, died in Switzerland county, Ind., in 1835. The subject of this sketch started from Switzerland county, Ind., in March, traveling by ox teams and arriving in this county April 20, 1832. After looking the county through, he settled on his present farm, where he entered 80 acres of land". Having but little money, he commenced the cultivation and improvement of his place, and, by continued perse- verance and industry, has made an entire success. The land sur- rounding his fine residence now numbers over 320 acres of valuable land. He was married to Miss Sarah Nelson, in 1829, a native of Switzerland county, Indiana, where she was born Dec. 25, 1811. Robert, John, Jane, Joseph, Jr., Wilson, and Matilda are their living children; lost five, Charles, David, William, Sarah, and HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 691 Eliza. There were five families who accompanied this veteran pilgrim to his Western home, some of whom are still living. Mr. K. is truly a self-made man. Commencing life with no advantages, but by his indomitable energy he has acquired his well earned wealth. He is well known throughout the county, and honored and respected by all. George W. Kingsbury, merchant, of the firm of Kingsbury & Snyder. Born in Steuben Co., N. Y., in 1827, and emigrated to this county in 1840, settling in Deer Creek township, and engaged in farming, where he married Caroline Harlan in 1853. She was born in N. Y. in 1825. Came to this city in 1857, and engaged as clerk with Horton & Kingsbury until 1866, when he formed the present copartnership, which has since been in successful operation, Florence, Julia and Harlan are their living children. Members of the Lutheran Church. Conrad Laiorentz, Jr., farmer, sec. 32, P. O., Washington. Born in Groveland township in 1853. His parents were Conrad and Barbara Lawrcntz, who emigrated to America in 1830 and settled in Peoria, and two years afterward moved to St. Louis, thence to this county, settling in Groveland township, where he died. Was among the early pioneers of this county. The subject of this sketch was married, in 1875, to Miss Annie C. Friedinger, a native of Grove- land, where she was born in 1857. George E. and Christian V. are their children. In 1873 he settled on his present estate, which con- sists of 115 acres, valued at §40 i)er acre, John Loioman, farmer, sec. 31 ; P. O., Farmdale. Is the oldest son of Martin and Elizabeth (Howard) Lowman, natives of Lincoln Co., N. C, who emigrated to this county and settled in Holland's Grove, near Washington City, May 12, 1831, where father and son entered a quarter section of land and were three days erecting a cabin of split rails, when they engaged in opening and improving a farm. In 1871 his father moved to Mo., where his mother died, when he returned and is now living in Woodford Co. The subject of this sketch was married, in 1 838, to Miss Elizabeth Gordon, daughter of George Gordon, a veteran of the Black Hawk war, and one of this county's early pilgrims, where he died in 1853. She was a native of Dearborn Co., Ind., where she was born in 1821. Mr. Lowman served as a scout in the Black Hawk war, and has experienced all the hardships of pioneer life. In 1845 he settled on his present estate, consisting of over 300 acres of valuable land, where he has since made it his home. His collossal frame measures six feet eight inches in his stockings, and his greatest weight is 255 pounds. Mary, Hannah, Rebecca, Martin H., John W., James C, Jane, Elizabeth, Henry C., Samuel M., Annie and Edward W. are their living children. Henry Mahle, grain dealer; residence. Main street. Born in ClaYion Co., Pa., in 1832. His parents were Louis and Elizabeth (Lilly) Mahle, natives of Hesse Cassel, Germany. Married Sybilla 692 HISTOEY OF TAZEWEI,L COUNTY. Lawson, May 10, 1855. She was born in Gettysburgh, Pa., in 1834 ; came to this county in 1865 and settled in the city, where he has been engaged principally in the grain business. Has filled the office of Township Trustee for many years, and was elected to the City Council after its incorporation in the spring of 1877. Amanda J., Charlotte E., Lincoln E. and John W. are their living children. Members of English Lutheran Church. William B. Ilerchanf, real estate and insurance broker, Washing- ton city. Born in Steuben ville, Jefferson Co., O., in 1830. His parents were John and Margaret (Sanonton) Merchant, natives of Pa., who at an early day emigrated to O., where they have since died. Mr. M. was married, in 1857, to Miss Jane H. Eagleson, a native of O., and in the following year came to this county and settled south of Washington, and became extensively engaged in farming, where his estimable wife died in 1862. Six years later he removed to this city and engaged in real estate and insurance busi- ness with his only son, Alvin E., where they have conducted a suc- cessful and active practice. Mr. M. has been an invalid for some months, and is still suffering from an affection of the lungs. He is held in high esteem and respect by a large circle of friends in this community, where he has become widely known and appreciated. His worthy son, possessed of excellent business abilities, is his con- stant attendant, and we know of no young man who has more warm friends than Alvin E. Merchant. Are members of the Presbyterian Church. Joseph B. Miles, Jr., farmer; residence Washington. Born in Athens, Athens Co., O., Oct. 11, 1828. Is the son of Joseph B. Miles, Sr., who was born in Rutland, Mass., June 21st, 1781, and removed, with his parents, to Ohio while very young, and settled at Belpre, on the Ohio river, in what is now Washington Co. On reaching his majority he settled in Athens Co., O., where he re- mained until the summer of 1843, when, with his wife and seven children, he removed to this county and settled on sec. 28, where he resided until 1857, when he removed to the town of Washington, where he died Aug. 18, 1860, aged seventy-nine years, one month, and twenty-eight days. Was married to his second wife, Elizabeth M. Falton, April 14, 1822. The subject of this sketch came to this county in Aug., 1843, settled on and improved the S. E. quarter of sec. 28, where he resided until Oct., 1857, when he moved into the town of Washington, where he still resides. Enlisted in the Union Army on Aug. 16, 1861, as First Lieut., Co. B, 47th Regt., Vol. Inf. Commissioned to take rank as First Lieut, from the 25th day of Aug., 1861. Was promoted and commissioned to take rank as Capt. from Sept. 2, 1861. Promoted to take rank as Major, Aug. 21, 1863. Participated in the battles of New Madrid and Point Pleasant, Mo., Island No. 10, luka. Miss., Jackson, Miss., seige and assault of Vicksburg, Miss., Mechanicsburg, Miss., Richmond, La., Fort De Russey, La., Henderson Hill, La., Pleasant Hill, La., HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 693 Monsura, Yellow Bayou and Lake Chicot, where he was severely wounded by a gunshot through the neck and shoulders, June 6, 1864. AVas brought home to Washington ; returned to the field and joined his regiment at Memphis, Tenn., Sept. 2, 1864, and was mustered out of the service Oct. 11th, 1864. His elder brother, Daniel D. Miles, enlisted Aug. 16, 1861, and commissioned to take rank as Captain, Aug. 16, 1861; promoted to Lieut. Col,, Sept. 1, 1861, and died from wounds received in action at Farmington, Miss., May 9, 1862. Deceased was a native of Athens, O., M'here he was born Aug. 18, 1827; was married Dec. 31, 1855, to Miss Ellen Wood, daughter of the late Dr. G. P. AVood. Jacob Minch, farmer, sec. 35; P. O., Washington. Was born in' Washington township in 1840, and is a son of an early pilgrim. Was married, in 1861, to Miss Anna E. Berket, daughter of Wil- liam Berket, also a native of this township. They have four chil- dren — Mary C, Ella V., Arthur C, and Bessie S. Mr. M. resides on the homestead, consisting of 180 acres, valued at $60 per acre. He enlisted in the 47th I. V. Inf., Co., B, and served three years and three months. Was wounded slightly at Yicksburg, but never missed a roll-call, and was not confined during the time of his ser- vice. Participated in battles of Point Pleasant, Mo., Island No. 10, luka, Miss., siege and assault of Yicksburg, Richmond, La., Fort De Russey, La., and all the battles tliat regiment was in. Phillip Moschel, farmer, sec. 21; P. O., Washington; born in Bavaria, Germany in 1833, and. emigrated to America in 1853, set- tling near Groveland township, where he resided six years, when he moved to Woodford county, where he was married, in 1861, to Miss Mary Centmeyer, a native of Bavaria, where she was born in 1836. In 1866 he returned to this county, and settled in this township on his present estate in 1875, consisting of 160 acres, valued at $60 per acre. Mary, Carrie, and George are their living children. Members of the Lutheran Church. B. F. Myers, farmer, sec. 12; P. O., Washington; born in Pick- away Co., O., in 1850, and emigrated to this county with his parents, Solomon and Mary (Bufford) Myers, in the fall of 1864, and settled in \\'ashington. The following year he removed to his present estate of 80 acres, valued at $2,000. ' Was married, in 1869, to Miss Mattie Gibson, who was born in this county in 1853. Carrie V. and Mamie A. are their children. Henry Myers, farmer, sec. 12; P. O., AVashington ; born in Pickaway Co., O., in 1847. His parents were Solomon and Mary (Bufford) Myers, natives of O. The family came to this county in 1864, and after one year's residence in Washington the subject of this sketch settled on his present estate of 80 acres, valued at $65 per acre. Same year of his coming he was married to Miss Barbara Puntches, a native of Pickaway Co., where she was born in 1848. Time and Nellie May are their two living children. John C. Nof singer, farmers, sec. 5 ; P. O., AVashington ; born in 694 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Tazewell Co., 111., in 1843. His parents were Christian and Bar- bara (Schetch) Nofsinger, natives of Germany, who were early settlers in this connty, and where they still reside. In 1868 he married Catherine Baughman, a native of Woodford Co., where she was born in 1852. Peter, Christian, Joseph, John, and Annie are their living children. Are members of the Ornish Church. L. 8. North, dry goods merchant, north side of Commercial Square. Has occupied his present place of business since 1869. Is a thorough business man, and enjoys the confidence of the com- munity at large. Charles Oesterley, former, sec. 32 ; post-office, Farmdale ; born In Germany in 1820; married Catherine Freibelin in 1848, who was born in Germany in 1826. The same year he emigrated to America, and resided for one year near Buffalo, N. Y., when he moved to Pennsylvania, and six years after came to this county and settled on his present estate, consisting of 105 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Fronecar, John, Henry, Catherine, and Paulina are their living children. Are members of the Evangelical Church. Phillip Orth, fiirmer, sec. 4; post-office, Washington; born in Germany in 1827, and emigrated to America in 1849, settling in Jeffi^rson county, N. Y., M'here he resided until 1856, when he came to this county and settled on his present estate of 190 acres, valued at $50 per acre. He was married in 1855, to Miss Catherine Shafer, who was born in Germany in 1836. John, Theodore, Emma, Lizzie, and Phillip, Jr. are their living children. Are members of the Lutheran Church. P. H. Parker, grocery merchant, firm of C. J. Gibson & Co. ; residence Church street; born in Woodford county, in 1854; is a son of Hiram Parker, who settled in McLean county in 1837. The family moved to this county in 1870, and he became engaged in his present business in this city. He was married, in 1875, to Miss Mary B. Foster, a native of Peoria, where she was born in 1850. In the spring of 1878 he formed the present partnership, where he has since carried on a successful trade. Peter Portman, firmer and stock dealer, sec. 24 ; P. O., Washing- ton ; born in Sanburgh, France, in 1822, and emigrated to America in July, 1848, and settled near his present estate, consisting of 290 acres, valued at $100 per acre. He was married, in Woodford Co., in 1853, to Miss Josephine Uqnat, a native of France, by whom he has ten children — Nicholas G., Emil J,, Rosa M., Josephine G., Mary F., Peter N., Louisa M., Frankie J., Charles L., and Clement A. In 1837 they returned to their native country, (after renting the farm,) where they spent four years, and in 1861 he opened a livery stable in this city, where he resided until 1864, when he moved again on the farm, where he has since made it his home. Are members of the Catholic Church. Charles Rapp, jeweler, north side of the square ; born in Washing- ton, 111., in 1851 ; is a son of Earnest and Christian (Smith) Rapp, HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 695 natives of Germany. The subject of this sketch commenced his apprenticeship at Fairbury, in 1873, and the following year engaged with an extensive house at Peoria, where he remained two years, when he returned to this city and opened his present place of busi- ness, where he entertains his customers with the finest and best selected stock of jewelry in the city. In 1877 he married Frances Miles, a native of this city. They have one child. Pearl May. Joseph Ropp, farmer, sec. 8 ; P. O., Washington ; born in Alsace, France, now Germany, in 1823. His parents were natives of same place, and emigrated to this country in 1836, and settled in Wood- ford county, where they lived a short time, when they came to this county and settled in this township, where he lived until his removal to McLean county, where he died. The subject of this sketch then moved to Elm Grove township in 1839, where he pur- chased and resided until his coming to Washington township, and settled on his present estate of 156 acres, valued at $70 per acre. Married Catherine Burkey in 1850, a nativs of Germany, where she was born in 1829. Elizabeth, Barbara, Amos, Phoebe, Daniel, Katie, and Fannie, are their living children. A member of the Omish Church. Frederick Rickman, firm of Rickman & Harrington, Washington ; born in Germany in 1834: and emigrated, with his parents to Amer- ica in 1854, stopping one year in Canada, thence to Spring Bay, and after a few years moved to Peoria, where his father still resides. The subject of this sketch came to this city in 1855, and engaged in wagon making until he formed the present copartnership, where he has since been successfully engaged. Was married, in 1857, to Miss Sophia Baker, a native of HI. Frederick N., Lizzie, Loney, Frank, Annie D., Laura, Hattie and Tilly B., are their living chil- dren, lost one, William. William F. Rochin, boot and shoe merchant, S. W. cor. Commer- cial Square; residence. High st ; born in Wurtemburgh, Germany, in 1833. Parents were David and, Elizabeth Roehm, natives of Germany. Emigrated to America in 1847, and settled in Detroit, Mich., where he resided until 1855, when he moved to Peoria. Was married, in 1856, to Miss Catherine Eantzi, a native of Germany, where she was born in 1831. Came to this county in 1865 and opened a small shoe shop on Main street, forming a i)art- nership with Wm. Fletmeyer, which was dissolved in the same year. In 1869 he was enabled to open his j)resent place, where he has since carried on a large trade. Katie, I^ouisa, Mary, Julius, Theo- dore, and Emil, are • their living children. Are members of the German Liberal C'luirch. William A. Ross, blacksmith, firm of Ross & Zinscn, north side Commercial Square; born in Franklin Co., O., in 1826. His father was Hugh M., a native of Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he was born in 1791. His mother's name was Nancy Crosseta, a native of N. Y. State, and the family moved to Maine, on the 696 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Penobscot river, at an early day, and to this county in 1835, settling in Deer Creek township, where he entered land and resided until his death, which occurred at the residence of Dewitt Higgins in 1842. He was a land surveyor and entered largely upon the inter- ests of the town and county, being among those of early settlers. After his fother's death the subject of this sketch made his home with Maj. R. N. CuUom, father of the present Gov. of the State, a native of Kentucky, and after four years residence came to this city, and served an apprenticeship with Brazilla Alice, with whom he formed copartnership, subsecpiently going into business for him- self, where he continued until the formation of the present firm in active operation. Was appointed Deputy Provost Marshall in June, 1862, and served every draft notice in the county, until the close of the war. His family are members of the Methodist Church. Josiah Snyder, firm of Kingsbury & Snyder, merchants. Main street, Washington; was born in Somerset Co., Pa., Feb. 20, 1827, and is the only son of Jacob and Julia (Woy) Snyder, natives oJF Pa., where his father died in 1848, leaving his wife and seven daugh- ters and only son. He remained on the farm with his mother and the younger sisters, filling, in a measure, the father's chair, in the duties which were before him. At the age of 22 years he was mar- ried to Miss Sarah C. Lawson, daughter of Rev. S. B. Lawson, and in Oct., 1863, left Somerset Co., with his wife and three children, for the West, and settled in this city, where he became engaged in the mercantile business, and two years later associated himself with G. W. Kingsbury, in the grocery business, where he has since been successfully engaged. This firm is popular among all classes through- out the surrounding county and city. Possessing business qualifi- cations and experience, they control the immense trade that is brought to this thrifty little city. Politically Mr. S. is Republican. Religiously, has been a consistent member of the Evangelical Lu- theran Church from the age of seventeen years. Is strictly tem- perate in all his habits. Being in the prime of manhood, he may long continue a useful member of the community in which he is highly appreciated and respected. Emma, John B., Frank M., Charles L. W., Harvey J., Clara R. and Sarah E. are their children. T, C. Sotmemann, hardware merchant. Main street, res. cor. Hol- land and High streets ; born in Vandalia, Fayette Co., 111., Feb. 10, 1845. His parents were Jacob and Ann, natives of Germany, who came to this State in 1835 and settled in Vandalia, where he engaged in the harness business, removing to this Co. in 1848, where he fi)llowed his calling until 1865, when he retired from business, and died in 1866. Mr. S. continued the business until 1870, when he formed a partnership with Tobias & Sons, in the hardware trade, where he remained three years, when he retired and engaged for three years in the lumber business, at which time he built the store he now occupies as a hardware store, and carries on a successful HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 697 trade. Was elected City Treasurer at tlie first election of city offi- cers after its incorporation in the spring of 1877. Was married, in 1866, to Miss Mary F. Tobias. She was born in Circle ville, O., in 1848. Lewis C. and George T. are their living children. J. W. Sprif/gs, D. D., Pastor Christian Churcii ; born in Noble Co., O., in 1847. Parents were Morris D. and Catharine (Pool) Spriggs, natives of Pa., who emigrated to tliis State in 1867, and settled in Wavne Co. Was first educated for the law in Woodford, O., where he graduated and became pastor of a Christian Church in Minn. In 1878 he took charge of the Mission Church at Pekin, and in Feb. of the following year came to this" city, where he has filled the pulpit of the Christian Church. V. Winnie, Flora, Lotta and Ednor are their living children. William Sformcr, firm of Stormer Bros., south side of the square ; born in Frankenburgh, Hesse Cassel, Germany, in 1845. Emi- grated with his parent to America, in 1856, and settled northeast of this city on a farm, where he resided until 1874, when he formed a partnership under the firm name of H. W. & W. Stormer. In 1875 his brother John purchased the interest of H. AY., where they have since conducted a thrifty business. He was married, in 1876, to Miss Amelia Bontz ; slie was born in Peoria county in 1853. They have one child, Conrad B. John, senior member of the firm, was born in Hittenrod, Germany, in 1839. He married Catherine Keil in the spring of 1868; she was born in Holland's Grove, now Washington city, in 1847. They have four children — Charles, Julia, Clara, and Mamy. Are members of the German Lutheran Church. Peter Strubkr, Jr., firmer, sec. 30 ; post-office, Washington ; born in France, in 1827, and emigrated to this country in 1835, with his mother, and settled in Butler county, Ohio, where he resided until 1845, when he moved to McLean county, and to this county in 1867, and settled north of Washington. He was married, in 1850, to Miss Barbara Switzer, a native of France, where she was born in 1830. Joseph, Christian, Peter, Jr., and Valentine are their living children; lost two — John, and Mary. Moved on his pres- ent estate in 1871, consisting of 320 acres, valued at $60 per acre. Peter K Stitckei/, farmer, sec. 19 ; post-office, Washington ; born in Butler county, Ohio, May 31, 1844; came to this county in 1865, and in 1866 was married to Miss Catherine Engle, who was born in AVoodford county, 111., in 1842. Mr. S. was called to fill the pulpit of the Omish Church, soon after settling on his present estate, in 1871, where he has since been occupied. Has a farm of 80 acres, valued at $50 per acre. John E., Wm. A., Joseph H., Charles J., Barbara E., Elvina J., and Theodore T. are their living children. EdmiDtd Sullivan, fiwrncr, sec. 27; ])ost-office, Washington; born in Ireland in 1837. He married Johanna McCarty in 1856; she was born in Massachusetts in 1839. Mr. S. emigrated to America in 1857, and was engaged in a grocery in New York State for some 698 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. months, when he came to the West and settled in Peoria, where he lived nine years, when he moved to this county and settled on his present estate, consisting of 240 acres, valued at $60 per acre. This home he has accumulated by his own labors and toil, and is a pros- perous, active farmer. John T., Daniel, Ellen, Edmund, Jr., and Michael, are their living children. Adam M. Switzcr, farmer, sec. 24 ; P. O., Washington ; born in Hampshire county, Va., in 1810. His parents were John and Elizabeth (Kline) Switzer, natives of Germany. They emigrated to Hennepin, Putnam Co., this State, in 1834, where he remained a short time, and settled in this village the same year, where he engaged at his trade, tailoring, a few years, when he purchased his present estate, consisting of 100 acres, valued at $100 per acre. In Nov., 1835, he married Harriet A. Heath, who was born in Mus- kingum county, O., Aug. 14, 1818. Arabella H., widow of John L. Webster, who died in Carlisle, Ark., in 1877, is their only living child ; she has one son, Abel M. Webster, of the firm of Voorhees & Webster, of this city. Family are members of Methodist Church. William P. Thompson, farmer, sec. 23 ; P. O., Washington ; born in Washington county. Pa., in 1816. His parents died when young, and when four years of age, he was taken to the home of Eliza Maxon, in Fayette county, with whom he lived many years. At the age of sixteen years he went to Clinton county, Ohio, where, in 1841, he was married to Miss Mary H. Kizer, a native of Va., where she was born in 1821. Came to this county in 1850, and set- tled one mile east of the city, where he lived 24 years, when he moved on his present estate of 20 acres, valued at $250 per acre. Also owns the homestead of 200 acres. Elizabeth J., Eliza M., Cclia A., Lucinda E., Louisa, Ella, tnd Alice, are their living chil- dren, lost three — Emma, George C, and one died iu infancy, George F. Tobias, furniture dealer and manufacturer, of the firm of Tobias & Co., south side Commercial square ; born in Pickaway Co., O., in 1854. Parents were Elijah and Sarah (Moyer) Tobias, natives of Pa., where they died at an early day. Emigrated to this county in 1870 and settled in this city, where he engaged at his trade of wagon manufacturing. In 1875 was married to Miss Sophia Benford, who was born in Somerset, Pa., in 1354. Formed the present co-partnership in 1876, where he has since continued in a successful business. Leroy is their only living child. Member of the Lutheran Church. Benjamin Tobias, Jr., carriage and wagon manufacturer. Walnut and Holland sts. ; born in Burks Co., Pa., in 1829. Parents were Benjamin and Elizabeth (Roth) Tobias, natives of that State, where he married Elizabeth J. Anderson iu 1850. She was born in Pick- away Co., O., in 1831. Came to this county in 1855, and settled in this city, when he commenced the manufacture of plows, which he conducted for several years, when he became engaged in wagon manufacturing, building his present premises in 1862, and a black- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 699 smith shop connected in 1874, where he has since been extensively engaged. Has two extensive farms near Gihiian, conchictcd by his sons, vahied at $40 per acre. AVas Justice of the Peace twelve years, Supervisor a short time, and elected Mayor of this city, April 15,1879. Denny, Willis, and Sanford are their living children; lost five — Alice, Flora, Charles A., Harley and Florence. James Trimble, retired farmer, residence and P. O., Washington ; born in Highland Co., O., in 1820. His parents were Thomas and Margaret (Kelley) Trimble. Came to this county in 1834, and set- tled near this city, where his father died in 1856. In 1839 or '40, came to this cify and engaged at his trade, wagon-making. In 1849 he married Mary B. Mcrris ; she was born in Cecil Co., Md., in 1820, and died in 1871. Of their several children two are liv- ing — Chas. E. and James H. John Watson, Jr., proprietor Tazewell Co. Mills ; born in ISIont- goraery Co., 111., in 1836. His parents were John and Eliza (Kelly) Watson, the former a native of Conn., and mother a native of Ireland. His parents emigrated to this State in 1836 and settled in Hillsburough, Montgomery Co., where he engaged in milling eighteen years, when he built a mill and erected the Pilot Knob Iron Works at Pilot Knob, Mo., where he resided five years when he moved to St. Louis, and after a few years residence there he returned to Hillsborough, when he sold his milling interest and lived one year at Litchfield, same county, thence to Morrissonville, where he leased a mill under the firm of Frederick & Watson, and continued until 1878, when the subject of this sketch came to this city and leased the mill where he is now conducting a successful trade. Was married, in 1865, to Mary Barefoot, who died the fol- lowing year. His present wife, Ella R, Hayes, was born in Pike Co., 111., in 1856. They were married in 1874, and have two children, Fannie M., born May 3, 1875, and Mary H., Oct. 17, 1878. George C. War/ncr, fiirmer, sec. 17; P. O., AVashington ; born in Germany in 1838; emigrated to this country with his parents in 1847, and settled in AYo()dfi)rd county, where his ])arents died. Married Catherine Belchy, in 1861, a native of Woodford county, and has five children — Lane, John, Barbara, Samuel, and Susie, lost three — Bena, Joseph, and Emma. Came to this county in 1872, and settled on his present estate of 154 acres, valued at $70 per acre, where he has since made his home. Are members of the Omish Church. Harriet Waughop, farmer, sec. 23 ; P. O., Washington ; widow of James Waughop, a native of Portsmouth, Va. Siie was born in Bedfi)rd county, Ya., in 1814, and is a daughter of Abraham and Nancy Huddleston, early pioneers of this county, who settled iu this township at an early day. Mr. Waughop came to this county in 1830, and settled in this township, where he lived until his death in 1868. Was one of the early pioneers and was well known throughout the county. They were married in 1836, and of their 700 HISTORY OF TAZEAVELL COUNTY. several children two are living — Martin and Joseph. Settled on the present estate of 65 acres in 1857. John Weeh"^, farmer, sec. 12; P. O., AVashington ; born in Wor- cester Co., Mass., in 1834; married Easter Holland, daughter of AVilliam Holland, Sr., a native of this township. Came to this Co. in 1860 and settled in Washington, where he resided with his father- in-law until his death, he then removed to the east side of the township, where he lived until 1877, when he settled on his present estate of 84 acres, valued at $70 per acre. Eliza J. and William A. are their living children. Wm. H. Weirick, 31. D., Physician, north side Commercial Square ; born in Union Co., Pa., in 1841. At the age of 21 he enlisted in 131st Regt. Pa. nine month's men, participating in the battle of Fredericksburgh. Returning, re-enlisted, in 1863, in State militia, serving six weeks, when he returned home, and in the spring of 1864 commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Samuel Blair, of Louisborg, and in the fall of same year entered Lombard Univer- sity of Pa., and the following spring entered the service in the 213th Regt., as Surgeon, serving until the close of the war. Returning, continued the course of lectures until the spring of 1866, when he commenced practice at Montrose, Henry Co., Mo., remaining until 1875, when he came to Peoria, and after a short stay there returned to Montrose, where he remained until Feb., 1876, when he came to this city, where he followed his occupation for one year, when he engaged with Drs. Wood and Wilson as assistant, where he remained until the death of Dr. AYilson, on Feb. 17, 1879, at which time he opened his present place, where he has successful practice. He married, in 1869, Harriet N. Wilson, who was born in Union Co., Pa., in 1843. Agues B., Margaret A. and Ralph W. are the living children. Jacob L. Wiko7i, firm of Wilson & Shormaker, livery stable, south side of Commercial Square; born in Wayne county, Ind., in 1817, and is the eldest son of Jacob Wilson, and grandson of Isaac Wil- son, who owned a large farm on the present site of Indianapolis, Ind., where he died at an early day. In the fall of 1823 his father started from Wayne county, and after a hard journey, landed on the flats in Fond du Lac township, in February, 1824, where he made his claim of 320 acres of land on sec. 14, where he resided until 1828 or 1829, when he sold his claim and went to the lead mines at Galena, and after one year returned and purchased the homestead claim, where he lived until his death in September, 1869, and was one of the oldest residents of the town and county. He was com- missioned by the Governor to act as Justice of the Peace for several . years ; also County Deputy, which office he held at the time of his death. The subject of this sketch was married, at Indianapolis, Ind., March 25, 1841, to Miss Martha Evins, a native of Lexing- ton, Ky., where she was born in 1824. Mr. W. moved to Wash- ington, 111., in 1874, and opened his present business, where he has WASHINGTON HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 703 been successfully eno-ao-ed. W^s elected Justice of the Peace in 1864, to fill vacancy of C. J. Gibson ; re-elected in 1866, and re- signed, and again elected in the spring of 1879. Mr. W. is the second oldest living settler of Fond du Lac township, and has ex- perienced all the privations of pioneer life. To Uncle Jacob, as he is familiarly know, the writer is largely indebted