URBANA c.i ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00005 6410 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS-NO. 25 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1931 A Preliminary Statistical Summary and Economic Review BY W. H. VOSKUIL and ALMA R. EICH PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 1932 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OP REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION M. P. Walsh, Director BOARD OP NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION M. F. Walsh, Chairman Edson S. Bastin, Geology William A. Noyes, Chemistry John W. Alvord, Engineering William Trelease, Biology Henry C. Cowles, Forestry Charles M. Thompson, Representing the President of the University of Illi- nois STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION M. M. Leighton, Chief Schnepp & Barnes, Printers Springfield, III. 1932 78912 — 3M Foreword The mineral industries of Illinois occupy an important strategic position in the industrial activities of the Upper Mississippi states and of the Nation as well. This preliminary summary of the mineral production and review of eco- nomic conditions of the State of Illinois is issued for the information of the State's mineral producers. It is planned that similar reports will be issued in successive years early in the year in order to assist the producers in form- ulating their production policies for the current program. These preliminary reports are issued before complete returns have been received and therefore are subject to revision. Final figures will, in due time, be issued by the United States Bureau of Mines and the United States Bureau of the Census, the latter covering clay products. This report is made possible through the cooperation of the United States Bureau of Mines and the United States Census Bureau, through the active collection and publication of coal statistics by the Illinois State De- partment of Mines and Minerals, and through the cooperation of the min- eral producers of the State in complying with requests for information. Economic studies of the competitive conditions in the natural market area of Illinois minerals and the position of the State's mineral industries in that area will now be studied by the new Economics Section of the Illi- nois Geological Survey and reports will be issued from time to time. Con- sumption and movements of minerals will be emphasized. It will be helpful in the preparation of future issues if users of this report will offer their criticisms and suggestions for improvement. M. M. Leighton, Chief April 28, 1932 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/illinoisminerali55725vosk Contents PAGE Statistical summary of Illinois mineral industries 7 Coal Review of production 7 Distribution and consumption of Illinois coal 11 Illinois coal market area 11 Market losses 13 Market losses within the State 14 Losses in the states bordering Illinois 14 Railway fuel market losses 14 Losses in coal used at mines 15 Imported coal 15 Total coal consumed in the Illinois coal market areas 15 Coal consumed in the Chicago area 18 Coal consumed in the Lake Dock territory 18 Coal consumed west of Mississippi River 19 Distribution in 1930-31 19 Influence of competitive fuels and water power 24 Fuel oil consumption 24 Natural gas consumption 24 Water power 25 Gasoline consumption 25 Mine mechanization and mechanical loading in Illinois mines 26 Strip mining in 1931 26 Number and output of mines by classes 27 Petroleum 30 Non-fuel minerals 34 Statistical summary 34 Clay and clay products 34 Brick production and shipments 39 Portland cement 41 Sand and gravel 43 Limestone 43 Fluorspar 44 [5] Tables PAGE 1. Preliminary summary of production and value of Illinois minerals for 1931 8 2. Coal production, United States and Illinois, 1918-1931 10 3. Coal production in Illinois, 1931 12 4. Distribution of coal produced in Illinois in 1917, 1918, and 1929 13 5. Fuel consumption by railroads, 1917-1931 15 6. Origin and amount of coal shipped into the Illinois coal market area, 1917 16 7. Origin and amount of coal shipped into the Illinois coal market area, 1929 17 8. Distribution of lake dock bituminous coal, 1917 and 1929 (exclusive of railroad and bunker fuel ) 18 9. Coal marketed in six states west of Mississippi River, 1929 (exclusive of railroad fuel ) 20 10. Summary of coal tonnages available to the Illinois coal market area, 1930 and 1931 21 11. Coal imported into the Illinois coal market area, 1930-1931 22 12. Coal available in the Illinois coal market area, 1930-1931 23 13. Fuel oil consumption in the Illinois coal market area, 1926-1930 24 14. Coal-equivalent of hydro-electric power production, 1920-1931 25 15. Strip-mined coal in Illinois, 1914-1931 27 16. Index of seasonal variation of coal production in shaft mines and in strip mines 27 17. Number and output, by classes, of coal mines, 1919-1930 28 18. Petroleum produced in Illinois, 1925-1931 30 19. Output and value of non-fuel mineral products in Illinois, 1927-1931 32 20. Clay products (including pottery) and nonclay refractories in Illinois in 1931 35 21. Value of clay products in Illinois, 1920-1931 36 22. Value of building permits awarded in Chicago and in a total of 354 cities, 1920-1931 37 23. Value of building permits awarded in principal cities in Illinois and neigh- boring states, 1930 and 1931 38 24. Production and stocks of specified clay products in Illinois, 1930 and 1931 39 25. Shipments of structural clay products, stocks on hand, and average value by months from October, 1931, to February, 1932 40 26. Portland cement consumption in Illinois, 1930-1931 42 27. Portland cement prices in Chicago, 1930 and 1931 42 28. Production of sand and gravel and limestone in Illinois, 1927-1931 46 [6] ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1931 By W. H. Voskuil and Alma R. Eich STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUS- TRIES IN 1931 The year 1931 was characterized by a decrease in output and a decline in unit value of all the principal mineral products in Illinois. A study of busi- ness cycles has shown that unit values of mineral products reflect regularly changes in business conditions. 1 Thus the decrease in total sales realiza- tions in 1931, accounted for by a falling off in output and a decrease in unit prices, are explained by the world-wide business depression that af- fected most lines of industrial activity. Coal production decreased 20 per cent, which is the lowest in the post- war period. Clay products, sand, gravel, and limestone reflect the sharp decline in the building industries — the most severe decline since 1920. The minor industrial minerals, fluorspar, quartz, and sandstone, followed the downward trend in common with the industries upon which they are de- pendent. A summarized statement of production and value for 1930 and 1931 is given in Table 1. COAL Review of Production Coal production in 1931 in Illinois followed the downward trend of the industry as a whole, declining 20 per cent in tonnage from that of 1930, and reaching a level of production 46 per cent below that of 1923. The sharp decline in the years 1930 and 1931 were due in part, to the indus- trial depression but 15 to 20 million tons of the loss since 1923 is the result of the invasion of the Illinois coal markets by Appalachian coal. This in- creased importation of the Appalachian coal from West Virginia and east- ern Kentucky into the Illinois coal market territory is primarily the result of a low wage scale in the Appalachian area. An increase in shipment 'Mitchell, W. C, Business Cycles: University of California Press, p. 572, I'M::. [7] ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN L93J o o o o o o -t OM r^ CN t^ i^. r-«. CN I- OC nC O 1^ ^O O fOOO^IfNX^^^O^^^ On '"O NO O ""/ o O — <©©g0©On©00<"O«<-~— 'NO NOtOO C-tl~ J3 O ~ 10lOOfO")COONOI/)NO\lOfN asao o O fl CONw-|o — M "l CT 'ra O " i^Mro-Ht^l^-t^l -t --* \f~t Wi -H (NONfO > — i O -*" "3 "5 G<» - ^ ^ CO CM CO On eo *-H er> •i^o-^Ht^t^ot^t^-r^cvj-fNC to ^ N OC O W) O oo 'hOO^OCOOO'. MiOCOOON — 1^ On 1^ O ON NO "8 r<3 CNO'^N'O^ONNOOCC t> O O On O On r^ e c/> tr> ~ -•O^i^oo^ON^OOMir OnO")ic r^ On O C On " OOOOOOOrHMrtNN -Tf t*)^NrH r-i © © ^0\0't"0'f\O^ONfO^ IflNffON O O © 8 _3 -^0 OOaNN^HOOlONCvl^^^NOMrt NOMHi © © >o "tfl >*NOir<)io^tMO'+^'HO OC © On CO « On rr> 00 > f^THON-HOOO— I'H O) On lO rO OMO'HCN-H o S «© o ■- 'ONCvjrot^r^OO'— "~ J~- N On OC © — o © O'HOOIO'OOM^lOCNrvI'HO^ "5NONC NO00N- a C rO LO Nioacooooco^M-H^^- N- TtN -^< ro rfj ro & O o o i^ Q\ fO O On ^ iO lOW) r- 1 r- OOOv-h r^- ir) \o -8 •>* f> CO !>. t— CN CN *— Tfl N-H ^H ION* 5= u-) ,— 1 8 S o •^ o 3 o a t-^ o Si t~ e g g ^-* cc s> u 8 s ■-s* S ■ O -a c ""cL 03 3 TJ cd > Sn -a C to 03 Oh cu re! to be bo o tl oj c E "D nj reJ - M cd E rt rt C P o < « ho ni i ^-J M o Eh o --o ■w C V) T3 0) jj ^-^ — .■"-"."O re! en • - CJ rt > tn CO 4- ,-;" c o fc 2 ^ 5^ S2-&I (j 3 c O (J ffl 5 s re ■JS o3 03 o ^ p 5 •Si Sit 03 £ Oi 4_ CJ a. t_ O u tf PL, H^ STATISTICAL SUMMARY u"> O r^ O O O 't ^ O n i^ Q\ Os ^ On CN O OlOl^OONOv ooooio^ao \0 -* © vO ^t" ~ oo ~-< t-~ -^ <* ro fN 00*t 00 \0 rr> ~H ^H rt CN ■sf< PO CN ^H — O *~- r— CN ON CN On thcoo»ocnoo go MDr^ ^ " >o > On CM Tf "JO ON ON ■^H rO^O^nO rONi^O 00 CM ro CM 00 On OO o TtN'Ha^w) r— io ^ oo o OOO^ONi-ilO NO iHfNCN^r^OO ■^t^- ooo Cvj NO^COO On — i eo ^O O -r~ 1 On NO 00 ^ O o ro 't \0-* nO M 00 iO fO -^ O CO f^lN rS fO »OroNt^ i— i ^ l^- CM CO OO ^ ro *-< o o o o o o oo »— o ■* •* 00 • OMONOOiO Tf \D U0 0\ • O ■ rr) • O co r^ OJ cq ^ rON lOfO ■ -»— l o H vO -^ 00 00 — ' 3 •a o u Mrs D - in w J? biO.i. _ nSaJcJreci_J?C3 Q.O10M-M;-- a> S u ,_ C ~ C IS 4j qj 2 '2 '2 ^3 S3 §-£ i^ rt rt 5 8-m m O „.