THE J©MIM C]RB1^^ OBRABy ^ CMS C AG Op ^^^^^ i'RESHisr'r:EiD by Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/reportsofpeabody03peab REPORTS OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ARCHiEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY, IN CONNECTION WITH HARVARD UNIYERSITY. VOLUME III 1880-86. CAMBRIDGE : PRINTED BY ORDER OP THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 1887. PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS, Salem, Mass. PKEFATOEY NOTE. The first volume of the Eeports of the Peabody Museum was made up in 1876, and contained all the Eeports of the late Professor Jeffries Wyman, the first Curator, whose services in the original organization of the Museum, until his lamented death in 1874, can never be too highly appreciated. That volume con- tained, also, a Eeport by Professor Asa Gray, the Cu- rator jjro tempore during a part of the years 1874 and 1875, together with two Eeports of Mr. F. W. Put- nam, who was appointed Curator in the latter year. The second volume, which was made up in 1880, contained four Eeports of Mr. Putnam, with several su^Dplementary Papers on special subjects connected with American Archaeology and Ethnology. The present volume contains the annual Eeports of Mr. Putnam, as Curator, for the last seven years, to- gether with other supplementary Papers, and gives an account of the Museum to the present time. (iii) 3G384 iv The three volumes together furnish a complete his- tory of the Institution for twenty years, under the charge of successive Curators. The next volume will commence with the adminis- tration of the Museum by a Professor of the Uni- versity, — Mr. Putnam having been appointed "the Peabody Professor of American Archaeology and Ethnology," at Harvard University, on the 12th of January, 1887. He will still remain Curator ex officio, agreeably to the provisions of Mr. Peabody's Letter of Trust. 31 Marcli,lS87. CONTENTS OF VOLUME III. rOURTEENTH REPORT, 1880. . List of Trustees and Officers of the Museum ...... 4 Letter of the Trustees to the President and Fellows of Har- vard College » Abstract from the Records 6 Report of the Curator List of Additions to the Museum during the year 1880 . 29 List of Additions to the Library during the year 1880 . 86 Report of the Treasurer 39 Cash Account of the Curator 40 FIFTEENTH REPORT, 1881. List of Trustees and Officers of the Museum ...... 46 Letter of the Trustees to the President and Fellows of Har- vard College 47 Abstract from the Records 48 Report of the Treasurer 49 Cash Account of the Curator 50 archieologtcal research in america: circular letter relat- ING TO 52 Subscribers to Exploration Fund 54 Report of the Curator 55 List of Additions to the Museum during the year 1881 . 74 List of Additions to the Library during the year 1881 . 80 Notes on the Copper objects from North and South America contained in the collections of the Peabody Museum. (Illustrated.) By F. W. Putnam ,83 SIXTEENTH REPORT, 1882. List of Trustees and Officers of the Museum 152 Letter of the Trustees to the President and Fellows of Har- vard College 153 Abstract from the Records 154 (V) vi CONTENTS. Sixteenth Report of the Treasurer 155 Cash Account of the Curator 156 List of Subscribers in aid of Arch^ological and Ethnological Research in America 158 Sixteenth Report of the Curator 159 List of Additions to the Museum during the yeapv 1882 . 193 List of Additions to the Library during the year 1882 . 203 On the Social and Political Position of Woman among the Huron-Iroquois Tribes. By Lucien Carr 207 Notes upon Human Remains from Caves in Coahuila, Mexico. By Cordelia A. Studley 233 The White Buffalo Festival of the Uncpapas. By Alice C. Fletcher 260 The Elk Mystery or Festival of the Ogallala Sioux. By Alice C. Fletcher 276 The Religious Ceremony of the Four Winds as observed by the Santef. Sioux. By Aiack C. Fletcher 289 The Shadow or Ghost Lodge; a Ceremony of the Ogallala Sioux. By Alice C. Fletcher . 296 The Wa-wan, ok Pipe Dance of the Omahas. By Alice C. Fletcher 308 SEVENTEENTH REPORT, 1883. Abstract from the Records 334 Seventeenth Report of the Treasurer 335 Cash Account of the Curator 336 Seventeenth Report of the Curator 339 List of Additions to the Museum during the year 1883. 368 List op Additions to the Library during the year 1883. 376 Report on the Meteoric Iron from the Altar Mounds in the Little Miami Valley. By Leonard P. Kinnicutt . . . 381 EIGHTEENTH REPORT, 1884. List of Trustees, Officers and Special Assistants .... 888 Letter of the Trustees to the President and Fellovp's of Harvard College 389 Abstract from the Records 391 Resolutions on the death of Stephen Salisbury and John C. Phillips, late Trustees of the Museum 395 Eighteenth Report op the Treasurer 397 Cash Account of the Curator 39S List of Subscribers in aid of Archaeological and Ethnolog- ical Research in America 400 co:j?te>sTS. vii Eighteenth Erpokt of the Curator . 401 List of Additions to the Museum during the year 1884. 419 List of Additions to the Library during the year 1884. 429 Notes on the Anomalies, Injuries and Diseases of the Bones of the Native Peoples of North America, contained in THE OSTEOLOGICAL COLLECTION OF THE MUSEUIM. BY WiL- LiAM F. Whitney 433 Explorations in Ohio by C. L. Metz and F. W. Putnam : The Marriott Mound, No. 1, and its Contents. By F. W. Put- nam. (Illustrated) 449 NINETEENTH REPORT, 1885. Abstract from the Records 469 Nineteenth Report of the Treasurer 473 Cash Account of the Curator 474 Nineteenth Report of the Curator 477 List of Additions to the Museum during the year 1885 503 List of Additions to the Library during the year 1885 508 TWENTIETH REPORT, 1886. List of Trustees, Officers, and Special Assistants 516 Letter of the Trustees to the President and Fellows of Harvard College 517 Abstract from the Records 519 Twentieth Rkport of the Treasurer 525 Cash Account OF THE Curator 526 List of Subscribers aiding in the work of the Museum . . . 528 An Appeal for aid in the explop.ations : Letter from the Curator to the Board of Trustees and Endorsement of THE Appeal by the Trustees 529 Twentieth Report of the Curator 635 List of Additions to the Museum during the year 1886 571 List of Additions to the Library during the year 1886 676 The way Bone Fish-hooks avere made in the Little Miami Valley, Ohio. By F. W. Putnam. (Illustrated) ... 581 INDEX. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF AMEEIOAN AEOKSOLOGT AND ETHNOLOGY. PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OP HARVARD COLLEGE, MAY, 1881. Vol. III. No. 1. CAMBRIDGE : PKINIED BV ORDER OP THE TRUSTEES. 1881. PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS, Salem, Mass. CONTEISTTS. List of Trustees and Officers of the Museum 4 Letter of the Trustees to the President and Fellows of Harvard College . 5 Abstract from the Records q Report of the Curator 7 List of Additions to the Museum during the year 1880 . 29 List of Donors to the Library during the year 1880 . . 36 Report of the Treasurer 39 Cash Account of the Curator 40 PEABODY MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ARCHJ50L0GY AND ETHNOLOGY IN CONNECTION WITH HARVARD UNIVERSITY. FOUNDED BT GEOKGE PEABODY, OCTOBER 8, 1866. TRUSTEES. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston, 1866. Chairman. Charles Francis Adams, Quincy, 1866; resigned, 1881. Francis Peabody, Salem, 1866; deceased, 1867. Stephen Salisbury, Worcester, 1866. Treasurer, 1866-1881. Asa Gray, Cambridge, 1866. Fro tempore Curator of the Museum, 1874. Jeffries Wyman, Cambridge, 1866; deceased 1874. Curator of the Museum, 1866-1874. George Peabody Russell, Salem, 1866; resigned, 1876. Secretary, 1866-1873. Henry Wheatland, Salem, 1867. Successor to Francis Peabody, as President of the Essex Institute. Secretary, 1873. Thomas T. Bouv£, Boston, 1874-1880. Successor to Jeffries Wyman, as President of the Boston Society of Natural History. Theodore Lyman, Brookline, 1876. Successor to George Peabody Russell, by election. Samuel H. Scudder, Boston, 1880. Successor to Thomas T. Bouve, as President of the Boston Society of Natural History. John C. Phillips, Boston, 1881. Successor to Charles Francis Adams, by election. OFFICERS OF THE MUSEUM. Frederick Ward Putnam, Curator, 1875. LuciEN Carr, Assistant Curator, 1877. Miss Jennie Smith, Assistant, 1878. Edward E. Chick, Assistant in charge of the Building, 1878. (4) FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. To THE President and Fellows of Harvard College The Trustees of the Peabody Museum of American Archae- ology and Ethnology herewith respectfully communicate to the Pre'^sident and Fellows of Harvard College, as their Fourteenth Annual Report, the Reports of their Curator and Treasurer pre- sented at the Annual Meeting, March 7, 1881. ROBERT C. WINTHROP, CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS, STEPHEN SALISBURY, ASA GRAY, HENRY WHEATLAND, THEODORE LYMAN, SAMUEL H. SCUDDER. Cambridge, MAT 31, 1881. (K\ ABSTRACT PROM THE RECORDS. Monday, March 7, 1881. The Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees was held this day, at 2 p.m., in the Museum, Cambridge. Present: Messrs. Winthrop, Adams, Salisbury, Lyman, Scudder, Wheatland, and the Curator. The Eeport of the Treasurer was read and accepted and ordered to be printed under the direction of the Treasurer and Curator, as a part of the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Board. Mr. Salisbury resigned the office of Treasurer, the duties of which he had performed since the organization of the Board. Voted, that the Trustees accept his resignation with deep regret, and desire to place upon record their sincere thanks for his long and valuable services in this responsible position. Mr. Theodore Lyman was unanimously elected Treasurer. The Curator submitted his report on the expenditures during the year, which was accepted and ordered to be printed. The Curator read his report on the operations of the Museum during the year, which was accepted and ordered to be printed. The Trp:asurer was authorized to pay to the Curator the income of the funds for the ensuing year. Hon. Charles Francis Adams resigned his position on the Board of Trustees. The Board, in accepting his resignation, expressed deep regret that he should feel compelled thus to sever his connection with them, and offered him their grateful acknowledgments and best wishes. Mr. John C. Phillips of Boston was unanimously elected to fill the vacancy on the Board created by the retirement of Mr. Adams. The meeting then adjourned. Henry Wheatland, Secretary. (6) EEPORT OF THE CUEATOE. To the Trustees of the Peahody Museum of Archceology and Ethliology : — Gentlemen : — Since your meeting here, a year ago, considerable progress' has been made in the arrangement of the collections, and numerous changes have been brought about, all tending towards the final grouping and proper exhibition of the various objects in the Museum. The collections thus far exhibited in the new and permanent cases are so arranged as to show both their ethnological and archaeological bearings : the object of this arrangement being to exhibit, as far as possible, the present condition of a people, and to trace its history, its. connections and, if possible, its origin in far distant time by the records which we have of its life, its arts, and its industries. Of course, by such an arrangement, the various peoples of the earth will be unequally represented by the collections in the Museum, and there always will be gaps to be filled. Still, it seems to me that it is the proper basis upon which such a Museum as this should be arranged, and the one that w^ill prove the most instructive in the effort to solve the great problem of the origin and distribution of man. When the time shall come for the transfer of the collections pertaining to the nearly related nations of mankind, to the large halls which we shall have when the next section of the building is erected, the natural sequence of such an arrangement will be better seen and understood, than it is in our present rooms, where the separation of the several groups has to be more or less arbitrary. In making this separation, geograph- ical divisions have been followed. In pursuance of this plan, the northern room on the first floor is now given to objects taken from the mounds and stone-graves of the Mississippi Valley and eastward, to which are added, as, probably, belonging to the same peoples, the objects from caves in Kentucky, Ohio and Tennessee. (7) By this arrangement es^ery student may draw such conclusions as he thinks just in regard to the relations of the recent Indian tribes of some parts of the country, many of which certainly built mounds, with the builders of earthworks in other portions of the country, and of different times. To carry out the comparison still further, the student may, under the present arrangement, go to another room where he will be able to study objects from known Indian tribes, and from Indian graves found in various parts of the country ; as well as the large collection of stone implements, and other objects classed as surface finds, which are consequently, in great part, he work of unknown or doubtful periods, although the probability is that the majority of such specimens are comparatively recent. The principles of this arrangement must not be understood to exclude the presentation of other important subjects, such as the corresponding developments of implements, weapons, arts and customs among different peoples, and other auxiliary collections illustrative of the general history and progress of man from geo- logical time. Since the last meeting the three cases on the first northern gallery, which were then occupied by the "Bucklin collection" from Peru, have been filled with objects from Central America and Mexico, so that, with the exception of the two wall cases in which the small Egyptian collection is still temporarily exhibited, this gallery is now devoted to the Mexican and Central American collections. By the erection of cases in the hall on the second floor, room has been secured there for the exhibition of the collections from the ancient and modern Pueblos and the Cliff-dwellings, including the series of models of Cliff-houses and Pueblos which were formerly in the room below. There is still room for another case on the floor of this hall, which will soon be constructed and will be filled with other things pertaining to the Pueblo collection, which are for the present stored in the workrooms. The walls of this hall are hung with a series of large photographs taken by the Geologic cal and Geographical Surveys under the direction respectively of Major Powell and Capt. Wheeler, and for which we are indebted to the gentlemen named and to the Smithsonian Institution and the Chief of Engineers, U. S. A. Among these photographs are pictures of several of the Moqui towns and a number of views 9 taken at Zuni, as well as several views of ruined Pueblos, and a few photographs of the inhabitants of Zuni. Hay den's map of the country, embracing the region from the Rio Grande to the Colo- rado, on which the positions of the ruins, cliff-houses, and present Pueblos are marked, is also hung in this hall. The room on the southern side of the hall with its gallery has also been arranged and opened to the public since your last meeting. The floor of this room is devoted to the collections from South America, both of recent and ancient times, and the sequence and connections of South American ethnology and archaeology are there fairly shown. It is intended to devote the gallery of this room to the Pacific Islands and Australia, but until the collections from those regions are increased, and until another place is ready for the small col- lections from Africa, China, India and Japan, these latter will be temporarily exhibited on the gallery, as, also, for a short time, will be a portion of the collection relating to the manufactures of the present Indians of Mexico. The northern room on the second floor has also been rearranged during the past year, and now contains the articles from the Pacific coast of North America and a few small special collections, temporarily exhibited in the old cases. These will be removed in the course of another year to make way for new cases. The general collection of human crania and skeletons is in process of arrangement in the upper rooms and cannot be opened to the public for a year or more, though it is accessible for study, and has been very largely used by special workers in cra- niology and pathology. Three or four pathologists are now en- gaged in preparing papers based upon the many interesting osteological specimens preserved in this collection. In this connection, I may call attention to the recent papers on the bony tumor in the ear by Dr. J. Clarence Blake (American Jour- nal of Otology), based upon a study of our collection of crania from the mounds, and one by Mr. Carr, on the crania of the New England Indians, just printed in the Memorial Volume of the Boston Society of Natural History. A number of the specimens have also been borrowed for illustration and description by medi- cal men of Boston and Cambridge, and two doctors of dentistry have found in the collection much of interest to their profession. 10 The use that has thus been made of this collection shows its importance in other ways besides its strictly ethnological value, and it has been freely opened to all properly qualified inves- tigators. While alluding to this department I may add that it has been very largely increased during the year, principally by the transfer, by Mr. Agassiz, of the collection of human crania from the Zoo- logical Museum. By this transfer we receive three hundred crania from Peru, fourteen from Hawaii, four from India, one from New Zealand, one from Straits of Magellan, and five of North American Indians, also portions of skeletons from Hawaii and Hayti, and a number of casts of skulls. By the valuable donation from Dr. W. Sturgis Bigelow of which special mention is made in another place, twenty-one mummied heads and fourteen crania were re- ceived from Peru. Three heads of Egyptian mummies have been received, two of which were from the Boston Society of Natural History and one by purchase. Two of these heads are of particular interest in showing the method of dressing the hair by the ancient Egyptians. From Dr. Topinard of Paris we have received a valuable addition of sixteen crania of Frenchmen before the eighteenth century. The collection from caves in Mexico, secured by Dr. Palmer, and of which further mention will be made, contained twenty-nine well-preserved crania and seven nearly perfect skeletons. Professor Pumpelly has presented the cranium and portion of the skeleton of an Indian dug up in a street of Oswego, N. Y. Mr. S. V. Proudfit has sent the cranium of an Indian child from a grave near Glenwood, Iowa. In the collection obtained by Dr. David Mack from burial mounds in Florida are eleven crania and many fragments. Mr. Wm. McAdams, jr., of Otterville, 111., kindly gave to the Museum the four crania from mounds in Illinois which he exhibited at the Boston Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The ex- plorations of Mr. Curtis in Arkansas have added forty-six crania and portions of numerous skeletons, among which are many inter- esting pathological specimens, to our already large and important collection from the southwestern mounds. In the Andrews col- lection, recently received, there are several very old crania from a mound in Ohio, and Mr. Silas Courtright has also sent us a cranium which he obtained from the mound explored by Prof. 11 Andrews. These last make a very valuable addition to the few crania known from the Ohio mounds. To the late Geo. A. Otis, Surgeon and Brevet Lieutenant- Colonel, U. S. A., we have been indebted, as in past years, for photographs and memoranda relating to the more important and remarkable crania received at the Army Medical Museum, of which he was for the past seventeen years the indefatigable and honored curator. An old and intimate friend of Prof. Wyman, he ever wel- comed me most cordially, as "Wyman's successor to the curator- ship of this Museum, and our official relations soon ripened into a personal friendship to be severed only by his death. By the decease of Dr. Otis I feel that I have lost a friend upon whose help on anatomical subjects I could always rely, and that anthro- pological science and the Government have lost a long-tried and faithful worker and an honored officer. Death has indeed been severe upon the friends of the Museum during the past year, for not only have we to mourn the loss of Dr. Otis, but of Count Pourtai.es, Dr. Haldeman, Prof. Andrews and Mr. Curtis. By the death of the Keeper of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, L. F. de Pourtales, in July last, not only has a long continued personal friendship been sundered, but the Museum has lost one who was deeply interested in its objects and progress, and who on many occasions has personally and officially given his kindly and valuable assistance. Dr. S. S. Haldeman made his first but long contemplated visit to the Museum in August last, and while here he was so much im- pressed with the importance of our collections and method of arrangement that he promised large accessions from his own valu- able collection from the Susquehanna valley. Returning home, he died suddenly, within a week, and before he had time to carry out his good intentions in relation to the Museum. During the past few years Dr. Haldeman, who was in full sympathy with Dr. Abbott's work in New Jersey, was in the habit, from time to time, of giving to the latter specimens of particular interest which have been in turn presented to the Museum by Dr. Abbott. The important and finely illustrated memoir by Dr. Haldeman, on the contents of the Rock-shelter at Chickies, Penn- sylvania, published since his death, for copies of which we are indebted to his family, will ever associate his name vrith American Archaeology. 12 Our long-tried and faithful fellow workman, Mr. Edwin Curtis of Nashville, Tenn., died suddenly, of heart disease, at his home, on the 6th of December last.i ^yben I was engaged in making explo- rations of the mounds and stone-graves in the vicinity of Nashville in 1877, I secured Mr. Curtis as my chief assistant, and he soon became a most valuable and reliable aid. On leaving Tennessee I arranged with him to carry on the work I had begun, and, acting under° special appropriations granted for the purpose, he has since been for the greater part of the time at work exploring for the Museum and interesting others in its behalf. After a pretty thorough exploration of several of the ancient cemeteries and mounds in Tennessee, during which he opened several thousands of the stone-graves of that region, the contents of which are now in the Museum, he had business for a while in Kansas and Missouri, and afterwards in the central portion of Arkansas. During these business trips he was able to spend considerable time in archaeological work, with the important results which have been recorded from time to time in our annual reports. In the winter of 1879 he began an extensive work for the Museum on the St. Francis river in eastern Arkansas, and remained there in camp with sev- eral laborers, exploring mounds and old village sites, until the spring freshets of 1880 drove him from the field. During this time he made a thorough examination of numerous burial mounds which proved to be exceedingly rich in pottery and other objects. A portion of this remarkable collection was noticed in the last report, but the larger part was not received until last spring and is recorded in the list of additions for the past year. The whole col- lection has been within the past month arranged in the '^Mound- builders' " room, and it will ever be a memorial of a most faithful and devoted friend of the Museum. ISSO, 1 Edwin CUKXiswasborninXovth Lansing, Tompkins Co., N. l.,on January and died at Nashville, Tenn., December 6, ISSO. He started in life as a tailor. In 1^63 he entered the Commissarv department in Tennessee, where he remained until the close of the war. He soon after removed his family to Nashville and settled there, and was emploved by the Government in the improvements of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers^ He" was afterwards employed on the Mississippi levee, and in railroad and bridge building in various portions of the south and west. Mr. Curtis had a sturdy honest character, which combined with tlie large practical experience he had obtained and a knowledge of handling his men, rendered him unusually well qualified for the hard and rough labor he undertook for the Museum, while his enthusiastic zeal in its behalf was not onlv a great source of pleasure to me, but resulted in making many strong friends for the Museum in the South, to whom we are under many obligations. 13 Early last summer Prof. Andrews ^ wrote that he had packed a barrel with human bones and other objects for the Museum. He then hoped to make further explorations and to come on to Cambridge with the specimens in the summer, but he was soon after prostrated by a combination of gastric and nervous troubles which resulted fatally. During his geological survey of portions of the state of Ohio, Prof. Andrews was impressed with the importance of making a careful aud thorough exploration of the mounds, earthworks and other archaeological remains so numerous in the southern portions of the state, and in 1875 he offered his services to the Museum. The results of his first year's exploration for the Museum are given in our Tenth Report, which contains a detailed account of the numerous mounds he examined, with descriptions and illustrations of the objects found in them. A perusal of that paper will show how much we had to expect from our friend, had he been spared to continue the work he wished so much to accomplish. His last exploration was of "Battle Mound" in Fairfield county, and the interesting collection obtained at that time, with a fine series of stone implements from various parts of the state of Ohio, has, within the past month, been received at the Museum, just as he had carefully packed them not long before his death. But few^ explorers of our mounds have been so well prepared for the careful work required as was Prof. Andrews. His training in field geology and in the natural sciences was of great value, while his education enabled him to describe things as they existed, and his care in preserving and labelling the articles found gave such an authen- 2 Rev. Ebenezer Baldwin Andrews, LL. D., was born in Danbury, Conn., April 29, 1821, and died at his residence in Lancaster, Oliio, on Aug. 14, 1880. He passed his freshman year at Williams, but on his bi-other being appointed as president of Marietta College he left Williams and graduated at Marietta in 1842. Deciding to follow his father and four elder brothers in the ministry he entered Princeton Seminary where he graduated in 1845. He then settled in Housatonic, Mass., and afterwards at Isew Britain, Conn., until 1851, when he was elected Professor of Natural Sciences at Marietta, which chair he held until 1869 when he was appointed on the Geological Survey of Ohio, in charge of the southeastern district. Not long before his death he was appointed by the President one of the inspectors of the U. S. Mint. During the war Prof. Andrews served as Major and Colonel of the 36th Ohio Regiment. He was a man of more tlian ordinary power and ability and contributed largely to the scientific and educational interests of his adopted state. As a geologist he was particularly interested in the coal and oil region of Ohio and West Virginia, and his contributions on these subjects have been both numerous and important. He was also the author of a text book of Geology which has been widely used in the western schools and colleges. Highly educated, refined, courteous, aifectionate and sympathetic in dis- position, he was much respected and beloved by all his numerous friends. 14 ticity to the collections he secured that his methods cannot be too biglilv praised. T./r » As will be seen by the "List of Additions to the Museum dm-ing the past year, many accessions have been made notw^h- standtng our poverty has prevented the purchase of large col- lections and the continuation of extensive explorations. ^ The Bdcklin collection from Peru still remains stored in the Museum subject to purchase, and it is greatly to be regretted that the means have not yet been found by which it can be permanent secured for exhibition in our cases. Several other large private collections from Mexico, Central America and the Pacific Ish^nds have been offered to the Museum at fair prices, but it is likely tliat they will all find their final resting places in Europe, as other American Museums seem to be no better able than this to secure them for our own country. t, The largest gift during the year was that received from Di. W Sturg.s BiOELOv. of Boston, and consists of a large collection o Peruvian relics. It is particularly rich in fabrics and garments of various kinds, many of which are of elaborate and interesting patterns, both woven and embroidered. It also contains several of the well-known ancient Peruvian work-baskets with their con- tents, also personal ornaments, packages of corn, beans and prepared food, a gonrd-dish filled with crabs, baskets of various patterns, an exceedingly fine lot of implements and weapons made of wood and stone, and a remarkable club head of copper or bronze, consisting of several rays around a central perforated por- tion in which the wooden handle is inserted. This is the same kmc of weapon as one presented a few years ago by Mr. Agassiz bu differs in having each point engraved to represent a human head which faces in opposite directions on alternate points ^ There art also in this collection a tattooed human arm, the skeleton of a "mummy" with its cloth wrappings, and a number of heads of "mummies" which are extremely interesting as they show he method of wearing the hair by these old Peruvians. There are a so a number of crania, several of which are artificially distorted, some being much flattened and others exceedingly elongated. In many ways this valuable gift has added greatly to the importance of the „ rATv w Vattx of Philadelphia there is another club-head of Tooth Merid. Lt. G. M. Wheeler, U. S. Engineers, m charge; vol. VII. 15 Peruvian collection, and could the "Bucklin collection" now be secured we should indeed have a most instructive representation of Peruvian antiquities. A number of impressions on paper, or "squeezes" of inscrip- tions in the "Tombs of the Kings," taken by Mrs. Asa Gray a few years ago and presented by her to the Museum, makes a very interesting addition to the Egyptian collection. From the Library of Harvard College we have received the large sheet, now on our walls, containing a full size tracing, of the inscription on Dighton Rock, made by Prof. Stephen Sewall of Harvard in 1768. This is the fifth of the copies or drawings made of this famous rock, the first of which was by Dr. Danforth in 1680. A recent photograph of the rock hangs near this tracing, and a comparison of the two will show several of the modern improvements on the old Indian record. From Mr. Agassiz the Museum has received, in addition to the large collection of crania already mentioned, several valuable objects from Mexico which were obtained by the late Prof. Agassiz during the Hassler Expedition. Two " sacrificial yokes" of stone, and a human head in profile cut in stone, are of par- ticular interest and unlike anything in the Museum. To Dr. C. L. Metz and Dr. Frank W. Langdon we are much indebted, in continuation of former favors, for a number of objects found during the explorations, which these and other gentlemen connected with the Madisonville Literary and Scientific Society are so faithfully making of an ancient and very extensive burial place in the Little Miami Valley in Ohio. The care with which this remarkable cemetery is being explored by the Society at Madisonville is worthy of much praise, and the many interesting and important discoveries that have been made are carefully described, with numerous illustrations, in the three parts of the journal of the explorers already printed under the editorship of Mr. C. F. Low. Mr. Geo. W. Sweet has sent to the Museum a small collection of objects obtained by the partial examination of a mound in Dakota Territory, which is of special interest from the character of the pottery. While only fragments of a number of vessels of various sizes were found in the mound, they show that the pottery was well made of fine clay, black, and principally ornamented by impressions of twisted cords of several sizes. 16 Another interesting little lot of pottery is that received from Dr. D. S. Kellogg, and collected in the vicinity of Plattsburg on Lake Champlain. The diversity of ornament— cord-marked, in- cised and stamped — on these fragments is very great, and of con- siderable interest in the study of early and rude decorative art. Mr. S. V. Proudfit has also sent to the Museum a number of fragments of pottery from Wells Co., Iowa, accompanied by an interesting manuscript recording his exploration of an old Indian site from which he obtained the specimens. To the new member of the Board of Trustees, the Museum is indebted for a collection, consisting of nine pieces of pottery, ob- tained by his brother, the late Rev. D. C. Scudder, from a mega- lithic cist in the Madura district, southern India. These speci- mens were described and figured in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History for 1865, and as they are the only representatives we have of the early wheel-made pottery of India, they are an important addition to our small collection of objects from that country. In the last report, mention was made of the reception of a number of objects from Japan, obtained for the Museum by Prof. E. S. Morse, during his residence in that country as Professor of Zo51ogy in the University of Tokio. Since the return of Prof. Morse, these have been arranged in the second southern gallery and have been properly labelled under his direc- tion. The collection is of particular interest in illustrating the daily life of the Japanese, and also contains a well selected series of ancient and modern pottery, the value of which is greatly increased by the authenticity of the name and date of each piece. The small models of a Japanese house, parlor, kitchen and junk are of general interest. The only collection purchased during the year, with the excep- tion of the small lot from Mr. Dodge mentioned farther on, is the one from Mr. Collier, for which a special appropriation was made at the last meeting. This is catalogued under 317 entries, and consists principally of stone implements and ornaments from the Ohio valley, a number of things from the mounds in Ohio and Virginia, and two bronze implements from Great Britain. B^y the kindness of a friend, a small sum of money was given to be expended in explorations, and as Dr. David Mack was then in Florida and had expressed a desire to make an exploration of 17 some of the mounds in Orange county at an estimated expense of less than one hundred dollars, the money thus received was sent to him with proper instructions in relation to the work to be done. The numerous objects received from this exploration are of par- ticular interest as they add further proof that many of the burial mounds of Florida were erected by the Indians after contact with the Spaniards. One group of mounds was enclosed by an em- bankment, and was very likely the site of an Indian village. In a burial mound in this group^ a number of ornaments made of silver, copper and brass were found, also glass beads and iron implements, which were associated with pottery and stone imple- ments of native make. This furnishes conclusive evidence that the Indians of Florida continued to build mounds over their dead after European contact ; for the care with, which the exploration was made, and the depth at which the skeletons and their associated objects were found, are conclusive as to the burials bein^ the orio-i- nal ones in the mound and not those of an intrusive people. From this statement it must not be supposed that all the mounds of Florida are of so late a period, and there is reason to believe that region was early inhabited by a mound-building people, probably the second or third in succession to those who formed the Jirst and very old shellheaps which are found in many parts of the state. Last winter, word was most reluctantly sent to Dr. Flint, who has for some time been so zealous in his explorations in Nicaragua, that the incomfe of the Museum would not permit further expenditure for explorations at present. He was then busy in the vicinity of Tola and much to his disappointment he closed his labors and forwarded the results of his latest work to the Museum. These consisted of numerous specimens of pottery, a number of stone implements, and ornaments of shell, bone and stone, including a few of jadeite, adding much to the former large collections for which we are indebted to his labors. As soon as time will permit for a careful study and description of the important collections which have been received from Dr. Flint, his notes will be embodied in a paper which will contain much of interest relating to the early people of Nicaragua. The many copies he has care- fully made of the inscriptions on the rocks and in the caves will also prove a A^alnable addition to our knowledge of the enigmati- cal rock inscriptions of Central America. It is greatly to be Report of Peabody Museum, HI. 2 18 was in eastern Arkansas. J.u Aatalo-rue under several thousand specimens, is recorded in the <=^t^'«= interest. One human bone, the upper half of a t.bia, is of parUc ,o™ 0.. ..