for many valuable items, and the interest and assistance Avhich it was his pleasure to bestow. INIay his memory through life keep fresh and green as now, and his shadow never grow less. Mary J., Sarah F., Laura C, and Hattie E. are their living children. Family are members of the Methodist Church. R. B. M. Wilson, 3I.D., deceased. The subject of this sketch was born on Island Magee, County of Antrim, Ireland, March 19, 1827. Was the eldest child of Alex. C. Wilson, and grandson of Rev. John Murphy, who was for fifty-three years jiastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Island Magee, the church with which the Doctor's family was connected. He pursued the study of medicine and surgery at the Royal College in Belfast, Ireland, also at the Glasgow University, and the Andersonian University in the city of Glasgow, Scotland. He took his degree in the latter University, in March, 1847, at the close of the 20th year of his age. In the fol- lowing month he emigrated to the United States, and first settled in Metamora, the county seat of Woodford county, in this State. He was married, June 1, 1854, to Miss Jane F. Anthony, daughter of the late Charles S. N. Anthony, of this place. In the falfof 1848 he removed to this place and commenced the practice of medicine, forming a co-partnership, in the same year, with the late Dr. G. P. Wood. Being worn by the labors of a large practice, and desiring a period of rest, he accepted the nomination, and was elected by the people in 1858, to serve as their Representative in the Legislature of this State. He was also chosen a member of the convention which met, in 1862, to frame a new constitution for the State. At the expiration of his term of service, he returned to the practice of his profession. By success in his labors, he accumulated a large landed property, which he improved and managed with executive ability. In 1877 he formed a co-partnership, in the practice of medicine, with Dr. F. F. Wood, the son and successor of his former partner, and entered with new energy upon the labors of the phy- sician.. His professional reputation extended far beyond this imme- diate vicinity. His services were in demand throughout this section of the country, and almost every incoming train brought ])atients to receive the benefits of his skill. He had, for some time, been troubled with chronic bronchitis, which was at last renderecl acute by exhaustion, over-exertion, and exposure caused by these large demands upon his strength, causing his death, which occurred Feb. 17, 1879. His wife and their only children, two sons, survive to mourn his death. His portrait may be found in this volume. E. F. Wood, M.D., residence, North Main street; born in AVind- 42 704 HISTORY OF TAZEAYELL COUNTY. sor Co., Vt., in 1829, and son of the late Dr. G. P. Wood, a native of Windsor Co., Vt., where he was born in 1800. At the age of eighteen years he commenced his studies at Castleton, Vt., when he moved to' this city and became a student with Dr. Dundee, a pioneer physician of this county, with whom he was associated several years, afterwards forming a business relation with Dr. Rogers, and in 1848 formed a partncrshij) with the late Dr. R. B. M. Wilson, which was continued until 185G, when he made a professional connection with his son, and followed a successful practice until 1864, when he re- tired from public practice, attending only to private cases where his services were deemed a necessity. His death occurred in this city in Nov., 1872. The subject of this sketch, whose portrait ap- pears in this work, commenced studying with his father, with whom he remained until 1 849, when he entered the State University, at St. Louis, through the sessions of '49, '50, and '51, in which year he was graduated, and returned to this city, forming a partnership with Benjamin Harris, of Groveland, and for one year followed his professional calling at Morton, 111., when he returned to Washing- ton, and entered upon an extended practice in connection with his father, and in Feb., 1877, a partnership was formed with the late Dr. R. B. M. Wilson. From this relation sprang the deepest feel- ings of friendship and brotherly love. Having a large field of practice it was often the cause of remark, that so much could be accomplished only by the united feelings of the heart. He was married, June 22,1852, to Miss Lydia A. Lindley, daughter of John Lindley, an early pioneer of this city. She died in this city March 17, 1879, leaving four children — Maria E., Julia E., Laura L., and Charles E. Dr. W. is the oldest resident physician of this township, and possesses the affable and gentlemanly qualities that endear him to a large circle of friends, to whom his life, for a score of years, has been devoted. William B. F«7c, retired farmer ; res. Peoria st; born in AVash- ington county, N. Y., in 1820. His parents were Nira and Anna (Chase) Yale, natives of Mass. Emigrated to this county in 1836 and settled four miles south of this city. Was engaged at his trade, blacksmithing, several years, and in the spring of 1840 moved tAvo miles north of the city and engaged in farming. Was married in 1854, to Miss Margaret Bell, a native of Nelson county, Ky., who died in 1875, when he moved to his present residence, which he has since made his home. Mr. Yale was selected as the people's choice as a representative of the city fathers April 15, 1879. He numbers among those of the early county pilgrims, and is a social, genial gentleman. Israel Zinscr, druggist. Main street, Washington ; born in Picka- way Co., O., in 1844. His parents were Jacob and Elizabeth (Lin- ter) Zinser, natives of Germany and Pa. The family came to this county in 1851, and settled near Washington. Subsequently re- moved to Henry Co, in 1868, they moved to ElPaso, where HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 705 his father died in 1870. The subject of this sketch enlisted, in Feb., 1865, in the lOoth I. V. I., Co. K ; was sent to Nashville and Murfreesboro, where he was mustered out in Sept. and returned home, and after one term at school engaged in the grocery business one year, when he -went to Plainficld, returning to Washington in 1868, where he married Miss Martha Tobias, and formed a ])artner- ship with Solomon Sonneustein in the drug business, which was con- tinued until 1871, when he sold out and returned to Plainficld, where he engaged in the same business until 1873, at which time he returned to this city, forming a ])artncrship business which was con- tinued until 1876, when he purchased the whole interest of the con- cern, where he has since carried on a successful trade. Mr. Z. is one of the growing young merchants of the city, is popular with all classes, and a social, genial gentleman. Elmer F., Harley A. and Royal are their living children. SUPERVISORS. James W. AVather 1850-51 John W. Daugherty 1865-66 Lawson Holland 1852-53 Benj. Tobias 1S6G-68 W. A. Ross 1854 Richard D. Smith 1869 J. S. Marsh 1855-58 Peter Fifer 1870 D. L. Miles 1859-60 John H. Anthony 1871-79 Elias Wenger 1863 Wesley B. Harvey, city 1873-78 Richard C. Dement 1864 TOWN-CLERKS. J.L.Bell 1854-60 Eli Heiple 1S67 Thomas Taylor 1861-64 Simeon Miller 1868 Eli Heiple 1865 Eli Heiple 1869-79 Jonathan H. Myers 1866 ASSESSORS. J. L. Bell 1854-60 Charles T. Moore 1868 Jonathan H. Myers 1863-66 Eli Heiple 1869-79 Eli Heiple 1867 COLLECTORS. J. B. McCorkle 1854 Thomas Cress 1855-79 CHAPTER XIV. COUNTY OFFICIALS AND POLITICAL HISTORY. « COUNTY OFFICIALS. Dr. Flavd Shurflef, County Clerk, was elected in 1877. He is a son of Milton Shurtleff, a native of Plymouth, Mass., and Mary F. Berry, a native of New Hampshire. They came to Tazewell county at a time when Central Illinois was but little inhabited. Dr. D. was born in Groveland, Tazewell Co., Jan. 6,1842; was sent to the common schools, and later attended Rush Medical College, Chicago, where he graduated with honor, and engaged in the prac- tice of medicine in his native place. He owns a large and valuable farm in Groveland township. The Doctor served in the war for the Union as Assistant Surgeon of the 154th 111. Inf., a position he was, in an eminent degree, qualified to fill, he being, by education and practice, a skilled "surgeon. The Doctor's political views con- form to those of the Democratic i)arty, by whose suffrage he was elected to the office of Clerk of this county. He was also Super- visor of Groveland from 1872 to 1875. A full-page portrait of Dr. Shurtleif will appear in this volume. Andrew Jackmn Kinsey, Sheriff of Tazew^ell county, is a native of Culpepper Co., Virginia, born Oct. 8, 1831. He has been a res- ident of this county for twenty-six years, and during all these years has always been keenly alive to every movement looking toward the development of her resources. His parental ancestors, James and Ann Kinsey, were also of Virginian birth, and hard-working, honest people. Mr. Kinsey lived in his native State until twenty- one years of age, when he married Miss Lucy Brown, and came, one year later, to Illinois, settling in Tazewell county. They have been blessed wath ten children, whose names and dates of birth are as follows: Ann Eliza, Nov. 27, '53; Charles M., June 14, '55; Stephen D., Nov. 1, '58; Martha N., May 18, '61; Turner L., April 8, '63; John F., Oct. 27, '64; Lina J., June 15, '66; James W., Jan. 8, '69; AVilliam W., Dec. 8, '70, and Harry B., April 1, '74. Their household has been saddened by four deaths: Ann Eliza, Sept. 11, '54; Martha N., Sept. 3, '62; Turner L., Aug. 15, '64, and John F., Oct. 18, '65. William L. Prettyman, States Attorney, is a native son of Taze- HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 707 well county, having'been born in Pekin, Feb. 17, 1850. He is the son of Benjamin S. and Sarah A. (Haines) Prettyman, both of whom came to the county in an early day, and are well and favorably known. States Attorney Prettyman passed his boyhood days in attendance upon the public schools of Pekin, and passed one year in school at Worcester, Mass. He finished his education at Chicago University, Chicago, at which institution he spent two years. He returned to his native town and engaged in the ])raetice of law, and in 1876 was elected to the office of States Attorney, running on the Democratic ticket. He has served his ward, the third, as Alderman in the City Council, He fills his present official position with credit to himself, and as far as we can learn with general satisfaction to all. He is First Lieutenant ofCo. G, 7th Regt., I. N. G. July 21, 1871, he was united in marriage with Fannie Yandervort; they have two children — Fannie, born July 8, 1873, and John B., born Oct. 19, 1875. Alfred ]V. Eodecker, County Judge, was born in Peoria, May 15, 1844, and received his education in Eureka College, Eureka, 111. He came to the county in the spring of 1856, at the age of 12 years, and in 1862 settled in Pekin, where he was afterwards admitted to to the Bar, and engaged in the practice of law. In addition to the office of County Judge, Mr. Rodecker has been School Inspector for seven years. He formed the acquaintance of Miss Ida Fenner, and on June 8, 1871, was united to her by the bonds of matri- mony, and their home was brightened by one son of promise, Thaddeus, who was born June 22, 1872. Henry C. Sutton, present Circuit Clerk, has been a resident of this county since 1855 ; is a son of Samuel C. Sutton and Susan, his wife, who lived in New York city, where Henry was born Sept. 23, 1828. He has held many of the most important offices of Tazewell Co., and was Justice of the Peace for twenty years. Pie is a conscientious Christian, and member of the j\I. E. Church. Dec. 31, 1849, at Martin vi lie, Somerset Co., N. Y., he married Miss Jane McCord, and from the union sprang six children, to gladden the home and lessen the cares during the evening of their peaceful lives. George Henry Harlow, former Circuit Clerk, and now Secretary of State, was born Sept. 5, 1830, at Sacket's Harbor, Jefferson Co., N. Y., and is the son of Daniel Harlow and Mercy nee Austin. At the age of 13, he spent one year on a farm, and then engaged in a dry goods and grocery store, at Belleville, X. Y. At the age of 18 he engaged himself to Lewis Chambers, of Deer River, N. Y., to learn the carpenter's and joiner's trade. Mr. C. was a most exemplary man, and a devoted Methodist. It was his custom at morning prayers, to ask that "liberty and universal freedom might cover this land as the waters cover the great deep, and that every chain might be broken, and every slave set free." At his majority, he entered the office of O. L. Wheelock, now of Chicago, for the purpose of learning the art of designing and drafting. In March, 708 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 1854, having attained considerable proficiency as an architect, and wishing a more extended field in which to start in his chosen pro- fession, he removed to Illinois, and located in Pekin. He soon found, however, that there was little demand for fancy architecture, and was compelled to lay aside his T square and pencil, and take up his jack plane and hammer. For fifteen months he worked steadily at $1.75 per day. In 1855, accepted a position as clerk in the store of James Milner, at Pekin. Soon after entering the office of Mr. Gill, which he did in 1857, he entered into a partnership with him, to conduct a general merchandising business at Delavan. In 1858, Mr. H. began business in his own name, as a forwarding and com- mission merchant and grain buyer. He shortly afterwards associated with himself L. B. Chambers, and were doing a prosperous business, when, in 1859, they were burned out, without a dollar of insurance. The blow was a severe one, but, undaunted, the young firm rallied their energies and again established themselves. In a few months Mr. Harlow purchased his partner's interest. In politics Mr. Harlow always took an active interest, and was formerly a Whig. During the political campaign of 1858, he be- came greatly interested in building up the Republican party, and his place of business became the headquarters whence the Republi- can documents were distributed throughout Tazewell county. In 1860, he was nominated for the office of Circuit Clerk, and was elected, being the only Republican elected in the county on the ticket. One of the important events in which Mr. H. took an active part, was the organization of the '' Union League of Ameri- ca," an institution that originated in the city of Pekin, and spread with unparalleled rapidity, into every loyal State in the Union. Associated with him in this patriotic work, were the following old and well known citizens of Tazewell county : John W. Glassgow, Esq., Dr. B. A. Cheever, Hon. Chas. Turner, Hart. Montgomery, Maj. R. N. Cullom, Col. Jonathan Merriam, Capt. Henry Pratt, Alexander Small, L. F. Garrett, and Rev. J. W. M. Vernon. From this organization, on Sept. 24th, 1862, a State Council was organized, and George H. Harlow elected Grand Secretary thereof. The order grew rapidly, and in 1863 the office of the State Council was located at Springfield, where Mr. H. spent most of his time in the interest of the order, and working in conjunction with that old ( war Governor, Richard Yates, who was not only a member of the I order, but also one of the advisers and counsellors in carrying on its work. At the meeting of the 24th General Assembly, held Jan. 2, 1865, he was elected first assistant secretary of the Senate. He held this position until Jan. 17, when Governor Oglesby appointed him his private secretary. He filled this position four years, and was, at the same time, assistant inspector-general, and commissioned with rank of Colonel of the State. He accepted the position of Asst. Sec'y of State, in 1869. In April, 1872, he resigned his position at the request of Mr. Rummel, who saw, from the complimentary HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 709 notices in the papers throughout the State, that Mr, Harlow was growing in favor, and would probably be the next nominee for the office of Secretary of State. He was nominated in INIay, and one month later Mr. Rummol joined the Liberal or Democratic party, and on its ticket was nominated for the same office. The result of the election was, Mr H. defeated him by 47,942. He entered upon the duties of his office Jan. 13, 1873, and performed its duties with honor to himself and satisfaction to his constituents, as was demon- strated by his re-nomination in the convention held May 24, 1S76, and his re-election in the following November. He is a member of the Episcopal Church, and is now a vestry-man of St. Paul's Church, Springfield, and Supt. of the Sunday-school. He was married Oct. 1st, 1850, to ^liss Susan M. Baily, daughter of Hon. Samuel P. Baily, of Tazewell Co. Mrs. Harlow is a member of the Epis- copal Church. Her father was a native of Penn. He married Mary Dorsey, of Elk Ridge landing, Maryland, and shortly after moved to St. Louis, Missouri. From here he returned to Pekin, where he was for thirty years engaged in the practice of law, and occupied many positions of honor and trust. Mrs. Baily was a lady of culture and fine accomplishments, and greatly beloved by a host of friends. Mr. Harlow has had born to him seven children — George Dorsey, who died at the age of one year and four months ; Richard Austin, now twenty years of age; Bessie Baker, Georgia Clarissa, Kate Louise (who died at the age of five years), Howard Bernard (who died at the age of four years) and Susanna Baily. Thomas Cooper, County Treasurer, and a pioneer of Tazewell Co., was born Feb. 2, 1830, in Hamilton Co., Ohio, and came to this county way back in the early days of the county's history, in 1844, when but a lad of fourteen years. His parents, William and Mary (Beal) Cooper, were natives, the former of Virginia, and the latter of Pennsylvania. At the rather tender age of 19, Mr. Coo})er, in compliance with the scriptural injunction, "took unto himself a wife," and in 1849 was bound in the bonds of matrimony to Miss M. A. Strickland. Five children blessed the union. Mr. Cooper at the age of 16, enlisted in the Mexican War, in which he did gallant service, and fought under that brave old hero Gen. Winfield Scott. In January, 1879, he, as a delegate, accompanied the " Mer- chant's and Manufacturer's Industrial Deputation of the Northwest," to Mexico, thereby giving him an opportunity to see that land, where thirty-three years before he liad helped to vanquish that great Mexican chieftain, Santa Anna. A. R. Warren, M. D., Coroner of Tazewell Co., is a native of Kentucky, and was born in 1841. His father, an attorney at law and Judge of the Surrogate Court in Canada, was a man of fine legal mind, and his mother, Eliza (Bordridge) \\'arrcn, a native of Ken- tucky, was a woman of high culture and fine education. The Doctor received his medical education at the E. M. Institute, Cin- cinnati, and came to this county four years ago, where he has 710 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. established a fine practice. While engaged in the practice of his profession in Elgin, 111., he became acquainted with Miss Mary Kizer, of that city, whom he won and wed in October, 1863. He grew up in the Episcopal faith, to which he still adheres. Benjamin C. Allensworth, County Superintendent of schools, P. O., Minier; was born in Little Mackinaw township, this county, Oct. 27, 1845. He attended the public schools of his township and then entered the State Normal University, from which he graduated June, 1869, and was elected to the office he now holds at the reg- ular November election, of 1877, on the Democratic ticket. He was also elected Assessor at the April election of the present year, (1879). His parents, William P. and Arabella Allensworth, were natives of Kentucky. Supt. Allensworth is well informed on school matters having made educational questions a special study. He resides on section 3. His father, William P., was born in Mulilenburg county, Ken- tucky, Sept. 25, 1820. He came to this county in 1830, and, con- sequently, is remembered as one of the early settlers. His father's family lived at the head of Little Mackinaw timber, and Mr. Allens- worth made his permanent home in Little Mackinaw township. On the 13th of March, 1844, he was married to Miss Arabella Waggenner, who, together with seven children, three sons and four daughters, still survive his death, which occurred at Minier, the 10th of May, 1874. Politically the subject of this sketch was first a Whig, and then, to the close of his life, was identified with the Democratic party. In 1868 he was elected to the office of Circuit Clerk of Tazewell county, which position he held for four years. In his private relations he possessed qualities of heart and mind which endeared him to his family and a large circle of devoted friends. Although cut down in the prime of his manhood and use- fulness, he is kindly remembered by those who knew him best, as one who lived long by living well. A portrait of Mr. Allensworth may be found in this work. Leander King, County Surveyor ; a native of Ohio, was born in 1838. Thomas King, his father, was a Pennsylvanian, while his mother, Elizabeth Bunniuger, was born in Maryland. Mr. King early learned surveying and civil engineering, which he has followed with good success, having held the office of County Surveyor of Tazewell Co. for 10 years. He came here in 1845, when but seven years of age, and has been identified with the county since ; was a soldier in the war for the Union, serving as orderly sergeant in the 47th 111. Inf, in which he enlisted in Aug., '61, and served with credit for 3 years. Soon after the close of the war, in Jan, 'QQ, he was married to Miss Helen F. Foster. William H. Hodge. The first Sheriff and Surveyor, and one of the active men who parti(U])ated in the organization of Tazewell county, was William Herron Hodge. He has aided in organizing three counties. He was born Jan. 4, 1794, in North Carolina. He came HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 711 to Illinois in 1820, and to Bloomino; Grove, McLean county, in 1824. At that time, however, that was within the boundary of" this county. He was Sheriff, Collector and Assessor from 1827 to '31. John Bciif^on, the first County Treasurer, was born in Pennsylva- nia, March I, 1778. He came to Illinois in 1820 and in 1823 to Blooming Grove. He was in the war of 1812 and fought at Tippe- canoe under Harrison. Mr. Benson was living up to 1874, whether he has lived to see his hundredth birth-day, we do not know. Thomas Orendorf, the first Coroner of Tazewell county, was born Aug. 14, 1800, in Spartanburg, S. C. He. came with his father to Illinois in 1817 and in 1819 came to Sangamon county, which was called the Saint Gamy country, but the words were afterwards unit- ed by common usage, and became Sangamon. In 1823 he came, with his brother William, to Blooming Grove, then in Fayette county, but afterwards in Tazewell, and now in McLean, where he became a well known and respected citizen. POLITICAL HISTORY. "As early as 1821," says Nathan Dillon, in an article written several years before his death, "a few log cabins were already built in Sangamon county, which at that date embraced all the northern part of the State. The cabins were filled to overflowing with the fami- lies, the pioneers of the country, my family being among the num- ber. I was present at the election, August, 1822, held at Springfield (the election precinct extending many miles east and west, and north, to the State line), and saw all the voters who could come to vote in that wide scope of uninha))ited country. Most of the voters re- siding in the precinct attended the election, though many of them had miles of wild country to travel in order to do so. " The voters were mostly immigrants from the East and South, though a large portion of the men present were Indians and darkies, they of course not being allowed the right of suffrag(\ The voting portion of the community were then called the Yankees and white men. Three men named Kinney, Parkinson and Edwards, had a long bench ranged along side of the court-house, on which they set their liquors. The j)olls were held in the interior. We all got plenty to drink. The white men sang songs, the Indians and dark- ies danced, and a general frolic occurred ; but what has surprised me as I have reflected upon these early days, we had no fighting. The great evil was, that every candidate had to fill his jiortmanteau with whisky, and go around and see and treat every v(jter and his wife and family with the poisonous stuff, or stand a'chance of being defeated. John Reynolds was our Circuit Judge. He held his court at Springfield, in a log cabin built of round logs, the walls of which were only six feet high; it was also destitute of a floor; yet we continued to get along very well. The jury had to retire to the jail, another such building as I have described. Such are the outlines of those happy days. 712 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. " In the winter of 1 823, 1 emigrated to what is now called Dillon Settlement, in this county, 10 miles from Pekin, and 17 miles from Peoria, where I spent the season in quietude ; ray nearest neighbor living in Peoria, except one by the name of Avery, who had raised his cabin at Funk's Hill. But things did not remain in this condi- tion long ; for during the same winter the Legislature made a new county, with Peoria for the county-seat, embracing all the country north of Sangamon county. Phelps, Stephen French and myself were appointed Justices of the Peace, for the new county, which ex- tended east as far as Bloomington and north and west to the State line. We sent our summonses to Chicago and Galena, and they were promptlv returned by our constables. " March, 1824, we held an election at Avery's, Wm. Holland, Joseph Smith and myself were elected County Commissioners. The whole county was embraced in one election district. The number of votes polled was 20 ; had some whisky on the occasion, but it was well tempered, having been imported a long way by water ; and we did not succeed in getting on as great a spree as we did at Spring- field. " On the first Monday in August, 1826, an election was held at the house of Nathan Dillon. This was the year previous to the organ- ization of Tazewell county. The election was for Governor and other officials. We are not informed who received a majority of the votes nor the number polled, but the day was a gala one^ and of sufficient importance to be commemorated by a banquet. When the voting was concluded Jesse Dillon went to a neighboring corn-field and procurred an arm-full of roasting-ears, they were boiled together with a ham in a fifteen gallon iron kettle, then served to the assem- bled crowd of pioneers. This constituted an out-door feast worthy the occasion and heartily and thankfully partaken of by the people, nor do we know that whisky was served, yet we cannot say it was not. COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. George Hittle 1827—29 Benjamin Bnggs 1S27 — 30 James Latta 1827 Ephraim Stout 1828 Nathan Dillon 1829-32 Timothy B. Hoblet 1830 Isaac Baker 1830 Benjamin Briggs 1831 William Holland 1831 George Havenhill 1832 James Harvev 1832 — 34 William Brown 1832— 34 Thomas F. Raileback 1833—38 Benjamin Mitchell 1834 L. P. Fletcher 1834—36 Richard N. Cullom 1835 James Fisher 1836—39 AldenHull 1836—38 Abraham Bowman 1838 — 41 Joshua Woolev 1838—40 Robert Bradshaw 1839—42 Durrett Higgens 1840—43 Williams. Rankin 1841—47 Able Kingman 1842 — 48 Elias Ogden 1843—49 James Brovhill 1846-50 Joshua Stewart 1847—50 Lawson Holland, 1847—50 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 713 COUNTY CLERKS. Mordeoai Mobley 1827—28 John C. Morgan 1828—36 John H. Morrison 1836—47 William Cromwell. 1847—49 Richard W. Ireland 1849—53 John Gridley 1853—65 William W. Clemens 1865—69 R. D. Smith 1869-77 Flavel Shurtleff 1877 SHERIFFS. William H. Hodge 1827—30 Philip B. Mile.s 1830—32 James Srott 1832—35 Alfred Phillips 1835—36 William A. Tinney 1836—40 Benjamin Briugs 1840 — 44 Rol)ert W. Briggs 1844—48 R. T. Gill. 1848—50 William Gaither 1850—52 David Kves 1852—54 Thomas C. Reeves 1854—56 Chapman Williamson 1856 — 58 Thomas C. Reeve.s 1858—60 Chapman Williamson 18()0— 62 James S. Hawkins 1862—64 James Hamson 1864 — 66 Jonathan H. Myers 1866-68 P:dward Pratt 1868—70 Thomas C. Reeves 1870—74 Edward Pratt 1874—78 Andrew J. Kinsey 1878 STATES ATTORNEYS. Chas. Turner 1860 C. A. Roberts 1864 Chas. Parker 1868 W. F. Henry 1872 Wm. L. Prettyman 1876 COUNTY JUDGES. Joel W. Clark 1860 M. Tackaberrv 1861 Wm. Don Maus 1862 David Kyes 1865 Alfred W. Rodecker 1877 CIRCUIT CLERKS. Mordecai Moblev 1827—28 John C. Morgan 1828—34 Edward Jones. 1834 John A. Jones 1842—56 Merrill C. Young 1856—60 George H. Harlow 1860- Henry P. Finigan 1864- Wni. P. Allensworth 1868- Simeon R. Drake 1872- Henry C. Sutton 1876 COUNTY TREASURERS. John Benson 1827—29 Abraham Carlock 1829—30 Philip B. Miles 1830 Anson Demming 1830 — 32 Benj. Doolittle 1832 George W. Miles 1832—33 Thomas Snell 1833—35 Benjamin Briggs 1835 — 36 David Travis 18.36—37 Benjamin Briggs 1837—39 James Wibray 1839- A. B. Davis 1843- James R. Babcock 1849- William S. Maus 1860- Peter Weyhrich 1861- Charles Turner 1865- John Gridley 1867 Samuel E. Barber 1867- William Gaither 1869- Thomas Cooper 1873 CORONERS. Thomas OrendorfF. 1827 Thomas Dillon 1828 Nathan Dillon 1829 Timothy B. Hoblet 1830 Isaac Baker 1830 Benjamin Briggs 1831 William Holland 1831 David H. Holcomb 1831 Andrew Tharp 1832 John A. Brovhill 18.39- -42 Nathan B. Kellogg 1842—48 David Bailey 1848- Joseph B. Worley 1852- David M. Bailey 1854- William A. Tinney 1856- John Wildhack 1S60- Henry Sage 1862- William Diviney 1864- A. Culver 1868- Jf)lin M. Tinney 1872- Henry Gulon..! 1874- Albert R. Warren 1878 -64 -68 -72 -76 -43 -49 -60 -61 •65 -67 -69 -73 -52 -54 -56 -60 -62 -64 -68 -70 -74 -78 714 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. SURVEYORS. William H. Hodge 1827—31 Park Woodrow 1832 Lewis Prettyman 1833 Thomas C. Wilson 1836 Lewis Prettyman 1840 Wm. Mooberry 1843 Jesse A. Nason 1848—53 Thomas King, Jr 1853—61 Wm. R. Kellogg 1861 Wm. D. Cleveland 1863 Leander King 1865—71 B. C. Smith 1871—73 J. L. Hayward 1873—75 Leander King 1875 SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS. Lemuel Allen 1859—63 John W. Moreland 1863—65 SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS. S. K. Hatfield 1865 M. E. Pomfret 1873 B. C Allensworth 1877 ELECTION RETURNS. ELECTION NOV. 7, 1858. VOTE. CONGRESS. William Kellogg, rep 1783 James W. Davidson, dem...l860 Jacob Gale 9 ELECTION NOV. 8, 1859, SCHOOL COMMISSIONER. Lemuel Allen, rep... 460 J. C. Rybolt, ind 416 A. Lloyd, dem 151 COUNTY TREASURER. J. R. Babcock, rep 984 COUNTY SURVEY'OR. Thomas King, Jr 962 ELECTION NOV. 6, 1860. PRESIDENT. Abraham Lincoln, rep 2348 Stephen A. Douglas, dem. ..2169 John Bell, union 26 J. C. Breckenridge, dem.... 3 GOVERNOR. Richard Yates, rep 2344 J. C. Allen, dem 2186 CONGRESS. William Kellogg, rep 2.345 Robt. G. Ingersoll, dem 2184 STATES ATTORNEY. Charles Turner, rep 2347 Hugh Fullerton, dem 2190 STATE SENATOR. Henry E. Dummer, rep ..-.