=* « C c M a; o i/j ti C 10 ILLINOIS MINERAL IMH SI'HY IN 1931 oi coal t rom important eastern fields- from 10 million tons in L91? to 35 million tons in 1929 3 has been accomplished apparently at the expense of a prosperous industry in southern Illinois. Table 2 shows the decline of coal production in the United States since 1918 and the declining percentage supplied by Illinois. It should be noted that a part of the loss of coal markets is due to a declining demand for coal in the post-war period. Table 2. — Coal production, United States and Illinois, 1918-1931 (In millions of tons) Year United States' 1 Illinois b Illinois Percent- age of total 1918 579.4 465.9 568.7 415.9 422.3 564.6 483.7 520.1 573.4 517.8 500.7 535.0 467.6 378.1 89.3 60.9 88.7 69.6 58.5 79.3 68.3 66.9 69.4 c 46.8 55.9 60.7 53.3 42.8 15.4 1919.. 13.1 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 15.6 16.7 13.9 14.0 14.2 1925 1926 12.9 12.1 1927 1928 9.0 11.1 1929 11.3 1930 11.4 1931 11.4 Total 6,993.2 499.5 910.4 65.0 13.0 Average 13.0 a U. S. Bureau of Mines. b From records of the Illinois State Department of Mines and Minerals. c Seven months' production due to miners' strike. The principal losses have occurred in fuel used by railroads, where the use of fuel oil, increased efficiency, and the industrial depression have re- duced railroad coal consumption from 138.8 million tons in 1918 to 82 million tons 4 in 1931. Next to the railroads, a notable decline of coal consumption has oc- curred in the manufacturing industries, many of which have been electrified. Electrification has increased from 5 per cent of the primary horsepower used in manufacturing in 1904 to 78 per cent of that used in 1929. Both pri- vately developed electrical power and energy purchased from public utilities — the latter more rapidly — have increasingly replaced mechanical power. 2 Kanawha, L-ogan, Kenova-Thacker, New River, Winding Gulf, Pocahontas, Tug River, in "West Virginia, and McRoberts, Hazard, Harlan-Benham, in eastern Kentucky. 3 Supplements to Monthly Coal Distribution Reports Nos. 3 and 4; U. S. Bureau of Mines, October, 1931 and November, 1931. 4 Estimate based on consumption during eleven months of the year. COAL 11 It is quite probable, generally speaking, that electricity is produced in pub- lic utility plants with greater fuel economy than in private plants, so that the transfer of power generation from the private plant has also definitely resulted in less coal consumption, just how much it is difficult to say. The losses which the Illinois coal industry has suffered through com- petition from other coal fields is indicated in the last column of Table 2. If the ratio of output of 1918 had been maintained, the production in Illi- nois in 1931 would have been approximately 15 million tons more than it was or 58 million tons, and in 1930 it would have been 19 million tons more or about 72 million tons. This would have meant an increased disbursement of wages of from 15 to 20 million dollars and a greater economic stability in the communities of the principal coal producing sections of the state. Recovery of former markets is the immediate step necessary for the re- habilitation of the Illinois coal industry. The production of coal by months, for 1931, is given in Table 3 (p. 12). Distribution and Consumption of Illinois Coal illinois coal market area The natural market area for Illinois coal extends westward and north- ward into Missouri, Iowa, eastern Kansas, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Minne- sota, and the Dakotas. In the Lake Dock states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the Dakotas, the market is contested by lake cargo coal from the Ap- palachian fields. Very little Illinois coal moves eastward because of the supply from the Indiana and Appalachian fields. The energy markets to the south along Mississippi River are supplied by western Kentucky coal or by fuel oil and natural gas from the Mid-Continent and Gulf fields. The movement of coal from producing field to consuming state has been traced in a special study by the United States Bureau of Mines."' The year 1929 was chosen for analysis as being more representative of nor- mal conditions than the "depression" years of 1930 and 1931. It is the first survey of this kind since 1917" and in the intervening years notable changes have taken place in the distribution and utilization of Illinois coal. (Table 4, p. 13). 5 Supplement to Monthly Coal Distribution Report Nos. 1, 3, 4, and fi; U. S. Bureau of Mines, Aug., Oct., Nov., 1931, and Jan., 1932. Coal in 1917, Part B. Distribution and Consumption, U. S. Bureau of Mines. 12 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1931 ^ 2 S & ° "2 ■*- a s ™ a- a ~ a I- 'O o r^ CN CN io -t o- o- ~- 1^ O l^ t- ■o — i _ O -t"NMl>. m N l-s rf i/) o O H -t «"/ w. O^ O lO MO O N ^| CO -h o O" -f 00 13 -Jh O --- T, rs| r\| fr ; -f X O ^ CO NHM o- o M *h X O !>■ - -- N ^ O N CO N - M M lO ro O O C -t 'O ir> OJ OOOO'DO-fO'-D — CN O On O CO O M CO iO O N iO IT; ^h CM C- -* -h ro— ' ~h CN tNjrocN CN t-h tH o COOOCNlOfNC>O r/ ) l /)rviOOO^-t-t<00'-H^C>r«lC>OC> o OO^fNiO^CCO'O'-'iO-tO^OOOOOMOO 1 ir>0 o ^ HW)\0^\OMiOiONOO. , + NOXO y Or / )M'- | COO i— i r^i ^r<)OO' s 000r^iN.c0r0'-'N'+rriO^i^Oi^M rr >-tO CO £ '*^rtO-t"t'-OChro-HCO , i , rr, ir)|N.^c\lNro<3 "0 O cm r— t-n — i ro ^HOioir^rS'^'— i th ro" •^aOCOiOro^OOrONNO^^OCOCNCONvOrHO^ ** ■phO.-+i^O^C>^ -t-j o '-i-^fM^I^l s -00O0^f^'- 'OO (NMI^- (O^Ot^i^-O ro roM^O^OOfOO^^ON-toroM-tCO-tr-lOi 1 '-' ro o C0fN^^'^t^^"*(NTt H (N00Ot0O^r^'N00<^(N t~- -t CN Q\ -^ i—l CO ■-— i i— t CM rf) CO CN t-H ^h ^h o ^h " O^^locOMO " r— OOOOnO*-h v ©CNI^- , OOnOO lO rr> a t-^r-^roOOioO— r--CNONCN'"OO^Hr-- l OcocO'H^ON ■* +j ■^ - 't Ol r^ IN (M rN ro - uoOOt^-COO'OOt^OOO'^ "1 o ( O O f^ (T! -h ^h »-» M •hOIOOOM^OCO'-CO^O c-T CO ^■0 OOOrf rf -iOON ONO^rS^OfNCO-H^'rjr- LO w> PS] CO ^ CN OlOJOJ'-H-H-H-^H CO — OOUO^COOOI — f^rj'tfOCMOCOOCXN-H - On ^H U0 -O ^OMO'-N^O- OiOOO^N^lOlONM- -h t^ bb ^ — ^h c> f^ CO CO r>- ^ -OOOONON-coioOO - t-- oo a O rocCOO^OO^H ■^H-^\OOtO-^ | O^COO , >D fD o\ < Qs J>- O «hh >o ---h On O OOOOrOCN^fMi^^Tt^O fO o t-hO -h CN CN CN CN t-H -^h -h t— I ro" CO « OOOOOOONfOvOO^OOOHrHioCNO - O O \OJ (NCONNMth^h^O^MMiOO^OOO'HJ lO o >, ro w ^rfOCO'^COOoOCO'-^OOO^fNiOOH - O "1 ^ *-T ^ooV, odd^co o*io o" ^ oV't'ro N W) o cn ■*" 1 — i f- rHO'^'tHO^'HCOOO'HCNarH^rHOCNOO O VO ^H O i-H fO CN t-h CN -^h ^ ^h CN~ On " rHN'OOOCO^OONCOCNO^^'HacONO " O o CN -C COiOM^OO^OCOrOOO^^OCOOfONi CN u-) iO w f^t^'OOfN^O(NC\^t^O 1 0'-'iO'^(N^r0 -' On 00 a NO ^^^C0C>C>^rr)\0^t , ^00O^iN^rr;00^- On -* r— CNI>TtlO ON^CNCOCOCNlCNirirO-^'— inocncm O "* ■^LO ^H CN f^ rtM^H rt rH H cs" ro "■ ro^^HfOCNO'-Hfn'-iOOOrOOOr^rot^iOf^fN — O o CO ^ ONC>roONCOON(>]COrN]'^rMONO f r;CN , OONt^C^l-3 On t^ >. ^ — iO^»OO | M'O r 0^ i OiOC>t N -00OJ^O v O00iO "~ ^ CN n) Co" o"o '^O'NOOO'Ih^^hOCO'* o" o'o CM io On" u") oC § t-t \OCO^i^^0^fNCON(NCN^^fO--fNiNO O ■* oi no t-H cs cn cm est ^h t-H ^h t-H 0\_ CN~ CO — ^OlOOOOOONNONON^io^i^OOCNrH •* t—t^ cs-^c>NO'^iJOt^CN'^-^i^^csLo^ococoir)tHH(No CN iJ On w OCO'HNiO^iOCOroOOrsN^OOMON'OCO^H; lO a cn »Oroif)ioiOOOi/)rsi'^r^ONCO'^ir / i^>00^ , 1 i i') oo" < CN iO)0^iM-H(NJOOCN10\NrHroOfOiO^Om^ *-" CN CN iO ^nr^ CSt _ CNt _^ht-i-h ro - MO 00 1^ CN IT) GO CO M M ^j O O O ^ r^ CMO O - ^- t^ CN .2 N'H^fOO^O^'NOMOO^^OOMiOO'.: On o u On — cOOlrHr-j^OiOiOOiOOf^ONiOMOC^O — CO >o a ro ^CO-^OOCO^NOiOOO — NincOOi^O »-H ^H O t^CNt^O-^CO^ror^l>-lJ-3u^t^CSCOC^)'Tt , ^CO r^ o ro 00 fH CN ro^H ,—. CM CN CO CN CN CN t-H CN OO-tOOOO^MNCMNH/fvi^HNOOOfNroO o ^^C>CO(>IC>'i'COC>tHiONCOOCN(NrJ .d COCSCOC^^CNCN'O't'Tlt^CNlOf^l^^'HiJO'^^ro^.ON o 0) l^lO^OMlN'OOrOOOCO'H'-iOOCOttN^OrOO o ta lOrHioO^'OHOrnM^O't'tiONHMHro^ co o CS J^-^h ^h rOt-H ^h CN CNCOfN CN CN t-H '*NOCOCOOO'HONOaO^NOMOOiO^NOfN o ONN^OCO^N^OCOOOiO^'HCONriCA'HiOTt a Ottf>!i^tt00^HH0s^i^(^^000l>00>OCN00^I^N00 ■^H wjHOrOiO^OiOfNHO^^HNC>C>fNfNOH\ON oo" ^roO^^cONON^^CK'HiOOiOOroO'^i^ lo 1 — 1 ro , ~1, , ~ ' ^ a "o a. ■>T3 ? c .- e Ou a g: bcL. C 1 a. 'rmilion ashington. . . illiamson. . . . oodford her Counties 4- c uC £ £ - ■,* §2 s ^> *^> -^ 5j 3 So oo E 2 13 Table 4. — Distribution of coal produced in Illinois in 1917, 1918, and 1929 a Distribution Net Tons 1917 1918 1929 Used in Illinois: Used at mines for power and heat. Sold to local trade, not shipped. . . Shipped to Illinois points: Chicago District Illinois, Other Shipped to other States: Alabama Arkansas Indiana, Other Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Tennessee Texas Wisconsin Miscellaneous Railroad fuel delivered by all-rail routes: To originating railroad (non-revenue freight). To other railroads (revenue freight) Shipped to tidewater Exported by rail Grand Total . 