1W> FMrt*J I LINCOLN ROOM UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY MEMORIAL the Class of 1901 founded by HARLAN HOYT HORNER and HENRIETTA CALHOUN HORNER cop. 3 .3 Contents INTRODUCTORY ESSAY BY CARL SANDBURG pages 1-2 ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND NOTE FOR THE READER . . page IV THE FORMATIVE YEARS pages 7-I5 Entries The Pioneer Boy 1-14 Lincoln in New Salem I 5 _2 3 EARLY POLITICAL CAREER pages 1 9-43 Entries Prairie Politician 24-27 Riding the Circuit 28-39 In Congress 40-50 Political Defeats 5 I- 54 Lincoln-Douglas Debates 55~6 7 Election of i860 68-101 YEARS OF STRIFE pages 47-78 Entries Inauguration of 1861 1 02-1 13 The Nation Divided 1 14-148 Emancipation Proclamation 149-158 Gettysburg Address 159-165 Election of 1864 166-177 Inauguration of 1865 178-183 Approach of Victory 184-193 Assassination of Lincoln 194-203 The Nation in Mourning 204-214 Trial of the Conspirators 21 5-2 1 8 THE WORLD WIDE LINCOLN pages 81-84 Entries 2I9- 2 35 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHIC NEGATIVES pages 85-86 index pages 87-94 ra Abbreviations and Symbols AWS-R Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana, Rare Book Division, Library of Congress. ca. circa (about). ed. edition, editor. HABS-P Historic American Buildings Survey negative, Prints and Photographs Division. HW-MSS Herndon-Weik Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. *L Law Library, Library of Congress. *MSS Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, n. d. no date given. n. p. no place given, no. number, p. page(s). *P Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. *R Rare Book Division, Library of Congress. RTL-MSS Robert Todd Lincoln Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. v. volume. encloses matter editorially supplied. . . . indicates matter omitted. Note for the Reader Italics indicate titles of books, pamphlets, and serials. Roman letters in quotation marks indicate titles of drawings, cartoons, engravings, lithographs, and broadsides. Information editorially supplied is enclosed in square brackets. In general, quota- tions from the manuscripts exhibited have not been edited, i. e. dash periods and misspellings or variant spellings have been retained. Words underlined in manu- script are italicized in printing; and where they are lacking, final periods (at the ends of paragraphs) have been supplied. The material for exhibit was selected and the catalog entries prepared by Lloyd A. Dunlap, Consultant in Lincoln Studies, Library of Congress, and by Arthur G. Burton of the Exhibits Office. The exhibit was arranged under the direction of Herbert J. Sanborn, Exhibits Officer of the Library of Congress. •Symbols showing the location of an item in the collections of the Library of Congress. IV Introductory Essay OUT OVER the land are many praiseworthy Lincoln collections, large and small, pri- vate and public. In a certain sense perhaps it may be said that the one in the Library of Con- gress is the Mother Collection. Under this roof is the entire Robert T. Lincoln Collection, the entire Jesse Weik collection, important items from the Oliver R. Barrett collection, the Alfred Whital Stern collection and others. Of the total six thou- sand and more books written about Lincoln, the Library of Congress shelves hold nearly all that have been published and copyrighted in this country. The Abraham Lincoln born in Kentucky one hundred and fifty years ago looms colossal in American history and in world annals. Mystery attaches to him, all that may lurk in "Democracy" or "The American Dream." Many believe this mystery is there in him more than in any other one man of the past. Other leaders had it greatly but somehow or other Lincoln is closer to the people and always he's close to storm. His cadences at Gettysburg so clearly sang the ancient song that where there is freedom men have fought and sac- rificed for it, and that freedom is worth men's dying for. His humility absolute, he spoke those proud words: "We cannot consecrate — we can- not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. . . . from these honored dead we take increased devo- tion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion." In Lincoln's letters, speeches, state papers, run- ning to more than a million words, much holds good for this hour. His mind and will had a fate- ful role in a terrible civil war, a blood bath of brothers not easy to look at. In the recent global wars, in the present international tumults, in the 6oo-mile-an-hour jet planes shrinking the globe, there are lines from Lincoln having companion- ship and counsel. His message to Congress of De- cember i, 1862, said, "In times like the present, men should utter nothing for which they would not willingly be responsible through time and eternity." He warned, "Fellow-citizens, we can not escape history. . . . The fiery trial through which we pass, will light us down, in honor or dis- honor, to the latest generation." Past traditions must be broken and forgotten: "The dogmas of the quiet past, are inadequate to the stormy pres- ent ... we must think anew, and act anew. We must disenthrall ourselves." A testament of his personal motivation shines in a letter to Cuthbert Bullitt ending, "I shall do nothing in malice. What I deal with is too vast for malicious dealing." A solemn salutation came from a Chicago editor in a Lincoln campaign biography in i860, "He has an exquisite sense of justice." How seldom is any sense of justice exquisite! Did he comment on bronze statues and marble memorials? Friends of Owen Lovejoy, the Illi- nois Congressman beloved of Lincoln, asked Lin- coln to join them in a project for a marble monu- ment to Lovejoy. Lincoln replied that his heavy duties would not give him time to participate, writing: "Let him have the marble monument, along with the well-assured and more enduring one in the hearts of those who love liberty, unsel- fishly, for all men." Lincoln foreshadowed something. The people took him as a new figure of hope for them. This hope ranged around wider freedom, political and economic, for the common man. It might be long in coming. But Lincoln held the lights and the high torch for it. Lincoln — yes — he stands for decency, honest dealing, plain talk, and funny stories. Look where he came from — don't he know all us strugglers and wasn't he a kind of a tough struggler all his life right up to the finish? Something like that you can hear in any near-by neighborhood and overseas. Millions of plain folk take Lincoln as a personal treasure. He had something they would like to see spread every- where over the world. Democracy? We can't exactly say what it is, but he had it. In his blood and bones he carried it. In the breath of his speeches and writings it is there. Popular govern- ment? Republican institutions? Government where the people have the say-so, one way or an- other telling their elected leaders what they want? He had the idea. It's there in the lights and shadows of his personality, a mystery that can be lived but never fully spoken in words. A London Spectator writer tried to analyze Lincoln's mes- sage to Congress in December of 1862, found it having a "mystical dreaminess," and "The thoughts of the man are too big for his mouth." The great American poet Walt Whitman saw Lincoln as "the grandest figure on the crowded canvas of the drama of the nineteenth century." The Kansas Congressman Homer Hoch spoke in the House of Representatives February 12, 1923: "To mountain and sea and star men turn forever in unwearied homage. And thus, with Lincoln, for he was mountain in grandeur of spirit; he was sea in undervoice of mystic loneliness; he was star in steadfast purity of purpose and of service. And he, too, abides." At the Springfield, 111., burial vault of Lin- coln, May 4, 1865, the crowded thousands heard Bishop Matthew Simpson in fateful foretelling: "There are moments which involve in themselves eternities. There are instants which seem to con- tain germs which shall develop and bloom for- ever. Such a moment came in the tide of time to our land, when a question must be settled which affected all the earth. The contest was for human freedom, not for this republic merely, not for the Union simply, but to decide whether the people, as a people, in their entire majesty, were destined to be the government, or whether they were to be subjects to tyrants or aristocrats, or to class-rule of any kind. This is the great question for which we have been fighting, and its decision is at hand, and the result of this con- test will affect the ages to come. If successful, republics will spread, in spite of monarchs, all over this earth." Lincoln took the word "liberty" as precious, saying in 1858: "Our reliance is in the love of liberty which God has planted in our bosoms. Our defense is in the preservation of the spirit which prizes liberty as the heritage of all men, in all lands, everywhere." Carl Sandburg. Catalog OF THE EXHIBIT The Formative Years THE PIONEER BOY i. LINCOLN RECALLS HIS EARLY YEARS younger than himself, who died in infancy — Before leaving Kentucky he and his sister were sent for short periods, to A.B.G. schools, the first kept by Zachariah Riney, and the second by Caleb Hazel. Pages 1-2 of 14-page holograph autobiog- raphy by Abraham Lincoln, [June i860]. RTL-MSS This autobiographical sketch, written by Lincoln in June i860 for the guidance of a campaign biographer, is one of the basic documents for the study of his early life. To bring the nationally obscure Presiden- tial nominee to the attention of voters, William Dean Howells was assembling a biography to be issued as a booklet for cam- paign purposes; and Lincoln furnished these details of his life prior to 1858. There is evidence that Lincoln was reluctant to talk about his early years to would-be biog- raphers. To one of them, John L. Scripps, he is reported to have said: "It is a great piece of folly to attempt to make anything out of my early life. It can all be con- densed into a single sentence and that sen- tence you will find in Gray's Elegy: 'The Short and Simple annals of the poor.' That's my life and that's all you or anyone else can make of it." In the portion of the auto- biographical sketch shown here, Lincoln writes in the third person of his family origins and his childhood : Abraham Lincoln was born Feb. 12, 1809, then in Hardin, now in the more recently formed county of Larue, Kentucky — His father, Thomas, & grandfather, Abraham, were born in Rocking- ham county Virginia, whither their ancestors had come from Berks county Pennsylvania. . . . Thomas, the youngest son, and father of the pres- ent subject, by the early death of his father, and very narrow circumstances of his mother, even in childhood was a wandering laboring boy, and grew up litterally without education — He never did more in the way of writing than to bunglingly sign his own name .... having reached his 28th year, he married Nancy Hanks — mother of the present subject — in the year 1806. . . . The present subject has no brother or sister of the whole or half blood — He had a sister, older than himself, who was grown and married, but died many years ago, leaving no child. Also a brother, 2. LINCOLN CORRECTS A MISTAKE "ABOUT MY MOTHER" Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Samuel Haycraft, May 28, i860. MSS This letter containing autobiographical de- tail was sent to Samuel Haycraft, Circuit Clerk at Elizabethtown, Kentucky. Hay- craft's letter, to which it was a reply, has never been found, and students have not ascertained what mistake Haycraft made about Nancy Hanks Lincoln, his mother. It is likely that Haycraft had confused her with another "Nancy" of local notoriety, who is mentioned from time to time in the recollections of Kentuckians which are pre- served in the Library's Herndon-Weik Col- lection. Lincoln writes : In the main you are right about my history. My father was Thomas Lincoln, and Mrs. Sally Johnston, was his second wife — You are mistaken about my mother — her maiden name was Nancy Hanks — I was not born at Elizabethtown; but my mother's first child, a daughter [Sarah] . . . was. I was born Feb. 12, 1809, near where Hog- ginsville [Hodgenville] now is, then in Hardin county .... 3. LINCOLN DESCRIBES HIS LIFE IN INDIANA Pages 3-4 of 14-page holograph autobiog- raphy by Abraham Lincoln, [June i860]. RTL-MSS In these autobiographical pages Lincoln sketches his life from his eighth to his nine- teenth year [1816-28]. Beginning with the migration of the family from Kentucky to Indiana, he concludes with his trip to New Orleans, made as a hired hand on a flatboat with Allen Gentry, son of the owner: he removed to what is now Spencer county Indi- ana, in the autumn of 18 16 — A. then being in his eigth year — This removal was partly on ac- count of slavery; but chiefly on account of the difficulty in land titles in Ky. — He settled in an unbroken forest; and the clearing away of sur- plus wood was the great task a head. A. though very young, was large of his age, and had an axe put into his hands at once; and from that till within his twenty third year, he was almost con- stantly handling that most useful instrument — less, of course, in plowing and harvesting sea- sons — At this place A. took an early start as a hunter, which was never much improved after- wards — (A few days before the completion of his eigth year, in the absence of his father, a flock of wild turkeys approached the new log- cabin, and A. with a rifle gun, standing inside, shot through a crack, and killed one of them — He has never since pulled a trigger on any larger game. — ) In the autumn of 1818 his mother died; and a year afterwards his father married Mrs. Sally Johnston, at Elizabeth-Town, Ky — a widow, with three children of her first marriage. She proved a good and kind mother to A. and is still living in Coles Co. Illinois — There were no children of this second marriage — His father's residence continued at the same place in Indiana, till 1830 — While here A. went to A.B.C. schools by littles, kept successively by Andrew Crawford, [James] Sweeney [Swaney], and Azel W. Dorsey — He does not remember any other. ... A. now thinks that the agregate of all his schooling did not amount to one year. He was never in a college or Academy as a student; and never inside of a college or accademy building till since he had a law-license — What he has in the way of edu- cation, he has picked up — After he was twenty three, and had separated from his father, he studied English grammar, imperfectly of course, but so as to speak and write as well as he now does — He studied and nearly mastered the Six- books of Euclid, since he was a member of Con- gress — He regrets his want of education, and does what he can to supply the want. In his tenth year he was kicked by a horse, and apparantly killed for a time — When he was nineteen, still residing in Indiana, he made his first trip upon a flat-boat to New-Orleans. . . . The hard manual labor which was Lincoln's involuntary lot from age 7 to 22 is implicit in his statement that "an axe [was] put into his hands at once." Although this work kept him from the poor frontier schools ex- cept during periods when he could be spared, it gave him in return great physical strength, attested by episodes and incidents recounted in papers preserved in the Hern- don-Weik Collection. 4. AN EARLY BIOGRAPHY OF THE PIO- NEER BOY William Makepeace Thayer. The Pioneer Boy and How He Became President. Bos- ton, 1863. AWS-R Lincoln's copy of what has been described as "the first juvenile life of Lincoln." Spe- cially bound, it was presented to him by the publishers, Walker Wise and Company, and is inscribed on the flyleaf: "Abraham Lincoln / President of the / United States / With the respects of / the pub- lishers / May 1, 1863." Lincoln not only had been aware that the book was to appear but apparently gave some assistance to its author, who in later years reminisced : "Mr. Lincoln furnished me with the names of four or five early associates who posted me up nicely" (letter of William Makepeace Thayer to James Abram Garfield, June 15, 1880). The book, extremely popular in the United States where it outsold contempo- rary Lincoln biographies, was the first book about Lincoln to be published abroad. It was translated within the decade into Greek and Hawaiian and in later years, in ex- panded form, was translated in German, Swedish, and Finnish. 5. A NEIGHBOR'S RECOLLECTIONS OF YOUNG LINCOLN Five-page holograph letter from Nathaniel Grigsby to William H. Herndon, September 4, 1865. HW-MSS Abraham Lincoln's law partner and later biographer, William H. Herndon, con- ducted an extensive search for biographical data among the people who had known Lincoln when he was a youth in Indiana and Illinois. Through correspondence and interviews, working with great enthusiasm but a sometimes unfortunate lack of dis- 8 crimination, Herndon assembled a mass of recollection and reminiscence which, in spite of inaccuracies and distortions, re- mains the source for much of what we know of Lincoln's early years. One of Herndon's zealous informants was Nathaniel Grigsby, a resident of Gentryville, Ind., who had lived near Lincoln in Spencer County. In this letter Grigsby de- scribes the Lincoln cabin, the death of Nancy Hanks Lincoln, and the school which he and Abraham attended : in the fall of 1818 the mother of Abraham and wife of Thomas Lincoln was taken sick with a desease called the Milk sickness or puken .... her sickness was short but fatal .... Thomas Lincoln remaind on his little farm doing the best he could with his two childre[n] for a yeare or two he then went to ky and married a second wife .... about this time there was a scool house built two miles south of Thomas Lincoln farm that was the the [sic] first school house that was built in this part of the state the house was built of round logs just high enough for a man to stand erect under the ruff, the flore was split logs or what we called punchens the chimney was maid of poles and clay the window was constructed by by [sic] chopping out a part of tow [two] logs and plasing peases of split bords at proper distance and then we would take our old coppy books and grease them and paste them over the window this give us lite, in this shool room Abraham Lincoln and my self entered school .... 6. "THE BEST BOY I EVER SAW" Seven-page statement of Sarah Bush Lin- coln, recorded in the hand of William H. Herndon, September 8, 1865. HW-MSS After the death of Nancy Hanks Lincoln, Thomas Lincoln returned to Kentucky, and in Elizabethtown, on December 2, 18 19, he married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow with three children. In a "tolerably comfort- able" log cabin in Indiana this good step- mother brought up Abraham Lincoln. In September 1865 William H. Herndon jour- neyed to Coles County, Illinois, to hear from this 77-year-old woman what she remem- bered of his boyhood : When we landed in Indiana Mr. Lincoln had erected a good log-cabin — tolerably comfortable. This is the bureau I took to Indiana in 1819 — cost $45 in Ky Abe was then young — so was his sister. I dressed Abe & his sister up — looked more human. Abr slept up stairs — went up on pins stuck in the logs — like a ladder — our bed steds were infernal creations — none such now — made of poles & clapboards — Abe was about 9 yrs of age when I landed in Indiana — The coun- try was wild — and desolate. Abe was a good boy. he didn't like physical labor — was diligent for knowledge — wished to know & if pains & labor would get it he was sure to get it. He was the best boy I ever saw .... 7. LINCOLN'S HOMEMADE ARITH- METIC Single page from homemade holograph sum book assembled by Abraham Lincoln [n. d.]. {See illustration.) HW-MSS Abraham Lincoln's efforts to learn arithme- tic are illustrated in this page dealing with compound subtraction. Pages like the one exhibited were once stitched together in a homemade sum book in which Lincoln copied rules and definitions and carefully worked out problems and examples. Wil- liam H. Herndon secured the book in the summer of 1866 from Thomas J. D. John- ston, son of Lincoln's stepbrother, John D. Johnston. The pages were later dispersed, and only 10 are now known to be extant. (This is the only one in the Library's collec- tions.) The dates on two of the surviving sheets indicate that Lincoln compiled the book as a boy in Indiana, and some of it between the ages of 15 and 1 7. They are the earliest known examples of Lincoln's hand- writing. In a corner of this page is the verse : Abraham Lincoln his hand and pen he will be good but God knows when Such doggerel was popular among frontier schoolboys, as indeed it is with schoolchil- dren to this day. The verse is probably one in general usage at the time. 8. THE SOURCE OF LINCOLN'S KNOWLEDGE Thomas Dilworth. The Schoolmaster's As- sistant. Wilmington, 1796. R The examples of subtraction of long measure and land measure which Abraham Lincoln worked on the page from his sum book de- rived originally from page 24 of the early arithmetic textbook displayed here. Prob- ably neither Lincoln nor his instructors owned a copy of the book. It is more likely that one of his teachers assigned these ex- amples, from a copy book, rather than from a text, a teaching practice quite common in frontier schools. In any event, the ultimate source seems to have been this textbook. Despite long-standing belief, Nicholas Pike's The New Complete System of Arithmetick (Boston, 1804) seems not to be directly as- sociated with the Lincoln sum book. 9. A BOOK THAT IMPRESSED YOUNG LINCOLN M[ason] L[ocke] Weems. The Life of George Washington; With Curious Anec- dotes, Equally Honourable to Himself and Exemplary to his Young Countrymen. 9th ed. Philadelphia, 1809. AWS-R Few of his associates' recollections of young Abraham Lincoln fail to mention his great desire to read. Such books as Aesop's Fables, Robinson Crusoe, and The Pilgrim's Progress were among his early favorites; and in New Salem his tastes broadened to in- clude Shakespeare and Burns, who remained lifelong favorites. In 1 86 1, on his way to Washington for his first inauguration, Lincoln told the New Jersey State Senate of the impression one "small book" had made upon him. One of the many editions of that book is exhibited here. Weems' moralizing biography of George Washington, which also impressed the youthful mind of Woodrow Wilson and other illustrious Americans, is perhaps most famous for its invention of the "cherry tree" legend. 10. "FINISH THE BOOK & KEEP IT" Six-page statement of Elizabeth Crawford, recorded in the hand of William H. Hern- don, September 16, 1865. HW-MSS One of the most persistent of the stories con- cerning young Lincoln was the way in which he acquired his copy of Parson Weems' book. According to Mrs. Josiah Crawford, whose husband ("Blue Nose") owned a copy, Lincoln borrowed it, got it wet, and then "pulled fodder" to make up for it: The second work he did for us was work done for the injured book — Weems life of Washington — Lincoln in 1829 borrowed this book and by acci- dent got it wet. L came & told honestly & exactly how it was done — the story of which is often told. My husband said "Abe — as long as it is you — you may finish the book & keep it." Abe pulled fodder a day or two for it. 11. A FAMOUS BIOGRAPHY RECALLS LINCOLN'S PASSION FOR LEARN- ING Ofrville] J. Victor. The Public and Private Life of Abraham Lincoln; Comprising a Full Account of His Early Years, and a Suc- cinct Record of His Career as Statesman and President. New York, [1864]. AWS-R After Lincoln had become President, nu- merous biographies of him appeared, many illustrated with imaginative depictions of his boyhood — such as one showing Abe split- ting rails, or, as on the cover of the volume here exhibited, the boy Lincoln reading be- fore the fire. This biography, published by Beadle of dime-novel fame, first appeared during the election year of 1864. The edi- tion exhibited, bound in multi-colored paper wrappers, appeared during the following year and has a four-page insert preceding the title page, mourning Lincoln's death. 10 12. LINCOLN'S BOYHOOD GAMES AND SONG FAVORITES Single-page holograph letter from Dennis Hanks to William H. Herndon, December 24, 1865. HW-MSS Dennis Hanks, a cousin of Lincoln's mother, and the husband of his stepsister, lived with the Lincoln family in Indiana, and came with them to Illinois. In later years he be- came a most enthusiastic, uninhibited, and erratic contributor of biographical data to Lincoln's law partner and biographer, Wil- liam H. Herndon. In the letter exhibited, he tells Herndon of Lincoln's early enjoyments : part first we ust to play 4 corner Bull pen and what we cald Cat I No that you No what it is and throwing a mall over our Sholders Back- wards hoping and halfhamer [?] Resling and So on . . . The onely Song Book was Dupees old Song Book. [Hymns and Spiritual Songs, Se- lected and Original, compiled by Starke Dupuy, Louisville: 18 18] I Recollect very well 2 Songs that we ust to Sing that was O when Shall I Se Jesus and Rain with him Above The Next was How teageos and tastless the hour when Jesus no Longer I See. . . . The Next was in the fields Hail Collumbia Hap[py] Land if you aint Broke I will be Damned and the turbenfed] turk that Scorns the world and Struts a Bout whith his whiskers curld for No Other Man But him Self to See. . . . Abe yaust to try to Sing pore Old Ned But he Never could Sing Much. 13. THE FLATBOATMAN "Mr. Lincoln as a Flatboatman." Photo- copy of woodcut illustration in Ward H. Lamon's The Life of Abraham Lincoln From His Birth to His Inauguration as President (Boston, 1872). P At the age of 19, while his family was still living in Indiana, Lincoln made his first trip down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to New Orleans, aboard a flatboat hauling produce for James Gentry. In 1831, having moved to Illinois, he helped to construct a flatboat at Sangamo Town, 7 miles north- west of Springfield, and with two com- panions (his stepbrother, John Johnston, and a distant cousin, John Hanks), again journeyed by flatboat to New Orleans, on this occasion hauling produce for Denton Offutt. Upon his return he became a clerk in Offutt's store at New Salem, about 20 miles northwest of Springfield. 14. "MY CHILDHOOD-HOME I SEE AGAIN" Four-page holograph poem by Abraham Lincoln, [1846]. MSS In a letter of April 18, 1846, to Andrew Johnston, an attorney of Quincy, 111., Lin- coln enclosed an original poem, exhibited here, and gave this explanation: In the fall of 1844, thinking I might aid some to carry the State of Indiana for Mr. Clay, I went into the neighborhood in that State in which I was raised, where my mother and only sister were buried, and from which I had been absent about fifteen years. That part of the country is, within itself, as unpoetical as any spot of the earth; but still, seeing it and its objects and inhabitants aroused feelings in me which were certainly poetry; though whether my expression of those feelings is poetry is quite another question .... Lincoln's "expression of those feelings" is, in part: My childhood-home I see again, And gladden with the view; And still as mem'ries crowd my brain, There's sadness in it too — O memory! thou mid-way world 'Twixt Earth and Paradise, Where things decayed, and loved ones lost In dreamy shadows rise — And freed from all that's gross or vile, Seem hallowed, pure, and bright, Like scenes in some enchanted isle, All bathed in liquid light — As distant mountains please the eye, When twilight chases day — As bugle-tones, that, passing by, In distance die away — As leaving some grand water-fall We ling'ring, list it's roar, So memory will hallow all We've known, but know no more — Now twenty years have passed away, Since here I bid farewell To woods, and fields, and scenes of play And school-mates loved so well — II LINCOLN IN NEW SALEM 15. LIFE IN AN ILLINOIS PIONEER VILLAGE Pages 8-9 of 14-page holograph autobiog- raphy by Abraham Lincoln, (June i860]. RTL-MSS Lincoln lived in New Salem from July 183 1 until April 1837. He was successively a clerk in Denton Offutt's short-lived store, a captain of militia in the Black Hawk War, a partner in a store which soon "winked out," postmaster, surveyor, student, and, in 1834, a successful candidate for the Illinois Gen- eral Assembly. Arriving, as he later de- scribed himself, "a friendless, uneducated, penniless boy," he left 6 years later as a practicing lawyer, an Illinois legislator, and a rising and respected young man, but, it must be added, poor and heavily in debt. He writes: A. stopped indefinitely, and, for the first time, as it were, by himself, at New-Salem. ... in July 1831 — Here he rapidly made acquaintances and friends — In less than a year Offutt's business was failing . . . when the Black-Hawk war of 1832 — broke out. A joined a volunteer com- pany, and to his own surprize, was elected captain of it. He says he has not since had any success in life which gave him so much satisfaction. . . . Returning from the campaign, and encouraged by his great popularity among his immediate neigh- bors, he, the same year, ran for the Legislature and was beaten — his own precinct, however, cast- ing it's votes 277 for and 7, against him. . . . This was the only time A was ever beaten on a direct vote of the people — He was now without means and out of business .... He studied what he should do — thought of learning the black- smith trade — thought of trying to study law — rather thought he could not succeed at that with- out a better education. Before long, strangely enough, a man offered to sell and did sell, to A. and another [William F. Berry] as poor as him- self, an old stock of goods, upon credit — They opened as merchants; and he says that was the store — Of course they did nothing but get deeper and deeper in debt — He was appointed Post- master at New-Salem — the office being too in- significant, to make his politics an objection — The store winked out — The Surveyor of Sanga- mon, offered to depute to A that portion of his work which was within his part of the county — He accepted, procured a compass and chain, studied Flint, and Gibson a little, and went at it — This procured bread, and kept soul and body together. . . . 16. NEW SALEM AS LINCOLN KNEW IT "Town of New Salem." Photocopy of plat made for W. H. Herndon, and reproduced in Ward H. Lamon's The Life of Abraham Lincoln (Boston, 1872). P Shown here is one of the earliest maps of the town of New Salem. Prepared by "Mr. Hamilton ... a regular Railroad Engineer & practical Surveyor," under the guidance of George Spears, who formerly lived near the long extinct village, it was sent to Wil- liam H. Herndon by Spears on November 30, 1866. Ward H. Lamon acquired the plat from Herndon and reproduced it in his biography. The map contains several errors in identification, spelling of proper names, and relative locations when compared to the careful restoration of the village — for ex- ample, the Lincoln-Berry store was east of McNamar's store — but it nevertheless gives places and names associated with Lincoln's residence in New Salem: The Rutledge Tavern, the OfTutt store, etc. 17. "A LINCOLN FOR D OFFUTT" One-page holograph draft by Abraham Lin- coln, drawn on James Rutledge, March 8, 1832; mounted on inside front cover of item 18. MSS In the document exhibited here, Lincoln acts as agent for his employer, Denton Of- futt, in drawing a draft on James Rutledge, mill-owner, tavernkeeper, and father of Ann Rutledge. Dr. David P. Nelson, who lived near New Salem, soon moved to Texas and hired Lincoln to raft his goods down the Sangamon to Beardstown. The draft reads : Mr. James Rutledge please to pay the bearer David P Nelson thirty dollars and this shall be your receipt for the same March 8th. 1832 — A Lincoln for D Offutt 12 . (ffJom m •> / ?i J..f> 7 — s _JL_y>/ Aft -6 / - -*- 7 Jindc/fL '-, 4 « 7 v, -*v E* - / - to n? or- it - BUM M ■> > - • >v ^ - " — Lincoln "comes to the law." Letter from Abraham Lincoln to James T. Thornton, December 2, 1858. (See entry 23.) .ION * 4 ^ > (oom i D°ne Aieadme of imua> nw id fy&dfoctfkipvu doll-cited a/ a Cotillion ^fiailij, (o ve aiven at me U ^mtmn 11 cveni)ia at 7 owoefc, &P . *jvk. December 16*A, 1839. N. H. RIDGELY, J. A. M'CLERNAND, R. ALLEN, M. H. WASH, F. W. TODD, S. A. DOUGLASS, W. S. PRENTICE, N. W. EDWARDS, J. F. SPEED, J. SHIELDS, E. D. TAYLOR, E. H. MERRYMAN, N. E. WHITESIDE, M. EASTHAM, J. R. DILLER, A. LINCOLN, Managers. the young lawyer-legislator attends a party. Invitation to Cotillion Party, Springfield (?) III., 1839. (See entry 29.) Cj CO "a .So C/0 z o u z Ij w h o w s o X H 05 • . 7; % <~^ o w w ** ^^ > 1 — ^ ] ^ < fa jj ■i V ^ y^> o «3 <3 i i * .* ^ a a s: w ►J 2 S > < b Z J o u 2 < < oi < ■ T- I a q sf s: ^ 1° ■«*, Z o H O z < o X H OS o z i8. LINCOLN STUDIES GRAMMAR Samuel Kirkham. English Grammar in Familiar Lectures. Cincinnati, 1828. Pre- sented to the Library in 1932 by Miss Jane E. Hammond. MSS Lincoln's years in New Salem were years of mental growth and self-improvement. Those who knew him there recalled his read- ing assiduously whenever and wherever he found opportunity. "After he was twenty three," Lincoln later wrote of himself, "he studied English grammar." The textbook he studied was Kirkham's English Gram- mar. The copy here exhibited is inscribed "Ann Rutledge is now studying grammar." Although the inscription is not in Lincoln's hand, he is said to have presented this copy to her. In this connection it may also be significant that Robert B. Rutledge, Ann's brother, once said to William H. Herndon: "Mr. Lincoln studied Kirkham's grammar — the valuable copy which he delighted to peruse is now in my possession." 