•2355 Benj. S. Prettyman, dem. ..2157 MAJ. 177 44 179 158 161 157 198 VOTE. MAJ. REPRESENTATIVE. David Kyes, rep 2361 191 S. R. Saltonstall, dem 2170 COUNTY JUDGE. Joel W. Clark, rep 2316 106 C. A. Roberts, dem 2210 CIRCUIT CLERK. George H. Harlow, rep 2294 60 Merrill C. Young, dem 2234 SHERIFF. Chapman Williamson, rep..2306 108 Aquilla J. Davis, dem 2198 John Shellenberger 32 CORONER. John Wildhack, rep 2265 64 William Divinney, dem 2201 ELECTION NOV. 5, 1861. COUNTY JUDGE. M. Tackaberrv, dem 1478 351 Joel W. Clark, rep 1127 COUNTY CLERK. John Gridley, dem 1249 657 I. Newkirk, rep 592 A. P. Griswold, dem 485 Charles W. Green, rep 211 H. K. Alexander, dem 74 COUNTY TREASURER. P. Weyhrich, dem 1296 J. W. Glassgow, rep 678 H. Riblet, rep 581 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY, 715 VOTE. MA.I. SCHOOL COMMISSIONER. Lemuel Allen, rep 1249 134 W. A. K. Cowdrey, dem....lll5 James K. Kellogg, rep 197 COUNTY SURVEYOR. Thomas King, Jr., rep 845 William R. Kellogg, (lem...l702 857 ELECTION NOV. 4, 1862. CONGRESS. John T. Stuart, dem 1971 339 Leonard Swet, rep 1632 ST.\TE SENATOR. Colby Knapp, dem 1972 34G S. M. Cullom, rep 1626 REPRESENTATIVE. Ellas Wenger, dem 1975 348 David Kyes, rep 1627 SHERIFF. James S. Hawkins, dem 1957 317 William Gaither, rep 1640 CORONER. Henrv Sage, dem 1990 378 John"Wildhack, rep 1612 SPECIAL ELECTION JULY 30, 1863. COUNTY JUDGE. William Don Mans, dem... 1854 221 Joel W. Clark, rep 1633 ELECTION NOV. 3, 1863. COUNTY TREASURER. Peter Weyhrich, dem 1735 227 Geo. Tomm, rep 1503 SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS. John W. Moreland, dem.... 1688 137 Josiah Wood, rep 1551 SURVEYOR. Wm. D. Cleveland, dem 1703 164 J. L. Hayward, rep 1539 ELECTION NOV., 1864. PRESIDENT. Abraham Lincoln, rep. 2147 Geo. B. MoClellan, dem 2307 160 CONGRESS. S. M. Cullom, rep 2162 John T. Stuart, dem 2302 140 STATE SENATOR. Geo. W. Minier, rep 2166 John B. Cohrs, dem 2302 136 STATES ATTORNEY. Thomas A. Carter, rep 2145 C. A. Roberts, dem 2324 179 VOTE. M.\J. REPRESENTATIVE. John Wildhack, rep 2157 S. R. Saltonstall, dem 2287 130 CIRCUIT CLERK. Geo. H. Harlow, rep 2159 H. P. Finigan, dem 2308 149 SHERIFF. AVilliam A. Ross, rep 2176 James Hamson, dem 2287 111 CORONER. Henry Riblet, rep 2139 William Divinney, dem 2329 190 ELECTION NOV. 7, 1865. COUNTY JUDGE. W. Don Maus, dem 1756 David Kyes, rep 1903 147 COUNTY CLERK. John Gridley, dem 1796 W. W. Clemens, rep 1878 82 COUNTY TREASURER. Peter AVevhrich, dem 1817 Charles Turner, rep 1842 25 SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENT. John W. Moreland, dem ...1793 S. K. Hatlield, rep 1875 82 SURVEYOR. J. M. Miller, dem 1760 Leander King, rep 1908 148 ELECTION NOV. 6, 1866. CONGRESS AT LARGE. John A. Logan, rep 2312 T. Lyle Dickey, dem 2399 87 CONGRESS. Shelby M. Cullom, rep 2.307 Edwin S. Fowler, dem 2406 99 REPRESENTATIVE. William W. Sellers, rep .....2335 S. R. Saltonstall, dem 2361 26 SHERIFF. John Reardon, rep 2295 J. H. Myers, dem 2395 100 CORONER. Richard B. Howell, rep 2302 William Divinney, dem 2392 90 ELECTION NOV. 3, 1868. PRESIDENT. U. S. Grant, rep 2728 Horatio Seymour, dem 2735 7 CONGRESS. S. M. Cullom, rep 2655 B. S. Edwards, dem 2759 104 716 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL, COUNTY. VOTE. MA.T. STATES ATTORNEY. Charles Parker, rep 2699 14 C. G. Whitney, dein 2685 STATE SENATOR. Nicholson, rep 2670 J. B. Cohrs, dem 27-16 76 REPRESENTATIVE. J. Merriam, rep 2683 S. R. Saltonstall, dem 2725 42 CIRCUIT CLERK. Eli Heiple, rep 2700 W. P. Allensworth, dem.... 2714 14 SHERIFF. John Puterbaugh, rep 2647 Edward Pratt, dem 2763 116 CORONER. A. Culver, rep 2704 46 W. A. Tinney, dem 2658 ELECTION NOV. 5, 1872. PRESIDENT. U.S. Grant, rep. 2360 268 Horace Greeley, dem 2092 Charles 0. Connor, dem 221 GOVERNOR. Richard J. Oglesby, rep 2346 168 Gustavus Koerner, dem 2178 Benjamin G. Wright, dem.. 247 CONGRESS. JohnMcNulta, rep 2350 203 Clifton H. Moore, lib 2147 S. S. Seeds, dem 285 STATE SENATOR. Aaron B. Nicholson, rep.. ..2365 212 Edmond Syrich, Ub 2153 Ezra Davis, dem 284 STATES ATTORNEY. W. F. Henry, rep 2386 246 A. W. Rodecker, lib 2140 Benj. F. Baker, dem 233 REPRESENTATIVE. Herman W. Snow, rep 3677 Peter J. Hames 3315 Laban M. Stroud 3134 Jacob W. Noel 2782J John N. Snedeker 1236 CIRCUIT CLERK. Simon R. Drake, rep 2372 120 Samuel G. Puterbaugh, lib.2252 Wm. P. Latham, dem 217 SHERIFF. T. C. Reeves, rep ..2545 604 J. S. Briggs, lib 1941 Wm. Knott, dem 262 VOTE. MAJ. CORONER. John M. Tinney, rep 2530 643 James Milner, lib 1887 Lyman Evans, dem 264 ELECTION NOV. 4, 1873. COUNTY JUDGE. David Kyes, dem 2055 991 J. W. Glassgow, rep 1064 COUNTY CLERK. James Claton, dem 1276 R. D. Smith, rep 1799 520 COUNTY TREASURER. Thomas Cooper, dem 1649 205 Thomas J. Brown, rep 1444 SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENT. M. E. Pomfret, dem 1853 825 Miss Mary Fuller, rep 1028 ELECTION NOV. 3, 1874. CONGRESS. John McNulta, rep 1834 A. E. Stevenson, dem 2210 376 STATE SENATOR. James W. Robison, rep 1376 D. G. A. Railsback, dem 1640 264 J. H. Anthony, ind 1008 REPRESENTATIVE. H. L. Sill, dem 4606| Richard Holmes, rep 5986 G. W. Middlecoff, dem 1016J Thomas Windle, dem 440^ R. A. Talbot, rep 29 SHERIFF. Edw^ard Pratt, dem 2307 529 William Cobean, rep 1778 CORONER. Hiram Vandervoort, rep.. ..1879 Henry Gulon, dem 2261 382 ELECTION NOV. 2, 1875. TREASURER. Thomas Cooper, dem 1794 700 John F. Beezley, rep 1094 SURVEYOR. Leander King, dem 1728 627 J. L. Hayward 1101 ELECTION NOV. 7, 1876. PRESIDENT. R. B. Haves, rep 2850 S. J. Tilden, dem 3174 316 CONGRESS. Adlai E. Stevenson, dem ...3247 412 Thomas F. Tipton, rep 2835 HISTORY OF TAZEWF:LL COUNTY. 717 VOTE, MA J, BOARD OF EQUALIZATION. John H. Anthony, rep 2800 W. Don M;ius, dein ;n42 246 REPRESENTATIVE. D. C. Smith, rep 84G4i C. A. Moore, dem 9514.^ Thomas Wemlle, dem lOS' STATES ATTORNEY. W. F. Henry, rep 2832 W. L. Prettyman, dem 3215 383 CIRCUIT CLERK. R. R. Drake, rep 2962 H. C. Sutton, dem 3091 129 SHERIFF. PhilHp, rep 2774 Edward Pratt, dem 3289 515 CORONER. Jacob Mueller, rep 2837 Henry Gulon, dem 3219 382 ELECTION NOV. 6, 1877. COUNTY JUDGE. Wilbur F. Henry, rep 1400 Alfred W. Rodecker, dem... 1961 561 David Kyes, ind 1050 COUNTY CLERK. Flavel Shurtleff, dem 2151 204 Simeon R. Drake, rep 1953 WelUngton King, greenb'k 301 A'OTE. MAJ. COUNTY TREASURER. Thomas Cooper, dem 2477 927 Will. Moorhead, rep 1550 Wm. P. Latham, greenb'k.. 374 SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENT. B. C. Allensworth, dem 2236 425 Josiah P. Wood, rep 1811 Daniel S. Elliott, greenb'k.. 373 ELECTION NOV. 5, 1878. STATE SENATOR. Abrani Mayfield, dem 2380 282 James W. Robison, rep 2098 George W. Minier 503 REPRESENTATIVE. Green P. Orendorfl; dem ...3533^ Wm. R. Hall, dem 3858^ Josiah Snyder, rep 6185 Chas. C. Brackett 1409J SHERIFF. Andrew J. Kinsey, dem 2340 298 Wm. Cobean, rep 2042 N. F. Smith 539 CORONER. Albert R. Warren, dem 2340 203 Robert D. Bradley 2137 Chas. E. Hayward 466 H. J. Puterbaugh 64 CHAPTER XV. THE PRESS. The printing-press is everywhere recognized as one of the most important factors in shaping and moulding the character and destiny of communities, and, perhaps, among the least appreciated by the people called upon to sustain it. Printing presses are continually at work in many towns of this county preparing the news aud gen- eral information to be circulated in almost every home in the county, and then almost every train that crosses the borders of the county carries the newspapers fresh from the press. Contrast this state of affairs with that of half century ago when the pioneer came to found homes. They had no local weekly, no steam-engine to bring in foreign papers, yet damp from the press, but, in- stead, the mail boy at long intervals would bring a paper or two, some religious paper or Eastern journal, into the neighoorhood. This supplied all the news for the entire settlement. At the present there are nine regular publications in this county. During the year from the time the first paper was struck off till 1879, the newspaper enterprises have been numerous, and the number of editors counted by the score. Among the gentlemen who drove the quill for these publications, were some talented, graphic and cultured writers, some of whom wielded a salutary influ- ence in the county, while others won reputations not enviable. The editorial staff of the various papers represent pleasant, forcible and pointed writers and advocate their various theories, principles and political views with much ability and effect. PEKIN TIMES. The Times is one of the leading journals of Central Illinois, and, indeed, takes rank with the larger and more prosperous papers of the Northwest. It is uncompromisingly Democrat in politics. In its management is displayed considerable enterprise, tact, energy, and superior business ability. Its editorials are able, and its local columns are generally full, well arranged, and embrace all the hap- penings of the city, and, indeed, of the entire county. Its list of regular correspondents in various parts of the county contribute well-prepared articles of the news of their district each week. The -drffp^5^^*^«=sto. EDITOR PEHIN TIMES HISTORY OP TAZEAVELL COUNTY. 721 Times' office is furnished with the best material and presses, and for mechanical execution, the work turned from it will compare favor- ably with that of the largest printing establishments in the West. The foreman and men of this department are fine executors of the art. The general office is provided with a library, and the sanctum sa)ictorum, the place where ye editor sits in his easy chair, is not only finely fitted and furnished, but elegantly so, and for an equal we must go to some of the largest establishments in the State. The Pekin Times is the oldest paper in the county, and we labored quite assiduously for weeks to get its early history, and only par- tially succeeded. In 1850, the only newspaper published in the county was the Tazewell County Mirror. It was published by John Smith, who at present resides at Princeton, where he is pub- lishing a paper. It was Whig in politics. In the fall of 1850, a Democratic paper, the Pekin Weekly Reveille, was started by James Shoaf and E. S. Rogers. The former subsequently won great reputation as a newspaper man, at Decatur. He died some years ago. The latter was a lawyer, and at present lives at Omaha, Neb. They sold to J. C. Thompson in 1851. He was a young lawyer from Ohio, went to Kansas, in 1854, and died. He published the Reveille until the winter of 1853 and '54, when he sold to Merrill C. Young, who, also, in the fall of 1854, bought the Mirror, and consolidated them, and called it the Pekin Weekly Plaindealer. This paper was published by Young & Underwood. It was inde- pendent or neutral in politics, with Democratic tendencies. These gentlemen ran it till the fall of 1856, when Young was elected Cir- cuit Clerk and Underwood moved to Charleston, 111., where he is own running a paper. During the winter of 1856 Young sold to Thos. J. Pickett. He had published the Palladium here in 1840, and in 1838 the first paper was started by Jesse Nason. Pickett turned the Plaindealer into the Register, a paper whicih enjoyed a long and varied run. It was independent with Republican tendencies. In the spring of 1858, about the time the Lincoln and Douglas Senatorial campaign began, John McDonald bought it and pub- lished it as a Democratic paper. He ran it till 1868, when Wm. T. Meads bought it and conducted it till 1872. B. C. AUensworth then went in partnership with him. Then John Mounts went in with AUensworth. He now publishes the Havana Democrat. They ran the Register a while, then AUensworth drew out and Mounts ran it until it failed, when it fell into the hands of Wm. P. AUensworth. It did not appear for a while in 1873, when a man named Wilkes got hold of it and ran it till Oct., '73. Then \V. T. Dowdall and J. B. Irwin, of Peoria, became its possessors, when it was christened the Pekin Times. Irwin soon bought Dowdall out, and by untiring energy and rare business tact, built up a larger circulation than it ever enjoyed before. In July, 1877, Geo. E. Schaumleffle pur- chased a third interest of the paper, and the firm name is now J. B. Irwin & Co. 43 722 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Joseph B. Irwin was born in Circlevillo, Ohio, Oct. 11, 1849. His parents, John E. and Catharine (Tobias) Irwin, were natives of Pennsylvania. Mr. Irwin passed his boyhood days in his native town and attended the common schools and Circleville Academy, where he received a good education. In January, 1872, he was united in marriage with Inez M. Fifee. They have had born to them two children, neither of whom are now living. Before leav- ing the Buckeye State Mr. Irwin held the position of City Clerk of Portsmouth for one year, and since residing in Pekin has been School Inspector for three years. He came from Portsmouth, O., to Peoria and engaged in the printing business on the Peoria Democrat. In 1873 he came to Pekin and in company with W. T. Dowdall, of Peoria, purchased the effects of the Pekin Register of W. P. Aliens- worth and started the Pekin Times. When he first issued the Times there was no subscription list, the paper had changed hands often, its reputation was gone and everything was discouraging, but by much hard work, perseverance and both business and editorial ability he has placed the Times on a solid financial basis, and as a news and literary production ranks among the leading weeklies of the Northwest. We give his portrait in this volume. George E. Schaumleffle, junior member of the firm of J. B. Irwin & Co., and the literary man of the' Times, was born in Pekin, 111., March 1, 1854. His parents are P. and Lizzie (Volk) Shaumleffle, the former a native of Bavaria, the latter of Hess Darmstadt, Ger- many. George attended the public schools of Pekin and at six- teen entered the printing office, the best of all schools. July 28, 1877, he bought an interest of the Times and since has conducted its columns with marked ability. During the two years preceeding he was local editor of this paper. As a writer Mr. S. is forcible and pleasing. His editorials show him to have a thorough knowledge of the great questions of the day ; his local squibs are full of life and often smack with a high order of humor. He is young, a hard worker and close student, and we predict for him a bright future should his editorial career continue until he reaches the prime of life. A paper in the hands and under the control of men of such business ability, tact, foresight and able writers, as J. B. Irwin and George E. Schaumleffle, is sure to be a success. THE TAZEWELL COUNTY REPUBLICAN. The history of the Republican and its predecessors dates back to some time in the year 1836, but the destruction of the files, which contained a succinct compilation of its history, were destroyed by fire, May 9, 1875, therefore, all that can be given is what the biog- raphers have been able to secure through individual recollections up to the year 1863, to-wit : In the month of October, 1848, the Taze- well Mirror was purchased from John S. Lawrence by John Smith, HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY, 723 now of Princeton, 111, In 1850 Smith sold to Bernard Bailey, but repurchased the Mirror in 1851 in company with Adam Henderson. Henderson remained a member of the firm but six months, when John Smith became sole publisher and proprietor. In 1855 Smith moved the material of the office to Toulon, Stark county. Thomas Pickett, after the removal of Smith, procured a comjilete outfit and revived the paper but called it the Tazewell County Mirror. In 1860, at the commencement of the famous Lincoln and Douglas campaign for the Presidency, the Republican party had no organ in Pekin. The leaders here foresaw a fierce contest would be made between the two great political parties of the nation and desired the principles of their party to be set forth to this people. Accord- ingly, John Smith, the same gentleman who published the 3Hrror, came back to Pekin, bought out the Mirror and started the Bepuhli- can. A paper which has wielded influence and power for its party principles that has been felt throughout Central Illinois. Some of the ablest writers known to the State have conducted its columns. Smith ran the Republican till 1862. Shortly before this Hezekiah Naylor and O. White started the Patriot, which had a short unsuc- cessful run, when it failed, and in 1862 Hart Montgomery went in with Naylor and bought the Republican from Smith. They pub- lished it until Wm. W. Sellers got a hold ot it, in 1863 or '64. He made it a red-hot Republican organ and one of the best papers published in the Northwest. He was a shrewd able writer and could turn the English language into a two-edged sword Avhen in a wordy conflict with an opj)oncnt. He conducted it until his death, which occurred Dec. 15, 1872. It was then conducted by his administrators for a short time, when Jacob P. Riblett and Wm. H. Bates purchased it. They conducted it jointly for three months when Bates withdrew. In 1874, D. W. Lusk bought Rib- lett out and remained its proprietor until Nov. 3, 1876, when Bates again became its owner. He remained at the helm until Feb. 14, 1879, when Joseph B. Bates, of the Lincoln, 111., Bejmblican, pur- chased it, and is its present editor and proprietor. Mr. Bates is a man of more than ordinary ability, and thoroughly understands the management of a paper, to make it a real family journal. His locals are fresh, short, and to the point; his editorials prove him to be thoroughly versed in the civil, political and domestic economy of our times and country. As a party advocate, he is temperate, yet forcible and convincing, and will wield an influence in the county that will be felt and recognized. W. A. Wildhack, city editor, is a son of one of the early pioneers and prominent men of this county, John Wildhack. He is a wide- awake, able young man, a just and graphic writer, and the columns under his management arc full, interesting and gives credit to both himself and the paper, 724 HISTOKY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. THE WASHINGTON HERALD. The Washington Herald was established in July, 1868, by Thomas Handsaker, its present editor and proprietor, and is one of the best local and family newspapers in Central Illinois. In addi- tion to the newspaper department, it has a most excellent book and job printing department. At one time in Mr. H's career he could have bought every article of printing material in the county for the small sum of $500. To-day he is the publisher of one of the fore- most of the nine newspapers published in the county. Washington had a newspaper as far back as 1853. Mr. A. A. Couch, in connec- tion with Albert Parker, both gentlemen from Peoria, started the Washington Investigator, which, after a life of two years, suc- cumbed, like thousands of others, to the inevitable. For ten years the town was without a paper, when an adventurer came in with type and press, and issued a paper, the name of which is now for- gotten, canvassed the country thoroughly, received many advance subscriptions, after which, like the Turk, " he silently folded his tent and quietly stole away" in the night, leaving a huge obstacle in the way of any one who might come after him to surmount. Not- withstanding the above tacts, and being almost a stranger^ to the business community of AVashington, Mr. H. came on with his printing material, and went to work, asking no aid of any one, and no pay ibr work until it was finished, and that, too, satisfactorily, and by constant and indefatigable labor, he has established The Herald Printing House on a firm, paying basis, and has^ the confi- dence of the business men of the city, and the farmers of the entire surrounding country. Mr. H. is progressive in his nature, and is adding to his establishment the new and latest styles of type for the convenience of his numerous customers as his means will permit, or the business justify, and on July 1st, 1879, the commencement of the twelfth volume"' of the Herald, if life and health are spared to him, his paper will ai)pear in an entire new dress. The Herald has always been noted and has become popular from the simple reason that its chief aim has been to protect and build up the business of the town, and although its columns are open to advertisers from all sections, it never solicits advertising away from home, knowing that the business men of Washington can do as well by their patrons as those of other places, and much preferring that they should do the business of this section. This fact alone, should induce the business portion of Washington to give all their advertising and printing to the Herald, wliich has always stood manfully by them in the past and expects to in the future. Thomas Handsaker. — The founder and at present the editor and publisher of the Washington Herald, and the oldest resident printer in Tazewell Co., was born in the city of Derby, England, Feb. 2, 1837, and emigrated with his parents 'to the United States in 1844, HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 725 arriving in Alton, 111., in June of that year. In the fall of 1846 he entered as an apprentice on the Alton Daily Telegmph, then edited and published by the late Judge Bailache, in which office he worked a little over two years, but the labor proving too heavy for his phys- ical ability, he was given an honorable discharge and a new position secured him by his employers upon a paper about to be started in Carlinville, 111. At the age of 12 years he went to Carlinville, un- packed and laid the type in the cases and set up the Washington hand-press and had it in readiness for work one week before the foreman, N. J. Howe, of Lockport, New York, but then engaged upon the St. Louis Republican, arrived to take charge of the office. Hon, Jeff L. Dugger was the editor and proprietor of the paper, which, by the way, was called the jNIacoupin Statesman, and upon the arrival of the foreman, he found the first number of the paper set up, proved and corrected, all ready to go to press, and all this mechanical work had been done by Handsaker, who was known by the cognomen of the "Boy Printer," and to this day he feels a just pride in the fact that he laid the first office and set the first type that was ever set in "the State of Macoupin, " and refers to ex-Gov- ernor Jno. M. Palmer, then a leading lawyer in Carlinville, for the correctness of this assertion. Serving out his time upon the States- man, he went to Sj^ringfield, where he worked one winter upon the State printing, and from there found himself 'next in Chicago, where he worked for Long John Wentworth, on blank work ; Langdon & Rounds, book and job printers; and was for a time, in the Demo- cratic Press job room. In September, 1 852, he arrived in Pekin, Tazewell county, Illinois, on his way to New Orleans, but be- ing prevailed upon by N. J. Howe, his former foreman and chum in Carlinville, whom he found foreman of the Pekin Weekly Plaindealer, Merill C. Young, editor and publisher, he went to work, and remained until the winter, when he went to Peoria, and during the Crimean war was an attache of the Peoria Morn- ing News, and for several months he occupied the position of fore- man. He again went to Chicago, where he was engaged in the Democratic Press job rooms when the Pres=, and Chicago Tribune were consolidated, and being thrown out of a job, he took himself to Cincinnati, where he got cases on the Cincinnati Gazette before he had been in the city an hour. Giving up working on a morning paper, he secured a permanent i^osition in the book office of ^Nloon, Wildstack, Keys & Overend, tlie largest book ])ublishing house in the West at that time, which posjtion he held for several months. In all his wanderings he did not forget the " Prairie State, " and which, no doubt, contained more than one object of attraction of more than ordinary magnetic power, so lie found himself, in August, 1855, foreman of the Atlanta (Logan county, Illinois) Forum, edited and published by Samuel B. Dugger, Esq. While engaged in this office he married Miss Aminda A. Clifton, in Pekin, October 4, 1855, and remained on the Forum until the spring of 1856, when 726 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. he returned again to Pekin. In the fall of 1856, he again took cases in Peoria, where he remained until the late John McDonald started the Tazewell Register, in Pekin, when he accompanied him, and occupied the position of foreman for eight years. In July, 1868, Mr. H., came to Washington and built up the Washington Herald upon the ashes of two defunct predecessors, and nothwithstanding the head-shaking and croakings about being able to make a paper pay, he still lives, and has as good a lease of life and prospect of an honorable and glorious future as many of his younger cotemporaries Mr. H., can truthfully be said to be a self-made man, having secur- ed the limited education which he possesses while making the nec- essaries of life. His preceptors in the "Art Preservative" have all passed away, while the larger part of his companions and fellow- workmen of his youth have succumbed to the ravages of time, or are scattered and lost — but not forgotten. The limited space allot- ted to this sketch must necessarilly cut out some reminiscences that might be interesting to the general reader, but we must close with one, which is nothing more nor less than that during Mr. H's., ca- reer as a printer, Tazewell county has seen the day when he could have been the possessor of every bit of printing material and the publisher of the only paper if he had only possessed shekels enough to figure $500. What a change twenty years has made in the print- ing business in this county, which has now within its borders nine weekly newspapers, which cost at least $25,000 to establish. DELAVAN ADVEETISER. This has the honor of being the first paper started in Delavan. The first issue was submitted to public gaze in 1868, C. R. Fisk being its publisher. It was independent in its political expressions. This journal received a severe blow in December, 1869, when Mr. Fisk died. Its publication ceased for a time, but ere long the pres- ent editor and publisher, Mr. Jno. Culbertson, became its possessor, and since which time it has, notwithstanding its ups oud downs, assumed an enviable position among the local newspapers of Central Illinois. Mr. Culbertson took charge of it in April, 1870, and during the memorable Presidential campaign of 1872, it was the only straight Democratic paper published in the State. It then supported Charles O'Connor for President, and with considerable energy and ability. Since under its present management, it has been conducted on straight Democratic principles. The Advertiser is an eight column folio, neatly printed, ably edit- ed and a good circulation. Its advertising department is well sus- tained by the business men of Delavan, which, we might remark, shows them to be sagacious, wide-awake business men, and also is the best of evidence that the Advertiser is appreciated by the bet- ter class of the community. John Culbertson, the editor of this journal, was born in Muskin- gum county, Ohio, July 23, 1837. He is the son of John and Ann HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 727 M. (Beavers) Culbertson. He was united in marriage with Miss Sarah E. Morris, on the 31st of October, 1861. The union has been blessed with five children, three of whom are now living — Celia B., Ella A., and Sarah A. Mr. Culbertson enjoyed only the advantages of a common school education, yet he has taken ad- vantage of the practical schooling received in the printing office. He learned the trade of printing in the office of the Zanesville Aurora, and then worked for about six years in the Cincinnati Commercial office. After leaving that office, he engaged in farming, and then embarked in the mercantile business, in Muskingum Co., O., where he remained until 1870, when he came to Delavan and bought the Advertiser, which he has established on a paying basis, with a fair prospect for the future. THE MINIER NEWS. The Minier News was established in September, 1875, by Geo. L. Shoals, its publisher and proprietor. Mr. Horace Crihfield has been its local editor, with the exception of a few weeks, since the first issue. The News is an eight-page, forty-column paper, neutral in politics, and devoted largely to local interests. It is published every Saturday morning, at |1.50 a year, and has a good circulation. Horace Crihfield, the local editor of the News, was born at Atlanta, Logan Co., 111., May 13, 1856. He attended the common and high schools of his native town, at which, together with the printing office, he has acquired a good education. He is a plain, pleasing, yet forcible writer, and conducts his department of the News with satisfaction to the public. He was united with Emily C. Arnold, in marriage, Oct, 2, 1878. Politically, Mr. C. stands upon the Republican platform. DELAVAN TIMES. The Delavan Times first greeted its readers Sept. 5, 1874. This publication is a happy illustration of the success ever attending pluck and editorial ability. Its editor, Mr. Joe Reed, started the concern largely on " wind." He had no means, and but little in- fluence. By dint of persistent effi)rt, he establislied sufficient credit to get together some material and issue a paper. Tlie first number reached but one bona fide subscriber. Mr. Reed worked off his edition and waited for patronage. It failed to come, and continued discouragements seemed to doom the enterprise to an early death. After waiting for a few weeks he put the subscri]ition price down to a nominal figure on three month's subscription, and inaugurated a fearless, pithy and outspoken editorial tone, which has characterized the policy of the Times ever since. From that day the paper has been a pronounced success, and noted fi)r its pungent editorial com- ments on matters of local and public interest. Politically the Times 728 HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. is Independent Republican. It is by no means a party paper, and sometimes opposes Republican candidates. It is opposed to liquor license, but is neither bound or influenced by any temperance organ- ization, and is strongly in favor of individual freedom, as applied to the use of ardent spirits. In short, the Times is a don't-care-a-cent kind of a sheet, and favors or opposes men and measures with a supreme disregard of financial or other results. It is now liberally patronized, has a handsome circulation, a Avell-stocked oflice, and free from incumbrance. Its proprietor is the editor, who is assisted by correspondents and reporters unknown to the public. Mr. Reed is a young married man, intelligent and red-headed. He has lots of enemies and lots of friends, but seeks not the latter, and cares nothing for the former. TAZEWELL INDEPENDENT. The first number of this excellent paper, which is published at Washington, appeared Friday, Nov. 24, 1876. It was founded by its present editor, H. A. Pallister, and George N. Bondurant. These gentlemen had considerable experience in the world, practi- cal knowledge of the art, and possessed more than ordinary ability, which, backed by energy and moral tone, gave this journal an impe- tus, from the start, such as few papers have enjoyed. We do not mean to convey the idea, however, that it has not had obstacles to surmount ; the various difficulties incident to the establishment of a new enterprise, especially that of the newspaper, has attended it, but with strong faith in ultimate success, its editors struggled on and succeeded, even in so short a time, in placing it upon a firm founda- tion. On the 16th of March, 1877, H. A. Pallister purchased Mr. Bondurant's interest in the paper, and remained sole editor. At present it is owned by Mr. Pallister and E. E. Heiple. The latter bought an interest in the concern at the beginning of the present volume, which was Nov. 21, 1878. At that time the publication day was