^ .«. J^^^^ tT-'S .iS y..... - ~' »' * and can x ^ missing) has several perfora- waslnvened over the jar, and served to protect it. Many of these rsra:rLanienteLith incised lines for.^^^^^^^^^^^ or .vith knobs and finger-nail marks Only a single g rated These have sharp edges, but it does not i able that they were used as cutting implements. A numbei of dently tbe remains ot neckiaceb. 19 partly preserved the cord upon which the objects were strung, and has also stained the bones of the necks about which they were placed. Considerable red ochre, both in mass and powdered, and several little lumps of a pink pigment, were found in some of the graves, often placed in small cups and jars. Stone implements were not very numerous, but a number of arrowpoints and knives of flint, polished celts and other implements of well-known forms, were obtained from the graves. Of implements made of bones and of antlers there are many specimens, and also a number of beads made of bone. Among the implements made of antlers, there is a beautiful sharp chisel which has been protected from decay by a slight burning. This is the only one of the kind I know of from the mounds and resembles very closely some of those from the Swiss lakes. Another article made from an antler is of a singular character. It is of the full length of the antler of a large deer, and has been carefully and symmetrically cut down, and smoothed from base to point so that it now has the shape and curvature of a small tusk of an elephant. Near the base, a hole has been drilled in which is placed a small plug of bone. Charred corn-cobs, nuts and acorns, and numerous bones of mammals, birds and fishes, give us an idea of the food of the people ; and some charred pieces of string and rope indicate the vegetable fibres of which they made use. This brief account of this important collection conveys but a slight idea of its interest and ethnological value. The mounds from which these numerous objects were obtained are situated on both sides of the St. Francis river, and are usually surrounded by earthwalls and ditches forming enclosures of from three or four to about eighteen or twenty acres in extent. In some of these enclosed fields, which have been under cultivation for twenty or thirty years, the ground was strewn with stone imple- ments of various kinds, fragments of pottery, pieces of shell and other objects, which have been turned up by the plough. The largest of the mounds in the Stanley group, of about twenty, was forty feet high by about the same in diameter on top. The other mounds in this group were five or six feet in height and about fifty in diameter, but like most of the lower mounds they had been reduced in size by cultivation. Many of the mounds in the other groups were from five to eight feet in height, but those called the Rose mounds are, if I correctly understand Mr. Curtis' notes, n.umer- 20 ous little tumuli covering a natural elevation of about fifteen feet and of five or six acres in extent. While in some of the enclosures the burials seem only to have been made in the mounds, in others there were many graves, from three to five feet in depth, all about the mounds. These graves contained pottery and other objects of the same character as those found in the mounds, and the shape and condition of the crania are the same from both ; so that there seems to be no reason to doubt that they all pertain to one people. That these former inhabitants of this region were of the same people with those who lived in southeastern Missouri, where simi- lar earthworks and enclosures have been found, and are so well described in the Memoir of the Archaeological Section of the St. Louis Academy of Science, there can be no doubt ; and that they were closely allied to the stone-grave people and moundbuilders of the Cumberland valley in Tennessee seems to be probable, but there were many slight variations in their customs, and also appar- ently in their crania, that indicate differences of time, or suggest tribal distinctions. That these remains from Arkansas are those of a people who were the immediate ancestors of the village Indians of that region, mentioned by the early writers, is very probable ; but that in these remains we have what is left of the people who were in direct contact with the early white explorers is very doubtful from the negative fact of the absence of all articles of European manufacture in the graves and mounds. Of course this is simply negative evidence, but as we know from the contents of Indian graves and mounds made after contact with the white men, that glass beads, ornaments and implements of gold, silver, brass, bronze and iron, and other valued possessions obtained from the whites, were buried with the dead, as well as objects of native make, the negative evidence I have mentioned is of considerable weight ; particularly when we have, as m the case of the Cumberland valley and St. Francis and Missouri explorations, the evidence of the contents of many thousand graves. The only thing obtained by Mr. Curtis on the St. Francis, indicating that Indians lived there who were in contact with the whites, is one of the little pointed handles of antler which has the remains of two iron points, possibly nails, embedded in one end. Of course this implement was used after the arrival of the whites, but although it is, with the exception of the iron, the same as those found in the graves and mounds, this particular 21 one was found on the surface^ in a ploughed field, and while it may have been of the time of the last of the mound people of the region, it is far more likely to have been of a more recent date. Had this single implement been found in a mound associated with other objects, the story it would have told would have been far different. In the last report, mention was made of a number of singular and large flint implements obtained by Mr. Curtis from a mound in Stuart Co., Tennessee, and I have now to add that the three large flint "cores" from the same place, which were left at the time for want of transportation, were received last spring. We have now five of these chipped masses of flint, three of which were from the mound and two were found in a ploughed field near by. They are by far the largest masses of worked flint that have, to my knowledge, ever been found. They vary in length from twenty- two to twenty-five inches, and in width from six to eight inches, and are smaller at the ends than in the middle. While such chipped masses are generally called "cores" these are very likely the rough blocking-out of large implements, similar to some of the finished specimens from the mounds in Tennessee, and are of special interest in showing the amount of labor required to make a large flint implement. As mentioned in the last report, Dr. Edvtard Palmer was en- gaged during the close of the year 1879 in explorations in Texas. Although from want of funds it became necessary to recall him from the field, he found the means to continue his work for a few months longer, and having received information of some old burial caves in the State of Coahuila, he went to the place, and notwith- standing the excessive heat and the many difficulties that beset him, he met with great success, returning with a large and beyond question the most important collection ever made in that portion of Mexico. As I hope to give a detailed account of this col- lection, in which Dr. Palmer's notes will be incorporated with descriptions and illustrations of the numerous objects obtained from the several caves as a special paper, I will only mention here that a number of skeletons were found done up in bundles just as they had been placed probably before the Spanish occupation of the country. As these caves had been entered by the nitre workers many of the human remains had been destroyed. Hun- dreds, and according to some reports thousands, of the bundles or "mummies" had been used as fuel, and it was therefore only 22 > in the least accessible portions of the caves that the objects ob- tained by Dr. Palmer were found. In one case these were found under a deposit several inches thick consisting of the droppings of rodents ; and in another cave a breccia, in which were thou- sands of bones of bats and small rodents, was found deposited over the human remains. The similarity of these bundles of human remains, or "mummies" as they are generally called, from the Mexican caves, to those which have been found in the caves of Kentucky and Tennessee, is of great interest. As has been the case in all his explorations, Dr. Palmer procured such natural productions from the vicinity of the caves as would help in determining the material of which the old things were made, and we are thus enabled to exhibit the leaves, fibres and other vegetable productions from which the cloth, baskets and numerous other articles were constructed by the people who placed their dead in the caves. To Dr. Abbott the Museum is indebted for many specimens obtained from New Jersey and from his correspondents in various places. At very small expense to the Museum, he has continued his explorations of the Trenton gravels, from which he has se- cured a number of implements. The interest in regard to this discovery has much increased during the past year ; and while some individuals, who are not at all acquainted with the facts, have denied the actual discovery of stone implements, in place, in the gravel beds at Trenton, and others, apparently acting from a general unbelief in everything that bears at all upoTi the antiquity of man, have thought that there must be some mistake in regard to the age of the gravels, there is now no doubt in the minds of the few who have made a careful study of the gravel deposit at Trenton, of the accuracy of Dr. Abbott's work and the importance of his discoveries. Several geologists have, during the past season, investigated these deposits, particularly Mr. Lewis of Philadelphia and Mr. Wright of Andover, and as I understand the conclusions that have been reached, the Trenton implement-bearing gravel is a deposit resting on and against the Tertiary marine gravel, in the old flood plain at the bend of the river at Trenton. This more recent gravel has been brought down by successive torrents formed by the melting of glaciers far up the valley of the Delaware, which have cut through an old and very extensive moraine, bringing down an immense amount of material and 23 spreading it over the lower and wider part of the valley at, the Trenton bend. These successive deposits have thus buried the implements lost by the palaeolithic men who probably lived on the old Tertiary bluffs and hunted and fished along the valley and over this, in their time, constantly increasing gravel de- posit. Thus the evidence seems conclusive that New Jersey was inhabited at the time of, and probably long before, the final dissolution of the last glacial epoch. How long that time is in years has not yet been determined, but the evidence seems at present unquestionable that in this way implements lost by man were buried below, at least, thirty feet of a gradually deposited gravel, and at nearly all levels from that depth to the present surface soil, where the same forms of implements are also found associated with others of the recent Indians. Some persons have stated that the implements have only been found in the gravel itself by Dr. Abbott and that in such an important matter cor- roborative testimony was desirable. Without for a moment admitting that there was any question in my mind as to the authenticity of the statements made by Dr. Abbott, I will here assert that others, including myself, have found implements in place in the gravel, and that at a recent meeting of the Boston Society of Natural History the whole subject was carefully dis- cussed and the evidence supposed to be wanting by some as to the actual finding of specimens in situ in the gravel, was given in detail. Doubts have also been expressed by some persons as to the artificial character of the implements in question, but this is a matter that has always been so easy of proof by the study of specimens in the Museum, that it is only necessary to invite any doubter to come and see for himself. In the volume which Dr. Abbott is now carrying through the press there will be a portion devoted to the important subject of palseolithic man, and the whole question will be treated in detail with the help of Mr. H. C. Lewis of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey, who will give a chapter on the gravels of Trenton. The work by Dr. Abbott, to which I have alluded, now nearly through the press, is entitled "Primitive Industry, or Illustrations of the Handiwork in Stone, Bone and Clay, of the native races of the Northern Atlantic Seaboard of America." The volume is based upon the collections in this Museum, and as about four hundred of the figures which it will contain were drawn from our specimens, it 24 will to a certain extent form an illustrated hand-book of a portion of the Museum. To Mr. David Dodge of Boston, we are indebted for a remark- able and interesting collection of rade stone implements from Wakefield in this state. These implements are of palseolithic forms and may indicate the existence at Wakefield of conditions some- what like those at Trenton, particularly as the ploughed fields, in which many of the specimens were found by Mr. Dodge, are ex- tensive deposits of gravel probably of glacial origin. Of course further and extensive examinations of this locality will be made, for unless the implements are actually found in the gravel itself, we cannot assign them to the paleolithic age, as in this country wc have too many instances of the use of implements of paleolithic forms by the neolithic folk, to permit us to call such specimens as these"^ from Wakefield unquestionably palaeolithic, until their counterparts have been found in the gravel from which these may have been ploughed. The discovery of other specimens, similar to those found In the fields, associated with stone chips of all sizes, in an old deposit on a hill near tlie field, probably indicates a place where such implements were made. Mr. Dodge was also so fortunate as to obtain a stone implement or ornament from a peat bog at Wakefield. This is of the type of the objects to which the term " bird-shaped " has been given, but it is not perforated with the two holes as is the case with most of these objects. It was found on the sand-bed under about seven feet of peat and is of great interest as the first stone implement, to my knowledge, that has been found under the peat in New Eng- land. By the action of the Executive Committee of the Arch^olog- ICAL Institute of America, the American collections obtained by Mr. Baxdeliek, under the direction of the Institute, will be made over to the Museum as a permanent deposit. In fulfilment of this decision, we have already received the collection forwarded from Santa Fe, which contains the objects obtained by Mr. Bandelier during his explorations of the sites of old Pueblos, particularly that of old Pecos on the Kio Grande, south of Santa Fe, and also a number of articles obtained from the people of the present Pueblos of Cochiti and San Domingo. After Mr. Bandelier's report is printed by the Institute, these specimens will be arranged, labelled and exhibited in the new case, now in process of construction, in 25 the hall with the rest of the Pueblo collections. This action of the Arch£eological Institute will probably be the means of securing to the Museum a number of valuable specimens, and certainly no more appropriate place exists for their arrangement and comparative study than in this Museum. After passing several months on the Rio Grande, Mr. Bandelier has been, within the last month, sent by the Institute to cooperate with M. Charnay in the Lorillard explorations of Chiapas and Yucatan. F or an account of the other additions during the year I must refer to the list hereto annexed, from which it will be seen that over four thousand entries have been made in the catalogue since the last meeting. With the object of making the Museum library of ready access to workers in the Museum, and to such as may consult it for special purposes, I have thought it best to begin the work while the library is still small, and have therefore removed to the upper room all the volumes and pamphlets that did not relate to archae- ology, ethnology, philology and human anatomy, the four great divisions of Anthropology to which the work in the Museum is specially directed. The remaining volumes and pamphlets have been catalogued on cards under the names of their authors, and the analysis of the volumes, with proper cross references to special subjects, is now being made. Already about eight hundred catalogue cards have been prepared and placed in alphabetical order in the little cata- logue cabinet purchased for that purpose. As it was in many ways advisable to have this work done by one familiar with the system of cataloguing adopted at the College Library, Miss Bobbins, a former assistant at the Library, has been employed for the purpose and has faithfully performed her duties. To Mr. Scudder the Assistant Librarian, in charge of the work of cataloguing at the College Library, I am indebted for advice and assistance in this work. By an arrangement with Mr. Winsor, the books received at the Museum are recorded in the Library Bulletin in common with the other department libraries of the University, and for this reason it will not be necessary to give in this report the titles of the books received during the past year, as has been the custom heretofore. Since your last meeting, new cases have been put up on the floor 9 26 and -allevv of the soutbern room of U.e second story and m the adioining hall, and also the new central case in the northern room below Mr. Willson, who has continued to perform th.s iinpoi-tant .ork/is now engaged in building those on the ^-'J"'! ""p^^^" gallery, which will soon be completed. In tins work M. Chick has civen much assistance ; and all the glaz.ng, paint.ng and clmg, and Ure fitting of the shelves has been done by him. at a consider- able saving to the Museum. Mr Chick has .also proved a most efficient assistant in ^allOUS other' wavs, as well as in taking charge of the building. I may particulady mention that the framing of all the pictures and pho- Lraphs about the building has been done by liim ; and it is a pleasure to acknowledge the many little ways in which he has helped in the general work of the Museum, and the faithful manner in whit^i he has performed his duties with due considera- tion to economy. . Mv C. BR has continued his voluntary services during the . eai and has given me much assistance, particularly in the work of catalo^ruins the numerous additions to the Museum. lu addition to the" preparation of the paper I have already mentioned on L "Crania of New England Indians." Mr. Cans special studies for the past year have been, on the ^^f'^^^^ of the connection of the tribes of recent Indians with e .•moundbuilders." This laborious work of consulting all the old authors and comparing their accounts of the Indians during the first settlement of the conn ry with the e ults Obtained from arch.^ological .ork in the field, has been very much needed for the proper understanding of the connections of the various Indian tribes, and will probably be productive of many -ood results. It will at all events put a check on too hastN .eneraUzations as to the great antiquity of «H the mounds and Earthworks in North America, and will give to the Indian a mu higher place in the scale of civilization than it has usually been hi! lot to receive. It will, however, still remain for archa.olog> , craniolo..v an.l philology to determine the racial connections ot tlie Indian tribes with each other, and to trace their migrations through past times and their connections with peoples of distant lands. Miss Smuh has been regularly employed as an assistant ui he Museum during the past year and has become so familiar wuh the duties of her position and the general work in the Museum, as to 27 render the continuation of her faithful services very important to the welfare of the collections, which are now over four times the size they were when they first came under my charge and about three times as large as when removed from the old rooms in Boylston Hall ; consequently the labor for their proper care and arrangement has greatly increased during the past few 3'ears. In closing this brief summary for the year, I cannot refrain from expressing my regrets that we have been forced to discontinue the explorations, which, thanks to the small accumulations during the early years of the Museum, we were able to carry on for a short time with such success. Should you make the appropriations for the coming year in accordance with the scheme which I have made out after consultation with the auditor of your board, it will leave only SI158 for the general expenses for the year, including the printing of the annual report. Of course, while this will enable the work to go on and secure the proper care and arrangement of the collections, as during the past year, it will not allow of any expenditure for collections and explorations, or for the publication of special papers. The large amount of valuable and authentic material received from the special explorations by the Museum, as shown by the contents of this room alone,^ and the important facts relating to the past of our country, which have been obtained, are certainly sufficient inducements to continue the American explorations if the means can be secured. It is only by extensive, thorough and systematic work of this character, that we can hope to trace the migrations of tribes and races over our continent and follow them back in time. The continuation of the explorations so well begun by the Museum is also most desirable at this time ; for since the great increase in the number of persons who are more or less in- terested in making collections, the antiquities of the country are being explored at random, and often in a very superficial and un- satisfactory manner, while foreign institutions have their agents here who compete with wealthy private collectors and pay high prices for all that can be obtained, thus encouraging the hunter for curiosities as well as the maker of fraudulent specimens. Of 4 The room here referred to is the northern one on the first floor, which contains the large and important collections from the mounds of the United States, while on the gallery are those from Central America and Mexico. To these several collections special attention has been called in this and the two preceding reports. 28 course the time is not distant, when little that is undisturbed, either by the plough or the general collector, will remain to reward the careful student for his pains. Under these creum- stances, it appears to me that the time has come when an appeal for aid to enable the Museum to enter upon more extended work would meet with success. I am the more inclined to make this statement as my own feeble presentation of the subjec to various persons, during the past winter, leads me to hope that an appeal to the public would meet with the wished-for reception .f it were started under your sanction and direction, with a plain state- ment of the necessity of increased means for the work which the Museum is so well prepared to perform, as well as of the security it offers as a place for the final deposit of the treasures obtained and for the lasting care that its present means provide for all that is received. The fact that this Museum was ixjunded especially for the preservation of collections, and the study of American Archaeology and Ethnology, and that it is the on y one of its character in the country, will, when properly made known to the public, unquestionably have the effect desired, ,f at the same time the general impression of its great wealth can be dispelled. Respectfully submitted, F. W. Putnam, Curator. FEABODT MTTSEmi AMERICAX AKCH^OLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY, Cambridge, Mass., March 7, LIST OF ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBEAEY FOE THE YEAR 1880. ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUM. 20550 — 20560. Fragments of pottery from the McElmo Canon and the ruins on the Animas river, Colorado Territory. — Collected and pre- sented by Mr. Wm. F. Morgan. 20561 — 20878. A large and varied assortment of stone implements of the usual Ohio valley patterns, from Franklin, Pickaway, Eoss, Clinton, Fairfield, Van Wert, Warren, Lawrence, Clarke and Butler Counties, Ohio ; and from Boone and Kenton Counties, Kentucky ; stone ornaments from Franklin, Eoss, Pickaway, Licking, Hamilton and Clermont Counties, Ohio, and from Campbell County, Kentucky ; stone pipes from Franklin County, Ohio, and the banks of Cedar river, Iowa, and also casts of others,— one in form of a duck, from Ohio, and another from West- moreland Co., Penn. ; implements of hematite from Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio; fragments of pottery from Franklin Co., Ohio, and from Boone Co., Ky ; a stone spearpoint from New Haven, Conn. ; two bronze celts from Great Britain, and iron arrowheads made by the modern Indians. Embraced in this collection are stone implements and ornaments from mounds in Delaware, Clermont, Butler, Fairfield, and Franklin Counties, Ohio, from Boone and Campbell Counties, Ky., and also from a mound in Virginia; a stone pipe, hematite celt, and sheet of mica from mounds, respectively, in Franklin, Eoss and Delaware Counties, Ohio; a cup stone, a perforated tooth, and a chungke stone from mounds in Boone and Mason Counties, Ky. ; stone pipe and copper earring from one in Indiana, shell beads from one near Jamestown, Va., and a stone celt and spearpoint from another near Andalusia, 111. — By Purchase from E. B. Collier. 20879 — 20926. A collection of stone implements and ornaments from Butler Co., Ohio; a stone ornament, and an implement of slate with the figures 1745 carved on it since its discovery, from a mound in the same County.— Collected by E. T. Shepherd, and presented by Dr. C. C. Abbott. 20927. A perfect stone knife, of semilunar form, from East Jaflray, N. H. — Collected and presented by C. J. Mason. 20928. Indian doll, representing a squaw with a child on her back.— Presented by Miss Anne P. Shaler, 20929 — 20931. Grooved stone axe, flint points, and worked piece of antler from Hamilton, Ohio.— Collected and presented by W. S. Kennedy. (29) 30 20932. Grooved stone axe found in Quincy Street, Cambridge.— Col- lected and presented b}^ Dr. H. A. Hagen. 20933 — 209-1:4. Earthen pot and fragments of potterj^ ; perforated shells ; bears' teeth ; implements of bone and stone, and pieces of antler, one ^Yorked and another charred, from an ancient cemetery at Madison- ville. Ohio. — Collected and presented by Dr. F. AY. Langdox. 20945 — 20956. Implements of bone, stone and horn, and perforated shells, from the same cemetery. —Collected and presented by Dr. C. L. Metz. 20957. Stone knife from Brookviile, Ind. — Collected and presented by Dr. F. ^V. Laxgdon. 20958—22357. This fine collection, covering 1399 distinct entries in the catalogue for this year, and taken almost entirely from mounds and graves along the St. Francis river, in Cross and other counties of northeastern Arkansas, is composed of earthen vessels of the kind usually denomi- nated "Missouri pottery," and of implements and ornaments of stone, bone, horn, shell, and copper, with a fcAV articles made of cannel coal, the use of which is unknown. There are also a number of human crania, and other bones both human and animal, some of which show marks of fire. As this collection is spoken of at some length on a preceding page, it is unnecessary here, to do more than call attention to the great predom- inance of articles of pottery, and the comparative scarcity of those of stone and other materials. Among the former there are over eight hun- dred specimens of jars, pots, bottles, etc., of the same general forms and patterns as those found in the mounds of southeastern Missouri and in the stone graves of Tennessee. Eighty-one of them are more or less ornamented in colors, and in one hundred and six the figure of a bird or of some other animal- usually a fish or a frog -is rudely imitated. It is worthy of note that in this large collection there is not a single attempt to represent the human figure, the nearest and in fact the only approach to it, being in the vase elsewhere described, which is in the shape of a human head. In this respect it difl-ers from similar collections from Missouri and Tennessee, in which there are always a considerable number of vessels in human form. Another noteworthy fact is the absence of stone pipes, thou-h there are twenty of clay. As these pipes were undoubtedly the work of the people who were buried in these mounds, it seems fair to conclude that the moundbuilders, taken as a whole, did not limit themselves in the use of the materials out of which they made their pipes, any more than they did in the shape and form which they gave them. Included in this collection, but occupying only seven num- bers in the catalogue, are a few stone implements from the mounds and graves in Tennessee. Among them are three of the large masses of chipped flint, of which mention has been previously made, a spindle- whorL arrowhead, and drills.- Explorations conducted for the Museum by Edwin Curtis. 22358 — 22475. Japanese vases, bowls and jars, of porcelam and pottery, some of which date back from one to two thousand years; 31 stone amulets or ornaments, a bow-drill with whorl, masks, animal heads of grotesque form carved in wood; articles of wearing apparel, such as are used to-day by different classes of Japanese ; and models of the interiors of parlor and a kitchen, also of a j,unk, w^ith specimens of native wood, all from Japan. With these there are also an Aino poisoned arrow, sheath-knife, carved moustache sticks, and a wooden spoon. — Collected by Prof. E. S. Morse, acting for the Museum. 22476 — 22488. Saw made of bottle glass from King George's Sound, west Australia, collected by Professor Liveksedge; fine stone celts, for- merly belonging to the Pinley collection, from Greece ; rude stone imple- ments from Abbeville and St. Acheul, France ; grooved stone hammer from Alderley Edge, implement of quartzite from Robin Hood Cave, flint flakes from Church-hole Cave, and casts of implements (figured in '-Early Man In Britain") from the upper and lower stages of Robin Hood cave, Eng- land.— Presented by Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins of Manchester, England, 22489. Carved ornament, such as worn on the hair by warriors of the Marquesas Islands, made from a human arm bone, found in a well at Scarboro, Maine. — Collected by Edward Tompson and presented by the late J. WiNGATE Thornton. 22490 — 22491. Casts of bone ornaments precisely like the above from the Marquesas Islands, and also human hair from an anklet from the same Islands. — Collected and presented by Mr. C. D. Voy. 22492. Kappa cloth from the Hawaiian Islands. — Collected by the U. S. Exploring Expedition under Commodore Wilkes and presented by the Boston Society op Natural History. 22493. Cast of flint implement from the lower cave earth in Robin Hood Cave, England.- Collected and presented by Prof. W. Boyd Daw^- KINS. 22494 — 22495. Hand-made wire cloth from Nijnii Novgorod — Col- lected by the Hon. G. V. Fox, and presented by the Museum of Compar- ative Zoology. 22496 — 22499. Casts of fragments of pottery, of an earthen cylinder and tablet, and also of human tibia3 from the shell heaps at Omori, Japan. Types of specimens figured by Prof. E. S. Morse. — Presented by the Imperial University op Tokio. 22500 — 22642. Earthen vases, some of them ornamented in colors, and a mask and mould of the same material, an "idol" in lava, human bones, stone implements, and beads and ornaments of jadeite, from places around Lake Nicaragua; shell ornament from the cave at Cucirizna; stone implements and ornaments, piece of charred wood, human and ani- mal bones, earthen vessels and toys, some of them painted, small human figures in terra cotta, and animal heads of the same material, from burial mounds on the plain west of Tola, Nicaragua. — Explorations of Dr. Earl Flint, conducted for the Museum. 