19. "A MILITARY HERO" IN THE BLACK HAWK WAR 1 9-page holograph speech by Abraham Lin- coln in the United States House of Repre- sentatives, July 27, 1848. RTL-MSS In April 1832 Governor John Reynolds called for volunteers to drive Black Hawk and his band of Sac and Fox Indians across the Mississippi. Lincoln immediately en- listed and, to his great satisfaction, was elected captain of his company. When his 30-day enlistment period expired, he re- enlisted as a private and served until July 10, 1832. Lincoln's Black Hawk War service in- cluded no battles, but it was marked by several most unmilitary incidents : To deter- mine which company should occupy a camp site at Beardstown, he wrestled Lorenzo Dow Thompson and lost two straight falls; he was under arrest for a day for discharging his gun in camp; after his men had broken into the officers' liquor stores, he was ordered to carry a wooden sword for 3 days; and once, forgetting a command, he ordered his marching men to halt, break ranks, and re- form on the other side of a narrow gate which confronted them. Years later, as a Whig Congressman, Lin- coln made a speech in the House of Repre- sentatives supporting General Zachary Taylor for the Presidency. Poking fun at his own career as a soldier, he deflated the military pretensions of General Lewis Cass, who had been an officer in the War of 18 12 and was then running as the Democratic candidate for President. Lincoln said jocosely (p. n) : By the way, Mr. Speaker, did you know I am a military hero? Yes sir; in the days of the Black Hawk war, I fought, bled, and came away — Speaking of Gen: Cass' career, reminds me of my own — I was not at Stillman's defeat, but I was about as near it, as Cass was to Hulls sur- render; and, like him, I saw the place very soon afterwards — It is quite certain I did not break my sword, for I had none to break; but I bent a musket pretty badly on one occasion. If Cass broke his sword, the idea is, he broke it in de[s]peration ; I bent the musket by accident — If Gen Cass went in advance of me in picking huckleberries, I guess I surpassed him in charges upon the wild onions. If he saw any live, fight- ing indians, it was more than I did; but I had a good many bloody struggles with the musque- toes; and, although I never fainted from loss of blood, I can truly say I was often very hungry — 20. THE SURVEYOR OF SANGAMON Single-page holograph plat of a "road from Musick's ferry on Salt Creek via New Salem to the county line in the direction of Jack- sonville," drawn by Abraham Lincoln, [June 1834]. RTL-MSS After the Lincoln-Berry store "winked out," Lincoln received (on May 7, 1833) an ap- pointment as postmaster at New Salem. His income from the office was so small, how- ever, that he accepted an offer made him by John Calhoun, surveyor of Sangamon County, to do surveying in the New Salem area. Lincoln later wrote of himself: "He 491287—59- 13 accepted, procured a compass and chain, studied Flint, and Gibson a little, and went at it. This procured bread, and kept soul and body together." From January 1834 until the fall of 1836, by which time he had become a practicing lawyer ready to start his second term in the Legislature, Lincoln "mixed in the survey- ing to pay board and clothing bills." The document exhibited is a plat, drawn to ac- company a report on a new road which Lincoln made to the Sangamon County Commissioners in June 1834. An endorse- ment indicates that for 5 days' work on surveying and preparing the plat and report Lincoln received $17.50. 21. THE WELLSPRING OF THE ANN RUTLEDGE LEGEND Clipping from the Menard Axis (Peters- burg, 111.), February 15, 1862. HW-MSS Factseekers have never been convinced of the genuineness of the most publicized chapter of Lincoln's life in New Salem, the supposed romance with Ann Rutledge. The story is based entirely upon reminiscence, and was not widely circulated until after Lincoln's death. It has had such appeal that, through countless repetitions and sentimentalizations, it has passed into folk- lore. Unsupported by any acceptable con- temporary evidence, it is nevertheless ir- retrievably woven into the Lincoln story, where it seemingly resists with success all efforts of scholars to dislodge it. Shown here is the first published story of the romance and its effects on Lincoln. John Hill, an anti-Lincoln editor of Petersburg, 111., printed it in his newspaper, the Menard Axis, on February 15, 1862. This article, "A Romance of Reality," Hill enclosed in a letter of June 6, 1865, to William H. Hern- don, who developed its theme in his lecture on Ann Rutledge. (See item 22.) Hill, who thus became primarily respon- sible for what must be considered a dubious tradition, wrote: He [Lincoln] now became an actor in a new scene. He chanced to meet with a lady, who to him seemed lovely, angelic, and the height of perfection. Forgetful of all things else, he could think or dream of naught but her. His feelings he soon made her acquainted with, and was de- lighted with a reciprocation. This to him was perfect happiness; and with uneasy anxiety he awaited the arrival of the day when the twain should be made one flesh — But that day was doomed never to arrive. Disease came upon this lovely beauty, and she sickened and died. The youth had wrapped his heart with her's, and this was more than he could bear. He saw her to her grave, and as the cold clods fell upon the coffin, he sincerely wished that he too had been enclosed within it. Melancholy came upon him; he was changed and sad. His friends detected strange conduct and a flighty immagination — They placed him under guard for fear of his com- miting suicide — New circumstances changed his thoughts, and at length he partially forgot that which had for a time consumed his mind. 22. HERNDON SPREADS THE LEGEND William H. Herndon. "Abraham Lincoln. Miss Ann Rutledge. New Salem. Pioneer- ing and the Poem." [Springfield, 111.? n. d.] Broadside. AWS-R On November 16, 1866, William H. Hern- don lectured to a Springfield audience on Abraham Lincoln and Ann Rutledge. Ex- hibited here is the extremely rare broadside printing of his grandiloquent and contro- versial lecture. A romanticizer who devoted himself to habitual excesses of amateur analysis, Hern- don had eagerly seized upon the Ann Rut- ledge story as the key to Lincoln's enigmatic character. Fortified by the recollections he had gathered in the New Salem- Petersburg area, he delivered a 15,000-word lecture in which the sentence "Lincoln loved Anna Rutledge better than his own life" was only a point of departure. Lincoln's love for this girl and the effects of her death upon his thoughts and subsequent deeds formed, in Herndon's unsupported inferences and 14 conjectures, the pivotal point of his life. Quickly taken up by two eastern writers, George Alfred Townsend and Caroline Wells Healey Dall, the story was given national circulation, and gained a popular acceptance not warranted by fact. Whatever the nature of Ann Rutledge's relationship with Lincoln, a little more than a year after her death he was involved in another courtship. In 1836-37 Mary Owens, a Kentuckian visiting New Salem, exchanged several letters with Lincoln in which he never seems completely sure of his own mind. In the fall of 1 83 7 Lincoln made an oblique, hesitant proposal of marriage. To his chagrin, surprise, and, one suspects, relief, Miss Owens rejected his suit, because, as she wrote 30 years later, "Mr. Lincoln was deficient in those little links which make up the great chain of womans happiness." 23. LINCOLN "COMES TO THE LAW" Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to James T. Thornton, December 2, 1858. {See illustration.) MSS During the campaign of 1834, which re- sulted in his election to the first of 4 terms in the Illinois Legislature, Lincoln became friendly with John T. Stuart, a fellow Whig legislator and a young lawyer practicing in Springfield. Stuart urged him to study law, a profession which Lincoln had thought of taking up in 1832 but for which he had felt his education deficient. Encouraged by Stuart's confidence, Lincoln began seriously studying law, using books borrowed from Stuart's office. In the letter exhibited, written many years later, Lincoln reveals the "way I came to the law." 15 Early Political Career PRAIRIE POLITICIAN 24. LINCOLN AND THE "LONG NINE" Page 10 of 14-page holograph autobiogra- phy by Abraham Lincoln, [June i860]. RTL-MSS One day in late November 1834, the 6 A. M. stage for Vandalia included among its passengers Abraham Lincoln, newly elected Representative from Sangamon County, en route to the first of four terms in the Illinois General Assembly. There he became a member of the "Long Nine," the delegation from Sangamon County, so called because the combined height of its members was exactly 54 feet. The statehouses at Vandalia and Spring- field were the schools in which Lincoln learned the fundamentals and the intri- cacies of politics. He proved an apt pupil. Beginning unobtrusively, he progressed to floor leader of his party and became a great influence on legislative policy. By 1840 he had emerged as one of the leading Whigs in Illinois. His political ambition was not sat- isfied with these successes, however; and, declining to run for reelection in 1842, he set his sights on Congress. In this page from his autobiography Lin- coln gives the high points of his life from his election to the legislature to his service as an elector for William Henry Harrison in the Presidential campaign of 1840: [He was] then elected to the Legislature by the highest vote cast for any candidate — Major John T. Stuart, then in full practice of the law, was also elected. During the canvass, in a private conversation he encouraged A. [to] study law — After the election he borrowed books of Stuart, took them home with him, and went at it in good earnest — He studied with nobody — He still mixed in the surveying to pay board and cloth- ing bills — When the Legislature met, the law books were dropped, but were taken up again at the end of the session. He was re-elected in 1836, 1838, and 1840 — In the autumn of 1836 he obtained a law licence, and on April 15, 1837 removed to Springfield, and commenced the practice, his old friend, Stuart taking him into partnership — March 3rd. 1837, by a protest en- tered upon the Ills. House Journal of that date ... A. with Dan Stone, another repre- sentative of Sangamon, briefly defined his posi- tion on the slavery question ; and so far as it goes, it was then the same that it is now. ... In 1838, & 1840 Mr. L's party in the Legislature voted for him as Speaker; but being in the minor- ity, he was not elected — After 1840 he declined a re-election to the Legislature. He was on the Harrison electoral [ticket in 1840, and on that of Clay in 1844, ar >d spent much time and labor on both those canvasses.] 25. THE ILLINOIS STATEHOUSE AT SPRINGFIELD Photographs by undetermined person, ca. 1898. HABS-P Lincoln was instrumental in having the State capital moved from Vandalia to Springfield, and in 1840-41, as a member of the Twelfth General Assembly, he attended the first session held by the Illinois Legisla- ture in the newly constructed Statehouse. The building, shown here, has served since 1876 as the Sangamon County Courthouse. In the Hall of the House of Representatives, shown here as it appeared in Lincoln's time, Lincoln not only attended his last session of the legislature in 1840-41 but delivered his famous "House Divided" speech in 1858 (see entry 55), and received visitors after his nomination for the Presidency in i860. Here his body lay in state in early May 1865. 26. MEMBER OF AN INVESTIGATING COMMITTEE Reports from the Joint Select Committee to Enquire into the Condition of the State Bank of Illinois. Springfield, Illinois, 1840. AWS-R A considerable part of Lincoln's activities in the Illinois Legislature were concerned with the complexities of the finances of the State. On January II, 1837, he delivered a speech in the House of Representatives on the condition of the State Bank and was 19 later named to a committee to examine the bank's affairs. Lincoln's signature appears on the manuscript of the report of the com- mittee, but it is problematical how much he had to do with its authorship. The report was delivered to the House of Representa- tives on January 21, 1840, by Orlando B. Ficklin. Besides Lincoln and Ficklin, other members of the committee were Byrd Mon- roe and John D. Wood of the State Senate. Exhibited here is the contemporary printed version of the report of this committee. 27. LINCOLN IS CHALLENGED TO A DUEL Memorandum of Duel Instructions. Three- page holograph document by Abraham Lincoln, [September 19, 1842]. RTL-MSS Purportedly the author of several pseudon- ymous letters which appeared during his legislative career in the pro-Whig Sangamo Journal of Springfield, Lincoln admitted writing only one — "Letter from the Lost Townships," signed "Rebecca" and pub- lished in the Journal of September 2, 1842. In backwoods dialect Lincoln lampooned Democratic policy in general and State Auditor James Shields in particular. Although he wrote only one of the four "Lost Township" letters which the Journal published (Mary Todd, who was shortly to become his wife, had written another) , Lin- coln was named as author when Shields angrily demanded that information from editor Simeon Francis. In an exchange of notes which followed, Lincoln accepted the hot-headed Shields' challenge to a duel. Lincoln's love of the ridiculous is evident in the conditions he wrote for his second to deliver to Shields. The first of these condi- tions, as set forth in the instructions here exhibited, concerned the choice of weapons. Lincoln, as the challenged party, chose cavalry broadswords. The remaining con- ditions were: 2nd. Position — A plank ten feet long, & from nine to twelve inches broad to be firmly fixed on edge, on the ground, as the line between us which neither is to pass his foot over upon forfeit of bis life — Next a line drawn on the ground on either side of said plank & paralel with it, each at the distance of the whole length of the sword and three feet additional from the plank; and the passing of his own such line by either party dur- ing the fight shall be deemed a surrender of the contest — 3. Time — On thursday evening at five o'clock if you can get it so; but in no case to be at a greater distance of time than friday evening at five o'clock — 4th Place — Within three miles of Alton on the opposite side of the river, the particular spot to be agreed on by you . . . When the parties reached Missouri, where they had gone to escape Illinois law, mutual friends intervened and arranged a blood- less settlement. RIDING THE CIRCUIT 28. LINCOLN'S FIRST CASE Single-page holograph legal document by Abraham Lincoln, [ca. October 5, 1836]. From Hawthorn v Wooldridge. HW-MSS In September 1836 Abraham Lincoln passed the bar examination, and was licensed to practice in the courts of Illinois. Soon thereafter he appeared as an attorney for the first time. John T. Stuart, who had en- couraged and assisted Lincoln in his study of the law, had begun proceedings in James P. Hawthorn v David Wooldridge. Lin- coln, who was not officially to become Stu- art's partner until the following spring, took over the case and appeared for the defense in a case involving one hundred dollars damages for failure to provide two yoke of oxen to break prairie. Other claims and counter-claims were filed. In this case Lin- coln settled two charges out of court and lost the third when the plaintiff was awarded damages of $36.00 and costs. Here exhib- ited is a document from the case, in Lin- coln's hand, except for the signature and the words "In Trespass" at the top. Lincoln asks that the plaintiff be required to give security for costs. 20 29. THE YOUNG LAWYER-LEGISLATOR ATTENDS A PARTY [Invitation to a] "Cotillion Party." [Spring- field, 111.? 1839]. (See illustration.) AWS-R Riding a borrowed horse, his entire posses- sions in two saddlebags, Lincoln moved to Springfield in April 1837. There he set up a law practice and became a part of Spring- field's social whirl, judging from the item here displayed — an invitation to a cotillion party on which his name appears as one of the 1 6 managers. It has been conjectured that it was at this party that Lincoln first met Mary Todd, his future wife. She had visited Springfield in 1837 and had returned in the fall of 1839 to live at the home of her brother-in-law, Ninian W. Edwards, whose name also appears on the invitation as one of the managers of the party. Among other managers — men who figured promi- nently in Lincoln's career before he became President — are Joshua F. Speed, Lincoln's close friend and confidant, with whom he shared a room; James Shields, with whom he very nearly fought a duel (see entry 27) ; and Stephen A. Douglas, whom Lincoln met nearly 20 years later in a series of seven memorable debates. 30. STUART AND LINCOLN, ATTOR- NEYS-AT-LAW Application of issue of process in Sangamon County Circuit Court, Stockton v Tolley. Single-page holograph document by Abra- ham Lincoln, [June 1839]. L At No. 4 Hoffman's Row, Springfield, Illi- nois, an upstairs room containing a bed, a bench, a chair, a buffalo robe, and a few books served as the office of John T. Stuart and Abraham Lincoln, attorneys-at-law, whose partnership was announced on April 12, 1837, and continued until 1841. While it existed the firm was busy, politically and professionally. Lincoln rose to leadership in Illinois Whig circles, and Stuart became a successful candidate for Congress. Exhibited here is a document drawn up by Lincoln and signed by him, "Stuart and Lincoln." Appearing for the defendant in Stockton v Tolley, Lincoln won his case, involving alleged damages to a cook stove. 31. LOGAN AND LINCOLN, ATTORNEYS- AT-LAW Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln, signed "Logan and Lincoln," to Rowland, Smith and Company, April 24, 1844. HW-MSS In Springfield the Sangamo Journal of May 14, 1 84 1, announced a new law firm, Stephen T. Logan and Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was fortunate in being taken in as junior partner by the undisputed head of the Sangamon bar. Thoroughly trained in the law, methodical, and industrious, Logan showed his younger partner the value of exactitude and preparation in the practice of the law. Combined with his natural talents, the experience he gained under Logan made Lincoln a formidable and re- sourceful lawyer. The partnership lasted until December 1844, when Lincoln opened his own office with William H. Herndon as his partner. In the letter exhibited Lin- coln signs the firm name, and closes a busi- ness-like communication with a Lincoln- esque touch: As to the real estate, we can not attend to it, as agents, & we therefore recommend that you give the charge of it, to Mr. Issac S. Britton, a trust-worthy man, & one whom the Lord made on purpose for such bussiness. 32. FIRST HOME OF THE LINCOLNS Original print of a photograph by S. M. Fassett, Chicago, 1865. (See illustration.) On November 4, 1842, Mary Todd Lincoln became the wife of Abraham Lincoln, a "matter of profound wonder" to the latter. At first the couple took up residence in 21 Springfield at the Globe Tavern, here shown, where, as Lincoln wrote to his friend, Joshua F. Speed, their room and boarding "only costs four dollars a week." Robert Todd Lincoln was born here on August I, 1843. Shortly thereafter the family moved to 8th and Jackson Streets into a house purchased from Rev. Charles Dresser, the minister who married them. Enlarged in 1856 with the addition of a second story, this was their home until 1861 when they moved into the White House. Here were born Lincoln's other sons — Edward Baker in 1846 (died in 1850) ; William Wallace ("Willie") in 1850 (died in 1862); and Thomas Todd ('Tad") in 1853 (died in 1871). Their births are recorded in the Family Bible (see entry 33). 33. ABRAHAM LINCOLN FAMILY BIBLE The Comprehensive Bible, Philadelphia, 1847. With handwritten family record by Abraham and Robert Todd Lincoln. (See illustration.) MSS The name "Mary Lincoln" is inscribed in gold on the cover, and on leaves between the Old and New Testaments is the record of marriages, births, and deaths in the fam- ily. All entries prior to February 20, 1862, are in the handwriting of Abraham Lincoln; the remainder were written by his oldest son, Robert Todd Lincoln. This cherished Bible was given to the Library of Congress by Mrs. Mary H. Lincoln on December 10, 1937- 34. LINCOLN AND HERNDON, ATTOR- NEYS-AT-LAW Springfield City Directory, and Sangamon County Advertiser, for 7855-6. Compiled by E. H. Hall. Springfield, 1855. AWS-R In this Springfield city directory, Lincoln is listed as an attorney (p. 25), with residence at the corner of 8th and Jackson, and his partner, William H. Hcrndon, is listed twice as mayor. Although Herndon, in this par- ticular directory, is nowhere described as an attorney, the law partnership which he and Lincoln began in 1844 was terminated only by the death of Lincoln in 1865. 35. SCENES FAMILIAR LINCOLN TO LAWYER Photographs by undetermined person, ca. 1868. P Two views of Springfield square, showing, on the west side, the building (the next to the last in the block) in which Lincoln and Herndon had their law office (see illustra- tion) ; and, on the east side, Cook's Hall (the opera house) and a glimpse of the County Court House where Lincoln argued cases. The photographs here exhibited are copies from original prints presented to the Library of Congress by Louis M. Rabino- witzin 1952. 36. LINCOLN'S MOST CELEBRATED CASE "Abraham Lincoln Defending Young Arm- strong." Lithograph by Theodore Schra- der, 1866. Published by H. Cassens. (See illustration.) P During his years at New Salem two of Lin- coln's firmest friends were Jack and Hannah Armstrong. Lincoln had converted the roistering leader of the Clary's Grove boys into a friend and admirer when he and Arm- strong staged their monumental wrestling- match. Years later, in May 1858, Lincoln came to the aid of his old friend, Hannah Armstrong, now a widow. Her son, William D. ("Duff") Armstrong was under indictment for the murder of James P. Metzker. Another defendant, James H. Norris, had already been con- victed of manslaughter, largely through the testimony of Charles Allen. In both cases Allen testified that by the light of a full moon at 1 1 o'clock in the evening he had 22 seen Norris strike Metzker on the back of the head with a club and Armstrong hit him on the right eye with a slingshot. Lincoln discredited the witness by means of an al- manac, demonstrating that on the day of the murder (August 29, 1857) the moon was barely past the first quarter and that it had disappeared by the time of the murder. Armstrong was acquitted on the jurors' first ballot. In the lithograph here displayed Lincoln is shown addressing the jury in the Beards- town courtroom, the defendant and his weeping mother seated at a nearby table. Lincoln, incidentally, is depicted anachro- nistically with a beard; actually he did not begin to grow one until late i860. 37. LINCOLN'S INSTRUCTIONS TO THE JURY Instructions to the jury in the case of the People v Armstrong. Photostat of two-page holograph document by Abraham Lincoln, [May 7, 1858] From the Albert G. Beve- ridge Collection. MSS After the prosecution had concluded the State's case, its chief witness discredited, Lincoln handed Judge James Harriott a re- quest for special instructions to the jury. These instructions dealt with the question of reasonable doubt: The Court instructs the jury — That if they have any reasonable doubt as to whether Metzker came to his death by the blow on the eye, or by the blow on the back of the head, they are to find the defendant "Not Guilty" unless they also believe from the evidence, beyond reasonable doubt, that Armstrong and Norris acted by concert, against Metzker and that Norris struck the blow on the back of the head. 38. THE LAWYER FOR THE DEFENSE Photograph from a copy negative. (Mes- erve no. 7) P Lincoln as he appeared on the day he se- cured the acquittal of "Duff" Armstrong at the famous "almanac" trial in the Beards- town court. The original ambrotype was made by Abraham M. Byers in Beardstown, Illinois, on May 7, 1858. 39. LINCOLN'S PHILOSOPHY OF LAW Three-page holograph document by Abra- ham Lincoln, [July 1, 1850?]. RTL-MSS On these penciled pages Lincoln sets forth some of his criteria for the successful and honorable practice of law. Collections of Lincoln's writings have followed the arbi- trary date of July 1, 1850, first assigned to these undated notes by John G. Nicolay and John Hay. It is probable, however, that they were written several years later, when Lincoln was preparing and delivering lec- tures. Possibly they are notes for an un- delivered lecture on law: I am not an accomplished lawyer — I find quite as much material for a lecture, in those points wherein I have failed, as in those wherein I have been moderately successful — The leading rule for the lawyer, as for the man of every other calling, is diligence. Leave nothing for to-morrow, which can be done to-day. . . . Extemporaneous speaking should be practised and cultivated — It is the lawyer's avenue to the public. . . . And yet there is not a more fatal error to young lawyers, than relying too much on speech-making — If any one, upon his rare powers of speaking, shall claim an exemption from the drudgery of the law, his case is a failure in advance. Discourage litigation — Persuade your neighbors to compromise whenever you can ... As a peace-maker, the lawyer has a superior oper- tunity of being a good man — There will still be business enough. . . There is a vague popular belief that lawyers are necessarily dishonest. . . . Let no young man, choosing the law for a calling, for a moment yield to this popular belief — Resolve to be honest at all events; and if, in your own judgment, you can not be an honest-lawyer, resolve to be honest without being a lawyer — Choose some other oc- cupation, rather than one in the choosing of which you do, in advance, consent to be a knave — 23 IN CONGRESS 40. CONGRESSMAN ABRAHAM LINCOLN Daguerreotypes of Abraham Lincoln (Me- serve no. 1) and of Mary Todd Lincoln. R These original daguerreotypes, the earliest known portraits of the Lincolns, were pre- sented to the Library of Congress in 1937 by Mrs. Charles Isham, granddaughter of Abraham Lincoln. Apparently the por- traits were made about 1847, since, accord- ing to information accompanying the da- guerreotype, Lincoln was 38 years old at the time. The Lincoln daguerreotype {see frontispiece) has been attributed to N. H. Shepherd, Springfield, Illinois. While it has been dated as early as 1846 (the year of Lincoln's election as a Representative to Congress), it may have been made subse- quent to Lincoln's arrival in Washington in early December 1847 when Congress con- vened. (Robert Todd Lincoln is said to have stated that the daguerreotype was made in Washington in 1848.) 41. LINCOLN'S FIRST HOME IN WASHINGTON From a photograph by the L. C. Handy Studios, Washington, D. C, ca. 1880. P Arriving in Washington on December 2, Lincoln and his family registered at Brown's Hotel, but they soon took lodgings at a boarding-house kept by Mrs. Ann G. Sprigg, a favorite residence of Whig Congressmen. The boarding house was situated in a group of houses known as "Carroll Row," located where the Library of Congress now stands. [See illustration, left foreground.) 42. LINCOLN'S TESTIMONIAL TO HIS LANDLADY "A DOZEN YEARS" LATER Holograph endorsement by Abraham Lin- coln and Mary Todd Lincoln, May 31, 186 1, on a single-page letter from Mrs. Ann G. Sprigg to Caleb B. Smith. MSS Although Mrs. Lincoln soon returned with her sons to Lexington (her home town), Lincoln stayed on at Mrs. Sprigg's, where his existence was enlivened by bowling, story-telling, and concerts by the Marine Band. In the document exhibited, Abra- ham and Mary Todd Lincoln, from the White House, gladly second an unknown favor sought by their one time landlady. To the Secretary of the Interior, Caleb B. Smith, Lincoln writes : When I was a member of Congress a dozen years ago, I boarded with the lady who writes the within letter — She is a most worthy and deserving lady; and if what she desires can be consistently done, I shall be much obliged. I say this sin- cerely and earnestly — Mrs. Lincoln adds these comments: Hon Mr. Smith: We boarded some months, with Mrs. Sprigg, & found her a most estimable lady & would esteem it a personal favor, if her request, could be granted. 43. A BOOK FROM THE CONGRESS- MAN'S LIBRARY W[illiam] Hickey. The Constitution of the United States of America, With an Alpha- betical Analysis; the Declaration of Inde- pendence; the Articles of Confederation; the Prominent Political Acts of George Wash- ington; Electoral Votes for all Presidents and Vice-Presidents; the High Authorities and Civil Officers of Government, from March 4, iy8g, to March 3, 1847. 3d ed. Philadelphia, 1848. AWS-R Lincoln's copy of Hickey's The Constitution, in which his name appears in the list of "Representatives" on p. 482. Gilt-stamped on the cover is "Hon. Abraham Lincoln, Rep e . U. S — 111.," and inscribed on the fly- leaf is a manuscript note: "Presented to Geo. H. Smith by Mrs. Lincoln, June 7th, 1867 at Chicago, Ills." 24 44. LINCOLN ON THE RIGHTS OF THE OPPRESSED 20-page holograph manuscript of speech by Abraham Lincoln in the United States House of Representatives, January 12, 1848. RTL-MSS During the Thirtieth Congress, Whigs and Democrats debated the question of the Mex- ican War. Whig policy was to resist Demo- cratic measures to support President James K. Polk's message of December 7, 1847, in which he accused Mexico of "striking the first blow, and shedding the blood of our citizens on our own soil." Lincoln spoke twice in support of his party's position. On December 22 he introduced resolutions call- ing upon the President to answer "Whether the spot of soil on which the blood of our citizens was shed .... is, or is not, within the territory which was wrested from Spain by the Mexican revolution." (These earned him the sobriquet of "Spotty" in the Demo- cratic papers of Illinois.) On January 12, 1848, he made his first major speech in Con- gress on the same subject. One passage soared far above partisan politics. In the page exhibited (p. 13) are lines of hope for oppressed peoples of all times and all regions: Any people anywhere, being inclined and having the power, have the right to rise up, and shake off the existing government, and form a new one that suits them better — This is a most valuable — a most sacred right — a right, which we hope and believe, is to liberate the world — Nor is this right confined to cases in which the whole people of an existing government, may choose to exercise it — Any portion of such people that can, may revo- lutionize, and make their own, of so much of the teritory as they inhabit — More than this, a ma- jority of any portion of such people, may revolu- tionize, putting down a minority, intermingled with, or near about them, who may oppose their movement — Such minority, was precisely the case, of the tories of our own revolution — It is a qual- ity of revolutions not to go by old lines, or old laws; but to break up both, and make new ones — 45. THREE SPEECHES IN THE HOUSE, 1848 Abraham Lincoln. ( 1 ) Speech of Mr. Lin- coln, of Illinois, on the Reference of the President's Message, in the House of Rep- resentatives, Wednesday, January 14 [i. e. 12], 184.8. Washington, 1848; (2) Speech of Mr. A. Lincoln, of Illinois, on the Civil and Diplomatic Appropriation Bill; Deliv- ered in the House of Representatives of the United States, June 20, 1848. Washington, 1848; (3) Speech of Mr. A. Lincoln of Illi- nois, on the Presidential Question. Deliv- ered in the House of Representatives of the United States, July 21 [i. e. 2j\, 1848. [Washington, 1848]. AWS-R During his Congressional term Lincoln made three major speeches in the House of Representatives, early separate printings of which are shown here. On January 12, 1848, he spoke on the War with Mexico (see entry 44) . On June 20 of that year he spoke on internal improvements, two days later writing to William H. Herndon that he was preparing the speech ("which I sup- pose nobody will read") for publication in the Congressional Globe Appendix. The third speech, given on July 27, was a hu- morous effort directed against Lewis Cass and his fitness for the Presidency (see also entry 19). In the manuscript of the third, possibly revised by Lincoln for publication as a campaign pamphlet, are such sub-titles as: "Divided Gangs of Hogs," "Old Horses and Military Coat Tails," "Military Tail of the Great Michigander," and "Cass on Working and Eating." 46. LINCOLN IS PRESENT AT THE PASS- ING OF "THE OLD MAN ELOQUENT" Token of a Nation's Sorrow. Addresses in the Congress of the United States, and Funeral Solemnities on the Death of John Quincy Adams, Who Died in the Capitol at Washington, on Wednesday Evening, Feb- ruary 23, 1848. 2d ed. Washington, 1848. AWS-R 25 John Quincy Adams, after his retirement from the Presidency, served 1 7 years in Con- gress as a Representative from Massachu- setts. On February 21, 1848, at the age of 80, he was fatally stricken on the floor of the House, dying two days later. Lincoln was chosen to represent the Illinois delegation at the funeral. On p. 22 of the item ex- hibited "Mr. Lincoln, of Illinois," is listed as a member of the Committee of Arrange- ments. 47. AN ANTI-SLAVERY BILL, PREPARED BY LINCOLN BUT NEVER INTRO- DUCED "A bill for an act to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, by the consent of the free white people of said District, and with compensation to owners." Six-page holo- graph document by Abraham Lincoln, [January 10, 1849]. RTL-MSS On September 22, 1848, at the Tremont Temple in Boston, Lincoln and William H. Seward spoke from the same platform. Se- ward's speech against the extension of slav- ery and the urgency of the question made a great impression upon Lincoln. As early as March 3, 1837, Lincoln, in the Illinois Legislature, had defined his position on slavery, which, as he later explained ( i860) "so far as it goes . . . was then the same that it is now." He then believed "that the institution of slavery is founded on both in- justice and bad policy . . . that the Con- gress . . . has no power, under the consti- tution, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the different States . . . that . . . Congress . . . has the power ... to abolish slavery in the District of Colum- bia. . . ." On January 13, 1849, Lincoln announced his intention of introducing a bill prohibiting slavery in the District of Columbia. Here displayed is the manuscript of this proposed legislation. Under Lincoln's plan, based upon approval of the people of the District, all children born to slave mothers in the District after January 1, 1850, would be liberated, and provision was made for the voluntary emancipation of other slaves, with compensation to their owners. Lincoln did not introduce his bill, however, because, as he explained later, he became convinced that his plan had no chance for adoption. As a young State assemblyman and as a Congressman he had expressed his belief in the constitutional right of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. As President, on April 16, 1862, he was to affix his signature to a message approving the passage of a bill very similar to the one he had planned to introduce 13 years earlier. 48. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, INVENTOR Report of the Commissioner of Patents, for the Year 184$. Part I. Arts and Manu- factures. Washington, 1850. Opened to patent no. 6469, "Improved method of lift- ing vessels over shoals." AWS-R Lincoln for many years had been interested in the problems of river navigation. As a youth he had been a flatboatman, and had lived six years beside the Sangamon River. As an Illinois legislator he fully realized the import of waterways to the welfare of his State, for inTiis day they were a quick and most economical means of transportation. While yet in Congress, his continuing in- terest led him to devise, and later to patent, a "method of lifting vessels over shoals" by means of "expansible buoyant chambers." It is said that Lincoln got the idea for his invention in 1848 while traveling by steamer on Lake Erie from Buffalo to Detroit. Ac- cording to the story, the steamer ran aground on a sand bar, and the captain ordered barrels forced under the sides of the ship below the water line, the resultant increased buoyancy floating the boat free. In Springfield Lincoln set to work and, with the help of Walter Davis, a mechanic, made a model of a river-boat, attaching at the sides adjustable chambers which, when filled with air, added to the boat's buoyancy. Lincoln sent the model, along with his ap- 26 plication and specifications, to the Patent Office. Apparently Lincoln's invention was never put into practical use. The model is now in the Smithsonian Institution. 9. AN EX-CONGRESSMAN SEEKS OFFICE Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Thomas Ewing, June 22, 1949. MSS Lincoln's Congressional term ended on March 3, 1849. On his return to Spring- field in late March, he was urged by friends to seek appointment as Commis- sioner of the General Land Office. Because he was committed to the support of others seeking the office, he hesitated to try. How- ever, when he learned that Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the Interior, was favoring the appointment of a dark horse, Justin Butter- field, he opened a vigorous campaign for the post. To Whig friends and ex-col- leagues in the House of Representatives he wrote for support. His friends in Washing- ton having effected a three-week delay in the appointment, Lincoln made a hurried trip to the capital to press his claim in person, but met a rankling defeat. Butter- field was appointed. Lincoln, suspecting that some of the papers in his support had been suppressed, wrote the curt letter here exhibited : Please transmit to me the papers on file in your Dept. recommending me for Comr. of Genl. Land Office, if not inconsistent with the rules of the Department. o. AN OFFICE SEEKS THE EX-CON- GRESSMAN Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Thomas Ewing, September 27, 1849. From the Thomas Ewing Papers. MSS His failure to obtain the General Land Office Commissionership disturbed and ir- ritated Lincoln during the summer months of 1849. Friends noted a change in him after his return to private life. "Melan- choly dripped from him as he walked," wrote William H. Herndon. With his politi- cal career apparently ended, and with his influence obviously dwindling, Lincoln, in his own words, "went to the practice of the law with greater earnestness than ever be- fore." When the national administration tried to make amends by offering him ap- pointments in Oregon Territory, he de- clined. On August 21 he turned down the post of Secretary of the Territory, and urged that his friend, Simeon Francis, be appointed. In September he twice declined to serve as Governor; in the letter shown here, he explained to the Secretary of the Interior some of the confusions wrought by friends who thought he had acted in haste: Some discrepancy may appear between my letter of the 23rd, and my Telegraphic despatch of to- day, to explain which I write this — As I told you in that letter, I sent a dispatch the same day to a friend at Springfield to be forwarded to you; but that friend and some others, supposing I had decided hastily, withheld the despatch, and wrote me again — On receiving their letter, I came to Springfield, and now Telegraph you myself — POLITICAL DEFEATS 51. AN OPPONENT OF THE KANSAS- NEBRASKA ACT Draft of resolutions recommending amend- ment of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Single- page holograph document by Abraham Lin- coln. [1855?] RTL-MSS From the close of his Congressional term through 1853 Abraham Lincoln was in vir- tual political retirement. His re-entry into politics in 1854 was motivated by the Kan- sas-Nebraska Act, which, he later wrote, "roused him as never before." Demonstrat- ing again his remarkable capacity for growth, he returned to politics with much broader perspectives than he had held dur- 27 ing his years of purely partisan activities. Then his political ambition was largely self-centered; now he was a man with a cause — the containment and control of slavery within the limits of the Constitution. His efforts in the 1854 campaign, climaxed by his Peoria speech in October, were founded on his complete conviction that the Kansas-Nebraska Act was unjust and un- wise. Exhibited here are resolutions con- demning the act which Lincoln wrote to be introduced in the Illinois General Assembly. 52. LINCOLN SUPPORTS A FRIEND AND CANDIDATE Two-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Richard J. Oglesby, September 8, 1854. MSS In the campaign of 1854 Lincoln was very active in supporting Richard Yates in his unsuccessful contest for a third consecutive term as Congressman. Lincoln had urged Yates as the candidate; drafted the an- nouncement of his candidacy; and allowed his own name to be put up as a candidate for the Legislature because, as he said, when he resigned the office, "it was supposed my doing so would help Yates." Rumors ac- cusing Yates of intemperate habits found their way to Lincoln, who in that connection wrote the letter below to Richard J. Oglesby, an attorney then living in Decatur : You perhaps know how anxious I am for Yates' reelection in this District — I understand his ene- mies are getting up a charge against him, that while he passes for a temperate man, he is in the habit of drinking secretly — and that they calcu- late on proving an instance of the charge by you — If, indeed, you have told them any thing, I can not help thinking they have misunderstood what you did tell them — Other things being equal, I would much prefer a temperate man, to an intemperate one; still I do not make my vote depend absolutely upon the question of whether a candidate does or does not taste liquor — Thou- sands and thousands of us, in point of fact, have known Yates for more than twenty years; and as I have never seen him drink liquor, nor act, or speak, as if he had been drinking, nor smelled it on his breath, nor heard any man say he ever had and as he has been twice elected to congress, without any such thing being discovered I can not but think such a charge as the above must be in- j correct — Will you please write me, and tell me what the truth of this matter is? I will recipro- cate at any time — 53. NOT YET A REPUBLICAN Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Ichabod Codding, November 27, 1854. Retained copy. RTL-MSS As the spokesman for moderates opposing slavery extension, Lincoln was a leading, though unsuccessful, candidate for the United States Senate in 1855. During the anxious weeks preceding the election, Lin- coln was careful not to align himself too closely with a new political force with slav- ery views more radical than his own — the recently organized Republican party, popu- larly known as "Fusionists." Lincoln was willing to cooperate with them, but he was not yet ready to join them. In this letter to Ichabod Codding he protests against an un- authorized use of his name : Your note of the 13th. requesting my attendance of the Republican State Central Committee, on the 1 7th. Inst, at Chicago, was, owing to my ab- sence from home, received on the evening of that day (17th) only — While I have pen in hand allow me to say I have been perplexed some to under- stand why my name was placed on that commit- tee. I was not consulted on the subject; nor was I apprized of the appointment, until I discovered it by accident two or three weeks afterwards — I suppose my opposition to the principle of slavery is as strong as that of any member of the Repub- lican party; but I had also supposed that the extent to which I feel authorized to carry that opposition, practically; was not at all satisfactory to that party — The leading men who organized that party, were present, on the 4th of Oct. at the discussion between Douglas and myself at Spring- field, and had full opportunity to not misunder- stand my position — Do I misunderstand theirs? 54. "THE ADDING UP OF THE WEIGHTS OF THREE SMALL HOGS" Lithographic reproduction of a single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln, 28 life masks OF Lincoln and douglas. Bronze life mask of Abraham Lincoln and an original plaster mask of Stephen A. Douglas made by Leonard W. Volk. (See entries 59 and 62.) C ^/v t'f *» >,, £1 7*1- ^i^.h.' 1 ;" cJ ^. f-J^- - / S t-i££ ^><^- *e . JJ/2- >c^ K __<^Zi^ t7 . 'I do not think myself fit for the presidency." ZWter /ro/?? Abraham Lincoln to Thomas J. Pickett, April 1 6, i8§g. (See entry 68.) * - A > ' ' rHxXL^/ J C^y^C ^v ^e^, «f t~r>--4 /yC^*C~ O^tUZx. cn~ As Loctto +2.fut£~<~~£ '. /yh &&£.-+„£ £j%^ / /Ca-iz^~^p /C^-fci C'^y^ ^^r-/ug -*~ a. _ 4/-e*t£&*t /)\-4sC& ^ ' ^mcm mt p f £7--~ v be *> , > .J, / / / vX^ *^wOx '&-*,£ s^-r^c (y^rt^&r nA-Gm-'ZC £n~r £ji~+-J-A' >//v^3T-c, L^^, o***.^ JLf «> h+~*^ fo-n^jL*.^ <-<7 aS CJ(<.~lJ *J ^m~-A*& ^U-*^ /w.«..o t^.>,...5 (^„ .< . « «« a letter to "dear wife." L^//^?- //era Abraham Lincoln to Mary Todd Lincoln, March 4, i860. (See entry 73.) YVUj /ut^-e^T Cir-C^-v O^C£ L^t^ *-~~ tS/^< l/ c^*-»>s erf ^"S-ft~ ,V"v<- £~ i^. ■• ls<~~*- 1 ck- C~-^<*-<^- L'~f4*r^ c^-^C^ >>-" «^ C^e-o-t .-, ^ t _-^v- ^r- C^&Zy U*7t//c'nS &/r cJ^Sf-u /Luau/~ ' &c*i*£Ar€*ts a little sketch" for jesse w. fell. Pages i and j of holograph autobiography by Abraham Lincoln sent to Jesse W. Fell, December 20, iSjg. (See entry 6g.) portrait of the presidential candidate. From copy negative of photograph by Alexander Hesler, i860. (See entry 78.) c S =© -8 'to 5 a IP ^4 o CO o a a H O a, 2 O < a, S < u z < — pa :> w ry-j L-. 7: U-- m£« **i OS --.; 2u E— ' .r. f/ -J £ u ~ v x CA u -J ft 4 1 =0 < X 1 -> 4 <«: u 5 z i ^ i 5J ^ 2E s 1 3D u > 1 ,£ X ^ 1- i* 1 j z i 1 i 53 ■m •? ^ * 9 So < f "^ H J 1 M UJ >• CO < < D Z H < 1— * Cfl cy UJ Z Oh < O *T- X yj o 2- this copy sent to Harrison Maltby, Septem- ber 8, 1856. HW-MSS The 1856 Republican National Convention at Philadelphia gave Lincoln more than a hundred votes for Vice President, and nom- inated John G. Fremont for President. In the months following, Lincoln made over fifty speeches supporting Fremont against James Buchanan and Millard Fillmore. Recognizing that a split vote in Illinois would give Fremont little chance to carry the state, Lincoln tried to persuade Fillmore supporters that their cause could best be served by backing Fremont against Bu- chanan. To carry out this campaign he wrote a letter, had it reproduced, and, filling in dates and names and signing each, sent out numerous copies. The one exhibited was sent to Harrison Maltby: I understand you are a Fillmore man. Let me prove to you that every vote withheld from Fremont, and given to Fillmore, in this state, actually lessens Fillmore's chance of being Presi- dent — Suppose Buchanan gets all the slave states, and Pennsylvania, and any other one state be- sides; then he is elected, no matter who gets all the rest — But suppose Fillmore gets the two slave states of Maryland and Kentucky; then Buchanan is not elected; Fillmore goes into the House of Rep- resentatives, and may be made President by a compromise — But suppose again Fillmore's friends throw away a few thousand votes on him, in Indiana and Illinois, it will inevitably give these states to Buchanan, which will more than compensate him for the loss of Maryland and Kentucky; will elect him, and leave Fillmore no chance in the H.R. or out of it — This is as plain as the adding up of the weights of three small hogs — As Mr. Fillmore has no pos- sible chance to carry Illinois for himself, it is plainly his interest to let Fremont take it, and thus keep it out of the hands of Buchanan — Be not deceived. Buchanan is the hard horse to beat in this race — Let him have Illinois, and nothing can beat him; and he will get Illinois, if men persist in throwing away votes upon Mr. Fillmore. LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES 55. "A HOUSE DIVIDED AGAINST ITSELF CANNOT STAND" Abraham Lincoln. Speech of Hon. Abram Lincoln Before the Republican State Con- vention, June 75 [i.e. 16], /85S. Sycamore [111.] 1858. R On June 16, 1858, the Illinois Republican convention named Lincoln as "first and only choice" for Senator. Lincoln, in accept- ance, delivered his famous "House Divided" speech, attacking what seemed to him a conspiracy for the advancement of slavery. Friends who had seen the speech prior to its delivery had warned Lincoln that he took too strong a stand, and the speech did, in fact, mark Lincoln as a radical in some quarters. In this historic speech, the first separate printing of which is here ex- hibited, Lincoln said : "A House divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this Government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I don't expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. 56. THE CHALLENGE Single-page copy in the hand of Norman B, Judd of letter from Abraham Lincoln to Stephen A. Douglas, July 24, 1858; with an endorsement by Judd. RTL-MSS In Chicago on July 9, Stephen A. Douglas made a major speech in his campaign for reelection as Senator. Abraham Lincoln, the nominee of the Republicans, followed with a speech there on July 10. Traveling in an elaborate special train, his arrivals announced by cannon, Douglas moved down-State and in the afternoon of July 1 7 gave an address at Springfield. Lincoln countered with a speech there the same evening. Noting this Republican strategy 491287—59- 29 of speaking in the same cities. Democrats claimed that the only way Lincoln could draw a crowd was to take advantage of the audiences attracted by the more prominent Douglas. On advice of his managers, Lin- coln issued a challenge resulting in the historic Lincoln-Douglas debates. The challenge, shown here, is a copy made by Norman B. Judd, the Chicago Republican who delivered the proposal to Douglas: Will it be agreeable to you to make an arrange- ment for you and myself to divide time and address the same audiences during the present canvass? Mr. Judd who will hand you this is authorized to receive your answer; and if agree- able to you to enter into the terms of such arrangement. Judd adds the following note : Delivered the original of which the above is a true copy to the Hon. S. A. Douglas at Chicago on the 24 July 1858 and received for answer that he would send me down an answer when he sent down his mail on Monday morning. 57. DOUGLAS DESIGNATES TIMES AND PLACES Two-page handwritten letter signed by Stephen A. Douglas, from Douglas to Abra- ham Lincoln, July 30, 1858. RTL-MSS Lincoln did not receive Douglas' reply to his challenge until July 28. The next day Lincoln answered, asking for "perfect recip- rocity, and no more," and stating, "I agree to an arrangement for us to speak at the seven places you have named, and at your own times, provided you name the times at once." Douglas' reply, dated July 30, is exhibited here: Your letter, dated yesterday, accepting my proposition for a joint discussion at one prominent point in each Congressional district as stated in my previous letter was received this morning. The times and places designated are as follows : Ottawa, Lasalle Co., August 21st 1858. Freeport, Stevenson Co., August 27th 1858. Jonesboro, Union Co., September 15th 1858. Charleston, Coles Co., September 18th 1858. Galesburg, Knox Co., October 7th 1858. Quincy, Adams Co., October 13th 1858. Alton, Madison Co., October 15th 1858. I agree to your suggestion that we shall alter- nately open and close the discussion. I will speak at Ottawa one hour, you can reply, occupying an hour and a half, and I will then follow for half an hour. At Freeport you shall open the discus- sion and speak one hour, I will follow for an hour and a half and you can then reply for half an hour. We will alternate in like manner at each successive place. 58. THE "LITTLE GIANT" From a daguerreotype by Mathew B. Brady. P Douglas was four years younger than Lin- coln and at 5'^" a foot shorter. Despite shortness of stature, however, his breadth of shoulder and solidity, combined with a re- markable intellect, the gift of oratory, and the ability to lead men, had early won for him the sobriquet "Little Giant," a title which followed him throughout life. 59. LIFE MASK OF STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS An original plaster mask of Stephen A. Douglas made in 1857 by Leonard W. Volk, a Chicago sculptor, whose wife was Douglas' cousin. The mask [See illustration) is from the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana, which includes also the sculpt- ing instruments and the mallet used by the sculptor. AWS-R 60. THE LINCOLN OF THE DEBATES Photograph from ambrotype by Calvin Jackson, Pittsfield, 111., October 1, 1858. (Meserve No. 12) P Lincoln as he appeared six days prior to the fifth debate with Douglas at Galesburg, 111. The original ambrotype, which was pre- sented to the Library of Congress by Louis M. Rabinowitz in 1952, bears the inscrip- tion: "This ambrotype belongs to Lizzie Gibson, Pittsfield, Illinois." 30 3i 6 1. A MEMENTO OF THE SIXTH DEBATE 63. THE "ARTFUL DODGER" OF THE SEVENTH DEBATE Gavel lent by Jack W. Dixon, Evanston, Illinois. This gavel is said to have been used by the presiding officer at the debate in Quincy on October 13, 1858. It was once owned by Judge Orville H. Browning, a professional and political associate of Lincoln, at whose home in Quincy Lincoln was received on the morning of the debate. Browning pre- sented the gavel to George H. Lane, whence it passed to his son, James Lewis Lane, and thereafter, in 1948, to his daughter, Anna Lane Dixon. 62. LIFE MASK OF LINCOLN Bronze life mask of Abraham Lincoln, by Leonard W. Volk, i860. {See illustration.) AWS-R Volk first met Lincoln while traveling with Douglas during the Illinois senatorial con- test of 1858. He obtained from Lincoln at that time the promise that he sit for a bust when next he chanced to be in Chicago. The event took place finally in late March and April i860, when Lincoln was in Chi- cago arguing the "Sand-Bar" case. To spare Lincoln a number of sittings, the sculptor prepared a plaster mold of Lin- coln's features. (It is from this mold that the bronze mask, here exhibited, was cast) . Years later Volk recalled (in an article for The Century Magazine, December 188 1) something of the discomfort Lincoln experi- enced in the preparation of the mold : It was about an hour before the mold was ready to be removed, and being all in one piece, with both ears perfectly taken, it clung pretty hard, as the cheek-bones were higher than the jaws at the lobe of the ear. He bent his head low and took hold of the mold, and gradually worked it off without breaking or injury; it hurt a little, as a few hairs of the tender temples pulled out with the plaster and made his eyes water. . . . Abraham Lincoln. The Campaign in Illi- nois, Last Joint Debate. Douglas and Lin- coln at Alton, Illinois. Washington, 1858. AWS-R The seventh and last of the debates, that at Alton on October 15, 1858, was the first to be separately printed. Issued by the Demo- crats as a campaign document, the pamphlet here exhibited describes Lincoln as appear- ing "in his old character of the 'artful dodger'." Further evidence of its anti-Lin- coln nature is to be seen at the conclusion of Lincoln's speech, where it is observed that "Mr. Lincoln, being run down, stopped, having several minutes of his time to work out," while in contrast, following Douglas' speech, the claim is made that "cheer after cheer rose in the air ..." 64. "I WISH TO PRESERVE A SET OF THE LATE DEBATES" Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Dr. Charles H. Ray, November 20, 1858. AWS-R Possibly aware of the significance of the de- bates, Lincoln wanted a lasting record of them as a memento of his contribution to what he believed was a morally right cause. In the letter shown here he expressed this wish to Dr. Charles H. Ray of the Chicago Press and Tribune: I wish to preserve a Set of the late debates (if they may be called so) between Douglas and myself. To enable me to do so, please get two copies of each number of your paper containing the whole, and send them to me by Express; and I will pay you for the papers & for your trouble. I wish the two sets, in order to lay one away in the raw, and to put the other in a Scrapbook. Remember, if part of any debate is on both sides of one sheet, it will take two sets to make one scrap-book. 32 65. LINCOLN'S SCRAPBOOK OF HIS DEBATES WITH DOUGLAS Printer's copy of the Lincoln-Douglas de- bates, edited and prepared for publication by Abraham Lincoln. Shown by permis- sion of Mr. Alfred Whital Stern. Exhibited here is what has been called the "manuscript of the only book that Lincoln wrote or edited or prepared for publica- tion" — the scrapbook of his debates with Douglas. Lincoln collected newspaper printings of these speeches, pasted them in a book, and carefully corrected and edited the text later to be used as printer's copy for what became a campaign document (see entry 66) read by thousands in i860. When his letter to Charles H. Ray (see entry 64) brought no results, Lincoln turned to Henry Clay Whitney, a young attorney of Urbana, Illinois, who furnished him the necessary copies of the Chicago Press and Tribune, containing the text Lincoln used for his own speeches. Aware of the completely biased journalistic practices of the time, Lincoln also secured copies of the Democratic Chi- cago Times for reports of what Douglas had said. He included in the scrapbook the seven debates and their preliminary corre- spondence, his speeches at Springfield on June 16 and July 17, and Douglas' speeches at Chicago, Bloomington, and Springfield. 66. LINCOLN PRESENTS A COPY OF HIS BOOK TO A FRIEND Abraham Lincoln. Political Debates Be- tween Hon. Abraham Lincoln and Hon. Stephen A. Douglas in the Celebrated Campaign of 1858, in Illinois. Columbus, i860. Shown by permission of Mr. Alfred Whital Stern. Lincoln early displayed a desire to have the scrapbook printed ; however, it was not until December 1859 that the firm of Follett and Foster (Columbus, Ohio) undertook its publication. The date on which, in the year following, they issued the printed De- bates has not been precisely fixed, but it seems likely that the book was not widely distributed until after Lincoln's nomination. The copy of the first edition here dis- played is inscribed by Lincoln to an old friend, William M. Cowgill. (We know little of Cowgill except that he was a mer- chant in Springfield until he removed to Petersburg in 1844.) 67. WELCOMED HOME "Mr. Lincoln, Residence and Horse." Lithograph by Louis Kurz, Chicago, ca. 1865. P Lincoln is portrayed astride a horse, being greeted by well-wishers before his home at 8th and Jackson Streets, Springfield, Illi- nois, "on his return at the close of the cam- paign with Senator Douglas" (presumably upon his return at the close of the 1858 joint debates) . Here again he is depicted, anachronistically, with a beard (cf. entry 36). THE ELECTION OF 1860 68. "I DO NOT THINK MYSELF FIT FOR THE PRESIDENCY" Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Thomas J. Pickett, April 16, 1859. Retained copy. (See illustration.) RTL-MSS His debates with Stephen A. Douglas brought to Abraham Lincoln recognition and prestige he had never before known. In some quarters, his name was linked with the Republican Presidential nomination for 1 860. Thomas J. Pickett, editor of the Rock Island Register, wrote to Lincoln suggesting a plan for the simultaneous announcement in the State's Republican newspapers of "your name for the Presidency." Lincoln, who was aware that his name was being con- 33 nected with the nomination, was not yet ready to be considered a candidate actively seeking it. 69. "A LITTLE SKETCH" FOR JESSE W. FELL Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Jesse W. Fell, December 20, 1859, with enclosed three-page holograph autobiography by Abraham Lincoln. (See illustration for pages 1 & 3 of the auto- biography.) MSS In December 1858 Jesse W. Fell, a political associate from Bloomington, 111., asked Lin- coln for an account of his life to be used by Joseph J. Lewis of West Chester, Pa., "to get up a . . . newspaper article telling the people who you are and what you have done. . . ." Fell believed there would be an excellent chance of Lincoln's becoming the Republican candidate for President in i860 if he were better known. Lincoln re- fused the request and reportedly said: "Fell, I admit . . . that I am ambitious, and would like to be President [but] there is no such good luck in store for me as the Presi- dency. . . . besides, there is nothing in my early history that would interest you or any- body else. . . ." Lincoln later changed his mind and, on December 20, 1859, sent the requested sketch with a note in which he said, characteristically: Herewith is a little sketch, as you requested — > There is not much of it, for the reason, I suppose, that there is not much of me — If any thing be made out of it, I wish it to be modest, and not to go beyond the materials — If it were thought necessary to incorporate any thing from any of my speeches, I suppose there would be no objection — Of course it must not appear to have been written by myself — "Hon. J. W. Fell" and "Yours very truly / A. Lincoln" have been clipped from another letter of Lincoln to Fell and pasted on the autobiography. 70. LITTLE-KNOWN IN THE EAST, LIN- COLN IS INVITED TO SPEAK IN NEW YORK Single-page handwritten telegram from James A. Briggs to Abraham Lincoln, Oc- tober 12, 1859. RTL-MSS During the fall and winter of 1859 Lincoln made political speeches in Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Kansas. His prom- inence was regional, however, until Febru- ary 27, i860. On that night in New York City he delivered perhaps the best of his pre-Presidential addresses, one which was to gain for him recognition in the East as a leading spokesman for Republican princi- ples. Exhibited here is the inquiry which led to Lincoln's famous address at the Cooper Institute. James A. Briggs, a mem- ber of a committee to arrange a series of lectures, wired: Will you speak in Mr Beechers Church Broo[k]lyn on or about the twenty ninth (29) November on any subject you please pay two hundred (200) dollars. Lincoln agreed, provided he could speak in February and deliver a "political" speech. Soon after the Briggs' invitation Lincoln was asked by the Republican State Central Committee to address a ratification meeting in New York City. In response to Lincoln's inquiry, Briggs informed him that he would probably speak in both places. As it de- veloped, however, a new committee of the Young Men's Central Republican Union of New York City took charge and only one speech was scheduled. Until he arrived in New York Lincoln remained under the im- pression he was to speak at Henry Ward Beecher's Plymouth Church in Brooklyn. 71. THE COOPER INSTITUTE SPEECH Abraham Lincoln. Tribune Tracts. — No. 4. National Politics. Speech of Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, Delivered at the Cooper Institute, Monday, Feb. 27, i860. [New York, i860]. AWS-R 34 On the evening of February 27, i860, de- spite a snowstorm, 1,500 people assembled at Cooper Institute in New York City to hear Abraham Lincoln deliver one of his most significant speeches. Arranged ostensibly for the political enlightenment of the citi- zens, the meeting at which Lincoln spoke was actually controlled by the anti-Seward faction of the Republicans in New York, which included such prominent figures as editors William Cullen Bryant and Horace Greeley. Lincoln's carefully prepared speech, his first in New York, dealt with only one political issue — slavery; and it con- cluded with one of his most memorable sentences: "Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith, let us, to the end, dare to do our duty as we under- stand it." The address was enthusiastically received by the audience and the following morning four New York papers printed it in full. Lincoln's reputation was immeasurably en- hanced by this introduction to the East; and, of his pre-Presidential speeches, possibly none was of greater importance to his politi- cal career. The pamphlet here exhibited, one of the first separate printings of the speech, came out on March 6, i860. 72. THE COOPER INSTITUTE LINCOLN Photograph from a copy negative. (Me- serve No. 20) P On the afternoon of February 27, i860, the day Lincoln delivered the Cooper Institute address, he visited the Broadway studio of Mathew B. Brady, where three portraits were made, the first ones of Lincoln made by the famous photographer. One, a bust portrait, was widely circulated and repro- duced for campaign purposes. Another, only slightly different, was the three-quar- ter length here reproduced. 73. A LETTER TO "DEAR WIFE" Two-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Mary Todd Lincoln, March 4, i860. (See illustration.) MSS After his auspicious introduction to the East in his Cooper Institute address, Abraham Lincoln received and accepted invitations to speak in several New England cities. These invitations, and the $200 given him for his speech in New York City, fitted in nicely with his desires. His eldest son, Robert Todd Lincoln, had left Springfield in the summer of 1859 to enroll in Harvard. Fail- ure in the entrance examinations postponed his entrance, and he went for further prep- aration to the academy at Exeter, New Hampshire. Lincoln's itinerary enabled him to spend a few days there with Robert Todd and his Springfield roommate, George La- tham. This visit was a relief to the worried father, who had delayed an earlier visit because of a slow-paying client. A few months after his New England trip Lincoln wrote his old friend, Dr. Anson Henry, that "Our eldest boy, Bob, has been away from us nearly a year at school, and . . . prom- ises very well, considering we never con- trolled him much." In the letter exhibited Lincoln detailed to his wife his visit to New England. 74. WHERE LINCOLN WAS NOMINATED FOR THE PRESIDENCY "The Republican Wigwam at Chicago, Illi- nois, in which the Republican Convention will be held, May 16, i860." Photocopy of wood engraving in Harper's Weekly, May 12, i860. P At Chicago in an auditorium built of lum- ber and known as the "Wigwam," the Re- publican Convention of i860 met to choose its candidate for the Presidency. Capable of seating 10,000 people, this temporary struc- ture stood at the corner of Lake and Market streets. 75. THE CONVENTION IN SESSION "The Republicans in Nomination Conven- tion in Their Wigwam at Chicago, May i860." Photocopy of wood engraving in Harper's Weekly, May 19, i860. P 35 View of the draped and festooned interior of the Wigwam, and of the crowded galleries jammed with some 3,000 spectators, many of whom no doubt were Lincoln supporters by virtue of adroit maneuvering on the part of his managers. Lincoln's nomination on the third ballot was heralded by the ringing of bells, the tooting of whistles, and the booming of a cannon on the roof. 76. THE HANDS OF THE NOMINEE Bronze casts of the hands of Abraham Lin- coln, by Leonard W. Volk. AWS-R Shortly after Lincoln's nomination for the Presidency Leonard W. Volk, the Chicago sculptor, made casts of Lincoln's hands. (The same sculptor some weeks before had made a cast of Lincoln's face. See entry 62). The event took place in Lincoln's home at Springfield at a time when Lin- coln's right hand was still quite swollen from shaking hands with the thousands of people who had come to congratulate him. When Volk suggested that he hold some- thing in it, Lincoln sawed off a portion of broom stick and this also is reproduced in the cast. 77. "I ACCEPT THE NOMINATION" Single-page holograph draft (?) of a letter from Abraham Lincoln to George Ashmun, May 23, i860. RTL-MSS The evening following Lincoln's nomination a committee called at his home, where George Ashmun of Massachusetts, the con- vention president, made a short notification speech. Lincoln replied briefly, saying: "I shall, by your leave, consider more fully the resolutions of the Convention . . . and without unseasonable delay, respond to you, Mr. Chairman, in writing — not doubting now, that the platform will be found satis- factory, and the nomination accepted." Four days later, in a letter to Ashmun, Lin- coln formally accepted the nomination: I accept the nomination tendered me by the convention over which you presided, and of which I am formally apprized in the letter of yourself and others acting as a committee of the conven- tion, for that purpose — The declaration of principles and sentiments which accompanies your letter, meets my ap- proval; and it shall be my care not to violate, or disregard it, in any part — Imploring the assistance of Divine Providence, and with due regard to the views and feelings of all who were represented in the convention, to the rights of all the states, and territories, and people of the nation; to the inviolability of the constitution, and the perpetual union, harmony and prosperity of all, I am most happy to co- operate for the practical success of the principles, declared by the convention — 78. PORTRAIT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE Photograph from a copy negative. (Me- serve no. 26) {See illustration.) P Soon after he had formally accepted his party's nomination for the Presidency, Lin- coln posed in Springfield for this portrait by Alexander Hesler, the Chicago photog- rapher. Perhaps the finest ever made of the beardless Lincoln, it is one of at least four portraits made by Hesler the same day (June 3, i860). The original negative be- came the property of George B. Ayres who purchased the Hesler Gallery in 1865. When shortly thereafter, Ayres moved to the East, he took the negative with him, thereby no doubt saving it from the destruction which was to visit the Hesler Gallery in the Chicago fire of 1871. The original today is in the Smithsonian Institution. 