changed from Friday to Thursday. Mr. Pallister, however, has sole editorial management. It is strictly non-partisan and unsec- tarian in its principles, thus not binding its editor to party or sect, but leaving him free to endorse and impartially advocate such meas- ures as are of greatest public weal. Price, per year, $1.50. H. A. Pallister was born in Liverpool, Eng., May 19, 1843. He attended the common schools of that country, and was apprenticed to learn the "art preservative." For seven years he served in the job office of the Leeds Mercury, a journal published at Leeds, York- shire, Eng., and one of the largest and most widely circulated dai- lies in the north of England. At the close of his apprenticeship, desiring to embark in life in the New World, he crossed the ocean, and, after a safe voyage, landed in New York city. He remained in that metropolis for a year, during which time he worked at his trade. Desiring to further cultivate his mind, he entered Bethany HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 729 College, Bethany, AVest Ya., one of the best institutions of learning in our country. At that time it had a corps of professors second to no other college in the United States. Here he spent three vears, taking a regular classical course. At the close of his term at Beth- any, he returned to his native country on a visit. After spending four months amid the scenes of his boyhood-life, he came back to this country, when he was married, in Guernsey Co., O. Not long after this important event of his life he was ordained a minister of the Christian Church, and began earnestly laboring to save the souls of his fellow men. His first charge in his new profession was at McArthur, O., where three years were spent proclaiming the Gos- pel, which was attended with great success. He next located at Canton, O., then at Wheeling, W. Ya. From there he was called to the Christian Church at Mackinaw, this county. After laboring in that portion of the Lord's vineyard for about eighteen months, and very acceptably to the entire community, he came to AVashiug- ton, where he changed the pulpit for the editorial chair, which he fills with ability. As a Avriter he is clear, lucid and forcible, and as a citizen we believe he holds the respect and esteem of all who know him. LEGAL TENDER. The first number of the Legal Tender appeared on Dec. 20, 1877, and was a perfect surprise to almost every body. It was a seven- column folio, and was published in the interests of the Greenback Labor party. It was started by B. S. Heath & Co., with B. S. Heath as editor and manager, and J. H, Randall as associate editor. Both of these gentlemen were easy vigorous writers, and handled the subject of financial refi)rm with a zeal and energy beyond com- parison. The paper quickly attained a reputation as one of the leading organs of the Greenback Labor party in the United States, and its subscription list and advertising patronage assumed quite liealthy proportions. But Col. Heath, notwithstanding his abilitv as an editor, was a failure as a business manager, and could not make both ends meet, and on July 17, 1878, he shook the dust of Pekin from his feet, and the Legal Tender passed into the hands of Frank M. Cassel and James Yogan, under the firm name of Casscl & Yogan. From this time the paper gradually declined, as neither Cassel or Yogan were familiar to the business or editorial manage- ment of a newspaper. On December 18, 1878, Yogan retired from the paper, and it was conducted by Cassel alone until Feb. 1, 1879, when James Whitfield joined hands with Cassel, under the firm name of Cassel tt Whitfield, and the Legal Tender once more as- sumed the appearance of a newspaper, and again became popular. On the 1st of May, 1879, Frank M. Cassel retired, and the paper passed into the hands of Whitfield Bros., James and Herbert, who now control it. It is one of the best papers published in Tazewell county, and is eagerly sought after by the reading public. Its 730 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. editors are both young men, but have had many years experience in the field of journalism, especially in this county. James Whitfield, the senior member of the firm, was born in Staifordshire, England, June 27, 1855, and came to this country with his parents and brother in 1870, and first embarked in the printing business under that old Republican champion, W. W. Sellers, publisher of the Tazewell County Republican, in 1870, and continued in the employ of that paper, except at short intervals, until he took hold of the Legal Tender. He was for several years city editor of the Tazewell Republican, and regarded as an able and forcible writer ; energetic, and ever on the alert for items of interest for his department. His brother and partner, Herbert, is nearly two years younger, and is also a practical printer of many years experience, and considered a good writer. The Legal Tender is now a prosperous newspaper, and is, under its present management, rapidly gaining popularity. The Whitfield Bros, have also a job printing establishment in connection with the paper, and the work they turn out is second to none in Central Illinois. FREIE PRESSE. No less than five different German weekly newspapers have, at different times and at short intervals, been established here, none of which withstood the storms of adversity and the trials incident to the hard pathway of newspaper existence more than from six months to two years. The causes for these repeated disasters may perhaps be justly ascribed to the German public as well as to the respective publishers, the former perhaps forget that the mission of the press is to instruct the people, and not to he forced by the people into princi- ples against a better conviction of right — while the latter may also have erred, in forgetting tiiat it is also the mission of the press to follow public sentiment rather than to attempt to drive the masses. Another fault of the former German publishers, who have failed in their attempts to establish a German press in this county, was that they were in part exiles and refugees, who had fled from the iron-rule of a Monarch across the ocean. They were men of learning and ex- cellent abilities in other vocations ; men who hated despotism and oppression, but who, in a measure at least, misconceived the Ameri- can ideas of liberty and equality ; they no doubt lacked that " Help yourself" qualification which is so essential, especially in the succes- •ful management of a newspaper. The first German paper was established in 1852 by L. Reitzen- stine, and was called Der Wachteram Illinois. It existed only about six months. The next was started by Koeber & Lohman in 1854. The name of this we could not ascertain. It afterwards passed into the hands of Mr. Lugans, but lived only a short time. The next German weekly was started by Julius Myerpefer, in the fall of 1867, HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 731 called the Freie Presse. It was printed in Peoria and was in reality only an anxilliary to a German daily published there. In the spring of 1868 it passed into the hands of Mr. Luntz, but survived only a few months. In the spring of 1870 Theo. Falk established Dcr In- dipendent, which, for a time, flourished, but after a very brief period of prosperity passed into the hands of Henry Fuss, but soon follow- ed the way of its predecessors. This brings us down to the period when the present popular Ger- man paper, the Freie Presse, first made its appearance. We might state right here, that unlike those that have gone before it, the Freie Presse has continued to grow in standing, ]>opularity and real merit since its incipieucy. Its editor, John W. Hotfman, has labored assiduously and with ability to make it what the large, intellectual and cultured German element of the county demand — a first-class literary, newsy journal. His earnest labors have been appreciated to a very great extent, and the paper can now boast of a larger circula- tion than any of its predecessors. The paper made its bow to the public June 15, 1876, as a seven-column folio. The impression made on the minds of its German friends and the business men was so favorable that in order to have space for all matter and advertise- ments it was enlarged to eight columns the very next issue. The mechanical work of the paper is in every way in keeping with the age of fine printing. John W. Hoffman, the editor of the Freie Presse and City Clerk of Pekin, was born in Dayton, O., Jan. 18, 1846. He is the sou of John and Maria M. (Kock) Hoffman, native Germans. John attended the common schools and then entered Hamlin University, Red Wing, Minn., and then took a commercial course at Chicago. In that city he embarked in mercantile business, which after a time he exchanged for the position of reporter on the Evening Journal and subsequently for a German commercial paper. In April, 1876, came to Pekin and established the Presse as an independent political paper. His personal poj)ularity led his friends to have him run for the office of City Clerk at the last election and he won a victory over his opponent. June 7, 1870, he was married to Emeline Wehrli, daughter of Rudolph Wehrli, an old and respected citizen of Chicago. They have three children — Ada Louisa, born March 2, 1871 ; Charles "a., May 8, '73, and Florence Gertrude, July 27, 76. We give the portrait of Mr. H. in this volume. '7 CHAPTER XVI. RAILROADS. INDIANAPOLIS, BLOOMINGTON & WESTERN RAILWAY. Among the very first charters granted to railroads, perhaps the second one, by the State of Illinois, was the one granted to the Pekin & Tremont Railroad. This company was incorporated by the Legislature, Jan. 13, 1835. Madison Allen, Harlan Hatch, J. L. James, John H. Harris, George W. Brodrick and Aronet Richmond were constituted a body corporate, with capital stock of $50,000, for the purpose of building said road. It ran, according to the charter, from Pekin to Tremont, in this county. The company was given the power "to erect and maintain toll houses along the line." The road bed was graded and track partially laid, but the hard times of 1837 and the failure of the grand internal improve- ment scheme of the State put a stop to further progress on the P. & T. road. About a year after the P. & T. road was chartered a grander scheme was undertaken, and the Legislature incorporated the Pekin, Bloomington & Wabash Railroad, Feb. 16, 1836. This was a continuation eastward of the P. & T. road. Considerable en- thusiasm was at first manifested in regard to the matter, but, like many other railroad schemes, it was never carried out. Years passed by, and the work accomplished along the route left to ruin. Nothing definitely was further done until June 26, 1866, when fifteen or twenty persons met in the court-house at Urbana, Champaign county. 111., for the purpose of taking steps to secure the construction of a railroad from Danville to the Illinois river. Very little was done at this meeting, the parties present merely exchanged views and adjourned to meet Aug. 7, at LeRoy, McLean county. The meeting was held there and largely attended, but no definite action was taken, and it adjourned to meet on the 24th of the same month. The enterprise was then fully discussed by the newspapers, and when the time for the meeting came, some opposi- tion to the road was manifested. It was a matter of some dfficulty to effect an organization, nevertheless it was done under the general railroad law of the State. But after some delay the towns along the line subscribed the required amount. The road proposed was 116 miles in length, and the subscriptions amounted to $116,000. The route selected was, so far as they went, over the P. & T. and the P., B. & W. Railroads. The company immediately selected HISTOEY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 733 officers, making C. R. Griggs, President; W. T. McCord, Vice President and Dr. Henry Conklin, Secretary. The road was then named the Danville, Urbana, Bloomington & Pekin Railroad. The charter was adopted by the company at a meeting held at Pekin, March 27, 1867. Commissioners were immediately appoint- ed to secure the right of way and push the work. Steps were taken to secure subscriptions. Most of the cities and towns answered the call and subscribed to the stock to the amount of |85(),0()0. The road had three divisions, the western extending from Blooming- ton to Pekin, Work on the road was commenced Oct. 1, 1867, and the last rail laid at Bloomington May 1, 1870. While this road was being built, another road was projected from Indianapolis to Danville, known as the Indianapolis, Crawfordsville ct Danville R. R., and in August, 1869, the two roads were consolidated under the name of Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western R. R., extend- ing from Indianapolis to Pekin, a distance of 202 miles. Since then the road has been extended from Pekin to Peoria. THE PEORIA, PEKIN & JACKSONVILLE RAILROAD is 83 miles long, passing through the county-seats of Tazewell, Mason and Cass counties, and extending from Peoria to Jackson- ville. That portion of its line from Pekin to Virginia Avas con- structed in the years 1858 and 1859 under the charter of the Illinois River Railroad Company, Richard S. Thomas, of Virginia, being its President, and Benjamin S. Prettyman, of Pekin, its Vice Presi- dent. Its Directors in 1857 were Wm. Thomas, of Jacksonville, R. S. Thomas, of Cass county, J. S. Ruggles, of Bath, Francis Low, of Havana, and Joshua Wagonseller, of Pekin. Its Treasurer, James H. Hole, of Havana, who was afterwards succeeded by Francis Low. Its Secretary, Dr. H. M. L. Sehooley. The first Chief En- gineer of the road w^as W. G. Wheaton, who located the line. His successors were J. C. Chesbrough, J. B. Cummings, and Thomas King, in the order of their names. Dr. Charles Chandler, the founder of Chandlerville, afterwards became a Director, and ren- dered important aid in the construction of the road. In 1862 the Illinois River Railroad Co. had exhausted its assets, and steps were taken to foreclose the road upon its issue of 1 1,020, 000 first mortgage bonds, which had been used in jMirchasing the track-iron. At the foreclosure sale on the 1st day of October, 1863, the property was purchased by John Allen, of Old Saybrook, Conn, on behalf of himself and Aaron Arnold, and Edwin I^. Trowbridge, of the city of New York, fi)r the sum of S400,000. They sold the same to the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville R. R. Co. on the May 21, 1864, and in the autumn of that year the road was completed from Pekin to Peoria. In 1868 the extention of the line from Virginia to Jacksonville was commenced and completed on July 4, 1869, when trains were first run with passenger cars to Jacksonville. 734 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. Edwin L. Trowbridge was the first President of the Company. He retained the office until Sept. 25, 1867, when he was succeeded by Mr. Allen, who has held the office until the present time. Under his administration the extention from Virginia to Jackson- ville was made, the road and bridges thoroughly rebuilt, and about twenty miles of steel rails placed in the track. It was also supplied with its present excellent equipment. April 1, 1878, the road was placed in the hands of a Receiver by the Circuit Court for Peoria county. Judge Cochran presiding, who upon the request of the Trustees for the Bondholders appointed Mr. Allen Receiver. One of his first official acts thereafter was to peti- tion the Court for authority to issue Receiver's Certificates for the protection of the legally preferred indebtedness, which was granted, and all such indebtedness, including arrearages to the employes of the road, was soon paid in full. The Receivership was a measure of protection to all interests involved, and the road thereby was quickly placed on its feet for business purposes. The main offices of the road were in Pekin till 1876, when they were moved to Peoria. The shops, which are located in Pekin, have for many years, been in charge of Mr. R. F. Hurd, who has, with economy and distinguished ability, discharged the duties of his de- partment. It may be stated that Mr. John S. Cook, the present Traffic Manager, has been identified with this property almost un- interuptedly since the trains first commenced running over the Illi- nois River Railroad in 1859. He is a well-known resident of Pekin and a man thoroughly identified with the interests of this county. The operation of this road has been signally free from accidents, no passenger having been killed on its trains or the trains of its predecessor. The outcome of the present Receivership will proba- bly be the incorporation of the property into one of the longer roads it intersects, of which it must form a valuable addition. CHICAGO, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. The Jacksonville branch of the Chicago Alton and St. Louis Railroad, which runs from Bloomington through this county to Jacksonville, is the outgrowth of the old Tonica & Petersburgh Railroad. This road, as its name suggests, was chartered, Jan. 15, 1857, to run from Tonica, through Tazewell county, to Petersburgh and Jacksonville. The county voted to bond itself for $100,000 in aid of the road, but work progressed very slowly. After building the line from Jacksonville to Petersburgh work stopped, and the whole thing came to a stand-still. Finally the C, A. & St. L. people offered to advance money to com- plete the road, if the company would allow it to run to Blooming- ton, thus making it a feeder of their main line. The proposition was accepted, and the road was completed in 1868. While it is controlled by the C, A. & St. L. Company, a separate organization HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 735 is still kept up. Its charter will allow the extension of the road from Jacksonville in a northeast direction indefinitely through the State, and it is said to be the only railroad charter with such indefi- nite privileges. It was drawn up by Richard Yates. The Directors mentioned in the charter are as follows : Albert Reynolds, Elijah N. Farnsworth, Jesse Hammers, Josiah Sawyer, Henry R. Green, John Bennett, Wm. G. Green, William Crow", and Richard Yates. George Straut, formerly of Delavan, is now the President of the road. PEKIN, LINCOLN & DECATUR RAILWAY. No other of the several railroads traversing this county seem so closely identified with the interests and history of Tazewell county as the P., L. & D. It is a road in which every one takes a com- mendable local pride. While they love to see all of their roads prosperous, more especially do they desire to see this road weather the storms of hard times, and successfully encounter the struggles incident to new corporations. There are feelings of a peculiar na- ture ; ties of kindred sympathy that bind the good will and interest of the people to the P., L. & D., and, we believe, deservedly so. The present management of the road has successfully guided it over the critical period of its history and placed it upon a solid footing. The first charter for the road was obtained in 1867. The charter members were B. S. Prettyman, Ties Smith, Peter Wevhrich, R. B. Latham, A. M. Miller, John Wyatt, M. Wemple, J. F. D. Elliott, S. C. Beau, Henry B. Durfee, and Lu])er Burrows. The first offi- cers were : President, B. S. Prettyman ; Vice-President, R. B. Latham; Secretary, A. M. Miller; Treasurer, J. F. D. Elliott. The roadway w^as first surveyed by J. Edward Baring in 1867, He followed the line indicated at first in the charter, and the one upon which the organization was based. The final location of the road, however, varied from the original survey as the necessities of the location required. Soon an interest began to be manifested by the people along the line of the proposed road. Meetings were held and the people grew very enthusiastic over it. So zealous w^ere the people at Delavan, and so anxious were they to secure the road for their town, that all the lots it touched passing through were freely given. A prominent man there, who grew over-zealous, perhaps, said he would give the company the right of w^ay to run through his library if they wanted to. Elections were held along the line for the purpose of voting for or against subscribing to the road. In this county the result of these elections were : Pekin voted $75,000 ; Del- avan, $50,000; and Tazewell county, $100,000. In Logan county it was voted upon to give $300,000, but the measure was defeated by 17 ballots. In November, 1867, another election was held, and the proposition carried. The county authorities refused to issue the bonds, however, and it was finally compromised by the issue of $150,000 of bonds to the company. Macon county gave $100,000. 736 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. The election at Pekin was held March 2, 1867, and the vote stood 698 for, and 12 against, the subscription. In the spring of 1869, the Directors advertised for bids for the construction of the road. After holding a succession of meetings, and considering propositions from various parties, the contract was finally awarded to a company known as the Pekin Railway Con- struction Company. This company, which consisted of Teis Smith, C. R. Cummings, G. R. Cobleigh, Peter Weyhrich, Bergstresser & Gill, and D. C. Smith, commenced work in September of the same fall (1869). The construction company elected Teis Smith, Presi- dent ; G. R. Cobleigh, Secretary and Superintendent ; and Peter Weyhrich, Treasurer. The idea of organizing this company origi- nated in the mind of Mr. Cobleigh. Several of the gentlemen who afterwards composed the company, were on their road to Lincoln to attend a railroad meeting, when it occurred to Superintendent Cobleigh that if any set of men could profitably construct that road they certainly could. He proposed to his companions to form a company and take the contract for building it. This they regarded as a happy thought, and heartily entered into the enterprise, and the company was formed, and the road successfully built by it. The company claimed the right and privilege of locating the road, and for this purpose employed Mr. Edward Powers as chief engineer. Under him the line was re-located. He had charge of the work until the spring of 1870, when B. C. Smith, the construction com- pany's engineer, was appointed chief engineer, and continued in charge until the road was completed. Grading through Tazewell county was completed early in the year 1870; the first work on the road being done in 1869, between Pekin and Delavan. The contractors made contracts in England for iron sufficient to lay the track through this county ; owing to unavoidable delay, how- ever, the iron did not reach Pekin until the latter part of Au- gust. The people along the line were growing anxious for the completion of the road, but the unflagging energy with which the contractors pushed the work, and the character and standing of the men in charge, plainly told them that no unnecessary delay would be made. On the arrival of the iron, track laying was vigorously commenced, and that jxirt of the road between Pekin and Delavan was completed that fall. That portion of the road was then oper- ated by the construction company for passenger and freight traffic. The first engine was purchased in Chicago by Mr. Cobleigh. Early in the spring of 1871, work was again commenced, and as fiist as track was laid, trains for the accommodation of the public were run, and so considerable was the traffic that it was evi- dent the enterprise would be a paying one. In 1871 the road was leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railway Company ; lease to take affect upon the completion of the road by the contractors. The road was completed to Decatur on the 6th day of October, 1871. Mr. Cobleigh, the present General Superintendent, had entire 4%...., ;,,^:^^ GENt- SUPT P. L a D R' HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 739 charge of the construction of the road, and the management of the trains. By his request the contract for grading was sub-let. In making the sub-contracts, the Construction Company reserved the privilege of paying the laborers before giving sub-contractor any money. The reason for this was, at that time many roads were being constructed, and the sub-contractors would not pay their laborers, thereby swindling poor men, and bringing the road into disrepute. To avoid this, Mr, Cobleigh in person paid every labor- ing man in this branch of the work, and also matle every pavment in the construction of the road througout. He also did nearly all of the purchasing, and it seems remarkable that one man could attend to so much, and perform his work so well as he did, during the building of P., L. & D. Railway. The T., W. & W. Ry., ran the road for four and a half years. The road was mortgaged for $16,000 per mile, and the lease held by the T., W. & W., required them to pay the interest on this indebt- edness, and to maintain the road. In the spring of LSTG, the T. W. & W., being behind about two years in the payment of interest, the bondholders foreclosed the mortgage and sold the road. It was bid in by them for $500,000, and re-organized as the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway Company. C. R. Cummings was chosen Presi- dent ; J. B. Cohrs, Secretary ; R. A. Bunker, Treasurer, and John S. Cook, General Manager. The road Avas operated under this management until the fall of 1878. Mr. Cook resigned as General Manager, when that office was abolished, and G. R. Cobleigh aj)- pointed Gen. Superintendent, Avhich position he now holds. Before the time of his electiod to his ])resent position, which was Dec. 1, 1878, Mr. Cobleigh was Purchasing Agent and Supt. of Track. The present officers of the road are, President, C. R. Cummings ; Secretary, J. B. Cohrs ; General Superintendent, G. R. Cobleigh ; Treasurer, R. A. Bunker; General Freight Agent, G. L. Bradbury; General Ticket Agent, L. M. Rupert. The P., L. & D., extends from Pekin to Decatur, a distance of 68 miles. It has a lease, however, of the Peoria & Springfield Road, running from Pekin to Peoria, Avhich it operates and controls all roads running over it, and makes the time-cards. These roads are, besides their own, the I., B. & W., and the C, P. & S. W. It con- nects at Decatur Avith roads running south, east and Avest. The road-bed is good, well drained, level and uniform. The rolling- stock is first-class ; conductors, agents and employes accommodating and courteous, and the general management is all that could be desired by the public, employes and stockholders. Columbus R. Cummings, President of the P., L. & D. Railway, is the son of James P., and Clarissa (Wilson) Cummings. He Avas born in St. Lawrence county, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1834. He came to Chicago, Ills., in 1853, and entered a mercantile house as clerk and in the fall of 1859, came to Pekin, Avhere he embarked in the dry goods business in company with his brother, C. B. Cummings. Since 42 740 HISTORY OF TAZEAVELL COUNTY. his advent into Tazewell county, ]Mr. C, has been actively identi- fied with all the leading; enterprises of the county. He was married June 26, 1862, to Miss Sarah C. Mark, daughter of David Mark, an early settler of this county. President Cumniings has served the citv of Pekin as Mayor, and is an honorable citizen and a judicious railroad man. Gordis R. Coblcigh, General Superintendent of this road, and whose portrait will be found in this volume, was born in Lisbon, X. H., Dec. 22, 1838. He is the sou of Royal E., and Mercy (Yilas) Cobleigh. His mother was a native of Vermont, his father of Xew Hampshire. The latter died when the subject of this sketch was ten years old, and since that time he has been obliged to look out for himself. It took all the money he had to get out West, and he started here with absolutelv nothina:, and he is one of the most re- spected men of the county and has acquired considerable property. He came to this county Dec. 19, 1856, and taught school for two winters, and worked on a farm in summers. In the fall of 1859, he entered the mercantile trade at Pekin, in company with H. Mont- gomery. He continued in this, the grocery business, for about two years, Avhen, in 1862, he entered a wholesale grocery house in Chi- cago as book-keeper. We find him next in Peoria, actively engaged in the commercial business, where he remained until 1864, when he came to Pekin and embarked in the dry goods business in com- pany with C. B. Cummings. He continued in this line for eight years, when he commenced railroading, wliich business he has since continued to follow, and his labors are mentioned above in this ar- ticle. He is a judicious railroad man and keeps in view the accom- modation of the general public as well as the interests of the stock- holders. He is esteemed by all the employes and has the best wishes of the community. In 1864, Feb. 25, he was united in marriage with Mary V. Smith. Their children number five, only three of whom are living, tw(» having crossed the Jordan of Death. The names and dates of births of children are as follows: Royal E., born April 23, 1865, died Nov. 4, 1865; Francis A., born April 10, 1867; William S., born Aug. 30, 1868; Gordis R., jr., born July 7, 1870, died Xov. 24, 1873; Mary Y., born March 2, 1875. Sui)t. Cobleio;h has served as Alderman of the citv of Pekin for three terms, and at present represents the fourth ward in the City Council. He was Enrolling Officer in 1863 for recruiting for the U. S. army, and Postmaster in Peoria county. He is a Universalist in religious belief, and politically a Republican. Residence, corner of Colt and Washington streets, Pekin. TOLEDO, PEORIA & WARSAW R. R. One of the principal arteries by which the produce of the Xorth- west is transported to the seaboard, is the T., P. & W. R. R. Under its present able management it has taken rank with the greater lines of our countiy. Its road-bed is level, well ironed and smooth. HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. 