22643. Wooden seats from Brazil. — Collected by the Hassler Expedi- tion and presented by the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 22644 — 22911. Six " mummies " or dried human bodies with the wrap- 32 pings from burial caves in Coahuila, Mexico. In the bundles containing the human skeletons were also implements and ornaments. Among these are feather ornaments, shell beads, and necklace of snakes' vertebrae ; bas- kets, pieces of matting, wicker work, nets, cords, twine, and cloth, some of which is ornamented in colored figures, all made from the fibre of the Agave ; shell ornaments ; stone implements, among them several knives fastened in wooden handles ; braided sandals ; circular pads to protect the head when carrying burdens, made of grass and Agave fibre. A num- ber of crania, and articles similar to those mentioned above, were found upon the floor of the caves, apparently from other bundles in which bodies were wrapped. Besides these articles found in the caves and which will form the subject for a special paper. Dr. Palmer obtained specimens of the Agave which seems to have played as prominent a part in the domes- tic economy of these people, as it does in that of the Indians of to-day; also a corn husker, hat, leather sandals, water bottle, rattles, and a crown of artificial flowers, such as are now made and used by the Indians of Coahuila. He was also fortunate enough to secure an old Spanish olive jar which is an exact counterpart of one, noticed in a former report, which was from a mound in Florida. There is also in this collection a large and interesting series of stone implements from Georgetown, Texas, and a few fra-ments of pottery, two stone knives and some broken implements of the^ame material from Longview, Texas, the latter collected by Mr. John Allex AVare of that place. — Explorations conducted for the Museum by Dr. Edward Pa'lmer. 22912 — 22917. Two stone yokes, and two human faces in profile, carved in stone, and fragments of pottery probably from Mexico. — Col- lected by the Hassler Expedition and presented by the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 22918—22973. Crania and other human and animal bones, some show- ing marks of Are, fragments of pottery, with painted, stamped, and in- cised ornamentation ; shells, ornaments of silver, brass and copper, glass beads, stone celts and arrowheads, iron tomahawk and pieces of bog iron from mounds in Florida. - Exploration conducted for the Museum by Dr. David Mack. 22974 — 22975. Mummied human head and foot, from the tombs at Memphis, Egypt. — By Purchase. 22976 — 22980. Cups, pipe, osirids, and an earthen lamp from Egypt. — Collected and presented by Mrs. S. D. Warren. 22981. Carved stone head from Idalium. 22982. Iron tomahawk from Crawford, Miss. —Presented by Mr. A. F. Berlin. 22983. Stone sinker from Saugus, Mass. — By Exchange. 22984. A small human face carved on stone, from Wellfleet, Mass. — Collected and presented by Rev. B. F. De Costa. 22985. Stone pipe,^ sim.ilar in execution and material to those from the 1 This pipe is figured and an account of it is given on page 324 of Dr. Abbott's work entitled " Primitive Industry or Illustrations of the Handiwork in Stone, Bone and Clay of the Native Races of the Northern Atlantic Seal)oai d of America." 33 Northwest coast, found at a depth of two to three feet in North Carver, Plymouth Co., Mass. — By Puhchase. 22986 — 23006. Stone implements from Lebanon Co. , Penn. — Collected and presented by H. L. Ellig. 23007. Grooved stone axe from Washington Co., Ark. — Collected by Midshipman J. C. Drakk, U. S. N., and presented by Prof. Chaiiles E. MUXKOE. 23008—23014. Fragments of steatite pots and stone implements from Oxford Co., North Carolina.— Collected and presented by Mr. W. R. Cabot. 23015 — 23019. Stone implements from Castorland Station, Lewis Co., N. Y.— Collected and presented by Mr. W. Hudson Stephens. 23020—23022. Birch bark panier from Lake Superior, "squeezes" from the " tomb of a priest " at Thebes, Egypt, and model of a steam- boat, made of pith by a Nubian child.- Collected and presented by Mrs. Asa Gray. 23023. Calvariura and human bones from Main St., Owego, N. Y.— Collected and presented by Prof. E. Pumpelly. 23024. Clay pipe from St. Lucia, W. L— Collected and presented by Mr. F. Ober. 23025. Cast of the "Gass tablet," — Presented by the Davenport Academy of Sciences. 23026. Fragment of Zulu pottery from South Africa.— Presented by Mrs. Isabella James. 23027—23030. Cranium and jaw from Silver Creek, Iowa, and frag- ments of pottery from ancient Indian lodges in Mills Co., Iowa.— Collected and presented by Mr. S. V. Proudfit. 23031. Flint chips and broken arrowhead from Fort Sisseton, Dakota Ter.— Collected and presented by Mr. A. Gecks. 23032 — 23034. Notched and painted sticks left by the Pueblo Indians, on Mt. Taylor, New Mexico. — Collected and presented by Mr. G. Thompson. 23035—23062. Fragments of pottery, showing different methods of ornamentation, from Plattsburgh, N. Y. — Collected and presented by Dr. D. S. Kellogg. 23063 — 23071. Earthen vases and stands from megalithic cists in Periakulam, Madura district. South India.— Collected by the late Rev. D. C. Scudder and presented by Mr. S. H. Scudder. 23072 — 23073. Mats probably from West Africa. — Collected by the late Dr. Charles Pickering and presented by Mrs. Pickering. 23074 — 23075. Casts of steatite dishes in the Amherst Museum. — Presented by Prof. E. Hitchcock. 23076 — 23084. Several crania, heads, sheath-knife, human hair, and fragment of cloth ornamented with buttons, belonging to Dull Knife's band of Cheyenne Indians, who were killed in 1879.— Collected by S. W. Garman, and presented by the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 23085 — 23092. Two mummied heads from Thebes, Egypt.— Collected by the late John Lowell, jr. ; Kappa cloth, and ' e material from which Ricport of Peabody Museum, III. 3 84 it is made, also a pounder or instrument used in makinj; it, from tlie Hawaiian Islands; grass cloth and a cap probably of African manufacture. — Presented by the Boston Socikty of Natuual llisrouY. 23093—23098. Crania and perforated shells from mounds on the blulf near the mouth of the Illinois river,^ and a fragment of a skull from a mound in St. Charles Co., Mo.— Collected and presented by the lion. Wm. McAdams. 23099 — 231U. Sixteen French crania.— Fresented by the SociArfe d'An TiiKOPOLOtUE of Taris. 23115. Carib table from Salibria, Island of Dominica.— Collected by Mr. S. W. Gaum AN. —By ruuciiASK. 23I1G. Small dish with human head, made in iuiitation of similar ar- ticles from the mounds in southeastern Missouri.— Bresented by Dr. F. E. lllIJ[>EK. 23117 23192. Human bones, some burned; charcoal; shells, and implements of bone and stone fi'om Battle Mound in Fairtlold Co., Ohio; stone implements of the usual patterns from the surface in ditterent sec- tions of Ohio ; a celt nnide of limonite from Ironton, Ohio, collected by the Hon. John Campbell ; an oval stone cup from Beach City, Ohio, collected by Mr. Joskpu Getty ; a spearpoint from Newark, Ohio, collected by ,hulge Buckingham; human bones and fragments of stamped pottery from Fort George Island, Florida, collected by Mr. Cutlek W. Andkews ; human bones, shell beads, and fragments of pottery from St. Johns river, Florida, opposite the light house, collected by Miss Claua L. xVndkkws.— Explor- ation conducted for the Museum by the late Prof. K. B. Ani>rewj>. 23193—23547. A collection of over three hundred crania from Ancon and Pacasmayo, Peru, with a few other human bones and specimens of hair, collected by the Hasslek Expedition, nnder the late Prof. Louis Agassiz; cranium from Tierra del Fuego, of doubtl\il nationality, col- lected on the same expedition ; fifteen crania from the Hawaiian Islands, collected by the late Dr. C. F.Wlxslow; crania and stone celts from India, collected by Mr. W. Theobald, jr. ; an imperfect skeleton from Christchiirch, New Zealand, collected by Dr. J. Haast; human bones from Hayti, W. I., collected by Dr. D. F. Weinland; human bones from McGregor, Iowa ; a human skeleton of unknown origin, casts of the cra- nia of individuals belonging to thirteen ditlerent peoples.— Presented by the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 23548 — 235G0. Grooved stone axe from Dover, Delaware; a collection of stone implements from Little Creek, Kent Co., Del., and fragments of pottery from shell mounds at Capo lleulopen, collected and presented by Mr. II. K. Benneit. 23-,(;i —23704. A collection of stone implemonts and ornaments and fragments of pipes ?ind other articles of pottery from Trenton, Crosswicks Creek and Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey. In it are a series of paheolithics found at ditferent di^pths, and twenty-seven grooved stone axes, two 2These crania are moufeionea in Mr. MoAdiinis- papor on uuciont mounds^ in llUnoks \ 35 stone mortars, four unfinished ornamental axes, and a large and varied collection of stone implements of jasper, quartz and argillite, such as are usually found on the surface in New Jersey. — Exploration conducted for the Museum by Dr. C. C. Abbott. 23765 — 23775. Stone implements of the usual New Jersey patterns, and fragments of pottery from Trenton.— Collected and presented by EiCHARD M. Abbott. 23776 — 23858. Grooved stone axe from Bainbridge, Penn., and stone implements and a brass arrowhead from Lancaster Co., Penn. — Col- lected by the late Dr. S. S. Haldemaj^; a large series of stone imple- ments and ornaments of the usual Ohio valley forms, from Butler Co., Ohio, together with flint points from California, Iowa, Indiana and Ken- tucky, all collected by Mr. R. T. Shepherd of Monroe, Ohio ; a small carved stone from Burlington Co., New Jersey, collected by Mr. Herbert Coleman.— Presented by Dr. C. C. Abbott. 23859 — 23869. Stone implements from Trenton, N. J., and fragments of pottery and stone knives, drills and arrowheads from Oswego, N. Y.— Collected and presented by Mrs. Ernest Ingersoll. 23870. Cast of a stone ornament from Conestoga, Penn. — Collected by P. C. HiLLER and presented by Dr. C. C. Abbott. 23871 — 23880. Flint points from a newly ploughed field near Saratoga Lake, N. Y. ; stone arrowheads from Saratoga Springs, and a flint im- plement from the gravel (probably disturbed) one mile west of Saratoga Springs, N. Y.— Collected and presented by Lieut. Com. A. R. McNair, U. S. Navy. 23881. Stone pipe with human face cut on it, from the surface near Pomeroy, Ohio.— Collected and presented by Charles Dabxey Hortox. 23882. Cranium from Battle Mound, Eairfleld Co., Ohio.— Collected and presented by Mr. Samuel Courtright. 23883 — 23963. A large earthen jar and a portion of a bowl, ornamented in colors, two small, stone idols — one representing a puma and said to be *' Shyayaq," god of the chase; grooved and notched stone axes, and flakes of obsidian and chalcedony from the Pueblo of Cochiti and neigh- borhood ; turquoise ear-rings, shell ornaments, fragments of pottery- some of European make — obsidian chips, stone hammers and grinding stones (manos) , from the pueblo of Santo Domingo; fragments of dif- ferent kinds of pottery, obsidian chips and arrowheads, human and ani- mal bones, metate and grinding stones, and specimens of clay, rock, tim- bers and the adobe mortar from the Pueblo of Pecos and vicinity.— Col- lected by Mr. Ad. E. Bandeliee, and presented by the Arch^ological Institute of America. 23964 — 24139. This valuable collection from ancient graves in Peru is especially rich in the number of " mummied " heads preserved in their original wrappings, and in the quantity and variety of the specimens of cotton and woollen cloth, and garments made from it. Many pieces of this cloth are elaborately ornamented with colored figures, both woven and embroidered. There are also several work baskets with their usual contents, such as needles, thread, and bunches of wool and cotton, and a 36 number of wooden implements, some of which were doubtless used m weaving. The collection also contains a number of large wooden imple- ments for agricultural purposes. Among the other articles worthy of special notice, arc cup-stones, pestles, and polishing stones ; dolls made of pottery, ornaments of shell, feathers and copper, small silver disks from the mouths of mummies, gourd bottles and dishes, nets with corn, beans, nuts, and other articles of food; slings, club heads of copper and stone, and a tattooed arm.- Presented by Dr. W. Sturgis Bigelow. 24140—24377. Pipes of Buffalo horn from Calcutta; knife from Mo- rocco, wooden shoes from Holland ; calabashes, ornamental boxes, cassava bread' and roasted plantains from Surinam; iron tomahawk-pipe from Nebraska ; pipes made of catlinite from the Rocky Mountains ; stone celts, o-ouges and grooved axes from Arizona, Dakota, Indiana, New Jersey, Maine and Massachusetts; stone knives, arrowheads and other stone implements from Nebraska, Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, New York, and numerous places in Massachusetts; arrowheads from a cave in western New York ; polishing and hammer stones, stone sinkers pestles and perforated stones from different localities in Massachusetts ; and a lar-e collection of stone chips and implements, some of them very rude and resembling the Hurtle backs' of New Jersey, and other palaeolithic forms, from the neighborhood of Wakefield, Mass. In this collection there is a bird-shaped "totem" of stone which was found six feet deep in a peat bog near Wakefield, and is interesting as being the only specimen in the Museum from the peat of New England, DONORS TO THE LIBRARY. Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Two pamphlets.^ Mr. Theo. S. Case. Twenty-six numbers of Review. Pro/. John Collett. One volume. Dr. Charles L. Metz. Two pamphlets. Mr. Charles F. Low. Pamphlet. Hon. Lewis H. Morgan. Pamphlet. Mr. Stephen Salisbury, Jr. One volume. Dr. Ernil Schmidt. Pamphlet. Dr. C. C. Abbott. Two pamphlets. Minnesota Historical Society. Nine reports, four numbers of the Col- lections. Dr. H. C. Yarrow. One volume. Bev. Horace C. Hovey. Pamphlet. Archceological Society of Greece. Pamphlet. Philosophical Society of Washington. Three volumes. M. Leon De Bosny. Pamphlet. Bev. E. C. Bolles. Pamphlet. Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins. Pour pamphlets. 3 The titles of Anthropological works received by the Masenra are publishe(l in the list of additions to the, Ubnu'lea of the University, in the Harvard UniversUy Bulletin, 37 Gesellschaft fur pommersche Geschichte und AUerthumskunde, Stettin, Prussia. Four numbers of Journal. Gesellschaft fur Geschichte und AUerthumskunde, der ostseeprovinzen Busslands. Pamphlet. President H. Kato, University of Tokio. One volume. Providence Public Library. Report. Mr. Charles Henry Hart. Two pamphlets. Smithsonian Institution. Three volumes. Archceological Institute of America. Report. Academy of Science of St. Louis. One volume, one pamphlet. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Six reports, four pamphlets. Trustees of the Astor Library. Report. American Chemical Society. Journal. Dr. Albert S. Gatschet. Three pamphlets. Missouri Historical Society. Three pamphlets. American Antiquarian Society. Two pamphlets. Ministere deV Instruction publique, Paris. Four volumes. Mr. Alexander Agassiz. Two volumes, five pamphlets. Essex Institute. Seven numbers of Bulletin, two pamphlets. Prof. O. T. Mason. Fourteen pamphlets. Trustees of the Museum of Fine Arts. Two reports. Prof. W. H. Flower. Five pamphlets. Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Nine numbers of Journal of the Society. Department of the Interior. Four volumes, six pamphlets. Mr. Bobert Clarke. One volume. Anthropological Society of Great Britian and Ireland. Four numbers of Journal. Dumfreeshire and Galloway Scientific and Natural History Society. One number of its Journal. L'Academie d'Archeologie de Belgique. Thirteen volumes of annals, sixteen numbers of Bulletin, and one pamphlet. Dr. Samuel A. Green. One pamphlet. Col. Garrick Mallery. One volume. Prof. J. D. Whitney. Two volumes. Museum of Wesleyan University. Report. Western Beserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society. Seventeen pamphlets. Mr. E. T. Nelson. Pamphlet. Mr. W. J. McGee. Pamphlet. Mrs. S. S. Haldeman. Pamphlet. Bev. B. F. De Costa. Pamphlet. Marquis de Nadaillac. Two volumes. Harvard College Library. Three pamphlets. Mr. Alfred B. C. Selwyn. One volume. State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Report. Prof. N. H. Winchell. One volume. 3« mmohener Gesdlschaft fiir Anthropologie, Etnologie, und UrgescMcMe. Journal. Prof T7. H. Haynes. Two volumes, one pamphlet. yaUivMstorisches Museum zu Braunschweig. Pamphlet. Mr. Justin Winsor. One volume. Mr E. A. Conklin. Pamphlet. Geological Suirey of Canada. One volume. Prof Asa Gray. One hundred and twenty-four panphlets. ^^lu^Antkropologie cle Fans. Twenty volumes and three uumbers of Bunetins, General Index, Volumes I-VI, four volumes Memoirs, three numbers Eevue, and two other volumes. Col. C. C. Jones, Jr. One pamphlet. Prof. E. S. Morse. Pour pamphlets. 3Ir F ^Y.Futnam. Two volumes, nine pamphlets. Wisconsin Natural History Society. Two pamphlets. Societe Italiana di Anthropologia Etnologia, Episcologia Compamta. Pive ^""^Emor of the Scientific American. Paper for the year. Dr Edward Falmer. Six pamphlets. Novian Scotian Institute of Satural Science. One volume. Unknown. One pamphlet. Dr. C. C. Abbott. Five photographs. Mr. J. Thomas Brown. One photograph. 3Ir S V. FroudM. One photograph. Dr Edward Falmer. Eight photographs, ten lithographs. Army Medical Museum. Eiglit photographs. Dr B. J. Farquharson. One photograph. Maj J. W. Fowell. Eighty -two photographs. Mr. W. L. Nicholson. Two post-route maps. S. M. Luther. Three photographs. Dr P F. Hoy. Pour photographs. B« Purchase. Twenty volumes, ten serials, eight rolames in eighty sefen parts, of Japanese books, map of Japan, thirtj-one photographs. REPORT OF THE TREASURER. To the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of American Archceology and Mhnology in connection with Harvard University : Stephen Salisbury, Treasurer, respectfully presents his Fourteenth Annual Re- port : — The Treasurer has in his keepinj? Thirty Massachusetts Coast Defence Specie Reg- istered Notes, each for $5,000, dated July 1, 1863, due July 1, 1883, the ffift of George Peabody, Esq., to this Museum, viz. :— o o Nine Notes of $5,000, No. 45 to No. 54, belonging to Collection Fund. Nine Notes of $5,000, No. 55 to No. H3, belonging to Professor Fund. Twelve Notes of $5,000, No. 64 to No. 75, belonging to Building Fund. The Treasurer for Collection Fund is charged with, Feb. 4, 1880, balance of account $1250 00 July 6, 1880, 6 montlis' Interest on Mass. 5 per cent. Notes to 1st . ll->5 GO July 6, 1880, 6 months' Interest on Mass. 5 per cent. Notes, Professor Fund . 1125 GO Jan. 4, 1881, 6 months' Interest on Mass. 5 per cent. Notes to 1st l]25 00 Jan. 4, 1881, 6 months' Interest on Mass. 5 per cent. Notes, Professor Fund . 1125 00 $5750 00 And the Treasurer for Collection Fund is credited with, Feb. 18, 1880, paid F. W. Putnam, Cui ator, by vote of Trustees $12.50 00 J uly 21, 1880, paid F. W. Putnam, Curator, by vote of Trustees 2250 00 Jan. 3, 1881, paid F. W. Putnam, Curator, by vote of Trustees 2250 00 $5750 00 The Treasurer for Building Fund is charged with, Feb. 4, 1880, balance of account * 500 00 J uly 6, 1880, 6 months' Interest on Mass. 5 per cent. Notes to 1st "'.'.*.'' 1500 00 Jan. 3, 1881, 6 months' Interest on Mass. 5 per cent. Notes to 1st 1500 00 $35(10 00 And the Treasurer for Building Fund is credited with, Feb. 18, 1880, paid F. W. Putnam, Curator, by vote of Trustees $ 500 00 July 21, 1880, paid F. W. Putnam, Curator, by vote of Trustees ]500 00 Jan. 3, 1881, paid F. W. Putnam, Curator, by vote of Trustees 1500 00 $3500 00 March 7, 1881. " STEPHEN SALISBURY, Treasurer. I certify that the above Report of Stephen Salisbury, Treasurer, is v\^ell vouched and truly stated, and the thirty Mass. 5 per cent. Specie Notes registered, each for $5,000 are m the possession of the Treasurer. March 3, 1881. " SAMUEL F. HAVEN, AudUor. (39) 40 CASH ACCOUNT F. "W. Putnam, Curator, in Account with 1880-81. To Building Fund. Balance on hand from last account $648 14 Received from Stephen Salisbury, Treasurer 3500 00 Received from Lambert Bros., allowance on glass 1 88 Museum Fund, payment of amount advanced on last account . . 644 02 $4794 04 To Museum Fund. Received from Stephen Salisbury, Treasurer ....... $5750 00 From Building Fund, on account cases made 1868-74 644 02 From Building Fund, lor library cabinet 8 50 From Woman's Educational Assoc., expenses of lecture ... 5 00 From Reports sold From a friend for explorations 00 6501 40 $11,295 44 41 OF THE CURATOR. Pedbody Museum of American ArchcBology and Ethnology. By Building Fund. Cr. 1880-81. Paid Museum Fund, on account of cases made fi om lS()8-74 . . $644 02 Paid Museum Fund, for library cabinet 8 50 Cases, stock and labor 3210 58 200 wooden ti ays (drawers imder cases) 30 00 72 chairs ; . . . . 35 OJ Repairing plastering 30 87 Incidentals and materials used 04 CO $4023 57 Balance, cash on hand to new account 770 47 4794 04 By Museum Fund. Paid Building Fund amount advanced on last account .... $644 02 Explorations and collections 1075 10 Library, books, labels and cataloguing 59 09 Water tax, two years 50 CO Express, postage and telegraph 358 74 Drawings and illustrations 53 50 Printing 12th and 13th Reports 603 45 Paper, envelopes and labels 21 CO Mounting idol from Nicaragua and Palenque tablet 36 87 Cement 8 00 Fuel 11 00 Incidentals 43 02 Salaries 3379 oo 6343 39 Balance, cash on hand to new account 158 01 6501 40 $11,295 44 I have examined this account, with the vouchers, and find it correct. Theodore Lyman. Feb. 26, 1881. FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PEABODY MUSEUM AMERICAN AEOHjEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OP HARVARD COLLEGE, JUNE, 1882. Vol. III. No. 2. CAMBRIDGE : PEINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1882. OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE OF PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS, Sjllem, Mass. c o ]sr T E ]sr T s . List of Trustees and Officers of the Museum 46 Letter of the Trustees to the President and Fellows of Harvard College Abstract from the Records 48 Report of the Treasurer 49 Cash Account of the Curator 50 Arch^ological Research in America : Circular letter relating to. 52 Subscribers to Exploration Fund 54 Report of the Curator 55 List of Additions to the Museum during the year 1881 . 74 List of Donors to the Library during the year 1881 . 80 Notes on the Copper Objects from North and South America contained in the collections of the Peabody Museum. Illus- trated. By F. W. Putnam, 83 (45) PEABODY MUSEUM OF AlilERICAy ARCHiOLOGT A^'D ETH^-QLOGT ly COXNECTIOX WITH HAEVARD UNIVERSITY. FOU>-PED BY GEOKGE PEABODY, OCTOBES 8, 1866. TEUSTEES Robert C. ^inthrop, Boston, 1866. Chairman. Charles Francis Ada^is, Quincy, 1S66 ; resigned, 1881. Francis Peabody, Salem, 1866; deceased, 1867. Stephen Salisbury, Worcester, 1866. Treasurer, 1866-1881. ASA Gray, Cambridge, 1866. Fro tempore Curator of the JIuseum, 18-4. Jeffhiks Wyman, Cambridge, 1866; deceased 187i. Curator of the Mu- seum. 1866-1874. George Peabody Eussell, Salem, 1866; resigned, 1876. Secretai-y, 1866-1873. HENBY Wheatland, Salem, 1867. Successor to Francis Peabody, as Pre'^ident of the Essex Institute. Secretary, 1873. THO.L.S T. BOUT6, Boston, 1874-1880. Successor to Jeffries Wyman, as President of the Boston Society of Xataral History. THEODORE LY.I.N, Brookliue, 1876. Successor to George Peabody Eussell, by election. Treasurer, 1881-1882. SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, Boston, 1880. successor to Thomas T. Bouve, as President of the Boston Society of Natural History. JOHN C. PHILLIPS, Boston, 1881. Successor to Charles Francis Adams, by election. Treasurer, 1882. OFFICERS OF THE MUSEUM. FREDERICK Ward Putnam, Curator, 1875. LuciEN Carr, Assistant Curator, 1877. Miss Jennie Smith, Assistant, 1878. Miss C. A. Studley, Assistant, 1882. Edward E. Chick, Assistant in charge of the Building, 1878. C46) FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. To THE President and Fellows op Harvard College :— The Trustees of the Peabody Museum of American Archse- ology and Ethnology herewith respectfully communicate to the President and Fellows of Harvard College, as their Fifteenth Annual Eeport, the Reports of their Curator and Treasurer pre- sented at the Annual Meeting, February 24, 1882. robp:rt c. winthrop, stephen salisbury, ASA GRAY, HENRY WHEATLAND, THEODORE LYMAN, SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, JOHN C. PHILLIPS. Cambridge, June 22, 1882. ABSTRACT PROM THE RECORDS. Friday, February 24, 1882. The Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees was held this day at noon, in the Museum, Cambridge. Present : Messrs. Wisthuop, Salisbury, Gray, Lyman, Scudder, Phillips, Wheatland and the Curator. The Report of the Treasurer was read and accepted, and ordered to be printed as a part of the Fifteenth Annual Keport of the Board. MR. Lyman stated that when he accepted the office of Treasurer at the last meetin- it was with the understanding that he was only to hold the office temporarily. He therefore offered his resignation, which was ac cepted, and the thanks of the Board were voted for his efficient services during the past year. On nomination of Mr. Lyman, Mr. Johk C. Phillips w.as unanimously elected Treasurer. Mr. LYMAN called attention to the circular letter which had recently been issued by authority of the Board, requesting aid to enable the Museum to renew its explorations in America, and stated that several subscriptions had already been received in response. The Curator presented his account of the expenditures for the year, which was accepted and ordered to be printed. The Curator read his Annual Report, which was accepted and ordered to be printed. The appropriations for the year were voted. The Board then adjourned to meet on March 15. THE ADJOURNED MEETING was held ou March 15, 1882 at -oon at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston Present : Messr s^ WiNTHROP, Salisbury, Gray, Scudder, Phillips, heatland and the Curator. . , The Curator reported a plan for proposed explorations, which vyas accepted^and it wa's voted that the Treasurer be authorized to pay the Cui rTOR twenty.five hundred and fifty dollars, the amount received to date from the subscriptions in aid of archaeological research in America, to be expended in accordance with the accepted plan. It was also voted that the Treasurer and Mr. Lyman be authorized to reinvest the funds of the Museum. The Board then adjourned. ^^^^^ Wheatland, Secretary. (48) REPORT OF THE TREASURER. Ethnology m connection with Harvard University : THEOBOHK LTMAK, Treasurer, re^pectfuHy presents the foUowtag Annua. Eeport :- Eegtel~;nirereT^ Massachusetts Coast Defence Specie , .S3S, t.e „r;^r e p:x°:"i;:cs;s'Hu!:r' '^"^ »s charged with, July 6, 1881. Six months' Interest on above to J„ly i Jan. 12, 1882. Six months' Interest on above to Jan! 1 ^^'^'^ ' 3750 00 $7500 00 And is credited with, ' July 6, 1881, Paid F. W. Putnam, Curator, For account of Building Fund, . . . *i^oo no For account of Museum Fund, 2250 'o Jan. 12, 1882, Paid F. W. Putnam, Curator, For account of Building Fund, .... ^i^on no For account of Museum Fund 2250 00 $3750 00 $7500 00 FEB. 24, 1882. THEODORE LYMAN, Treasurer. (49) Report of Pjsabody Museum, III. 50 CASH ACCOUNT -p. W. Putnam, Curator, in Account with 1881-82. To Building Fund. Balance on hand from last accoimt . • • Received from Theodore Lyman, Treasurer $770 47 3000 00 $3770 47 To Museum Fund. Balance on hand from last account • ; ' * * ^^JJ From Building Fund, 2d payment account of cases made m 1868-<4 600 00 From Building Fund, part salary of E.E. Chick, • Reports sold * „„ ^.^ Received from Theodore Lyman, Treasurer ____ 579071 $9561 18 51 Cr. 1881-82. OF THE CUEATOR. Pedbody Museum of American Archceology and Ethnology. By Building Fund. Paid Museum Fund, 2d payment acct. cases 1868-74 . . $600 00 Flooring 1st Southern gallery ' ' 292 17 Cases, stock and labor *.*.*.*.'.* lOlO 88 Furniture, and materials used 56 on Part salary of E. E. Chick \ ...... . 500 00 — — $2459 85 Balance, cash on hand to new account 1310 3770 47 By Museum Fund. Explorations and collections $843 75 Library, books, labels and cataloguing . . 43 47 Stationery and ink 26 33 Binding 278 copies of Reports, Vols. I and 11.' . . . ' 12360 Stereotyping and Printing 14th Report . ... ir^o Fuel and Gas ^^^ f WaterTax 25 00 Express, postage and telephone *. *. *..*** 152 65 Craniometrical instruments .... ok Caligraph '. \ '. \ ' ' ' 11 Incidentals °° 7 Salaries f 3871 00 Balance, cash on hand to new account . . . 5557 69 233 02 5790 71 $9561 18 I have examined this account, with the vouchers, and find it correct. Feh. 11, 1882. THEODORE LTMAN. In conformity luith a vote passed at the Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees in 1881, the following circular letter was issued in January, 1882. ARCH^OLOGICAL RESEARCH IN AMERICA. In 1866 Mr. George Peabody gave $150,000 to found a Mu- seum of American Archieology and Ethnology : stipulating in his instrument of trust that $60,000 should be invested for accumu- lation as a building fund. In 1876, the Trustees began the erec- tion of the first section of the building, on land given by Harvard College. This structure, which is one-fifth of the one contem- plated, was completed two years later. Since 1878 three rooms and their galleries together with the central hall have been provided with cases, and the large collec- tions from North, Central, and South America, and the smaller collections from Egypt, Southern Africa, Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands have been arranged in them. These rooms are now open free to visitors between the hours of nine and five. The large collections from Europe, particularly rich in objects illus- trating the stone age of Denmark and Italy, and in interesting remains from the Swiss Lakes, are now in course of arrangement for the room which will be provided with cases in the spring. The collections of human crania from all parts of the world, the numerous human skeletons, and the pathological specimens of prehistoric times, are already sufficient to fill the upper room and adjoining hall, and will be arranged as soon as cases are provided for the purpose. The Trustees have thus secured to the public a fire-proof build- ing, containing large and valuable collections, comprising several hundred thousand specimens, which are recorded under nearly thirty thousand distinct entries. These have been placed under proper care and arranged in accordance with the demands of mod ern anthropological science. An instructive and attractive Museum has in this way been formed where, from time to time, free descriptive lectures are given by the Curator. To this Museum, students may come for special investigations, with the assurance that, so far as American (52) 53 archaeology is concerned, they have access to the most important collections that have been brought together, while the material for comparison with that of other parts of the world is not want- ing. The opportunities afforded by the Museum for archaeological and ethnological investigations have enabled its officers and other students to make a number of researches, accounts of which have been published in tlie Annual Reports of the Trustees, in Me- moirs of Societies, in National and State Reports, and in various journals. It is not too much to say that the work done at the Museum, and under its direction, has had a marlced influence on the methods of archaeological and ethnological research in this country. While the results attained are most satisfactory, it must be evident that the small income of $4500 per annum, derived from the $90,000 given by Mr. Peabody for the care and increase of the Museum, is now scarcely adequate for its care alone, and that the increase of the collections must depend entirely upon gifts of specimens, which, although large and important, are not such as will enable the Museum to hold its own in the rapidly increasing growth of the science for whose development it was founded a growth which has far exceeded the anticipations of sixteen years ago. The Trustees therefore ask your aid to enable them to renew the explorations in America, which were successfully begun under the direction of the first Curator, the late Dr. Jeffries Wyraan, and continued with excellent results by his successor, the present Curator, Mr. F. W. Putnam, until the whole of the limited in- come was required for the increased expense of maintaining the growing collections. The Trustees are the more urgent in asking for aid at this time, as they are satisfied of the importance and justice of the following statement made by the Curator in his last Annual Report :— " The large amount of valuable and authentic material received from the special explorations by the Museum, and the important facts relating to the past of our country, which have been obtained, are certainly suffi- cient inducements to continue the American explorations, if the means can be secured. It is only by extensive, thorough and systematic work of this character, that we can hope to trace the migrations of tribes and nations over our continent and follow them back in time. The continua- tion of the explorations so well begun by the Museum is also most de- sirable at this time ; for since the great increase in the number of persons * 54 who are more or less interested in making collections, the antiquities of the country are being explored at random, and often in a very superficial and unsatisfactory manner, while foreign institutions have their agents here who compete with wealthy private collectors and pay high prices for all that can be obtained, thus encouraging the hunter for curiosities as well as the maker of fraudulent specimens. Of course the time is not distant, when little that is undisturbed either by the plough or the gen- eral collector, will remain to reward the careful student for his pains. Under these circumstances, it appears to me that the time has come when an appeal for aid to enable the Museum to enter upon more extended work would meet with success. I am the more inclined to make this statement, as my own feeble presentation of the subject to various per- sons leads me to hope that an appeal to the public would meet with the wished-for reception, if it were started under your sanction and direc- tion, with a plain statement of the necessity of increased means for the work which the Museum is so well prepared to perform, as well as of the security it ofi"ers as a place for the final deposit of the treasures obtained and for the lasting care that its present means provide for all that is received. The fact that this Museum was founded especially for the preservation of collections, and the study of American Archaeology and Ethnology, and that it is the only one of its character in the country, will, when properly made known to the public, unquestionably have the effect desired, if at the same time the general impression of its great wealth can be dispelled." ^ _ _ f Robert C. Winthkop, I Stephen Salisbury, I Asa Gray, Trustees, ^ Henry Wheatland, I Theodore Lyman, I Samuel H. Scudder, l^JoHN C. Phillips. Contributions may be sent to Theodore Lyman, Treasurer, 191 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston. In answer to this circular the following subscript received : Hon. Stephen Salisbury, Worcester, Mass. Col. Theodore Lyman, Brookline, John C. Phillips, Esq., Boston, Mrs. Augustus Hemenway, Samuel D. Warren, Esq., Mrs. Gardner Brewer, Dk. C. a. Ware, Dr. R. M. Hodges, Mrs. G. H. Shaw, Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Wm. D. Weeden, Esq , Providence, R. I. ons have already been $500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 300 00 200 00 100 00 100 00 100 00 50 00 $3350 00 EEPOET OF THE CUEATOE. To the Trustees of the