2,374,250 3,541,792 (b) 25,780,675 2,381,197 3,641,044 (b) 31,405,464 953,932 3,991,337 9,120,428 14,027,684 31,696,717 96,000 255,000 026,000 107,000 18,000 102,000 706 , 000 801,000 55,000 806,000 661,000 43,000 63,000 231,000 50,000 63,000 936,000 37,427,705 20,719 267,628 2,410,432 3,597,048 46,767 14,306 86,112 983,572 1,967,926 22,954 6,830,419 185,946 7,820 16,000 228,160 210,128 322 2,486,254 28,093,381 39,284 684,705 2,815,630 137,299 3,975 34,568 767,781 5,779 ,884,713 596,666 2,799 172,048 30,580 846,811 11,595 19,019,000 35,431,220 19,382.513 32,370,362 12,034,233 16,073,069 4,046,286 2,450 50,000 15,400 95,125 86,199,387 89,291,105 60,246,969 "From Supplement to Monthly Coal Distribution: U. S. Bureau of Mines Report No. 4, Nov. 20, 1931. b Included in "Illinois, Other" and "Indiana, Other." MARKET LOSSES The decline in consumption of Illinois coal from 86 and 89 million tons in 1917 and 1918 to 60 million tons in 19'29 is the result of many com- plex economic factors operating in this intervening period. The principal market losses to be noted are: (1) in coal shipped to points within the State; (2) in coal exported to Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and 14 ILLINOIS MINERAL IMH ■S'I'KV IN 1931 states to the south rind southwest, notably Missouri, Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi; (3) in coal consumed by railroads, and (!) in coal used at mines. Market losses within the State. — Decreased consumption of Illinois coal within the State has occurred principally in the Chicago market. The chief competition for the coal market in the Chicago district has come from the Kanawha, Logan, Kenova-Thacker, New River-Winding Gulf, and Pocahontas-Tug River districts in West Virginia, the Hazard and McRob- erts districts in northeastern Kentucky, and southwestern Virginia. Losses in states bordering Illinois. — The substantial decrease in ship- ments to Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota reflect the gradually increas- ing shipments of coal over the lakes from the Appalachian fields. Toward the south and southwest, in the states of Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, the outlet for Illinois coal has been curtailed by the invasion of fuel oil and natural gas in the fuel markets of the southwest. Railway fuel market losses. — The Illinois coal industry has suffered severe loss in the railroad coal market but the decline in coal purchased by railroads has not been altogether due to purchases of coal from fields out- side of Illinois. Two other factors are (1) the use of fuel oil, and (2) the remarkable increase in the efficiency of fuel consumption during the per- iod from 1917 to 1929 so that, in spite of an increasing freight traffic, the consumption of fuel has steadily declined. In order to show the changes that have occurred in the consumption of railroad fuel in the past twelve years, Table 5 has been prepared showing consumption of fuel (both coal and oil), coal purchased by railroads from Illinois mines, and the per- centage of decline for Illinois fields and for the United States as a whole. Changes in railroad consumption alone account for a decline of nearly 14 million tons in Illinois coal production. Another principal factor in the decline, in addition to the increasing efficiency in fuel consumption by railroads, has been the rise of other coal fields in the railroad fuel market, notably the Fairmont, Kanawha, and Kenova-Thacker in West Virginia and the fields of eastern and western Kentucky. Competition of fuel oil has been less significant to the Illinois coal industry. The principal area of fuel oil consumption by railroads is in the Southwest and portions of the Central West regions into which Illinois coal does not move in large quan- tities. Moreover, the consumption of fuel oil by railroads has become stabilized since 1924 and is no longer responsible for further decreases in coal consumption by railroads. 15 Table 5. — Fuel consumption oy railroads, 1917-1931 a (In thousands of tons) Year Coal Con- sumption Fuel Oil Consump- tion (Coal equivalent) Total Fuel Consump- tion Coal Pur- chased from Illi- nois fields Percent of Railroad Fuel Pur- chased from Illinois 1917 138,714 137,830 122,674 131,553 110,554 115,636 134,106 119,926 119,888 124,828 117,486 113,882 112,951 97,857 ■■82,000 10,700 9,770 9,440 1 1 , 500 9,900 10,850 13,850 14,700 14,600 14,650 14,450 14,850 14,550 14,502 "12,375 149,414 147,600 132,114 143 , 053 120,454 126,486 147,956 134,626 134,488 139,478 131,936 128,732 127,501 112,359 94,375 33,697 (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) Ov"5 0\ 1^ \Tj ON ^ NO \n -f c >/-. o 00 n3 r^lONO'NOMO 00 f~ C\ ro -f t~ ro i~ -f -t- 4^ ^lOWO^-'-COrt >o O — J - 00 o H r— no oi rv) LO CN 00 -r 1~ •tCOfOlOO • -t LO +J t"~. *-H ^ O CN • ■ C On CN -* J* RJ Q ctf -w o —i On O ><"> CN • • • -ON •* t/3 O ON NO ON ^ . . . . . . IT) ro 00 1) CO —i ro a ~ ■N c *H oa s c ro "tf © <~o "} -NO • ■ LO CO ■ lo On c NO NO — H NO CN NO -f --i ro 00 o CA^-hOv ro O o tfl *-l •* £ oj -^ — i On no no "} • • • • o t~- o n3 NO .... NO ** . . . . . CN1 ro £ U 3 OO^TfOO • - »0 © © C OO 0\NO-*"*eN)ONiooor— *-i ro On uo ro On C* ro o vOrHTfr^ro^O^H m i^> lO ~H U") ,-H ~H -* o '- ro *& -a C 0) n) Cu Oh P nl X) a G "c be c o ■S.8 CQ e Ui 03 U > CO CD o 03 2 ffi -a X) ■v > - G ^L-J c ] O >N >> cd 3 ttf 03 > 'u, 0) u cd i> •Sei j! .3 3 to > i c ^ to 4) 4> 2^^ .S c ex C a u O o3 -t-> • K> - C 73 c cu c o c O) *-] u k/ a; A - 4J 03 w c^= 03 3 +j C a> e to < — i u >, OJ in >, C 11 a; ^ tut) > ■M e 'c *t7 / tf < c h III - ■ is o u c a> • c - a s t c o u ! s £ 1- c £ o IT) •5 a y c ; 'JE C i? a o ™ Z03 ftl- Pi be to tfl IS J3 o o tc - u — a ^ p m — a A 17 a S a, co ■sr en 03 o ~ J3 o £ 1 s hi 03 Eh U-) ** t~- CNN r^. re CN CN M0 O cn vo r~- 00 "rt 00 CON On t~- u)f^ leoore ^t -icn ^o^in o ~h -* MO On COO OM re M0 re *— 00 •* o H OMT^CN CN ~h -* CO On ^* "0 00 en CO lovo^h ■ lo re -h CM CN -# CN 00 CON t-~ IT) . cn CN — < CN CN ■* O CXI J* s r* CO ■ — CN Q CO +j o OOOCNO 00 t^ u-> 00 —* r<)CNN • rt< • -h LO in OfOOMO O ~h lO -^ re ON X ie CU t-~ t— 1 M0 c c ^— 1 § _c *V) J-^ ON ~H ^ ON CN ^ »— i CN ^f^-CN 'rF MO © ~h re e "# O --* © OCN "* CN re ON H CN o 00 -* *-H -H re re M0 o w CN £ cd ^ r-- n O mo re *-h N • CN ■ ~m . . . ie CON O^O CN CON ON CN CON M0 -H/ *rt< <*~> >H N CN CN Oi^rorM ©MO © ~< MO O re ■* ■ - o 00 TJH CN CN CN -# lO M0 M0 CM m (1) >> o CO i c CO E 3 u u > c 'in o cO - > >* c CO £ cc u a > o o_a 3 O u cu 5 "> CO el) ■*- U cu c ]b PS CU 3 '^■^ 3 bX)"^ co rt I bo 2 o CU 71 r- cu 3 co* •w bo c o c t; cu c c W cu h CcS rf--;l;4)J7 T? Jr; TO c biO en 5 rt en V? cu E •jH CO l?-i^ fc ^? P CO O CO c/3 'c c - c E 4 .C cOji C3 12 rv CO O g X •Sec 5 f/1 .2 E U i cu cc S ; 5 c c c- 1 cu c C 2 c .C > » a E- 18 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1931 Coal consumed in the Chicago market. — An important factor in the increased consumption of eastern coal is the Chicago market area. This mar- ket in L929 consumed about 32,000,000 tons of coal of which Illinois supplied about 29 per cent, Indiana about 11 per cent, and the Appalachian fields most of the remainder, or about GO per cent. Although consumption figures for this area are not separately available for 1917, an examination of Tables 6 and 7 discloses the relation of the Chicago market to the increased im- portation from eastern fields since this year. For example, in 1929, the principal contributors to the Chicago market — Harlan-Benham, New River- Winding Gulf and Pocahontas-Tug River fields — supplied 14,551,000 tons to this district whereas in 1917 their contribution to the entire Illinois coal market area was 5,788,000 tons. Coal imported into the Chicago area is used primarily ( 1 ) in the manu- facture of by-product coke, (2) in the manufacture of gas, and (3) as a domestic fuel. The 12 to 13 million tons of Appalachian coals coked each year in the Chicago area constitute about 85 per cent of the by-product coke in- dustry of Illinois and Indiana which in 1929 absorbed about 14.7 million tons of coal. Coals for coking are obtained mainly from the Harlan and McRoberts fields in eastern Kentucky, and Kanawha, Logan, Pocahontas, New River, and Winding Gulf fields of West Virginia. Coal consumed in the Lake Dock territory. — The Lake Dock market territory comprises the states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, the eastern Dakotas, and northern Iowa. The competitive condition in this territory is governed largely by the low water rates over the Great Lakes from the Appalachian coal fields ranging from 35 to 50 cents per ton in recent years. Table 8. — Distribution of lake dock bituminous coal, 1917 and 1929 a (Exclusive of railroad and bunker fuel) (In net tons) Distribution 1929 1917 Lake Superior Docks Lake Michigan Docks Total Total Wisconsin Minnesota North Dakota South Dakota Chicago District Illinois, other Indiana, other. 