79. LINCOLN COMMENTS ON AN EAR- LIER PORTRAIT BY THE SAME PHOTOGRAPHER Two-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to James F. Babcock, September 13, i860, with attached print of photograph of Lincoln (Meserve No. 6). MSS In the East, Lincoln was little known except through his published speeches, and his 36 physical appearance was a mystery. One supporter, James F. Babcock, editor of the New Haven Palladium, wrote him, enclos- ing a small print of a photograph and asking if Lincoln considered it a good likeness. Alexander Hesler, who made the magnifi- cent profile of Lincoln after his nomination (see entry 78) had taken the photograph in Chicago in February 1857. In the letter exhibited Lincoln returned the print and gave his opinion of this early photograph: The original of the picture you inclose, and which I return, was taken from life, and is, / think, a very true one; though my wife, and many others, do not — My impression is that their ob- jection arises from the disordered condition of the hair. My judgment is worth nothing in these matters. . . . 80. AN IDEALIZED PORTRAIT OF LINCOLN Mezzotint engraving by Samuel Sartain, after a painting by J. Henry Brown. Pub- lished by James Irwin, Philadelphia. P Republicans in the East considered the pub- lished pictures of Lincoln a liability to his chances for election. John G. Nicolay wrote that "the impression prevails East that Mr. Lincoln is very ugly." To correct this im- pression (even though Lincoln often joked about his appearance) Judge John Mere- dith Read of Philadelphia hired an artist, J. Henry Brown, to go to Springfield in the summer of i860 and paint a miniature por- trait of the candidate suitable for engraving. Brown's romanticized portrait was enthu- siastically received by Mrs. Lincoln, Lincoln himself, Judge Read, and Nicolay. Read's plan had been to secure a favorable likeness which could be reproduced and distributed in quantity. Samuel Sartain made this mezzotint engraving from the Brown por- trait, and artist and engraver went into the business of selling copies at 15 cents each or $6.00 a hundred. 81. CONGRATULATIONS FROM A FUTURE CABINET MEMBER Two-page holograph letter from Salmon P. Chase to Abraham Lincoln, May 17 [i.e. 18], i860. RTL-MSS Five men had received more than token support for the nomination at the conven- tion: William H. Seward of New York, the pre-convention favorite, Edward Bates of Missouri, Simon Cameron of Pennsyl- vania, Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, and Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. (It speaks for Lincoln's ability to utilize disparate ele- ments that all of these candidates served in his Cabinet.) Of these men it was Salmon P. Chase who first extended congratula- tions. Recalling perhaps that a switch in four votes of the Ohio delegation from Chase to Lincoln had given the nomination to Illinois, he also comments on the loyalty of delegates: I congratulate you most heartily on your nomination, & shall support you, in i860, as cordially and earnestly as I did in 1858. . . . Mr. Seward has much reason to be gratified by the large and cordial support which he re- ceived, and especially by the generous, unani- mous & constant adhesion, without regard to personal preferences, of the entire delegation from his own great state. Doubtless the similar adhesion of the Illinois delegation affords a higher gratification to you than even the nomi- nation itself. The only regret I feel connected with the Convention is excited by the failure of the delegation from Ohio to exercise the same generous spirit. In this regret I am quite sure you must participate; for I err greatly in my estimate of your magnamity, if you do not con- demn as I do the conduct of delegates . . . who disregard . . . the clearly expressed preference of their own State Convention. 82. A FAMED POET COUNSELS THE CANDIDATE Four-page holograph letter from William Cullen Bryant to Abraham Lincoln, June 16, i860. RTL-MSS Republican strategy in the campaign of i860 called for Lincoln to avoid making speeches 37 and writing letters for publication. This plan he adhered to, referring inquirers to his previously published speeches. The poet and editor William Cullen Bryant wrote early in the campaign, suggesting such a course, counseling against self-seeking polit- ical associates, and observing that the candi- date who exercises the greatest caution in making pledges has the greatest chance for success : I was about to begin this letter by saying that I congratulate you on your nomination, but. . . . It is the country that is to be congratulated. I was not without apprehensions that the nomi- nation might fall upon some person encumbered with bad associates. . . . It is fortunate that you have never gathered about you a kind of political confederates who have their own interests to look after. . . . The people have nominated you without any pledges or engagements of any sort; they are satisfied with you as you are, and they want you to do nothing at present but allow yourself to be elected. . . . they want you to make no speeches write no letters as a candidate, enter into no pledges, make no promises. . . . Lincoln replied to this letter on June 28: Please accept my thanks for the honor done me by your kind letter of the 16th. I appre- ciate the danger against which you would guard me; nor am I wanting in the purpose to avoid it. I thank you for the additional strength your words give me, to maintain that purpose. 83. REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN POSTER OF i860 Lithograph by William H. Rease, Philadel- phia, i860. {See illustration.) P This carries portraits of the candidates: "for President Abraham Lincoln of Illinois" and "for Vice President Hannibal Hamlin of Maine." Above the portraits are the slo- gans: "The Union must and shall be pre- served," "Free Speech, Free homes, Free territory," and (below) "Protection to American Industry." 84. CAMPAIGN LIVES OF LINCOLN The Life, Speeches, and Public Services of Abram Lincoln, Together with a Sketch of the Life of Hannibal Hamlin. New York, i860. AWS-R Scarcely had Lincoln's nomination for the Presidency been announced than a flood of biographies of the candidate poured from the presses of the Nation. Written in haste, short on fact, and not without error (note the misspelling of Lincoln's name in the title of the item exhibited), these "lives" never- theless played a politically important role in Lincoln's election to the Presidency, for they focused public attention upon the candi- date's record and the most important of his speeches. An estimated 100,000, possibly even 200,000, copies of these "campaign biographies" were distributed during the campaign of i860. The biography ex- hibited, the so-called "Wigwam Edition" published by Rudd & Carleton of New York, is believed to have been the first in pamphlet or book form to appear. It was also one of the most popular, 12,000 copies having been sold within a week of its publication on June 2, i860. 85. RAREST OF THE CAMPAIGN BIOG- RAPHIES Reuben Vose. The Life and Speeches of Abraham Lincoln, and Hannibal Hamlin. New York, [i860]. AWS-R This tiny paperbound pamphlet — generally regarded as the rarest of the campaign lives, inasmuch as only five copies are known to be extant — devotes few pages to Lincoln's life, the remainder consisting of the Republican platforms for 1856 and i860, Lincoln's Cooper Institute address, and miscellaneous campaign material. 86. CAMPAIGN SONGSTERS, i860 ( 1 ) Lincoln & Hamlin Campaign Songster. Ithaca, N. Y., i860; (2) John W. Hutchin- son, ed. Hutchinson's Republican Songster, for the Campaign of i860. New York, i860. AWS-R 38 These little pocket-sized songsters — the first in yellow paper wrappers, the second in pink — are two of the many which appeared in the election year as yet another type of the Republican political literature (which included Lincoln biographies, posters, car- toons, etc.) that was circulated throughout the country to promote Lincoln's election to the Presidency in i860. The Hutchinson, or Lincoln and Liberty songster as it was some- times called, may well have been a factor in Lincoln's election, published as it was by a member of the famed Hutchinson Family, a singing group which made its first pro- fessional appearance in 1841, achieved al- most instantaneous success, and in i860 toured the country campaigning for Lincoln. 87. LINCOLN'S HAPPY QUANDARY "Honest Abe Taking Them on the Half Shell." Lithograph by Currier & Ives, New York, i860. (See illustration.) P Political cartoon drawn by Louis Maurer pointing up the plight of the Democratic Party in the i860 election. Split over the issue of slavery, it placed two candidates in the field. Lincoln is depicted in the happy quandary of choosing which oyster to swal- low first — the moderate, "soft shell" Stephen A. Douglas, or the proslavery "hard shell" John Breckinridge of Kentucky. 88. SPOOFING THE OPPOSITION Imaginary dialogue between Douglas and Breckinridge. Three-page holograph docu- ment by Abraham Lincoln, [September 29, i860?]. RTL-MSS With opposition votes split among three can- didates, John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democrat), Stephen A. Douglas (Northern Democrat), and John Bell (Constitutional Unionist), the Republican task of electing Lincoln was made immeasurably easier. In a speech at Louisville, Kentucky, on Sep- tember 29, Douglas made many of the points included in the exhibited document; and Lincoln took the occasion to compose an imaginary dialogue between Douglas and Breckinridge in which each blamed the other for the split in the Democratic party: Doug. Well, you have succeeded in breaking up the Democratic party — Breck. Certainly, for the time being, the party is under a cloud, to say the least; but why you should say / did it, I do not comprehend — Doug. Perhaps I should charge it to your sup- porters, rather than to you — Breck. The blame, as I conceive is neither upon my friends or me — Doug. They insisted on having a plat-form, upon which / could not stand — Breck. Aye, and you insisted on having a plat- form upon which they could not stand — Doug. But mine was the true Democratic plat- form — Breck. That presents the exact point in dis- pute; My friends insist that theirs is the true Dem- ocratic platform — Doug. Let us argue it, then — . . . . 89. THE WATCHMAN OF THE WHITE HOUSE "Storming the Castle. 'Old Abe' on Guard." Lithograph by Currier & Ives, New York, i860. P Political cartoon by Louis Maurer indica- tive of Republican confidence as to the out- come of the election. Lincoln's rivals are depicted attempting to break into the White House. Douglas finds to his chagrin that his keys ("Regular nomination," "Nonin- tervention," and "Nebraska Bill") won't open the door. Buchanan (who had de- clared himself in favor of Breckinridge), leans from a window and tries to help Breckinridge in but without success. Bell, meanwhile, warns of the approach of the watchman (Lincoln), who, in "wide- awake" garb (oilskin cap and cape, worn by marchers in political parades to protect the clothing from drippings of oil torches) and carrying a lantern and a sharpened rail, asserts that he will not be caught napping. 39 go. UNCLE SAM CHOOSING " 'Uncle Sam' Making New Arrangements." Lithograph by Currier and Ives, New York, July, i860. {See illustration.) P Republican assurance of victory is again re- flected in this political cartoon by Louis Maurer in which Uncle Sam (here beard- less and in 18th-century apparel), removes a "Help Wanted" sign from the door of the White House. He tells the Presidential aspirants, Douglas, Breckinridge, and Bell, that they are too late and that he has de- cided to give the position to Abraham Lin- coln. President Buchanan is seen through an open window, packing to leave. Lincoln, in backwoods garb and carrying an axe, is ready to enter. 91. LINCOLN WINNING THE BALL GAME "The National Game. Three 'Outs' and one 'Run.' Abraham Winning the Ball." Lithograph by Currier & Ives, New York, i860. {See illustration.) P Another cartoon by Louis Maurer in which the four candidates are portrayed playing a game of baseball. Lincoln's opponents have been put out on fouls (they have been "skunk'd," as the presence of a skunk on the field suggests), and Lincoln at home plate has scored the only run. Douglas at- tributes Lincoln's success to the bat he uses, a rail lettered "equal rights and free territory." 92. PREDICTION OF LINCOLN'S DEFEAT Broughton's Monthly Planet Reader and Astrological Journal (Philadelphia), v. 1, No. 6, September 1, i860. G This issue of a curious little magazine which was published throughout the 1860's by L. D. Broughton, Philadelphia astrologer, contains astrological observations based on Lincoln's birth date and a prediction of Lincoln's defeat by Stephen A. Douglas in the forthcoming Presidential election. 93. "I AM IN HEIGHT SIX FEET FOUR INCHES, NEARLY" Photograph from a copy negative. (Me- serve no. in). {See illustration.) P Only known full-length photographic por- trait of Lincoln, made before he became President. It was probably made in Spring- field in the summer of i860, but the photog- rapher has not been identified. The photo- graph here exhibited is a copy from an original print in the Library of Congress. 94. FROM RAILSPLITTING TO THE WHITE HOUSE "President Elect Abraham Lincoln." Wood engraving, [n. p., i860?] P Woodcut portrait of Lincoln within an oval, surrounded by border vignettes recapitulat- ing various phases of Lincoln's career. Some are captioned: "Lincoln's father [actually his grandfather] killed by the Indians," "Capt. Abr. Lincoln in the Black Hawk War," "Law Office," "Springfield Capitol," "Lincoln cropping corn in Ind. for Mr. Crawford," "Lincoln spliting rails for Mr. Crawford," and "Lincoln's residence." Be- neath the portrait are portrayed the tools of the railsplitter. 95. ARTEMUS WARD VISITS ABE LINCOLN Photocopy of cartoon by Henry L. Stephens in Vanity Fair (New York), Dec. 8, i860. {See illustration.) P This cartoon, in which Lincoln is carica- tured, possibly for the first time, accom- panies an account of "A Visit to Abe Lincoln," by Artemus Ward (pen name of Charles F. Browne, the humorist) . Ward, shown here shaking the hand of Lincoln, writes of himself that "hevin no politics," 40 he "made bold to visit Old Abe at his humstid in Springfield" where he found him "in his parler, surrounded by a perfeck swarm of orifice seekers." The interview began : "Mr. Linkin, who do you spect I air? sed I. "A orifice-seeker, to be sure?" sed he "Wall, sir" sed I, "You's never more mistaken in your life. You hain't gut a orifice I'd take under no circumstances. I'm A. Ward. Wax figgers is my perfeshun ... I cum to pay a frendly visit to the President eleck of the United States." Ward recalled that at the conclusion of the interview : He shook me cordyully by the hand — we ex- changed picters, so we could gaze upon each others liniments when far away from one an- other — he at the helium of the ship of state, and I at the helium of the show bizniss — admittance only 15 cents. Lincoln greatly enjoyed Browne's writings, and on at least one occasion of great stress sought diversion in them. (See entry 152). 96. LINCOLN THE STORY TELLER Old Abe's Joker or, Wit at the White House. New York [1863]. AWS-R No President has been so associated with humor as has Abraham Lincoln. Through- out his life he bore the reputation of a man to whom the telling or the hearing of a funny story or a pointed anecdote was a source of great delight, and he read with never-ending pleasure the writings of the humorists of his time. As President this reputation was so magnified that books filled with jokes attributed to him became a worthwhile publishing risk, even during his own lifetime. Shown here is one such pub- lication. Lincoln reportedly once referred to him- self as a "retailer" of jokes who passed them on but had nothing to do with their manu- facture. His writings, however, are filled with abundant instances of his sense of humor, his ability as a satirist, and particu- larly, of the skill with which he could use an anecdote to illustrate the point he wanted to make. The opposition press, favor-seekers whom he had dismissed with a joke, and his politi- cal enemies criticized Lincoln as a buffoon who failed to appreciate the seriousness of his position. His explanation of his love of humor was that it was his "safety valve" by which he escaped momentarily the pressures and sorrows of his office. 97. THE PRESIDENT-ELECT GROWS A BEARD Photograph from original negative in the Frederick H. Meserve Collection, New York. (Meserve no. 35). P On October 15, i860, prior to the election, 1 1 -year-old Grace Bedell of Westfield, New York, had written Lincoln : I have got 4 brothers and part of them will vote for you any way and if you let your whiskers grow I will try and get the rest of them to vote for you ; You would look a great deal better for your face is so thin. Lincoln replied on October 19, and objected that "as to the whiskers, having never worn any, do you not think people would call it a piece of silly affectation if I were to begin it now!" Nevertheless, he proceeded to grow a beard. He is shown with several months' growth in the photograph here dis- played, one of two taken by C. S. German at Springfield in February 1861. German's photographs are believed to be the last portraits of Lincoln before he left for Washington. 98. "I BID YOU AN AFFECTIONATE FAREWELL" Lincoln's farewell address at Springfield, Illinois, February 11, 1861. Single-page holograph document by Abraham Lincoln and John G. Nicolay. (See illustration.) RTL-MSS Early on the morning of February 11, 1861, the friends and neighbors of Abraham Lin- 41 coin — the people he had lived among in Springfield for nearly 25 years — braved a cold rain to gather at the Great Western station, there to wish their friend, the Pres- ident-elect, Godspeed on his trip to Wash- ington. When Lincoln's party boarded the special train, the crowd gathered around the rear platform to hear Lincoln's farewell, one of the most moving of all his utterances : My Friends — No one, not in my situation, can appreciate my feeling of sadness at this parting — To this place, and the kindness of these people, I owe everything. Here I have lived a quarter of a century, and have passed from a young to an old man. Here my children have been born, and one is buried. I now leave, not knowing when, or whether ever I may return, with a task before me greater than that which rested upon Wash- ington. Without the assistance of that Divine Being, who ever attended him, I cannot succeed. With that assistance I cannot fail. Trusting in Him, who can go with me, and remain with you and be everywhere for good, let us confidently hope that all will yet be well — To His care com- mending you, as I hope in your prayers you will commend me, I bid you an affectionate farewell. It was suggested that Lincoln write down his words. The manuscript exhibited is the resultant copy, written in pencil on a mov- ing train. After he had completed the first four sentences the increasing speed of the train made writing more difficult, and Lin- coln turned the task over to his secretary, John G. Nicolay, who began writing at the word "leave" in the fifth sentence. With the exception of the concluding 10 words in the next to last sentence (these Lincoln wrote), the rest of the manuscript is in the hand of Nicolay. Variant versions of this address appeared in the Illinois State Jour- nal, Springfield, Illinois, February 12, 1 861, Harper's Weekly, and various Eastern news- papers. Lincoln spoke from no prepared text, and the manuscript is his recollection of what he said. 99. EN ROUTE TO WASHINGTON Three broadsides relating to the trip of Abraham Lincoln and party from Spring- field, Illinois, to Washington, D. C., Feb- ruary 11-23, 1861. From the John G. Nicolay Papers. MSS The special train carrying Lincoln to Wash- ington was routed over several systems through 1 1 major northern cities. In each of them, and at numerous smaller stops, Lincoln spoke to the anxious crowds, cur- ious as they were to see and hear the man they had elected to head a now crumbling nation. Never did Lincoln make so many speeches in so short a time, but most of them consisted of only a few words of greeting. The trip ended for Lincoln on February 23 when he reached Washington. The 12 days of hand-shaking and speech-making had been enlivened by at least one incident. At Westfield, New York, Lincoln asked if Grace Bedell was in the crowd, and when she was pointed out to him, he left the car, made his way through the crowd, and kissed the 1 1 -year-old girl who had suggested that he grow whiskers. Shown here are: (1) a timetable for a portion of the trip; (2) instructions for receiving the party, issued by W. S. Wood, a railroad official in charge; and (3) a printed list of members of the party (the personnel, however, changed from time to time) . 100. LINCOLN'S ALLEGED DISGUISE "The New President of the United States." Photocopy of cartoon in Vanity Fair (New York), March 9, 1861. P In the winter of 1860-61 there were grave doubts that Lincoln would ever reach Washington for the inauguration, and some believed that Washington itself would be in the hands of the newly formed Confederacy by March 4. In this atmosphere of extreme national tension and anxiety Lincoln began his inaugural journey. Warned of a plot to kidnap or assassinate him when he changed trains in Baltimore, Lincoln was persuaded to alter his schedule. The Lin- coln party (Lincoln, Ward H. Lamon, Allan 42 Pinkerton, and a railroad official) boarded the last sleeping car of the Baltimore train, on which one of Pinkerton's operatives had reserved berths for her "invalid brother" and a companion. At 3:30 A. M. the car was hauled through the quiet Baltimore streets to the Camden station to await the connecting train to Washington, where Lincoln arrived at 6 A. M., unrecognized by anyone save Illinois Congressman Elihu B. Washburne. When Lincoln's unscheduled arrival be- came known, ridicule was heaped upon him by the hostile press. Joseph Howard, a journalist later imprisoned for reporting a false proclamation, fabricated a story that Lincoln had sneaked into Washington dis- guised in a Scotch plaid cap and a long cloak. Shown here is one of the cartoons inspired by this completely false report. According to those directly associated with the event, Lincoln left Harrisburg wearing an old overcoat and carried a soft wool hat stuffed in a pocket. 1 01. PINKERTON WRITES OF THE SE- CRET PASSAGE TO WASHINGTON [Allan Pinkerton.] History and Evidence of the Passage of Abraham Lincoln from Har- risburgh, Pa., to Washington, D. C, on the 22d and 23d of February, 1861. Chicago, [1868]. G This pamphlet was written by Allan Pinker- ton of the National Police Agency, Chicago, in response to the publication of a letter from John A. Kennedy, Superintendent of the Metropolitan Police, New York City, in which the latter stated that he knew of no connection between Pinkerton and the dis- covery of the plot to assassinate Lincoln. Pinkerton explains that "the secret was im- parted only to those whom it was necessary should know it," and subjoins affidavits substantiating his participation in the secret passage of Lincoln from Harrisburg via Philadelphia to Washington on the night of February 22, 1861. 43 ^ 3 <30 - IP z SB is S < w -i »*J uu O $s TO H G u u c S < -J < z o < z u ,<3 a w S <: o ►j < « a H O 2 Z Z Z o u z "i am in height six feet four inches, nearly." From a copy negative of photograph made by an unidentified photographer, probably i860. (See entry 93.) artemus ward visits abe Lincoln. Cartoon by Henry L. Stephens in Vanity Fair, Dec. 8, i860. (See entry 95.) : KLj^j £\.--> Ch v^ /W ^.. >v ^ 4^f tA^}^ / M^rA i /Q\A~f t 4&f\ ^t^i a/f\ : * ^ r f^ ^^^M '0*r' t ?. ^C what many had expected of seward. "The Inside Track." Cartoon by Henry L. Stephens in Vanity Fair {New York), March 2, 1861. (See entry 111.) . ■ I •.,<*> ' V '.' ; a%.' j.^ dfe^-w% i v -^5 §fe^* fe~ §p K ^> <-} ^ s > p <$3 ~i «>■ .£> 1-1 < O ~z ►J o u z I— » ►J o H o z I— » Q z o a, w GO 05 W w H Z o > y &•--"- A^t „-, A /&A /V' ^ ^^ ~ 7 ^ ■ »■ ■ .day ^LtI^, ^L^^~ ~> - /"■/* r*r ■ ({'*<- A- >&*&- / '^t-Ju X o-o* l^ r X* ^>i ^ / ^ Lincoln ghost-writes for simon Cameron. Letter from Simon Cameron to Hamilton R. Gamble, August 3, 1 86 1. (See entry ng.) Years of Strife 491287—59 4 INAUGURATION OF 1861 1 06. THE FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS 102. AN INAUGURAL PORTRAIT Photograph from an original glass negative in the Frederick H. Meserve Collection, New York. (Meserve 68). P This photograph was made by Mathew B. Brady in his Washington studio on February 23, 1 86 1, the day the President-elect arrived for the inauguration. 103. THE INAUGURAL PROCESSION "The Inaugural Procession at Washington Passing the Gate of the Capitol Grounds." Photocopy of wood engraving in Harper's Weekly, March 16, 186 1. P At noon on March 4, 1861, Lincoln left his suite at Willard's (where his bill had reached a total of $773.75) for the inauguration ceremonies. He is shown here arriving at the Capitol in an open carriage with out- going President James Buchanan and Sena- tors Edward D. Baker and James A. Pearce. 104. A GLIMPSE OF THE INAUGURAL CEREMONIES Photograph from a copy negative. P Shown here, before the unfinished Capitol, is the crowd gathered to witness the in- auguration, and the speaker's platform, upon which, unfortunately, the figure of Lincoln is not distinguishable. The photographer has not been identified. 105. INAUGURAL BIBLE, 1861 The Holy Bible, Oxford, 1853. MSS On the Bible shown here (attested by Wil- liam Thomas Carroll, Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States) Abraham Lin- coln took the oath of office, administered by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, and be- came the 1 6th President. "Reading copy" of the first inaugural ad- dress, March 4, 1861. Seven-page printed document by Abraham Lincoln, with correc- tions and insertions in his hand. RTL-MSS While riflemen, posted at the Capitol win- dows, watched for an anticipated attempt on his life, Lincoln read his first inaugural address. Remarkable for its non-aggressive tone, but calmly insistent upon the inviola- bility of the Union and his constitutionally imposed duty to enforce the laws, Lincoln's address was received by the Southern press as "a declaration of war." In Northern papers comments ranged from high praise to ridicule. Lincoln gave more thought and care to the preparation and revision of this address than to any previous manuscript. He had first written it in January in Springfield, where he had it set in type. In Springfield, on his trip East, and in Washington the proofsheets were subjected to elaborate revision and corrections, which in general tended to give the address a more conciliatory tone. In late February, William H. Seward made suggestions for further revisions. From the welter of editions, revisions, corrections, and suggestions there emerged the final text, generally considered the "reading copy," the last page of which is exhibited here. The printed text bears additions and corrections by Lincoln, and the final paragraph, based on a suggestion by Sewart but in Lincoln's language (more highflown than usual), is entirely in his hand Lincoln closes with the following paragraphs: In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow country- men, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict, without being your- selves the aggressors. You have no oath regis- tered in Heaven to destroy the government, while / shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect and defend" it. I am loth to close. We are not enemies, but friends — We must not be enemies. Though pas- sion may have strained, it must not break our 47 bonds of affection. The mystic chords of mem- ory, streching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. 107. AT HOME IN THE WHITE HOUSE "The Lincoln Family in 1861." Engraving by John G. Buttre, 1878, after painting by Francis B. Carpenter. P Shown from left to right are : Mrs. Lincoln, William Wallace ("Willie"), who died in the White House in 1862; Robert Todd, the eldest son, then a student at Harvard; Thomas Todd ("Tad") ; and President Lin- coln. A fourth son, Edward Baker, died in childhood. 108. LINCOLN FINDS A "MESS" IN WASH- INGTON "Winding Off the Tangled Skein." Photo- copy of cartoon in Harper's Weekly, March 30, 186 1. P Illustrative of the knotty problems which Lincoln, the new President, inherited and which had not been effectually handled by his predecessor is this cartoon in which Lin- coln is portrayed unsnarling a tangled skein of yarn held by the crestfallen James Bu- chanan. (The latter is depicted with top- knot, a favorite device among caricaturists of Buchanan.) 109. LINCOLN AND HIS SECRETARIES Photograph from a copy negative. (Me- serve no. 56). P Shown with Lincoln are John G. Nicolay (seated to the right of Lincoln) and John Hay (standing at Lincoln's left). Nicolay a German-born journalist, had worked for Lincoln during the campaign of i860; and, with Hay as his assistant, he accompanied Lincoln to Washington. The two served as Lincoln's secretaries and in later years be- came Lincoln's biographers. The photo- graph was made by Alexander Gardner on November 8, 1863. no. LINCOLN TO SEWARD ON PRESIDENTIAL RESPONSIBILITY Three-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to William H. Seward, April 1, 1 86 1. RTL-MSS To the members of Lincoln's Cabinet, some with Presidential aspirations of their own, came the realization that Lincoln intended to shoulder the full responsibility of his office. A belief was prevalent that Seward, as the pre-Lincoln head of the party, would function in the new administration as a sort of "premier," with Lincoln little more than a rubber stamp. On April 1, 1861 Seward sent Lincoln an officious, almost impertinent, memorandum entided "Some Thoughts for the President's Considera- tion." Bluntly stating that Lincoln's ad- ministration was "without a policy either domestic or foreign," he outlined a course of action which included a possible declara- tion of war on France and Spain. Lincoln's firm and gentlemanly reply, perhaps never sent but given to Seward orally, left no doubt that he was not only the President, but also the chief: Upon your closing propositions, that "what ever policy we adopt, there must be an energetic prossecution of it" "For this purpose it must be somebody's busi- ness to pursue and direct it incessantly" "Either the President must do it himself, and be all the while active in it, or" "Devolve it on some member of his cabinet" "Once adopted, debates on it must end, and all agree and abide" I remark that if this must be done, / must do it. When a general line of policy is adopted, I apprehend there is no danger of its being changed without good reason, or continuing to be a subject of unnecessary debate; still, upon points arising in its progress, I wish, and suppose I am entitled to have the advice of all the cabinet — 48 II. WHAT MANY HAD EXPECTED OF SEWARD "The Inside Track." Photocopy of cartoon by Henry L. Stephens in Vanity Fair (New York), March 2, 1861. (See illustration.) The dominant position which many had thought Seward would occupy in the Lin- coln administration (see entry no) is the subject of this cartoon by Stephens. In it Seward and his political ally, Republican boss Thurlow Weed, are shown attempting to influence Lincoln, while an enraged Horace Greeley, bitter foe of both Weed and Seward, is portrayed trying vainly to gain admission. The cartoon's caption reads : Thurlow Weed to President Elect. — "Trust to my friend Seward — Trust to US. We'll compromise this little difficulty for you. But trust to US. Gentlemen from the country are often egregiously swindled by unprincipled Sharpers. (Impressively) TRUST TO US!" PATRONAGE— "TWO BIG PUDDINGS" Holograph endorsement by Abraham Lin- coln on an envelope containing a letter from Horace Greeley, and others, dated April 8, 1 86 1. RTL-MSS To many, the change in administrations signaled patronage and spoils. During the first weeks of Lincoln's administration, in the shadow of Sumter and secession, he was hounded by office-seekers. Lincoln found the dispensing of patronage an oner- ous and, at times — when faced with intra- party squabbles and factionalism — a delicate procedure. On one occasion, urged by leaders of one wing of the party in New York to appoint the Surveyor of the Port from their group, because the Collector of the Port was also from their ranks, Lincoln identified their letter with this homely, succinct comment: Greeley, Opdycke, Field & Wadsworth, in favor of having the two big puddings on the tame side of the board — The endorsement appears on an envelope containing a letter written by Horace Gree- ley, and signed by Greeley, George Opdyke, David D. Field, and James S. Wadsworth. 113. THE OUTRAGED MR. GREELEY "Dictator Greeley Dismisses the Cabinet." Photocopy of cartoon in Harper's Weekly, August 10, 1861. P Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, and an outspoken Republican leader, was never reluctant to give advice to Abraham Lincoln, and, through the col- umns of his influential paper, he frequently attempted to dictate policy. In the cartoon shown here Greeley, wielding a club labelled "Tribune," is depicted reaching over Lin- coln, seated at a table, to drive the Cabinet from the premises. (Strangely enough, Lincoln is portrayed beardless.) Below the cartoon is a quotation from the Tribune of July 23, 1 861: A decimated and indignant people demand the immediate retirement of the present Cabinet from the high places of power, which for one reason or another, they have shown themselves incom- petent to fill. The people insist upon new heads of Executive Departments. THE NATION DIVIDED 114. THE CRISIS OF FORT SUMTER Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to William H. Seward, March 15, 1 86 1. RTL-MSS The focal point of tension between the newly formed Confederate States of Amer- ica and the Federal Government was in South Carolina, where Fort Sumter re- mained under Federal control. When, dur- ing the Buchanan administration, a relief ship had attempted to reinforce the gar- rison, it was fired upon by Confederate 49 batteries. Now, in addition, supplies were running low and Lincoln was forced to weigh the consequences of giving up or retaining the fort. In this state of affairs, Lincoln sought the advice of his Cabinet, to each member of which he sent a copy of the letter here exhibited : Assuming it to be possible to now provision Fort- Sumpter, under all the circumstances, is it wise to attempt it? 115. A CONFEDERATE THREAT AIMED AT SUMTER Sketch of Cummings Point, Charleston Harbor, February 28, 1861, by Captain Truman Seymour. RTL-MSS During the anxious months of the Sumter crisis Major Robert Anderson, the com- manding officer, had reported to Washing- ton the situation in the fort and surround- ing harbor, noting particularly Confederate work on potentially hostile strong points. Exhibited here is a sketch of Confederate military installations on Cummings Point in Charleston Harbor, prepared by Captain Truman Seymour, one of Anderson's offi- cers, and forwarded by him to Washington for the information of General Scott and of Lincoln. 