Peahody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology : — Gentlemen :— As is well known to you, and as is stated in the last report, the explorations, which for several years had been so successfully prosecuted by the Museum, were reluctantly sus- pended two years ago, but it is now probable that the means will soon be forthcoming for the renewal of field work, to a limited ex- tent at least, as several friends of the Museum have generously headed a subscription paper for that purpose. Should our hopes be realized and a few thousand dollars be secured for immediate use in explorations, there is reason to believe that results equal in importance to those already attained will be the reward of those who may give their assistance in the important work of exploring the ancient remains of our continent, the interest in which is rap- idly increasing as the facts revealed by careful explorations are made known. The discontinuance of work in the field has, naturally, caused a large decrease in the number of specimens received at the Mu- seum during the past year as compared with the receipts during the few years when the active explorations were in progress. While this falling off" in receipts is very much to be regretted, we have the satisfaction of recording a number of gifts from friends in various parts of the country. For a notice of these in detail I must refer to the annexed list of additions, comprising the 1767 entries in the catalogue during the year, and only refer in particular to a few of the more prominent collections received. To Prof. D. P. Penhallow, who was for several years in Japan, we are indebted for a valuable series of objects obtained from the Ainos of Yesso. Prof. Penhallow lived for some time with this interesting people and has generously given to the Museum the things which he obtained, including fire sticks, moustache sticks, a prayer stick, bow with poisoned arrows, knives and other ob- (55) 56 jects of domestic use. A hand-loom with all its parts complete, having upon it a piece of cloth in process of weaving from a large skein of grass thread, is of especial interest for comparison with similar hand-looms from the Indians of Mexico, and various wooden implements from the ancient graves of Peru. From Mr. H. R. Bennett, we have received a collection of over two thousand stone implements which he gathered in Delaware. This collection is of particular importance from the fact that a large portion of it was obtained from the site of an old Indian village on Morgan's creek. One interesting lot is the first collec- tion we have received from the shellheaps of Delaware. Among the other specimens, are several fine grooA^ed axes, some having two grooves, similar to many of the stone axes from New Mexico and Arizona. A large axe of polished serpentine, a "bird totem," and a large lot of arrowpoints and chipped-stone knives are also worthy of particular mention, while the collection as a whole is of great interest in comparison with the twenty thousand or more specimens in the Abbott collection from New Jersey. Mr. Ben- nett has thus not only made the Museum the recipient of his val- uable collection, but he proposes, in return for a proper prospec- tive reciprocation on our part, to continue his collecting and give to the Museum all the specimens he may secure. Dr. Abbott has continued to send to the Museum from time to time during the past 3'ear such lots of specimens as he could ob- tain at little or no expense, and, as will be seen by reference to the additions recorded under his name during the past year, we have received at a mere nominal expense many stone implements and other objects from New Jersey principally collected by him- self, and also several lots from Ohio, Kentucky, and England, which he had received from his correspondents, thus showing his continued interest in the Museum and his desire to do all in his power in furtherance of its objects, and we must remember that all his labors are gratuitous. In connection with Dr. Abbott's work I may call attention to the little pamphlet, which the Museum has distributed, containing the several papers read at the meeting of the Boston Society of Natural History, to which reference was made in the last report. At the meeting mentioned. Dr. Abbott and several other gentle- men, particularly interested in the subject of the discovery of im- plements in the gravel beds at Trenton, communicated their views 57 relating to tbe implements and the geological conditions under which they were found. As the Museum has been so thoroughly identified with this important subject, in connection with Dr. Ab- bott's discoveries, it seemed in every way proper that there should be issued to its correspondents a special edition of the pamphlet as a full statement of the facts and conclusions reached relating to the occurrence of palaeolithic man on the Atlantic coast of North America. I may also here mention the recent publication of Dr. Abbott's volume entitled "Primitive Industry." As nearly all the speci- mens figured in this work are in the Museum, it is to a consider- able extent a hand-book of that portion of our collection relating to the archaeology of the Eastern states. To all persons inter'- ested in the early history of man in America, as shown by his works in stone, bone and clay, this volume is of the first impor- tance and will necessarily long be a standard work of reference. During the past year, Mr. Dodge, acting as an agent for the Mu- seum, has continued his collecting of the rude stone implements in the vicinity of Wakefield in this state, and has added largely to the collection from this old site. We now have specimens in every stage of manufacture, from the masses broken from the rock to the perfect forms of the rude implements, which, from the great number of chippings and small detached masses of rock found in the vicinity, were unquestionably made in large quantities. It yet remains to be settled, however, to which period of the stone age these specimens can with certainty be referred. That our re- cent Indians used, many exceedingly rude stone implements can- not be questioned, and even to-day among the western tribes, stones picked up at random are used for various domestic purposes, and when a camp is changed many such are left with other things which are of too little value to be taken away. From these facts it is evident that the ruder implements and utilized natural forms, are not a certain evidence as to the period of development of the people who made use of them. That we, in camping out, are so often forced to make use of stones, shells, bones, and withes of roots or bark, should be considered in drawing deductions from the rude character of any set of implements. The customs of our Indian tribes show that in American Archaeology it is necessary to be exceedingly cautious in drawing our conclusions. Hence while the rude implements, chips, and refuse material found about 58 Wakefield may indicate that an early or rude people lived there we have not yet the evidence necessary to prove that any other people than the Indians were inhabitants of this region. To Mr. Agassiz we are indebted for numerous specimens re- ceived by the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Among the other gifts I take great pleasure in mentioning the collection of Pottery presented by Mrs. S. B. Schlesinger. This consists of over a hundred objects, about half of which are from mounds in southeastern Missouri, and the rest are from the present Pueblos of southern New Mexico. As the few specimens of recent Pueblo pottery which we had were from the region of Santa Fe, this little collection from the southern Pueblos is a most acceptable addition to the Museum. Among the pieces from Missouri there are several which show slight variations from those we had from that region. Thus the whole collection is a valuable acquisition. In the last report mention was made of the receipt from the Ar- CH^OLOGiCAL INSTITUTE of AMERICA, of a collcctiou of objccts ob- tained by Mr. Bandelier during his studies and explorations at Old Pecos, and the eastern Pueblos of Cochiti and San Domingo. These have recently been arranged in the large table case in the same hall with the models of the Pueblos and Cliff-houses and collections from modern and ancient Pueblos. The collection made by Mr. Bandelier, during his INIexican expedition under the direction of the Institute, has also been received in accordance with the decision of the Institute as mentioned in the last report. This collection, which is principally from Cholula and vicinity, con- tains a number of stone implements, a few "idols" carved in stone, some interesting pottery, and a number of other ancient and mod- ern objects. Among the pottery vessels are several unlike any we had, and in many respects the collection will add to the interest of our Mexican gallery. Mr. Bandelier's report on his researches in Mexico will soon be issued by the Institute. In this connection I may mention that we have recently received through Mr. Fred. A. Ober several copper implements obtained by him in Oajaca. These are of two kinds, and as they are un- questionably of considerable antiquity they are of particular impor- tance owing to the great variety of ancient copper implements from Mexico. Previously we had but one in the Museum. They will be described and figured in a special paper on the copper objects in the Museum, which I have prepared to accompany this report. 59 From Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, the Museum has received a small but interesting collection of objects from English caves. This contains a number of flint flakes with the bones and teeth of the cave bear, rhinoceros, hyena, and other extinct animals, and has an additional value coming from one whose labors have iden- tified him with the explorations of the caves in England. Profes- sor Dawkins has also given to the Museum a number of casts of type specimens of flint implements which he has figured in several reports upon his cave explorations. Another small collection of particular interest consists of a se- ries illustrating the method of making pottery by the Caribs of British Guiana. This was obtained in person several years ago by Prof. H. A. Ward, of whom the collection was purchased. It consists of a mass of clay ready for the potter, a number of ves- sels ready for burning, others which have been burnt, and several ornamented in colors. Also the small gourd scrapers of several shapes with which the potter smoothed the vessels, and the small smooth stones used in polishing their surfaces. The whole col- lection was purchased by Professor Ward of an Indian woman who was engaged in the work at the time and whose full stock he ob- tained. Among the unburnt vessels are several that are small and rude which Professor Ward saw the Indian woman make and give to her children to play with, in order to amuse them while she con- tinued her work. These toy vessels suggest that many of the small objects of a similar character found in mounds and graves may have been the playthings of children, as I have already stated was probably the case with those which I obtained in Tennessee, from stone graves containing the remains of skeletons of children. From Dr. Emil Schmidt we have received two small soapstone pots made near Sondrio in northern Italy. The following account, which Dr. Schmidt has been so kind as to send me, relating to the early manufacture of soapstone pots in the old world, and their continued use in some places, is so full of interest in relation to the old Indian quarries in this countrj-, where the same method of obtaining the masses from the quarries was employed, that I re- produce his letter entire. Essen (Rhenish Prussia), March, 1881. Dear Sir : I take the liberty of sending you two European stone pots, which I hope will be of some interest, showing in many points of their GO manufacture a close resemblance to that observed at Angell's farm and at Santa Catalina. In August last returning from Italy, I passed the little town of Cliia- yenna. It is situated on the river Maira near its junction with the Lira, the first coming down from two of the oldest Alpine passes, the Septimer and the Maloggia, the latter from the Spliigen. To the south the valley of the Maira is bordered by a range of mountains chiefly composed of granite, gneiss and hornblende schists. One of the last spurs projects right to the houses of Chiavenna like a bold promontory; it consists of soapstone ("schistes de Malenco" of the Swiss geologists). Its walls are nearly perpendicular; its summit, called the Paradiso, is planted with vines, oranges and figs, and commands a splendid view over the town situated immediately at its foot and over the three valleys radiating towards the north, east, and south. It was, of course, originally in unbroken con- nection with the whole mountain ridge, being only the last spur of it ; but now it is completely separated by a transverse artificial cutting, whose floor goes down nearly to the level of the valley. It runs from K". K". W. to S. S. E. ; its length is a little over 400 feet, its maximum height 150 and its width 30 feet, the walls being nearly perpendicular. When I entered this cutting I was struck by the traces of old stone-pot quarries, and I remembered at once the description of similar quarries given by you and Schumacher. The walls are covered with markings of cutting (metallic) tools ; nowhere are to be seen traces of boring or gun- powder blasting. Marks of stone pots having been worked are very fre- quent, showing every stage of manufacture from the first cut to the final detaching of the bowlder. I made a few sketches of some of them, copies of which I send you enclosed.^ It seems that the spot where a pot was to be w^orked out was often first marked by a cross (fig. 2), or horse- shoe-like marking (fig. 3). The groove was first cut at right angles ; dur- ing the progress of the deepening, the corners of the bowlder by and by became rounded ofi". If the groove was sufficiently deep, the strokes were conducted in a converging direction so that the neck of the bowlder be- came more and more narrow and at last the mass being only in weak co- herence with the rock was easily detached by levers. Fig. 1 shows the beginning of a groove ; it is drawn only on three sides and at right angles ; the bowlder is 33 cm. long and 28 cm. broad. In fig. 2 the corners are rounded but the groove not yet conducted all around; the bowlder, signed by a cross-like mark, is 25 cm. in diameter. Fig. 3 shows three bowlders in difl'erent stages of working; the one to the left (a) is 35 cm., the middle one (6) 27 cm. in diameter, the third (c) is 27 cm. long and 18 broad; b is signed by two horseshoe-like mark- ings, c shows a T-liive cutting. The groove is shallow around a, deeper at 6, and deepest around c, a corner of which seems to have been broken off during the cutting of the groove. Fig. 4 represents a ball-like pot- bowlder of 30 cm. diameter, worked nearly all around ; being 25 to 30 feet 1 These interesting drawings are preserved in the Museum, and the references to them are here retained for future comparison. F. W. P. 61 above the floor, the view is much foreshortened. Finally, in fig. 5, the pot-mass is quite detached by breaking the small neck. The impressions of the tools show that the strokes have been conducted in a radial direc- tion, diverging from it only from below because of the difficulty of the working. In the western wall about 60 feet above the floor, the word SALVIVS in large letters is cut in the rock. At the southern entrance about 10 or 15 feet above the floor, on both walls corresponding holes and grooves may be seen, the latter converging like a gable. Probably these holes sup- ported the beams and rafters of a roof, perhaps of the workshop of the old potters. In the pavement of the streets as well as in the walls of the houses and garden terraces, thousands of "nuclei" may be found, which prove that at Chiavenna the bowlders were not only broken, but also finished into stone pots by means of the turning-lathe. They are all in the shape of an ob- tuse cone, with a shallow hole (from the lathe's mandril) in the centre of the base; the surface shows the circular impressions of the chisel. It was related to me that similar traces of soapstone quarries exist near Chiavenna and at Plurs, but none of them are worked at this time. When were the pots of the Paradiso cutting manufactured? History tells us that Galeazzo II, duke of Milan, at that time master of Chiavenna, in 13G3 for the purpose of fortifying, began cutting the ditch that separates the Paradiso from the mountain ridge, and that the ditch was finished in 1405 by Giovanni Maria Visconti. Probably there existed a smaller ditch a long time before ; this would be shown by the engraved Latin name SALVIVS in the upper part of the western wall. Also it is known that the Gauls had fortified the Paradiso already before the time of the Romans. Pot-stones may have been broken there since that time and their manufacture may have been continued until the achieve- ment of the ditch. Of course, the stone-pot manufacture was most flourish- ing in the district in the first centuries of our era, and at Plurs it continued until 1618, when this place was totally destroyed and covered by the falling down of Mount Conto. Still soapstone pots are now manufactured to a certain extent at Lazanda in the Malenco valley near Sondrio. From there also are brought the "lavezzi" (stone pots from "lebes," basin,) which the conservative families of Chiavenna still use, and of which I send you two specimens. New stone pots are first warmed and rubbed with flit and onions ; if used for some time they have a black, greasy and rather disgusting appearance, yet the ladies of Chiavenna praise their good qualities, especially for preserving food and milk. One of the dishes I bought at Chiavenna resembles your figure in the 11th Report (p. 273). It is also provided with two knob-like handles. In the Guide of Gsell- Fels (Oberitalien, p. 74), I find a quotation of Gubler describing the manu- facture of soapstone pots at Plurs (of course before its destruction in 1618). I give it to you in his original words : " Neben Plurs auf seiner Linkeu liegt das alte Bergwerk der Steinen, so zum Hausbrauch tiichtig gemacht werden. Die Bergleute ledigen mit ihreu eisernen Instrumenten 62 inwendig von dem Berge ganze Stiick, die sie folgends heraus in die Werkstatten, die unten am Wasser stehen, fertigen ; daselbst formiren sie, was ihuen beliebt, durch eiiie besondere Drelierkunst, die vom Wasser getrieben und von dem Drelier vollfiihrt wird. Den Stein machen sie hohl wie einen Kessel, da ja der aiisserst den grossten, der innerst den kleinsten abgibt; sie werden fein diinn gemaclit und einer nach dem andern abge- dreht, als wann eine Zwiebel von dem einen Umlauf zum andern sich abschalt." 1 send to-day by mail the case witli the two pots ; perhaps they will ar- rive a few days after this letter. Hoping that they will come safe to your hands and that they will interest you a little as the European counterparts of your American stone pots, I remain, dear sir, Yours truly, Dr. E. Schmidt. An object of Historical interest is the cast of the "Endicott Rock" kindly forwarded to the Miiseam by the Directors of the Winnipiseogee Lake Cotton and Woollen Manufacturing Company. This rock^ which is at the outlet of the lake, near the Weirs, was inscribed by the Commissioners acting under an order of the Gen- eral Court in 1652, as marking what they believed to be the north- ernmost part of the Merrimack river, they mistaking the outlet of the lake for the source of the river. As this inscription is probably the oldest cut upon a granite rock in New England, it is of con- siderable importance archseologically in giving a clew to the rate of weathering of rocks of that character. My own field-work during the past season was confined to a trip to the now well-known cemetery near Madisonville, Ohio, and to a brief visit in September to the place known as Indian Hill in Ken- tucky, about fifteen miles from Mammoth Cave. On the top of this hill, which is difficult of access, the sides in many places being nearly vertical natural walls of rock of considerable height, were found a large earth-circle and the remains of several stone-graves. The latter had, however, been disturbed, and the limited time at my disposal prevented a careful search through the growing corn for others. All about on the hill-top were signs of an ancient village site, and a number of stone implements were found on the ploughed ground of the corn-field. A trench was cut through a portion of the circle, and I became satisfied that this circle, as I have found to be the case in other 2 An account of this rock has recently been published by James B. Francis, Esq., of Lowell, and a brief account, with a wood-cut, is given in the Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Vol. IX, p. 155. 63 places, marked the site of a habitation. Had this hill been ex- amined before it was put under cultivation, there is reason to believe that much of interest would have been secured, but the ploughing of the ground over a large portion of it for several years has now made it a place where only surface relic hunting could be followed with success. During my trip to Madisonville I was most cordially received by the several gentlemen of that town who are so carefully con- ducting the explorations of the ancient village site and burial place. The following brief report of this trip was published in the Har- vard College Bulletin, for July last : "In April last, by the kind invitation of the Madisonville Literary and Scientific Society, I made a partial exploration of the Ancient Cemetery at Madisonville, in the Little Miami Valley, Ohio. The burial ground, which has now become famous in American archaeology, is in close prox- imity to an old village site, on which can still be traced the circular ridges of earth, indicating the places where once were the habitations of the people, in the midst of which is an earth mound about five feet high. For over two years several gentlemen of the Madisonville Society, which through the liberality of the proprietors has control of the land, have been engaged in a careful exploration of the old cemetery, and dur- ing this time very much of interest has been discovered. The cemetery probably extends over fifteen or more acres of the exten- sive plateau, and is in places still covered with a growth of large trees of various kinds, forming what is termed the primeval forest. From twelve to eighteen inches of leaf-mould overlies the hard-pan of the plateau. About three acres of the cemetery have been dug over, foot by foot, and many objects have been discovered, particularly with the skeletons, which are generally found at a depth of two or three feet. Over six hun- dred skeletons have been thus far discovered. A number of crania have been secured, and I brought home several for the Museum, for which I am specially indebted to Dr. C. L. Metz, who has paid particular attention to the human remains and has secured a valuable pathological collection. There have been found with the skeletons a number of vessels of pot- tery. The most common of these are small cooking pots with rather pointed bottoms and with four handles. Most of these vessels are sim- ply cord-marked, but occasionally one is found ornamented with incised lines, or with rows of circular indentations. Two have been obtained on which were small and rudely made medallion figures representing the hu- man face, similar to many from the Missouri and Arkansas mounds. On one pot a similarly formed head is on the edge so as to face the inside of the vessel. About half a dozen small vessels have a very interesting form of decoration which seems thus far to be peculiar to this place. These are known as the * Lizard ' or ' Salamander ' pots. On some of these ves- 64 sels the salamander, which is fairly modelled, is on the surface of the broad flat handles on opposite sides, on others these ornaments are placed between the handles, and on one they form the handles. In all, the head of the salamander is on the edge or lip of the vessel, and in one or two it is even carried over a little on the inside, similar to some of the conceits on Japanese pottery. The four legs and the tail of the animal are bent so as rudely to give an artistic effect, and the potter who conceived the idea of thus decorating common cooking vessels probably had artistic feeling above the common standard. A few other forms of vessels are represented by single specimens. Such are an ordinary pot attached to a hollow stand a few inches high ; two ves- sels joined together one above the other, the upper without a bottom ; and a flat, oblong dish v/ith handles at each end. The salamander ornament, and the character of the broad flattened handles, may be said to be the prin- cipal peculiarities of the pottery thus far found in the cemetery. In gen- eral character and finish, it is unlike the dark pottery of the Missouri type, but it evidently belongs to a corresponding period in the development of the art, and approaches both the Missouri type and the Michigan-mound type, so far as we can judge from the few specimens yet known from the latter region. Pipes of various shapes, cut from several kinds of stone, some slightly carved, have been found with the skeletons and under the leaf-mould, as have also various implements of stone, particularly chipped arrow- heads, knives, drills, polished celts, hammer-stones, etc. ; but I believe that not a single grooved axe has yet been found in the cemetery proper, although they are common in the neighborhood. Numerous bone im- plements, and some shell and copper ornaments have also been found with the skeletons. It is, however, to the singular ' ash-pits' which have been discovered in this cemetery that I wish to call particular attention, and it was to their ex- amination that I gave the greater part of my time. These ash-pits, as they have been well named, are circular excavations in the hard-pan of the plateau, from three to four feet in diameter and from four to seven feet deep from the surface of the leaf-mould. Most of the pits are of about the same diameter from top to bottom, but several have been found which are one or two feet wider at the bottom than at the top. At the bottom of some of the pits a small circular excavation has been found, either directly in the centre or on one side. That nearly all of the four hundred pits thus far discovered in the cem- etery were made before the six hundred bodies (whose skeletons have been exhumed) were buried,^ is shown by the fact that a large number of the skeletons were found over the pits, and most of the burials seem to have been made just below the recent soil or leaf-mould, which, so far as I could judge from my hasty observations, seems to have been formed over the pits. If this should prove to be the case, the antiquity of the pits would be, probably, considerably beyond that of the four or five hundred years 3 Since this was written many more skeletons and ash-pits have been found. Co indicated by the large forest trees growing over them. That the place had been also used as a cemetery, at a time preceding the digging of some of the pits, was conclusively shown by the fact that skeletons found at a depth of from one to two feet in the hard-pan, below the leaf-mould had been disturbed when the pits were dug. In one instance, in my own exploration of a pit, the upper part of a human skull was found just out- side the wall of the pit; the rest of the skeleton, probably, had been re- moved when the pit was dug. In a few other instances Dr. Metz has no- ticed that a skeleton had been disturbed and the bones placed in unnatural positions on the sides of a pit, as if, when making the excavation, the workers had come upon a skeleton and had carefully taken up such of the bones as were in the way and placed them with the undisturbed bones on one side or the other. But this complication of facts in regard to the comparative age of the pits and the burials is only one of the many prob- lems to be solved in relation to this interesting locality. The contents of the pits themselves are of peculiar interest, and the purpose for which they were made is still, I think, a mystery, althou-h of course, several theories, more or less plausible, have been advanced ' The average pit may be said to be filled with ashes in more or less de- fined layers. Some of these layers, particularly near the top, seem to be mixed with the surrounding gravel to a greater or less extent; but gen- erally after removing the contents of the upper third of the pit, a mas's of fine, gray ashes is found, which is from several inches to over two feet in thickness. Sometimes this mass of ashes contains thin strata of char- coal, sand or gravel. Below the mass of ashes, burnt stones have been found in some of the pits, and also occasionally in the ashes. Through- out the whole mass of ashes and sand, from the top of the pit to the bot- tom, are bones of fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals. Those of the larger species of mammals, such as the elk, deer and bear, are generally brol^n and all are, apparently, the bones of animals that have been used as food. In some pits, as in one which I opened, about half a bushel of such bones have been taken out. With the bones are the shells of several spe- cies of Unionidae, of which from fifty to a hundred or more have been taken from a single pit. Many of the valves, but always of the species hav- ing massive shells, have a large circular piece cut out near the centre 1 here are also found in these pits many and often large pieces of pottery,' but up to h.s time the only whole vessel obtained from a pit was the one found m the last of the six that were emptied during my visit ^ A large number of implements made of bones and of deer and elk antlers have been found Those made of elk antlers are in most cases adapted for digging or for agricultural purposes, and are often so large and so wel made as to prove that they were efi-ective implements. One form of miplement which, so far as I know, has not been found in any Ther place IS made from a leg-bone of a deer or an elk. These singular Ion CroLr^'l bones have Sharp edges, bevelled on the inside and were probably used as scrapers of some kind until the bone was gradu- TlEPolTr V """''""^ ^If "^'^ ''''^ '"""^ '^^^^''y opened. -Ukpoet of Peabody Museum, III. 5 66 ally worn througH la the centre, as shown by a large numb r of hah es as \yellas bv several perfect specimens showing vanons stages of use One which had been used but little, if at all, was taken from one of the pits opened undermy direction. The most common the -awls,' or pointed bones of many sizes, of forms ""^'"^^to f o^« found in other places. Among other objects made of bone are beads and small whistles or .bird-calls' made from the hollow bones o ^^^J^ ' ^'f also flat and cylindrical pieces with 'tally' notches and marks cu apon them. Short, cylindrical pieces of antler, carefully cut aud polished (snn- ilar objects have been found in the grave-mounds in Arkansas) are often found. Two or three harpoon-points and a few bone flsh-hooks have also ''TrrowTo'luts, drills, scrapers and other chipped instruments of stone are common. A few polished celts and also several rough hammer- stones have been found in the pits. A number of objects of copper, particularly beads, have been taken from the pits, as have also several pipes, of various shapes, cut out of 'Tus list of objects, which is far from being complete, is sufficient to show that anvthing used by the people who made these pits may be ex- peered to turnup during future explorations ; and if the same care is taken in the continuation of the work as has thus far been given, very much of importance relating to the life of the people will probably be d.scov- ''It yet remains to call attention to the discovery of a large amount of carbonized corn at the bottom of two of the pits. >! ^^/^ the corn had been covered with bark, twigs, and matting, wnich were alo burnt In one of the pits were several bushels of corn some of Which was on the cob and below the rest. Above the corn the pit was med with the usual mass of ashes, containing animal bones, shells and °*Ttt'"bottom of one of the pits, and under the usual mass of ashes, animal remains and potsherds, in a layer of ashes about a foot in thick- ness, there was found a perfect human skeleton. This is the only pit of over four hundred that have been opened in which human bones haTe been found,' and this has been taken as evidence, as far as it goes, that these pits ;ere the places of temporary deposit for the dead, the bodies bein" afterward removed tor final burial in mounds or other places. It seem°s to me, however, that the fact that the skeleton was under the same materials- shes, animal remains, etc.