972,440 6,810,443 430,092 489,797 6,230,242 32,160 562 4,972 5,100,122 267,609 7,202,682 6 , 842 , 603 430,654 494,769 5,100,122 267,791 4,484,768 4,151,132 618,131 477,961 (b) 182 1,050,221 562,850 Michigan Iowa 1,319,421 56,081 4,478,805 28,014 5,798,226 84,095 2,726,931 271,560 Total 10,078,456 16,142,486 26,220,942 14,343,554 " Supplement to Monthly Coal Distribution Report No. 3: Oct., 1931. b Included in "Illinois, other," and "Indiana, other." U. S. Bureau of Mines, COAL 19 An examination of Table 8 shows a rapid growth in the coal markets of the lake ports and a decline in the markets of the interior. The larger part of this coal is shipped to commercial docks during the summer season and is placed in storage. Much of it probably enters the domestic trade. No public survey of the fuel requirements of the domestic market have been made for this area, although such a study is much needed. Coal consumed west of Mississippi River. — Table 9 shows the quan- tity of coal shipped into seven states west of the Mississippi River from Illinois and from the fields of the Western Interior and Rocky Mountain coal provinces together with the percentage supplied by Illinois. The coal industry of Illinois meets its principal competition in this territory from local fields within the states themselves. Imports of coal from fields out- side of the Illinois coal market area into the southwestern and Rocky Moun- tain coal fields totalled 4,442,179 tons, or 18 per cent of the coal consumed in the area comprising these seven states. Illinois supplied 42 per cent of this market and the remainder, 40 per cent, was produced and consumed locally. Competition from coal fields of the Rocky Mountain states is heaviest in Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas (Table 9). These states constitute the dividing zone between eastward and westward shipments of coal. In spite of a considerable local industry, Iowa and Missouri import substantial quantities of Illinois coal, in fact, they depend mainly on this state for their outside needs. The wide distribution of relatively small quantities of Ar- kansas coal over this area is accounted for by the demand for "Arkansas anthracite" for domestic heating use which probably explains the shrinking market for Pennsylvania anthracite in these states. DISTRIBUTION IN 1930-1931 The detailed distribution figures given above indicate some of the un- derlying economic factors which govern the coal movements in the Illinois coal market area. These detailed data are available for 1929 only, but the underlying conditions have not changed appreciably. The consump- tion of coal in the Illinois coal market area in 1930 and 1931 together with the quantity supplied by Illinois can be approximated by a summation of the quantities of coal moved in by water and rail from competing fields on the west and east. The coal supplies furnished to the Illinois fuel area in 1930 and 1931 are summarized in Table 10. The "total approximate supply" includes the quantity of coal produced in the area and the imported quantities which can he definitely traced. In addition to this, a considerable quantity of coal is imported from the nearby fields of Indiana, Western Kentucky, and Arkansas. 20 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN lftlil •o$ 3| NO O oo lo <~n i^ c ^ ON 1 LO o iceoinoom^coceoo oo. oco---i , oo^ nC CN rt -t ■M O C O CN lO •- ""/ O "j C> ir r~ O N N in o CO O >0 O GO LO -t cn h co o -+ i^ — — < oooo oc NO O *— cn io ~^ -t cn t^ co O • cn o ■ CO io ■ C LT CN t/) •tOU) 00 — < © « -t- LO ca CO LO O o On CN r-. CO l-~ o •*oo o CN "* o CN >> r^rHin to CN c CN ca 00 CM ■* Q ~ CN cd -irtKO'+OO ■ no co -OC OC CO 00 CO 1^- CN io t~~ ■* CO C CO O r-~ oo no on no © LO *-l ir- CN © rO OO oj t^ NO CN 00 r~~ cn CN o> c O On CO CO -* e r~- ON § O (^ lO lO I^ c^j ro -t^^O" CN ** cfl O O O ro lO ^ (N OC1LT ■* '> NO ~* -^< CN r^ CO CN CO LO 0C IO t^ en ca OONO'tCN NO T-H LO 0C i — is 0) On NO no -rf — CO 0C CN to cn oo oo CN LT "* z CO OnOOMOncm -On ■0«c\ 0C © a M O CO ^ ^H nO o — c en ca CM O On no Tf CO o © -t LO en C ca NOLOC^fO 00 © Tt< — ^* r^c>CN Tt< -* LOCNCN -a- — ,-h LO -* CO t^ CN ^000 00 10 ■ ^f ■ ■■— 1 ■ o ! NO -■OOONiO On r-~ LT NC 3 NCC^'tO LO CN 1^- oc ■— 1 NO en en ^CO^OCN ■* CN CT 00 On r-~ ■* CN O0 "0 -h CO CN lO i LO CN » OTfOf^cNO •ON'-^^rs *— LO CO ro [^ OO 0O lO cnOooc CO oinoin^N t^- c- LT © ca LO £ 1^ O in TH O CN — ' C c o ^NthOCN ■* CN NC 00 IO ir CN CN LT cu ca cu -t-j o ty) en en ft ho G 'u •a o Oh V CC c CU0-- .2 = cu ^ -1 c a - ' U-Q < j 3 c V z £ > •— 11 ft, COAL 21 Table 10. — Summary of coal tonnages available to the Illinois coal market area, 1930 and 1931 a (In thousands of net tons) Source of Coal Illinois production Production from other states (also consumed in the Illinois fuel area Iowa Kansas -. Missouri North Dakota Shipments into the area By water to Lake Superior docks and "Soo" By water to Lake Michigan ports By car ferry across Lake Michigan By rail to Illinois-Indiana c By rail to Northwest Colorado-South Wyoming shipments eastward Total approximate supply Production from nearby states Indiana Western Kentucky Arkansas 1930 193 1 1 ' 51,719 42,793 3,893 3,305 2,430 1,995 3,853 3,369 1,700 1,610 13,723 10,171 10,056 9,216 1,035 684 22,930 15,890 4,260 3,090 992 562 116,591 16,490 10,915 1,533 92,594 13,310 8,343 1,238 "Compiled from Monthly Coal Distribution Reports: U. S. Bureau of Mines. b Preliminary figures. c Mainly the Chicago area. Indiana coal finds a considerable outlet into the market territory that is served by the Illinois producers. Although these figures have not been separated for 1930 and 1931, the distribution of Indiana coal in the Illinois fuel market area in 1929 was as follows : Millions of tons To the Chicago district 3.46 To other Illinois destinations 1 .08 To other states in the market area 7 . 95 7 Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, and "Wisconsin. Western Kentucky coal has only a limited market in the Chicago dis- trict but finds an even wider market than Indiana coal in other parts of the Illinois fuel area. The distribution in 1929 was as follows: Millions of tons To Chicago district 0.92 To other Illinois destinations 1.41 To other states in market area 2.35 Total 4.68 Tables 11 and 12 give more detailed information of coal movements into the Illinois coal market area. 22 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1931 O O O -t ■— -t ro lO N ^1 uo ■tOaoO'OO-t't 0 -f ""- CO — T3 E nj O c r, ^ *£ .S-W Uo C/3 if) s "2 S as l--i to O O S-3 £ us "a d rt.S _. o <*& < o to c O - c ■a c lOcoOLO-ffOLOOO *-- t^ J-- rr> O O CO <*0 ^y ^ O s OO N O N Ol CN co > a) CD to '.C *-. to o § 5 53 o Tf O ro -^ t^- co O CO vO CO \0 iO iO CN 00 CNOOOOOJt^O co ■•— < CN O -* l"^ -^ O VO COUOOlCOLOf^iOO CNOJCN-iw^ CO'— <0< N oro^O l O CO O O O O f- CN IT, N CMTi 0> O ^ rO IT; f^ 0\ rN O CN -H O co iO On O O *"- C -V; Q -, Q C , — . _ i-L, +-^ A£2 O ^ C °S c M O cu o " T3 4-> o c u •-" M CN ^H ^H ^H (V] ^H ^h loo^NNONooao^ooo j>-rsi>ioo'~r)000 L o , oo w £ o CN *-< ^ -hMM-h vOOOOCO'^OO^OO'-'iO 0'*'tro'rirO' , 0'r!'^iO'tiO *■— cvir-oost^-coooo-^OOO _ _ ^H _ _ ,_| ^ <» '-iMl^roONOOiOTtuO'^'OoO O^t^CslNOOO^ClOONOO ia to :.§« s'E >, — u ■'■ ri 5Q.5 -_E ■^ O m G O, a e c ,(2 § < S ££< $ o y, q o i- ^U. S < S £.=,< 175 O 2 Q 24 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1931 Influence of Competitive Fuels and Water Power Coal shares the energy market with fuel oil, natural gas, gasoline, and water power. Of these fuel oil is the most important factor in the Illinois coal market area, natural gas has just recently entered the market, water power is a minor hut not unimportant factor, and gasoline is making itself felt as a direct competitor of coal. FUEL-OIL CONSUMPTION The extent to which fuel oil shares the energy market in the states supplied by Illinois coal is shown in Table 13. Table 13. — Fuel oil consumption in the Illinois coal market area, 1926-1930 " (In barrels of 42 U. S. gallons) State 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 Illinois 8,992,051 666,153 979,585 5,146,747 40,182 121,909 1,104,141 11,445,021 659,790 1,404.070 5,296,509 25,070 106,046 1,411,161 14,127,611 786,897 1,478,911 4,516,311 63 , 202 130,332 1,474,385 13,425,030 881,970 1,478.911 5,020,376 109.655 154,290 1,640,396 12,627,298 Iowa 1,105,538 Minnesota 1,548,860 Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Wisconsin 4,468,199 128.201 154,886 1,567,486 Total Coal equivalent (in tons) h . . . . 17,050,768 4,050,000 20,347,667 4,835,000 22,577,659 5,370,000 22,780,577 5,710.000 21,625,235 5,150,000 Swanson, E. B., Distribution of Fuel Oil in 1930, U. S. Bureau of Mines. b Fuel oil converted into coal-equivalent on a basis of 4.2 barrels of oil to a ton of coal. Although the total figure for 1930 is less than for 1929, the percentage decrease of 5.1 per cent is less than the percentage decrease of coal consumed in the Illinois coal market area for the same period. NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION The introduction of natural gas into the Chicago and East St. Louis areas and into numerous cities in the interior of Illinois, as well as an ex- tensive natural gas pipe-line development in Missouri, Iowa, eastern Ne- braska, and Minnesota, has brought a new and undetermined element into the Illinois coal market territory. In the Chicago area, natural gas has been substituted partly for manufactured gas in domestic heating and it will probably find new markets in the electric utilities and in certain types of industries. In this locality, it is probable that Appalachian coals will be the chief ones to be displaced by gas. In the interior cities of Illinois and in Missouri, Iowa, and eastern Nebraska, the competition will be more di- rectly with Illinois coal. The rapidly changing conditions in the natural 25 gas industry since 1929 make it impossible at this time to evaluate the full significance of this new competitor. WATER POWER Modern water power developments are confined mainly to the pro- duction of electrical energy in public utilities and, as such, permit of a rea- sonably accurate measurement of the extent to which this form of energy displaces coal. The measurement is made by calculating the amount of coal which would be required to produce the electrical energy now generated by water power. Since the efficiency of steam-generated electrical energy has been in- creasing yearly, as indicated by the decreasing quantities of coal required for the production of a unit of electrical energy, the displacement value of water power becomes less significant each succeeding year. Hence Table 14 has been prepared in which the hydro-electric power output for each year is shown converted into equivalent tons of coal, the calculation being based on the amount of coal required to produce a kilowatt-hour of electrical energy each successive year. Table 14. — Coal-equivalent of hydro -electric power production. 