116. VOLUNTEERS RESPONDING TO LINCOLN'S CALL "President Lincoln and General Scott Re- viewing a Three- Years Regiment on Penn- sylvania Avenue." Drawing by Alfred R. Waud, 1 86 1. (See illustration.) P With the surrender of Fort Sumter on April 14, 1 86 1, after a 30-hour bombardment, Lincoln issued a call to the loyal States for 75,000 three-month volunteers. In the weeks that followed, Washington was near panic and Lincoln despaired. The troops necessary to the safety of the Capital did not arrive until late in April, yet shortly after Sumter's fall 15,000 Confederate troops were reportedly as close as Alexan- dria. When the anticipated troops arrived to protect the Capital, Lincoln, continuing his plans for mustering the nation's fighting forces, issued a call for three-year volun- teers. On an occasion — probably early summer 1 86 1 — when Lincoln and General Winfield Scott, who commanded the armies of the United States, were reviewing a newly- arrived three-year regiment before the White House, the famed Civil War artist Alfred R. Waud was there to record the scene. 117. LINCOLN CONSIDERS A FEW PROMOTIONS Memorandum on regular army appoint- ments. Single-page holograph document by Abraham Lincoln. [July 1861?]. RTL-MSS Lincoln's memorandum on promotions, ex- hibited here, probably written in June or July of 1 86 1, illustrates the pressing need that existed for qualified officers. Lincoln, considering promotions, wrote: List of officers I wish to remember, when I make appointments from the officers of the regular Army — Maj. Anderson Capt. Doubleday Capt Foster — Maj. Hunter Lieut. Slemmer — His pretty wife says, a major, or first captain. With many of the regular Army and Navy gone over to the Confederacy, trained offi- cers found promotions rapid. Robert Anderson, Abner Doubleday (of baseball fame), and David Hunter attained the rank of general officers in the volunteers. "Capt. Foster" has not been positively identified but may have been John Gray Foster, a brigadier general of volunteers. Lieutenant Adam J. Slemmer, he of the "pretty wife," served also as a brigadier general of volun- teers. 50 18. "A PEOPLE'S CONTEST" Address to a special session of Congress, July 4, 1 86 1. 40-page holograph document by Abraham Lincoln. RTL-MSS Lincoln quickly recognized the great signifi- cance of the contest in which the Nation was involved. Behind the preservation of the Union lay an even more momentous issue, of meaning to people everywhere. The success or failure of democracy in the United States meant the success or failure of popular government throughout the world. Lincoln once said to John Hay, his young secretary: For my part, I consider the central idea pervad- ing this struggle is the necessity that is upon us of proving that popular government is not an absurdity. We must settle this question now, whether in a free government the minority has the right to break up the government whenever they choose. If we fail it will go far to prove the incapability of the people to govern them- selves. To a special session of Congress, on July 4, 1 86 1, Lincoln gave his views on the issues and problems of the war. In the page ex- hibited (p. 38) he described it: This is essentially a people's contest — On the side of the Union, it is a struggle for maintaining in the world, that form, and substance of govern- ment, whose leading object is to elevate the condition of men — to lift artificial weights from all shoulders — to clear the paths of laudable pursuit for all — to afford all an unfettered start, and a fair chance, in the race of life — Yielding to partial, and temporary departures, from neces- sity, this is the leading object of the government for whose existence we contend — I am most happy to believe that the plain people understand, and appreciate this. It is worthy of note, that while in this, the govern- ment's hour of trial, large numbers of those in the Army and Navy, who have been favored with the offices, have resigned, and played false to the very hand which had pampered them, not one common soldier, or common sailor has de- serted his flag — 119. LINCOLN GHOST-WRITES FOR SIMON CAMERON Single-page holograph draft of a letter from Simon Cameron to Hamilton R. Gamble, August 3, 1 86 1, written in part by Abraham Lincoln. (See illustration.) From the Simon Cameron Papers. MSS Throughout the war Missouri offered Lin- coln particularly complex and vexing prob- lems. Factionalism among his supporters, conflicts between civil and military author- ities, ineffectual military leadership, and fierce guerilla warfare made this State a trouble-spot throughout his administration. In the document exhibited here Lincoln promises to support a proclamation of am- nesty issued by Governor Hamilton R. Gamble. It is interesting to note that the draft was started by Secretary of War Simon Cameron, who signed it, but that Lincoln soon began writing and composed the bulk of the letter: In reply to your message directed to the Presi- dent — I am directed to say that [remainder of document by Lincoln] If, by a proclamation, you promise security to citizens in arms who volun- tarily return to their allegiance, and become peaceable, and loyal, this government will cause the promise to be respected. 120. P. T. BARNUM WRITES TO THE PRESIDENT Single-page holograph letter from Phineas T. Barnum to Abraham Lincoln, August 30, 1 86 1. From the John G. Nicolay Papers. MSS Among acts which subjected Lincoln to attacks and criticism in the North were his suspensions of the writ of Habeas Corpus and arrests of persons suspected of dis- loyalty. These necessary wartime measures, though decried by many, were also approved by many. The seizure of Ellis B. Schnabel 51 in Connecticut in late August 1861 elicited a letter of approval from showman Phineas T. Barnum: The late events which have occurred in this vicinity, concluding with the arrest of Schnabel, have rendered secessionists so scarce, I cannot find one for exhibition in my museum. Those who one week ago were blatant seces- sionists are to day publicly announcing themselves as "in for the country to the end of the war." The "strong arm" has a mighty influence here. 121. THE CASE OF THE SLEEPING SENTINEL Four-page holograph letter from Mrs. Horatio King to Abraham Lincoln, Sep- tember 8, 1 86 1. From the John G. Nicolay Papers. MSS Lincoln's great compassion and kindness were evident in his frequent exercise of the Presidential pardoning power. His writ- ings are filled with telegrams to officers di- recting the suspension of death sentences imposed upon soldiers by courts maritial. Once, after commuting a death sentence, he wrote that he did so "not on any merit in the case, but because I am trying to evade the butchering business lately." Although most of his pardons were of con- victed "bounty jumpers" (men who had deserted after volunteering and collecting the bounty offered), the most dramatic cases involved soldiers sentenced to death for sleeping on sentry duty. One of the most publicized of these cases is associated with the document exhibited here, a letter from Mrs. Horatio King pleading for the life of William Scott of the 3rd Vermont Volunteers : Allow me to address you — You in your high position, in whom the power of life, or, death in this case is vested — I come before you — I im- plore you — almost on bended knees I implore you, to interpose and by your pardon save the life of him who by military law is doomed to die an ignominious death, tomorrow. . . . 122. HOW THE INCIDENT WAS PUBLICIZED Francis de Haes Janvier. The Sleeping Sentinel. Philadelphia, 1863. R Here woven into verse is the story of the sleeping sentinel. The poem was first read on January 19, 1863, by James E. Murdock, the celebrated elocutionist, to a select group in the White House and in the presence of the President and Mrs. Lincoln. Murdock's readings were acclaimed not only in Wash- ington and in Philadelphia (where on Feb- ruary 5, 1863, the author's name was first announced), but in such cities as Baltimore, Albany, and Boston. 123. A FULL-LENGTH BY BRADY . Photograph from an original glass negative in the Frederick H. Meserve Collection, New York. (Meserve no. 38) P Another of the comparatively few full- length portraits of Lincoln, this photograph by Mathew B. Brady, Washington, is be- lieved to have been made in 1862. 124. WILLIE'S DEATH BRINGS SYM- PATHY FROM AN EX-PRESIDENT Three-page holograph letter from Franklin Pierce to Abraham Lincoln, March 4, 1862. RTL-MSS In the midst of his great official trials, Lin- coln was faced with an overwhelming per- sonal sorrow. On Thursday afternoon, February 20, 1862, his son "Willie," a bright, promising boy of eleven, died. With "Tad," his youngest son, critically ill, and Mrs. Lincoln almost prostrate with grief, Lincoln must have derived some comfort from the tender letter shown here. Ex- President Franklin Pierce conveyed the sentiments of a man who had known both 52 personal tragedy and the cares of high office: Even in this hour, so full of danger to our country, and of trial and anxiety to all good men, your thoughts will be, of your cherished boy, who will nestle at your heart, until you meet him in that new life, where tears and toils and conflict will be unknown. I realize fully how vain it would be, to suggest sources of consolation. There can be but one refuge in such an hour, — but one remedy for smitten hearts, which is to trust in Him "who doeth all things well," and leave the rest to — "Time comforter & only healer When the heart hath bled" With Mrs. Pierce's and my own best wishes — and truest sympathy for Mrs Lincoln and your- self 25. LINCOLN URGES McCLELLAN TO "STRIKE A BLOW" Four-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to George B. McClellan, April 9, 1862. MSS On November 1, 1861, the aged Winfield Scott had been retired, and Lincoln made the first of several appointments in an agon- izing search for a general who could lead the Eastern armies to victory. He put in command George B. McClellan, a skilled and vigorous organizer who turned the Army of the Potomac into a disciplined, effi- cient force. McClellan, however, was never aware of the political pressures to which Lincoln was subjected, and never displayed any great capacity as an aggressive leader. In the complex, still controversial, story of the Lincoln-McClellan relationship one theme is constant: Lincoln's patient insist- ence that only hard, tough fighting could win the war and McClellan's complaints that he required more men and time. In closing the famous letter displayed here, Lincoln writes: And, once more let me tell you, it is indispen- sable to you that you strike a blow — / am powe[r]- less to help this — You will do me the justice to remember I always insisted, that going down the Bay in search of a field, instead of fighting at or near Mannaisas, was only shifting, and not sur- mounting, a difficulty — that we would find the same enemy, and the same, or equal, intrench- ments, at either place — The country will not fail to note — is now noting — that the present hesita- tion to move upon an intrenched enemy, is but the story of Manassas repeated — I beg to assure you that I have never written you, or spoken to you, in greater kindness of feel- ing than now, nor with a fuller purpose to sustain you, so far as in my most anxious judgment, I consistently can. But you must act. Lincoln's other telegrams and letters to McClellan reveal this same dissatisfaction with McClellan's inaction. Historians for the most part have rated McClellan an able organizer but a poor ofTensive commander. McClellan's defenders have insisted that in- terference from Washington hampered his activities. It is interesting to note, however, that Lincoln seldom interfered with those generals who produced the results he wished. Comparison with the letter to Ulysses S. Grant of July 13, 1863 (see entry 139) shows the contrast. 126. A SLEEPLESS PRESIDENT WIRES McCLELLAN Single-page holograph telegram from Abra- ham Lincoln to George B. McClellan, Sep- tember 12, 1862. MSS The early days of September 1862 were heartbreaking for Lincoln. Edward Bates' Diary records that the President seemed "wrung with anguish" over the progress of the war. John Pope's Army of Virginia had been routed at Manassas Junction, and, despite fierce opposition from his Cabinet, Lincoln had been forced to turn command of it over to McClellan. Now, in the anx- ious days before the battle of Antietam, Lincoln attempts to follow the advance of Robert E. Lee's Confederate forces and at four o'clock in the morning sends the tele- gram displayed here : How does it look now? 53 127- LINCOLN VISITS ANTIETAM Photograph from an original glass negative. (Meserve no. 44) P While McClellan successfully halted Lee's northern advance, he failed to press the ad- vantage gained at the battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862. For several weeks thereafter he rested at Antietam, ostensibly awaiting supplies and reinforcements. Im- patiently, Lincoln determined upon a visit to McClellan, the purpose of which, as McClellan saw it, was "to push me into a premature advance into Virginia." The photograph here exhibited, taken on Octo- ber 2, 1862, by Mathew B. Brady, shows Lincoln with McClellan and other Union officers at Antietam headquarters. 128. conferring with general McClellan Photograph from a copy negative. (Me- serve no. 43). P Lincoln and McClellan are shown seated in McClellan's tent in another of the photo- graphs by Mathew B. Brady which were taken on the occasion of Lincoln's visit to McClellan, October 2, 1862. 129. LINCOLN LOSES HIS TEMPER Single-page handwritten telegram from Abraham Lincoln to George B. McClellan, October 25, 1862. From the George B. McClellan Pacers. MSS On October 13, 1862, Lincoln reminded McClellan that the "question of time can not, and must not be ignored." Nearly two weeks later, Lincoln visited the War De- partment and saw there a dispatch from McClellan transmitting a report which stated that nearly half of the horses of the First Massachusetts Cavalry were "abso- lutely unable to leave the camp." Sore tongues and sore backs were among the causes assigned in the report, which also claimed that "the horses . . . are absolutely broken down from fatigue. . . ." The ex- asperated President wired McClellan: I have just recvd your despatch about sore tongued and fatigued horses. Will you pardon me for asking what the horses of your army have done since the battle of Antietam that fatigues anything? 130. LINCOLN SEEKS HALLECK'S ADVICE Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Henry W. Halleck, January 1, 1863. (See illustration.) RTL-MSS On July 1 1, 1862, Lincoln placed Henry W. Halleck in command of the land forces of the Union. His successes in the West had diminished when he took the field himself, but there seemed no reason to doubt his qualifications as an excellent desk general. He soon demonstrated a great reluctance to assume responsibility, however, and Lin- coln later described him as little more than "a first rate clerk." On New Year's morning Ambrose E. Burn- side, who had replaced George B. McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac, called on Lincoln and proposed a plan for an advance. The President, remembering the terrible cost of Burnside's rash attack at Fredericksburg, turned to Halleck for professional advice. In the letter displayed here he called upon Halleck to "tell Gen. Burnside that you do approve, or that you do not approve his plan. Your military skill is useless to me, if you will not do this." Halleck was handed the letter at the Secre- tary of War's New Year's reception and promptly offered his resignation, an act, which, presumably, he reconsidered after Lincoln recalled the letter. On the verso of the document, in Lincoln's handwriting, is this endorsement: "Withdrawn because considered harsh by Gen. Halleck." 54 i 3 1. LINCOLN ADVISED TO RID HIM- SELF OF HALLECK AND STANTON "Universal Advice to Abraham, Drop 'Em." Photocopy of cartoon in Harper's Weekly, Jan. io, 1863. P Burnside's shattering defeat at Fredericks- burg produced great dissatisfaction with the way the war was going. The cartoon shown here reflects a popular opinion on the hopeless incompetence of the top mili- tary command, General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. Lincoln is depicted leaning over the rail of a ship ready to drop the strug- gling Stanton and Halleck. 132. LINCOLN INSTRUCTS THE NEW COMMANDER Two-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Joseph Hooker, January 26, 1863. Shown by permission of Mr. Alfred Whital Stern. By January 1863, Lincoln was convinced that General Ambrose E. Burnside had completely lost the confidence of the army. Summoning Joseph Hooker to the White House, he named him the new head of the Army of the Potomac. Aware of Hooker's weaknesses as well as his demonstrated fighting qualities, Lincoln in the letter shown here (one of his most masterly) counsels his new commander: I have placed you at the head of the Army of the Potomac. Of course I have done this upon what appear to me to be sufficient reasons. And yet I think it best for you to know that there are some things in regard to which, I am not quite satisfied with you. I believe you to be a brave and a skilful soldier, which, of course, I like. I also believe you do not mix politics with your profession, in which you are right. You have confidence in yourself, which is a valuable, if not an indispensable quality. You are ambitious, which, within reasonable bounds, does good rather than harm. But I think that during Gen. Burnside's command of the Army, you have taken counsel of your ambition, and thwarted him as much as you could, in which you did a great wrong to the country, and to a most meri- torious and honorable brother officer. I have heard, in such way as to believe it, of your recendy saying that both the Army and the Government needed a Dictator. Of course it was not for this, but in spite of it, that I have given you the command. Only those generals who gain successes, can set up dictators. What I now ask of you is military success, and I will risk the dictatorship. The government will sup- port you to the utmost of it's ability, which is neither more nor less than it has done and will do for all commanders. I much fear that the spirit which you have aided to infuse into the Army, of criticising their Commander, and with- holding confidence from him, will now turn upon you. I shall assist you as far as I can, to put it down. Neither you, nor Napoleon, if he were alive again, could get any good out of an army, while such a spirit prevails in it. And now, beware of rashness — Beware of rashness, but with energy, and sleepless vigilance, go forward, and give us victories. 133. LINCOLN VISITS HOOKER'S ARMY "The President, General Hooker, and Their Staffs at a Review of The Army of The Potomac." Original drawing by Alfred R. Waud, published in Harper's Weekly, May 2, 1863. P A contemporary pencil sketch by Waud showing Lincoln, on horseback, with Hooker and other generals at the grand review of the Army of the Potomac, April 9, 1863. The army for some time had been encamped on the bank of the Rappahan- nock, where the review took place. 134. LINCOLN DREAMS OF REMOVING GENERALS "Lincoln's Dream, or There is a Good Time Coming." Photocopy of cartoon by W. Newman in Frank Leslie's Illustrated News- paper, February 14, 1863. P Lincoln's continuing dissatisfaction with his generals is the subject of this cartoon by Newman. Lincoln, slumbering, dreams of McDowell, McClellan, Burnside, all of whom have been removed from command 55 (i.e. beheaded by Lincoln who stands at the chopping block) . Awaiting their turns at the block are Cabinet members William H. Seward, Edwin M. Stanton, and Gideon Welles, and General-in-Chief Henry W. Hal leek. 135. THE PRESIDENT AND THE WEATHER MAN Holograph endorsement by Abraham Lin- coln, April 28, 1863, on single-page holo- graph letter from Francis L. Capen to Lincoln, April 25, 1863. RTL-MSS In the spring of 1863 the operations of the Army of the Potomac were greatly ham- pered by heavy rains. On April 25, a self- styled "Practical Meteorologist & Expert in Computing the Changes of the Weather," Francis L. Capen, had written to Lincoln stating, "It would give me great pleasure to assure you of the fine weather suitable for a visit to the front, or for starting an Expedi- tion . . . Please refer me favorably to the War Department, & I will guarantee to furnish meteorological information that will save many a serious sacrifice." During a rainstorm, not foreseen by the "Expert," Lincoln wrote : It seems to me Mr. Capen knows nothing about the weather, in advance. He told me three days ago that it would not rain again till the 30th of April or 1st of May — It is raining now & has been for ten hours — I can not spare any more time to Mr. Capen. 136. LINCOLN'S ATTITUDE TOWARD MILITARY ARRESTS Abraham Lincoln. President Lincoln's Views. An Important Letter on the Prin- ciples Involved in the Vallandigham Case. Philadelphia, 1863. AWS-R In May 1863, Burnside ordered the arrest of Clement L. Vallandigham of Ohio. Charged with disloyalty, the former Con- gressman, a violent critic of the War and of the Lincoln administration, was denied a writ of habeas corpus and was sentenced to imprisonment for the duration of the war. Vallandigham's arrest touched off a wave of protest in certain sections against what was considered an infringement of personal liberties and the right of free speech. At a Democratic meeting in Albany, Erastus Corning headed a committee which drew up resolutions condemning the action. Corning sent these to Lincoln who replied in a lengthy, widely publicized letter setting forth his understanding of the Constitu- tional powers of the Chief Executive in time of invasion or rebellion. Shown here is an early separate printing of Lincoln's letter to Erastus Corning and others, June 12, 1863. 137. LINCOLN REPROVES MILROY Two-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Robert H. Milroy, June 29, 1863. MSS ' In an action near Winchester, Virginia, during June 1863, Major General Robert H. Milroy lost his entire division to Con- federate forces. Halleck had advised Mil- roy's superior, Robert C. Schenck, to direct Milroy to withdraw to Harper's Ferry. Milroy protested against giving up Win- chester, and, in reply, was told by Schenck to make preparations for withdrawal and to await further orders. When Schenck learned of the approach of the enemy, he telegraphed orders to Milroy to withdraw, but they were not received because the wires had been cut. Halleck suspended Milroy from command and placed him in arrest. Although he was later exonerated by a military investigation, Milroy spoke bitterly of Halleck in a letter sent to Lincoln. In his reply, exhibited here, the latter, in firm and fair language, refused to order Milroy to another command and reminded Milroy that his prior chafing against superiors had not gone unnoticed : Your letters to Mr. Blair and to myself, are handed to me by him. I have never doubted your courage and devotion to the cause. But you have just lost a Division, and prima facie 56 the fault is upon you; and while that remains unchanged, for me to put you in command again, is to justly subject me to the charge of having put you there on purpose to have you lose another. . . . I have scarcely seen anything from you at any time, that did not contain imputations against your superiors, and a chafing against acting the part they had assigned you — You have constantly urged the idea that you were persecuted because you did not come from West-Point, and you repeat it in these letter*. This, my dear general, is I fear, the rock on which you have split. . . . 38. A LETTER TO MEADE, NEVER SENT Two-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to George G. Meade, July 14, 1863. RTL-MSS In late June 1863, Lincoln resolved an im- passe between Generals Halleck and Hooker by appointing George G. Meade to com- mand the Army of the Potomac. Within a few days Meade led the Union forces in the desperate, momentous battle of Gettys- burg. Seeing an opportunity to inflict a crushing blow on Lee's retreating forces, Lincoln urged Meade to exploit his suc- cess, then vainly awaited the attack which never was launched. General Halleck informed Meade that "the escape of Lee's army without another battle has created great dissatisfaction in the mind of the President." Meade asked to be relieved. In explanation, Lincoln wrote the letter shown here. Reconsider- ing, he put it in an envelope and on it wrote, "To Gen. Meade, never sent or signed." Lincoln writes: I have just seen your despatch to Gen. Halleck, asking to be relieved of your command, because of a supposed censure of mine — I am very — very — grateful to you for the magnificient success you gave the cause of the country at Gettysburg; and I am sorry now to be the author of the slightest pain to you — But I was in such deep distress myself that I could not restrain some expression of it — I have been oppressed nearly ever since the battles at Gettysburg, by what appeared to be evidences that yourself, and Gen. Couch, and Gen. Smith, were not seeking a col- lision with the enemy, but were trying to get him across the river without another battle. What these evidences were, if you please, I hope to tell you at some time when we shall both feel better. . . . Again, my dear general, I do not believe you appreciate the magnitude of the misfortune in- volved in Lee's escape — He was within your easy grasp, and to have closed upon him would, in connection with our other late successes, have ended the war — As it is, the war will be pro- longed indefinitely. If you could not safely at- tack Lee last Monday, how can you possibly do so South of the river, when you can take with you very few more than two thirds of the force you then had in hand? It would be unreason- able to expect, and I do not expect [that], you can now effect much. Your golden opportunity is gone, and I am distressed immeasurably because of it — I beg you will not consider this a prossecution, or persecution of yourself — As you had learned that I was dissatisfied, I have thought it best to kindly tell you why. 139. LINCOLN TELLS GRANT "YOU WERE RIGHT AND I WAS WRONG" Two-page handwritten copy of a letter from Abraham Lincoln to Ulysses S. Grant, July 13, 1863. RTL-MSS In the summer of 1863, despite the draft riots and the failure of his generals to fol- low up advantages, Lincoln could write; "The signs look better." In large measure this upswing in Union fortunes could be traced to the successes of a rumpled, cigar- chewing general of the western armies, Ulysses S. Grant, whom Lincoln was to ap- point commanding general of the United States Armies in 1864. In the letter ex- hibited, a grateful President sends his con- gratulations to Grant on the fall of Vicks- burg: I do not remember that you and I ever met personally. I write this now as a grateful ac- knowledgment for the almost inestimable service you have done the country. I wish to say a word further. When you first reached the vicinity of Vicksburg, I thought you should do what you finally did — march the troops across the neck, run the batteries with the transports and thus go below; and I never had any faith, except a general hope that you knew better than I, that the Yazoo-Pass expedition, and the like, could succeed. When you got below, and took Port- 57 Gibson, Grand Gulf and vicinity, I thought you should go down the river and join Gen. Banks; and when you turned Northward, East of the Big Black, I feared it was a mistake. I now wish to make the personal acknowledgment that you were right and I was wrong. 140. THE "NANNY GOAT" LETTER Two-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Mary Todd Lincoln, August 8, 1863. RTL-MSS In early August 1863, putting aside the bur- dens of the Presidency, Lincoln wrote to his wife, who had taken their sons to New Hampshire's White Mountains to escape the Washington heat. The letter concerned a particular domestic problem with which he and the housekeeper, Mrs. Mary Ann Cuth- bert, were confronted : I suppose you are glad to learn this. Tell dear Tad, poor 'Nanny Goat,' is lost; and Mrs. Cuth- bert & I are in distress about it. The day you left Nanny was found resting herself, and chewing her little cud, on the middle of Tad's bed. But now she's gone! The gardner kept complaining that she destroyed the flowers, till it was concluded to bring her down to the White House — This was done, and the second day she had disappeared, and has not been heard of since — This is the last we know of poor 'Nanny.' On April 23, 1864, this famous letter was returned to Lincoln by D. P. Bacon, post- master of LeRoy, Genesee County, New York. In his letter of transmittal Bacon ex- plained that he had acquired it from a young soldier in the Army of the Potomac. How the soldier gained possession of the letter is not known. 141. LINCOLN IN 1863 Photograph from a copy negative. (Me- serve no. 53) P On August 9, 1863, the day after he wrote the letter concerning the disappearance of Tad's nanny goat, Lincoln sat for this photo- graph by Alexander Gardner, Washington photographer and a former assistant of Mathew B. Brady. 142. LINCOLN WITH HIS SON "TAD" Photograph from a negative in the Frederick H. Meserve Collection, New York. (Me- serve no. 127) P 143 j- Lincoln is shown with his son Tad in a photograph taken by Mathew B. Brady on February 9, 1864. THE FIRST LADY'S JEWELRY Seed pearl necklace and pair of bracelets given to Mary Todd Lincoln by the Presi- dent. On April 28, 1862, Tiffany & Co., according to their records, sold Lincoln the necklace for $180 and the two bracelets for $350. The jewelry was given to the Library of Congress in 1937 by Mrs. Charles Isham. R 144. MARY TODD LINCOLN WEARING HER JEWELRY Photograph from an original glass nega- tive. P The necklace and bracelets (see entry 143) were among Mary Lincoln's favorite pieces of jewelry and often appear in the photo- graphs taken of her as First Lady. One such photograph, by Mathew B. Brady or an assistant, is here exhibited. 145. ADVICE TO AN ERRING OFFICER Two-page holograph draft of a letter from Abraham Lincoln to James Madison Cutts, Jr., October 26, 1863. RTL-MSS At a court martial convened in June 1863, Captain James Madison Cutts, Jr., a brother-in-law of Stephen A. Douglas, was found guilty of "conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman" and sentenced to be dismissed from the service. Lincoln approved the proceedings, but in view of Cutts' previous character and "gallant conduct in battle" remitted the sentence to a reprimand. Possibly the reprimand (shown here) was read to young Cutts at 58 a personal interview. In it Lincoln assumes a Polonius-like role toward the young officer: Although what I am now to say is to be, in form, a reprimand, it is not intended to add a pang to what you have already suffered upon the subject to which it relates — You have too much of life yet before you, and have shown too much of promise as an officer, for your future to be lightly surrendered — You were convicted of two offenses — One of them, not of great enormity, and yet greatly to be avoided, I feel sure you are in no danger of repeating — The other you are not so well assured against — The advice of a father to his son "Beware of entrance to a quarrel, but being in, bear it that the opposed may beware of thee" is good, and yet not the best — Quarrel not at all — No man resolved to make the most of himself, can spare time for personal conten- tion — Still less can he afford to take all the conse- quences, including the vitiating of his temper, and the loss of self-control — Yield larger things to which you can show no more than equal right; and yield lesser ones, though clearly your own. Better give your path to a dog, than be bitten by him in contesting for the right. Even killing the dog would not cure the bite. In the mood indicated deal henceforth with your fellow men, and especially with your brother officers; and even the unpleasant events you are passing from will not have been profitless to you. LINCOLN AND THE THEATER ( i ) Single-page holograph letter from Abra- ham Lincoln to James H. Hackett, August 17, 1863; (2) Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to James H. Hackett, November 2, 1863. Shown by permission of Mr. Alfred Whital Stern. Lincoln's love of the theater led him to cor- respond with Shakespearean actor James H. Hackett. On Friday, March 13, 1863, Lin- coln saw Hackett as Falstaff in King Henry IV at the Washington theater. In recogni- tion of his attendance the actor sent the President a book he had recently published on Shakespeare, to which Lincoln replied in the letter of August 1 7 here displayed : Months ago I should have acknowledged the receipt of your book, and accompanying kind note ; and I now have to beg your pardon for not having done so. 147. For one of my age, I have seen very little of the drama. The first presentation of Falstaff I ever saw was yours here, last winter or spring. Perhaps the best compliment I can pay is to say, as I truly can, I am very anxious to see it again. Some of Shakespeare's plays I have never read; while others I have gone over perhaps as fre- quently as any unprofessional reader. Among the latter are Lear, Richard Third, Henry Eighth, Hamlet, and especially Macbeth. I think nothing equals Macbeth. It is wonderful. Unlike you gentlemen of the profession, I think the soliloquy in Hamlet commencing "O, my offence is rank" surpasses that commencing "To be, or not to be." But pardon this small attempt at criticism. I should like to hear you pronounce the opening speech of Richard the Third. Will you not soon visit Washington again? If you do, please call and let me make your personal acquaintance. Hackett issued a broadside printing of Lincoln's letter ("for private distribution only"), which was seized upon and printed with sarcastic comments by politically hostile newspapers. Hackett's apology of October 22 led to Lincoln's reply of November 2: Yours of Oct. 22nd. is received, as also was, in due course, that of Oct. 3rd. I look forward with pleasure to the fulfilment of the promise made in the former. Give yourself no uneasiness on the subject men- tioned in that of the 22nd. My note to you I certainly did not expect to see in print; yet I have not been much shocked by the newspaper comments upon it. These com- ments constitute a fair specimen of what has occurred to me through life. I have endured a great deal of ridicule without much malice; and have received a great deal of kindness, not quite free from ridicule. I am used to it. LINCOLN PROCLAIMS THANKS- GIVING The President's Hymn. Song & Chorus. Words by Dr. Muhlenburg. Music by J. W. Turner. Boston, c 1865. AWS-R It was during Lincoln's administration that Thanksgiving was observed, for the first time, as a matter of annual proclamation. Sarah Josepha Hale, well-known editor, who each year over a period of more than 20 years had made appeals in Godey's Lady's Book for the adoption of a uniform date for Thanksgiving, on September 28, 1863, 59 mailed a petition to the President. Five days later Lincoln issued a proclamation in- viting all citizens "to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next as a day of Thanksgiving and praise." Here exhibited is a metrical version of Lincoln's proclamation, written by William A. Muhlenberg. When it was proposed to the President that it be entitled "The Presi- dent's Hymn," Lincoln is said to have re- plied : "Let it be so called." The song has also appeared under the title "Give Thanks all Ye People." 