- as found in the other pits, which . Te alwavs in more or less perfect and undisturbed strata, is deed d y opposed "to the theory that the pits were temporary graves. It lather . I„ one of the pits recently opened the contents of which were sent to the Museum, '':i::::^:^:xx:i::rz:^ .... . ... - ---rw enes of interest have been made which will soon be reported m detail by Messrs. Low and Metz. 67 indicates that in this single instance, from some special motive, this pit was utilized as a grave. The same reasons would hold good for not re- garding the pits as caches for corn and other objects to be temporarily preserved. This brief sketch of this interesting cemetery would not be complete without reference to two or three areas about fifty feet in diameter, in which neither ash-pits nor skeletons have been found. It should also be noted that a large kitchenmidden, several feet in thickness and of con- siderable extent, exists at the head of a small ravine. An extended explo- ration of this great refuse pile by Dr. Metz showed that it contained the same character of materials found in the pits, and it evidently belongs to the same period. I will only add that a large amount of interesting material was secured during my visit to this ancient cemetery, for which the Museum is indebted to the liberality of the gentlemen of the^Madison- ville Society, who not only kindly permitted me to explore the place, but also gave me many objects that had been previously obtained." On my return to Madisonville in September, I had the pleasure of making arrangements with the Madisonville Society by which the Museum will, by paying a portion of the expenses of explor- ation, receive its share of all that is obtained as the work of ex- cavation proceeds. I am satisfied that by joining the Madisonville Society in this work, the Museum will not only receive im- portant additions to its collections, but that the encouragement thus given to a local society which is working with care and wis- dom, and is preventing the random exploration of prehistoric sites in the vicinity, will have good results in stopping to a certain extent the wanton destruction of mounds and other important ancient works by mere curiosity hunters, or by dealers in "relics." We have already received the first instalment of the material obtained since the cooperation of the Museum, and information that a second lot has been forwarded to the Museum. Our connec- tion with this work has also resulted in the presentation of many specimens by those who have heretofore sustained the principal cost of the explorations, as will be seen by a reference to the list of additions over the names of Messrs. C. F. Low, P. P. Lane C. L. Metz, and E. A. Conkling. To Mr. Thomas Cleneay we are indebted for a considerable collection of chipped implements and other specimens from the Ohio valley, which he kindly selected from the duplicates of his large private collection. It will be noticed by reference to the list of contributors to the 68 Library, that 91 volumes, and 208 pamphlets and serials have been received from 72 different sources, during the year. As stated in the last Report, all the more important volumes and pamphlets are recorded under their titles in the Quarterly Bulletin, published by the College, which contains the list of additions to all the libraries in the University. But I must not fail to call your attention to the important series of volumes presented by the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. This valuable ad- dition to our library consists of a full series of the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, and, with the exception of a few of the early numbers, now out of print, the many publications of the Eth- nological and Anthropological Societies of London, previous to their union and the formation of the present Institute. To the officers of the Institute we are particularly indebted for this valu- able gift, and I may add that the Journal of the Institute is also kindly forwarded to the Museum as published. In connection with this reference to the library, I may mention the deposit by the heirs of the late Samuel Batchelder, of the great work on Egypt published by the Commission under Napoleon, con- sisting of nine quarto volumes of text and fourteen volumes of folio plates. These volumes are contained in a black walnut case and are received as a deposit subject to use in the Museum. During the past year much has been done in the internal work of the Museum. The cases on the second northern gallery have been built, and are now being filled with collections relating to the recent and present Indian tribes. This gallery will soon be thrown open to visitors, and will form an interesting and instruc- tive addition to the collections on exhibition. A new case has also been put in the central hall on the second floor, and has been filled with objects from the adobe mounds and ruined pueblos of Utah and New Mexico. The first southern gallery has been floored over so as to separate it from the room below, and will soon be provided with suitable cases for the European collections, to which it will be devoted ; while one side of the room below has been recently cased for the accommodation of the library. In this connection I may also call your attention to the several desks and tables, which form a portion of the movable furniture of this room and of the work-room on the upper floor. These have been made of cherry to correspond with 69 the cases, by Mr. Chick. Many photographs, engravings and squeezes, now hung on the walls in various parts of the Museum, have been framed by Mr. Chick, during the past year. The authors' catalogue of the library has been kept up to date by Miss Smith, who has also made considerable progress m the analytical work or cataloguing of separate papers in sedals and in bound volumes. As it is intended to keep the library entirely within its legitimate limits. It IS my hope to have it so arranged and catalogued as to be readily available for the purposes of Museum work. In no other year since I have had charge has so much been done to make the Museum and its objects known to the public, or so much use been made of its collections for purposes of instruction and research. I have already mentioned the volume written by Dr. Abbott, which was in great part based on materials in the Museum, and in aid of which every facility in my power was given. Mention has also been made of the special edition of the pamphlet on the palaeolithic implements of New Jersey which has been sent out by the Museum. I may now add that the large quarto vol- ume containing my reports on the archeology of California, Ari- zona and New Mexico, made to Lieut. G. M. Wheeler, U. S. E in charge of the U. S. Geographical Surveys west of the 100th meri- dian, under the direction of the Chief of Engineers, was issued from the Government office in November last, although the volume was completed and stereotyped in 1879, the date upon the title page. This volume is in great part the result of researches in the Museum, and contains many references to our specimens, and numerous figures taken from our Californian collection. It also contains a chapter on the crania of Indians of California, written by Mr. Carr, which is based upon the large collection of crania, received from the exploration of Mr. Schumacher. In addition to these publications, I have had the pleasure of making several communications to the Boston Society of Natu- ral History, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Es- sex Institute and the Harvard Natural History Society. These were upon subjects connected with my researches at the Museum or were descriptions of particular collections received durino- the year. Dr. Palmer also gave last winter, to the Natural History Society of Boston, an account of the collection which he obtained 70 for the Museum from the Mexican caves ; and Prof. D. P. Penhal- low did the same in relation to the Aino collection which he had presented to the Museum. Mr. Carr has finished his important work on the historical evidence in regard to agriculture, sun worship and mound-building, among many of our Indian tribes. This will soon be published in full in the Memoirs of the Kentucky Geolog- ical Survey. Several portions of this memoir have been read by Mr. Carr before the Boston Society of Natural History. His pa- per on the Crania of New England Indians based on specimens in the Museum, was published by the Natural History Society during the past year. Dr. F. W. Whitney, the Curator of the Museum of the Harvard Medical School, has continued during the year his researches upon our osteological collection and is preparing a paper for our next report on the numerous pathological specimens in the collection. He has also made use of several of our inter- esting specimens in his remarks before the Mass. Medical Society. From these statements it will be seen that important use is con- stantly being made of the valuable material in the Museum and that it is available for ail legitimate purposes. The number of visitors to the Museum is steadily increasing as its character is better understood. Hardly a day passes, that I am not called upon to answer the questions of interested visitors. Many schools and classes also come to the Museum, and when notified of such visits I have endeavored to make them profitable to the scholars. The great interest in the Archaeology and Ethnol- ogy of America, manifested by many of the visitors, induced me last spring to off"er a free course of four explanatory lectures in the several halls of the Museum, when I had the gratification of find- ing that more people wished to attend the lectures than could well be accommodated, and that a thorough and widespread interest in American Archaeology prevailed. This preliminary course has led to my ofi'ering another of six gallery lectures on Thursday after- noons, which commenced yesterday. For this course, free tickets to the number of one hundred and fifty have been given out on application, this being the largest number which our rooms could accommodate."^ The subjects to be discussed in this course are as follows : first the Mounds and their contents ; second, the Pottery 7 The demand for admission to these lectures was so far in excess of the accommo- dations that the course was repeated on the following Saturdays. 71 from the Mounds ; third, Ancient and Modern Pueblos ; fourth, Mexico and Central America ; fifth. South America ; sixth, An- cient Peruvian Art. I have also just concluded a free course of nine lectures before members of the classes for Private Collegiate Instruction for Women in Cambrido^e. While the various matters mentioned have naturally taken much ' of my time, I can but believe that they are such as you would wish to have continued within such limits as will not lead to the neglect of the administrative duties of the Museum and of the proper arrangement and care of the collections, which must neces- sarily receive my first attention. In these last named duties I have, as heretofore, received help from Mr. Carr, who continues his voluntary services, and from Miss Smith and Mr. Chick. I have also the gratification of stating that, by the liberality of a few friends, the services of Miss C. A. Studley as an assistant in the Museum have been secured without encroaching upon the limited means derived from the Museum funds. Miss Studley was at the Museum for three months of the past year, as a special stu- dent in craniology, and commenced work as an assistant on the first of January last. It would be unfitting to close this summary of the year without alluding to the loss of two friends of the Museum, who not only took a deep interest in its objects, but were also distinguished for their contributions to American Archaeology. Dr. Samuel F. Haven was born in Dedham, Mass., May 28, 1806, and died at Worcester, Sept. 5, 1881. For forty years he was the active librarian of the American Antiquarian Society at Worces- ter, and during this period, he made numerous contributions to early American History. It is however for other reasons that I feel called upon to refer to him in this report. For nine years he acted as auditor of accounts for the treasurer of your Board. In 1855 he sent to the Smithsonian Institution a concise and thorough summary of the various opinions in regard to the Archseology of the United States. This memoir, printed the following year in the eighth volume of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, is a work to which every student of American Archaeology must often turn for guid- ance in many things relating to the early history of the science 72 in this countr3\ The careful and concise manner in which it was prepared, and the critical discussions it contains, will ever keep Dr. Haven's name associated with those of the foremost workers in the subject to which it relates. The Hon. Lewis H. Morgan was born at Aurora, Caj^uga Co., New York, Nov. 21, 1818, and died at Rochester, Dec. 17, 1881. His ancestors were of early New England stock, and he often men- tioned with pride that he was thoroughly American in blood and in thought. He graduated at Union College in 1840, and soon after was admitted to the bar, and settled at Rochester. In 1855 he became interested in the development of the iron and railroad in- terests about Lake Superior, and gradually gave up his legal prac- tice. During this time he made the observations which resulted in his charming book upon the "American Beaver and its Works." It is, however, his great interest in the Indian tribes, and his works based upon his observations of the character of their government and systems of kinship, which have made his name so well known and have given to him an honorable and enduring position in sci- ence and letters. Soon after his college days, he joined a secret society, known as the "Grand Order of the Iroquois" which was modelled on the governmental system of the Six Nations and to this fact is probably due the turn taken by his investigations. Led by his connection with this Society to look into the government and kinship of the Six Nations, he soon began to write letters upon tlie Iroquois, and in 1851 published his famous work entitled the League of the Iroquois. This was followed by several papers on kindred subjects, which have been so often quoted as to be well known to all, after which came his three great works : the Systems of Consan- guinity, a thick quarto volume of the Smithsonian Contributions, published in 1870 ; Ancient Society, published in 1877, a small oc- tavo volume in which are condensed most of his various thoughts and essays ; and finally , his last quarto volume issued from the Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution, "House Life and Archi- tecture of the North American Indians," which was published only a few days before his death. In 1878, Mr. Morgan made a trip to Colorado and New Mexico and on his return presented to the Mu- seum drawings of the ground plan of the ruins of a large Stone Pueblo on the Animas river, which he had examined. This plan, and the paper which accompanied it, containing many of his ma- 73 tared views, relating to American Archseology and Ethnology, is given in the Twelfth Report. Mr. Morgan's interest in the Museum was very great, and during three pleasant visits made to me in late years, he expressed him- self most enthusiastically in regard to the work it was accomplish- ing. This is not the place to dwell upon the value of his labors, but that the methods pursued by him have left a strong impress upon archaeological research in this country is the universal ver- dict. Respectfully submitted, F. W. Putnam, Curator of the Museum, Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 24, 1882. LIST OF ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY FOR THE YEAR 1881. ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUM. 24378— 24379. Flint implements from Glencoe, St. Louis Co., Mo., probably used as spades or hoes. — Collected and presented by Mr. Peyton Carr. 24380 — 24419. Celts of stone and hematite, together with a fine as- sortment of flint hoes, scrapers, knives, drills, spearpoints and arrow- heads from Allenton, St. Louis Co., Mo.— Collected and presented by Mr. Charles E. Pilling. 24420 — 24494. A large and varied collection of stone celts, drills, scrapers, knives, hammerstones and flint points from Ohio; knives, ham- merstones and spearpoints from Kentucky; and specimens of stone knives and flake scrapers from Indiana.— Collected and presented by Mr. Thomas Cleneay. 24495. Snowshoes, Chippewa Indian. —Collected and presented by Dr. S. Kneeland. 24496 — 24522. Five "Sepulchral Tablets" from ancient graves in Peru, collected by Prof. Orton; earthen bottles, bowls, dishes and cook- ing pots, with prepared clay, polishing stones, scrapers made of gourds, and a pot, dish, and several toys of unbaked clay, from the river Esse- quibo, British Guiana; fragment of earthen vessel from Barbadoes; a rude shell axe with a handle from Yap Island, one of the Carolines, and an adze, made from Turtle bone, also on a handle, from Mortlock Islands.— By purchase from Messrs. Ward and Howell. 24523. Grooved stone axe from near Cherokee Bayou, Rusk Co., Texas.— Collected and presented by Mr. John A. Ware. 24524—24525. A modern pot and bowl of steatite, from Malenco valley, near Chiavenna, Italy. Collected and presented by Dr. Emil Schmidt. 24526. Stone flake from Marblehead Neck, Mass.— Collected and pre- sented by Prof. G. F. Wright. 24527. Buckskin leggings, fringed with Sioux scalps, formerly belong- ing to Wae-ga-sa-pi, a Ponca chief.— Collected and presented by Mr. T. H. Tibbles. 24528. Fragment of the old gate of St. Augustine, Florida. Collected and presented by Dr. E. Palmer. 24529. Seeds of the Sophora from Monterey, Mexico.— Collected and presented by Dr. E. Palmer. (74) 75 24530 — 24539. Stone spearpoints and arrowheads, also a grinding stone or "Manos;" chips and broken implements of obsidian and chal- cedony; perforated stone ornaments and fragments of painted pottery of the ancient pueblo type, from Prescott, Arizona. — Collected and presented by Mr. J. Thomas Brown. 24540 — 24554. Broken stone gouge from Kennebec river, near Swan Island, Maine ; stone sinkers, spear and arrowpoints, with fragments of pottery, and steatite pots from near Kittrell's, North Carolina. — Collected and presented by Dr. Samuel Cabot. 24555. Broken stone points from Mason Co., Texas. — Collected and presented by Dr. E. Palmer. 24556 — 24557. Feathered prayer sticks from the Indians of Laguna, New Mexico; fragments of painted and polished pottery from the San Juan Valley, N. M. — Collected and presented by Mr. E. A. Barber. 24558 — 24559. Scalp of a white girl, fifteen years old, burned by the Cheyennes in 1878; flint chips and broken points from Fort Sisseton. — Collected and presented by Mr. A. Gecks. 24560. Casts of stone tablet from Piqua, Ohio. — Presented by Mr. MoRiTZ Fischer. 24561 — 24562. Casts of earthen pots from Eastern Missouri, now in the collection of Messrs. CoUett and Kendall, Terre Haute, Ind. — Pre- sented by Messrs. Collett and Kendall. 24563 — 24578. Bones of Rhinoceros tichorhinus, mammoth, horse, reindeer, Hyaena spelaea and fox, with flint flakes and implements of quart- zite from caves in England. — Collected and presented by Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins. 24579 — 24603. Mat used as carpet, and for wrapping the dead ; dagger, sabre, bow and arrows, some of them poisoned; fire sticks; harp; mus- tache lifters, carved and plain; wooden tray, spoons and ladle; and a loom in complete working order with specimen of the cloth on it, all made and used by the Ainos of Japan. — Collected and presented by Prof. D. P. Penhallow. 24604. Medicine in wax ball from China. — Presented by Miss Esther O. Clarke. 24605—24607. Calabash, colored black, from Montalegre, Brazil; or- namented earthen bowl, from Breves, Brazil, and a basket from East Bolivia. — Collected by Prof. L. Agassiz and presented by Mr. A. Agassiz. 24608. Stone inscribed with hieroglyphics from tomb at Sakkara, Egypt. — Collected by Com. J. D. Elliott, U. S. Navy, and presented by Harvard College. 24609 — 24614. Earthen jar, small clay image and stone pestle from mound at Tola, Nicaragua; shell beads from Calebra Bay, Costa Rica. A mineral, natural form, taken by Mr. Agarte, from a mound at San Ramon, Rivas Plain, Nicaragua. — Collected and presented by Dr. Earl Flint, 24615 — 24850. Grinding stone, obsidian flakes and fragments of dif- 76 ferent kinds of pottery, some plain, some burnished and others painted in different colors, from Coronango, north of Cholula, Mexico; grinding stones and raetates, celts, goui^os, hamraerstones, beads, grooved stones, stone dish and human images cut from stone; chips, points, cores, and flakes of obsiilian and chalcedony, bone implement, shell ornament, portions of human skeletons; earthen disks, spindle whorls, strainers, ■whistles, moulds, stamps, with a few water bottles, dishes and vases, and a large number of plain and painted human and animal heads in pottery, from the surface and from excavations in and about the city of Cholula and other localities, in the state of Pueblo, Mexico. — Col- lected by Mr. Ad. P. Baxdeliee, and presented by the Arch^ological Institute of America. 24851. Indian cranium from Salem, Mass. — Presented by Miss C. A. Stl'dley. 24852 — 24854. Human bones from a mound at Pomona, Florida, with fragments of stamped and plain pottery from shellheaps at the same place. — Collected and presented by Mr. James D. Wyeth. 24855. Femur of Cheyenne Indian. Collected by Mr. S. ^V. Garmax, and presented by the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 24856. A stone gorget from Boone Co., Ky.— Presented by Mr. Robert Clarke. 24857. Grooved stone axe found near Mammoth Cave, Ky. — Collected by Dr. Davexport. and presented by Mr. Fraxcis Klett. 24858 — 24875. Stone muUer, celt, hatchet, knives and points, with broken and rude implements of the same material from Indian Hill, fif- teen miles from Mammoth Cave, Ky. ; a fragment of braided rope, and beads made of cornstalk, on a string, found by Mr. Wm. Cutoff in Salt Cave, Ky.— Exploration of F. W. Putxa^i, conducted for the Museum. 24876 — 24878. Cap made of cocoanut fibre by the Indians of Aspin- wall; stone sinkers from Point Keys, Marion Co., California.— Collected and presented by Dr. S. Kxeelaxd. 24879. Rudely carved stone, ploughed up on the southeast point of Winthrop, near shore of Boston harbor.— Presented by :Mr. A. C. Good- ell, jr. 24880. Flint flakes, much weathered, from the old Mills farm, S. W. Bethel, near Songo Pond, Maine.— Collected by Mr. D. E. Mills, and presented by Dr. N. P. True. 24881 — 24882. Flint points from Schoharie, X. Y. Collected by Mr. O'Briax, and presented by Mrs. D. Boardmax. 24883 — 25016. Hammerstones, knives, scrapers, drills, sharpening stone, celt, and flakes of stone; earthen pot and numerous fragments of plain,' incised and cord-marked pottery; bones of bear, deer, bird, fish and turtle, some of them marked by fire; perforated shells and disks of shell; red ochre; burnt clay; awls, cylinders, scrapers, beads, and a whistle of bone ; gouge-shaped implement of antler ; fragments of worked bone and antler ; and human remains from the ash-pits in the Ancient Cemetery at Madisonville, Ohio; human remains, flint scrapers and 77 points, stone pipe, stone celt, and fragments of pottery from the leaf mould over the ash-pits at Madisonville, Ohio. — Exploration of F. W. Putnam, conducted for the Museum. 25017—25020. Notched stone sinker, rude flint point, and a worked piece of antler from the dirt turned over in digging into the ash-pits at Madisonville, Ohio.— Collected and presented by Mr. Thomas Clenkay. 25021 — 25131. Sharpening stones, knives, drills, celt, arrowheads, chips and rude and broken implements of stone; bone beads, cylinders, awls, and marked and cut fragments of the same material ; chisels and implements, probably used for digging, made of antler; nine human crania; bones of deer, fish and turtle; teeth of bear and beaver; a piece of copper; burnt corncobs and nuts; plain, punched and cord-marked pots; fragments of pottery, incised, nail-marked and plain, from the ash pits at the Ancient Cemetery, Madisonville, Ohio. —Collected and pre- sented by Dr. C. L. Metz, Col. P. P. Lane, Messrs. E. A. Conkling and C. F. Low, and the Madisonville Literary and Scientific Society. 25132 — 25258. Human crania and other bones; shells of Unio and pieces cut from them; teeth of bear, beaver, elk and deer; cut and worked fragments of bones and antler; beads, whistle, needle, points and a pipe of bone; chisels, handles, gouge, cylinders, a harpoon point, and digging and cutting implements made of antler; fragments of pottery; piece of worked cannel coal ; red ochre ; sharpening stones and flint cores ; knives, scrapers, drills and points of same material; a grooved stone, a celt and a carved stone pipe, representing the head of an animal.— Col- lected by Mr. Matthias Britten, from the ash-pits at the Ancient Ceme- tery, Madisonville, Ohio.— Subscription to exploration by the Museum. 25259 —25260. Cord-marked pot, with four handles, from an ash-pit at Madisonville, and fragments of cranium from a mound near Chillicothe, Ohio. — Collected and presented by Dr. C. L. Metz. 25261. Half of a stone gorget from the surface near Madisonville, Ohio. —Collected and presented by F. W. Putnam. 25262 — 25265. Fragments of pottery, flint chips and a worked bone from Turpin's Hill near Madisonville, Ohio, and stone mullers from Cler- mont Co., Ohio —Collected and presented by Mr. E. A. Conkling. . 25266 — 25274. Flint knives, points, and three stone celts from Warren Co., Ohio, and a stone celt from Madisonville, Ohio.— Collected and pre- sented by Mr. Charles Weiskoff, Jr. 25275. Small stone tablet from a grave on Santa Catalina Island, Cal Collected and presented by Mr. Paul Schumacher. 25276. Cast of stone image from the Pueblo of New Pecos, New Mex- ico—Presented by Mr. A. H. Thompson. 25277 — 25280. Four specimens of modern pottery from the Pueblos near Santa Fe, New Mexico.— Presented by Dr. Egbert H. Lamborn. 25281. A Pandean pipe made and used by the negroes near Crawfords- ville. Miss.— Collected and presented by Dr. A. F. Berlin. 25282—25289. Fragments of human bones, some of them burned; flint knife ; fragments of pottery, worked bones, and beads of shell and 78 bone from mounds in Davis Co.. Kansas, three miles west of Junction City.— Collected by Mr. Charles H. Sternberg, and presented by Mr. Alex. Agassiz- 25290 — 25298. Club from the Fiji Islands; assegais, bow and iron pointed arrows from east coast of Africa ; a model of a boat, a bow. and arrows with wooden and iron points, the latter poisoned, also reeds used in makin? arrows, from Surinam. South America.— Bt Purchase from Mr. David Dodge. 25299. Human cranium and bones from Revere. — Collected by Mr. E. H. Whorf, and presented by Dr. Walter Faxon. 25300. Shell beads from the province of >"ew Brunswick. — Collected and presented by Mr. Charles H. Carman. 25301 — 25393. Fifty -seven modem pots and dishes of different forms, some of them animal and bird shaped, from the Pueblos of New Mexico, and forty-one pieces of Missouri pottery from monnds near Diehlstadt, , Missouri.— Collected by Dr. G. J. Engeoiaxx. and presented by Mrs. S. B. SCHLESrSGER. 25394 — 25398. A quartz knife, m '.e an:, broken stone implements, and fragments of stone pestle and s:c:.:::e po:. from Apponaug, Pv. I.— Col- lected and presented by Mr. Ebex Putnam. 25399 — 254r«>D. Stone points from Lake Champlain. — Collected by Mr. Faxon, and presented by Dr. Walter Faxon. 25401. Broken stone points from Hartford. Conn.— Presented by Mr. S. W. COWLES. 25402. Eude stone point from yorth Andover, Mass. — Collected and presented by Mr. AaBON Thompson. 25403 25407. Stone points from Ohio. — Presented by Mr. S. W. CoWLES. 2540S — 25431. Grooved stone axe and celts of the same material; perforated stones, and fragment of a stone tablet, flint points, knives, scrapers, and rude implements from Massillon. Ohio. — Collected and pre- sented by Dr. A. P. S. Pease. 25432 — 25512 A collection of stone knives, daggers, drills, scrapers, and points of different sizes and shapes from Kentucky and Ohio, also points from Indiana, Illinois and Maryland.- Collected by Mr. R. T. Shepherd, and presented by Dr. C. C. Abbott. 25513 — 25638. Eleven palaeolithics ; grooved stone axes ; notched and grooved sinkers ; hammer arid polishing stones: stone celts; and a col- lection of knives, scrapers, drills and points in jasper, quartz and argil- lite, from different places in the neighborhood of Trenton.— Collected and presented by Dr. C. C. Abbott. 25639 — 25646. Flint flakes and scrapers from England, and flake knife and core from Thebes.— Collected by Sir John Lubbock, and presented by Dr. C. C. Abbott. 25647 — 25671. Grooved stone axe: hammer, sharpening and slick stones; notched sinkers; fragments of pottery, and knives and points in jasper and argillite from Trenton, N. J.— Collected and presented by Mr. Richard M. Abbott. 79 25672 — 25674. Three earthen drinking vessels from Pueblos near Santa F^, New Mexico. — Presented by Messrs. John C. Watson and H. W. Wesson. 25675. A painted water bottle from pueblo of Zuni.— Collected in 1853, and presented by Prof. Jules Marcou. 25676 — 26022. This collection, covering three hundred and forty- seven distinct entries in the catalogue, and numbering several thousand specimens, is of special value. With the exception of fragments of pottery, a stone celt, and some other implements of the same material from the shellheaps of Cape Henlopen, it is chiefly from Kent county, Delaware. Many of the implements, and among them some miniature copies of the palagolithics from the valley of the Somme, were found upon Ihe surface, on the site of an Indian village and are therefore, pre- sumably, of recent origin. As a rule, the specimens closely resemble similar articles from New Jersey, in material, shape and finish, though it is worthy of note that in this entire collection there are less than a dozen of the well-defined scrapers, so abundant in the New Jersey collection of Dr. Abbott. It may give some idea of the value of this collection to state that it includes, among other things, eighty-four grooved stone axes, twenty-three celts, one of them a magnificent specimen of serpentine ; many pestles, hammer, grinding, rubbing and sharpening stones ; with hundreds of jasper, quartz and argillite knives and points, from Little Creek, Jones River, Duck Creek, and other points in Kent and Sussex counties, Delaware- grooved axes and bird-shaped ornament from Church Creek, Dorchester Co., Maryland; stone celt from Wyoming Valley, Penn. ; perforated stone ornament from West Virginia; stone spearpoint from Choctaw Co., Alabama; iron tomahawk from Cape Hen- lopen, and rubbing and polishing stones, perforated stone ornament, clay pipe stems, and stone flakes from shellheaps at the same place. — Collected and presented by Mr. H. E. Bennett. 26023 — 26024. Four copper axes from Oaxaca, Mexico, and a copper knife from Teotitlan del Valle, Southern Mexico. — By Purchase from Mr. F. A. Ober. 26025. Stone celt used by the early settlers of Pitcairn's Island. — Col- lected by Capt. JosiAH S. Knowles of Oakland, California, and presented by Mrs. Lucien Cakr. 26026 — 26129. A large and interesting collection of chips, flakes, cores and rude stone implements from different localities in Stoneham and Wakefield, Mass. — Exploration conducted for the Museum by Mr. David Dodge 26130 — 26144. Two crania, one of them copper stained ; human bones and hair, iron nails, and fragments of -vyood, probably portions of coffins; iron knives, clay pipes, fragments of cloth, a brass spoon, and three leaden bullets, flint flakes, and a perforated stone ornament, which was after- wards used as a mould for buttons, with three leaden buttons which were cast in the mould, from an Indian burial place in Kingston, Mass. —Col- lected and presented by Mr. L. H. Keith 80 DOXORS TO THE LIBRARY. ^ Academie d'Archeologie de Belgique, Auvers, Belgium. One volume Anuales, seven parts Bulletin. Mr. A. Agassiz, Cambridge, Mass. Three volumes, one pamphlet. AUerthums-gesellschaft Prussia, Konigsberg, Prussia. Two reports. Altertliumsforschender Verein zu Eohenleuben, Germany. Report. American Antiquarian. Four numbers. (By subscription). American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass. T\yo numbers of the Proceedings. American Museum of Natural History, New York, X. Y. Report. Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Loudon, Eng- land. Thirty-two volumes, nine parts, and four numbers of the Journal, one pamphlet. Archaeological Institute of America, Boston, Mass. Report and Volume I of Papers. Astor Library, Xew York, X. Y. Report. Jlr. E. A. Barber, Philadelphia, Pa. Three pamphlets. Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, Philadelphia, Penn. Pamphlet. Cambridge Antiquarian Society, Cambridge, England. Two reports, one volume Communications. Mr. Lucien Carr, Cambridge, Mass. Forty-three pamphlets. M. Emile Cartailhac, Toulouse, France. Three volumes. Mr. Theo. S. Case, Kansas City, Mo. Nine numbers of the Kansas City Review. Sig. Alfred Chavero, Mexico. One volume. Cincinnati Society of Xatural History, Cincinnati, Ohio. Three numbers of the Journal. Mr. E. W. Clark, Washington, D. C. One volume. Prof. John Collett, Indianapolis, Ind. One volume. 3Ir. W. H. Dall, Washington, D. C. Pamphlet. Davenport Academy of Xatural Sciences, Davenport, Iowa. Two num- bers of the Proceedings. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. Twelve volumes. Editor of Scientific American, New York, X. Y. Paper for the year. Essex Institute, Salem, Mass. Ten numbers of the Bulletin. Dr. Albert S. Gatschet, Washington, D. C. Three pamphlets. Gesellschaft far Anthropologie, Etnologie, und Urgeschichte, Munchen, Germany. Two numbers of the Contributions. Gesellschaft fur Pommersche Geschichte und AUerthumskunde, Stettin, Germany. Four numbers of Baltische Studien. Prof Asa Gray, Cambridge, Mass. Two volumes. 3Irs. S. S. Haldeman, Chickies, Penn. Pamphlet. Bev. E. E. Hale, Boston, Mass. Pamphlet. 1 The titles of anthropological works received by the Museum are published in tho quarterly numbers of the Harvard University Bulletin. 81 Mr. Charles H. Hart, Philadelphia, Penn. Pamphlet. Harvard College Library, Cambridge, Mass. Three numbers of Bulle- tin. Prof. H. W. Haynes, Boston, Mass. Two pamphlets. Col. T. W. Higginson, Cambridge, Mass. One volume. Dr. P. B. Hoy, Racine, Wis. One volume. Prof. J. Kollmann, Basel, Switzerland. One volume. Dr. F. W. Langdon, Cincinnati, Ohio. Three pamphlets. Frederick Larkin, M. D., Randolph, N. Y. One volume. Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, England. Two volumes of Proceedings. Prof. Paolo Mantegazza and Sig. Ettore Pegalia, Firenze, Italy. Pamphlet. Prof. Otis T. Mason, Washington, D. C. Eight pamphlets. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N. Y. Report. Dr. C. L. Melz, Madisonville, Ohio. Pamphlet. Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minn. Two numbers of Col- lections. Museum fur Volkerkunde, Leipzig, Germany. Pamphlet. Prof. G. W. C. Noble, Cambridge, Mass. One volume. Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Sciences of Halifax, Nova Scotia. One number of Proceedings. Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Philadelphia, Penn. One volume, ten pamphlets. Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass. Two pamphlets. Prof. G. H. Perkins, Burlington, Vt. Pamphlet. Mr.Henry Phillips, jr., Philadelphia, Penn. Pamphlet. Maj. J. W. Powell, Washington, D. C. Two volumes. Mr. S. V. Proud ft, Washington, D. C. Pamphlet. Mr. F. W. Putnam, Cambridge, Mass. Three volumes, seven pam- phlets. Dr. Charles Bau, Washington, D. C. One volume, two pamphlets. Dr. Emit Schmidt, Essen, Germany. Pamphlet. Mr. Horace E. Scudder, Cambridge, Mass. One volume. Mr. S. H. Scudder, Cambridge, Mass. Two volumes. Mrs. E. A. Smith, Jersey City, N. J. One volume. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Eight volumes. Societa Italiana di Antropologia e di Etnologia, Firenze, Italy. Two volumes. Societe Archeologique du Departement de Constantine, Algeria, Africa. One volume Collections. Societe d' Ethnographic, Paris, France. Three pamphlets. Societe d' Histoire et d'Archeologie de Geneve, Geneve, Switzerland. One volume. Mrs. Tilly E. Stevenson, Washington, D. C. Pamphlet. Dr. Arthur B. Stout, San Francisco, Cal. Pamphlet. Bev. C. F. Thwing, Cambridge, Mass. Pamphlet. Report of Peabody Museum, III. 6 82 Western Beserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio. Pamphlet. Prof. Daniel Wilson, Toronto, Canada. Two volumes, sixteen pam- phlets. Hon. Bohert C. Wintlirop, Boston, Mass. Fourteen pamphlets. Bev. G. F. Wright, Oberlin, Ohio. Pamphlet. Dr. G. Barroeta, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Two photographs. Mr. M. 0. Billings, Marion Centre, Kansas. Four photographs. Mr. Lucien Carr, Cambridge, Mass. Photograph. Col. Henry B. Carrington, Craw^fordsville, Ind. Six photographs. Mr. S. V. Proudfit, Washington, D. C Two photographs. Mr. W, C. Benfrow, Russellville, Ark. Photograph. NOTES ON THE COPPER OBJECTS FROM NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA, CONTAINED IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM. By F. W. Putnam, Curator of the Museum. Native copper is pretty widely distributed throughout North America and some portions of South America, either in place or as bowlders in the drift, and it can hardly be questioned that it was early noticed in the neolithic period and made use of by the vari- ous tribes who lived in, or visited, the districts whence it was obtained. It is also probable that the metal was obtained through intertribal trade, and that objects made of it would be regarded as valuable possessions which in course of time would find their way, by barter and as plunder, to many distant tribes. Thus we find, to-day, in our explorations, objects made of copper, as widely distributed and under nearly as many and varied conditions as stone implements of neolithic forms. It must not, however, be understood from these remarks that all the peoples of America, both North and South, had reached one and the same stage in manufacturing from copper the various objects for which they found it adapted, for the contrary is the fact. In North America, outside of Mexico, before the coming of Eu- ropeans, there is no evidence, as yet, that copper was used other- wise than as a substance which could be hammered and cut into many desired shapes. In Mexico, Central America, Peru and Chili, there is no doubt that copper was both cast and hammered, and by some nations was also mixed with tin or with gold and cast in moulds ; but the difficulty of melting and casting unalloyed copper is far too great to be easily overcome, and the statements about the discovery, in the United States, of copper implements which were unquestionably cast in moulds should be regarded as hasty conclusions until we have other information on the subject than seems yet to haVe been obtained. ^ 1 1 have called attention to this point in a short article in the Kansas City Review for Dec, 1881, in which I question the discovery of cast copper implements and of the moulds said to have been found in Wisconsin. Since that article was written, the sup- posed discovery of the moulds has been shown to be without the slightest foundation (83) 84 As these notes are intended simply as a brief account of the objects made of copper, to be followed by descriptions of others made of bronze, gold and silver, by the natives of America, and contained in the Museum, they are thus necessarily limited, and of course many forms of ornaments and implements known to archffiologists will not be mentioned as they are not represented in the Museum. Copper from the Mounds and Indian Graves. Ornaments and implements made of copper have been found in considerable number in burial mounds in many portions of the United States, both in connection with inhumation and cremation, and also in the stone-graves of Tennessee as well as in Indian graves of a comparatively recent period. They have also been found on the surface of ploughed fields, and have been accident- ally discovered in various ways. So far as relates to the collection in the Museum the copper objects, principally from the mounds and graves, can be grouped under the following headings. Beads. These may be classed as cylindrical, convex and spiral. The most common and simple are the little cylinders made of small flat and thin pieces of copper which have been rolled up, leaving one edge slightly overlapping the other ; or, if made from a larger piece, the copper is sometimes rolled once or twice on itself, in this way making a thicker cylinder. Such cylinders are in the Museum as follows : — No. 20130. This lot consists of about a dozen small copper cyl- inders which were found with the neck-bones of a child in one of the Stanley Mounds on the St. Francis River, Ark., by the late Mr. Edwin Curtis during the explorations which he made for the Museum. They evidently formed part of a necklace containing of fact. I may also add that several copper implements, which I have seen, supposed to have been cast, were unquestionably hammered. The following extract from Strachey's Virginia, Avritten about 1612, to which my attention has been called by Mr. Carr, is of interest in this connection: " and tor copper, the hills to the norwest have that store as the people themselves, remembered in the first chapter, called the Bocootauwanaukes, are said to part the solide mettall from the stone, without fire, bellowes or additament and beat it into plates, the like whereof is hardly found in any other part of the world." - Page 132 in the publications of the Hakluyt Society. London, 1849. 85 also shell beads, pieces of flat and ornamented shells, shell pendants and a circular piece of perforated bone.^ Forty-eight pieces be- longing to this necklace were saved. Notwithstanding the copper cylinders are very much corroded and are very brittle, several of them are still on the string, which has been preserved by the action Fig. 1. No. 20130. Parts of a Necklace of Copper Cylinders, Shell Beads, Shell and Bone Ornaments, found with skeleton of child. Stanley Mound on St. Francis Riv., Ark, of the copper, and alternating with these are shell beads, showing that probably all the beads and ornaments found with the neck- bones, which are copper-stained, were strung together as a neck- lace, portions of which are shown in fig. 1. • Cut from the plastron of a Small turtle, and shown in the left lower corner of fig. 1. 86 No. 20133. The two beads catalogued under this number were also found by Mr. Ccrtis, with the neck-bones of a child, in another grave in the same mound with the last. In this instance, while the neck-bones are much stained b}^ the copper, only the remains of two cylinders were found in contact with about a dozen large shell beads. The most perfect of the cylinders is about one and one-half inches in length and contains a fragment of the twisted cord upon which it was strung. No. 22008. Four copper cylinders found with a number of large shell beads near the neck-bones of a young person, in the Rose Mound, on the St. Francis River, Ark. Near this skeleton were two earthen bowls and a shell "pin." The cylinders are about one and a fourth inches in length and about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and are much corroded. Collected by Edwin Ccrtis. No. 20396. A copper cylinder of about the same size and char- acter as the four last described and considerably corroded. This was found in a mound on the Spoon River, Peoria Co., 111., by Mr. W. H. Adams. No. 20402. One cylinder about three-fourths of an inch in length and two small cylindrical beads, one of which is about one-half of an inch in length and the other a quarter of an inch, were taken from a second mound on the Spoon River. Four chipped knives or daggers and a mass of red ochre were near the beads. Also collected and presented by Mr. W. H. Adams. No. 18995. The remains of a small cylindrical bead of copper with the twisted fibre upon which it was strung. This bead was found at the bottom of the Parker Mound, near Elmore, 111., by Mr. W. H. Adams. No. 20306. Two cj^linders similar to those already described, although one is made from an irregularly shaped piece of copper, so that when it was rolled up one end of the bead was made larger than the other. These were found in a mound near Fort Lincoln, Dakota Territory, and as the copper still has much of its natural color and is but very slightly corroded, it is probable that these beads are far more recent productions than those already men- tioned from the mounds in Arkansas and Illinois. In the same mound were found fragments of cord-marked pottery, two flint scrapers and two flint arrowheads, with several charred corn-cobs. There are several reasons for believing the mounds about Fort Lincoln to be comparatively recent, and the condition of these 87 copper beads seems to corroborate the conclusion. Collected by Mr. Geo. W. Sweet. No. 6171. This lot contains sixteen copper beads varying from less than one-fourth of an inch to three-fourths of an inch in length. They are all considerably corroded. Fragments of the string are still preserved in one or two of the beads, and the lot evidently formed a portion of a necklace of the child about whose cervical vertebrae they were found. In contact with the copper beads and evidently forming part of the same necklace were twelve incisor teeth of the moose (No. 6170), each perforated at the end of Fig. 2. Nos. 6170 and 6171. Copper Beads, and perforated Teeth of Moose, forming part of necklace of a child. Mound on St. Clair River, Mich. the root. "When found one of the copper beads was adhering to one of the teeth, and Mr. Gillman thinks the teeth and beads alter- nated on the string, as shown in fig. 2. From a mound on the St. Clair Eiver, Mich. Collected by Mr. Henry Gillman. For an account of this mound and its contents, see Sixth Report Pea- body Museum, p. 16. No. 4898. About fifty small cylinders, one-eighth of an inch in diameter and from one-fourth to one-half an inch in length. Nearly ten inches of the string, made of vegetable fibre, is pre- « 88 served, and about half of the beads still remain upon it. Many of this lot of beads are considerably corroded. An account of the mound on the Detroit River, Mich., in which these beads were found by Mr. Henry Gillman, is given in the Sixth Report of Peabody Museum, p. 12. It is of interest to note that among the stone implements and other objects found in this mound were a beautifully polished double-edged axe made of jadite, a small ves- sel of pottery about the size of a thimble, two cord-marked jars, and the small abnormal human cranium to which reference has been made by several writers. No. 4764. This lot consists of five pairs of small copper cylin- ders about one-eighth of an inch in diameter and about one inch in length. These cylinders seem to have been fastened side by side in pairs, as each pair is now firmly united by the change that has taken place on the surface of the copper. A number of shell beads were received with these and also a small piece of buckskin fringe, preserved by the action of the copper. From a mound at Ferry Point on the Marlborough estate, Strafford Co., Virginia. Collected by Mr. B. R. Alden Scott. No. 12292. Two specimens, the most perfect of which is about an inch in length and one-fourth of an inch in diameter, from an ancient burial place near Highgate, Vt., collected and presented by the late Professor J. B. Perry. These beads are two of a number found in contact with the neck-bones of a child. The two verte- brae received with them are copper-stained. No. 17342. Twenty-three small copper cylinders or beads, each about one-eighth of an inch in diameter, and together measuring four and a half inches in length. From an Indian grave at Revere, Mass. Collected by Mr. L. K. Washburn. In the same grave with these beads, which are but slightly corroded, were found a stone pipe, the bowl of which had been repaired by a band of brass wrapped about it ; a small knife made of brass ; two triangular arrowheads made of brass; and two circular ornaments also of brass ; which prove that the burial was after European contact. No other objects were found in the grave and we have no account of the condition of the bones of the skeleton. No. 12868. In the year 1868 Dr. Edward Palmer collected from an Indian grave at Harpswell, Me., portions of buckskin, and fringe of vegetable fibre, which he considered as the remains of an Indian belt. On the fragments of buckskin there are many green 89 colored impressions which show that the belt was ornamented by a number of copper beads or cylinders. With the fragments of the leather and string there are an irregular and flat piece of copper, about two inches long by one in width, much corroded, and broken along all but one edge, and three cylinders of copper, which al- though they are much corroded still contain the twisted vegetable fibre upon which they were strung. The largest and most perfect of these cylinders is nearly two and a half inches in length and about one-fourth of an inch in diameter. The others seem to have been about the same size originally, but are now broken, and all are so much corroded as to be very brittle. In this instance we have a good illustration of the preservative power of the salts of cop- per, as the vegetable fibre, the skin and even the hair upon it, are preserved by contact with the copper pieces, while the latter are nearly decayed by oxidation. No. 26618. During the explorations of the Ancient Cemetery at Madisonville, Ohio, copper ornaments have been found with skel- etons, in or just under the leaf-mould, and also with the many other interesting objects from the singular "ash-pits." By far the larger number of these ornaments are simple cylinders of copper, but with them have also been found a few copper pendants of sim- ple shapes, such as are described farther on, and a singular oell- like object which has been figured in the report on the explorations by the Madisonville Society, Part ii, p. 32. As is the case with most of these copper ornaments, this interesting object was found with the skeleton of a child, between one and two feet from the surface, at or near the bottom of the leaf-mould. Among the articles of copper obtained by the Museum during these explorations, are a number of cylinders most of which evi- dently formed portions of necklaces. Near the bottom of the leaf-mould, about eighteen inches from the surface, with the remains of a skeleton of a child, there were found portions of a necklace made, in part at least, of three large cop- per cylinders, a number of spiral wire beads and a cross-like pen- dant, as shown in fig. 3. The cervical vertebrae, the collar bones, and a portion of the under jaw were much discolored by the action of the copper which was very much corroded and brittle. Several of the spiral beads were in fragments and even the pendant was broken in two pieces. The three large cylinders still preserved, and shown in the figure, are each one and a fourth inches long by three-eighths 90 of an inch in diameter. In one of them is a small mass of what seems to be the remains of a strip of leather or buckskin upon which the several things forming the necklace were prob- ably strung, and on the outside of one is a substance which may possiblj^ be the remains of a piece of bark. Collected by F. AV. Putnam in connection with the Madisonville Explo- rations. No. 26638. Ten feet from the skele- ton last mentioned, another of these cylinders was found in the leaf -mould, eighteen inches from the surface. In this instance it was not associated with human bones. Collected by F. W. Putnam. No. 26611. In the leaf-mould with the skeleton of an- other 3^oung child, the bones of which were so much de- cayed that none could be saved, were found ten small cyl- Nos. 26618, 26619, 26620. Necklace made of Copper mders, two bits of Beads of two kinds, and Avith a Cruciform Pendant wire, a small flat of copper. Found with skeleton of child. coppcr, and Ancient Cemetery, Madisonville, Ohio. t' i i j 91 Fig. 4. a small copper pendant. These several objects are shown in fig. 4, These little cylinders are each one-eighth of an inch or less than that in diameter, and vary very much in length, as shown in the figure. The three smallest together measure not much over half an inch in length, while the largest of the lot is an inch long. The action of the copper has preserved the fine two-strand string of twisted fibre which still holds them together. Collected by F. W. Putnam. No. 26612. The flat piece of copper found with the fragments of a necklace, referred to in the preceding paragraph and represented in fig. 4 (lower figure on the right), is evi- dently a piece from which a small cyUnder, like those last mentioned, was to be made, and I have therefore classed it with the beads. It consists of a piece of native copper, hammered until it is about as thick as ordinary writing paper, and after- wards cut into its present shape, as shown by its slightly rough or undulating edges. It is three-fourths of an inch long and one-fourth of an inch wide. Collected by F. W. Putnam. No. 26824. Two copper cylinders are in the collec- tion, which were obtained from two of the "ash-pits'* during the exploration of the ancient Cemetery at Madisonville, by Mr. M. Britten. Like nearly all the other things obtained from the ashes in the pits, these cylinders are better preserved than those found in the leaf-mould, although they have turned green. One is nearly two inches long and one-quarter of an inch in diameter, and shows by the laminations upon it that two pieces Nos. 26G11, 26612, 26613, 26614. Copper Orna- ments found with skeleton of- child. An- cient Cemetery, Madisonville, Ohio. 92 of copper were pounded together in order to make the cylinder of its present length. Ko. 26798. This second specimen from the ash-pits is about one inch in length and slightlj^ more than one-eighth of an inch in diameter. Its surface is smooth and there is a decided patina upon it, such as is noticed upon very old bronze. No. 26637. During the explorations of the last day of my work at the Ancient Cemetery at Madisonville, the skeleton of a woman was found in the leaf-mould, with which was the skeleton of a child, two or three years of age at the time of its death. With these skeletons were found twenty-two copper cylinders varying from one to two and a quarter inches in length, and about one-quarter of an inch in diameter. These cylinders are considerably decomposed and are very brittle. With these were found portions of a large bead made of bone, and three charred kernels of corn. Four copper rings, described on page 96, were on the finger bones of the woman. I regret that owing to a heavy rain at the time this skeleton was uncovered a thorough examination could not be made of the con- tents of the grave while in place. Collected by F. W. Putnam. No. 8992. In the year 1876, the late Prof. E. B. Andrews, act- mo- for the Museum, explored a number of mounds in southeast- ern Ohio, of which a full account is given in the Tenth Annual Report. During these explorations a number of articles made of copper were found, among them the lot of beads to which refer- ence is now made. Professor Andrews states that the mound in which these beads were found was on the land of Mr. George Connett in Wolf Plain. It had long been ploughed over, and at the time of its exploration was about six feet high and forty in diameter. About five feet from the top, charcoal and ashes were found, in which were the remains of a partially burnt human skeleton and about it the copper beads were placed. Their distribution was such as to lead Prof. Andrews to conclude that they were not worn as ornaments at the time of death of the person buried, but were sim- ply deposited in the grave as property. With these were found about fifty beads made of shell, and a singular copper implement described on page 108. It is important to note that no other objects were found in the mound. For further details in relation to this interesting exploration, and for an account of the manner in which the body seems to have been burnt, I must refer to Vol. ii, p. 59, of Reports of the Museum. 93 Fig. 5. Prof. Andrews states that many of the beads had so far decayed that they could not be saved, and those collected show the action of fire upon them. Several are slightly warped or unrolled by the heat which was not sufficient to melt the copper, although the hu- man bones, and wood surrounding them, were in places reduced to ashes. It is probably due to the fire and ashes that so large a num- ber of copper beads with the other copper objects were so well pre- served. The shell beads also show that they were subjected to great heat. The four hundred and eighty-two"^copper beads found in the mound were made in the same manner as the cylinders, al- ready described, but they were formed from rather thicker pieces of copper, most of which were carefully cut so as to give even edges, and the length of each bead is about equal to its diameter. While many of them were made by simply rolling the copper so that one edge slightly overlaps the other, others show that the copper was rolled twice upon itself as represented in the fore- ground of fig. 5. Between these two extremes are many vari- ations, but as a whole the beads are well made, and were probably hammered as they were rolled over a twig of hard wood. The largest in the lot is half an inch and the smallest is about one-quarter of an inch in length. They form a string ten feet and nine inches in length, and weigh one pound six ounces. Several in the lot have become firmly united by the corroding process, like the two shown on the right in fig. 5, which now have the appearance of one large bead. A second form of beads, upon which much more labor was bestowed , was made by rolling up a small strip of copper, as in the case of ordinary cylinders, but these strips were first hammered so as to produce a thin edge on each side of a thicker central portion. A convex strip of copper was thus made, and when rolled up, so that one end slightly overlapped the other, a bead was formed which had a greater outside diameter in its centre than at each end, while No. 8992. Copper Beads found with burnt skeleton in the Connett Mound, Wolf Plain, Ohio. 94 the hole through the bead was of a uniform diameter throughout. Two lots of such beads are in the Museum from mounds in Ohio. No. 8945. In 1875 a mound about eighteen feet high, in Wolf Plain, Ohio, was partly removed in order to build a schoolhouse upon its site. About eight feet from the top of the mound and about fifteen feet from the outer edge on the northwestern side, the Fig. (3. No. 8945. Copper Beads oa piece of Leather. Frum Schoolhou&e Mound, Wolf Plain, Ohio. earth was found to be extremely hard and dry. In this dry earth, which probably had never been wet since placed on the mound, a fragment of an article made of the prepared skin of deer or buffalo, four layers in thickness, and eight or ten inches in diameter, was found. Upon the surface of this skin were probably two or three hundred of the carefully made convex-beads, which were strung 95 upon thongs of buckskin. The impressions of the beads on the fragment secured for the Museum by Prof. Andrews show that they were arranged in a symmetrical pattern over the surface of the skin as shown in fig. 6. Six of the seven beads still with the frag- ment are strung on two strips of buckskin and are considerably corroded. Prof. Andrews thought the object might have been a portion of an ornamental dress, but from the fact that the article was made of four layers of the dressed skin and that there are traces on the under side of a coarsely woven fabric of vegetable fi- bre, it seems to me probable that the fragment may have once formed a portion of a leather shield, the outer surface of which was ornamented by the hundreds of once bright copper beads. For the fragment in the Museum, represented in fig. 6, we are in- debted to Mr. Peter Martin.^ No. 15671. Six beads of the same character as those found with the frag- ment of skin, were received in the Wm. Clogston collection, and are marked "From a mound near Newark, Ohio." These are much corroded but show more care in their manufacture than those from no.15671. Copper Beads the schoolhouse mound. They are rep- from a Mound near resented in fig. 7. The smallest is about Newark. Ohio, one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and one-eighth of an inch long. The beads which come under the third group are formed by coil- ing a piece of copper wire upon itself, like a spiral wire-spring. The wire was evidently made by rolling and pounding small pieces of native copper into compact masses of small diameter and of vary- ing lengths. All of the beads of this character which I have seen were found in the Ancient Cemetery at Madisonville, Ohio, and are mentioned in the account of the explorations by the Madison- ville Society. No. 26619. With the copper cylinders mentioned under No. 26618 and forming part of the necklace represented in fig. 3, were thirteen of the spiral wire-beads and a few fragments of others. Six of them, as shown in the figure, are united into one corroded mass ; the others are better preserved and show that they were 3For further details of this mound, see Prof. Andrews' account in Reports of Pea- body Museum, Vol ii, p. 65. f jred 96 formed as described on the preceding page. In a few the wire is coiled twice or thrice upon itself, but most are made of a single coil. The wire is about the size of a pencil lead and the beads are about three-eighths of an inch in diameter. No. 26613. On page 90, attention has been called to a number of copper objects found with the skeleton of a child during the Madisonville explorations, all of which are represented in fig. 4. Two of the objects there shown are probably portions of wire beads. The comparatively long undulating piece of wire represented on the right of the figure was probably once coiled up as a bead, and the semi- circular piece shown on the left is probably a portion of a large spiral bead. Finger Rings. Nos. 26633,26634. On the finger bones of the woman bur- ied with a child in the Ancient Cemetery at Madisonville, and referred to when describing the large lot of copper cylinders on page 92, were found four rings made of copper. These rings were on the first pha- langes of the first and second fingers of each hand. The bones are colored green by the copper. The rings, two of which are shown in fig. 8, are made of bands of copper three- quarters of an inch wide and two and one-half to two and three- quarters inches in length, which have been rolled up lengthwise with one end slightly overlapping the other. The rings thus formed are each about three-fourths of an inch in diameter. The native copper of which they were made has, in places, changed to azurite and malachite. The fingers of the woman were evidently long and slender, and all the bones of the skeleton indicate a rather sUght person of middle age. Kos. 26633, 26534. Copper Finger Rings found on finger bones of skeleton of a woman. Ancient Cemetery, Madisonville, Oluo. 97 It IS worthy of note that although nearly a thousand skeletons have been discovered in this old cemetery this is the only one with which finger rings have been found. That the custom of wearin- rings was not very common among prehistoric people of the United States, IS evident from the fact tliat this is the only instance which has come under my observation, although I have personal know- ledge of the contents of several thousand ancient graves. Bracelets, Several copper bracelets very similar in shape to the plain pen- annular bronze bracelets found in the old world, have been obtained Fig. 9. No. 1586. Copper Bracelet. From a Moiiud in Mt. Storling, Ky. from the ancient graves and mounds in the United States. One is in the Museum from a mound in Kentucky. No. 1586. The bracelet under this number, shown in fio- 9 was received in 1868 through Prof. N. S. Shaler from Judge Apperson, who presented it with several other articles from a mound in Mount Sterling, Kentucky, which was removed about twenty-five years before. This mound was about twenty feet hio-h and one hundred in diameter. Only a single skeleton was found m It, with which were several stone implements, a broken pipe a large copper "breast-plato," and the bracelet here recorded, besides other things which unfortunately have been scattered without a record having been kept. The bracelet is very much corroded and Report of Peabody Museum, III. 7 98 Fig. 10. i1. . / y'. • / ill, k has a thick coating of green rust. It is oval in shape, but the two ends are an inch apart. The longest out- side diameter is about three inches, and the transverse is tAvo inches. The piece of copper from which it was made was hammered round. The central portion is three-eighths of an inch thick, while the ends are only one-fourth of an inch in diameter. Peijdants. Under this heading I include such small ornaments as seem to have been worn about the neck, in most instances probably forming parts of necklaces. No. 26614. The simplest pendant consists of a thin flat piece of copper rounded at the top and perforated for attachment by a string. This pendant formed part of the necklace found with the skeleton of a child, already referred to on page 91, in the Ancient Cemetery at Madisonville and is represented in fig. 4. This little ornament is very much decayed and broken on the edges, but when perfect it was seven-eighths of an inch long, and five-eighths wide. From such simple pendants there is a natural transition to the cruciform ornaments of which there are three specimens in the Museum. No. 11832. The "cross," of which fig. 10 is a representation, I found in a stone-grave on the hill near Nashville, Tenn., on which Fort ZollicoflTer was r.'^ n T vn. erected during the civil war. In the No 11832. Copper Cruciform 1 ^. i *- AT Pendant. From a Stone-grave. aCCOUnt of my explorations about Nash- Nashviiie, Tenn. ^^.^jg ^377^ Annual Reports of the Museum, Vol. 11, p. 307, I called attention to this ornament, which was found on the breast-bone of an adult skeleton. In the ml \^ ^ 99 Fig. 11. c same stone-grave, or cist, there were fragments of an earthen dish. On the surface of the copper, which is considerably cor- roded, there are traces of a finely woven fabric with which the ornament was in contact, and a minute fragment of string is still preserved just above the hole. The length of this pendant is five and one-fourth inches from edge to edge. In my remarks upon the origin of this form of ornament, I have stated that it seems to be a simple design to make and one of natural con- ception, and there seems to be no more reason for considering it a symbol of Christianity than the "cross" on the tablet of Palenque.' The modifications of this design, in the two other specimens, here figured, which have been since found in widely-distant places, seem to confirm this view.^ No. 22131. In this pendant as will be noticed by a glance at fig. 11, the "arms of the cross" are represented by simple notched projections from the piece of copper, the lower end of which is also notched. It is slightly over three inches in length and about three-fourths of an inch wide. One surface of this ornament is considerably cor- roded, and traces of what may possibly have been a woven fabric can be made out with a lens. It was found by Mr. Edwin Curtis in the Rose Mound, on St. Francis River, Arkansas. No. 2GG20. The third cruciform ornament in the Museum was found with the skeleton of a child in the Ancient Cemetery at Madisonville, with several copper beads already described un- der numbers 2GG18 and 26619, and there can be but little doubt that it was the pendant of a necklace. The form of this ornament can be best understood by reference to fig. 3. It is about three inches long and one and one-half wide across the "arms." The copper luas changed to a red oxide and has become very brittle. When found it was broken in two and bent and cracked across the lower portion. * Since this page was put in type I have been informed by Miss Alice C. Fletcher that the Sioux in some of their ceremonies draw the figure of a cross, which si-nifieg the four winds, and it may be that the cruciform ornaments originated in this way and may have a special signification. No. 22131. Copper P c n d a n t. From Kose Mound, St. Francis River, Ark. 100 An ornament of a similar character, found with another skeleton in this ancient cemetery, has been figured in the Report of the ex- plorations by the Madisonville Society, Part ii, p. 34. In some re- spects this pendant is nearer in form to the one in the Museum from Arkansas. Dr. Joseph Jones has also figured a copper pendant, on which is a figure having the form of a cross, which was found with three others in a stone-grave in Tennessee. Breast Ornaments. There are several copper ornaments which I am inclined to class under this heading simply because some of them were found resting on the breast bones of skeletons, and because others seem to be better adapted to such use than for any other purpose. It is well Fig. 12. NOA580. Copper Breast-ornament, \ diameter. Mound at Mt. Sterling, Ky. known, too, that the custom of wearing ornaments of various kinds in this way is one of the most common and wide-spread amoncr nations. Our present Indians are much given to hanging various objects about the neck and allowing them to rest upon the breast, and in many of the descriptions of the Indians by the early writers such ornaments are mentioned. No 1580. The large copper -breastplate" catalogued under this number, and shown of one-half its diameter in outline m fig. 101 12, was found in the mound at Mount Sterling, Kentucl^y, already referred to when describing the bracelet (No. 1586) on a previous page, and was also presented by Judge R. Apperson. It is made of a large piece of native copper which was hammered until re- duced to a nearly equaLthickness of about a sixteenth of an inch. As there are no signs of overlapping along the edges it is hardly to be doubted that the concave edges and rounded corners, pro- ducing its symmetrical form, were cut after the copper had been re- duced to its present thickness. Unfortunately its surface has been somewhat rubbed since it was found. The two holes in the centre of the plate were di illed from the side opposite to that shown in the figure, and looked at from that side there are signs of a very slight smoothing or wearing of the holes as if by use ; but as such a heavy plate would probably be firmly attached to the string by which it was suspended, v^e could hardly expect to be able to de- tect decided signs of wear, and the slightly polished appearance of the holes may be the result of recent handling. The holes are one- eighth of an inch in diameter and just one inch apart. The dis- tance from the edge of each hole to the concave margin above and below varies very slightly from one and one-half inches, and the distance measured to the side margin nearest each hole is exactly two inches, while the distance from the centre of either of the holes to the extreme edge of the two rounded corners nearest the hole is just three and one-fourth inches. The greatest length of the plate is six and three-eighths inches and its greatest width is four and three-eighths inches. Allowing for a loss of one-sixteenth of an inch in the process of rounding each corner and excavating the edges, we should have a plate of just six and one-half by four and one-half inches before the edges were cut and rounded. Stone tablets of similar outline to this one of copper and with one or two holes, have been described as ornaments or as im- plements, according to the special fancy of the writer, and it is very likely that objects closely allied in shape may have served for various purposes at different times or with different peoples. No. 12023. During my explorations of the ancient enclosure at Lebanon, Tenn., of which a detailed account is given in the Eleventh Report of the Museum, I found, in two of the sixty stone-graves contained in the burial mound, portions of two cop- per ornaments which have proved to be very interesting in show- 102 ing the advance the people of this old town had made in the art of working copper. These ornaments were found on the breast bones of adalt skeletons in the graves, as mentioned on pp. 343-4 of Vol. II of the reports. The largest fragment obtained of one of these ornaments is shown in fig. 13. The several fragments saved of this interesting copper ornament show that it was circular in shape and from four to five inches in diameter, and that it was made of three layers of very thin copper, hardly thicker than ordinary writing paper, which were held together by small copper rivets passing through square or oblong holes cut in the thin plates of Fig. 13. No. 12023. Portion of Copper Br east- ornament, showing rivets. From a Stone-grave, Lebanon, Tenn. copper. Two of these rivets are shown in the central portion of the