1920-1931 '■' Year Hydro-electric power 1 ' output in K. W. Hrs. (in thousands) Pounds of coal per K. W. Hrs. Coal-equivalent (in thousands of tons) 1920 1,814,106 1,738,413 1 , 738 , 895 1,819,802 2,121,735 2,132,361 2,609,474 2,848,628 3,074,376 2,814,435 2,534,058 2,405,837 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.95 1.84 1.76 1.69 1.62 1.55 2 721 1921 1922 1923 2,350 2,175 2 190 1924 2 330 1925 1926 2,240 2 530 1927 2 625 1928 1929 1930 1931 2.700 2,388 2,050 1,860 " U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 579, Table 43; and Monthly Report of Electric Power Production, Division of Power Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey. b For Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. GASOLINE The competition of gasoline with coal is less direct and consequently is usually underestimated ; indeed it is difficult to estimate accurately. The internal combustion engine, particularly in the automobile, is the domi- nant factor. Although in its early period of development the automobile was primarily a pleasure vehicle, now it is used in very large numbers for commercial transportation. The automobile has become a serious competitor of steam and electric railroads. Numerous interurban electric 26 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1931 lines have been abandoned. Freight and passenger traffic on railroads has been especially affected in the short haul movements in regions of dense population. Mine Mechanization and Mechanical Loading in Illinois Mines Mine mechanization is here broadly defined to include the use of power in mechanical or electric haulage, machine cutting, power drilling, mechanical loading, and coal preparation. Machine cutting, power drilling, coal prepara- tion and electric haulage have been important since 1913. Hoisting and tipple operations have been largely electrified, underground electric loco- motives are widely used for hauling, and machine cutting has shown a definite upward trend in displacing hand mining or "shooting from the solid". From 50 per cent of the total production in 1913, the output by mechanical methods has risen to more than 80 per cent in 1931, and elec- tric cutting machines have almost completely displaced air-driven machines. With power supply available at the working face of the mine, the use of the electric drill is rapidly being introduced. Mechanical loading is the latest application of mechanization to the coal industry, and, in spite of the calamitous conditions of the industry in 1931, the percentage loaded mechanically increased substantially over that of 1930. In Illinois the total output by all methods in 1931 was 8,923,876 tons less than the 1930 output. According to Coal Age, 8 mechanical output dropped only 223,817 tons from 1930 to 1931—23,342,932 tons in 1930, 23,119,115 tons in 1931 — whereas hand methods showed a loss of 8, 702., 059 tons. Strip Mining in 1931 The production of coal by strip mining in 1931 showed a slight gain above that of 1930 and exceeded that of 1929 (Table 15). The output of coal by stripping in Illinois has increased from 1.6 per cent of the total production in 1923 to 14.6 per cent in 1931. Although 1931 was a "de- pression" year, the tonnage of strip mined coal was the highest recorded thus far in any year. The same trend is apparent in all other states using this method of coal recovery. Strip mines showed less fluctuation in output from month to month than the shaft mines, as shown in Table 16. The production of a ton of coal in Illinois strip mines requires but 0.52 man-hour, in shaft mines, 1.51 man-hours. The strip mines in Illinois therefore operate with but 34 per cent as much labor per ton of coal produced as do the underground mines. Other factors, such as capital costs, increasing depth of overburden in areas re- maining to be worked, changing costs of materials, etc. are to be considered in the larger economics of the question. 8 Coal Age, vol. 37, No. 2, February, 1932, p. 61. COAL Table 15. — Strip mined coal in Illinois, 1914-1931 a 27 Year Output Per cent of total production Year Output Per cent of total production 1914 327,487 455,195 437,863 519,944 512,428 400 , 640 589,540 563,168 677,513 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.2 1923. . 1,256,704 2,219,318 3,378,747 3,443,668 2,807,363 4,345,762 5,374,813 6,116,415 6,262,501 1.6 1915.. 1924 1925 1926 1927 3.2 1916 1917 1918 5.0 4.9 6.0 1919 1928. . 7.7 1920 1929 . 8.8 1921 1930 11.3 1922 1931b 14.6 a Monthly Report of Shipping Mines, Illinois State Dept. of Mines and Minerals. b Preliminary figures. Table 16. — Index of seasonal variation of coal production in shaft mines and in strip mines a 1931 Production of shaft mines Index of production Avg. monthly=100 Production of strip mines Index of production Avg. monthly=100 January February March April May June 4,379,869 3,284,510 3 , 734 , 849 2,556,913 2,465,239 2,265,208 2,319,839 2,827,982 2,868,272 3,433,513 2,959,116 3,435,715 138 106 121 84 83 77 78 92 94 113 98 115 538,241 511,590 556,658 471,611 484 , 040 479,651 444,730 471,889 484,276 609,801 549 , 084 660,880 103 98 107 90 93 92 July August 85 90 September October November December 93 117 105 127 Total Monthly average. . . 36,531,025 3,044,252 100 6,262,501 521,875 100 " Monthly Report of Shipping Mines, Illinois State Dept. of Mines and Minerals. Number and Output of Mines by Classes Table 17 shows by classes the number of Illinois coal mines in opera- tion, the total output, and the percentage of the total output of each class from 1919 to 1930. Except for the year of 1922, when the labor strike affected the class 1 mines most severely, the trend of production shows an unmistakable drift to the larger mines and away from class 2 and class 3 mines. The persistence of mines in classes d and 5 is probably explained by the fact that mines formerly in classes 2 and 3 dropped to classes 1 and . r > in periods of a dull market. All classes of mines have decreased in numbers but classes 2 and 3 show a greater percentage of reduction than any of the other groups. 28 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1931 - OO'^'N r , ^ l ^ON00OO -HiNCNCNCNCsKNMfNMINPPl On On On On On On On On On On On On W in z s O S SI o pc io ^no^oncocccoo •C CS O O — CN O O -f -t iO PC CO I— O -f PC PC O PC CO O* O t— O CO O CO On CO vo o- o to o pc \C X O T, N o o o -t IO o »o O N r>| CO ^; fN| -h p-i o> CS CS O lO^OONjO&OO'tOOO — f- O i/ 1 ) N N N i^ N N l>. CO CO CO -t^NOO'^iO'tMNr^O O^OOOCOCOt^^N-t^a lOOOOP-ir^OCOO^lO^CO NtNMrP|(NMTH(NfNj-Hr-(^H ^-OOCOOOnOpcOI^-pNPCpC NOOlPCO^-PCtoONTft^-PCCO lO'rf-^LO'^'^c^pNiPccNrsi^H PCPCONOOf^-r^PC-^ONPCO r— pC'^t 1 '— "ON-^rst^-cOPCPCPN ^ f P;ONO• O O O IO CO C<1 IT) ** N CO O M "0 r~- On no t^- pc - IO PC On -^h cn] PC O PC O PC PC O 00 no OO^NfPi^iOONOOOO ■<— 'CNOICNCNOlCNCSCNCNrNPC On On On On On On On On On On On On 29 O o w "H +■' m 1-1 ,— ; in 2 o « Co" o c ©"© 2d o U 2c r~\ _ O O -u c/> O cs°. i—i o =s 2 « o o 0] -O s 8°. (JNO — o <|2 t/> a; © i/> u © j2 oo U So" ^© CO to to < U > H P cu H O O u a < H 2 W U « a. ^o^NM^aO'too^o ifO Mt> C\0 CN O 00 ^5 00 00 f^OOONTH^Hfl) — rvj ^, ^, rv) i^| ^| i^| ^) ^) ~i r^ O^ On On O^^^O^O^Q 1 ^^^ ot en Ph l-H „ 10 a; cvl W M ■O Oi > !=> 5 a ffl a! .2 :;o ILLINOIS MINKKAL INDUSTRY IN 1931 PETROLEUM Production of petroleum in Illinois in 1931 was 5,023,000 barrels, a decrease of 713,000 barrels from the previous year. The fields in Illinois were under proration restrictions from September 1, 1930, to June 3, 1931, being curtailed to 75 per cent of their normal flow. The removal of pro- ration restrictions after that date increased production by nearly 80 thousand barrels a month and from September to December, 1931. production ex- ceeded the corresponding months of 1930. Production by months since 1925 is shown in Table 18. Table 18. — Petroleum produced in Illinois, 1925-1931 " (Thousands of barrels of 42 U. S. gallons) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total 1925 662 604 728 661 586 665 690 647 667 677 639 637 7 , 863 1926 635 600 729 650 579 662 680 670 657 651 616 631 7,760 1927 589 558 698 601 536 602 576 607 577 557 562 531 6,994 1928 510 516 635 573 468 550 551 573 506 558 508 514 6,462 1929 508 455 603 552 457 517 561 572 532 566 506 490 6,319 1930 487 478 532 540 511 513 531 523 409 428 378 408 5,736 193F 409 376 372 382 378 457 461 437 436 441 429 445 h 5,023 "Petroleum in 1929: Mineral Resources of the United States, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Vol. 2, p. 445, 1929; Annual Petroleum Statements No. 83, Sept. 25, 1931, and No. 89, March 2, 1932. b Preliminary figure. Prices of petroleum fell to unusually low levels in the summer of 1931 as a result of the abnormally large production of oil in the East Texas field and the consequent demoralization of prices. The price changes throughout the year were as follows : (Per barrel) January 1 to March 6 $1.30 March 6 to June 2 0.80 June 2 to July 11 0.55 July 11 to July 24 0.40 July 24 to August 18 0.55 August 18 to August 24 0.70 August 24 to November 3 0.80 November 3 to December 31 0.95 PETROLEUM 31 Economic conditions in the Illinois oil fields are directly affected by the position of the oil industry in the United States. According to the pre- liminary figures compiled by the United States Bureau of Mines, the pro- duction of crude petroleum in the