741 Its rolling stock, both frei<>lit curs and coaches, is equal to that run by the oldest and most prosperous of roads. The T,, P. & W. was formerly the eastern extension of the Peoria & Oquawka road, which was constructed in about 18(30. It was changed to the T., P. & AV. in about 18G4, and in February, 1875, was given into the hands of A. I^. Hopkins, as Receiver, who is one of the ablest railroad men in the United States. The road crosses the Illinois river at Peoria, runs through Fond du Lac and AVash- ington townships, passing througli the city of A\ ashington. There are 16 miles of this road in Tazewell county. ILLINOIS MIDLAND. This is a consolidation of the Peoria, Atlanta & Decatur and the Paris & Decatur Railroads. The road was constructed in 1872. Its line extends from Terrc Haute, Ind., to Peoria, 111., a distance of 176 miles. There are more miles of this road in Tazewell county than any of its other seven roads. It leaves Peoria, entering the county at Fond du Lac, running diagonally through Morton, touch- ing Tremont, passing south through Mackinaw, Little Mackinaw and Hittle. There are 29 miles of track in this county, of the Illi- nois Midland, valued at §57,000. THE CHICAGO, PEKIN & SOUTHWESTERN RAILROAD. The C, P. & S. AV. R. R. Co. is the successor of the Chicago & Plainiield Railroad Company. The first charter of the C. ct P. R. R. Co. was approved Feb. 24, 1859. The corporators named therein being Lyman Foster, I). AV. Cropsy, K. J. Hammond, G. AV. Bradley, John Moore, John Letsey, A. K. Wheeler, AVm. Thurber and Benj. Pickertson. They were empowered to lo(;ate and construct a railroad from Chicago, by way of Plainfield, to or near Ottawa. Afterwards, on th(> 25th of Feb., 18(37, an amend- ment was approved to the charter, which jirovided that said com- pany be allowed "to extend their line of railroad from some eligible point therein near the southern line of Kendall county, thence southwesterly into the county of Peoria." Again, on the 29th of March, 18(59, an amendatory act was passed to the above charter, providing "that said corj)oration, heretofore known as the 'Chicago and Plainfield Railroad Company,' shall hereafter be known and called the 'Chicago, Plainfield and Pekin Railroad Company,' " and in this act it was provided that the said company have the right to locate and build their line of road through Groveland township, Tazewell county, to Pekin, and that it should be authorized and em- powered to receive subscrij)tions and donations to aid in the con- struction of said road, and also to borrow money and to issue bonds to the extent of ^i^l 5,000 jK'r mile, to obtain funds to construct and equip the line. April 19, 1869, the name was again changed to the present one. The first Board of Directors of the Company was elected 742 HISTORY OF TAZEWELL COUNTY. June 29, 1869, and consisted of B, S. Prettyman, P. Weyhrich, George Greigg, C. R. Cummings, John M. Dougherty, W. A. Ross,- B. H. Harris, C. Sharp, H. R. Kiff, J. R. T. Overholt, J. Dieven- baugh, E. T. Pierce, and R. Clark. The first contract for building the road was made between the C. & P. Co. and Richard P. Morgan, who was afterwards joined by E. T. Pierce. This contract was de- clared forfeited by the first Board of the C, P. & S. W. Railroad Co., and another contract entered into by said Board and Messrs. Roder- ick Clark of LaSalle Co., Cragie Sharp, of AVoodford Co. and Edgar T. Pierce, of LaSalle Co. Pierce, Clark and Sharp did some grading on the line and purchased some materials but became cramped and embarrassed in the work and failed. On April 14, 1871, the contract of Pierce, Clark & Sharp was, with consent of all parties interested, transferred to Col. Ralph Plumb, of Streator, in order to more vigorously prosecute the work. On June 29th, 1871, on the resignation of R. Clark, F. E. Hinckley was elected a member of the Board of Directors. On Jan. 9, 1872, F. E. Hinckley was elected President and F. Plumb, Secretary. From the last date forward the work was prosecuted with vigor rnd determination and results began to show, although hindered and harrassed by litigation caused by former mismanagement. On Dec. 18, 1872, the contractor. Col. Plumb, announced to the Board of Directors that the track was laid from Streator to Pekin, 64 miles, and a few days later, Jan. 6, 1873, that portion of the road was opened for business, and continued to be operated between these points until Feb., 1876, when an extension of the road from Streator to Mazon river was turned over by the contractor to the company, and by the acquirement of a few miles of road from the Mazon river to JoHet the C, P. & S. W. R. R. now have a short direct line from Pekin to Joliet, with mutual running arrangements with the Chi- cago & Alton R. R., forming a through Chicago line. Francis E. Hinckly has remained President of the road since his election in 1871, and has managed the property vigorously, and through this and other roads under his management, acquired a high reputation as a skillful railroad manager. The road has been ■ thoroughly equipped with freight cars, coaches and engines, and the business developed and encouraged. The Superintendent of this road, Mr. D. H. Conklin, is located at Streator. He is a railroad man of thorough experience and intel- ligence. He is a telegraph operator, and can watch the running of his trains at all points, and is always ready, when necessity requires, to run an engine over the road, or conduct a freight train. P. B. Shumway, the General Freight Agent, is a man of ability and shrewdness, and alive to the necessities of the business of the road in that department. B. T. Lewis is at the head of the passenger department, and although a young man, has had much experience in railroading, and displays an ability and tact fitting him for the responsible position. The general offices of the company are located at Chicago. DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. LAWS. The courts recognize two kinds of law, Statute and Common. Statute law is that which is enacted by the Legislature. Common law consists of all the law of England, — whether Statute, or Com- mon, which was in force in that country at the time of our inde- pendence, and recognized by our courts, and which has not since been repealed or disused. We have what is called established law. For this branch of common law there is no authority excepting the decisions of the courts; hence the value of the reported decisions which are pub- lished by official reporters. The law presumes that every body is acquainted with it. Mistakes of fact can be corrected by the courts, but not mistakes of law; no man being permitted to take advantage of a mistake of tbe law, either to enforce a right, or avoid an obli- gation; for it would be dangerous and unwise to encourage igno- rance of the law, by permitting a party to profit, or to escape, by his ignorance. One is required at his peril to know the law of his own country. JURISDICTION OF COURTS. Justices have jurisdiction in all civil cases on contracts for the recovery of moneys for damages, for injury to real property, or tak- ing, detaining, or injuring personal property; for rent; for all cases to recover damages done to real or personal- property, by railroad companies; in actions of replevin; of actions for damages for fraud; in the sale, purchase, or exchange of personal property, when the amount claimed as due is not over $200. They have also jurisdic- tion in all cases for violation of the ordinances of cities, towns, or villages. A justice of the peace may orally order an officer or a private person, to arrest any one committing, or attempting to com- mit a criminal offense. He also, upon complaint, can issue his warrant for the arrest of any person accused of having committed a crime, and have him brought before him for examination. 744 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. COUNTY COURTS Have jurisdiction in all matters of probate (except in counties having a population of one hundred thousand or over ), settlement of estates of deceased persons, appointment of guardians and con- servators, and settlements of their accounts; all matters relating to apprentices; proceedings for the collection of taxes and assesments, and in proceedings of executors, administrators, guardians, and conservators, for the sale of real estate. In law cases, thej have concurrent jurisdiction with Circuit Courts in all cases where jus- tices of the peace now have, or hereafter may have, jurisdiction when the amount claimed shall not exceed $1,000; and in all crim- inal offenses, where the punishment is not imprisonment in the pen- itentiary or death, and in all cases of appeals from justices of peace and police magistrates, except when the county judge is sitting as a justice of the peace. Circuit Courts have unlimited jurisdiction. COMMISSIONERS OF HIGHWAYS. The commissioners of hiffhwavs in the different towns, have the care and superintendence of highways, and bridges therein. They have the power to lay out, vacate, regulate and repair all roads, build and repair bridges, and divide their respective towns into as many road districts as they shall think convenient. ' This is to be done annually, and ten days before the annual town meeting. In addition to the above, it is their duty to erect and keep in repairs at the forks or crossing-place of the most important roads, post and guide-boards, witli plain inscriptions, giving directions and dis- tances to the most noted places to which such roads may lead; also to make provisions to prevent thistles, burdock, cockle-burs, mus- tard, yellow dock, Indian mallow, and jimson weed from seeding, and to extirpate the same as far as practicable, and to prevent all rank growth of vegetation on the public highways, so far as the same may obstruct public travel; and it is in their discretion to erect watering places for public use, for watering teams at such points as may be deemed advisable. Every able-bodied male inhab- itant, being above the age of twenty-one years, and under fifty, ex- cepting paupers, idiots, lunatics, trustees of schools and school di- rectors, and such others as are exempt by law, are required to labor on highways in their respective road districts, not less than one, DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 745 nor more than three days in each year. Three days' notice must be given by the overseer, of the time and phxce he requires such road labor to be done. The labor must be performed in the road district in which the person resides. Any person may commute for such labor by paying the equivalent in money. Any person liable for work on highways, who has been assessed two days or more, and has not commuted, may be required to furnish team, or a cart, wagon or plow, with a pair of horses or oxen and a man to manage them, for which he will be entitled to two days' work. Eight hours? is a days' work on the roads and there is a penalty of twenty-five cents an hour against any person or substitute who shall neglect or refuse to perform. Any person remaining idle, or does not work faithfully, or hinders others from doing so, forfeits to the town $2, Every person assessed and duly notified, who has not commuted, and refuses or neglects to appear, shall forfeit to the town for every day's refusal or neglect, the sum of $2; if he was required to furnish a team, carriage, man or implements, and neg- lects or refuses to comply, he is liable to the following fines: 1st, For wholly failing to comply, $4 each day; 2d, For omitting to furnish a man to manage team, $2 each day; 3d, For omitting to furnish a pair of horses or oxen, §1.50 each day; 4th, For omitting to furnish a wagon, cart or plow, 75 cents each day. The commis- sioners estimate and assess the highway labor and road tax. The road tax on real and personal property can not exceed forty cents on each hundred dollars' worth. The labor or road tax in villaires, towns or cities, is paid over to the corporate authorities of such, for the improvement of streets, roads and bridges within their lim- its. The legal voters of townships, in counties under township organ- ization may, by a majority vote, at their annual town meeting, order that the road tax may be collected in money only. Overseers. — Their duties are to repair and keep in order the high- ways in their districts ; to warn persons to work out their road tax at such time and place as they think proper; to collect fines and commutation money, and execute all lawful orders of the commis- sioners of highways; also make list, within sixteen days after their election, of the names of all inhabitants in his road district, liable to work on highways. For refusal to perform any of his duties he is liable to a fine of $10. 746 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. As all township and county officers are familiar with their duties, it is here intended only to give the points of law with which the public should be familiar. The manner of laying out, altering, or vacating roads, etc., will not be here stated, as it would require more space than can be spared in a work like this. It is sufficient to state that the first step is by petition, addressed to the commis- sioners, setting out what is prayed for, giving the names of the owners of the lands, if known (if not known, so state), over which the road is to pass, giving the general course, its place of beginning, and where it terminates. It requires not less than twelve freehold- ers residing within three miles of the road, who shall sign the peti- tion. Public roads must not be less than fifty, nor more than sixty feet wide. Koads not exceeding two miles in length, if petitioned for, may be laid out not less than forty feet wide. Private roads for private and public use may be laid out three rods wide, on peti- tion of the person directly interested; the damage occasioned there- by shall be paid by the premises benefited thereby, and before the road is opened. If n-ot opened in two years, the order shall be con- sidered recinded. Commissioners in their discretion may permit persons who live on or have private roads, to work out their road tax thereon. Public roads must be opened in five years from date of filing order of location, or be deemed vacated. FENCES. The town assessor and commissioners of highways shall be fence . viewers in their respective towns in counties under township organ- ization. In other counties, the county board appoints three in each precinct, annually. A lawful fence is four and one-half feet high and in good-repair, consisting of rails, timbers, boards, stones, hedges, or any other material the fence viewers may deem sufficient. The electors at any annual town meeting may determine what shall constitute a legal fence in the town. Division fences shall be made and maintained in just proportion by the adjoining owners, except where the owner shall choose to let his land lie open ; but after a division fence has been built by mu- tual agreement or otherwise, it shall not be lawful for either party to remove his part of said fence, so long as he may crop or use such lands for farm purposes, or without giving the other party one year's notice in writing, of his intention to move his portion of the DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 747 fence. Adjoining owners sliould endeavor, if possible, mutually to agree as to the proportion that each sha,ll maintain of the division fence between their adjoining lands; and the agreement should be reduced to writing, each party taking a copy. When any person shall enclose his land upon the enclosure of another, he shall refund the owner of the adjoining lands a just proportion of the value at that time of such fence. The value of such fence, and the propor- tion thereof to be paid by such person, and the proportion of the division fence to be made and maintained by him, in case of his inclosing his land, shall be determined by two fence viewers of the town. Such fence viewers have power to settle all disputes between owners as to fences built or to be built, as well as concerning repairs to be made. Each party chooses one of the viewers, but if the other party neglects, after eight days' notice in writing, to make his choice, then the other party may select both. It is sufficient to notify the tenant, or party in possession, when the owner is not a resident of the town in which such fences are situated. The two fence viewers chosen, after viewing the premises, shall hear the statements of the parties. In case they can't agree, they shall se- lect another fence viewer to act with them, and the decision of any two of them shall be final. The decision must be reduced to writ- ing, and should plainly set out a description of the fence and all matters settled by them, and must be filed in the office of the town clerk. If any person who is liable to contribute to the erection or repa- ration of a division fence, shall neglect or refuse to make or repair his proportion of such fence, the party injured,after giving sixty days' notice, in writing, that a new fence should be erected, or ten days' notice, in writing, that the repair of such fence is necessary, may make or repair the same at the expense of the party so neglecting or refusing, to be recovered from him with costs of suit; and the party so neglecting or refusing, after notice in writing, shall be lia- ble to the party injured for all damages which shall thereby accrue, to be determined by any two fence viewers. When a person shall conclude to remove his part of the division fence and let his land lie open, and havihg giv^en the year's notice required, the adjoining owner may cause the value of said fence to be asQertained by fence viewers as before provided ; and on payment or tender of the amount of such valuation to the owner, it shall prevent the removal. T48 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. A party removing a division fence without notice is liable for tlie damages accruing thereby. Where a fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, the owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material within six months after the division line has been ascertained. Where the material to build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was built, then before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material, to the owner of the land from which it was taken ; nor shall such a fence be removed at a time when the removal will throw open or expose the crops of the other party; a reasonable time must be given beyond the six months to remove crops. The compensation of fence viewers is one dollar and fifty cents a day each, to be paid in the first instance by the party calling them; but in the end all expenses, including amount charged by the fence viewers, must be paid equally by the parties, except in cases where a part}' neglects or refuses to make or maintain a just proportion of a division fence, when the party in default shall pay them. DBAINAGE. Whenever one or more owners or occupants of land desire to con- struct a drain or ditch, through another man's land, the right can be had only under legislative authority, or is granted or exists by prescription or by consent of the owner. Dripping water from one house upon another can be allowed only where the owner has acquired the right by grant or prescription; and no one has a right to construct his house so as to let the water drip over his neighbor's land. TRESPASS OF STOCK. Where stock of any kind breaks into any person's inclostire, the fence being good and sufiicient, the owner is liable for the damage done; but where the damage is done by stock running at large, con- trary to law, the owner is liable where there is not such a fence. Where stock is found trespassing on the inclosure of another as aforesaid, the owner or occupier of the premises may take posses- sion of such stock and keep the same until damages, with reasonable charges for keeping and feeding, and all costs of suit, are paid. Any person taking or rescuing such stock so held, without his con- sent, shall be liable to a fine of not less than three nor more than DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 749 five dollars for each animal rescued, to be recovered by suit before a justice of the peace, for the use of the school fund. Within twen- ty-four hours after taking such animal into his possession, the per- son taking it up must give notice of the fact to the owner, if known; or if unknown, notice must be posted in some public place near the premises. ESTRATS. Stray animals are those whose owner is unknown, any beasts, not wild, found on one's premises, and not owned by the occupant. Any animals found straying at any time during the year, in counties where such animals are not allowed to run at large, or between the last day of October and the 15th day of April in other counties, the owner being unknown, may be taken up as estraj's. A party who wishes to detain property as an estray, must show an exact compli- ance with the law. In order to vest the property of the stray in him, such acts must appear in detail on the record. No person not a householder in the county where the estray is found can lawfully take up an estray, and then only upon or about his farm or place of residence. Estrays should not be used before advertised, except animals giving milk, which may be milked for their benefit. Notices must be posted up within five days in three, of the most public places in the town or precinct in which the es- tray was found, giving the residence of the taker-up, and a partic- ular description of the estray, its age, color, and marks natural and artificial, and stating before what justice of the peace, in such town or precinct, and at what time, not less than ten nor more than fif- teen days from the time of posting such notices, he will apply to have the estray apprised. If the owner of an estray shall not have appeared and proved ownership and taken the same away, first paying the taker-up his reasonable charges for taking up, keeping, and advertising the same, the taker-up shall appear before the justice mentioned in above notice, and make an afiidavit as required by law. All subsequent proceedings are before the justice who is fa- miliar therewith; therefore we omit them here. Any person taking up an estray at any other place than about or upon his farm or residence, or without complying with the law, shall forfeit and pay a fine of ten dollars with costs. Ordinary diligence is required in taking care of estrays, but in case they die or get away, the taker-up is not liable for the same. 760 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. If a man finds estravs in his field he is not bound to retain them for the owner, but may drive them off" into the highway without being liable to an action. But a person who chases a hor&e out of his field with a large fierce dog, commits an unlawful act, and is liable for any injury which the act occasions. A person who takes anestray to keep for the owner, but does not pursue the course pre- 'scribed by statute, is not liable to an action unless he uses the same or refuses to deliver it on demand. Riding a horse to discover the owner is not " use." HORSES Are animals of a domestic nature. Under the age of four years they are called colts. A borrower of a horse is liable for negligence, misuse, or gross want of skill in use. The lender is liable in case the animal lent is unfit or dangerous, as he thus may occasion injury. The animal should be used only for the purpose and to the extent stipulated, and not by a servant. If he dies from disease, or is killed by inevitable accident, the bor- rower is not liable. Defects which are manifest, open and plain to an ordinary observer, and those also which are known to the buyer, are not usually covered by a general warranty. The former requires no skill to discover them, and the latter may be objected to or acquiesced in at the time of the purchase. In the case of lateiit defects existing in such a condition that they could not be detected by the buyer, and are known to the seller, who fails to disclose them to the buyer, the latter practices a constructive fraud, unless the animal is sold " with all faults." By consenting to purchase the horse " with all faults," the purchaser takes upon himself the risk of latent or secret defects, and calculates the price accordingly. But even this kind of a purchase would be voidable if the seller had purposely, and to deceive the purchaser, covered, filled up, patched, plastered, or otherwise practiced fraud to conceal any defects, and he would be liable. Hiring out a horse and carriage to perform a particular journey, carries with it the warranty of the person letting the horse and carriage, that each of them is fit and competent for such journey; but, if a horse is hired for one purpose, and is used for another and is injured, the hirer is liable for the damage sustained. The hirer is in all cases answerable for ordinary neglect. If he uses the hired horse as a prudent man would his own, he is not liable for DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 761 any damage which the horse may receive. If, however, he keeps the hired horse after a stipulated time, or uses it differently from his agreement, he is in any event liable. If the hirer sells the horse, the owner may recover its value of the purchaser, though the pur- chaser had in good faith given the hirer full value for it, as the hirer could mve no better title than he had himself. Mischievous animals render their owners liable when known to them to be so, and they are responsible for the damage they may do when they permit them to go at large. Any person may justify the killing of ferocious animals. MARKS ANB BRANDS. Owners of cattle, horses, hogs, sheep or goats, may have one ear- mark and one brand, which shall be different from his neiglibors', and may be recorded by the county clerk of the county in which such property is kept. The fee for such record is fifteen cents. The record of such shall be open to examination free, of charge. In cases of disputes as to marks or brands, such record is primafacie evidence. Owners of cattle, horses, hogs, sheep or goats, that may have been branded by former owners, may be rebranded in presence of one or more of his neighbors, who shall certify to the facts of the marking or branding being done, when done, and in what brand or mark they were re-branded or re-marked, which certificate may also be recorded as before stated. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. An agreement is virtually a contract by which a certain person (or persons) agrees or contracts to perform certain duties within a specified time. Good business men alwa3's reduce an agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstandings and long and expensive lawsuits. No particular form is necessary, but the facts must be clearly and explicitly stated ; and there must be a reasonable consideration, else the agreement is void. Unless it is expressly stipulated that the agreement is binding for a longer time, the contract expires at the end of one year. Every agreement should state most distinctly the time within which its conditions are to be complied with. A discov^ery of fraud, or mis- representation by one party to the agreement, or changing of the date, renders the contract void. Each party should retain a copy of the agreement. "752 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. This Agreement, made the third day of November, 1878, between Damon Chirke of Macomb, county of McDonough, State of Illinois, of the first part, and William Hays, of the same place, of the second part. WITNESSETH, That the said Damon Clarke, in consideration of the agreement of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts, and agrees to, and with the said William Hays, that he will deliver in good and marketable condition, at the city of Gales- burg, 111., during the month of December of this year, nine hun- dred bushels of corn, in the following lots, and at the following specified times, namely: one hundred bushels by the fifth of Decem- ber, three hundred bushels by the fifteenth of December, and the balance by the thirtieth of December. And the said William Hays in consideration of the prompt ful- fillment of this contract on the part of the party of the second part, contracts to, and agrees with the said Damon Clarke, to pay for said corn fifty cents per bushel as soon as delivered. In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereby stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other, one hundred dollars, as fixed and settled damages. In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above written : Damon Clarke, William Hays. NOTES. A note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and time of payment are mentioned. The following is a good form: $100 Chicago, III., May 1, 1S79. Thirty days after date I promise to pay F. M. Chapmaiij or order, one hundred dollars, for value received. S. T. Lewis. To make a note payable in anything else than money, insert the facts instead of the sum of money alone; unless paid when due, it is payable in money. To hold an indorser of a note, due diligence must be used by suit in collecting of the maker, unless suit would have been unavailing. Notes payable to person named or to order, in order to absolutely transfer title, must be indorsed by the payer. Notes payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so payable, every indorser thereon is held as a guarantor of pay- ment unless otherwise expi-essed. The limit of time in which action may be brought on a note is 10 yeara DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 753 If the note is payable to a person or order, or to a person or bearer, to a person or his assigns, or to a cashier of an incorporated company, such notes are negotiable. When transferring a note, the indorser frees himself from respon- sibility, so far as the payment is concerned, by writing on the back, above his signature, without recourse to me in any event. A note is void when founded upon fraud. Thus a note obtained from a person when intoxicated, or obtained for any reason which is illegal, cannot be collected. A note given on Sunday is also void. No defense can be made against negotiable paper purchased before maturity for good consideration in the usual course of busi- ness, without knowledge of facts impeaching its validity, except fraud was used in obtaining the same. Thus if A gives his note to B for $15<), receives in consideration a shawl and live pieces of cloth. The former was represented to be worth §75, and the cloth the best imported English goods. When, in fact, the shawl was only worth $8, and suits made of the cloth wore out in less than six weeks, long before the note was due. B, however, had sold the note to C, who did not know the circumstances, and before it was due — A would be obliged to pay it. JUDGMENT NOTE. For value received I promise to pay Ewing Summers, of Gales- burg, or order, two hundred dollars, with interest, on the first day of January next. And, further, I do hereby empower any attorney of any court of record in Illinois, or elsewhere, to appear for me, and after a declaration filed therefor, to confess a judgment against me in the above sum, as of last, next, or any subsequent term, with cost of suit, release of error, etc., with stay of execution until said first day of January. Witness my hand and seal at Galesburg, 111., this sixth day of March, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine. [seal] John Jones. INTEREST. Interest is the compensation which is paid by the borrower of money to the lender for its use. When the debtor expressly under- takes to pay interest, he is bound to pay it; but if a party has accepted the principal, he cannot recover interest in a separate action. During the course of dealings between parties, a promise to pay is implied, and the debtor is bound to pay. So also on an 754 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. account stated, whenever the debtor knows precisely what he is to pay, and when he is to pay it, after a demand ^of payment; but interest is not due on a running account, even when the items are all on one side, unless otherwise agreed upon. Where the terms of a promissory note are that it shall be paid by installments, and on the failure of any installment the whole is to become due, interest on the whole becomes payable from the first default. Where, by the term of a bond or promissory note, interest is to be paid annu- ally, and the principal at a distant day, the interest may be recov- ered before the principal is due. Interest is collectible in the following cases: For £:oods sold and delivered after the stipulated term of credit has expired; if there be no credit, then from the time of sale; on judgment debts, from the rendition of judgment; on money obtained by fraud, or where ii has been wrongfully detained (for whoever receives money not his own, and detains it from the owner unlawfully, must pay interest tlierefor: hence a public officer retaining money wrongfully is lia- ble for the interest); on money paid by mistake, or recovered on a void execution; on money lent or laid out for another's use; and rent, from the time that it is due. When the rate of interest is specified in any contract, that rate continues until full payment is made. A debt barred by the statute of limitations and revived by an acknowledgment bears interest for the whole time. Computing Interest. — In casting interest on notes, bonds, etc., upon which partial payments have been made, every payment is to be first applied to discharge the interest; but the interest is never allowed to form a part of the principal, so as to carry interest. When a partial payment is made before the debt is due, it cannot be apportioned part to the debt and part to the interest, but at the end interest shall be charged on the whole sum, and the obligor shall receive credit for the interest on the amount paid until the interest becomes due. The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree in writing on a rate not exceeding eight per cent. If a rate of interest greater than eight per cent, is contracted for, the penalty is a for- feiture of the entire interest, and only the principal can be recovered. In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 756 month shall be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than a month, a day shall be figured a thirtieth ])art of a month. Notes bear interest only when so expressed; but after due they draw the legal interest, six per cent., even if not stated. Notes payable on demand or at sight draw no interest until after presentation or demand of the same has been made, unless they provide for interest from date on their tiice. If "with interest" is included in the note, it draws the legal rate from the time it is made. If the note is to draw a special rate of interest, higher than the legal, but not higher than the law allows, the rate must be specified. WILLS. The legal declaration of a person's mind, determining the man- ner in which he would have his property or estate disposed of after his death, is termed a will. No exact form of words is necessary in order to make a will good at law, though much care should be exercised to state the provisions of the will so plainly that its lan- guage may not be misunderstood. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, and every female of the age of eighteen years, of sound mind, can make a valid will. It must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and by his or her direction, and attested by two or more credible witnesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the will. The person making the will may appoint his or her executors; but no person can serve as such executor if he or she be an alien at the time of proving the will, if he be under twenty -one years ot age, a convict, a drunkard, a lunatic, or an imbecile. Persons knowing themselves to have been appointed executors, must, within thirty days after the death of deceased, cause the will to be proved and recorded in the proper county, or present it and refuse to accept. In case of failure to do so, they are liable to for- feit the sum of twenty dollars per month. Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within three months from date of let- ters testamentary or administration. The person making a will is termed the " testator " (if a female, the " testatrix "). A will is of no force and eflfect until the death of the testator, 756 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. and can be cancelled or modified at any date by the maker. The last will made annuls the force of all preceding wills. A will made by an unmarried woman is legally revoked by mar- riage; but she can take such legal steps in the settlement of her property before marriage as will empower her to dispose of the same as she may choose after marriage. No husband can make a will that will deprive the wife of her right of dower in the prop- erty; but the husband can will the wife a certain amount in lieu of her dower, stating it to be in lieu thereof. Such bequest, however, will not exclude her from her dower, provided she prefers it to the bequest made in the will. Unless the husband states distinctly that the bequest is in lieu of dower, she is entitled to both. In case a married woman possesses property and dies without a will, her husband is entitled to administer upon such property in preference to any one else, provided he be of sound mind. Notice requiring all claims to be presented against the estate shall be given by the administrator within six months after being qualified. Any person having a claim and not presenting it at the time fixed by said notice, is required to have summons issued noti- fying the executor of having filed his claim in court. Claims should be filed within two years from the time administration is granted on an estate, as after that time they are forever barred, unless other estate be found that was not inventoried. Married women, infants, persons insane, imprisoned, or without the United States, in the employment of the United States, or of this State, have two years after their disabilities are removed to file claims. Claims are classified and paid out of the estate in the fol- lowing manner: 1st. Funeral expenses. 2d. The widow's award, if there is a widow; or children, if there are children and no widow. 3d. Expenses attending the last illness, not including the physi- cian's bill. 4th. Debts due the common school or township fund. 5th. All expenses of proving the will and taking out letters testamentary or of administration, and settlement of the estate, and the physician's bill in the last illness of the deceased. 6th. Wiiere the deceased has received money in trust for any purpose, his executor or administrator shall pay out of his estate the amount received and not accounted for. DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 757 7tli. All other debts and demands of whatsoever kind, without regard to quality or dignity, which shall be exhibited to the court within two years from the granting of letters. Award to the widow and children, exclusive of debts and lesacies or bequests, except funeral expenses: 1st. The family pictures and wearing apparel, jewels and orna- ments of herself and minor children. 2d. School books and the family library to the value of $100. 3d. One sewinor-machine. 4th. Necessary beds, bedsteads and bedding for herself and familv. *j 5th. The stoves and pipe used in the family, with the necessary cooking utensils; or, in case they have none, $50 in money. 6th. Household and kitchen furniture to the value of $100. 7th. One milch cow and calf for every four members of her family. 8th. Two sheep for each member of her family, and the fleeces taken from the same, and one horse, saddle and bridle. 9th. Provisions for herself and family for one year. 10th. Food for the stock above specified for six months. 11th. Fuel for herself and family for three months. 12th. One hundred dollars' worth of other property suited to her condition in life, to be selected by the widow. The widow, if she elects, may have in lieu of the said award, the same personal property or money in place thereof as is or may be exempt from execution or attachment against the head of a family. GENERAL FOKM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY. I, Samuel T. Lewis, of the city of Chicago, county of Cook, State of Illinois, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in fulling health, but of sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and testament, in manner following, to-wit: Fh'st. I give, devise and bequeath to my oldest sou, P'ranklin M. Lewis, the sum of Four Thousand dollars of bank stock, now in the First National Bunk, Chicago, Illinois, and the farm owned by myself, in Ontario township, Knox county, Illinois, consisting of one hundred and sixty acres, with all the houses, tenements, and improvements thereunto belonging; to have and to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns, forever. Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my daughters, LidaLouan Lewis, and Fannie Antionette Lewis, each two thousand 758 DIGEST OF STATE LAAVS. dollars in bank stock, in the First National Bank of Chicago, Illinois, and also each one quarter section of land, owned by myself, situ- ated in the town of Delavan, Tazewell county, Illinois, and recorded in my name in the Recorder's office of said county. The nortli one hundred and sixty acres of said half section is devised to my elder daughter Lida Louan. Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Fred Davis Lewis, five shares of railroad stock, in the C, B. & Q. Raih-oad, and my own one hundred and sixty acres of land and saw-mill thereon, situated in Astoria, Illinois, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said real estate is re- corded in my name, in the county where situated. Fourth. I give to my wife, Trypliena Lewis, all ray household furniture, goods, chattels, and personal property, about my house, not hitherto disposed of, including ten thousand dollars in bank stock, in the First National Bank of Chicago, Illinois, fifteen shares in the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefits of the home farm, so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to which she is entitled by law; said farm being my present place of residence. Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Samuel T. Lewis, Sr., the income from the rents of my store building, at Canton, Illinois, during the term of his natural life. Said building and land there- with revert to my said sons and daughters in equal proportions, upon the demise of my said father. Sixth. It is also my will and desire, that at the death of my wife, Tryphena Lewis, or at any time she may arrange to relinquish her life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may revert to my above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. And, Lastlij. I appoint as executors of this, my last will and testament, my wife Tryphena Lewis, and my eldest son, Franklin M. Lewis. I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be paid from moneys now on deposit in the First National Bank, Pekin, Illinois, the residue of such moneys to revert to my wife, Tryphena Lewis, for her use forever. In witness thereof, I, Samuel T. Lewis, to this, my last will and testament, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this third day of March, eighteen hundred and seventy. [L. S.] Samuel T. Lewis. Signed, sealed and delivered by Samuel T. Lewis, as and for his last will and testament, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have sub- scribed our names hereunto as witnesses thereof. Fred D. Selleck, Chicago, Illinois. Erastus Child, Oneida, Illinois. DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 769 CODICIL. "Whereas, I, Samuel T. Lewis, did, on the third daj of March, one thousand eight hundred and seventy, make my last will and testament, I do now, by this writing, add this codicil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof. Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter Lida Louan, has deceased, November fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy- four, and, whereas, a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Charles Burchard Lewis, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest and title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter Lida Louan, in the body of this will In witness thereof, I hereunto set my hand and seal, this fifth day of March, eighteen hundred and seventy-nine. [L. S.] Samuel T. Lewis. Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, Samuel T. Lewis, as and for a codicil, to be annexed to his last will and testament. And we, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses thereto, at the date hereof. Erastus Child, Oneida, 111. E. C. Johnson, Chicago, 111. DESCENT. "When no will is made, the property of a deceased person is dis- tributed as follows: First. To his or her children and their descendants, in equal parts; the descendants of the deceased child or grand child taking the share of their deceased parents, in equal parts among them. Second. Where there is no child, no descendant of such child, and no widow or surviving husband, then to the parents, brothers and sisters of the deceased, and their descendants, in equal parts, the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking a double portion; and if there is no parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their descendants. Third. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or children, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the real estate and the whole of the personal estate shall descend to such widow or surviving husband, absolutely, and the other half of the real estate shall descend as in other cases where there is no child or children, or descendants of the same. Fourth. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and also 760 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. a child or children, or descendants of the latter, then one-third of all personal estate to the widow or surviving husband, absolutely. Fifth. If there be no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, then in equal parts to the next of kin to the intestate in equal degree. Collaterals shall not be represented except with the descendants of brother and sister of the intestate, and there shall be no distinction between kindred of the whole and the half-blood. Sixth. If any intestate leaves a widow or surviving husband and no kindred, then to such widow or surviving husband; and if there is no such widow or surviving husband, it shall escheat to and invest in the county where the same or the greater portion thereof is situated. DEEDS. A deed is a sealed instrument in writing, conveying lands and appurtenances thereon from one person to another, and special care should be taken to have them signed, sealed, delivered and properly acknowledged, with the proper seal attached. Witnesses are not necessary. The law in this State provides that an acknowledg- ment must be made before certain persons authorized to take the same. These officers are: Master in Chancery, Notary Public^ Circuit or County Clerk, Justice of the Peace. United States Com- missioner, or any Court of Hecord having a seal, or any Judge, Justice or Clerk of any such court. The instrument shall be attested by the official seal of the officer taking the acknowledg- ment, and when taken by a Justice of the Peace residing out of the county where the real estate to be conveyed lies, there shall be added a certificate of the County Clerk under his eeal of office, that he was a Justice of the Peace in the county at the time of taking the same. A deed is good without such certificate attached, but cannot be used in evidence unless such a certificate is produced or other competent evidence introduced. Acknowledgments made out of the State must either be executed according to the laws of this State, or there should be attached a certificate that is in conform- ity with the laws of the State or country where executed. Where this is not done the same may be proved by any other legal way. Acknowledgments where the Homestead rights are to be waived must state as follows: " Including the release and waiver of the right of homestead." DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 761 To sender a deed valid, there must be a sufficient consideration. To enable a person to legally convey property to another, the fol- lowing requisites are necessary: 1st, he or she must be of age; 2d, must be of sane mind; and, 3d, he or she must be the rightful owner of the property Any alterations or interlineations in the deed should be noted at the bottom of the instrument, and properly witnessed. After the acknowledgment of a deed, the parties have no right to make the slightest alterations. An alteration after the acknowledgment in favor of the grantee vitiates the deed. The maker of a deed is called the "grantor;" the person or party to whom the deed is delivered, the " grantee." The wife of the grantor must ackowl- edge the deed, or else, after the death of her husband, she will be entitled to one-third interest in the property, as dower, during her life. Her acknowledgment of the deed must be of her own free will and accord. By a general warranty deed the grantor engages to secure the grantee in any right or possession to the property conveyed against all persons whatsoever. A quit-claim deed releases what interest the grantor may have in the land, but does not warrant and defend against others. We do not give form for a deed, as printed forms are used by all. Deeds should be recorded without delay. MORTGAGES AND TRUST DEEDS Are conditional conveyances of estates or property by way of pledge for the security of debt, and to become void on payment of it. Special care should be taken to have them signed, sealed delivered, and properly acknowledged, with the proper seal attached. All kinds of property, real or personal, which are capable of an absolute sale, may be the subject of a mortgage. Mortgages of personal property need not be under seal. In the absence of stipulation to the contrary, the mortgagee of personal property has the legal title thereto, and the right of possession, and he may liave an action against any one taking them from the mort- gagor. And although the mortgage contains no express stipulation that the mortgagor shall remain in possession until default of pay- ment, and with a power to sell for the mortgagee's debt, the mort- gagee may nevertheless sustain trover against an officer attaching the goods as the property of the mortgagor. 7G2 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. A mort^a^e must be in writing when it is intended to convey the legal title. It inust be in one single deed which contains the whole contract. Redemption must be made within one year from the sale. "Where, however, the mortgagee takes the property for an absolute discharge of the debt, then the equity or right of redemption is barred. Satisfaction, or release of a mrirtgage, may be made on the margin of the record, or by an instrument duly acknowledged. The wife need not join in this release. TRUST DEEDS, Trust deeds are taken generally in preference to mortgages, especially by non-residents, for in case of foreclosure under the power of sale there can be no redemption. Advertisement, sale, and deed is made by the trustee. Mortgages of personal property, or chattel mortgages, can be given for a period of only two years, and cannot be renewed or extended. Acknowledgment may be had before a Justice of the Peace of the town or district in which the morto:aij:or resides. If the mortgagor is a non-resident, then before any officer authorized by law to take acknowledgments. Foreclosures may be effected upon default, and possession, and sale of the property taken and made; any delay will invalidate the mortgagee's lien. LIENS. Any person who shall by contract, expressed or implied, or partly both, with the owner of any lot or tract of land, furnish labor or material, or services as an architect or superintendent, in building, altering, repairing, or ornamenting any house, or other building or appurtenance thereto on such lot, or upon any street or alley, and connected with such improvements, shall have a lien upon the whole of such lot or tract of land, and upon such house or building and appurtenances for the amount due him for labor, material or services. If the contract is expressed, and the time for the completion of the work is beyond three years from the com- mencement thereof; or, if the time of payment is beyond one year from the time stipulated for the completion of the work, then no lien exists. If the contract is implied, then no lien exists, unless the work be done, or material furnished, within one year from the commencement of the work or delivery of the material. As DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 7C3 between different creditors having liens, no preference is given to the one whose contract was made first; but each shares pro rata. Incumbrances existing upon the lot or tract of the land at the time the contract is made do not operate on the improvements, and are only preferred to the extent of the value of the land at the time of makino; the contract. The above lien cannot be enforced unless CD suit is commenced within six months after the last payment for labor or materials shall have become due and payable. Sub-con- tractors, mechanics, workmen, and other persons furnishing any material, or performing any labor for a contractor, as above speci- fied, have a lien to the extent of the amount due the contractor at the time the following notice was served upon the owner of the land who made the contract: To : You are hereby notified that I have been employed by [here state whether to labor or to furnish material, and substantially the nature of the demand] upon your [here state m general terms description and situation of building], and that I shall hold the [building, or as the case may be], and your interest in the ground liable for the amount that may [is or may become] due me on account thereof. [Signature] . Dated, . If there is a contract in writing between contractor and sub-con- tractor, a copy of it should be served with the above notice, and such notice must be served within forty days from the completion of such sub-contract, if there is one; if not, then from the time pay- ment should have been made to the person performing the labor or furnishing the material. If the owner is not a resident of the county, or cannot be found therein, then the above notice must be filed with the Clerk of the Circuit Court, with his fee, fifty cents, and a copy of such notice must be published in a newspaper pub- lished in the county for four successive weeks. When the owner or agent is notified as above he can retain any money due the contractor sufficient to pay such claim; if more than one claim, and not enough to pay all, they are to be paid pro rata. The owner has a right to demand in writing a statement of the contractor, of what he owes for labor, etc., from time to time as the work progresses. The liens referred to cover any and all estates, whether in fee for V64: - DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. life, for years, or any other interest which the owner may have. To enforce the liens of sub-contractors, suit must be commenced within three months from the time of the performance of the sub- contract, or during the work or furnishing materials. Hotel, inn and hoarding -house keejyers have a lien upon the baggage and other valuables of their guests or boarders brought into such hotel, inn, or boarding-house, by their guests or boarders for the proper charges due from such guests or boarders for their accommodation, board and lodging, and such extras as are furnished at their request. Stahle-heepers and other persons have a lien upon the horses, carriages and harness kept by them for the proper charges due for the keeping thereof, and expenses bestowed thereon at the request of the owner, or the person having the possession of the same. Agisters (jiersons who take care of cattle belonging to others) and persons keeping, yarding, feeding, or pasturing domestic ani- mals shall have a lien upon the animals agistered, kept, yarded or fed for the proper charges due for such service. All persons who may furnish any railroad corporation in this State with fuel, ties, material, supplies, or any other article or thing necessary for the construction, maintenance, operation or repair of its road by contract, or may perform work or labor for the same, are entitled to be paid as part of the current expenses of the road, and have a lien upon all its property. Sub-contractors or laborers have also a lien. The conditions and limitations, both as to contractors and to sub-contractors, are about the same as herein stated, as to general liens. BILL OF SALE. A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party for a con- sideration to convey his right and interest in the personal property. The purchaser must take actual possession of the property. Juries have power to determine upon the fairness or unfairness of a bill of sale. COMMON FORM OF BILL OF SALE. Know All Men by this instrument, that I, B. F. Lewis, of Chi- cago, Illinois, of the first part, for and in consideration of six hun- dred and fifty dollars, to me paid by Columbus C. Chapman, Astoria, Illinois, of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do convey unto DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 765 the said Chapman, party of tlie second part, his executors, admin- istrators, and a-signs, my undivided half of ten acres of corn on my farm in the town of Deer Creek, Illinois ; one pair of horses, twenty sheep, and five cows, belonging to me, and in my possession at the farm al'oresaid; to have and to hold the same unto the party of the second ]:>art, his executors and assigns, forever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives, agree with the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, to warrant and defend the sale of the aforementioned property and chattels unto the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, against all and everv person whatsoever. In witness whereof I have hereunto affixed ray hand this tenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine. B. F. Lewis. DAYS OF GRACE. No check, draft, bill of exchange, promissory note, order, or negotiable instrument, payable at sight or on demand, or on pre- sentment, shall be entitled to days of grace. All other bills of exchange, drafts or notes are entitled to three days of grace. All the above-mentioned paper falling due on Sunday, New Year's day, Fourth of July, Christmas, or any day appointed or recommended by the President of the United States or Governor of the State as a day of fasting or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day previous; and should two or more of these days come together, then such instrument shall be treated as due on the day previous to the first of said days. LIMITATION OF ACTION. The limit of time in which action may be brought on certain things is as follows: Open accounts, five years; notes and written contracts, ten years; judgments, twenty years; partial payments or new promise in writing, within or after said period, will revive the debt; absence from the State deducted, and when the cause of action is barred by the law of another State, it has the same efiect here; assault, slander, libel, replevin, one year; personal injuries, two years; to recover land or make entry thereon, twenty years; and sealed and witnessed instruments, as action to foreclose mortgage or trust deed, within ten years. All persons in possession of land, and paying taxes for seven consecutive years, with color of title, and all persons paying taxes for seven consecutive years, with color of title, on vacant land, shall be held to be the legal owners to the extent of their paper title. 