148. LINCOLN'S PROCLAMATION OF AMNESTY (1) Single-page holograph pass by Abra- ham for Mrs. Emilie Todd Helm, December 14, 1863; (2) Single-page holograph oath from proclamation of Dec. 8, 1863, by Abra- ham Lincoln for Mrs. Emilie Todd Helm [December 14, 1863]. RTL-MSS By a proclamation issued December 8, 1863, Lincoln granted amnesty and restoration of rights to persons "who have, directly or by implication, participated in the existing re- bellion," upon their taking an oath to sup- port the Constitution, the "union of the States thereunder, and ... all acts of Con- gress passed during the existing rebellion with reference to slaves." Under the au- thority of this proclamation Lincoln per- sonally freed hundreds by writing these lines: "Let this man take the oath of Dec. 8, 1863, and be discharged." To a member of his wife's family, Emilie Todd Helm, whose husband, Ben Hardin Helm, had been killed serving in the Con- federate army, Lincoln extended the bene- fits of this proclamation. For her, Lincoln wrote a pass and the required oath, both of which are shown here. Mrs. Helm was the White House guest of her sister, Mrs. Lin- coln, whose own loyalty was suspect in the minds of many when Lincoln wrote the amnesty and oath displayed here. EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION 149. THE PRESIDENT RECOMMENDS COMPENSATED EMANCIPATION Message to Congress, March 6, 1862. Four-page holograph document by Abra- ham Lincoln. RTL-MSS To Lincoln, slavery had always been re- pugnant. As President, however, he recog- nized the political and military necessity of proceeding slowly with the question, keeping always within his constitutional powers. He countermanded proclamations of military emancipation issued by Generals David Hunter and John C. Fremont, know- ing that the timing was not right and that such action would likely drive the Border States into the Confederacy. In answer to Horace Greeley's "Prayer of Twenty Mil- lions," he wrote: "My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not to save or destroy slavery." But, he added, "I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men every where could be free." In pursuance of this wish, Lincoln sought a plan whereby the evil of slavery could be removed, the Border States preserved to the Union, and his oath to uphold the Con- stitution observed. The solution which Lincoln repeatedly urged was compensated emancipation. Displayed here is Lincoln's message to Congress in which (p. 1) he urged the adoption of a Joint Resolution pledging Federal cooperation with any State which would adopt such a plan: I recommend the adoption of a Joint Resolu- tion by your honorable bodies which shall be substantially as follows: Resolved that the United States ought to co- operate with any State which may adopt gradual abolishment of slavery, giving to such state pecuniary aid, to be used by such State in it's discretion, to compensate for the inconveniencies public and private, produced by such change of system. If the proposition contained in the resolution does not meet the approval of Congress and the country, there is the end ; but if it does command 60 (E.vcnttuvc i-Uansion, fruj/uttgii n Ii j)i * lA.**w rii^r fSi^c/iS*- . f diet h.4 <-**-' /."?£*-, &> C,<>n C-i^J / / / /~ f / / *^v C^fcL* -c y* r ^ ■^ c ~° ^^<«y^w^ ^~-7 A-^^-w.. /"^^—v K^-uc 20838 -J tiNCOLN seeks halleck's advice. Letter from Abraham Lincoln to Henry W. Halleck, January /, /tffr?. (•$ 1 ///;>' /30.) 5: S3 ft 2 ^ -ft "^ '■3 t5 •*, i ft .ft : d r *. t_ <« < -2? < ^ 'C <, a. a si 11 s U> w w o (txtcntwe i^tansion, ^rtfUsyS /(Hufr£> CL*^£*~> fl&AS-e.*J yoi^ o^t> /7l»-v ^dCsCfo^vt £nrf*~y£xr xJT(fr«* W~ i*svy£~<^ *^>i&z> @ctz£z, fh^rCF (H&V&++ '4& r **U*^* 9 ^^ ~t^K*-j ctl^ois sfCja^o,, (/ivytt^vj b> L> ',*sO c~&-i- •^-As U*~*^ £&**J /C^C^^'-y .\JL4fC. r u^- / / . /L~,£-*5 'first draft" of the Gettysburg address. Two-page holograph document by Abraham Lincoln [November ig, i86j\. (See entry r6i .) the Lincoln of Gettysburg. From a copy negative of photograph by Alexander Gardner, 1863. (See entry 160 ) the five-dollar lincoin. From a copy negative of photograph by Mathew H. Brady, 1864. (See entry 167.) b } UV>T_n ; 'j^iV V'JD'fUX f , "THY I DV1 IjjjL&YiY^lii. li J JJ'Ji Liiiinia LIBERTY., UNION AMI Vl{ fORY. CAMPAIGN POSTER , 1864. Colored lithograph by Currier & Ives, New York, 1864. (See entry 169.) ^iti-l H^^^yUA^? &J AHhf ^tf}^^ lj Code / 0~-f\JU?.& f*~ZJ y^CC h.Jz/ ) Cix-'C 1 ^/ tb Ctl^UjoO u^fu Lh^j h*a ■( ten v.jr t^rztcc^xMA* J / ' wtth malice toward NONE.*' Page 2 of holograph copy of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address [March 4, 1865}. (See entry ijg.) -$, ^ "§■ a Ui r" <; Z — s :— — r7r-G UTOTa==H^ ■r- or THK gmnlmtiHl ^nnngitvation Ifall IV THE CITY OF WASHINGTON, D. C, On the 6th of March 1865. Oyster Stews . . . Terrapin ' ... Oysters, pickled BEEF. Roast Bee-f Filet de Beef Beef a-la-mode Beef a l'anglais . . . . VEAL Leg of Veal . . Fricandeau Veal Malakoff POULTRY. HoaKt Turkey Boned » Roast Chicken Grouse, boned and roast GAME. 1'heasant Quail Venison . PATETES. Patete of Duck en gelee . Patete de fois gras ... . SMOKED. Ham Tongue en gelee .... do plain SALADES. Chicken Lobster . Ornamental Pyramides. Nougate Orange Caramel with Fancy CreamCamL Cocoanut Macaroon Croijurtnt . . < 'bocolaie . . Treo Cakes CAKES AND TARTS. Almond Sponge Belle Alliance Dame Blanche Ifacaroon Tart Tart ;\ la Xel„on . . . Tarte a 1'Orlcaiis. .. do h la Portugaise do a la Viennc. . . Pound Cake Sponge Cake Lady Cake Fancy small Cakes. . JELLIES AND OREAMS. Calfofoot and Wine .Jolly Charlotte A la Rnsse . do do Vanilla Blanc Mangne. Creme Neapolitane do a la Kelson do Chateat bri-ind du A la Smyrna do do Nesselroilo .... ... Biinbe A la Vanilla ICE CREAM. Vanilla Lemon White Coffee Chocolate Burnt Altnoods Maraschino FRUIT ICES. Strawberry* Orange Lemon DESSERT. Grapes, Almonds, Raisins, Sec. Coffee and Chocolate. Furnished by Q. A. BALZBR, CojrrEOTIOXM, Oor. Olh & D **!».. WiiKliluetoii. T>. <_\ -tinsEna- I! I memento from the second inaugural ball. Broadside [Washington, D. C. (?) 1865]. (See entry 181.) s? a: 2 z a z < u fc **a 3 a s. — ■SI Z last photograph of Lincoln from life. From a copy negative of photograph by Alexander Gardner, 1865. (See entry 191.) such approval, I deem it of importance that the States and people immediately interested, should be at once distinctly notified of the fact, so that they may begin to consider whether to accept or reject it. The federal government would find it's highest interest in such a measure, as one of the most efficient means of self-preservation. . . . 50. LINCOLN PORTRAYED PREPARING THE PROCLAMATION "President Lincoln, Writing The Proclama- tion of Freedom, January 1st, 1863," Col- ored lithograph by Ehrgott, Forbriger & Co., Cincinnati, 1864, after painting by Blythe. {See illustration.) P In this lithograph the artist employs alle- gorical symbols such as a scale of justice, the Bible (on Lincoln's knee), and a copy of the Presidential oath, to show some of the principles which he imagines influ- enced Lincoln in the preparation of the Proclamation. 51. FIRST DRAFT OF TFIE PROCLAMA- TION Two-page holograph document by Abraham Lincoln [July 22, 1862]. RTL-MSS On July 1 7, 1862, Lincoln approved "An Act to suppress insurrection, to punish treason, and rebellion, to seize and confiscate the property of rebels and for other purposes." Under this authority, Lincoln prepared the first draft of the Emancipation Proclama- tion and presented it to the Cabinet. Their recorded reactions show that Chase and Bates approved; Blair, with an eye to the fall elections, disapproved; and Seward ap- proved but favored withholding it until the military position was more favorable. Displayed here is the Emancipation Proc- lamation as it was first written and shown to the Cabinet. It closes : And I hereby make known that it is my pur- pose, upon the next meeting of congress, to again recommend the adoption of a practical measure for tendering pecuniary aid to the free choice or rejection, of any and all States which may then be recognizing and practically sustaining the au- 491287—59- thority of the United States, and which may then have voluntarily adopted, or thereafter may vol- untarily adopt, gradual abolishment of slavery within such State or States — that the object is to practically restore, thenceforward to be main- tained], the constitutional relation between the general government, and each, and all the states, wherein that relation is now suspended, or dis- turbed; and that, for this object, the war, as it has been, will be prossecuted. And, as a fit and neces- sary military measure for effecting this object, I, as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, do order and declare that on the first day of January in the year of Our Lord one thousand, eight hundred and sixtythree, all persons held as slaves within any state or states, wherein the constitutional authority of the United States shall not then be practically recognized, submitted to, and maintained, shall then, thence- forward, and forever, be free. On the back of the second page Lincoln wrote this endorsement: "Emancipation Proclamation as first sketched and shown to the Cabinet in July 1862." 152. LINCOLN READS THE PROCLAMA- TION OF SEPTEMBER 1862 TO HIS CABINET Holograph journal of Salmon P. Chase, opened to pages 108 and 109, the entry for September 22, 1862. From the Salmon P. Chase Papers. MSS The Emancipation Proclamation which Lin- coln had first prepared in July {see entry 151 ) was withheld until a favorable military situation presented itself. Lincoln regarded the repulse of the Confederate forces at Antietam as an opportune moment and on September 22, 1862, issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. The Cabinet met at noon on that day; and the diary of Salmon P. Chase preserves the record of that momentous meeting. After telling how Lincoln opened proceed- ings by reading Artemus Ward's "High Handed Outrage at Utica," (of which Chase says "[Lincoln] read it, and seemed to enjoy it very much — the Heads also (except Stan- ton) of course") the Secretary of the Treasury gives this account of Lincoln's 6l presentation of the Emancipation Proc- lamation to the Cabinet: The President then took a graver tone and said : — 'Gentlemen: I have, as you are aware, thought a great deal about the relation of this war to Slavery; and you all remember that, several weeks ago, I read to you an Order I had prepared on this subject, which, on account of objections made by some of you, was not issued. Ever since then, my mind has been much occupied with this sub- ject, and I have thought all along that the time for acting on it might very probably come. I think the time has come now. I wish it were a better time. I wish that we were in a better condition. The action of the army against the rebels has not been quite what I should have best liked. But they have been driven out of Mary- land, and Pennsylvania is no longer in danger of invasion. When the rebel army was at Frederick, I determined, as soon as it should be driven out of Maryland, to issue a Proclamation of Eman- cipation such as I thought most likely to be useful. I said nothing to anyone ; but I made the promise to myself, and (hesitating a little) — to my Maker. The rebel army is now driven out, and I am going to fulfil that promise. I have got you together to hear what I have written down. I do not wish your advice about the main matter — for that I have determined for myself. This I say without intending any thing but respect for anyone of you. But I already know the views of each on this question. They have been heretofore expressed, and I have considered them as thor- oughly and carefully as I can. What I have written is that which my reflections have de- termined me to say. If there is anything in the expressions I use, or in any other minor matter, which anyone of you thinks had best be changed, I shall be glad to receive the suggestions. One other observation I will make. I know very well that many others might, in this matter, as in others, do better than I can. . . . however this may be ... I am here. I must . . . bear the responsibility of taking the course which I feel I ought to take. The President then proceeded to read his Emancipation Proclamation. . . . 153. AN ARTIST'S RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SCENE "The First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation Before the Cabinet." Mezzo- tint by Alexander H. Ritchie, 1866, after a painting by F. B. Carpenter. (See illustration.) P Shown left to right are Edwin M. Stanton (seated), Salmon P. Chase (standing), President Lincoln (seated), Gideon Welles (seated), William H. Seward (seated), Caleb B. Smith (standing), Montgomery Blair (standing), and Edward Bates (seated). 154. AN EARLY PRINTING OF THE PROCLAMATION Abraham Lincoln. The Proclamation of Emancipation, by the President of the United States, to Take Effect January 1st, 1863. [n. p., n. d.] With Lincoln's franked envelope addressed to John P. Cowing, Seneca Falls, N. Y. AWS-R The Proclamation of September 1862 de- creed that slaves in districts in rebellion on January 1, 1863, would be freed. The tiny pamphlet shown here, the first separate printing (December 1862) of the Proclama- tion, is said to have been distributed to Union soldiers at the instance of John Mur- ray Forbes, Boston abolitionist. The copy here exhibited was given by Lincoln to John P. Cowing, Seneca Falls, N. Y.; it is accom- panied by the original franked envelope in which it was sent. 155. THE FINAL EMANCIPATION PROC- LAMATION The Emancipation Proclamation, January 1 j 1863. Photographic copy of a three-page holograph document by Abraham Lincoln. RTL-MSS At the Cabinet meeting of December 30, 1862, each member received a draft of the final Emancipation Proclamation. After minor revisions suggested by William H. Seward, Lincoln prepared the holograph copy of the Proclamation, which was issued on January 1. Lincoln sent the original manuscript to the Northwestern Sanitary 62 Fair to be sold for the benefit of the Chicago Soldiers' Home, and in 187 1 it was destroyed in the great Chicago fire. The document shown is one of the photographic copies which Lincoln had made in October 1863 for Benson J. Lossing to use in his Pictorial History of the Civil War. ,6. "IF SLAVERY IS NOT WRONG, NOTHING IS WRONG" Three-page holograph draft of a letter from Abraham Lincoln to Albert G. Hodges, April 4, 1864. RTL-MSS One of Lincoln's most eloquent and lucid explanations of his actions concerning slavery was given to three Kentuckians, Archibald Dixon, Governor Thomas E. Bramlette, and Albert G. Hodges, editor of the Frankfort Commonwealth. During an interview with them, Lincoln requested permission to "make a little speech." Later, Hodges asked him to put in writing what he had said. In the letter shown here Lincoln gave his account of what he said on that occasion. Lincoln began his state* ment with these remarks: "I am naturally anti-slavery. If slavery is not wrong, noth- ing is wrong. I can not remember when I did not so think, and feel." He concluded : I add a word which was not in the verbal conversation. In telling this tale I attempt no compliment to my own sagacity. I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Now, at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man devised, or ex- pected. God alone can claim it. Whither it is tending seems plain. If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, shall pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, im- partial history will find therein new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God. 57. "LITTLE PEOPLE'S PETITION" (1) One-page holograph letter (retained copy) from Abraham Lincoln to Mrs. Hor- ace Mann, April 5, 1864; (2) a page from the petition of the children of Concord, Massachusetts to the President; (3) the en- velope containing this petition, endorsed by Abraham Lincoln. RTL-MSS The Emancipation Proclamation freed only the slaves in insurrectionary districts. When Lincoln received a petition "that the Presi- dent will free all slave children," signed by 195 children of Concord, Massachusetts, many pledging pennies opposite their names, Lincoln endorsed the envelope "Little Peo- ple's Petition," and, through Senator Charles Sumner, sent the displayed letter to Mrs. Horace Mann : The petition of persons under eighteen, praying that I would free all slave children, and the head- ing of which petition it appears you wrote, was handed me a few days since by Senator Sumner. Please tell these little people I am very glad their young hearts are so full of just and generous sym- pathy, and that, while I have not the power to grant all they ask, I trust they will remember that God has, and that, as it seems, He wills to do it. Shown also are a page from the petition and the envelope endorsed by Lincoln. 158. THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT Single-page holograph document, an en- grossed copy of the submitting resolution of the Thirteenth Amendment, signed by Ab- raham Lincoln and others, [February 1, 1865]. MSS The Thirteenth Amendment, which finally and formally abolished slavery in the United States, passed the House of Representatives, after easy passage in the Senate, on Janu- ary 31, 1865. On February 1 Lincoln ap- proved the Joint Resolution submitting the proposed amendment to the legislatures of the states. Shown here is an unusual copy of the resolution, engrossed on vellum and signed by Lincoln, the authenticating offi- cers of Congress, and the Senators and Rep- resentatives who voted for its passage. On the evening of February 1 an enthusi- astic crowd gathered at the White House, and Lincoln, speaking extemporaneously, called this measure "a very fitting if not an indispensable adjunct to the winding up of 63 the great difficulty." It is typical of Lin- coln's magnanimity and great desire for peace and reconciliation that, even after the passage of the proposed amendment and with the Confederacy tottering, he drew up a resolution, unanimously disapproved by the Cabinet, calling for the payment of $400,000,000 compensation to the govern- ments of slave States, provided those in re- bellion should cease resistance by April 1. GETTYSBURG ADDRESS 159. LINCOLN IS ASKED TO DELIVER "A FEW APPROPRIATE REMARKS" Four-page holograph letter from David Wills to Abraham Lincoln, November 2, 1863. RTL-MSS Union soldiers from 18 States fell at Gettys- burg. These States bore the cost of ac- quiring 17 acres of the battlefield to be converted into a memorial cemetery. Pennsylvania Governor Andrew G. Curtin commissioned David Wills (a citizen of Gettysburg at whose house Lincoln spent the night of November 18) to act for the State, and it was he who purchased the land and functioned as agent in planning the ceremonies. The trustees of the "National Soldiers' Cemetery," composed of one man from each of the States involved, invited Edward Everett, recognized as the leading orator of the day, to deliver the commemorative ad- dress. Everett replied that he could not prepare adequately by October 23, the date selected by the trustees, and at his suggestion the date was advanced to November 19. When Clark E. Carr, a member of the Board from Illinois, suggested that the President be requested to speak at the ceremonies, other members questioned "his ability to speak upon such a grave and solemn occasion as that of the memorial services." Not until November 2, more than six weeks after the invitation to Everett, was Lincoln asked to speak at Gettysburg. Shown here is the letter from David Wills to Lincoln inviting him to speak at the dedication : These grounds will be consecreated and set apart to this sacred purpose, by appropriate ceremonies on Thursday, the 19th instant — Hon. Edward Everett will deliver the Oration. I am authorized by the Governors of the dif- ferent States to invite you to be present, and participate in these ceremonies, which will doubt- less be very imposing and solemnly impressive. It is the desire that, after the Oration, you, as Chief Executive of the Nation, formally set apart these grounds to their sacred use by a few appropriate remarks. . . . 160. THE LINCOLN OF GETTYSBURG Photograph from a copy negative. (Me- serve no. 59) (See illustration.) P Full-face portrait, one of the best-known , and most widely published photographs of the President. It was taken by Alexander Gardner in Washington during November 1863, shortly before Lincoln's address at Gettysburg. 161. "FIRST DRAFT" OF THE GETTYS- BURG ADDRESS Two-page holograph document by Abraham Lincoln, [November 19, 1863.] (See illus- tration.) MSS The precise date when Abraham Lincoln began writing his Gettysburg Address is not known. There is, however, abundant evi- dence that he was a deliberate writer, who carefully prepared and revised letters and documents of importance. Considering his writing habits and the nature of the occa- sion, it would be greatly out of character for him not to have begun work on the address before leaving Washington. Noah Brooks wrote that on November 8 Lincoln had informed him that the address would be "short, very short." James Speed, 64 later his Attorney General, reported in 1870 that Lincoln had told him on November 17 that he had found time to "write about half of it." These considerations, plus the fact that the first page of this draft is written in ink on Executive Mansion stationery, make it almost certain that the first page, at least, of this draft was written in Washington. There is no real evidence to support the story, once more prevalent than now, that Lincoln composed any part of the address on the train to Gettysburg. An addition at the bottom of the first page and the entire second page of this draft are written in pencil, indicating that perhaps Lincoln worked on this version on two different occasions. Thirty years later John G. Nicolay claimed that Lincoln car- ried in his pocket that part of the address he had written in Washington, i. e. the first page of the first draft and that at the home of David Wills in Gettysburg, on the morn- ing of November 19, he completed the ad- dress in pencil. Other authorities, noting that the ink writing on the first page ends in an incom- plete sentence, have come to regard the second page of this draft as possibly not representing Lincoln's first writing of it. Still other scholars believe that the second page was written at Gettysburg on the eve- ning of November 18. In any event, there is general agreement that, regardless of when and where written, the draft shown here is — in part, at least, and in the light of available evidence — the Gettysburg address as first written by Abraham Lincoln. "SECOND DRAFT" OF THE GETTYS- BURG ADDRESS Two-page holograph document by Abra- ham Lincoln, [November 19, 1863]. MSS This draft is written entirely in ink on two pages and on paper similar to that used for the second page of the first draft. Some scholars believe that this draft was written at Gettysburg on the morning of November 19, and is the manuscript which Lincoln held while he spoke. Lincoln added two new sentences and made an additional ma- jor change in the preparation of this ver- sion. The newly added sentences are: "It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this," and "It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfin- ished work which they have, thus far, so nobly carried on." The words in the first draft, "for those who died here, that the nation might live," have been changed to read: "for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live." It is generally agreed that Lincoln did not speak verbatim from manuscript; and that possibly some of the corrections on this draft were made after he had finished speaking, to make the manuscript conform to what he had said. 163. THE CROWD AT GETTYSBURG Photograph from original glass negative. P Photograph by Mathew B. Brady showing the crowd gathered at the Gettysburg ceme- tery on the occasion of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. 164. LINCOLN SENDS A COPY OF THE ADDRESS TO EVERETT Single-page holograph draft (?) of a letter from Abraham Lincoln to Edward Everett, February 4, 1864. RTL-MSS On the day following the Gettysburg Ad- dress, Edward Everett sent a congratulatory letter to Lincoln remarking that "I should be glad, if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes." Everett later sent Lincoln a printing of his lengthy oration and requested an auto- graph copy of Lincoln's address to be sold at a sanitary fair in New York City. The copy which Lincoln sent was the first of three prepared for charitable purposes. Known as the "Everett Copy," it is now at 65 the Illinois State Historical Library, Spring- field, a gift of the schoolchildren of Illinois. In preparing these holograph copies Lin- coln made some minor revisions, and in- corporated the phrase "under God" which appeared in the newspaper version. Shown here is Lincoln's letter of February 4, 1864, acknowledging the receipt of Everett's ad- dress and forwarding the requested manu- script: Yours of Jan. 30th. was received four days ago; and since then the address mentioned has arrived. Thank you for it. I send herewith the manuscript of my remarks at Gettysburg, which, with my note to you of Nov. 20th. you are at liberty to use for the benefit of our soldiers as you have requested. 165. THE FINAL TEXT OF THE GETTYS- BURG ADDRESS John P. Kennedy. Autograph Leaves of Our Country's Authors. Baltimore, 1864. Open to two-page facsimile reproduction of holograph document by Abraham Lincoln, the Gettysburg Address. [November 19, 1863.] AWS-R The fourth and fifth copies of the address (cf. entry 164) were written by Lincoln for the Baltimore Sanitary Fair. On February 29, 1864, Lincoln forwarded a copy of the address to George Bancroft for the use of the Fair. The "Bancroft Copy," notable for the change of "upon this continent" to "on this continent," covered both sides of a single sheet and was not suitable for repro- duction. It is now at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Some time after March 4, 1864, Lincoln prepared the fifth copy (considered the definitive text) and sent it to John P. Ken- nedy, who had it reproduced in the volume shown here. This final text, generally known as the "Bliss Copy," is in the estate of Oscar Cintas, Havana, Cuba. David Wills wrote Lincoln on November 23, 1863, as agent for the governors, re- questing the original manuscript of the address to be placed with other papers relating to the ceremony; but if Lincoln sent him a copy, in his own hand, it has never been located. So far as is known, Lincoln prepared only five versions, or copies, of his historic address. (See also entries 161, 162, 164.) ELECTION OF 1864 166. THE ONE-PENNY LINCOLN Photograph from an original glass negative in the Frederick H. Meserve Collection, New York. (Meserve no. 82.) P Photograph of Lincoln taken by Mathew B. Brady on February 9, 1864. One of a famous group of photographs known as the "Brady profiles," the portrait was employed by Victor D. Brenner in designing the like- ness of Lincoln that appears on the Lincoln penny. 167. THE FIVE-DOLLAR LINCOLN Photograph from a copy negative. (Meserve no. 85.) (See illustration.) P Another of at least six different photographs of Lincoln taken by Mathew B. Brady on February 9, 1864, three days before the President's 55th birthday (see also entries 142 and 166). Robert Todd Lincoln once stated to Frederick H. Meserve, well-known collector and student of Lincoln photo- graphs, that he considered this to be the best photograph of his father. It is doubt- less the most familiar of all Lincoln portraits, since it is the likeness which appears on the five-dollar bill. Louis M. Rabinowitz, in recent years, presented the original glass negative to the Library of Congress. 168. EARLIEST DATED BILL TO POR- TRAY LINCOLN Dollar bill, issued by the Merchants' Bank of Trenton, N. J., November 20, 1861, the 66 earliest dated bill ornamented with the Lincoln lineaments. AWS-R 169. CAMPAIGN POSTER, 1864 "Grand, National Union Banner for 1864. Liberty, Union and Victory." Colored lithograph by Currier & Ives, New York, 1864. {See illustration.) P The National Union Party, a temporary coalition of Republicans and War Demo- crats ( 1863-66), dedicated to the saving of the Union, met in convention at Baltimore in early June 1864. There it nominated Abraham Lincoln, Republican, for a second term as President and Andrew Johnson, Democrat and military governor of Ten- nessee, for the Vice Presidency. Portraits of the two candidates appear on the item here displayed. 170. A CABINET MEMBER AND RIVAL FOR THE PRESIDENTIAL NOMI- NATION RESIGNS One-page holograph draft of a letter from Abraham Lincoln to Salmon P. Chase, June 30, 1864. RTL-MSS Lincoln's nomination was a blow to the ambitions of Salmon P. Chase, who had long aspired to the Presidency. The Secre- tary of the Treasury had a strong supporter in Senator Samuel C. Pomeroy, who issued a printed circular in February 1864 which opposed Lincoln's renomination and ad- vanced Chase as a nominee. When Chase learned that the letter had become public, he wrote Lincoln disclaiming any knowledge of it, and offering to resign. Lincoln re- fused his resignation, saying that "whether you shall remain at the head of the Treasury Department is a question which I will not allow myself to consider from any stand- point other than my judgment of the public service. . . ." On June 29, Chase again offered his resig- nation, saying, "I cannot help feeling that my position here is not altogether agreeable to you; and it is certainly too full of embar- rassment and difficult and painful responsi- bility to allow in me the least desire to retain it." In the letter exhibited here Lincoln accepts the resignation of the only serious rival he had for renomination: Your resignation of the office of Secretary of the Treasury, sent me yesterday is accepted. Of all I have said in commendation of your ability and fidelity, I have nothing to unsay; and yet you and I have reached a point of mutual embarrass- ment in our official relation which it seems can not be overcome, or longer sustained, consistently with the public service. On December 6, 1864, Lincoln nomi- nated Chase as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, giving his most troublesome antag- onist the highest office in his power to bestow. 171. CAMPAIGN SONGSTERS, 1864 ( 1 ) Lincoln Campaign Songster. Philadel- phia, 1864; (2) The President Lincoln Campaign Songster. New York [ c i864]. AWS-R In 1864, songbooks designed for political campaigning, similar to those employed during the campaign of i860 {see entry 86) , put in an appearance. They generally con- tained words and no music but did contain instructions for singing. Thus "Shout Aloud for Lincoln" was to be sung to the tune of "Wait for the Wagon" and "Lincoln Campaign Song" to the tune of "Yankee Doodle." The first of the songsters here exhibited, described as "For the Use of Clubs," and "Containing all the most popular songs" (there are 14), is bound in cream-colored wrappers and mistakenly bears on its cover a woodcut portrait of a cleanshaven Lin- coln. The second of these, bound in yellow wrappers and containing 45 titles, has a cover illustrated with cuts of Lincoln as President, railsplitter, Captain in the Black Hawk War, and flatboatman. 67 172. LINCOLN CONSIDERS THE PROB- ABILITY OF DEFEAT Memorandum on probable failure of re- election. Single-page holograph document by Abraham Lincoln, August 23, 1864; with photocopy of verso bearing signatures of cabinet. (See illustration.) MSS For the friends of Lincoln and the Union, July and August 1864, were the darkest days of the war. Grant's progress was painfully slow and expensive; the national financial situation was precarious ; and even Lincoln's friend, Orville H. Browning, doubted his capacity to lead the Nation to victory. Ad- visers were unanimously pessimistic about Lincoln's chances for reelection. Thurlow Weed, the astute New York politician, had seen Lincoln in August and told him that his reelection was an impossibility. Fearing that the election of the opposition candidate would inevitably result in the dissolution of the Union, Lincoln wrote a memorandum and at the Cabinet meeting of August 23 asked each member to sign his name on the back of it without looking at its contents. John Hay in his diary for November 11 (written after the reelection of Lincoln) recorded the scene when Lincoln revealed the document he had asked his Cabinet to endorse: At the meeting of the Cabinet today, the President took out a paper from his desk and said, 'Gentlemen, do you remember last summer when I asked you all to sign your names to the back of a paper of which I did not show you the inside? This is it. Now, Mr. Hay, see if you can get this open without tearing it? Hay next recorded the contents of the the memorandum here displayed. 