United States in 1931 amounted to 850,275,000 barrels, a decline of approximately 48,000,000 barrels, or 5 per cent below the output of 1930. Domestic demand for oil in 1931 amounted to 900,982,000 barrels, a decline of 25,178,000 barrels from the previous year. This decline occurred mainly in the consumption of fuel oil. Stocks of oil above ground were decreased in 1931 by 44,245,000 bar- rels, the largest annual decrease ever made. The depressing effect upon prices of an oversupply of crude and refined stocks has long been recog- nized and their substantial reduction in 1931 is one of the most hopeful signs in strengthening the market. The outstanding event in 1931 was the development of the East Texas field. Although discovered early in October, 1930, this field did not become a substantial producer before 1931. The ease of drilling and the high percentage of producing wells, the majority of which were of the gusher type, brought a rapid rise in oil production. Peak production in August — about 1,000,000 barrels daily — was accompanied by a drop in the price of oil to 5 cents a barrel in some places. This break-down of oil prices was reflected in price drops in all other fields. The East Texas field was shut down under executive order on August 17th and reopened on September 5th with daily production restricted to 225 barrels per well. As more wells were drilled the flow per well was further limited. Production in this field during 1931 was 107,990,000 bar- rels. Drilling in Illinois. — Only 53 completions of wells were reported in Illinois for 1931 as compared with 253 in 1930. The proportion of pro- ducing wells to the total number of wells drilled decreased from 53 per cent to 36 per cent. The average initial production decreased from 26.0 bar- rels to 6.8 barrels. In the southeastern Illinois field, which has produced approximately 97 per cent of the State's total production of oil to date, the number of completions was the smallest in many years, namely, 17. Of these, 13 were in Crawford County, 3 in Wabash, and 1 in Cumberland, with none in Lawrence and Clark counties. A few wells in Lawrence County were deepened. The Illinois-Indiana Petroleum Association, consisting of producers and refiners of southeastern Illinois and southwestern Indiana, was organ- ized in 1931. Among the aims of this association are the securing of a better market for the oil products of Illinois and southwestern Indiana, and the promotion of a study and application of improved methods of re- covery in the old fields where large amounts of oil not available by pump- ing are known to remain in the sand. 32 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1931 Table 19. — Output and value of non-fuel 1927 Tons Vali 1928 Tons Value Cement (Portland) Clay Fluorspar Lime Building Paper mills Tanneries Metallurgy Other uses Total Limestone Road metal and concrete Rubble Rip-rap Railroad ballast Flux Agriculture Other uses Total Quartz (silica) Sand and gravel Glass sand Molding sand Structural sand Paving and roadmaking sand. . . Cutting, grinding and blast sand Fire or furnace sand Railroad ballast sand Engine sand Other sands Structural gravel Paving and roadmaking gravel.. Railroad ballast gravel Other gravel Total sand and gravel Sandstone Tripoli "7,061 198 46 63 11 7 3 29 115 6,436 14 620 1,159 683 647 9 , 650 83 629 652 4,194 2,798 362 < ° > 160 129 2,368 2,598 3,324 2,100 19,328 240 306 006 550 996 423 617 217 803 870 270 184 160 840 155 790 265 028 268 955 993 414 804 047 814 895 191 405 684 233 703 $11,312,783 381,228 863 , 909 691,525 96,816 64,050 28,552 233,150 1,084,093 5,231,749 24,309 639.534 746,757 706,675 579,639 166,423 8,095.086 462 , 804 356,333 455.913 1 , 954 , 694 49,260 (d) 124,956 692 , 984 ( <= ) 33,714 65,196 1,057,313 1,237,709 1,535,623 648,985 3,514 9,166,934 32,420 (d) "7,405,667 248,618 65,884 65,701 10,884 6,645 4,734 27,559 115,523 6,710,807 8,110 203,460 1,367,430 675,270 565 , 000 115,293 9,645,370 78,883 658,036 698,722 4,630,189 3,183,271 399,198 31,635 170.298 128,888 1,658,519 3,182,255 4,475,823 1,744,962 7,535 20,969,331 83,550 (d) 1,602,848 446,290 1,154,983 613,595 84 , 683 60,284 34,337 224,102 1.017,001 5,672.703 12,430 169.384 812,586 642,406 511,005 229,915 8,050,429 501,373 442,923 531,468 2,110,951 1,163,281 705 , 895 23.406 33,146 75,131 1,070,068 1,573,130 2,069.973 475.057 2,126 10,243,555 47,961 (d) a Quantities of Portland cement expressed in barrels. b Included in other uses. c Concealed in other sands. d Concealed. NON-FUEL PRODUCTS 33 mineral products in Illinois, 1927-19.31 1929 1930 1931 Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value "7,738,208 $11,134,538 "7,951,680 $10,519,162 "6,380,000 $5,310,000 264,332 553,797 184,555 371,645 107,712 211,873 67,009 1,284,834 44,134 836,473 28,072 468,386 51,476 451,709 31,535 283,273 18,683 156,485 9,210 65,607 5,926 41,331 2,737 18,497 6,887 56,638 6,977 56,210 6,700 56,055 5,782 39 , 864 4,126 30,499 5,157 33 , 648 56,027 359,494 41,145 309,830 38,041 218,109 119,382 973,312 89,709 721,143 71,317 547,680 5,327,310 4,221,762 4,637,390 3,355,031 3,600,769 2,391,763 (b) (b) 3,440 5,199 4,412 5,450 135,080 132,971 820,090 763,624 291,112 292,761 936,240 724,302 475,720 346,032 361,637 241,619 786,018 749,721 604 , 890 537,829 460,087 393,645 947,800 843 , 693 868,430 740,785 247,269 227,020 212,632 292,815 128,850 160,589 243,809 369,199 3,345.080 6,965,264 7,538,810 5,909,089 5,209,095 3,921,457 91,120 555.610 71,976 438,757 56,262 335,219 552,539 502,434 489,824 490,533 416,366 416,066 1.135,820 804,371 589.238 455,416 327,097 246,858 4,011,481 1,573,236 2,685,313 1,258,618 1,889,757 735,029 2,020,278 822,156 2,905,191 1,073,470 1,668,587 718,984 449,475 901,145 322,976 657,689 170,752 427,102 65,795 54,768 41,416 29,392 2,684 5,127 747,834 184,928 535.670 118,659 246,727 55,333 142,864 75,307 112,184 63 , 723 76,082 39,777 301,658 353,420 1,749,351 840,505 245,876 122,687 3,401,945 1,589,935 1,947,176 981,412 1,290.073 597,697 3,363,578 1.564,304 4,873,777 2,067,529 3,539,315 1.599,762 1,855,200 611,486 1,140,297 342,306 573,097 169.338 207,736 33 , 748 6,280 2,773 15,978 10,066 18,256,203 9,071,238 17,398.693 8,382,025 10,462,391 5,143,826 62,650 37,944 52,110 30,208 45.102 25,843 12,889 139,557 9,954 116,307 9,057 111,378 34 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1931 NON-FUEL MINERALS Statistical Summary Illinois ranks seventh among the states in output and value of non- metallic minerals. These include clay and clay products, sand and gravel, limestone and dolomite, cement, fluorspar, lime, puverized silica sand, tripoli, sandstone, and fullers' earth. The production of these minerals and their value is given by principal uses in Table 19 for the years 1927 to 1933 (pp. 32-33). Clay and Clay Products Clay products having a value of $10,585,136 were produced in 1931 as compared with a value of $19,972,156 in 1930, a decline of 47 per cent. This sharp decrease in production was partly the result of a continued de- cline in building activity and partly the result of an unusually large accumu- lation of stocks. Table 20 gives a preliminary summary of the value of clay products by counties for 1931. CLAY AND CLAY PRODUCTS 35 Table 20. — Clay products (including pottery) and nonclay refractories in Illinois in 1931 a (Number of establishments and value of products by counties) County Number of establishments Value of products Individual counties: Cook - 21 4 8 3 5 4 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 102 $2,153,210 Kankakee LaSalle 238,721 862,914 Macoupin 10,958 Madison Tazewell 389,305 241,374 Vermilion 736,891 Groups of counties: Adams Cass Greene Jackson Logan Menard St. Clair 891,082 Sangamon Schuyler Scott Boone Grundy Kane • 1,138,514 McHenry Will Bureau Knox Livingston Marshall Woodford Crawford Edwards 1,102,076 Fayette Hamilton Iroquois • 1,788,300 Macon McLean Saline Henry McDonough Mercer Rock Island 1,031,791 Warren Whiteside Total $10,585,136 " Data supplied by the U. S. Bureau of the Census. 36 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1931 According to the U. S. Bureau of the Census, the above figures are preliminary and subject to revision. They are based in large part on re- turns received prior to April 15, 1932, but include estimates for 14 estab- lishments whose returns had not been received. The establishments report- ing for 1930, exclusive of the 14 whose returns were outstanding on April 15, 1932, contributed 89.4 per cent of the total for Illinois; and the com- bined value of products reported by such of these establishments as were active in 1931 (88 in number) represents a decrease of 47.7 per cent as compared with the 1930 total, exclusive of that part reported by the 14 establishments whose returns were outstanding on April 15, 1932. In esti- mating the figures for the State and for the individual counties and groups of counties, it has therefore been assumed that the value of the products of each of the 14 establishments whose returns had not been received prior to April 15 was 47.7 per cent smaller for 1931 than for 1930. The extent to which the clay products industry has been affected by the depression is illustrated in Table 21 which gives the value of clay prod- ucts from 1920 to 1931. Table 21. — Value of clay products in Illinois, 1920-1931 B Year Value Index No. b 1920 $26,138,419 19,041,182 26,784,263 34,218,987 33,591,368 36,763,980 37,030,004 34,346,886 32,026,885 27,391,068 19,972,156 10,585,136 100 1921 73 1922 102 1923 131 1924 128 1925 140 1926 142 1927 131 1928 122 1929 104 1930 76 1931 c 40 Total $337,890,334 $26,157,526 Average 100 a Compiled from Mineral Resources of the United States, Annual Summaries. Data for 1930 and 1931 supplied by the Bureau of the Census. "Average of 1920-1931 = 100. c Preliminary figure. The trend of values as shown by index of average production for this period indicates the comparative position of the industry in the business de- pressions of 1921 and 1930-31. This corresponds somewhat to the trend in the value of building permits issued for the same period, although the index of building activity shows wider fluctuations than the value of clay products manufactures (Table 22). CLAY AND CLAY PRODLTCTS 37 Table 22. — Value of building permits awarded in Chicago and in a total of 354 cities, 1,920-1931 a (In thousands of dollars) Index Total of Index Year Chicago No. b 354 cities No. b 1920 $ 76,173 33 $ 1,675,227 57 1921 125,005 54 1,916,437 65 1922 227,742 98 2,888,082 98 1923. 