figure with three others below them. The thin plates of copper, which are very brittle, have a distinctly corrugated surface which, while greatly increasing the general effect of the object as an ornament, must have added very much to the labor in making it. In the same grave were an earthen pot, and three small arrowheads beautifully chipped from a dark variety of chert. No. 12021. The fragments of this specimen are extremely brit- tle, but they show that it was an ornament of about the same size and character as the one last described. The corrugations, how- 103 ever, are in the form of a, series of concentric circles which are so evenly made that it seems as if they must have been formed over a pattern, possibly made of a coiled twig, like the bottom of a basket, over which the thin sheet of copper was placed flat and then pressed into the crevices. Some such process as this would pro- duce the alternating rounded and grooved portions on the surface of the ornament. As already stated, I obtained this ornament from the breast bones of a skeleton in the same burial mound with the one last described, but it was in the lowest tier of graves and one of the oldest in the mound. The clavicles, sternum and upper ribs of the skeleton are colored green by contact with the copper. In the same grave were two vessels of pottery. Dress Ornaments. ^ Among the copper ornaments in the Museum there are several thin and flat pieces which have two or more small holes as if for fastening to some other object, presumably some portion of a gar- ment, head-dress, or a belt. These I bring together under this heading. No. 15914. This specimen is simply a thin sheet of copper about four by four and one-half inches, which has been slightly folded over some object so that it is not quite flat, and the central portion has rather indistinctly outlined upon it a lozenge shaped figure, as if caused by pressure from the under or concave surface. Near the centre of the piece there are two small round holes about a quarter of an inch apart, and half an inch from them on one side are two others. By passing threads through these four holes the piece of .copper could be firmly secured to any other object. Two opposite edges are still straight and but little decayed, but the other two are much broken and ragged, from decay of the metal, which has become brittle by oxidation. This simple ornament was probably hammered out of a sheet of native copper. It was found by the late Mr. Edvtin Curtis while continuing the explorations at Old Town, Tennessee, under my direction, in 1878. The mound from which this was obtained was of the same character as those I have described in the second volume of Reports of the Museum, p. 311, as made up of stone-graves placed in several tiers. The mound at Old Town, which was on Mr. Gray's land, was sixty by eighty feet in diameter and contained about one hundred and fifty 104 graves arranged in four tiers. Over fifty other stone-graves were also opened in the immediate vicinity of the moiuid. The copper ornament was found in grave No. 120, in which the bones of the skeleton were so much decayed that none were saved, and no other things were in the grave. Ko. 15947. The specimen under this number is only a small portion, about one inch by half of an inch in size, of a band of thin copper, in which is one of the holes by which it was secured to some object. It was found in grave Ko. 107 of the mound on Mr. Gray's farm at Old Town, and with it were three stone implements, several shell beads, the teeth of a comb made of bone, and pieces of mica. No. 17280. On the farm of Mr. Rutherford in Sumner Co., Tenn., there was a collection of about one hundred stone-graves within a circular enclosure of earth, and about twenty more were found just outside the embankment. These graves were all opened by Mr. Curtis and m three of them copper objects were found. Grave No. C3, within the enclosure, contained two skeletons and with these wei e about twenty small and much decayed fragments of what seem to be the remains of a thin copper band. No other ob- ject was found in this grave. No. 21454. From one of the graves in the Fortune Mound on the St. Francis River, Arkansas, Mr. Curtis obtained a pottery dish, on the edge of which, and forming a handle, was represented the head of a bird ; also a small pot colored red, and three frag- ments of a small copper band about three-quarters of an inch in width and probably when perfect about two inches long. These fragments are thin and -brittle but in one of the holes in one frag- ment, partly covered with a deposit of the copper, is a minute bunch of twisted vegetable fibres. Both of the other fragments are per- forated, one in two places, and the other in one. One of the frag- ments shows that it was made of two layers of thin copper. No. 21594. In a grave three feet from the surface of a burial mound on Mr. Halcomb's land on the St. Francis River, Ark., Mr. Curtis found the anterior portion of the skull of an adult person, across the frontal bone of which was a band of thin copper about one inch wide and three inches long, with two small holes at each end by which it was probably fastened to some kind of a head- dress or fillet. The place on the skull where the copper was lying is colored green and there can be, no doubt in this instance of the 105 use to which such bands were sometimes put. In the same grave was a perfect vessel of pottery. No. 11017. Among the interesting results obtained by the late Professor E. B. Andrews during his explorations of mounds in Fig. M. Fig. 15. No. 11017. Copper Ornament found witli ljurnt human bones in the Connett Mound, Dover, Ohio. Ohio, for the Museum, were those in connection with the "large mound" on Mr. Woodruff Connett's farm in Dover, Athens Co., a full account of which is given in Vol. ii, p. 71, of the Museum Re- ports. This mound was eighteen feet high and eighty-five feet in diameter. It contained two deposits of burnt human bones, in the lower of which, and at the very bottom of the mound, were found two copper ornaments which had been burnt, evidently at the time the body was cremated, and were collected with the burnt bones over which the mound had been erected . One of the ornaments is a thin and much decayed band of copper about three inches long and one and one-half in width, with serrated edges and two perforations. The illustration given in Professor Andrews* report is here repro- duced as fig. 14. No. 11016. The figure of the other copper ornament found with the burnt bones and referred to in the last paragraph is repro- duced here as fig. 15. This consists of a copper band folded upon itself, which was probably fastened through the four holes at the corners. It is slightly more than one inch in width and about the No. IIOIG. Copper Band found with burnt human bones in the Connett Mound, Dover, Ohio. 106 same in its longest diameter at the end where the corners meet. Professor Andrews has suggested that it might have been an orna- ment fastened to the hair. A tube about six inches long and finely Fig. 16, a. FIG. 16, b. made of oolitic limestone was also found with the burnt bones and these two copper ornaments. No. 18313. In 1879, Mr. Curtis opened a mound on the farm of Mr. F. S. Glass, in Franklin, Tenn, which was twenty-one feet 107 high and of a similar character to the one just referred to in Ohio, inasmuch as the deposit of human bones found in it were the remains of a body which had been cremated, and this mound was also remarkable for the several copper objects which it contained. Eight feet from the top of the mound were the burnt human bones, principally fragments of the cranium, with- which were found the spool-shaped objects (18310) described farther on, and two small shell beads. Near the bottom of the mound, in the centre, was a large piece of mica, and six inches under the mica, in a bed of ashes, were the copper axe described under No. 18314, and the copper band represented of full size by the two views in fig. 16. Just under the ashes, at the very bottom of the mound, was a small cavity covered by a stone, in which was a small amount of red oxide of iron and a large piece of mica. At various depths in the mound, there were found a bone implement, a large crystal of galena, a piece of burnt limestone, a small mass of burnt clay, and a number of animal bones which were not burnt. The copper band is four and one-half inches long and a little over one and a half inches wide. It is very brittle and at both ends on the grooved side the copper has turned to a green carbonate and is considerably decomposed. This band was probably made from thin sheets of native copper which were pounded together, and in some places two layers of copper can be traced by the laminations, although its thickness is not more than double that of good letter paper. The sheet of copper thus prepared was a square of four and one-half inches. Two deep grooves were then made parallel to each other, and extending the whole length of the piece, leaving a central raised portion about a quarter of an inch wide, between them as seen in fig. 16, h. The band seems then to have been folded over a piece of wood half an inch in thickness, to which it was secured, as indicated by four holes at the corners where the band overlaps, on the surface opposite the grooves, as shown in fig, 16, a. Portions of the wood are still preserved within the band. Of course it is impossible to determine the exact use to which such an object as this was put, but it seems probable that it was an ornament of some kind, and it is not unlikely that it was at- tached to a belt or some other part of the dress of the owner. 108 TUBES. No. 8993. On page 92 reference lias been made to the explora- 1- tion of a mound on Mr. George Connett's land on Wolf Plain, Ohio, by Prof. Andreavs in which were found, in connection with burnt human remains, a large number of copper beads, de- scribed under Ko. 8992. In the ashes near the mid- dle of the burnt skeleton, Prof. Andrews found the cop- per tube described by him on page 61, Vol. ii, of Reports of the Museum. As the re- duced figure given on that page is not quite correct it is here represented of full size as figure 17. Prof. Andrews thought that this tube was made by first cutting the flat sheet of copper, which is about a sixteenth of an inch thick, so as to leave it much wider at the flattened end, but it seems to me more prob- able that the copper sheet was of about equal width throughout, and that it was simply rolled upon itself until one edge overlapped. The overlapping edge was closely united to the other by ham- mering over a piece of hard wood placed in the tube. One end of the tube was then flat- tened and widened by ham- mering, the central portion No. 8993. Copper Tube. From the Conneit bein^^ kept open, and tiie end Mound, "Wolf Plain, Ohio. ° 10^ turned over, thus closing the tube at one end, but through the copper at this end a hole about one-eighth of an inch in diam- eter was cut, or punched, a little to one side of the centre. The tube so formed is very evenly and symmetrically made, and is five and a half inches loug. It is three-quarters of an inch in diame- ter in the circular portion and two inches wide at the flattened end. The copper is much oxidized and in places has changed to a green carbonate. We do not know the purpose for which stone and copper tubes, of the general shape of the one here figured, were made. They were probably ornaments, but as their sliape closely resembles that of the tubular smoking pipes, we must not overlook the possibility of their being pipes. Although the form of the tube here de- scribed may seem inconvenient for a pipe, yet if it were fitted with a mouth-piece of wood or bone, it would be as well adapted for smoking as the conical tubes of stone found in California graves, which are unquestionably pipes. Spool-shaped Ornaments. Among the copper objects found in the mounds from time to time, exhibiting careful and painstaking work, are the several or- naments which, for want of a better name, have been designated "spool-shaped." The use made of objects of this character has not yet been determined. Were they from Mexico or Peru they could with reason be considered as ear ornaments, similar to the large disks represented in the ears of men in the ancient terra- , cotta figures from both these countries. While they resemble such objects however, it is hardly probable that they were so used, for in the human figures in terra-cotta which I have seen from the mounds and stone-graves in the United States, the ears are repre- sented as pierced with small holes for the suspension of objects, and not one shows anything placed in the lobe of the ear, so common in the terra-cottas from Mexico and Peru. They could have been fastened to the ears, however, as pendants, and both specimens before me have a mass of fibre wound about the central axis, over which are the remains of buckskin strings, one of which still shows a loop as if to suspend the ornament,^ but this will not war- rant their classification as earrings until other facts indicating their use as such are obtained, and it will be best for the present 110 to cotitini-ie to call them "spool-shaped" ornaments, as Dr. Rau has desisfnated the one he Fig. 18, a. No, 18310. Outer surface of upper half of a Copper Spool-shaped Ornament. From Mound in Franklin, Tenn. has figured in the account of the collection of the National Museum. No. 18310. The two orna- ments recorded under this number were found by Mr. Curtis in the mound on the farm of Mr. F. S. Glass, in Franklin, Tenn., of which a brief account has been given on pp. 106 and 107. They were discovered about eight feet from the surface of the mound, near some burnt hu- man bones, principally con- sisting of small fragments of a cranium. These objects exhibit a degree of skill in working copper into symmetrical forms which goes far to prove the advance that some American tribes had made in ^^^^ the ornamental arts. The method of their manufacture seems to have been nearly as follows : A circular piece of copper was hammered over a wooden pattern, until the metal was shaped into the concavo- convex form shown in fig. 18, a, outer surface, and 18,6, inner surface (natural size). Two such circular pieces formed the upper and under portions of the ornament and were held in place by being closely fitted and slightly folded over two similarly shaped but smaller pieces. These two inner pieces were held to- gether by passing a cylinder of copper through holes punched in No, 18310. Inner surface o/ lower half of a Copper Spool-shaped Ornament, showing the fibre wound around the central portion. From Mound iu Franklin, Tenn. Ill their centres, the ends of which were clinched before the outer pieces were put on. As a further means of securing all the parts firmly together a small and thin cylinder of copper, closely fitting the margins of the holes in the upper and lower pieces, was passed through the connecting cylinder, and forced apart a little at each end so as to hold firmly the outside pieces like a hollow rivet. Around the central axis of each specimen a fine vegetable fibre has been closely wouud, increasing the diameter of the axis to Fig. 19. No. 18310. A Spool-shaped Ornament of Copper, showing the fibre and strip of buckskin wound and tied about the central portion. From Mound in Franklin, Tenn. about five-eighths of an inch and around this, in both instances, a piece of prepared skin has been wound and tied, as shown in fig. 19, which represents the smaller of the two specimens of natural size. In this specimen the buckskin thong ends in a loop as if for suspension of the object. The copper of which these ornaments were made is now very brittle and has turned into a green carbonate. The fibre and skin about the central axis have been preserved by the action of the copper upon them. Copper-sheathed Ornaments. The great value of copper in ancient times in North America is apparent from its being so extensively employed for ornaments ; but of all its adaptations for ornamental purposes, there are none which show better that the soft and malleable nature of the metal vras understood than the copper-covered wooden objects of various shapes which have been found in the mounds and stone-graves. The copper with which these wooden objects were sheathed was hammered into very thin sheets and folded closely over the wood. 112 In every instance that has come under my observation the altera- tion of the thin plates of native copper to the green carbonate of copper is complete, and although the metal has become very brit- tle, and has in some instances nearly disappeared by oxidation, its penetration of the wood has been generally sufficient to preserve the form of the object. Great care is necessary, however, when Fig. 20. taking such ornaments from the graves and in handling them afterwards. These ornaments are not only inter- esting from the manner in which the copper was used, but equally so in fur- nishing the evidence that wood was carved ; and from the few wooden things thus fortunatel}^ preserved we certainly have the right to draw the inference that wood was probably largel}^ used for other purposes, as it is more than probable that a people who could cut and carve wood into shapes such as these would also make use of it in many other ways. Although the specimens of these copper- sheathed ornaments could be grouped as beads, earrings, and button-like orna- ments, I have thought it best to bring them together for the purposes of de- scription under one heading. No. 14119. There can be but httle doubt from their character, and from the positions in which they were found, that the two remarkable objects recorded under this number were attached to the ears of the person with whose skeleton they were found, one on each side of the skull. The stone-grave from which they were taken was one of a number in a mound which was situated on the bluff of the Big Harpeth river, two miles above Bell's Iron Works, and was opened in 1878 by the late Mr. Edwin Curtis, while continuing the explorations in Tennessee under my direction. Their shape will be better understood by a glance at figs. 20 and 21. They are made of wood which, after being carefully No. 14119. Ear-ornament of Wood, covered with Copper. From a Stone-grave on the Big Harpeth River, Teun. 113 shaped an Dana gives the composition of sulphnret of tin as : sulphur 30, tin 27, copper 30, iron 13, and states that this ore has only been found in Cornwall. 129 copper implements we have were wrought into their present shape by the hammer from pure copper. This may have been obtained in a native state, but there can be little doubt that it was melted and cast into bars and sheets from which the implements were formed by hammering, although these exhibit greater skill in the work and nicety of finish than those recorded on previous pages from the United States. Notwithstanding the abundance in Mexico of axes and other objects made of copper at the time of the conquest, and the sub- sequent finding of several large hoards, there is no doubt about their present rarity in collections, both in and out of Mexico, and it is evident that in common with the gold and silver ornaments very few have been saved from the melting pot. Mr. Ad. F. Bandelier called my attention to the rarity of copper implements in Mexi- can collections, and Dr. R. H. Lamborn has written me to the same efl'ect from Mexico, in answer to my request that he would look for them particularly during his visit. In his letter he states that he has seen but three copper implements of unques- tionable antiquity, although he made many inquiries. Two of these were needles, originally about as thick as ordinary knitting needles and about foul- inches in length. They were much decom"^ posed, but one still showed a large and well-formed eye, like that in a common darning needle. These were said to have been found in a tomb near the pyramids. The other implement was a small well-made chisel or axe, five inches long and one and three- quarters wide across the cutting edge. This was in the extensive collection of the late Sr. Baches, and was the only copper object contained in the collection. No. 18117. In 1878, Dr. Edward Palmer, while engaged in explorations for the Museum, opened a small tumulus three^miles from Venis Meicis in the state of San Luis Potosi. He there found several of the terra-cotta images, ornaments and spindle- whorls, so common throughout the country. With these were three vessels of pottery, a stone ornament, a number of obsidian flakes, a crystal of quartz, two grinding stones, a stone mortar, and the small copper axe recorded under this number. This small mound was evidently the site of an ancient dwelling, andtherecan be no doubt of the considerable antiquity of the objects found. The axe is wedge-shaped, with a flat head which is three-eighths of an inch in thickness and seven-eighths in width, gradually becom- Repoht of Peaboi>y Museum, in. 9 130 ing wider and thinner to its cutting edge, where it is an inch and three-quarters wide. It is, judging from its red color and softness, of pure copper. Over its whole surface are unmistakable signs that it was wrought by hammering, either from a mass of native copper or from a short bar of the cast metal. In compactness and homogeneity it is like the other copper axes we have from Mex- ico, and decidedly different from those I have described from the United States. It is this fact that suggests that the implement was wrought from a block of the metal about two inches long Fig. 4. No. 18117. Copper Axe; a, the broad surface, b edge, showing thickness. From a Tumulu in San Luis Po osi. which had been formed by casting. A small cavity and slight fracture on the head of the axe also have the appearance of a flaw in casting the metal. Tliere is, however, no doubt that its present shape was produced by hammering, and in doing this the edcxes were expanded and have only been partially hammered down as can be distinctly seen by the hammer marks on the still existincr ridges. The cutting edge is slightly rounded as shown in 34, a, and was formed by working on both sides as shown in fi- 34, 6. About a third of the edge, on the left as represented 131 Fig. 35. in the figure, is much battered by use, and taken altogether, this little wedge-shaped axe looks as if it had done considerable service for its former owner. The only fig- ures I can recall of a Mexican axe of this shape are the one on the left of the three axes from Yucatan, reproduced from the Dresden Codex, in cut 8 of Dr. Valentini's article, which is rep- resented as set in a slightly curved han- dle ; and fig. 58 of Mr. Squier's paper on American Copper Implements, in the Smithsonian Contri- butions, Vol. II, copied from a Mexican paint- ing. Nos. 26023 and 26206. In August, 1881, a number of copper axes, all of nearly the same size and of one pattern, were found near Tla- colula, Oaxaca, but the circumstances re- lating to the discovery I have been unable to learn. Soon after they were found, Mr. Frederick Ober was travelling through the country, and six of them were given to No. 26023. Copper Axe. From Oaxaca. 132 him by the owner, who prized them simply on account of their being pure copper, as he had discovered by slightly filing one sideband cutting a small piece off the blade of each. Some of them had been cleaned of the green carbonate of copper with which they were covered, by scraping and filing, but others were fortunately left untouched, except, as above stated, on the edge of the blade. Four of the six specimens brought home by m. Ober were obtained for the Museum. A short time after- wards Mr. Alexander Agassiz was travelling in Mexico and met with two axes of the same lot, which are filed and cut in the same way as the Ober specimens, but are otherwise uninjured and are still covered with the coating of green carbonate and have a slight patina. These specimens Mr. Agassiz presented to the Museum with a number of other interesting objects which he ob- tained during his travels from Yucatan to the city of Mexico. Mr. Stephen Salisbury, jr., has also received three axes from the same lot, from Mr. L. H. Aym6, and has kindly let me have them for comparison with the others. I have, therefore, the opportunity of studying nine specimens of this important lot of axes which are of the form most usually represented in the ancient Mexican picture writings, where they are shown as set in wooden handles which are usually curved. This method of mounting the implement m an eye near the end of the handle shows them to be axes beyond question. They are also represented without handles in the pic- tures illustrating the tribute of different towns to the controlling power. Both of these forms of representing axes can be seen m cuts 1 to 6 of Dr. Valentini's article to which Ibave several times referred. They also resemble the axe from Quilapan, figured by Du Paix, but are not quite as broad, and are a little longer. As already stated, these nine axes are all of the same general pattern and nearly of the same size. The largest of the lot is rep- resented of full size in fig. 35, and the smallest in fig. 36 of which fio-. h is a section. No two are of exactly the same dimensions, but when placed in a series the variations from one to the other are very sli-ht. The largest is slightly less than five and three- quarters inches long and a little over two and a half inches wide, measured from point to point across the rounded blade. The small- est is slio-htly more than five inches in length and is two and a quarter inches in width across the blade. The gradations between these two extremes are best illustrated by the series of outlines 133 given in fig. 37. In width at the flat but-end, or head, there is still less variation, that being three-quarters of an inch in some, and Fig. 36. No. 26023. Copper axe ; a broad surface, h section. Trom Oaxaca. not quite seven-eighths of an inch in others. In thickness in the central part they vary from one-quarter to three-eighths of an inch. 134 Fig. 37. Outlines of nine copper axes from Oaxaca, to show the individual variatious produced by hammering. The principal varia- tion in thickness is at the extreme end or head of the axe, which in one of the two pre- sented by Mr. Agassiz and also in one of Mr. Salisbury's specimens is a full quarter of an inch in thickness, while all the others are about two-thirds as thick. In all, this end is considerably thin- ner than the central portion as will be seen by looking at the sec- tion given in fig. 36, b. In all but the Agas- siz specimen with the thickest end, which has the lateral edges slightly rounded off, the edges and the broad surfaces are flat and smooth. From these remarks it will be seen that while the variations between the nine specimens are so slight that they can all be said to be of one pattern and of about the same size, they are yet sufficient to show that they were not all made in one and the same mould. To exemplify this I have introduced fig. 135 37 which shows the outlines of the nine specimens placed one over the other. They might, however, have been rough cast in two or three moulds of nearly the same size, and then finished with the hammer, as were the ancient bronze implements of Europe ; but it seems more likely that if any casting was done it was simply in the form of bars about five inches long, three-quarters of an inch wide and a quarter of an inch thick, and that from such bars the axes were wrought entirely by the aid of the hammer. That they were hammered there is not the slightest doubt, as the foldings of the copper where it expanded along the edges can be traced here and there on all the specimens, although such expansions have been carefully hammered down. In one of Mr. Salisbury's specimens which has a much thinner blade than any of the others, there are fractures at the two points of the blade which were unquestionably caused by the great expansion of the metal while making the thin blade with a hammer. Another of Mr. Salisbury's specimens has the but-end considerably battered as if from long use. Analysis has proved that one specimen was of pure copper, and as the color and hardness of the others are the same as the one analyzed, there can be little doubt that they, were all of pure metal, and we must either believe that they were made from rough cast bars or from compact masses of native copper. The smooth compact surface of these specimens is entirely unlike the laminated and granulated surface of the copper axes from the United States already des- cribed. It is stated that Cortez employed the Mexicans to cast for him eight thousand arrowheads of copper, and it is also known that he obtained from them copper and tin, which led him to the discovery of the source of the tin in the province of Tachco, from which place he secured sufficient tin to mix with the copper he had re- ceived from the natives to cast several small bronze cannon. With these facts before us it seems probable that the Mexicans aided their manufacture of axes by casting bars as near the desired shape and size as was most convenient. The fact that they used moulds in making ornaments and spindle-whorls of terra-cotta, as shown by such moulds in the Museum, tends to confirm the statement of the early writers that moulds were used for the casting of metals. No. 26024. Captain Du Paix gives a figure of natural* size (Kingsborough, Vol. iv, PI. i, 25, fig. 75,) of a copper implement four and a quarter inches long, by five and three-quarters in width 136 from point to point of rounded blade. Of this he makes the fol- lowing statement (Kingsb. Vol. yi, p. 446) : In Zochs, a town in the vicinity of Oaxaca, I was shown a copper implement, in the house of an Indian laborer named Pasqual Bartolano, who a short time before my arrival [180G] discovered, when ploughing his field, twenty-three dozen of these tools, contained in two large earthen pots, in very good preservation ; they are all of cast metal, and of similar form ; they only differ from each other a little in length but appear to be of equal thickness." He then states that the use of these instruments was unknown. Afterwards he was led from a picture which he saw at Mitla to believe they were the blades of hoes.^ The T-shaped pieces of copper mentioned by several early writers as native coins were very likely such copper blades, and Mr. Ban- croft, in his Native Races of the Pacific States, Yol. iv, 383, al- luding to the specimens described by Du Paix considers them as used for money, and further adds that he has a precisely similar article from one of the Mexican ruins. As regular articles of tribute or as implements in constant demand, these implements would unquestionably have a standard value among a people so far advanced in the arts as the ancient Mexicans ; but I fully agree with Dr. Valentin! in his conclusion that objects of this character were not manufactured for the purpose of serving as coin. Mr. Ober, while at Teotitlan del Valle, a town between Oaxaca and Mitla, in 1881, had a similar copper implement given to him, and was told that it was found, with many others like it buried in a large earthen jar. This specimen I obtained for the Museum, and it is represented of one-quarter size (one-half diameter) in fig. 38. It is six and a quarter inches long and five and three-quarters wide, from point to point of the circular blade. It was evidently cut from a sheet of copper about a sixteenth of an inch thick, and the blade has been made thinner by hammering, until a thin but not a sharp cutting edge was produced. That the implement was cut from the copper sheet is shown by the slight irregularities or 8 Du Paix also gives a figure of a round chisel flattened at its circular cutting edge, which he obtained near the city of Oaxaca. (Kingsb. Vol. iv, PI. I, 25, fig. 77, and text Vol. IV, p. 44G.) On the same plate he also represents a polished mass of copper py- rites which has had two holes bored into it as if for its attachment to some other object. This is interesting in indicating the kind of ore which may have been smelted and also from its resemblance to a similar ornament of sulphuret of iron in the Museum from Peru. Du Paix also mentions (p. 457) that while at Mitla he obtained several copper implements of various sizes and shapes. 137 notches made by the cutting tool along the concave or upper mar- gins of the blade, from each point inward. Above this part, for the whole length on both sides and across the top, the copper has been evenly hammered so as to form a considerable ridge bordering the flat surface of each side of the implement. This has resulted in widening the edge to about an eighth of an inch, around what may be called the shank. This part of the implement is one and three-fourths inches wide where it merges into the blade and one and Fig. 38. No. 26024. Copper Hoe, i. From Teotitlan del Valle. three-eighths at its end. Were it not that the semicircular edge of the blade is too blunt to answer for cutting purposes it would be natural to call the implement a knife, to be held in the hand. The figure given by Du Paix represents the borders of the shank turned over in the same manner as in our specimen, which is not the case in the copies of the figure given by Squier, and particu- larly so in the one given by Valentini, which represents this part as rounded. As already stated Du Paix finally concluded that implements of this character were hoes, and that is very likely the 138 purpose for which they were made. They could easily have been fastened to the end of a pole, and in soft ground would serve very well as hoes. The circular edge in our specimen, if examined with a lens, shows many little abrasions and a high polish, as if from long use. It also has several notches, and the two points of the blade are folded over as if caused by rough usage, all of which lead to the conclusion that Du Paix has correctly designated the implement as one for agricultural purposes. Another indication that the implement was fastened to a handle is a slight indentation of the central portion of the shank, as if there had been a strain at that point which has caused the copper to bend a little. This blade is made of pure copper, so far as can be judged from its color and hardness, and it has the appearance of copper which had been cast in a thin sheet and then hammered. At one point there is a place where a portion of the metal has been hammered down, which has the appearance of a flaw in the casting, although if the implement were made from a mass of na- tive copper a similar appearance would result from the compression of a ragged edge of the metal. When found this interesting copper implement was coated by a green carbonate which has been partly removed. In Mr. Salisbury's collection there are two implements of this character which were lately sent him from Oaxaca by Mr. L. H. Ayme, and probably came from the same lot as the specimen in the Museum obtained by Mr. Ober. One of these varies but slightly from the one represented in fig. 38. It has a little shorter and broader shank and the curve of the blade is not quite as long. One of the tips of the blade was broken off, probably while in use, and the other was folded over and so nearly detached that it fell off during my examination and was taken to the Chemical Labora- tory for analysis, which proved it to be pure copper. This specimen is five and three-quarters inches long and the same in width across the blade, allowing for the broken points, and is one and a half inches wide at the end of the shank. Its surface is pretty well covered by a green carbonate of copper in more or less extended blotches. Like the Museum specimen both of Mr. Salisbury's exhibit the slight indentures on their shanks as if they had once been held fast in handles, and they also have evident signs of wear along their edges. The other specimen belonging to Mr. Salisbury is of particular 139 interest as it still more closely resembles the one figured b}^ Du Paix. It is only four and one-half inches long, and the blade, which is not nearly as deep as in the others, is six inches in width, allowing for the broken point on one side. The end of the shank is not hammered so as to form a ridge on both sides, as in the others, and is two inches in width ; the hammered sides have an edge three-sixteenths of an inch in width in the centre formed by hammering the thin edge of the copper so that it projects on both sides. This widened edge extends slightly along the curve of the blade where it joins the shank, but does not continue quite to the end of the shank. The variation in these details from the Museum Fig. 39. Copper Hoe from Oaxaca, i. From a specimen in the collection of Mr. Salisbury, introduced for comparison with fig, 38, and with the figure by Du Paix. specimen can best be understood by comparing figures of the two, and for this purpose fig. 39, representing the implement of one-half diameter, is introduced, although the specimen does not belong to , the Museum. Nearly the whole surface of this specimen has been changed to a red oxide of copper, over which, particularly on the blade, is a coating of green carbonate which in several places has a decided patina. By viewing this figure so as to look at it with the curved blade uppermost, its resemblance to the letter T is very marked, and in that position the implement will then answer for ^'the thin copper coins shaped like the Greek Tau," as stated by the old writers. 