173. AN EXAMPLE OF ANTI-LINCOLN CAMPAIGN LITERATURE Only Authentic Life of Abraham Lincoln, Alias "Old Abe." A Son of the West . . . [New York, 1864] AWS-R During the four years of his first adminis- tration, Lincoln, his policies, and his ad- ministration were often under attack but never more vehemently than during the election year of 1864. The anti-adminis- tration pamphlet, here exhibited, is a sa- tirical account of Lincoln's life, with draw- ings, circulated during the 1864 campaign. 174. "WE MUST WORK EARNESTLY IN THE BEST LIGHT HE GIVES US" Two-page holograph draft of a letter from Abraham Lincoln to Eliza P. Gurney, Sep- tember 4, 1864. RTL-MSS From the time of his son's death, in Febru- ary 1862, and increasingly so as his personal and official trials mounted, Lincoln alluded more and more frequently in his state papers and personal correspondence to his reliance upon a Higher Power. On September 4, 1864, Lincoln wrote the letter shown here. Directed to Mrs. Eliza P. Gurney, a Quaker who had visited him in the fall of 1862, it is a moving testimonial of Lincoln's faith: I have not forgotten — probably never shall for- get — the very impressive occasion when yourself and friends visited me on a Sabbath forenoon two years ago. Nor has your kind letter, written nearly a year later, ever been forgotten. In all, it has been your purpose to strengthen my reliance on God. I am much indebted to the good chris- tian people of the country for their constant prayers and consolations; and to no one of them, more than to yourself — The purposes of the Almighty are perfect, and must prevail, though we erring mortals may fail to accurately perceive them in advance. We hoped for a happy termina- tion of this terrible war long before this ; but God knows best, and has ruled otherwise. We shall yet acknowledge His wisdom and our own error therein — Meanwhile we must work earnestly in the best light He gives us, trusting that so working still conduces to the great ends He ordains — Surely He intends some great good to follow this mighty convulsion, which no mortal could make, and no mortal could stay. . . . 175. A CARTOONIST VIEWS LINCOLN'S REELECTION "Long Abraham Lincoln a Little Longer." Photocopy of cartoon by Frank Bellew in Harper's Weekly, November 26, 1864. P 68 No President to date has been taller than Lincoln. His length is the point of depar- ture in this caricature of an elongated Lin- coln, published in a popular weekly after his reelection in 1864. 176. LINCOLN MEETS SETH KINMAN "Seth Kinman, the California Hunter, Pre- senting the President an Elkhorn Chair." Drawing by Alfred R. Waud, 1864. P Seth Kinman was a California hunter and trapper, who came to Washington and on November 26, 1864, visited the President at the White House where he presented him with a chair made of the horns and hides of elks. The event was photographed and a pencil sketch here exhibited, was made by Waud. Shown are Lincoln, examining the hunter's rifle, and Kinman, with flowing beard, clad in buckskin and wearing a fur hat. 177. LINCOLN'S ELK HORN CHAIR Original print of a photograph by Mathew B. Brady, Washington, 1864. (See illustra- tion.) P Here shown is the elkhorn chair which Kin- man presented to Lincoln [see entry 176). At the presentation Brady took photographs of Kinman and of the chair. These were said to have been sold by Kinman during the course of his wanderings at 25 cents each. INAUGURATION OF 1865 178. LINCOLN DELIVERS HIS SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS Photograph from a copy negative. P In this photograph, taken by Alexander Gardner during the inaugural ceremonies on March 4, 1865, Lincoln is to be seen, manuscript in hand, delivering the second of his inaugural addresses. 179. "WITH MALICE TOWARD NONE" Second Inaugural Address. Two-page holograph document by Abraham Lincoln, [March 4, 1865], with printed copy of the address. (See illustration.) MSS Shown here is the manuscript of Lincoln's address, along with the printed copy from which he is supposed to have read, pasted in two broad columns on a large sheet of paper, with paragraphing arranged pre- sumably to indicate pauses for breathing and emphasis. Lincoln's brief address, embodying his hopes for peace and reconstruction, was called by the London Times "the most sub- lime State paper of the century," and was described by Charles Francis Adams the younger as "for all time the historical key- note of this war." Of it Lincoln himself wrote : I expect [it] to wear as well as — perhaps better than — any thing I have produced; but I believe it is not immediately popular. Men are not flat- tered by being shown that there has been a difference of purpose between the Almighty and them. To deny it, however, in this case, is to deny that there is a God governing the world. . . . On April 10, 1865, Lincoln gave the manuscript to his secretary, John Hay, whose children presented it to the United States Government on April n, 19 16. 180. RECEPTION AT THE WHITE HOUSE "Grand Reception of the Notabilities of the Nation, at the White House 1865." Litho- graph by Major and Knapp, published by Frank Leslie, New York, 1865. (See illus- tration.) P On the evening of March 4, the President and Mrs. Lincoln held a reception at the White House which was attended by gen- erals, Cabinet members and their wives, and other dignitaries. Although, in the 69 lithograph here displayed, General and Mrs. Grant are shown being greeted by the Lin- colns, they actually were not present at the time. Later in the evening the doors were opened to the public, as was customary, and it is estimated that Lincoln shook hands with between five and six thousand people during the course of the evening. 1 8 1. A MEMENTO FROM THE SECOND INAUGURAL BALL "Bill of Fare of the Presidential Inaugura- tion Ball in the City of Washington, D. C, on the 6th of March 1865." [Washington? 1865] Broadside. {See illustration.) AWS-R The Second Inauerural Ball was held Mon- day, March 6, 1865, at the Patent Office. A ticket, which sold for 10 dollars, admitted one gentleman and two ladies with no extra charge for the elaborate supper (described in the bill of fare shown here) to be served to 300 people at a time until the 4,000 per- sons present had dined. Dancing began at 10; the President and First Lady, accom- panied by Senator Charles Sumner arrived at 10:30; and at 12, when supper was an- nounced, the crowd, ignoring the plan for separate servings, descended en masse upon caterer G. A. Balzer's carefully prepared tables. 182. LINCOLN AND JOHNSON REPAIR- ING THE UNION "The 'Rail-Splitter' at Work Repairing the Union." J. E. Baker, del. [1864] Litho- graph. {See illustration.) P Political cartoon, pointing up the task of reconstruction which lay ahead for the Illi- nois railsplitter and Andrew Johnson, the Tennessee tailor. 183. A GIFT FOR THE PRESIDENT Silver inkwell, made by Tiffany & Co., and presented to President Lincoln by Charles D. Poston in 1865. Poston was the first delegate to Congress (Dec. 5, 1864-Mar. 3, 1865) from the Arizona Territory. The inkwell was presented to the Library of Congress, with other Lincoln association pieces {see entries 40 and 143) by Mrs. Charles (Mary Lincoln) Isham, in 1937. MSS APPROACH OF VICTORY 184. LINCOLN CONGRATULATES SHERI- DAN ON A "GREAT VICTORY" One-page holograph telegram from Abra- ham Lincoln to Philip H. Sheridan, Sep- tember 20, 1864. MSS The actions of General Philip H. Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley contributed largely to the advancement of the Union cause. On September 19, 1864, Sheridan telegraphed Ulysses S. Grant, Commanding General of the Union armies, that he had met and overcome the forces of General Jubal Early at Opequan Creek, "driving him through Winchester, capturing about twenty five hundred prisoners." On learn- ing of the victory, Lincoln sent the con- gratulatory message exhibited here: Have just heard of your great victory. God bless you all, officers and men. Strongly inclined to come up and see you. 185. A LETTER OF CONDOLENCE TO THE WIDOW BIXBY Photostatic copy of letter from Abraham Lincoln to Mrs. Lydia Bixby, November 21, 1864, in the Boston Transcript, November 25, 1864. MSS Of Lincoln's masterly letters of condolence — to the parents of Elmer E. Ellsworth, to Miss Fanny McCullough, and to Mrs. Lydia Bixby — the Bixby letter is perhaps the best known. It is also the most controversial, for the original manuscript has never been lo- 70 cated, purported facsimiles have been ad- judged forgeries, and the letter contains errors of fact. The first publication of the letter was in the Boston Transcript of November 25, 1864, a photostatic copy of which is shown here. There it was printed under these comments : Letter from President Lincoln. Mrs. Bixby — a lady in the southern portion of this city, whose case has excited much sympathy — had six sons enlisted in the Union army, five of whom have been killed in battle, and the sixth is now at the U. S. Hospital at Readville. Being in indigent circumstances, she has received assistance from some of the churches and Christian women of Boston. Her lonely abode was made cheerful this morning by the receipt of the following letter from President Lincoln: Then follows the text of this beautiful letter, universal in its significance, timeless in its solace : I have been shown in the files of the War Department a statement of the Adjutant General of Massachusetts, that you are the mother of five sons who have died gloriously on the field of battle. I feel how weak and fruitless must be any words of mine which should attempt to beguile you from the grief of a loss so overwhelming. But I cannot refrain from tendering to you the consolation that may be found in the thanks of the Republic they died to save. I pray that our Heavenly Father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement, and leave you only the cherished memory of the loved and lost, and the solemn pride that must be yours, to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of Freedom. The contention that John Hay composed the letter has never been proved, and schol- ars see no reason to doubt the authenticity of the text as it appeared in the Boston Transcript of November 25, 1864, and other contemporary sources. (Lincoln erred, however, in regard to the fate of Mrs. Bixby's sons because her case was incorrectly pre- sented to him. Later research has estab- lished that two sons were killed in action, one was captured, one deserted, and one was honorably discharged.) The purported "facsimiles" appeared in 1 89 1 in New York City, where not one, but two, forgeries were reproduced in mass and sold as copies of the "original" letter. Al- most all Lincoln authorities agree that the true original was destroyed, perhaps by Mrs. Bixby herself, who, ironically, was a woman of strong Southern sympathies. 186. LINCOLN'S REPLY TO A "CHRIST- MAS GIFT" FROM SHERMAN Two-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to William T. Sherman, December 26, 1864. MSS General William T. Sherman, assuming command of the western armies after Grant's promotion, proposed a daring operation, to which Lincoln with some misgivings as- sented. Leaving an army under George H. Thomas to defend Tennessee, Sherman and his army of 62,000 severed all communica- tions to the north and began a 300-mile march from Atlanta to Savannah and the sea. For 32 days thereafter Lincoln waited anxiously, but no news came from this ex- pedition through the heart of the Con- federacy. On December 22 Sherman sent a dispatch to Lincoln saying: "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah with 150 heavy guns & plenty of ammunition & also about 25,000 bales of cotton." A grate- ful Lincoln, recognizing the great stride that had been taken toward ending the war, answered with the letter shown here: Many, many, thanks for your Christmas-gift — the capture of Savannah. When you were about leaving Atlanta for the Atlantic coast, I was anxious, if not fearful; but feeling that you were the better judge, and re- membering that "nothing risked, nothing gained" I did not interfere. Now, the undertaking being a success, the honor is all yours ; for I believe none of us went farther than to acquiesce. And, taking the work of Gen. Thomas into the count, as it should be taken, it is indeed a great success. Not only does it afford the obvious and immediate military advantages; but, in showing to the world that your army could be divided, putting the stronger part to an important new service, and yet leaving enough to vanquish the old opposing force of the whole — Hood's army — it brings those who sat in darkness, to see a great light. But what next? I suppose it will be safer if I leave Gen. Grant and yourself to decide. 71 Please make my grateful acknowledgements to your whole army, officers and men. 187. LINCOLN VISITS GRANT AT CITY POINT "Lincoln in City Point." Colored litho- graph by G. Bartsch [n. p., n. d.] (See illus- tration.) AWS-R On March 23, 1865, Lincoln, accompanied by Mrs. Lincoln and "Tad," left Washing- ton on the River Queen to visit Grant's headquarters at City Point, where he re- mained during the closing days of the war in Virginia, returning to Washington on the evening of April 9. In the lithograph here displayed, Lincoln is depicted in black attire and wearing a silk hat, on horseback, at the City Point fortifications where Union soldiers and Negro freedmen greet him. 188. LINCOLN WRITES TO STANTON FROM CITY POINT Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Edwin M. Stanton, March 25, 1865. From the Edwin M. Stanton Papers. MSS During his visit at City Point Lincoln sent numerous messages to the Secretary of War, reporting the latest military developments. In the letter exhibited here Lincoln reports his arrival; discusses an appointment in the War Department; and advises that Robert E. Lee has returned a communication from a British nobleman to the Confederate States, forwarded by General Grant: Arrived here, all safe about 9 P.M. yesterday. No war news. Gen. Grant does not seem to know very much about Yeatman, but thinks very well of him so far as he does know. I like Mr. Whiting very much, and hence would wish him to remain or resign as best suits himself. Hearing this much from me, do as you think best in the matter. Gen. Lee has sent the Russell let- ter back, concluding, as I understand from Grant, that their dignity does not admit of their receiving the document from us. Robert just now tells me there was a little rumpus up the line this morning, ending about where it began. 189. "ALL SEEMS WELL WITH US" "From Our Special War Correspondent." Photocopy of cartoon in Harper's Weekly, April 15, 1865. P Lincoln is depicted writing (on a drum- head) one of his frequent letters back to Washington. He reports that "all seems well with us," apparently in reference to recent Union successes in Virginia. This caricature appeared in Harper's on the day Lincoln died. 190. LINCOLN WRITES CONCERNING THE VIRGINIA LEGISLATURE Single-page holograph letter from Abraham Lincoln to Godfrey Weitzel, April 6, 1865. MSS Lincoln entered the recently fallen city of Richmond on April 4, despite Stanton's plea that he be cautious. Returning to his headquarters at Petersburg, he met with Judge John A. Campbell who informed him that the Virginia Legislature would repeal the ordinance of secession and withdraw from the war upon Lincoln's promise of mercy and no further confiscation of prop- erty. Anxious to avoid unnecessary blood- shed, Lincoln, in the letter shown here, directs Godfrey Weitzel, the Union general commanding at Richmond, to allow the legislature to meet: It has been intimated to me that the gentlemen who have acted as the Legislature of Virginia, in support of the rebellion, may now desire to assemble at Richmond, and take measures to withdraw the Virginia troops, and other support from resistance to the General government. If they attempt it, give them permission and pro- tection, until, if at all, they attempt some action hostile to the United States, in which case you will notify them and give them reasonable time to leave; & at the end of which time, arrest any who may remain. Allow Judge Campbell to see this, but do not make it public. 72 The legislature met on April 7, with only five members present, and Lincoln remarked to Charles A. Dana, Assistant Secretary of War, that "Sheridan seemed to be getting Virginia soldiers out of the war faster than this Legislature could think." 191. LAST PHOTOGRAPH OF LINCOLN FROM LIFE Photograph from a copy negative in the Frederick H. Meserve Collection, New York. (Meserve no. 100) (See illustration.) P On April 10, 1865, four days before Lin- coln's assassination, Alexander Gardner took a photograph of the President, the last ever made from life. The copy here exhibited has been made from a print in the Meserve Collection, the only original print extant, since Mr. Truman H. Bartlett, who acquired it from Gardner in 1874, stated at the time that only one print was made from the broken negative before it was regarded as valueless and destroyed. 192. THE BOOK THAT MADE LINCOLN LAUGH [David R. Locke]. The Nasby Papers: Let- ters and Sermons Containing the Views on the Topics of the Day by Petroleum V. Nasby, "Pastor uv the Church uv the Noo Dispensashun." Indianapolis, 1864. R The works of Petroleum Vesuvius Nasby, pseudonym of David R. Locke, an Ohio journalist, were favorite reading of Abra- ham Lincoln. The dialect letters bur- lesqued Copperhead attitudes and greatly appealed to the President's risibilities. The volume displayed here, apparently specially bound, once belonged to Lincoln, who partially burned some of its pages by getting them too close to the candle by which he read them in bed, a favorite prac- tice of his, according to Robert Todd Lin- coln. The book is a recent gift of Frederic N. Towers, and came to the Library of Con- gress with a letter from Mary Harlan ( Mrs. Robert Todd) Lincoln to Mr. Towers ex- plaining the burned pages. The diary of General Isham Nicholas Haynie for April 14, 1865, records that the last hours of Lincoln's life were brightened by this book : At five o'clock this afternoon Governor [Rich- ard J.] Oglesby and I called at the White House. Mr. Lincoln was not in, but just as we were going away his carriage, with himself, wife, and Tad drove up. The President called us back. We went into his reception room and had a pleasant humorous hour with him. He read four chapters of Petroleum V. Nasby's book (recently pub- lished) to us, and continued reading until he was called to dinner at about six o'clock, when we left him. A few hours later Lincoln was assas- sinated. 193. ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S FAVORITE POEM Oh! Why Should the Spirit of Mortal be Proud. Poem by Abraham Lincoln, Late President of the U. S. Music by Geo. C. Pearson. Boston, 1865. (See illustration.) AWS-R When Lincoln was living in New Salem he was given a newspaper clipping containing an anonymous poem entitled "Mortality," or, after the opening lines, "Oh, Why Should the Spirit of Mortal be Proud?" He committed it to memory and often re- cited it for the entertainment of himself and of his friends. In 1846 he sent a copy to a friend and later wrote him (letter to Andrew Johnston, April 18, 1846) : I think you ask me who is the author of the piece I sent you, and that you do so ask as to indicate a slight suspicion that I myself am the author. Beyound all question, I am not the author. I would give all I am worth, and go in debt, to be able to write so fine a piece as I think that is. Neither do I know who is the author. . . In the item exhibited — the poem set to music — authorship is mistakenly ascribed to Lincoln. The poem actually was written by a young Scottish poet, William Knox, who died in 1825. According to James Grant 73 Wilson, (writing for Putnam's Magazine, February 1909), he so informed Lincoln, while he was President, and presented him with a copy of Knox's book (The Lonely Hearth, The Songs of Israel, Harp of Zion, and Other Poems), in which the poem appeared. ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN 194. LINCOLN'S LAST AUTOGRAPH Single-page holograph note from Abraham Lincoln to George Ashmun, April 14, 1865. MSS Exhibited here is what is possibly the last handwriting of Abraham Lincoln, (written within two hours of his assassination) : "Allow Mr. Ashmun & friend to come in at 9 A. M. tomorrow." The recipient, George Ashmun, describes the document as follows: The above is the last autograph of President Lincoln. It was written & given to me at half past 8 P. M. April 14, 1865, just as he & Mrs. Lincoln were starting for the Theatre where he was assassinated. 195. THE MAD ACT OF JOHN WILKES BOOTH "Assassination of President A. Lincoln, April 14th 1865 at Ford's Theater, Washington, D. C." Colored lithograph [n. p., n. d.] (See illustration.) P Threats against his life had been common- place with Lincoln since his election in i860. Fearing for Lincoln's safety, John G. Nico- lay had once negotiated for a coat of mail for the President-Elect to wear to Washing- ton. A special pigeonhole in Lincoln's desk was used to hold the threats of assassination. His self-appointed bodyguard and devoted friend, Ward Hill Lamon, was constantly concerned about these threats, and in De- cember 1864 he had urged Nicolay never to allow the President to go out alone, par- ticularly warning against Lincoln's habit of going to the theater. Lincoln refused to worry, disregarding the warning, and on the evening of April 14, 1865, was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth while attending a per- formance of Our American Cousin at Ford's Theater in the company of Mrs. Lincoln, Major Henry R. Rathbone, and Clara Har- ris, the officer's fiancee. 196. BOOTH FLEEING ACROSS STAGE "The Assassination of President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre — After the Act." Photocopy of wood engraving in Harper's Weekly, April 29, 1865. P After he had fired the fatal shot, the crazed John Wilkes Booth jumped from the Presi- dent's box to the floor of the stage below. Here portrayed is the President slumped in his chair, the shock and surprise of the audi- ence, and Booth fleeing across stage. ( Booth injured his leg in the jump, although this is not evident in the sketch.) 197. AN ARTIST'S SKETCH OF THE SCENE "View of the Box in which the President was Assassinated. Taken from the Dress Circle." Drawing by Alfred R. Waud, 1865. P As indicated by the notes, this sketch, pre- pared by Waud, staff artist for Harper's Weekly, was intended for publication. Shown (see illustration) are the "spot on which the man jumped" and the distance from the President's box to the stage floor ("11 ft. 6 in."). 198. WHERE LINCOLN WAS SHOT Photograph from a copy negative. P Soon after the assassination Mathew B. Brady, or an assistant, took this photograph of Ford's Theatre, on 10th Street, Washing- ton, the building in which Lincoln was shot. In 1 86 1 John T. Ford of Baltimore con- verted the building (formerly a church) into a theatre. After the assassination it was seized by the Government; Ford later was cleared of any complicity in the crime 74 and received compensation of $100,000. The building is now a national Lincoln Museum. "NOW HE BELONGS TO THE AGES" "The Death Bed of the Martyr President, Abraham Lincoln." Lithograph by Cur- rier and Ives, New York, 1865. P The unconscious President was carried from the theater to the nearby house of William Peterson at 453 10th Street. There, in a room rented to William Clark, a boarder, Abraham Lincoln died at 7:22 A.M., April 15, 1865. An artist's conception of the deathbed scene is shown here with the dying President surrounded by his family, mem- bers of the Cabinet (excluding Seward, who had been seriously stabbed in an assassina- tion attempt the same night) , Senators, phy- sicians and officers. Vice President Andrew Johnson, prominently shown, had paid a brief visit to the room, but was not present during the final moments. When Lincoln died Edwin M. Stanton (ac- cording to Charles Sabin Taft, one of the attending physicians) uttered his famous remark, "Now he belongs to the ages." WELLES DESCRIBES THE GRIEF AT THE WHITE HOUSE Holograph diary of Gideon Welles, opened to the entry for April 15, 1865. From the Gideon Welles Papers. MSS On the morning of Lincoln's death Secre- tary of the Navy Gideon Welles went to the White House, where his wife had been sum- moned to stay with Mrs. Lincoln and where he met Attorney General James Speed. His diary records the grief-filled scene and the bereavement of Lincoln's son: I went after breakfast to the Executive Mansion. There was a cheerless cold rain and every thing seemed gloomy. On the Avenue in front of the White House were several hundred colored peo- ple — mostly women and children weeping and wailing their loss. This crowd did not appear to diminish through the whole of that cold wet day — they seemed not to know what was to be their fate since their great benefactor was dead, and their hopeless grief affected me more than almost anything else, though strong and brave men wept when I met them. At the White House all was dismal [?], and sad. Mrs. W. was with Mrs. L. and came to meet me in the library. Speed came in and we soon left together. As we were descending the stairs, "Tad" who was looking from the window at the foot turned and seeing us cried aloud in his tears "O Mr. Welles who killed my father?" Neither Speed nor myself could restrain our tears, nor give the poor boy any satisfactory answer. 201. A "LIFE" OF THE ASSASSIN Dion Haco. /. Wilkes Booth, the Assassi- nator of President Lincoln. New York, 1865. AWS-R The infamy of Booth's act inspired a rash of biographies, one of the earliest and rarest, as well as most lurid, of which is the Haco account, here exhibited, published in a series of "Dawley's new war novels." 202. AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST LINCOLN The Great Conspiracy. A Book of Absorb- ing Interest. Startling Developments. Emi- nent Persons Implicated. Full Secret of the Assassination Plot. John H. Surratt and his Mother. With Biographical Sketches of J. B. Booth and John Wilkes, and the Life and Extraordinary Adventures of John H. Surratt, the Conspirator. Philadelphia [1866]. AWS-R A paperback account of the assassination plot, written in response to constant popular demand. The same publishers, Barclay & Co., had the year before published a similar narrative, with news dispatches, under the title The Terrible Tragedy at Washington. 203. AN APPEAL FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO THE APPREHENSION OF THE MURDERER "$100,000 Reward!!" [Washington? 1865] Broadside. AWS-R 75 In the frantic days following Booth's escape, there was no coordinated effort to locate the murderer and it was not until April 26 that he was run to ground and shot near Port Royal, Virginia. In the interim various cities and States joined in offering rewards for his capture, but were overshadowed by that offered by the War Department, in the circular here exhibited, issued six days after the assassination. It opens "The murderer of our late beloved President Abraham Lin- coln is still at large," offers $50,000 dollars for his apprehension and $25,00 each for the capture of two accomplices, G. A. Atzerodt and David C. Herold, and closes: "Let the stain of innocent blood be removed from the land by the arrest and punishment of the murderers. All good citizens are expected to aid public justice, on this occasion." THE NATION IN MOURNING 204. THE FUNERAL AT THE WHITE HOUSE Card of admission to the Executive Man- sion, Wednesday, April 19, 1865. From the Zachariah Chandler Papers. MSS The body of Abraham Lincoln lay in state in the East Room of the White House. On Tuesday, April 18, an estimated 25,000 people, in two columns, filed through for their last look at the martyred President. On the following day 600 notables packed the room at the funeral ceremonies. Shown here is an official card of admission, edged in black. 205. LYING IN STATE AT THE CAPITOL Photograph from a copy negative. P Shown in this photograph by Mathew B. Brady or an assistant is the funeral proces- sion which escorted the body of Abraham Lincoln along Pennsylvania Avenue to the Capitol, where he lay in state in the rotunda until April 21. 206. LINCOLN'S FUNERAL TRAIN Photograph from a copy negative. P After a brief 6 A. M. service in the rotunda of the Capitol, Lincoln's coffin was taken from its catafalque and placed aboard the special train which would bear it ( and that of his son, Willie) to Springfield and burial. Shown here is a photograph, by Brady or an assistant, of Lincoln's funeral car. 207. A TOKEN OF GRIEF FROM THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS Mourning envelope of the Office of the Librarian of Congress, [1865]. MSS Government offices, as well as individuals, adopted mourning stationery to express the grief felt throughout the North at the death of President Lincoln. Exhibited is a mourn- ing envelope used in the Office of the Li- brarian of Congress. 208. LINCOLN LIES IN STATE IN NEW YORK CITY. "The Body of the Martyr President, Abraham Lincoln, Lying in State at the City Hall, N. Y., April 24th & 25th, 1865." Lithograph by Currier and Ives, New York, 1865. P During the slow journey of the funeral train to Springfield over 7,000,000 Americans saw Lincoln's coffin, and over 1,500,000 saw his face after death. In New York City, where his body lay in state on April 24-25, huge crowds filed by his bier. 209. OBSEQUIES OF LINCOLN AT COLUMBUS "Funeral Car Used at the Obsequies of the Late Pres. A. Lincoln at Columbus, O. Apr. 29, 1865." Drawn by Albert Ruger. Lith- ograph by Ehrgott, Forbriger & Co., Cin- cinnati. {See illustration.) P 76 Abraham Lincoln's favorite poem. Sheet -music by Geo. C. Pearson. Boston, 1865. (See entry i 1 9. AN ENGLISH LIFE OF LINCOLN, 1861 [Robert Black.] A Memoir of Abraham Lincoln, President Elect of the United States of America. London, 1861. AWS-R This is probably the first biography of Lin- coln published in England and the first published outside the United States. 220. THE WORKING MEN OF LONDON ADDRESS PRESIDENT LINCOLN Two-page handwritten document, address of the working men of London to Abraham Lincoln, [December 31, 1862]. RTL-MSS Although the British aristocracy was in- clined to look kindly upon the Confederacy, among the workingmen of Great Britain there was strong Pro-Union sentiment. Despite the distress caused by the blockade which kept Southern cotton from the British mills, the laboring men saw the war as a struggle for liberty. Public meetings at Manchester and London on December 31, 1862, produced resolutions supporting President Lincoln. The proceedings of the London meeting, shown here, read in part : We who offer to you this address are English- men and workingmen. We prize as our dearest inheritance ... the liberty which we enjoy — the liberty of free labor upon a free soil. . . . We pray God to strengthen your hands, to confirm your noble purpose, and to hasten the restoration of that lawful authority which engages ... to realize the glorious principle on which your Con- stitution is founded — the brotherhood, freedom, and equality of all men. To them Lincoln replied on February 2, 1863, saying: The resources, advantages, and powers of the American people are very great, and they have, consequently, succeeded to equally great respon- sibilities. It seems to have devolved upon them to test whether a government, established on the principles of human freedom, can be maintained against an effort to build one upon the exclusive foundation of human bondage. They will rejoice with me in the new evidences which your proceedings furnish, that the magna- nimity they are exhibiting is justly estimated by the true friends of freedom and humanity in foreign countries. 221. A QUEEN CONSOLES MARY TODD LINCOLN Three-page holograph letter from Queen Victoria to Mary Todd Lincoln, April 29, 1865. MSS The death of Abraham Lincoln brought letters of condolence from many nations. From England came this letter to the be- reaved Mary Todd Lincoln. Writing as a woman who knew the sorrows of widow- hood, Queen Victoria offers her sincere, personal sympathy: Though a Stranger to you I cannot remain silent when so terrible a calamity has fallen upon you & your Country & must personally express my deep & heartfelt sympathy with you under the shocking circumstances of your present dreadful misfortune — No one can better appreciate than I can, who am myself utterly broken-hearted by the loss of my own beloved Husband, who was the Light of my Life, — my Stay — my all, — what your suf- ferings must be; and I earnestly pray that you may be supported by Him to whom Alone the sorely stricken can look for comfort, in this hour of heavy affliction. With the renewed Expression of true sym- pathy, I remain, Dear Madam, Your Sincere friend 222. AN APOLOGY FROM LONDON Punch, or the London Charivari, v. 48, May 6, 1865. Open to pages 182-183 showing: ( 1 ) a cartoon, "Britannia Sympathises With Columbia"; (2) a poem by Tom Taylor, "Abraham Lincoln. Foully Assassinated, April 14, 1865." G Throughout the war the London humorous weekly Punch had slandered Lincoln in a series of satirical cartoons and verses. The periodical's apology came in the cartoon by Sir John Tenniel displayed here, showing Britannia, grieving with Columbia and a Negro, laying a wreath on Lincoln's bier 81 Tom Taylor, author of Our American Cousin, atoned for his verses by asking: Beside this corpse, that bears for winding-sheet The Stars and Stripes he lived to rear anew, Between the mourners at his head and feet, Say, scurril-jester is there room for you? 223. LINCOLN — A TRIBUTE FROM FRANCE (1) Single-page holograph letter from Victor Hugo and other members of a French Committee to Mrs. Mary Todd Lincoln, October 13, 1866. (See illustration.)', (2) Gold medal. MSS In a ceremony held in Paris on December 1, 1866, John Bigelow, American consul, re- ceived on behalf of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln the gold medal shown here "which more than forty thousand French citizens have had struck in honor of the great good man whose name you bear." The presentation committee wrote a letter to accompany the medal, which is also exhibited. The trans- lation reads : We are obligated to present to you the medal which more than forty thousand French citizens have had struck in honor of the great good man whose name you bear, desiring to show their sym- pathies for the American Union, in the person of one of its most illustrious and purest represent- atives. If France possessed the liberties which repub- lican America enjoys, it would not be by thou- sands, but by millions that would be counted with us, the admirers of Lincoln, and the partisans of the opinions to which he devoted his life, and which his death has consecrated. Please accept, Madame, the hommage of our profound respect. The Members of the Committee Louis Blanc Victor Hugo etc. etc. Mary Lincoln wrote from Chicago, on Jan- uary 3, 1867: "I cannot express to you the emotions with which I receive this manifes- tation of the feelings of so many thousands of your fellow Countrymen. So grand a testimonial to the memory of my husband, given in honor of his services in the cause of liberty, by those who labor in the same great cause in another land, is deeply affecting. . . ." 