329,604 142 3,536,737 119 1924 296,894 128 3,702,135 125 1925 360,804 156 4,393,364 149 1926 364,584 157 4,121,965 139 1927 352,936 152 3,651,036 123 1928 315,800 136 3,500,730 118 1929 202,287 87 3,096,839 104 1930 79,613 34 1,776,623 60 1931 46,444 20 1,212,196 41 Total $2,778,886 $35,471,371 Average $231,574 100 $2,955,946 100 " Engineering News Record, p. 6f, Feb. 4, 1932. "Average of 1920-1931 = 100. A detailed analysis of building permits for 1930 and 1931 by principal cities in Illinois and in a few cities of bordering states indicates the ex- tent to which building operations in this area have been curtailed in 1931. For the seventeen cities listed in Table 23, the total decrease of building activity in 1931 as compared with that of 1930 was 31. 4 per cent. This average figure, however, conceals wide variations from locality to locality. Some cities actually registered a gain over 1930, notably Hammond and Indianapolis, Indiana ; and Evanston and Springfield, Illinois ; while St. Louis, Missouri, showed only a slight decline. A comparison of building permits awarded in December, 1931, with those awarded in December, 1930, shows trends that conflict somewhat with the yearly statistical position of these cities (Table 23). For instance, Chicago shows a gain in December, 1931, over December of the previous year although the total building activity for 1931 is 41.6 per cent less than that of 1930. Springfield shows a substantial gain in percentage although the volume is rather small, whereas Peoria increased its activities five- fold over the previous December. On the other hand, building activities in Mil- waukee, Wisconsin; Hammond, Indiana; Davenport, Iowa; Rockford, Illi- nois ; and St. Louis, Missouri, declined sharply. A more detailed statement of production and value by important classes of products is given in Table 24. ::,n ILLINOIS MINERAL 1X1)1 'S'lIiY IN 1931 to e a. e ^ c E ""' 01 u u« Es E ^ f ) '~ On 53 -S e "^ o -t ^o -t - ^ ^l O CO o -o -t C O *t !>■ OOfN — OOi^-^OOOOiOOOioO OiONPOOiO'tOX00 1 Oi , - , - | - N ',N ^t -t IT; •+ C ir y -f 1-^ M O - i^ r^ f\] ^ r-( OOiouoOi^O^^lOOOOOuOsOiO u0C>N^OOOO v O'-Nir;C>C>. ^^tO. OOOOXO'OO^'-iONOOONvOO'^ CM^ONiOOO'^OO'MCNCiOOO^OOO ooOO'-tNi^ooi^OO'-toO'vtr-'^cO'O Tt^CON--O^OiONro-HNO^OONN \0 ■<— i ■«— < ro ro O O ^ fN in .1 *— < O u o o S " c a,J2 i_ >>¥sfi«i .. E c ma* « > t5 cs C?e^^^ , — i d 5 S-* in § ' 2 " c '"O d "1 Jl . J- (S-s to rj — <— Qfl O t> U .E^ c i -* c o OOMXO'tOO^MOOO'*^O l OM T^ 'd'rtNiOfOOlNloOfOMiOi^iOi^fOO "* O m£ CLAY AND CLAY PRODUCTS 39 Table 24. — Production and stocks of specified clay products in Illinois, 1930 and 1931 " Number of establishments Production Stocks Class and year Quantity (thousands) Value on hand, December 31 Common brick: 1931 1930 Face brick: 1931 1930 Hollow brick b : 1930 Hollow building tile: Partition, load-bearing, furring, book tile — 1931 1930 Floor-arch, silo and corn-crib tile; radial chimney blocks; fire- proofing tile b 1930 50 59 23 29 5 29 32 6 151,280 394,283 80,390 148,428 1,655 106,291 211,636 6,656 $1,321,585 3,708,649 1,142,348 2,301,076 16,014 398,643 997,628 43 , 285 65,372 200,262 56,101 61,469 750 67,805 85,710 10,460 " Data from Division of Manufactures, Bureau of the Census. b Figures for 1931 withheld; less than three establishments. BRICK PRODUCTION AND SHIPMENTS Quiet market conditions in the brick industry are reflected in the large accumulation of stocks and the declining" shipments from plants. The situ- ation in the latter part of 1931 and the early part of 1932 is presented in Table 25 for common brick, face brick, and hollow building tile (p. 40). Collection of monthly data on structural clay products was organ- ized by the Bureau of the Census beguiling October, 1931, and the following table presents data for the state of Illinois for certain plants from October, 1931, to the following February. The outstanding fact revealed is the large quantities of stocks on hand in proportion to the monthly shipments. For the 27 plants reporting common bricks in October, 1931, the stocks on hand corresponded to nearly 12 months' shipments at the current monthly rate whereas in the following February the stocks corresponded to 24 months' supply at the current rate of shipment. Similar ratios appear for face brick and hollow building tile. The absence of a complete year's record of shipments and stocks by months, together with the fact that the number of companies that reported to the Bureau was not constant during the period precludes the possibility of an analysis of the ratio of average monthly 40 ILLINOIS MINERAL INIHSTHY IN 1931 « g i«5 be -»*o c S c U O -J ^3 in /> i^ - : a u : CU CO ■t> n CO as u C a a CO 13 O cu £ 3 E 13.& c >.c cfl CO to 1) co *o ft a) bo a) 5i co i~ a. 2 cu •3-^ > .3 -w < CO_c p end th, ands ro -M 3 CO -^ cfl O 3 o O ^E2 c u_ +3 CO £°.S w o c 3 E 13 a >x en CO co -o Si m £ 2 a 2 •3rQ .3 -w 00 c '" Li bo 4J co C E o ^H H Od-tKCN -h On O O CO i^ O. *r^ -T^ rr^ lOCNM'H'H "JiOOOCO loa-f^o tVJ -H i-H -* i-l nO On no On On CO ,-H H cu 3 >- C 5a£ W •-4-1 -*-> o p io "i n o io ni - in On 00 On NO O 3 t^CNOlO") O^On^coc^ y pa w 00MOOO ON-flt'WiW) pq O J _l o a 2 o u c^. t^ N O -I LOCNCOCN u < CO NO lO CN CO NiOOQOio l/i »-i --I — < © On no io -^ -^ Tfi»)c<)CNlM On -h U-) O0 nO O 00 io t^ O l-O -* © Tf N - cu 3 3 i- cd — £ ?, rt 3 O > ^ 3 fc p c l-i S o O cu OZQ — )(il CU oj CU g c 1- cu -° 5 s rt 3 o > ^ 3 t o O cu p "5 PORTLAND CEMENT 41 shipments to average stocks on hand, which would more truly indicate the number of months of stocks ahead. Nevertheless the quantity of stocks on hand at plants appears to be excessive. The effect of surplus stocks also makes itself felt on prices. Aver- age prices per thousand for common brick declined sharply from $10.27 in October, 1931, to $7.90 in the following February. The price level for face brick held firmly at about $15.00, but hollow building tile suffered a decline from $5.12 to $3.68 per ton. The wide fluctuation in construction activities between the high levels of 1925 and 1926 and the low levels of 1920 and 1931 has made it impossible for the clay products manufacturers to maintain reasonably uniform pro- grams of operation. The economic importance of the construction industry in the employment of large numbers of workers is indicated in Table 22 which shows an expenditure, in a total of 354 cities, of more than 4 billion dollars in years of greatest activity and an average of nearly 3 billion dollars for the 12-year period. A range of expenditure from 4.3 billion dollars to 1.2 billion cannot occur without widespread unemployment and numer- ous idle factories in the lean years. The range between maximum and mini- mum volume of activity exceeds that of other industries such as food stuffs preparation, power production, coal mining, oil production, or even the manu- facture of automobiles. Such extreme fluctuations encourage plant exten- sions in active periods and, correspondingly, impose a heavy carrying charge on the industry when the plants are idle or working cnly part time. Portland Cement Portland cement production was 6,380,000 barrels in 1931 valued at $5,310,000. This was a decline of 20 per cent in quantity from the previous year for which the figures are 7,951,680 barrels valued at $10,519,162. 42 ILLINOIS MINEHAL I.NDl STItV IN l'.f.'A Table 26. — Portland Cement Consumvtion in Illinois. 1930-1931 * (In barrels) Month 1930 1931 January February. . . March April May June July August September. . October November. . December. . . Total 182,347 195,146 356,200 227,023 201,551 130,801 694,367 717,468 1,038,904 882,739 1,212,319 1,069,134 1,495,891 1,054,935 1,604,378 1,063,517 1 , 704 , 696 975,734 1,586,016 856,580 655,302 406,836 247,845 193,244 10,979,816 7,773,157 " Based on shipments from mills into State. Compiled from the Monthly Cement Statements of the U. S. Bureau of Mines for the years 1930 and 1931, and January 1932. Prices of portland cement in Chicago were uniformly lower in 1931 as compared with 1930 and fell off sharply in December. Prices as reported monthly by the Engineering News-Record were as follows : Table 27. — Portland cement prices in Chicago, 1930 and 1931 a (Per barrel) Month 1930 1931 January. . . February. . March April May June July August . . . September October. . . November December. S2.20 $2.20 2.20 2.20 2.10 2.10 2.20 2.10 2.20 1.95 2.20 1.95 2.20. 