766 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. RECEIPTS. Receipts should always state when received and what for; and if receipt is in full it should be so stated. We give two forms: FOB MONET ON ACCOUNT. Eeceived, Knoxville, 111., Nov. 10, 1878, of J. C. Cover, sixty dollars on account. $60. J. H. Franklin. FOR MONEY ADVANCED ON A CONTRACT. $100. Galesburg, III., June 9, 1868. Received of Fernando Ross, one hundred dollars, in advance, on contract to build for him a brick house at No. 76 Kellogg street. Samuel J. Chapman. EXEMPTIONS FROM FORCED SALES. The following personal proiJerty and home worth $1,000, — Lot of ground and buildings thereon, occupied as a residence by the debtor, being a householder and having a family, to the value of $1,000. Exemption continues after the death of the householder for the benefit of the widow and family, some of them occupying the homestead until the youngest shall become twenty-one years of age, and until the death of the widow. There is no exemption from sale for taxes, assessments, debt or liability incurred for the purchase or improvement of said homestead. No release or waiver of exemption is valid unless in writing and subscribed by such householder and wife (if he has one), and acknowledged as conveyances of real estate are required to be acknowledged. The following articles of personal property owned by the debtor are exempt from execution, writ of attachment, and distress for rent: The necessary wearing apparel. Bibles, school-books and family pic- tures of every person; and one hundred dollars' worth of other prop- erty, to be selected by the debtor, and in addition, when the debtor is the head of a family and resides with the same, three hundred dol- lars' worth of other property to be selected by the debtor, — provided that such selection and exemption shall not be made h^ the debtor or allowed to him or her from any money, salary or wages due him or her from any person or persons or corporations whatever. When the head of the family dies, deserts, or does not reside with the same, the family shall be entitled to and receive all the benefit and priv- ilege which are by this act conferred upon the head of a family residing with the same. No personal property is exempt from exe- DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 767 cntion when judgment is obtained for the loages of laborers or ser- vants. Wages of a laborer who is the head of a family cannot be garnisheed except for the sum due him in excess of $25. LANDLORDS AND TENANTS. The ])rincipal obligation on the part of a landlord, which is in fact always to be implied as a necessary condition to his receiving any rent, is, that the tenant shall enjoy the quiet possession of the premises, — which means, substantially, that he shall not be turned out of possession of the whole or any material part of the premises by any one having a title paramount to that of the landlord, or that the landlord shall not himself disturb or render his occupation un- comfortable by the erection of a nuisance on or near the premises, or otherwise oblige him to quit possession. But if he be ousted by a stranger, — that is, by one having no title, — or after the rent has fallen due, or if the molestation proceeds from acts of a third person, the landload is in neither case responsible for it. Another obligation which the law imposes on the landlord, in the absence of any ex- press stipulation in the lease, is the payment of all taxes chargeable upon the property, or any ground rents or interest upon mortgages to which it may be subject. Every landlord is bound to protect his tenant against all paramount claims. And if a tenant is compelled, in order to protect himself in the enjoyment of the land in respect of which his rent is payable, to make payment which ought, as be- tween himself and his landlord, to have been made by the latter, he may call upon the landlord to reimburse him, or he may deduct such payment from the rent due or to become due. But the land- lord is under no obligation to make repairs, or to rebuild in case the premises should be burned; nor does he guaranty that they are reasonably fit for the purpose for which they are taken. And it is not in the power of a tenant to make repairs at the expense of his landlord, unless there be a special agreement between them author- izing him to do so; for the tenant takes the premises for better or worse, and cannot involve the landlord in expense for repairs without his consent. Even if the premises have become uninhabitable by fire, and the landlord, having insured them, has recovered the insurance money, the tenant cannot compel him to expend the money so recovered in rebuilding, unless he has expressly engaged to do so ; nor can he in such an event protect himself from the payment of rent during the unexpired balance of the term, unless exempted 768 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. therefrom by statute or the terms of the lease. The uninhabit- ableness of a house is not a good defense to an action for rent. If the landlord expressly covenanted to repair, the tenant cannot quit and discharge himself of rent because the repairs are not made, un- less there is a provision to that effect; and if a landlord is bound by custom or by express agreement to repair, this obligation, and the obligation of the tenant to pay rent, are independent of each other, so that the refusal or neglect of the landlord to repair is no answer to a demand for rent. The tenant is answerable for any neglect to repair highways, fences, or party walls. He is also liable for all injuries produced by the mismanagement of his servants, or by a nuisance kept upon the premises, or by an obstruction of the high- ways adjacent to them, or the like. One of the principal obligations which the law imposes upon every tenant, independent of any agree- ment, is to treat the premises in such a manner that no substantial injury shall be done to them, and so that they may revert to the landlord at the end of the term unimpaired by any willful or negli- gent conduct on his part. A tenancy from year to3^ear requires sixty days' notice in writing to terminate the same at the end of the year; snch notice can be given at any time within four months preceding the last sixty days of the year. A tenancy by the month, or less than a year, where the tenant holds over without any special agreement, the landlord may termi- nate the tenancy by thirty days' notice in writing. When rent is due, the landlord may serve a notice upon the ten- ant, stating that unless the rent is paid within not less than live days, his lease will be terminated; if the rent is not paid, the land- lord may consider the lease ended. When a default is made in any of the terms of the lease, it shall not be necessary to give more than ten days' notice to quit or of the termination of such tenancy; and the same may be terminated on giving such notice to quit, at any time after such default in any of the terms of such lease; which notice may be substantially in the following form: To , You are hereby notified that, in consequence of your default [here insert the character of the default], of the premises now occupied by you, being, etc., [here describe the premises], I have elected to determine your lease, and you are hereby notified to quit and deliver up ])ossession of the same to me within ten days of this date [dated, etc]. ' DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 769 The above to be sif^ned by the lessor or his agent, and no other notice or demand of possession or termination of such tenancy is necessary. Demand may be made or notice served by delivering a written or printed, or partly either, copy thereof to the tenant, or leaving the same with some person above the age of twelve years, residing on or in possession of the premises; and in case no one is in actual possession of said premises, then by posting the same on the prem- ises. When the tenancy is for a certain time, and the term expires by the terms of the lease, the tenant is then bound to surrender possession, and no notice to quit or demand possession is necessary. DISTRESS FOR RENT. In all cases of distress for rent, the landlord, by himself, his agent or his attorney, may seize for rent any personal property of his ten- ant that may be found in the county where the tenant resides. Tiie property of any other person, even if found on the premises, is not liable. An inventory of the property levied upon, with a statement of the amount of rent claimed, should be at once filed with some Justice of the Peace, if not over $200; and if above that sum, with the Clerk of a Court of Record of competent jurisdiction. Pi'operty may be released by a party executing a satisfactory bond for double the amount. The landlord may distrain for rent any time within six months after the expiuation of the term of lease, or when terminated. In all cases where the premises rented shall be sub-let, or the lease assigned, the landlord shall have the same right to enforce lien against such lessee or assignee, that he has against the tenant to whom the premises were rented. When a tenant abandons or removes from the premises, or any part thereof, the landlord, or his agent or his attorney may seize upon any grain or crops grown or growing upon the premises, or part thereof so abandoned, whether the rent is due or not. If such grain or other crops, or any part thereof, is not fully grown or matured, the landlord, or his agent or attorney shall cause the same to be properly cultivated, harvested or gathered, and may sell the same, and from the proceeds pay all his labor, expenses and rent. The tenant may, before the sale of such property, redeem the same 770 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. by tendering the rent and reasonable compensation for the work done, or he may replevy the same. EXEMPTION. The same articles of personal property which are by law exempt from execution, except the crops, as above mentioned, are also exempt from distress for rent. If any tenant is about to, or shall permit, or attempt to sell or remove from the premises, without the consent of his landlord, such portion of the crops raised thereon as will endanger the lien of the landlord upon such crops, for the rent, it shall be lawful for the landlord to distress before rent is due. CRIMINAL LAW Is that branch of jurisprudence which treats of criminal offenses. The extreme importance of a knowledge of criminal law is self- evident; for a mistake in point of law, which every person of dis- cretion not only may know, but is bound and presumed to know, is in criminal cases no defense. This law is administered upon the principle that every one must be taken conclusively to know it, without proof that he does know it. This doctrine has been carried so far as to include the case of a foreigner charged with a crime which was no offense in his own country. And further, the criminal law, whether common or statute, is imperative with refer- ence to the conduct of individuals; so that, if a statute forbids or commands a thing to be done, all acts or omissions contrary to the prohibition or command of the statute are offenses at common law, and ordinarily indictable as such. When a statute punishes a crime by its legal designation without enumerating the acts which constitute it, then it is necessary to resort to the common law for a definition of the crime with its distinctions and qualifications. So, if an act is made criminal, but no mode of prosecution is directed or no punishment provided, the common law (in the absence of a statute to the contrary) furnishes its aid, prescribing the mode of prosecution by indictment, and its mode of punishment by fine and inprisonment. So far, therefore, as the rules and principles of com- mon law are applicable to the administration of the criminal law, and have net been altered or modified by legislation or judicial decisions, they have the same force and effect as laws finally enacted. DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 7Yl Tlie following are some of the leading principles of the criminal law: 1. Every man is presumed to be innocent till the contrary is shown; and if there is any reasonable doubt of his guilt, he is en- titled to the benefit of the doubt. 2. In general, no person can be brought to trial till a grand jury on examination of the charge has found reason to hold him to trial. 3. The prisoner is entitled to trial by a jury of his peers, who are chosen from the body of the people with a view to impartiality, and whose decision on questions of facts is final. 4. The question of his guilt is to be determined without reference to his general character, previous history, or habits of life. 5. The prisoner cannot be required to criminate himself, nor be compelled even to exculpate himself by giving his own testimony on trial. 6. He cannot be twice put in jeopardy for the same ofiense. 7. He cannot be punished for an act which was not an ofiense by the law existing at the time of its commission; nor can a serverer punishment be inflicted than was declared by the law at the time of its commission. Crimes are sometimes classified according to the degree of pun- ishment incurred by their commission. They are more generally arranged according to the nature of the offense. The following is, perhaps, as complete a classification as the subject admits: I. Offenses against the sovereignty of the State — 1, treason; 2 misprision of treason. II. Offenses against the lives and persons of individuals — 1, murder; 2, manslaughter; 3, attempt to kill or murder; 4, may- hem; 5, rape; 6, robbery. 7, kidnapping; 8, false imprisonment; 9, abduction; 10, assault and battery. III. Offenses against ^luhlic property — 1, burning or destroying public property; 2, injury to same. ly. Offenses against private property — 1, arson; 2, burglary; 3, larceny; 4, obtaining goods under false pretenses; 5, embezzle- ment ; 6, malicious mischief. V. Offenses against piihUc justice — 1, perjury; 2, bribery; 3, destroying public records; 4, counterfeiting public seals ; 6, jail breach; 6, escape; 7, resistance to officers; 8, obstructing legal process; 9, barratry; 10, maintenance; 11, champerty; 12, cou- T72 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. tempt of court; 13, oppression; 1-i, extortion; 15, suppression of evidence; 16, compounding felony; 17, misprision of felony. VI. Offenses against the jnthlic 2>ec('Ce — 1, challenging or accept- ing a challenge to a duel; 2, unlawful assembly; 3, rows; 4, riot; 5, breach of the peace ; 6, libel. YII. Offenses against chastity — 1, sodomy; 2, bestiality; 3, adultery; 4, incest; 5, bigamy; 6, seduction; 7, fornication; 8, lascivious carriage; 9, keeping and frequenting houses of ill-fame. VIII. Offenses against piiblic policy — 1, false currency; 2, lot- teries; 3, gambling; 4, immoral shows; 5, violation of the right of suffrage; 6, destruction of game, fish, etc.; 7, nuisance. IX. Ofenses against the currency^ and pullic and private securities — 1, forgery; 2, counterfeiting; 3, passing counterfeit money. X. Offenses against religion and morality — 1, blasphemy; 2, profanity; 3, Sabbath-breaking; 4, obscenity; 5, cruelty to ani- . mals; 6, drunkenness; 7, promoting intemperance. ' '* XI. Offenses against the public^ i7idividuals, or their property — 1, conspiracy, TAXES. The owners of real and personal property, on the first day of March of each year, are liable for taxes thereon. Assessments should be completed before the fourth Monday in June, at which time the Town Board of Review meets to examine assessments, hear objections, and make such changes as ought to be made. The County Board have also power to correct or change assessments. The tax-books are placed in the hands of the Town Collector on or before the tenth day of December, who retains them until the tenth day of March following, when he is required to return them to the County Treasurer, who then collects all delinquent taxes. ISTo costs accrue on real estate taxes until advertised, which takes place on the first day of April, when three weeks' notice is required ijefore judgment. Cost of advertising, twenty cents each tract of land, and ten cents each lot. Judgment is usually obtained at the May term of County Court. Costs six cents each tract of land, and five cents each lot. Sale takes place in June. Costs, in addition to those mentioned, twen- DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 773 ty-eiglit cents each tract of land, and twenty-seven cents each town lot. Eeal estate sold for taxes^may be redeemed any time before the expiration of two years from the date of sale by payment to the County Clerk of the amount for which it was sold, and twenty-five per cent, thereon if redeemed within six months, fifty per cent, if redeemed between six and twelve months; if between twelve and eighteen months, seventy -five per cent., and if between eighteen months and two ye/irs, one hundred per cent. ; and, in addition, all subsequent taxes paid by the purchaser, with ten per cent, interest thereon; also, one dollar each tract, if notice is given by the pur- chaser of the sale, and a fee of twenty-five cents to the Clerk for his certificate. SUBSCRIPTION. The selling of books by subscription is so frequently brought into disrepute by agents making representations not authorized by the publishers, that the public are often swindled. That there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, we give the following rules, which, if followed, will save a great deal of trouble and perhaps serious loss. A subscription is the placing of a signature below a written or printed engagement. It is the act by which a person contracts, in writing, to furnish a sum of money for a particular purpose: as, a subscription to a charitable institution, a subscription for a book, and the like. In the case of a book, the consideration is concur- rent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for whicli the subscriber is to pay the price named. The prospectus and sample should be carefully examined before sub- scribing, as they are the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exaggerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he usually receives a commission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the sub- scriptions are authorized to be made by the publishers. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional, or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the publishers, the 774: DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. subscriber should see that such condition or change is stated over, or in connection with his signature, so the publishers may have notice of the same. When several persons promise to contribute to a common object, desired by all, the promise of each may be a good consideration for the promise of others. In general subscriptions on certain condi- tions in favor of the party subscribing, are binding when the acts stipulated are performed. Subscription is in the nature of a con- tract of mutual promises. All persons should remember that the law as to written contracts is, that they can not he altered, varied, or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all persons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the sub- scription is made is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons before signing their names to any subscrip- tion book, or any written instrument, should carefully examine what it is; if they cannot read, they should call on some one dis- interested who can. Persons who solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as can- vassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode, and have no authority to do it in any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They can not collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else than money. They cannot extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind their principal for payment of expenses incurred in their business. Where you pay money to an agent you should satisfy yourself of his authority to collect money for his employer. CONTRACT FOR PERSONAL SERVICES. When a contract is entire and has been only partially fulfilled, the party in fault may nevertheless recover from the other party for the actual benefit received and retained by the other party, less the damao-es sustained by such other party by reason of the partial non-fulfillment of the contract. This may be done in all cases where the other party has received benefit from the partial fulfill- ment of the contract, whether he has so received the same from choice or from the necessities of the case. Where D hired B to work for him for seven months at $15 per month, and B worked DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 775 for D only fifty-nine days, and then quit without any reasonable excuse therefor, it was held that B might nevertheless recover from D for what the work was reasonably worth, less any damage that D may have sustained by reason of the partial non-fulfillment of the contract. NEWSPAPER LIBEL. Allowing the most liberal rule as to the liability of persons in public employment to criticism for their conduct in which the public are interested, there never has been a rule which subjected persons, private or public, to be falsely traduced. No publication is privileged except a bona fide representation, itiade without malice, to the proper authority, complaining on reasonable grounds. The nearest approach to this license is where the person vilified presents himself before the body of the public as a candidate for an elective office. But even then there is no doctrine which will sub- ject him without i*emedy to every species of malevolent attack. TENDER. If the tender be of money, it can be a defense only when made before the action was brought. A tender does not bar the debt as a payment would, for in general he is bound to pay the sum which he tendered, whenever he is required to do so. But it puts a stop to accruing damages or interest for delay in payment, and saves the defendant costs. It need not be made by the defendant person- ally; if made by a third person, at his request, it is sufiicient; and if made by a stranger without his knowledge or request, a subse- quent assent of the debtor will operate as a ratification of the agency, and make the tender good. Any person may make a valid tender for an idiot. If an agent, furnished with money to make a tender, at his own risk tender more, it is good. So, a tender need not be made to a creditor personally; but it must be made to an agent actually authorized to receive the money. If the money be due to several jointly, it may be tendered to either, but must be pleaded as made to all. The whole sum due must be tendered, as the creditor is not bound to receive a part of his debt. If the tender be of the whole debt, it is valid. If the obligation be in the alternative, one thing or another, as the creditor may choose, the tender should be of both, that he may make his choice. To make a tender of money valid the money must be actually produced and 776 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. proffered, unless the creditor expressly or impliedly waives this production. The debtor is not bound to count out the money, if he has it and oilers it. No conditions must be annexed to the tender, which the creditor can have any good reason whatever for objecting to; as for instance, that he should give a receipt in full of all demands. The tender should be made in money made lawful by the State in which it is offered. Generally, a tender is valid and effectual if made at any time after the debt is due; and a demand made after the tender if for more than the sum tendered, will not avoid the tender. Certainly not, if the demand is for more than the real debt, although the excess was for another debt truly due. Tender of Chattels. — The thing tendered may not be money, but some specific article. If one is bound to deliver chattels at a partic- ular time and place, it may not be enough if he has them there; they may be mingled with others of a like kind which he is not to deliver. Or they may need some act of separation, or identifica- tion, or completion, before they could become the property of the other party. Generally, if no time or place be specified, the articles are to be delivered where they are at the time of the contract, unless collateral circumstances designate a different place. If the time be fixed, but not the place, then it will be presumed that the deliverer was to bring the articles to the receiver at that time, and for that purpose he must go with the chattels to the residence of the receiver, unless something in their very nature or use, or some other circumstances of equivalent force, distinctly implies that they are to be left at some other place. It may happen, from the cumbrous- ness of the chattels or other circumstances, that it is reasonable and just for the deliverer to ascertain from the receiver, long enough beforehand, where they shall be delivered; and then he would be held to this as a legal obligation. So, too, in such a case, the receiver would have a right to designate to the detiner, a reasonable time beforehand, a place of delivery reasonably convenient to both parties, and the deliverer would be bound by such directions. If no place be indicated, and the deliverer is not in fault in this, he may deliver the chattels to the receiver, in person, at any place which is reasonably convenient. And if the receiver refuses or neglects to appoint any place, or purposely avoids receiving notice of a place, the deliverer may appoint any place, with a reasonable DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 777 regard to the convenience of the other party, and there deliver the articles. If the promise be to pay at a certain time, or deliver certain chattels, it is a promise in the alternative; and the alternative belongs to the promisor; he may do either the one or the other, at his election; nor need he make his election until the time when the promise is to be performed; but after that day has passed without election on his part, the promisee has an absolute right to the money, and may bring his action for it. A contract to deliver a certain quantity of merchandise at a certain time means, of course, to deliver the whole then. If by the terms of the contract certain specific articles are to be delivered at a certain time and place in pay- ment of an existing debt, this contract is fully discharged and the debt is paid, by a complete and legal tender of the articles at the time and place, although the promisee was not there to receive them; and no action can thereafter be maintained on the contract. But the property in the goods has passed to the creditor, and he may retain them as his own. DRUNKENNESS Is the condition of a person who is under the immediate influence of intoxicating liquors. This condition presents various degrees of intensity, ranging from a simple exhilaration to a state of utter unconsciousness and insensibility. The common law shows but little disposition to afford relief, either in civil or criminal cases, from the immediate effects of drunkenness. It has never considered drunkenness alone as a suffi- cient reason for invalidating any act. When carried so far as to deprive the party of all consciousness* strong presumption of fraud is raised; and on that ground courts may interfere. Courts of equity decline to interfere in favor of parties pleading intoxication in the performance of a civil act. The law does, however, recognize two kinds of inculpable drunk- enness, viz.: that which is produced by the " unskillfulness of his physician," and tliat which is produced by the "contrivance of enemies." To this may be added cases where a party drinks no more liquor than he has habitually used without being intoxicated, and which exerts an unusually potent effect on the brain in con- sequence of certain pathological conditions. 778 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. MARRIAGE CONTRACT. Marriage is a contract, made in due form of law, by which a man and woman reciprocally engage to live with each other during their joint lives, and to discharge towards each other the duties imposed by law on the relation of husband and wife. The marriage contract is in law a civil contract, to which the consent of the parties is essential. The marriage relation can only be entered into, main- tained, and abrogated as provided by law. It is dissolved by death or divorce. A marriage which is valid by the law of the country in which it is contracted, is valid in this State. To make a valid marriage, the parties must be willing to contract, able to contract, and have actually contracted. All persons are able to contract marriage unless they are under the legal age, or unless there be other disability; the age of consent at common law is fourteen in males and twelve in females. When a person under this age mar- ries, such person can, when he or she arrives at the age above speci- fied, avoid the marriage, or such person or both may, if the other is of legal age, confirm it; if either of the parties is under seven, the marriage is void. If either of the party is noii compos mentis or insane, or has a husband or wife living, the marriage is void. The parties must each be willing to marry the other. If eitner party acts under compulsion, or is under duress, the marriage is voidable. The husband is bound to receive his wife at home, and should fur- nish her with all the necessaries and conveniencies which his for- tune enables him to do, and which her situation requires, but this does not include such luxuries as, according to her fancy, she deems necessaries. He is bound to love his wife and bear with her faults, and, if possible, by mild means, to correct them; and he is required to fulfill towards her his marital promise of fidelity. Being the head of the family, the husband has a right to estab- lish himself wherever he may please, and in this he cannot be con- trolled by his wife; he may manage his affairs in his own way, buy and sell all kinds of personal property, without her control, and he may buy any real estate he may deem proper; but as the wife acquires a right in the latter, he cannot sell it without her consent. A wife is under obligations to love, honor and obey her husband, and is bound to follow him wherever in the country he may go and establish himself, provided it is not for other causes unreasonable. DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 779 She is under obligation to be faithi'ul in chastity to her marriage vow. A wife has the right to tiie love and protecting care of her husband; she has the fight to share his bed and board; she can call upon her husband to provide her witli the necessary food and clothing, according to her position in life, and if he neglects or re- fuses to do so, she can procure them on his account. MARRIED WOMEN May bargain, sell, and convey their real and personal property, and enter into contracts with reference to the same. The wife may bo tlie agent of the husband, and transact for him business, making, accepting or endorsing bills or notes, purchasing goods, rendering bills, collecting money and receipting for the same, and in general, entering into any contract so as to bind him, if she has his authority to do so. And while they continue to live together, the law con- siders the wife as clothed with authority by the husband to buy for him and his family all tilings necessary, in kind and quantit}-, for the proper support of his family; and for such purchases made by her he is liable. The husband is responsible for necessaries sup- plied to his wife, if he does not supply them himself, and he continues so liable if he turns her out of his house or otherwise separates himself from her, without good cause. But he is not so liable if she deserts him, (without extreme provocation) or if he turns her away for good cause. If she leaves him because he treats her so ill that she has good right to go from him and his house, this is the same thing as turning her away; and she carries with her his credit for all necessaries supplied to her. But what the mis- conduct must be to give this right, is uncertain. But the law un- doubtedly is, that the wife is not obliged to stay and endure cruelty or indecency. It is also held, that if a man lives with a woman as his wife, and represents her to be so, he is liable for necessaries sup- plied to her, and her contracts, in the same way as if she were his wife- The statutes intend to secure to a married woman all her rights. But many women about to marry — or their friends for them — often wish to secure to them certain powers and rights, and to limit these in certain ways or to make sure that their property is in safe and skillful hands. This can only be done by conveying and trans- ferring the property to trustees; that is, to certain persons to hold the same in trust. 7S0 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. A married woman may sue and be sued. At the death of the husband, in additio7i to the widow's award, a married woman has a dower interest [one-third] in all real estate owned bj her husband after their marriage, and which has not been released by lier, and the husband has the same interest in the real estate of the wife, after her death. SCHOOL MONTH. NUMBER OF DAYS IN A SCHOOL MONTH TEACHERs' HOLIDAYS. The law of this State says that a school month shall comprise twenty-two school days, actually taught. It also provides that teachers shall not be required to teach on legal holidays, thanks- giving or fast-days, appointed by State or National authority. SCHOOL children's STUDIES. The rulings of courts are that the trustees of a school district may prescribe what studies shall be pursued, and may regulate the classification of the pupils; but that a parent may select, from the branches pursued, those which the child shall study, so long as the exercise of such selection does not interfere with the system pre- scribed for the school ; that the child cannot be excluded from one study simply because he is deficient in another; the rule requiring his exclusion is unreasonable, and cannot be enforced. IXFANTS Can make a binding contract for necessaries only. An infant can never bind himself even for necessaries when he has a parent or guardian who supplies his wants. What are considered necessaries depend upon the rank and circumstances of the infant in the par- ticular case. All his other contracts are considered voidable and void. An infant's contract on a bill or note is voidable. His liability may be established by ratification after full age. The confirmation or ratification must be distinct, and with a knowl- edge that he is not liable on the contract. A mere acknowledgment of a debt, or a payment of a part of it, will not support an action an such a contract. When an infant indorses negotiable notes or bills he does not pass any interest in them as against himself; his act is voidable, but neither the acceptor nor subsequent indorser can oblige his infancy to evade their liability; nor can the drawer of a bill set up the infancy of a payee and indorser as a defense to DIGEST OF STATE L^WS. 781 an action thereon against himself. An infant may sue on a bill, but he sues by his guardian v or next friend, and payment should accordingly be made to him. Parties contracting with an infant assume all the inconveniences incident to the protection which the law allows him. In law infancv extends to the age of twenty-one years. ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Children may be adopted by any resident of this State by filing a petition in the Circuit or County Court of the county in which he resides, asking leave to do so; and, if desired, may ask that the name of the child be changed. Such petition, if made by a person having a husband or wife, will not be granted unless the husband and wife joins therein, as the adoption must be by them jointly. The petition shall state name, sex, and age of child, and the new name, if it is desired to change the name; also, the name and resi- dence of the parents of the child, if known, and of the guardian, if any, and whether the parents or guardian consent to the adoption. The Court must find, before granting decree, that the parents of the child, or the survivors of them, have deserted his or her family, or such child, for one year next preceding the application ; or, if neither is living, that the guardian (if no guardian, the next of kin in this State capable of giving consent) has had notice of the presentation of the petition, and consents to such adoption. If the child is at the age of fourteen or upwards, the adoption cannot be made without its consent. CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS May be legally made by electing or appointing, according to the usages or customs of the body of which it is a part, at any meeting held for that purpose, two or more of its members or trustees, war- dens or vestrymen, and may adopt a corporate name. The Chair- man or Secretary of such meeting shall, as soon as possible, make and file in the office of the Recorder of Deeds of the county an aflidavit substantially in the following form: State of Illinois, ) County. ) ' I, , do solemnly swear [or aflirm, as the case may be] that at a meeting of the members of the [here insert the name of 782 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. the church, society, or congregation, as known before organization] held at [here insert the place of meeting], in the County of , and State of Illinois, on tiie day of , A. D. 18 — , for that |3urpose, the following persons were elected [or appointed; here insert the names] trustees, wardens, vestrymen [or officers by whatever name they may choose to adopt, with power similar to trustees], according to the rules and usages of such [church, society, or congregation], and said adopted as its corporate name [here insert name], and at said meeting this affiant acted as [Chairman or Secretary, as the case may be]. Subscribed and sworn to before me this day of , A. D. 18—. [Name of affiant] . Which affidavit must be recorded by the Recorder, and shall be, or a certified copy made by the Recorder, received as evidence of such corporation. JMo certificate of election after the first need be filed for record. The term of office of the trustees, and the general government of the society can be determined by the rules and by-laws adopted. Failure to elect trustees at the time provided does not work a dis- solution, but the old trustees hold over. A trustee or trustees may be removed, in the same manner, by the society, as elections are held by a meeting called for that purpose. The property of the society rests in the corporation. The corporation may hold, or acquire by purchase or otherwise, land not exceeding ten acres, for the purpose of the society. The trustees have the care, custody and control of the property of the corporation, and can, tvhen directed by the society, erect houses or improvements, and repair and alter the same, and may also when so directed by the society, mortgage, encumber, sell and convey any real or personal estate belonging to the corporation, and make all proper contracts in the name of such corporation. But they are prohibited by law from encumbering or interfering with any property so as to destroy the effect of any gift, grant, devise or bequest to the corporation; but such gifts, grants, devises or bequests must in all cases be used so as to carry out the object intended by the persons making the same. Existing churches may organize in the manner herein set forth, and have all the advantages thereof. GAME Consists of birds and beasts of a wild nature, obtained by fowling and hunting. The last few years have shown a general interest by DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 783 the people in having wise and just laws passed for the protection of fish and game. It is apparent to all that, unless these laws are vigorously enforced, the time will soon come when fish and game will be so scarce as to be within the reach of only the wealthy. Under ]n*oper regulations our streams of pure running water would all be filled with fish, as in other years, and our prairies, fields and forests alive with their great variety of game. It is a question that interests all, and the game laws should be enforced. The following are sections 1 and 6 of the Game Law of 1873, of this State, as amended by the act approved May 14th, 1877: Sec. 1. That it shall be unlawful for any person or persons to hunt or pursue, kill or trap, net or ensnare, destroy, or attempt to kill, trap, net, ensnare, or otherwise destroy any prairie hen or chicken, or any woodcock, between the 15th day of January and the 1st day of September in each and every year; or any deer, fawn, wild turkey, ruffed grouse (commonly called partridge), or pheas- ant, between the 1st day of February and the 1st day of Octo1)er in each and every year; or any quail between the 1st day of Feb- ruary and the 1st day of November in each and every year; or any wild goose, duck, snipe, brant, or other «^aterfowl between the 1st day of May and the 15th day of August in each and every year: Provided^ That it shall be unlawful for any person or persons to net any quail at any time after this act shall take effect and be in force; and lyrovided further^ That it shall be unlawful for any per- son or persons who is or are non-residents of this State to kill, ensnare, net or trap any deer, fawn, wild turkey, ])rairie hen or chicken, ruffed grouse, quail, woodcock, wild goose, wild duck or brant, or any snipe, in any county of this State, at any time, for the purpose of selling or marketing or removing the same outside of this State. Every person who violates any of the provisions of this section shall, for each and every offense, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be fined not less than five dol- lars ($5) nor more than twenty-five dollars ($25) and costs of suit for each and every separate bird or animal of the above enumerated list, so unlawfully hunted or pursued, killed, trapped, netted, ensnared, or destroyed or attempted to be killed, trapped, netted, ensnared, or otherwise destroyed, and shall stand committed to the county jail until such fine and costs are paid, but such imprison- ment shall not exceed ten days. 784 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. Sec. 6. No person or persons shall sell or expose for sale, or have in his or their possession for the purpose of selling or expos- ing for sale, any of the animals, wild fowls or birds mentioned in section 1 of this act, after the expiration of five days next succeed- ing the first day of the period in which it shall be unlawful to kill, trap, net, or ensnare such animals, wild fowls or birds. And any person so ofiending shall, on conviction, be fined and dealt with as specified in Section 1 of this act: Provided, That the provisions of this act shall not apply to the killing of birds by or for the use of taxidermists for preservation either in public or private collec- tions, if so preserved. The fifteenth of January, it will be observed, is the date when the prohibition begins to work as to prairie chickens and woodcock; the first of February is the date for most other sorts of game, except waterfowl. And five days after the prohibition against kill- ing goes into force, it becomes unlawful to sell or expose for sale the prohibited game. preservation of other birds. It may be appropriate to mention here that Sections 3 and 4 of the act of 1873, which are not changed or affected by the act of 1877, are as follows: Sec. 3. JSTo person shall at any time, within this State, kill or attempt to trap, net, ensnare, destroy or kill any robin, bluebird, swallow, martin, mosquito hawk, whippoorwill, cuckoo, woodpecker, catbird, brown-thrasher, red-bird, hanging-bird, buzzard, sparrow, wren, humming-bird, dove, gold-finch, mocking bird, blue-jay, finch, thrush, lark, cherry-bird, yellow-bird, oriole, or bobolink, nor rob or destroy the nests of such birds, or either or any of them. And any person eo ofiending shall on conviction be fined the sum of five dollars for each and every bird so killed, and for each and every nest robbed or destroyed: Provided, that nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the owner or occupant of lands from destroying any of the birds herein named on the same, when deemed necessary for the protection of fruits or property. Sec. 4. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons to destroy or remove from the nests of any prairie chicken, grouse or quail, wild turkey, goose or brant, any Qgg or eggs of such fowl or bird, or for any person to buy, sell, have in possession or traffic in such DIGEST 01' STATK LAWS. 785 eggs, or willfully destroy the nest of such birds or fowls, or any or either of them. And any person so oifending shall on conviction be lined and dealt with as specified in Section 3 of this act. MILLERS. The owner or occupant of every public grist-mill in this State shall grind all grain brouglit to his mill, in its turn. The toll for both steam and water mills, is, for grinding and bolting wheat, rye, or other grain, one-eighth part ; for grinding Indian corn, oats, barley, and buckwheat not required to be bolted, one-seventh part; for grind- ing malt, and chopping all kinds of grain, one-eighth part. It is the duty of every miller, wlien his mill is in repair, to aid and assist in loading and unloading all grain brought to his mill to be ground; and he is also required to keep an accurate half-bushel measure, and an accurate set of toll dishes or scales for weighing the grain. The penalty for neglect or refusal to comply with the law is $5, to the use of any person suing for the same, to be recovered before any Justice of the Peace of the county where the penalty is incurred. Millers are accountable (except it results from unavoidable acci- dents) for the safe-keeping of all grain left in their mill for the pur- pose of being ground, with bags or casks containing same, provided that such bags or casks are distinctly marked with the initial letters of the owner's name. PAUPERS. Every poor person who shall be unable to earn a livelihood in con- sequence of any bodily infirmity, idiocy, lunacy or unavoidable cause, shall be supported by the father, grandfathers, mother, grand- mothers, children, grandchildren, brothers or sisters, of such poor person, if they or either of them be of siifticieut ability; but if any of such dependent class shall have become so from intemperance, or other bad conduct, they shall not be entitled to support from any relation except parent or child. The children shall first be called on to support their parents, if they are able; but if not, the parents of such poor person shall then be called on, if of sufiicient ability; and it there be no parents or children able, then the brothers and sisters of such dependent person shall be called upon; and if there be no brothers or sisters of sufficient ability, the grandchildren of such per- son shall next be called on; and if they are not able, then the grand- parents. Married females, while their husbands live, shall not be 786 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. liable to contribute for the support of their poor relations except out of their separate propert}'. It is the duty of the State's attorney to make complaint to the County Court of his county against all the relatives of such paupers in this State liable to support, and prose- cute the same. In case the State's attorney neglects or refuses to complain in such cases, then it is the duty of the overseer of the poor to do so. The person called upon to contribute shall have at least ten days' notice of such application, by summons. The court has the power to determine the kind of support, depending upon the circumstances of the parties, and may also order two or more of the different degrees to maintain such poor person, and prescribe the proportion of each, according to his or her ability. The court may specify the time for which the relatives shall contribute; in fact it has control over the entire subject matter, with power to enforce its order. Every county is required to relieve and support all poor and in- digent persons lawfully resident therein. " Residence " means the actual residence of the party, or the place where he was employed; or in case he was in no employment, then it shall be the place where he made his home. When any person becomes chargeable as a pauper who did not reside in the county at the commencement of six months immediately preceding his becoming so, but did at the time reside elsewhere in this State, then the county becomes liable for the expense of taking care of such perscm until removed ; and it is the duty of the overseer to notify the proper authorities of the fact. If any person shall bring and leave any pauper in any county in this State where such pauper had no legal residence, knowing him to be such, he is liable to a fine of $100. In counties under town- ship organization, the supervisors in each town are ex-officio over- seers of the poor. The overseers of the poor act under the directions of the County Board in taking care of the poor and granting tem- porary relief; also, in providing for non-resident persons not pau- pers who may be taken sick and not able to pay their way, and, in case of death, causing such persons to be decently buried. PUBLIC AND PRIYATE CONVEYANCES. When practicable from the nature of the ground, persons travel ing in any kind of vehicle must turn to the right of the center of the road, so as to permit each carriage to pass without interfering DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. V87 with the other. The penalty for a violation of this provision is $5 for every offense, to be recovered bj the party injured; but to re- cover, there must have occurred some injury to person or property resulting from the violation. The owners of any carriage traveling upon any road in this State for the conveyance of passengers, who shall employ or continue in their employment as driver any person who is addicted to drunken- ness, or the excessive use of spirituous liquors, after he has had notice of the same, shall pay a forfeit at the rate of $5 per day ; and if any driver, while actually engaged in driving any such carriage, shall be guilty of intoxication to such a degree as to endanger the safety of passengers, it shall be the duty of the owner, on receiving written notice of the fact, signed by one of the passengers, and cer- tified by him on oath, forthwith to discharge such driver. If such owner shall have such driver in his employ within three months after such notice, he is liable for $5 per day for the time he shall keep such driver in.his employment after receiving such notice. Persons driving any carriage on any public highway are prohib- ited from running their horses upon any occasion, under a penalty of a fine not exceeding $10, or imprisonment not exceeding sixty days, at the discretion of the court. Horses attached to any car- riage used to convey passengers for hire must be properly hitched, or the lines placed in the hands of some other person, before the driver leaves them for any purpose. For violation of this provision each driver shall forfeit twenty dollars, to be recovered by action commenced within six months. It is understood by the term " carriage" herein to mean any car- riage or vehicle used for the transportation of passengers, or goods, or either of them. WAGERS AND STAKEHOLDERS. "Wagers upon the result of an election have always been consid- ered as void, as being contrary to sound policy, and tending to im- pair the purity of elections. "Wagers as to the mode of playing, or as to the result of any illegal game, as boxing, wrestling, cock- fighting, etc. , are void at common law. Stakeholders must deliver the thing holden by them to the person entitled to it, on demand. It is frequently questionable who is en- titled to it. In case of an unlawful wager, although he may be jus- 788 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. tified for delivering the thing to the winner, by the express or im- plied consent of the loser, yet if before the event has happened he has been required by either party to give up the thing deposited with him by such party, he is bound to deliver it; or if, after the event has happened, tlie losing party gives notice to the stakeholder not to pay the winner, a payment made to him afterwards will be made to him in his own wrong, and the party who deposited the money or thing may recover it from the stakeholder. SUiNDAY. Labor of whatever kind, other than the household offices of daily necessity, or other work of charity and necessity, on the first day of the week, commonly called Sunday, is in general under penalty pro- hibited; but all persons do not come under prohibition. If a con- tract is commenced on Sunday, but not completed until a subsequent day, or if it merely grew out of a transaction which took place on Sunday, it is not for this reason void. Thus, if a note is signed on Sunday, its validity is not impaired if it be not delivered on that day. DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S. , which was for- merly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States currency. £ means pounds, English money. @ stands for azJ or ?5«:V ft) iov poimd; bbL for barrel; and f) for per or ly the. Thus, butter sells at 20 @ 30c. '^ ft, and flour at $6@10 f bbl. j,, stands for ^^t^r cent., and ^ for number. In the example "May 1— wheat sells at $1.05@1.10, seller June," seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. " Selling short" is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock at a fixed price within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling " short " to depress the market as much as possi- ble, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the "shorts" are termed "bears." LEGAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 789 made to the contrary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows, *to-wit: ft)S. lbs. Apples, dried 24 Hemp seed 44 Barley. . = = 48 Hair (plastering) 8 Beaus, white 60 Lime, uuslacked 80 Beaus, castor 46 Onions 57 Buckwheat 52 Oats 32 Bran 20 Potatoes, Irish 60 Blue-glass seed 14 Peaches, dried 33 Broom-corn seed 46 Potatoes, sweet 55 Coal, stove 80 Rye 56 Corn, in the ear 70 Salt, fine 55 Corn, shelled 56 Salt, coarse 50 Corn meal.. . > 48 Turnips 55 Clover seed 60 Timothy seed 45 Flax seed 56 Wheat 60 BEES. Bees, while unreclaimed, are by nature wild animals. Those which take up their abode in a tree belong to the owner of the soil in which the tree grows, if unreclaimed ; but if reclaimed and identi- fied thev belono' to their former owner. If a swarm has flown from the hive of A, they are his so long as they are in sight, and may easily be taken; otherwise, they become the property of the first occupant. Merely finding on the land of another person a tree containing a swarm of bees, and marking it, does not vest the property of the bees in the finder. They do not become property until actually hived. DOGS. Dogs are animals of a domestic nature. The owner of a doc has such property in him tliat he may maintain an action for an injury to him, or to recover him when unlawfully taken away and kept by another. When, in consequence of his vicious propensities, a dog becomes a common nuisance the owner may be indicted, and where one commits an injury, if the owner had knowledge of his mischievous propensities, he is liable for the injury. A man has a right to keep a dog to guard his premises, but not to put him at the entrance of his house, because a person coming there on lawful business may be injured by him, though there may be another entrance to the house. But if a dog is chained, and a visitor incautiously goes so near him that he is bitten, he has no right of action against the owner. TOO DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. CRUELTY TO ANI3ULS. "Whoever shall willfully overdrive, overload, overwork, torture, torment, beat, deprive of necessaiy and proper food, drink, or shelter, or cruelly kill any such animal, or work an old, maimed, sick, or disabled animal, or keep any animal in an unnecessarily cruel manner, for each and every offense shall be liable to a tine of not less than $3 or more than $200, to be recovered on complaint before any Justice of the Peace, or by indictment. The word "animal" used shall be taken to mean any living creature. NAMES. • Any person desirous of changing his name, and to assume another name, may file a petition in the Circuit Court of the county where he resides, praying for such change. Such petition shall set forth the name then held, and also the name sought to be assumed? together with his residence, and the length of time he shall have resided in this State, and his nativity. In case of minors, parents or guardians must sign this petition; and said petition shall be verified by the afiidavit of some credible person. A ])revious notice shall be given of such intended application by publishing a notice thereof in a county newspaper for three consecutive weeks, the first insertion to be at least six weeks prior to the first day of the term of the court in which the said petition is to be filed. UNITED STATES MAILS. The following suggestions and rulings of the Post Office Depart- ment in regard to the sending of matter through the United States mails will be found valuable. By giving careful attention to and closely following them, almost perfect security from all delays and losses, and the many little vexatious inquiries generally made by the public will be avoided. Make the address legible and complete, giving the name of the postoffice, county and state; the name of the street, and the num- ber of the house, also, should always be given on letters addressed to cities where letter-carriers are employed. Letters intended for places in foreign countries should have the name of the country »s well as the postoffice given in full. See that every letter, newspaper or other packet sent by mail is securely folded and fastened. Avoid using, as nauch as possible, DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 791 cheap envelopes made of thin paper, especially when containing more than one sheet of paper. Never send money or any other article of value through the mail, except by means of a money order or in a registered letter. Every letter sent should contain the full name and address of the writer, with the county and State, in order to secure its return if the person to whom it is directed cannot be found. Persons who have large correspondence find it most convenient to use "special request " envelopes, but thos6 who only mail an occasional letter can avoid the trouble by writing a request to " return if not delivered," etc., on the envelope. Postage stamps should be placed upon the upper right hand corner of the addressed side of all mail matter. "Written matter in unsealed envelopes prepaid with only a one- cent postage stamp will be held for postage. Diplomas, commissions, certificates, etc., having written signa- tures attached, circulars having anything written thereon, are sub- ject to postage at the rate of tliree cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof Stamps cut from stamped envelopes, mutilated postage stampS) and internal revenue stamps, will not be accepted in payment for postage. Letters deposited in a postoffice having such matter aflSxed are held for postage. To use, or attempt to use, in payment of postage a postage stamp, or stamped envelope, or any stamp cut from such stamped envelopes, which has been before used in payment of postage, is punishable with a fine of fifty dollars. In using postal cards, be careful not to write or have anything printed on the side to be used for the address, except the address; also be careful not to attach anything to them. They are unmail- able as postal cards when these suggestions are disregarded. No cards are " postal cards " except such as are issued by the Post Office Department. In no one case will unclaimed cards be returned to the writer or sent to the Dead Letter Office. If not delivered within sixty days from time of receipt they will be burned by the post- master. To insure a letter being forwarded in the mails it must have not less than three cents in postage stamps affixed. After a letter has passed from the mailing office the delivering 792 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. of it cannot be delayed or prevented by the writer; but, if the writer request the return of the letter, which has not left in the mail, the post-master may deliver it, if he is satisfied that the party applying is the writer. A subscriber to a newspaper or periodical who changes his resi- dence and postoffice should at once notify the publishers of the change. Printed matter, merchandise and other third-class matter cannot be forwarded from the office to which it is addressed unless postage is furnished for such purposes. A request to return indorsed on such matter will not be regarded unless postage is furnished for the purpose. A request to return written on such matter subjects the package to letter postage. All packages mailed at less than letter postage should be wrapped so that their contents can be readily ascertained without destroying the wrapper. Matter contained in sealed envelopes, notched at the ends, is sub- ject to letter postage. The sender of any article of the third-class may write his or her name or address therein, or on the outside thereof, with the word " from " above or preceding the same, or may write or print on any package the number and name of articles inclosed. All losses should be promptly reported. Packages of any description of mail matter may weigh not exceed- ing four pounds. BATES OF POSTAGE. On letters, sealed packages, mail matter, wholly or partly in writing, except book manuscript and corrected proofs passing between authors and publishers, and except local or drop letters, or postal cards; all printed matter so marked as to convey any other or further information than is conveyed by the original print, except the correction of mere typographical errors; all matter otherwise chargeable with letter postage, but which is so wrapped or secured that it cannot be conveniently examined by the post-masters with, out destroying the wrapper or envelope; all packages containing matter not in itself chargeable with letter postage, but in which is enclosed or concealed any letter, memorandum, or other thing chargeable with letter postage, or upon which is any writing or memorandum; all matter to which no specific rate of postage is DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. 793 assigned; and manuscript for publication in newspapers, magazines or periodicals, three cents fob each half ounce or fraction THEREOF. On local or drop letters, at offices where free delivery by carriers is established, two cents for each half ounce or fraction THEREOF. On local or drop letters, at offices where free delivery by carriers is not established, one gent for each half ounce or fraction THEREOF. RATES OF POSTAGE ON THIRD-CLASS MATTER. By act of July 12, 1876, third-class matter is divided as follows: One cent for two ounces. — Almanacs, books (printed), calendars, catalogues, corrected proofs, hand-bills, magazines, when not sent to regular subscribers, maps (lithographed or engraved), music (printed sheet), newspapers, when not sent to regular subscribers occasional publications, pamphlets, posters, proof-sheets, prospec- tuses, and regular publications designed primarily for advertising purposes, or for free circulatien, or for circulation at nominal rates. One cent for each ounce. — Blank books, blank cards, book manu- script, card boards and other flexible materials, chromo-lithographs^ circulars, engravings, envelopes, flexible patterns, letter envelopes, letter paper, lithographs, merchandise, models, ornamented paper, postal cards, when sent in bulk and not addressed, photographic views, photographic paper, printed blanks, printed cards, sample cards, samples of ores, metals, minerals, and merchandise, seeds cuttings, bulbs, roots and scions, and stereoscopic views. Any article of mail matter, subject to postage at the rate of one cent for each ounce or fraction thereof, which may be enclosed in the same package with items subject to the rate of one cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof, will subject the entire package to the highest rate, viz.; one cent for each ounce or fraction thereof. The following articles are unmailable: Packages containing liquids, poisons, glass, explosive chemicals, live animals, sharp pointed instruments, flour, sugar, or any other matter liable to deface or destroy the contents of the mail, or injure the person of any one connected with the service. All letters upon the envelope of which, or postal card upon which indecent, lewd, obscene, or lascivious delineations, epithets, terms or language may be written or printed, or disloyal devices printed or engraved, 794 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS. and letters or circulars concerning illegal lotteries, so called gift concerts or other similar enterprises offering prizes, or concerning schemes devised and intended to deceive and defraud the public- Also, all obscene, lewd or lascivious books, pamphlets, pictures, papers, prints or other publications of an indecent character. REGISTERED MATTER. The fee for registering a letter going anywhere in the United States is fixed at ten cents in addition to the regular postage. Post- masters are required to register all letters properly presented for that purpose, but no letters are to be registered on Sunday. Registered letters will never be delivered to any person but the one to whom they are addressed, or to one whom the post-master knows to be authorized to receive them. MONEY ORDERS. The money-order system is intended to promote public conven- ience and to secure safety in the transfer through the mails of small sums of money. The principal means employed to attain safety consists in leaving out of the order the name of the payee or per- son for whom the money is intended. In this respect a money- order differs from an ordinary bank draft or check. An advice or notification containing full particulars of the order is transmitted without delay by the issuing post-master to the post-master at the oflice of payment. The latter is thus furnished, before the order itself is presented, with information which will enable him to pre- vent its payment to any person not entitled thereto, provided the remitter complies with the regulation of the Department, which prohibits him from sending the same information in a letter inclosed with his order. Under no circumstances can payment of an order be demanded on the day of its issue. The fees or charges for money-orders will be as follows: On orders not exceeding $15 10 cents On orders over $15 and not exceeding $30 15 cents On orders over $30 and not exceeding $40 20 cents On orders over $40 and not exceeding $50 25 cents When a larger sum than $50 is required, additional orders to make it up must be obtained. But post-masters are instructed to refuse to issue in one day, to the same remitter and in favor of the same payee, more than three money-orders payable at the same postoftice. ^y UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA SWF^AZEWELLC0ffiv, ILLINOIS CHG ^ J 01 12 025392918