224. LINCOLN'S STATURE, AS SEEN BY A FRENCH CARTOONIST "Lincoln, par Alfred, le Petit." Cartoon in color published in Le Grelot, November 23, 1873. [See illustration.) G Lincoln is depicted as so much greater than Uncle Sam, whom he holds on the palm of his hand, that he must employ a magnifying glass in order to see him. 225. GERMAN REACTION TO THE DEATH OF LINCOLN Four-page holograph letter on mourning stationery from Henry Boernstein, Bremen, Germany, to Montgomery Blair, April 30, 1865. From the Blair Family Papers. MSS From Bremen, Germany, came news of the impact of Lincoln's death in that area of the world. The United States Consul, Henry Boernstein, described it to Mont- gomery Blair in these words : What a general consternation, what an im- mense grief all over Europe! Lincoln dead! Lincoln assassinated! That is the only thought, the universal cry, the all excluding topic in Court-Palaces and in the cabins of the poor. I have witnessed in Europe the memorable epochs of 1830 and 1848, but never have I seen such a general commotion, such a deep consternation. . . . 226. BIOGRAPHY IN DUTCH, 1865 G[eorge] W. Bacon. Abraham Lincoln geschetst in zijn Leven en Daden. Amster- dam, 1865. AWS-R A Dutch translation of a British biography (The Life and Administration of Abraham Lincoln), based upon American source ma- terial and published in London in 1865. 82 227. AN ITALIAN HERO WRITES ABRA- HAM LINCOLN Three-page holograph letter from Giuseppe Garibaldi to Abraham Lincoln, August 6, 1863. RTL-MSS Fighting for the unification of his country, Giuseppe Garibaldi, the hero of Italian freedom, wrote this eloquent letter. In his expressions of admiration for the Emanci- pation Proclamation — "the rupture of your chains" — Garibaldi voiced the sentiments of the many to whom Lincoln had become a living symbol of liberty. His letter, in trans- lation, reads in part : If in the midst of the clangor of titanic strife our voices may also mingle, O Lincoln, let us the free Sons of Columbus send a message of augury and of admiration of the great work you have initiated. . . . America, teacher of liberty to our Fathers, now opens the most solemn Era of human progress, and while she amazes the world by her gigantic boldness, makes us sadly reflect that this old Europe, which agitated by the grand cause of freedom, can find neither intellect nor heart for equality. . . . 228. A GREEK TRANSLATION, 1865, OF A FAMED BIOGRAPHY gezelshaftlikhe Arbayt. A biografishes Bild. Warsaw [ 1 9 1 o] AWS-R "Abraham Lincoln, the Emancipator of the slaves . . .," a biographical sketch of Lincoln translated from the Russian into Yiddish. The title is transliterated. 230. LINCOLN IS KNOWN IN PERSIA [Translation] Rays of Light, v. 13, May 1863, Oroomiah, Persia. RTL-MSS On April 6, 1864, Henry N. Cobb sent Abraham Lincoln a letter enclosing a copy of a monthly paper, "Rays of Light," pub- lished in Nestorian Syriac by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- sions in Oroomiah, Persia, and assuring Lincoln that "in distant Persia, hundreds and perhaps thousands are learning to rev- erence your name." The paper contains (p. 37) a literal translation of the Emanci- pation Proclamation into Syriac and is in- troduced by the statement: "The President of the United States has issued a procla- mation that all the slaves of those portions of the country now in rebellion should be free." 229. [William M. Thayer]. Ho Apoikos Pais; Etoi, Existoresis ton Peripeteion tou Biou tou nyn Proedron ton Henomenon Politeion tes Amerikes, Abraam Linkolnos, me Eikonographias. En Athenais, 1865. AWS-R A Greek translation by G. Konstantinos of Thayer's The Pioneer Boy (see entry 4). The title is transliterated. A YIDDISH TRANSLATION (PUB- LISHED IN POLAND) OF A RUSSIAN LIFE OF LINCOLN A. V. Kamenskii. Avraam Linkoln, der Befrayer fun di Shklaven; zayn Leben un 231. A CHINESE BIOGRAPHY Chih-hsiu Ch'ien. Lin k'en. Shanghai, 1924. AWS-R A juvenile life of Lincoln written entirely in Chinese, with occasional words in English. The title is transliterated. 232. A JAPANESE BIOGRAPHY Kaiseki Matsumura. Aburahamu Rin- korun. [Tokyo] [1901] AWS-R A life of Lincoln in the Japanese language, first published in 1890. The title is transliterated. 83 233- AN HAWAIIAN TRANSLATION, 1869, OF A FAMED BIOGRAPHY [William M. Thayer]. Ke Keiki Paionia: or Pioneer Boy i Mo i Peresidena no Amerika Huipuia; i unuhiia a i Kakania e Samuel C. Andrews, Lahainaluna. Nu Yoka, 1869. AWS-R This is a very rare translation by Samuel C. Andrews of Thayer's The Pioneer Boy {see entry 4) . 234. A SPANISH BIOGRAPHY, 1866 D[omingo] F. Sarmiento. Vida de Abran Lincoln, decimo sesto Presidente de los Estados Unidos. Precidida [!] de una intro- duction, por D. F. Sarmiento . . . Nueva York, 1866. AWS-R A life of Lincoln in Spanish with an intro- duction by a former President of the Argen- tine Republic. 235. CANADIAN TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN Maple Leaves From Canada, for the Grave of Abraham Lincoln. St. Catharines, 1865. AWS-R Contains addresses eulogistic of Lincoln de- livered by Rev. Robert Norton, pastor of the first Presbyterian Church, and by Rev. Robert F. Burns, pastor of the Canada Pres- byterian Church, at St. Catharines, Canada West, April 23rd, 1865. 84 List of Negatives INFORMATION ON ORDERING PHOTOGRAPHS In the absence of copyright restrictions or other conditions, photocopies may be secured of all exhibited materials belonging to the Library of Congress. Orders should be addressed to the P hot odu plication Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D. C. A request should be accompanied by a full descrip- tion of the item and its location as indicated by a symbol after the entry in this catalog. Where photographic negatives already exist, the negative number should also be indicated as shown below. Photographs made from negatives in the collection of Frederick H. Meserve (see entry nos. gy, 102, 123, 142, 166, and iqi) cannot be reproduced by the Library of Congress. Photographs from the Brady-Handy Collection (see entry nos. 58 and 144) cannot be reproduced without the permission of Mrs. Alice H. Cox, the daughter of the late Levin C. Handy, Washington photographer; there will be no restriction on use of the collection after September 14, 1Q64. Entry No. 13 16 25 32 35 36 38 40 4 1 58 67 72 74 75 78 80 83 87 89 90 9i 93 94 95 100 103 Photographic Negative No. LC-USZ62-12437 LC-USZ62-12438 HABS ILL 84-SPRIF 1 -1, 1-5 LC-USZ62-12423 LC-USZ62-i24i6, 1 24 1 7 LG-USZ62-2066 LC-B816-1322 LCZUSZ62-12457, 12458 LC-USZ62-12439 LG-BH834-14 LC-USZ62-7586 LC-USZ62-5803 LG-USZ62-3772 LC-USZ62-3771 LC-USZ62-7725 LG-USZ62-12428 LG-USZ62-5884 LC-USZ62-2068 LC-USZ62-12420 LG-USZ62-12424 LC-USZ62-12425 LC-USZ62-7992 LC-USZ62-12419 LC-USZ72-12440 LC-USZ62-12451 LC-USZ62-331 Entry No. Photographic Negative No 104 . . LC-USZ62-4916 107 . . LG-USZ6 2-5409 108 . . LC-USZ62-12441 109 . . LG-USZ62-9708 Ill . LC-USZ62-12442 113 . . LC-USZ62-12443 Il6 . . LG-USZ62-4521 127 . . LC-USZ62-7951 128 . . LC-USZ62-2621 131 . . LC-USZ62-12444 133 • . LC-USZ62-12453 134 • . LC-USZ62-12445 141 . . LG-B8 16-13 14 144 . LC-BH82-4023 D 150 . LC-USZ62-2069 153 . LC-USZ62-2070 160 . . LC-USZ61-184 163 . . LG-B815-1159 B 167 . . LC-USP6-2416 A 169 , . LC-USZ62-7867 175 . . LC-USZ62-8286 176 . . LC-USZ62-7587 177 . . LC-USZ62-12450 178 . . LC-USZ62-1676 180 . . LC-USZ6 2-2046 182 . . LC-USZ62-1983 85 i8 7 . LC-USZ62-1 2449 189 . , LC-USZ6 2- 1 2446 195 • LG-USZ62-12426 196 . LC-USZ62-5730 197 • LC-USZ62-4531 198 . LC-USZ62-4567 199 • LC-USZ62-12421 205 . LG-USZ62-4566 206 . LG-USZ62-4588 208 . LC-USZ62-11745 209 . LC-USZ62-2075 210 . . LC-USZ62-4375 211 . LC-USZ62-2454 212 . LC-USZ62-1 2422 213 . LG-USZ62-7591 215-1 LC-B8 1 84-7770 215-2 LC-B817-7781 215-3 LG-B8 1 7-7784 215-4 LG-B8 1 7-7787 217 . . LG-B8 1 7-7798 222 (cartoon) LC-USZ62-12447 224 . LC-USZ62-12448 86 Index The following index to the catalog includes subjects, personal names (other than that of Abraham Lincoln), places, and titles. At the end there is an index to all manuscripts by Lincoln appearing in the exhibit. The numbers indicate entries, not pages. "Abraham Lincoln Defending Young Armstrong" (lithograph), 36 "Abraham Lincoln. Foully Assassinated, April 14, 1865" (poem), 222 Abraham Lincoln geschetst in zijn Leven en Daden, 226 Aburahamu Rinkorun, 232 Adams, Charles Francis, 1 79 Adams, John Quincy, 46 Aesop's Fables, 9 Albany, N. Y., 122,216 Alfred, le Petit, 224 Allen, Charles, 36 Alton, 111., 27,57, 63 Anderson, Robert, 115, 117 Andrews, Samuel C, 233 Antietam, 126, 127, 129 Appearance, Lincoln's comments on his, 79, 80 Arithmetic, Lincoln's homemade, 7, 8 Arizona Territory, 183 Armstrong, Hannah, 36 Armstrong, Jack, 36 Armstrong, William D. ("Duff"), 36, 37, 38 Arnold, Samuel, 2 1 5 Ashmun, George, 77, 194 "Assassination of President A. Lincoln, April 14th 1865 at Ford's Theater, Washington, D. C." (lithograph), 195 "The Assassination of President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre — After the Act" (wood engraving), 196 Atlanta, Ga., 186 Atzerodt, George A., 203, 215,217,218 Autograph Leaves of Our Country's Authors, 165 Avraam Linkoln, der Befrayer fun di Shklaven, 229 Ayres, George B., 78 B Babcock, James F., 79 Bacon, D. P., 140 Bacon, George W., 226 Baker, Edward D., 103 Baker, J. E., 182 Baltimore, Md., 100, 122, 165, 169 Balzcr, G. A., 181 Bancroft, George, 165 Banks, Nathaniel P., 139 Barclay& Co. (publisher), 202, 216 Barnum, Phineas T., letter to Lincoln, Aug. 30, 1861, 120 Bartlett, Truman H., 191 Bartsch, G., 187 Bates, Edward, 81, 126, 151, 153 Beardstown, 111., 17, 19, 36, 38 Bedell, Grace, 97, 99 Beecher, Henry Ward, 70 Bell, John, 88, 89, 90 Bellew, Frank, 1 75 Berks County, Pa., 1 Berry, William F., 15, 16, 20 Beveridge, Albert G., 37 Bigelow, John, 223 "Bill of Fare of the Presidential Inauguration Ball in the City of Washington, D. C, on the 6th of March 1865" (broadside), 181 Biographies of Lincoln, 4, 11, 13, 16, 84, 85, 173, 219, 226. 228, 229, 231, 232, 233 Bixby, Mrs. Lydia, 185 Black, Robert, 219 Black Hawk, 15, 19 Blair, Montgomery, 137, 151, 153, 225 Blanc, Louis, 223 Bliss, Alexander, 165 Bloomington, 111., 65, 69 "The Body of the Martyr President, Abraham Lincoln, Lying in State at the City Hall, N. Y., April 24th & 25th, 1865" (lithograph), 208 Boernstein, Henry, letter to Montgomery Blair, April 30, 1865,225 Books Lincoln read or studied, 8, 9, 10, 15, 18, 23, 43, 95, 192 Booth, John Wilkes, 195, 1 96, 20 1 , 202, 203, 2 1 5 Booth, Junius B., 202 Boston, Mass., 122 Boston Transcript, 185 Brady, Matthew B. (photographer), 58, 72, 102, 123, 127, 128, 141, 142, 144, 163, 166, 167, 177, 198, 205, 206 87 Bramlette, Thomas E., 156 Breckinridge, John C, 87, 88, 89, 90 Brenner, Victor D., 166 Briggs, James A., letter to Lincoln, Oct. 12, 1859, 70 "Britannia Sympathises with Columbia" (cartoon), 222 Britton, Isaac S., 3 1 Bronze casts of Lincoln's hands and face, 62, 76 Brooklyn, N. Y., 70 Brooks, Noah, 1 6 1 Broughton, L. D., 92 Broughton's Monthly Planet Reader and Astrological Journal, 92 Brown, J. Henry, 80 Browne, Charles F., 95 Browning, Orville H., 61, 172 Bryant, William Cullen, 71, 82 letter to Lincoln, June 16, i860, 82 Buchanan, James, 54, 89, 90, 103, 108, 1 14 Burns, Robert, 9 Burns, Robert F., 235 Burnside, Ambrose E., 130, 131, 132, 134, 136 Butterfield, Justin, 49 Buttre, John C, 107 Byers, Abraham M. (photographer), 38 Calhoun, John, 20 Cameron, Simon, 81, 119 letter to Hamilton R. Gamble, Aug. 3, 1861, 119 The Campaign in Illinois, Last Joint Debate. Douglas and Lincoln at Alton, Illinois, 63 Campaign songsters, 1860,86 Campaign songsters, 1864, 171 Campbell, John A., 190 Capen, Francis L., letter to Lincoln, Apr. 25, 1863, 135 The Career and Adventures of John H. Surratt, 2 1 8 Carey, Mathew, 9 Carpenter, Francis B., 107, 153 Carr, Clark E., 159 Carroll, William Thomas, 105 "Carroll Row", 41 Cass, Lewis, 19, 45 Cassens, H., 36 The Century Magazine, 62 Chandler, Zechariah, 204 Charleston, 111., 57 Chase, Salmon P., 81, 151, 152, 153, 170 letter to Lincoln, May 18, i860, 81 Chicago, 111., 56, 59, 62, 65, 74, 76, 78, 79, 2 10, 2 1 1, 223 Chicago Press and Tribune, 64, 65 Chicago Times 65 Ch'ien, Chih-hsiu, 231 Cintas, Oscar, 165 City Point, Va., 187, 188 Clark, William, 199 Clary's Grove, 36 Clay, Henry, 14,24 Cobb, Henry N., 230 Codding, Ichabod, 53 Coles County, 111., 316 Columbus, Ohio, 66, 209 The Comprehensive Bible ( 1847), 33 Concord, Mass., 157 Congressional Globe, 45 The Constitution of the United States of America, 43 Cook's Hall, 35 Cooper Institute, 70, 71, 72, 73, 85 Cooper Institute Speech, 71 Corning, Erastus, 136 "Cotillion Party," invitation to a, 29 Couch, Darius N., 138 Cowgill, William M., 66 Cowing, John P., 154 Crawford, Andrew, 3 Crawford, Elizabeth (Mrs. Josiah), 10 Crawford, Josiah ("Blue Nose"), 10,94 Currier & Ives, 87, 89, 90, 91, 169, 199, 208 Curtin, Andrew G., 159 Cuthbert, Mrs. Mary Ann, 140 Cutts, James Madison, Jr., 145 D Dall, Caroline Wells Healey, 22 Dana, Charles A., 190 Davis, Walter, 48 "The Death Bed of the Martyr President, Abraham Lincoln" (lithograph), 199 Decatur, 111., 52 "Dictator Greeley Dismisses the Cabinet" (cartoon), 1 13 Dilworth, Thomas, 8 Dixon, Anna Lane, 61 Dixon, Archibald, 156 Dixon, Jack W., 6 1 Dorsey, Azel W., 3 Doubleday, Abner, 1 1 7 Douglas, Stephen A., 29, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92 letter to Lincoln, July 30, 1858, 57 life mask of, 59 Dresser, Charles, 32 Dry Tortugas, 216 Duel, Lincoln-Shields, 27 Dupuy, Starke, 1 2 E Early, Jubal, 1 84 Edwards, Ninian W., 29 Ehrgott, Forbriger & Co., 150, 209 Elizabethtown, Ky., 2, 3, 6 Elkhorn Chair, 176, 177 Ellsworth, Elmer E., 185 English Grammar in Familiar Lectures, 18 Everett, Edward, 159, 164 Ewing, Thomas, 49, 50 Exeter, N. H., 73 Fassett, S. M. (photographer), 32, 211,212,213 Fell, Jesse W., 69 88 Ficklin, Orlando B., 26 Field, David D., 112 Fillmore, Millard, 54 "The First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation Before the Cabinet" (mezzotint), 153 Flatboatman, Lincoln as, 3, 13 Flint, Abel, 15, 20 Follett and Foster (publisher), 66 Forbes, John Murray, 1 54 Ford, John T., 198 Ford's Theatre, 195, 196, 198 Fort Jefferson, 2 1 6 Fort Sumter, 114, 115, 116 Foster, John Grey, 1 1 7 Francis, Simeon, 27, 50 Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 134 Frankfort Commonwealth, 156 Fredericksburg, Va., 130, 131 Freeport, 111., 57 Fremont, John C, 54, 149 "From Our Special War Correspondent" (cartoon), 189 "Funeral Car Used at the Obsequies of the Late Pres. A. Lincoln at Columbus, O., April 29, 1865" (litho- graph), 209 G Galesburg, 111., 57, 60 Gamble, Hamilton R., 1 19 Gardner, Alexander (photographer), 109, 141, 160, 178, 191,215,217 Garfield, James Abram, 4 Garibaldi, Guiseppe, letter to Lincoln, Aug. 6, 1863, 227 General Land Office, Lincoln seeks appointment to, 49 Gentry, Allen, 3 Gentry, James, 1 3 Gentryville, Ind., 5 German, C. S. (photographer), 97 Gettysburg, Pa., 138, 159, 160, 163, 164 Gibson, "Lizzie", 60 Gibson, Robert, 15, 20 "Give Thanks All Ye People", 147 Globe Tavern, 32 Godey's Lady's Book, 14.7 "Grand, National Union Banner for 1864. Liberty, Union and Victory" (lithograph), 169 "Grand Reception of the Notabilities of the Nation, at the White House 1865" (lithograph), 180 Grant, Ulysses S., 125, 139, 172, 180, 184, 186, 187, 188 Gray, Thomas, 1 The Great Conspiracy, 202 Greeley, Horace, 71, 1 1 1 , 112, 113, 149 letter to Lincoln, Apr. 8, 1861, 112 Le Grelot, 224 Grigsby, Nathaniel, letter to William H. Herndon, Sept. 4, 1865,5 Gurney, Eliza P., 1 74 H Hackett, James H., 146 Haco, Dion, 201 Hale, Charles, 218 Hale, Sarah Josepha, 147 Hall,E.H.,3 4 Halleck, Henry W., 130, 131, 134, 137, 138 Hamilton, , 16 Hamlin, Hannibal, 83, 84, 85, 86 Hammond, Jane E., 18 Handy, Levin C. (photographer), 41 Hanks, Dennis, letter to William H. Herndon, Dec. 24, 1865, 12 Hanks, John, 13 Hanks, Nancy, see Lincoln, Nancy Hanks Hardin County, Ky., 1, 2 Harlan, Mary, see Lincoln, Mary Harlan Harper's Ferry, Va., 137 Harper's Weekly, 74, 75, 98, 103, 108, 113, 131, 133, '75, '89, 196, 197,210 Harriott, James, 37 Harris, Clara, 195 Harrisburg, Pa., 100, 10 1 Harrison, William H., 24 Hawthorne, James P., 28 Hay, John, 39, 109, 1 18, 172, 179, 185 Haycraft, Samuel, 2 Haynie, Isham Nicholas, 192 Hazel, Caleb, 1 Helm, Ben Hardin, 148 Helm, Emilie Todd (Mrs. Ben Hardin), 148 Henry, Anson, 73 Herndon, William H., 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 16, 18, 21, 22, 31,34,35,45, 5<> Herold, David C, 203, 2 1 5, 2 1 7, 2 1 8 Hesler, Alexander (photographer), 78, 79 Hickey, William, 43 "High Handed Outrage at Utica", 152 Hill, John, 2 1 History and Evidence of the Passage of Abraham Lin- coln from Harrisburgh, Pa., to Washington. D. C, on the sad and 23d of February, 1861, 101 Ho Apoikos Pais, 228 Hodgenville, Ky., 2 Hodges, Albert G., 156 The Holy Bible (1853), 105 "Honest Abe Taking Them on the Half Shell" (litho- graphic cartoon), 87 Hooker, Joseph, 132, 133, 138 "House Divided" Speech, 55 Howard, Joseph, 100 Howells, William Dean, 1 Hugo, Victor, letter to Mary Todd Lincoln, Oct. 13, 1866, 223 Hull, William, 19 Humor of Lincoln, 95, 96, 192 Hunter, David, 117, 149, 216 Hutchinson, John W., e d., 86 89 Hutchinson's Republican Songster, for the Campaign of i860, 86 Hymns and Spiritual Songs, Selected and Original, 12 lies, Elijah, 19 Illinois State Journal, 98 "Improved Method of Lifting Vessels over Shoals", 48 "The Inaugural Procession at Washington Passing the Gate of the Capitol Grounds" (wood engraving), 103 Inkwell presented to Lincoln, 183 "The Inside Track" (cartoon), n 1 Inventor, Lincoln as, 48 Irwin, James, 80 Isham, Mrs. Charles (Mary Lincoln), 40, 143, 183 /. Wilkes Booth, The Assassinator of President Lincoln, 201 Jackson, Calvin (photographer), 60 Jacksonville, 111., 20 Janvier, Francis de Haes, 122 Jewelry of Mary Todd Lincoln, 143, 144 Johnson, Andrew, 169, 182, 199, 215 Johnston, Andrew, 14, 193 Johnston, John D., 7, 13 Johnston, "Sally" (*. e., Johnston, Sarah Bush) Johnston, Sarah Bush, see Lincoln, Sarah Bush Johnston Johnston, Thomas J. D., 7 Jonesboro, 111., 57 Judd, Norman B., 56 K Kamenskii, A. V., 229 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 51 Ke Keiki Paionia: or Pioneer Boy, 233 Kennedy, John A., 10 1 Kennedy, John P., 165 King, Mrs. Horatio, 121 King, Rufus, 218 Kinman, Seth, 176, 177 Kirkham, Samuel, 18 Knox, William, 193 Konstantinos, G., 228 Kurz, Louis, 67 Lamon, Ward H., 13, 16, 100, 195 Lane, George H., 61 Lane, James Lewis, 6 1 Larue County, Ky., 1 Latham, George, 73 Lee, Robert E., 126, 127, 138, 188 Leslie, Frank, 180 "Letter from the Lost Townships", 27 Lewis, Joseph J., 69 The Life and Administration of Abraham Lincoln, 226 The Life and Speeches of Abraham Lincoln, and Han- nibal Hamlin, 85 Life masks of Douglas, 59 of Lincoln, 62 The Life of Abraham Lincoln From his Birth Until his Inauguration as President, 13 The Life of George Washington, 9, 10 The Life, Speeches, and Public Services of Abram Lin- coln, 84 Lincoln, Abraham (1744-86), 1 Lincoln, Edward Baker, 32, 107 Lincoln, Mary, see Isham, Mrs. Charles Lincoln, Mary Harlan (Mrs. Robert Todd), 33, 192 Lincoln, Mary Todd (Mrs. Abraham), 27, 29, 32, 33, 40, 42, 43, 73, 80, 107, 122, 124, 140, 143, 144, 180, 187, 194, 195, 200,221, 223 Lincoln, Nancy Hanks, 1, 2, 5, 6 Lincoln, Robert Todd, 32, 33, 40, 73, 107, 167, 192 Lincoln, Sarah (sister of Abraham Lincoln), 2 Lincoln, Sarah Bush Johnston, 2, 3, 6 Lincoln, Thomas, 1, 2, 5, 6 Lincoln, Thomas Todd ("Tad"), 32, 107, 124, 140, 141, 142, 187, 192, 200 Lincoln, William Wallace ("Willie"), 32, 107, 124, 206 Lincoln & Hamlin Campaign Songster, 86 Lincoln and Herndon, attorneys, 31, 34, 35 Lincoln and Liberty songster, 86 Lincoln Campaign Songster, 171 "The Lincoln Family in 1861" (engraving), 107 "Lincoln in City Point" (lithograph), 187 "Lincoln's Dream, or There is a Good Time Coming" (cartoon), 134 Lin k'en, 231 Lippincott and Co. (publisher), 33 Locke, David R., 192 Logan, Stephen T., 31 Logan and Lincoln, attorneys, 3 1 London, Eng., 220 London Times, 179 The Lonely Hearth, The Songs of Israel, Harp of Zion, and Other Poems, 193 "Long Abraham Lincoln a Little Longer" (cartoon), 175 Lossing, Benson J., 155 Louisville, Ky., 88 M McClellan, George B., 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134 McCullough, Fanny, 185 McDowell, Irvin, 134 McNamar, James, 16 Major and Knapp, 180 Maltby, Harrison, 54 Mann, Mrs. Horace, 157 Maple Leaves from Canada, 235 Matsumura, Kaiseki, 232 Maurer, Louis, 87, 89, 90, 91 Meade, George G., 138 90 A Memoir of Abraham Lincoln, President Elect of the United States, 219 Menard Axis (Petersburg, 111.), 21 Meserve, Frederick H., 38, 40, 60, 72, 78, 79, 93, 97, 102, 109, 123, 127, 128, 141, 142, 160, 166, 167, 191 Metzker, James P., 36, 37 Mexican War, 44, 45 Military arrests, 120, 136 Milroy, Robert H., 137 Mississippi River, 13, 19 "Mr. Lincoln, Residence and Horse" (lithograph), 67 Monroe, Byrd, 26 "Mortality" (poem), 193 Mudd, Samuel A., 215 Muhlenburg, William A., 147 Murdock, James E., 122 Musick's Ferry, 20 N Napoleon I, 132 Nasby, Petroleum V., pseud., 192 The Nasby Papers, 192 "The National Game. Three 'Outs' and one 'Run.' Abraham Winning the Ball" (lithographic cartoon), 9i Nelson, David P., 17 The New Complete System of Arithmetick, 8 New England, Lincoln in, 73 New Haven Palladium, 79 New Orleans, La., 3, 13 "The New President of the United States" (cartoon), 100 New Salem, 111., 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 36 New York City, N. Y., 70, 71, 73, 84, 164, 208 New York Tribune, 1 13 Newman, W., 134 Nicolay, John G., 39, 80, 98, 99, 109, 120, 121, 161, 195 Norris, James H., 36, 37 Norton, Robert, 235 "O Captain! My Captain!" (poem), 214 Off utt, Denton, 13, 15, 16, 17 Oglesby, Richard J., 52, 192 Oh! Why Should the Spirit of Mortal be Proud (poem), 193 Ohio River, 13 O'Laughlin, Michael, 215 Old Abe's Joker or, Wit at the White House, 96 "$100,000 Reward!!" (broadside), 203 Only Authentic Life of Abraham Lincoln, Alias "Old Abe.", 173 Opdyke, George, 1 1 2 Opequan Creek, Va., 184 Oregon Territory, Lincoln offered appointments in, 50 Ottawa, 111., 57 Our American Cousin, 195, 222 Owens, Mary, 22 Paine, Lewis, 2 1 5, 2 1 7, 2 1 8 Pearce, James A., 103 Pearl necklace of Mary Todd Lincoln, 143, 144 Pearson, George C, 193 Petersburg, 111., 22, 66 Petersburg, Va., 190 Peterson, T. B. & Brothers (publisher), 216 Peterson, William, 199 Philadelphia, Pa., 54, 80, 92, 122 Pickett, Thomas J., 68 Pictorial History of the Civil War, 155 Pierce, Franklin, 124 Pike, Nicholas, 8 The Pilgrim's Progress, 9 Pinkerton, Allan, 100, 10 1 The Pioneer Boy and How He Became President, 4, 228, 233 Pittsfield, 111., 60 Plaster life mask of Stephen A. Douglas, 59 Plots against Lincoln, 100, 10 1, 195 Political Debates Between Hon. Abraham Lincoln and Hon. Stephen A. Douglas in the Celebrated Cam- paign of 1858, in Illinois, 66 Polk, James K., 44 Pomeroy, Samuel C, 1 70 Pope, John, 126 Port Royal, Va., 203 Postmaster, Lincoln as, 20 Poston, Charles D., 183 Presidency, Lincoln's remarks on fitness for, 68 "President Elect Abraham Lincoln" (wood engraving), 94 "The President, General Hooker, and Their Staffs at a Review of the Army of the Potomac" (drawing), 133 "President Lincoln and General Scott Reviewing a Three- Years Regiment on Pennsylvania Avenue" (drawing), 1 16 The President Lincoln Campaign Songster, 171 "President Lincoln, Writing the Proclamation of Free- dom, January 1st, 1863" (lithograph), 150 "President Lincoln's Funeral — Reception of the Re- mains at Chicago, Illinois" (drawing), 210 President Lincoln's Views, An Important Letter on the Principles Involved in the Vallandigham Case, 136 Presidential Pardons, 121, 122 The President's Hymn, 147 Proclamation of Amnesty, 148 The Public and Private Life of Abraham Lincoln, 1 1 Punch, or The London Charivari, 222 Putnam's Magazine, 193 Quincy, 111., 14, 57, 61 Rabinowitz, Louis, M., 35, 60, 167 "The 'Rail-Splitter' at Work Repairing the Union" (lithograph), 182 91 Rathbone, Henry R., 195 Ray, Charles H., 64, 65 Rays of Light, 230 Read, John Meredith, 80 Rease, William H., 83 "Rebecca", 27 Religious views of Abraham Lincoln, 1 74 Report of the Commissioner of Patents, for the year 184Q, Part I. Arts and Manufactures, 48 Reports from the Joint Select Committee to Enquire into the Condition of the State Bank of Illinois, 26 "The Republican Wigwam at Chicago, Illinois, in which the Republican Convention will be held, May 16, i860" (wood engraving), 74 "The Republicans in Nomination Convention in Their Wigwam at Chicago, May i860" (wood engraving), 75 Residences of Lincoln, 32, 41, 42, 67, 212 Reynolds, John, 19 Richmond, Va., 190 Riney, Zachariah, 1 Ritchie, Alexander H., 153 Robinson Crusoe, 9 Rock Island Register, 68 Rockingham County, Va., 1 Rowland, Smith & Company, 3 1 Rudd & Carleton (publisher), 84 Ruger, Albert, 209 Russell, John Russell, 1st earl, 188 Rutledge, Ann, 17, 18, 21, 22 Rutledge, James, 17 Rutledge, Robert B., 18 Rutledge Tavern, 16 Salt Creek, 111., 20 Sangamo Journal (Springfield, 111.), 27, 31 Sangamo Town, 111., 13 Sangamon County, 111., 20, 24, 25, 30 Sangamon River, 111., 17 Sarmiento, Domingo F., 234 Sartain, Samuel, 80 Savannah, Ga., 186 Schenck, Robert C, 137 Schnabel, Ellis B., 120 Schooling of Lincoln, 1, 3, 5, 69 The Schoolmaster's Assistant, 8 Schrader, Theodore, 36 Scott, William, 121, 122 Scott, Winfield, 115, 116, 125 Scripps, John L., 1 "Seth Kinman, the California Hunter, Presenting the President an Elkhorn Chair" (drawing), 176 Seward, William H., 47, 71, 81, 106, no, in, 114, 134, 151, 153, i55> 199, 215 Seymour, Truman, 1 15 Shakespeare, William, 9, 146 Shepherd, N. B. (daguerreotypist), 40 Sheridan, Philip H., 184, 190 Sherman, William T., 186 Shields, James, 27, 29 Silver Inkwell presented to Lincoln, 183 The Sleeping Sentinel, 122 Slemmer, Adam J., 117 Smith, Caleb B., 42, 153 Smith, George H., 43 Smith, William F., 138 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C, 48, 78 Songsters, see campaign songsters Spangler, Edward, 215 Spears, George, 16 Speech of Hon. Abram Lincoln Before the Republican State Convention, June 15, 1858, 55 Speech of Mr. A. Lincoln, of Illinois, on the Civil and Diplomatic Appropriation Bill; Delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States, June 20, 1848, 45 Speech of Mr. A. Lincoln of Illinois, on the Presidential Question. Delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States, July 21 [i. e. 27] 184.8, 45 Speech of Mr. Lincoln, of Illinois, on the Reference of the President's Message, in the House of Represent- atives, Wednesday, January 14 [i. e. 12], 1848, 45 Speed, James, 161, 200 Speed, Joshua F., 29, 32 Spencer County, Ind., 3, 5 Sprigg, Ann G., 41, 42 Springfield, 111., 13, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 40, 48, 49, 53, 56, 65, 66, 67, 73, 76, 78, 80, 93, 98, 99, 106, 206, 208, 212, 213 Springfield City Directory and Sangamon County Ad- vertiser, for 1855-6, 34 Stanton, Edwin M., 131, 134, 152, 153, 188, 190, 199, 216 Stephens, Henry L., 95, 1 1 1 Stern, Alfred Whital, 59, 65, 66, 132, 146 Stillman, Isaiah, 19 Stockton, , 30 Stone, Dan, 24 "Storming the Castle, 'Old Abe' on Guard" (litho- graphic cartoon), 89 Stuart, John T., 23, 24, 28, 30 Stuart and Lincoln, attorneys, 28, 30 Sum book, Lincoln's homemade, 7, 8 Sumner, Charles, 157, 181 Surratt, John H., 202, 218 Surratt, Mary E., 215, 217, 218 Surveyor, Lincoln as, 15, 20 Swaney, James, 3 T Taft, Charles Sabin, 199 Taney, Roger B., 105 Taylor, Tom, 222 Taylor, Zachary, 19 Tenniel, Sir John, 222 The Terrible Tragedy at Washington, 202 Thanksgiving Proclamation, 147 Thayer, William M., 4, 228, 233 92 Thomas, George H., 186 Thompson, Lorenzo Dow, 19 Thornton, James T., 23 Todd, Emilie, see Helm, Emilie Todd Todd, Mary, see Lincoln, Mary Todd Token of a Nation's Sorrow, Addresses in the Congress of the United States, and Funeral Solemnities on the Death of John Quincy Adams, 46 Tolley, , 30 Towers, Frederic N, 192 Townsend, George Alfred, 22 Trenton, N. J., 168 The Trial of the Alleged Assassins and Conspirators at Washington City, D. C, 216 Trial of the Assassins and Conspirators for the Murder of Abraham Lincoln, 216 Tribune Tracts. — No. 4. National Politics. Speech of Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, Delivered at the Cooper Institute, Monday, Feb. 27, i860, 71 Turner, J. W., 147 U " 'Uncle Sam' Making New Arrangements" (litho- graphic cartoon), 90 "Universal Advice to Abraham, Drop 'Em" (cartoon), 131 Urbana, 111., 65 Vallandigham, Clement L., 136 Vandalia, 111., 24, 25 Vanity Fair, 95, 100, 1 1 1 Vice Presidency, 1856, Lincoln considered for, 54 Vicksburg, Miss., 139 Victor, Orville J., 1 1 Victoria (Queen), letter to Mary Todd Lincoln, Apr. 29, 1865, 221 Vida de Abran Lincoln, decimo sesto President e de los Est ados Unidos, 234 "View of the Box in which the President was Assassi- nated. Taken from the Dress Circle" (drawing), 197 "A Visit to Abe Lincoln", 95 Volk, Leonard W., 59, 62, 76 Vose, Reuben, 85 W Wadsworth, James S., 112 Walker, Wise and Company (publisher), 4 Ward, Artemus, pseud., 95, 152 Washburne, Elihu B., 100 Washington, George, 9 Washington, D. C, 40, 41, 47, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 106, 116, 122, 160, 161, 187, 189, 195, 198, 209 Waud, Alfred R., 116, 133, 176, 197 Waud, William, 210 Weed, Thurlow, 1 1 1, 172 Weems, Mason Locke, 9, 10 Weitzel, Godfrey, 190 Welles, Gideon, 134, 153, 200 West Chester, Pa., 69 Westfield, N. Y., 97, 99 Whiting, William, 188 Whitman, Walt, 214 Whitney, Henry Clay, 65 The "Wigwam," Chicago, 111., 74, 75 Wills, David, 159, 161, 165 letter to Lincoln, Nov. 4, 1863, 159 Wilson, James Grant, 193 Wilson, Woodrow, 9 Winchester, Va., 137, 184 "Winding Off the Tangled Skein" (cartoon), 108 Wood, John D., 26 Wood, W. S., 99 Wooldridge, David, 28 Working men of London, address to Lincoln [Dec. 31, 1862], 220 Yates, Richard, 52 Yeatman, James E., 188 Index to Manuscripts by Lincoln Ashmun, George, letter to, May 23, i860, 77 Ashmun, George, letter to, April 14, 1865, 194 Autobiography (1859), 69 Autobiography (i860), 1, 3, 15, 24 Babcock, James F., letter to, September 13, i860, 79 Bill to Abolish Slavery in the District of Columbia [January 10, 1849^47 Capen, Francis L., endorsement concerning, April 25, 1863, 135 Chase, Salmon P., letter to, June 30, 1864, 170 Codding, Ichabod, letter to, November 27, 1854, 53 Congress, message to, July 4, 1861, 118 Congress, message to, March 6, 1862, 149 Cutts, James M., Jr., letter to, October 26, 1863, 145 Debates with Stephen A. Douglas, scrapbook of, 65 Douglas, Stephen A., letter to, July 24, 1858, 56 Douglas, Stephen A., and John C. Breckenridge, Im- aginary Dialogue between, [September 29, i860], 88 Duel instructions, memorandum of [September 19, 1842], 27 Emancipation Proclamation, First draft, [July 22, 1862], 151 Emancipation Proclamation, Jan. 1, 1863, 155 Everett, Edward, letter to, February 4, 1864, 164 Ewing, Thomas, letter to, June 22, 1849, 49 Ewing, Thomas, letter to. September 27, 1849, 50 93 Farewell Address at Springfield, February 1 1, 1861, 98 Fell, Jesse W., letter to, December 20, 1859, 69 First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861, 106 Gamble, Hamilton R., letter to, August 3, 1861, 119 Gettysburg Address, Nov. 19, 1863, "First draft", 161 Gettysburg Address, Nov. 19, 1863, "Second draft", 162 Grant, Ulysses S., letter to, July 13, 1863, 139 Greeley, Horace, and others, endorsement concerning [April 8, 186 1 ], 112 Gurney, Eliza P., letter to, September 4, 1 864, 1 74 Hackett, James H., letter to, August 17, 1863, 146 Hackett, James H., letter to, November 2, 1863, 146 Halleck, Henry W., letter to, January 1, 1863, 130 Haycraft, Samuel, letter to, May 28, i860, 2 Helm, Emilie Todd, oath written for, December 14, 1863, 148 Helm, Emilie Todd, pass for, December 14, 1863, 148 Hodges, Albert G., letter to, April 4, 1864, 156 Hooker, Joseph, letter to, January 26, 1863, 132 Kansas-Nebraska Act, resolutions on [1855?], 51 Law lecture, notes for [1850?], 39 Legal document. Hawthorn v Wooldridge [1836], 28 Legal document. People v Armstrong [1858], 37 Legal Document. Stockton v Tolley [1839], 30 Lincoln, Mary Todd, letter to, March 4, i860, 73 Lincoln, Mary Todd, letter to, August 8, 1863, 140 McClellan, George B., letter to, April 9, 1862, 125 McClellan, George B., letter to, September 12, 1862, 126 McClellan, George B., letter to, October 25, 1862, 129 Maltby, Harrison, letter to, September 8, 1856, 54 Mann, Mrs. Horace, letter to, April 5, 1864, 157 Map [June 1834], 20 Meade, George G., letter to, July 14, 1863, 138 Milroy, Robert H., letter to, June 29, 1863, 137 Offutt, Denton, draft for, March 8, 1832, 17 Oglesby, Richard J., letter to, Sept. 8, 1854, 52 Pickett, Thomas J., letter to, April 16, 1859, 68 Poem [1846], 14 Probable Failure of Re-Election, memorandum on, Au- gust 23, 1864, 172 Ray, Charles H., letter to, November 20, 1858, 64 Regular Army Proclamations, memorandum on [June 1861?], 117 Rowland, Smith and Company, letter to, April 24, 1844, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865, 179 Seward, William H., letter to, March 15, 1861, 114 Seward, William H., letter to, April 1, 1861, no Sheridan, Philip N., letter to, September 20, 1864, 184 Sherman, William T., December 26, 1864, 186 Speech in the U. S. House of Representatives, January 12, 1848, 44 Speech in U. S. House of Representatives, July 27, 1848, 19 Sprigg, Ann G., endorsement concerning, May 31, 1861, 42 Stanton, Edwin M., letter to, March 25, 1865, 188 Thornton, James T., letter to, December 2, 1858, 23 Weitzel, Godfrey, letter to, April 6, 1865, 190 94 0. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1959 FRONT COVER: Reproduction of engraved portrait of Abraham Lincoln by Samuel Sartain (See entry 80). eJ