1.95 2.20 1.95 2.20 1.95 2.20 1.95 2.20 1.95 2.20 1.65 a Engineering News Record. Portland cement consumption is to a certain extent an indicator of the market outlet for those materials which are used in road building and construction because the concrete which furnishes the market for cement also furnishes the principal markets for sand, gravel, crushed stone, and slag. The consumption of cement in Illinois in 1931, as reported by the United States Bureau of Mines, was 30 per cent below the 1930 level, as shown in Table 28. SAND AND GRAVEL 43 Sand and Gravel The sharp decline in production of sand and gravel in 1931 stands out in sharp contrast with the production of previous years. The record since 1927 as revealed in Table 28 (pp. 46-47) is as follows: 1927 19,328,703 tons 1928 20,969,331 tons 1929 18,256,203 tons 1930 : 17,398,693 tons 1931 10,462,391 tons Just as in the case of clay products the greater part of this decline is attributed to the slump in building operations and road construction. An examination, by uses, shows that the production of structural sand declined from 2.7 million to 1.9 million tons ; paving and road making sand, from 2.9 million to 1.7 million tons ; gravel for structural purposes, from 1.9 mil- lion to 1.3 million tons ; paving and road making gravel, from 4.9 million to 3.5 million tons. Substantial declines may also be noted in sand and gravel purchased by railroads. The trend toward economy in public expendi- tures and by railroads is a contributory factor to the low level of purchases. Limestone The percentage of decrease in limestone production was not as pro- nounced as that of sand and gravel. Production in 1931 was 5,209,095 tons as compared with 7,538,810 tons in 1930. In this case also, limestone for construction purposes is the chief factor in the decline as between 65 and 70 per cent of all limestone output is used for road metal and concrete. Agricultural limestone, although a minor product, suffered the greatest percentage of loss from the 1930 level of consumption, due to unfavorable economic conditions on farms. The data on limestone production are given in Table 28, pp. 48-49. 44 illinois mineral industry in 1931 Fluorspar The fluorspar industry, in common with the industries to which it is related, suffered from the extreme curtailment in general business activi- ties. Fluorspar shipped to consumers from Illinois mines in 1930 and 1931 was as follows : Year Production Value Average 1930 1931 44, 134 tons 28,072 tons $836,473 468,386 $18.95 16.69 Of the 1931 production, 22,397 tons was used in steel manufacture, 723 tons in foundry work, 1,463 tons in aluminum manufacture and the remainder in other industries. Stocks of fluorspar on hand at the mines on December 31, 1931 were as follows : Crude (run of mine) 8 , 943 tons Gravel 35,552 tons Lump .' 1 , 128 tons Ground 455 tons SAND AND GRAVEL AND LIMESTONE 45 1 V -I v STEPHENSON I WINNEBAGO 1 | I MtHtNny \ ume C1BB0LL j fl £ Fig. 1. — Index map of Illinois showing location of districts according to which production of sand and gravel and lime- stone (Table 22, pp. 46-49) is given. 46 GO OS 7 oo V u 3 be us >> u -h ns 3J 01 3 > oo c o H o CO os 0) 3 > c o H OS CM Os 3 > 00 c o 00 CM OS _3 > OO c o H CM Os 0) 3 > oo c o h Q to d be ILLINOIS MINKKAL IMUSTItV IN 1931 o O oo o. <*o \n O l^ M CO M O 00 1^ o -^ io>o «-H CM CM r^ ^ r- rA ; ^- i^ <-M -t< r- i-O O NO O O t-» CM *— i rn o. cc lO O N -t O -+i O . t-«. oo cm CM 00 CM lO y- < ,_i ,-_ i f^ Qs. iy^ -^ r- t^- oo i^ O -^ ■rf CN \0 M3 ir> (no O ^h ^h (V] ^ rn ■*+ OO CM O O M '-t f^ -t lO fO ■^ H 00 NO 00 <-» Q < < P H U P a! H C/3 so cm cm -* o so co CM <^m 00 to -^ Os O0 O C-J. 00 OS OO CO 1"^ -^ ^ tO co "* CM co ^-< O CM o so ■* so ^rsitHoox^ CO O lO sO O0 00 if! Os OJ l^ lo t^ sOOOTffOSOO J>- SO t^ U") CM ~H 844,512 498,512 254,648 350,118 "161,580 77,585 rt -^ O M O O 1H 1/) T^ ^ Tt O OONNNOO ON l>- O CM \0 fO Wj >0 vO O fN 'H CO f^ -sf fO lO lO ■-— . 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"O . OJ . "d . 3 > OS o Q < Q < CO H CO < < Q < O oS < OS ■=41,776 128,033 11,839 43,023 ;~ "245,269 289,687 103,656 181,212 £ ■=78,329 292,095 8,931 81,610 I ■=496,694 849,304 61,908 268,060 i ■=83,730 443,162 102,145 167,377 I ■=488.224 1,265,723 419,981 429,106 I ■>* fO (N -* LO 00 Tf Tf< LO CN — < ^< _ -h co 00 ON NO cn OOVH co O cs t^ *-h r-- On cn cn ~ NO O —N .a i - c o 00 w > < OS o Q z < Q Z < CO OS W H O O LO NO NO O t^ On CO •* O O t-- LO co 00 O 00 CN ^P 00 0O NO no co r- oo -* rtNCOlOj O CO 1^ 1^ CN w LO - o -HCNJ^NO NO CN no -* On l-~ -* *3< t^- On a *""~ On *-> _ ri< NO NO OO co NO tH CO O O t*< 00 CN NO CN 00 LO NO On t^ ^h no a O NO LO lo r~- oo lo lo fCjrtHHO CO LO LO O NO O NO 00 -* CN On OO ~h cn no O L~~ i— < co co lo OO On -^ On ONOfONO t"- lo 00 co On CN CN CO CO I~~ -* CN OOnciO lo CN lo On tJ< rs On 00 rHrHONO a — I co *— — 0) oo t^ oo -* Egc 00 00 co no Ol 00 CN NO One CO NO ON NO a K c c 1^- CN 00 ^ ^ o o NO O0 co co P* o o ■^ ^ CN ~h OO co -^ lo O On 00 O On lo lo Tt O On ■* NO rtONr-OlN L^- LO NO LO CO CN NO NO *^ LO • On Tf On co O Tf - ON «-< fc On l^ r^ N O t^ o CNNOOOICJN Eh 00 On On Ol CN lo C -^ O CN — O O UQ > < OS o Q Z < Q Z < co < H O H •^ to O r**> rv-i o 00 co t^ On \0 PO CO O On O O CO CN) CO CO Os Ol CN O On O On lo O NOOQhhh O iO u-) T^H lo O co -^ rt* '-i r^ vo t-» co On co Oi rJH lONrH\0^0 O NO On lo \0 Ol Tf CO On O) t^ Ol CO ^ CO CO lo O O oo to Ol CO ON 00 *— l On lo O "O ^OMnN^^ O Ol Ol Ol T!^ CO On t-h O OJ co O Or-ILOf-XlO CO LO CO O Ol lo NO NO J^- O CO CO ^O vO^^cvi t^- ^ r^- no ▼- < oi NO Th Ol Ol t^. CO f- Tt< Ol r-l Tt On co r^. lo co O to i^ 00 '-' co O^OONiOM OO CO CO CO On O lo OO co NO On ^* O lo <— ' co t^ O Ov^O'HM'nH ^h Ol co '-H O Ol OO co ^f O lo NO CO O lo Tf OMONOiO N 00 IT; O O N CO OO O0 CO CO LO r- O O '-h ^ t^- CO t^ LO O) O CO no O lo O ^h *"*- ** LO 00 NO OO I Ol 't "ONNlOC«> LO ^- ^ lo On Tf NO I NO ^ oi ^h o LO ON On O O lo I lo NO O lo Ol NO co I Ol ^h lo Ol -^ CO On ! O ^O On oi ^— t lo oi lo O co oi oi -^ LO -rf NO t^- co CO ** On O NO co tV "^ \a -— t t*h co NO oi oi oi r*- no t^- oi Tf 1 t^ oi oi o O (N ^ M rf N CO NO -^ Ol CO ON •c 48 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTBY IN 1931 T5 0) 3 a j3 « a fc u O . co \- Os rt H C 1 u 3 IS > U5 c o H o <-o o\ 3 > C o h Os CN os a; 3 *c3 > C O H oo CN Os 0) 3 "c3 > C o H CN Os _3 "(3 > c o 5 LO d bib w W U O o Q < < H w Q < O fO — < — ' O 00 O i^fN-fNO-t ^ os cn so »-h Os co oo so so *-^ oo ocooo-f CO OfOOiOv'OO Os O "3< Os CN co O -t 00 ■* O CN OS 00 so — sO so O so Os -* OsOiOONfN ■*-*00 00Tt " O ""> r r, -t o- -^0 ""O co >o -+ CO O w) ^1 "O (-^ o O O 1 t-^ OOOvOro iNOOOOO 1^ t-- O ■*— ~Y so --^ CNl O LO CO LO LO Os O! LO co CN so co -„ —I LO O. LOOs - -„ a) T) LO CN O O Tf LO O0 CN O 00 O CO ^IN^ONIT) LO CM LO Os SO Os Csl CO CO -H ^ CO Cs) CN w 2 O H in W 294,515 153,378 6,196 51,667 307,206 30,731 -rt< lo co Tf lo r- "ONrOON W) hOhONh LO O CO CN t^ O Cs|N CO O0 CO Tt< — 1 CN a; D H J D y 2 O < CN SO O "* CO O CO CN 00 OS CN LO CN LO t^ 00 OS OS NWJNOOOCS CN ~h rt^ t~- -^ Os so O ■* O CN SO t^ Os CN -* O sOOrONO-H Ns+LOlONl^ 00 -^ CN LO ^ wNOsOfOCs 1 oo ~h Os r^ lo cn co so 00 lo ^-< O -« : 00 ~ Os Os S*3 - "- Bs ■^ CN oj q w O 0) r-j co 00 Os 00 so ■— ' sO lo Os 00 t^ t^ "* CN OS 00 LO Os LO Os co -<^ so so O ~H CN LO CO ro — i l-H >15 QU ! >> " LIMESTONE 49 CO o cn £ G N •O o NO o~ cn CO n 00 cn Z ON - co co n CO -h o -* co N ON On CN *o IO N ■* O CN •* ON CN On ON IO CO CN ■* On -h On co co n CM CO 00 n ON o IO rf no "* On On OO to n CN On 00 to o" On co O N -H O cn no I — ~o~ tO O On O co NO £i O CN IO co N Tf CM NO cm co co On CO On CO « « CO " CO tO On tH cm CO On NO CO _ „ IO cn _ — ' O 00 NO IO CN CN -* On cn NO IO io o ■^ NO a -* -H NO - •* ° NO — > 00 o NO N ON On CN ** CM O CN 00 — < ■* « CO o r IO CO O CO ■* n -* IO IO O <-■ cm O N ^* OO, CM CM NO 00 z. •* OO N rr r-\ NO —1 ON O 00 CM ION NO O 00 CO _, CO co loo- rJH ts CN CM CO CO ■ o O On co 00 00 O ON • -* n ■* O to ■ -* - CO — < • to O ■* On ■ o On On to • O0 ^^•* ■ "* ON CM O0 ■* 00 00 ON o On CO 00 00 00 On co IO CN to O "O NO ~l nn ■* OO "* co N")i CN ~H tMN - £1 fll < to CN O0 On CM NO — i CO CO O0 CO -H CL, CO O0 co co .n CO cn r 04 J Q / N NO io o o < n cm NO O co CM IO (NON W no ~ co ON N _l "* IO s_ CN CO -^-1 OQ PQ • CM On • 00 no ■IN .QOC- ON • o o rt - ~ = a = o o m l> O O rt 'Sh — M 4-> - O M a 1-1 d fi M M •rt m 71 i -t-» o - - - U 4) O ai w - ON ■" OCIOO NO -+ On O O0 00 co NO ^ iO O ^ NO NO 1^ O N NO 00 ~H co ON O iO ON O* -f O co O "* 00-hO UJ oo no o H Won " co o _) ,-HN W io to < ^ ■* J W U . IO I^ On -* 00 — ■* O U1 "* ^ h-H CN -h ■— i -* 00 On co "O On NO CO t— CO OO ON IO "-i " >-i C .{3 ■--•: c c o 5 - fl o +-» c — i o o o r> - M a > •- ol - •n Ti o - — 1— 1 d "^ — M M H T) 0] V] n V o o rt 01 u « VI in in QQQO IO ^H On t— On O0 — i -* On -h -+i ^O to O to to ON OO ^h to *# ■^ r^ ON •O -H N co • N CO CN NO • 13 _: s - 73 71 - - - 71 — < -f O •* O On co N^OO^HlO o O0 O0 ^ CN IO CM IO O CN O NO N O CN CM -^ T-H to CN OO CO IO N -* -h -h On ON O to CM N NO 00 ^ NO CN to O CN IO OO ■* ON ^ 00 On to CN to co h\Oh >o NO ON co — i <-i NO o ,733,352 ,614,937 72,152 111,418 ,674,989 144,207 o O0 o to co I °° •* On O O NO O On O n to •<— < On NO O <-* NO co to ON CN 00 c- ^ O0 O CI On co On On to to co NO *-h •* CN o to o ■* — i rt 00 oo or^ oo cn no NO CN O0 to On On »-h On OO co NO O o N co Mio^OO'f N N O ^-t CO CN IO NO IO CN ~h ON rooO'HC-^^ ON^NIOONIO N CN ON ^H Tf T^ NO 00 o CN Tt< ^H CN -rh ON 00 IO -H rH CN CN to ON o ^ rt -H O0 'C. — -r rr _f. ^ ^lOClOMN ■^ CN co O On cm ON co ON Tf N to O0 On NO CN CM -ct" O CN N — < — < ^-c CN oo NO ON \Q -H -H ON 'WASCHER'S" LIBRARY BINDERS S07 S. Goodwin