140 Copper Ornaments and Implements from Peru. The reports by Pizarro and his followers about the immense wealth of the rulers of Peru at the time of the Spanish conquest, although they were probably exaggerated, have been in a measure substantiated by the large number of articles made of gold, silver, copper and bronze, which have since been discovered among the ancient ruins and burial places, by explorers and treasure-seekers, and nearly every museum of antiquities contains numerous ex- amples of the metallic work of the ancient Peruvians. Unfortu- nately, comparatively little of the ancient gold and silver work has escaped the melting pot, although a sufficient number of objects have been preserved to show the character of the work and the method of using the metals. Rivero and Tschudi, who wrote their " Antiquities of Peru" over thirty years ago, state that " we have no accounts of the mode of extracting the copper which is seldom found in the native state in Peru," but Squier, who examined the ruins of Chimu sev- eral years later, gives an account of the remains of furnaces in which were still to be seen the slag derived from the smelting of silver and copper ores, and he also informs us that " tin and copper ores of great purity are found in southern Peru and Bo- livia, between the ranges of the Cordilleras and the Andes. They occur in the singular form of little nodules in the drift strata." In the volumes of these authors there are numerous references to metallic objects. Rivero and Tschudi state that in the Lima Museum " there are vases of copper, very thin, some idols, instru- ments, and two solid staves a yard long, with serpents inlaid, which were recently discovered in the department of Puno." A description is also given of an ornamented copper staff, six inches in length and an inch hi diameter, and Squier, when describing the metallic objects found about Chimu, several of which he figures, states that " many implements and weapons of bronze have been found in and around Chimu, and have been collected by the ton in former times." In fact, the evidence of all recent writers, and the many specimens in collections, prove that copper, tin, silver and gold were extensively used in ancient times in many regions from Chili to Mexico, and that in some places within this wide 141 area the ores were smelted and the metals cast, either pure or with alloys. The collections in the Museum from these several regions con- tain a number of objects made of gold, silver, bronze^and gold and copper alloys, which I hope to describe in a future paper. Several of these are of great interest as they are proofs of the higher development in the art of working metals reached by sev- eral ancient American nations. The specimens now described are probably all of pure copper. Nos. 24030 and 24031. In the Peruvian collection presented to the Museum by Dr. W. Sturgis Bigelow, there are two circular pieces of thin copper, each about an inch in diameter which were taken from the mouths of mummies. One is still attached to the tongue and is partly embedded in a black pitchy substance, which Ignites readily and burns with a quick flame, leaving a black ash Unfortunately the place where the mummies having the disks came from IS not known, but judging from the general character of the associated articles it is probable that they were obtained from some of the ancient burial places not far from the coast of Peru, very likely from Pachacamac, and Squier mentions that he found a small thin piece of copper in the mouth of the body of a fisher- man which he took from a tomb at that place. In the wrappino-g about this body, Squier states that besides a fishing net and line's, he also found fish-hooks and a sinker of copper. Bollaert also mentions copper fish-hooks among the articles found'by him in the huacas at Iquique and Molle. Rivero and Tschudi mention that disks of gold, silver or copper are found in the mouths of mum- mies. Bollaert, referring to this fact, states that Mr. Fariss while at Atequipa, between 15° and 16° S., found disks of gold with the human face represented upon them in the mouths, ears and nos- trils of mummies. Stevenson says " any small piece of gold which was buried with the bodies at Huara is generally found in their mouths." Hutchinson also records the finding of copper disks m the mouths of mummies. No. 8709. During his visit to Peru in 1874 and 5, Mr. Alex- ander Agassiz secured a large and important collection of an- tiquities which he presented to the Museum. A large part of the collection was made by his assistant, Mr. S. W. Garman, in the ancient cemetery at Ancon, where so many interesting things have been obtained. At this place the bodies are found at various depths 142 below the surface, done up in large bundles. The specimen cata- locrued under this number was found in the wrappings of one of^he bodies. It is a very thin disk, probably an ornament, of pure copper as determined by an analysis kindly made for me by Mr C F. Mabery of the Chemical Laboratory. The diameter of this disk is three and a quarter inches. There are two sniall holes in it, one near the margin, and the other in the centre. The mar- FIG. 40. No. 8710. Ornamen! of Copper. From a Huaca at Ancon, Peru. ginal hole has smooth edges, but in the central hole the metal forced to one surface, by punching the hole through from the oppo- site side, is rough and split into several small points as if for the purpose of fastening the disk to a piece of cloth or some other material. The surface of both sides of the disk was highly pol- ished, and is now of a yellow, almost brassy color which may be U3 patina. On break- ing a small piece out of the margin for analysis, the fractured edge showed the red- copper color and a granulated struct- ure like cast metal. The surface in places, more par- ticularly on one side, has a coating of green carbonate of copper. No. 8710. This horseshoe -shaped ornament of thin copper has the same character of surface and internal color similar to the disk described a- bove. It was found by Mr. G arm an un- der the same cir- cumstances, and was presented by Mr. Agassiz. There can be little doubt that this ornament and also the copper j disk were cut from thin sheets of cast copper. As will be seen by reference to fig. 40, which represents the or- nament of full size, there are two small Fig. 41. ^ f ' .A No. 7322. " Trowel" made of Copper, i. From a Huaca at Ancon, Peru. 144 Fig. 42. No. 8767. Club witli star-shaped head of Copper, J. From a Hu- aca at Ancon, Peru. holes punched through the sides, and the ends are notched as if to aid in fastening the or- nament to a piece of cloth. In the green carbonate of copper, which has formed on one surface more than on the other, there are a number of fine lines which have the appearance of hairs, and it is probable that the ornament was in contact with the head of the person with whom it was buried. No. 7322. Fig. 41 represents, of one-half di- ameter, an implement cut from a sheet of pure copper, as shown by anal3^sis made by^ Mr. Mabery. It was obtained by Prof. Louis Agassiz from Ancon, Peru, in 1873, during the Hassler expedition, and given by the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology with many other things obtained by the expedition in Peru. It is twelve and a half inches long, about seven inches wide across the blade from point to point, and two and three-quarters wide at the opposite end. It is of uniform thickness of about a sixteenth of an inch. The copper is now a red oxide, with nearl}^ all of one surface and portions of the other covered by a green carbonate. In places, particularly at the end of the handle, as shown in the figure, the threads of a piece of woven cloth with which it was in contact, have been preserved by the action of the copper. On page 176 of his vol- ume on Peru,9 Squier gives a figure of an im- plement of this character which he calls a trowel, of which he writes " Vast numbers of a kind of implement, of which an example is here given, are found not only in Chimu, but along the whole Peruvian coast. Although varying in dimensions from a few inches to nearly two feet in length, they are unvarying in shape. They are cut, apparently, from thin oPeru: Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas. By E. George Squier, New York, Harper Brothers, 1877. 145 but stiff sheets of bronze, and the curved lower edge is invariably sharp as is the upper one occasionally.'^ In our specimen the edges have not been sharpened, but the circular edge shows a slight polish as if the blade had been used like a spade or trowel, and it is very likely that such implements were potters' trowels. As ah-eady stated, our specimen is made of sheet copper, and not of bronze as Squier implies. There is a general resemblance be- FlG. 43. No. 8767. Club-head of Copper. From Ancon, Peru. tween this implement and the T-shaped implements from Mexico, which, following Du Paix, I have considered as hoes. No. 8767. A common form of weapon along the Pacific slope of South America consists of a club-head, made either of stone or metal, with several points or rays projecting from the perforated central portion, which was mounted on a handle of wood. Of such a pattern is the one represented by figs. 42 and 43, which was found in a grave at Ancon, Peru, and presented by Report of Peabody Museum, III. lo 146 Mr. Agassiz. In fig. 42 the head is represented on its short handle of hard wood pointed at one end, and is tightl}' fitted by a wrapping of coarse cloth. In this figure the weapon is shown of a little less than one-third its length. In fig. 43 the outline of the star-shaped head is represented of full size. An analysis of small shavings taken from one of the points was made b}' Mr. Mabert, and although the quantity was too minute for satisfactory results no other metal than copper was traced. This club-head was prob- ably cast in a mould and afterwards smoothed and finished by cut- ting and rubbing. The six rays are each about an inch in length, and the hole for the handle about the same in diameter. The total width across from point to point of opposite rays is three and a half inches. The length of the head is one and one-eighth inches. The wooden handle is tvrenty-one and one-half inches in lensth. The surface of the copper is smooth and dark-colored, with a few patches of green carbonate, which in two or three places, particularly near the points of the rays, has formed over fragments of cloth with which the weapon was in contact while in the grave. The points are slightly battered as if from use. In a chapter upon perforated stones of many kinds, in which I have brought together all the facts I could obtain about weapons of this character. I have alluded to this particular specimen and also to others of stone and metal from various places, and I refer the reader to the volume^^ for numerous descriptions and figures of implements of similar forms. Squier has also given a figure^i of a similar metallic club-head from Chimu. Xo. 24134. The last of the copper objects to be described in this paper is the interesting club-head from Peru, given by Dr. TT. Sti-kgis Bigelow. A bit of metal was cut from this specimen and siven to Mr. Mabert for analysis, and he reported that so far as he could ascertain from the small quantity given him it was pure copper. This club-head, like that from Ancon. has six rays, but they are broad and flat and terminate in rounded points. As will be seen by reference to fig. 44, each ray represents a human head, the face on one surface and the hair and back of the head on the other ; so that the three alternate rays as seen in fig. 44. 10 Report upon United States Geographical Surveys west of the one hundredth me- ridian, in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler. Corps of Engineers, U. S. Amiy, Vol. VII, Archaeology. 1ST9. Chapter on Perforated Stones, pp. 135-1S9, figs. 44-GO, and plate X. »i Peru. p. ITT. 147 each shows a face, and each of the other three the back of a head. In the collection of the late Mr. William S. Vaux of Philadelphia, there is a similar Peruvian club-head, in which the human head is represented in the same way as on the one here figured. There can be no doubt about our specimen having been cast in a mould, as the line of union of the two parts of the mould can be traced along Fig. 44. No. 24134. Club-head of Copper. From a Hiiaca, Peru. the sides of the rays, although it has been cut and smoothed. There are also slight imperfections in the casting where the metal did not flow smoothly, and there are here and there indications that the copper was cut in order to correct similar imperfections in the cast. The mould was probably filled with tlie melted metal at the end of each point and the burr afterwards rounded off The grooves around the points were evidently cut, and as will be seen 148 in the figure, they are not exactly the same on each point. This club-head is about three and three-quarters inches wide from point to point, and half an inch thick. The hole for the handle is not quite an inch in diameter. The surface has probably been cleaned since it was found, but all the cavities still retain a coat- ing of green carbonate of copper. This specimen is a good illus- tration of the knowledge which the ancient Peruvians had of the methods of working metals and of the difficult art of casting copper. SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL EEPOHTS OF THE TRUSTEES OP THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF AMEEIOAN AEOH^IOLOGY AND ETHUOLOGT, PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE. Vol. III. Nos. 3 and 4. CAMBRIDGE : PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1884. PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS, Salem, Mass. OONTEISTTS. List of Trustees and Officers of the Museum 152 Letter of the Trustees to the President and Fellows of Harvard College 253 Abstract from the Records, 1883 154 Sixteenth Report of the Treasurer 155 Cash Account of the Curator 15g List of Subscribers in aid op Arch^ological and Ethnolog- ical Research in America 15g Sixteenth Report of the Curator 159 List of Additions to the Museum during the year 1882 . 193 List of Additions to the Library during the year 1882 203 On the Social and Political Position of Woman among the Huron-Iroquois Tribes. By Lucien Carr, Ass't Curator . 207 Notes upon Human Remains from Caves in Coahuila, Mexico. By Cordelia A. Studley, Assistant in the Museum ... 233 The White Buffalo Festfs^al of the Uncpapas. By Alice C. Fletcher 260 The Elk Mystery or Festival of the Ogallala Sioux. By Alice C. Fletcher 276 The Religious Ceremony of the Four Winds as observed by THE Santee Sioux. By Alice C. Fletcher ...... 289 The Shadow or Ghost Lodge; a Ceremony of the Ogallala Sioux. By Alice C. Fletcher 296 The Wa-wan, or Pipe Dance of the Omahas. By Alice C. Fletcher ^08 Abstract from the Records, 1884 334 Seventeenth Report of the Treasurer 335 Cash Account of the Curator 336 Seventeenth Report of the Curator 339 List of Additions to the Museum during the year 1883 368 List of Additions to the Library during the year 1883 376 Report on the Meteoric Iron from the Altar Mounds in the Little Miami Valley. By Leonard P. Kinnicutt, Ph. D. 381 (151) ( PEABODY MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ARCHEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY IX COSXECTIOX WITH HARVAED UNIVERSITY. FOUM)ED BY GEOKGB PEABODY, OCTOBER 8, 18fl8i TRUSTEES. Robert C. Winthrop, Boston, 1866. Chairman. Charles Francis Adams, Quincy, 1866 ; resigned, 1881. Fraxcis Peabody, Salem, 1866 ; deceased, 1867. Stephen Salisbury, Worcester, 1866. Treasurer, 1866-1881. Asa Gray, Cambridge, 1866. Pro tempore Curator of the Museum, 1874. Jeffries Wyman, Cambridge, 1866; deceased, 1874. Curator of the Mu- seum, 1866-1874. George Peabody Russell, Salem, 1866; resigned, 1876. Secretary, 1866-1873. Henry Wheatland, Salem, 1867. Successor to Francis Peabody, as President of the Essex Institute. Secretary, 1873. Thomas T. Bouvfi, Boston, 1874-1880. Successor to Jeffries Wyman, as President of the Boston Society of Natural History. Theodore Ly:^ian, Brookline, 1876. Successor to George Peabody Russell, by election. Treasurer, 1881-1882. Samuel H. Scudder, Cambridge, 1880. Successor to Thomas T. Bouvg, as President of the Boston Society of Natural History. John C. Phillips, Boston, 1881. Successor to Charles Francis Adams, by election. Treasurer, 1882. OFFICERS OF THE MUSEUM. Frederick Ward Putnajm, Curator, 1875. LuciEN Carr, Assistant Curator, 1877. Miss Jennie Smith, Assistant, 1878. Miss C. A. Stud ley, Assistant, 1882. Edward E. Chick, Assistant in charge of the Building^ 1878. (152) SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH EEPORTS. To THE President and Fellows of Harvard College :— The Trustees of the Peabody Museum of American Arche- ology and Ethnology herewith respectfully communicate to the President and Fellows of Harvard College, as their Sixteenth and Seventeenth Annual Reports, the Reports of their Curator and Treasurer presented at the Annual Meetings, February 17, 1883, and February 18, 1884. ROBERT C. WINTHROP, STEPHEN SALISBURY, ASA GRAY, HENRY WHEATLAND, THEODORE LYMAN, SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, JOHN C. PHILLIPS. Cambridge, March 31, 1884. Report of Peabody Museum, IIL 10* (153) ABSTRACT FROM THE RECORDS. Saturday, February 17, 1883. The Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees was held this* day at noon, in the Rooms of the Massachusetts Historical Societj", Boston. Present: Messrs. Winthrop, Salisbury, Gray, Wheatland, Lymax, Scudder, Phillips, and the Curator. The Treasurer stated that in accordance with the vote at the last meeting the funds had been reinvested, as shown in his report which was read and accepted, and ordered to be printed as a part of the Sixteenth Report of the Trustees. The Curator's cash account, audited by Col. Lyman, was accepted and ordered to be printed. The Curator having sent copies of his Annual Report, in proof, to each member of the Board, the report was accepted and ordered to be printed. The Curator then gave a resume of the explorations in the Little Miami Valley, illustrating his remarks by plans, diagrams and specimens. As an acknowledgment of the importance of these explorations, the Curator was requested to prepare a full account of them, with the necessary illus- trations, for publication by the Museum. The Treasurer stated that he had received subscriptions for archseo- logical research to the amount of $900, in addition to the sura announced at the last meeting, and he was authorized to pay the amount to the Cu- rator for the continuation of the explorations. The Curator called attention to the subscriptions amounting to $775, which he had received in aid of Miss Fletcher's researches among the Indians and for general purposes, as stated in his cash account. The Treasurer was authorized to pay to the Curator the accruing in- come for the year to be expended for the several purposes as heretofore. Col. Lyman was appointed auditor of the accounts of the Treasurer and Curator. Voted, That the Board make a visit to the Museum and hold a business meeting there at such time as the President shall appoint. The Board then adjourned. Henry "Wheatland, Secretary, (154) REPORT OF THE TREASURER. To the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of American Archceology and Ethnology in connection with Harvard University: The Tkeasurer respectfully presents the following Annual Report :— He has sold the Fifteen Massachusetts Coast Defence specie notes each for $10,000, dated July 1, 1863, due July 1, 1883, the gift of George Peabody, for $150,937 50. And he has purchased, 1882 On Account of Building Fund. Nov. $02,000 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy R. R., Denver Ex- tension 4 per cent. Bonds at $80 $49,600 00 Brokerage 77 50 Dec. $9,000 Pueblo and Arkansas R. R. 7 per cent. Bonds . . . 10,322 50 $60,000 00 On Account of Museum Fund. Dec. $54,000 Kansas and Missouri 5 per cent. Bonds at 92| . . . 49,950 00 " $36,000 Pueblo and Arkansas Valley R. R. 7 per cent. Bonds . 40,723 75 1883 Feb. 17, Cash uninvested 263 75 Income Account. 1882 -$90,937 50 $150,937 50 July. Received 6 months interest on $150,000 Mass. 5 per cent. Bonds $3,750 00 Nov. " 4 months, 24 days interest on $50,000 Mass. 5 per cent. Bonds 1^000 00 Dec. " 5 months, 12 days interest on $100,000 Mass. 5 per cent. Bonds 2,250 00 1883 Jan. " Pueblo and Arkansas Valley R. R., 45 coupons, $35 each 1,575,00 Feb. " Chicago, Burlington and Quincy R. R. 4 per cent. Bonds, 62 coupons, $20 each 1.240 00 " " Kansas and Missouri R. R., 54 coupons, $25 each . 1,350 00 1882 July. Paid F. W. Putnam, Curator, on account of Building Fund . $1,500 00 " " " " " " Museum Fund . 2,250 00 Nov. " coupons on 62,000 C. B. & Q. bonds, 3 mos. 24 days, 4 p. c. 785 33 Dec. " " " " 54,000 K. & M. " 4 " 13 " 5 " 997 50 " « " " " 31,000 P. & A. V. " 5 13 " 7 " 982 53 " « " " 14,000 P. & A. V. " 5 17 " 7 " 454 60 1883 Jan. " F. W. Putnam, Curator, on account of Building Fund . 1,555 00 Feb. " " " " " " Museum Fund . 2,640 04 ■ $11,165 00 John C. Phillips, Treasurer. Feb. 17, 1883. I have examined these accounts of the Treasurer and the securities on hand, and find them correct. TT ». 1000 Theodore Lyman, Auditor, Feb. 17, 1883. (155) 156 T>r. 1882-83. CASH ACCOUNT OF F. W. Putnam, Curator, in Account with Peaibody To Building Fund. Balance on hand from last account $1310 62 Received from John C. Phillips, Treasurer 3055 00 $4365 62 To Museum Fund. Balance on hand from last account 233 02 From Building Fund, 3rd payment account of cases 1868-74 . . . 1000 00 Balance cash returned from an unexpended appropriation of 1879 16 20 Received from John C. Phillips, Treasurer 4890 04 Publications sold • 12 11 Gift from a friend 200 00 Gift from a friend 25 00 To Subscription for Archasological Research in America. Received from John C. Phillips, Treasurer, the following subscriptions : Hon. Stephen Salisbury of Worcester 500 00 Hon. Theodore Lyman of Brookline 500 00 John C. Phillips, Esq., of Boston 500 00 Mrs. Augustus Hemenway of Boston 500 00 Mrs. Gardner Brewer of Boston 300 00 Dr. C. A. Ware of Boston 200 00 William B. Weedon of Providence 50 00 6376 37 2550 00 To Subscriptions for Research among Indian Tribes. Col. A. C. Woodworth of Chicopee (in aid of Miss Fletcher's researches) Joshua W. Davis, Esq., of Boston (in aid of Miss Fletcher's researches) ••• 500 00 50 00 550 00 $13,841 99 157 THE GUEATOR. Museum of American ArchoBology and Ethnology. By Building Fund. Paid Museum Fund, 3rd payment account of cases 1868-74 . . . $1000 00 Cases, stock and labor 770 33 Furniture, stock and materials used ' 95 22 E. E. Chick, part salary .* *. ! ! 500 00 Balance, cash on hand to new account By Museum Fund. Collections purchased and special explorations 71 00 Six Museum Catalogue Books \ \ 33 qq Stereotyping and printing 1000 copies 15th Report ....!*. 321 34 Drawing and engraving 113 54 "Various publications \ \ \ '. '. 80 12 Library; books, subscriptions, cards and labels . 48 33 Photographing and materials * 79 ^9 Diagrams, cloth, etc .*.*.'.* 212 36 Goniometer 3.00; Atomizer .75 '.*.*.*.'.'.*. 3 75 Circulars, cards, stationery, twine, etc .*.*!!! 89 32 Incidentals • • . . Postage, telegraph, telephone, express 232 93 Paper trays .*...'.* 21 63 Ethnological research among the Indians . . . ! 25 00 I^'^f *f .'.*.*.*: 25 00 Fuel and gas 212 71 s^^^^^^^ ; : ; 4300 00 Balance, cash on hand to new account By Subscription for Archceological Eesearch in America. Explorations in Central America 106 50 Explorations in New Jersey '.'.'.'.'.*.' 102 20 Explorations in Ohio and Tennessee ....*.*..'!!*.* 1569 48 Explorations of Shellheaps in Maine .*!.*.*,* 91 15 Collection from Shellheaps in Alabama 25 00 Collection from New England .*.*.*.*! 15 00 Collection from New Mexico * *. 1 * *. ! *. ! '. 45 00 Collection from Nebraska .*.*.*.'* * * * 56 50 Collection from Ohio and Indiana ....*.!!*.!'** 105 25 Collection from Salt Cave, Kentucky ...*.*.!!!!!.' 500 Balance, cash on hand to new account By Subscription for Besearch among Indian Tribes. Amount to new account .... Or. 1882-83. $2365 55 2000 07 4365 62 476 41 6376 37 2121 08 428 92 2550 00 550 00 $13,841 99 I have examined this account, with the vouchers, and find it correct. ^eb. 12, 1883. TsEODOKE Lyman. SUBSCRIPTIONS For Arch^ological and Ethnological Research in America, and for the general purposes op the museum. Hon. Stephen Salisbury, Worcester, Mass. Hon. Theodore Lyman, Brookline, Mass. John C. Phillips, Esq., Boston, Mass. Mrs. Augustus Hemenway, Boston, Mass. Samuel D. Warren, Esq., " " Mrs. Gardner Brewer, " " Dr. C. a. Ware, " " Dr. R. M. Hodges, " " Mrs. G. H. Shaw, " " Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, " " Wm. B. Weeden, Esq., Providence, K. I. $500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 300 00 200 00 100 00 100 00 100 00 50 00 Amount of above previously announced. Col. A. C. Woodworth, Chicopee, Mass. . . $500 00 Mrs. Susan C. Warren, Boston, . . 250 00 Dii. Robert H. Lamborn, New York, N. Y. . 200 00 George Peabody Russell, Esq., Isle of Wight, . 100 00 Mrs. Clara B. Kimball, Boston, Mass. . . 100 00 Wm. B. Weeden, Esq., Providence, R. I., 2d subscription, 50 00 $3350 00 Joshua W. Davis, Esq., Boston, Mass., A Friend, Buffalo, N. Y. . . Dr. Wm. F. Whitney, Boston, Mass. Mrs. Geo. O. Shattuck, '* " 50 00 33 00 25 00 5 00 $1313 00 Total of subscriptions for 1882-3 $4663 00 Additional subscriptions are earnestly solicited, (158) EBPOET OF THE CUEATOE. To the Trustees of the Peahody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Gentlemen:— By the liberality of the several ladies and gen- tlemen who generously subscribed the sum of $3,350 to be us^d by the Museum for archaeological research in America, we have been enabled to resume the important work of exploration during the past year ; and it is with great pleasure that I report to you the valuable results secured through this timely aid. Of the ^mount subscribed up to the date of the adjourned an- nual meeting in March last, $2,550 was appropriated for use dur- ing the year. Arrangements were at once made to continue the explorations in Central America, and I have received word from Dr. Flint that the work is in progress with prospect of good results. We have been able to continue the work in New Jersey through Dr. Abbott's assistance, and several small collections which were much needed to fill gaps in the Museum were secured from other places. I was also able to take the field in person, and under my immediate direction explorations have been made of shellheaps on the coast of Maine, of a large mound and an an- cient cemetery in Brentwood, Tenn., and, in connection with Dr. C. L. Metz, of mounds and earthworks in the Little Miami Valley, Ohio. As the results of my own work were so signally due to the con- tributors to the exploration fund, it was with pleasure that in the months of November and December I gave a course of five lec- tures complimentary to the subscribers to that fund. Tickets for the course were sent to the subscribers and others, and were also given out on application at the Museum. All the tickets were taken, and I had the pleasure of making known, to a highly appreciative audience, the results of the explorations, illustrated by diagrams and by the specimens collected. As these lectures were reported for papers in Cambridge, Boston and New York, (159) 160 this work of the Museum has become widely known, and I trust it will aid in obtaining the means for continuing explorations durmg the present year. . , - j u It would be a great loss if we should again be forced by lack of means to discontinue field work; and since the work of the past year has demonstrated that Interesting material may be secured and important results attained by systematic research, we are certainly justified in asking for further aid, which it can hardly be doubted will be given when the importance of the work and the necessity for immediate action are more widely known to the patrons of American research. With a view to extending the interest in American explorations, I recently had the pleasure of givin- a lecture in the parlors of Mrs. S. D. Warren, m Boston, before the Woman's Educational Association. A brief account of the explorations made under my immediate charge will not be out of place here, although I have not yet had time to study the large amount of material obtained. The explorations of shellheaps on the coast of Maine in he month of September, were mainly confined to a large and undis- turbed deposit at Keene's Point on the Muscongus Sound, although the -reat oysterheaps on the Damariscotta Eiver and several smaUer deposits nearer the mouth of the river were visited. At Keene's Point, owned by Mr. William Keene, to whom we are indebted for permission to make the excavation in his pasture, the sea has encroached upon the shellheap and has washed away a large part of it, probably the oldest portion, leaving on the edge of the bluff a thickness of nearly five feet. The deposit of shells extends inland about eighty feet and gradually thins out until there is a depth of only a few inches. The stretch along the ^^ore is over two hundred feet. This deposit consists principally of he shells of the clam, which is still abundant in the sound. Shells of the quahaug, Buccinum, Natica, 05-ster and Pecten, were also found. The shells of the quahaug and Buccinum were more numerous than those of the oyster, but were comparati^^ly few when com- pared to the clam-shells. Probably not over half a dozen shells of the Pecten were thrown out of our excavations. Many broken animal bones were found; the most common were those of the deer, moose and bear, although many bones of the fox, otter, skunk, beaver, and several other species of mammals were obtained. Several species of large birds were represented, princi- 161 pally herons and ducks. Bones of the codfish, flounder and deviU fish were numerous. Several scales of the sturgeon, and a few turtle bones were also met with. The deposit was particularly rich in fragments of cord-marked and incised pottery, which were found at various depths below the surface and even at the bottom of the deposit. The number of stone implements found in this shellheap was unusually large, as heretofore similar deposits on the Atlantic coast have yielded but few. Here, however, were many rude hammerstones, several large rudely-chipped implements and a number of chipped stone- points, of which the larger and ruder probably served as knives, and the smaller and more regularly chipped as arrowpoints. One polished celt was found. As usual, in all the shellheaps of New England, bone points were common here, and several of the notched or simple barbed-points were found. A single harpoon- point of bone, with two barbs and a perforation for attaching the point to a shaft, is the first of its kind from the Atlantic deposits. This point was dug out by Mr. Albert I. Phelps and given to the Museum, in addition to a valuable collection which he made from this and neighboring shellheaps. In the shellheap on Hodgdon's Island, Mr. A. T. Gamage found a perforated point with a single barb, which, with other things, he gave to the Museum. In this connection I must also mention our indebtedness to Mr. Stephen L. Chapman for several specimens which he collected. A spearpoint of bone was found by Mr. Phelps about one foot below the surface, and above it, just under the sod, he found an iron point of nearly the same size and shape, which was proba- bly made out of a piece of hoop iron in imitation of the earlier bone implements. An iron spear and an iron axe of very old form were also found in the shells near the surface of the deposit, which with a small clay pipe of a kind made in England about the middle of the seventeenth century, found also by Mr. Phelps ten inches deep in the shells, show that this particular deposit was added to by the Indians after contact with the whites, though there can be no doubt that it was commenced long before that time. While I was in Damariscotta it was my good fortune to meet several gentlemen interested in local archaeology, from whom I obtained much information, besides numerous specimens which are acknowledged in the accompanying list of additions to the Museum. Among these were portions of human skeletons which were found Report of Peabody Mubetjm, III. n 162 in a shellheap on Fort Island, by Messrs. Gamage and Phelps. One of the crania of this lot had been presented to the Museum by Mr. Gamage previous to my visit, and Dr. R. C. Chapman kindly gave me the only other perfect skull which had been ob- tained. The bones of these skeletons were not in natural order, and Messrs. Gamage and Phelps think the bodies could not have been regularly buried. Dr. Chapman also was the means of our re- ceiving from Mr. Charles Metcalf a nearly perfect cranium and other parts of a human skeleton found several years ago in the great oysterheap at Newcastle. To Mr. F. S. Knowlton and his son Mr. J. E. Knowlton, the Museum is indebted for numerous speci- mens found in the shellheaps and on the surface in the vicinity of Damariscotta. Mr. M. H. Gamage and Mr. Henry T. HdsseiV also added many interesting specimens from the shellheaps in this region. Soon after my return from this expedition I received an invita- tion from the Maine Historical Society to give an address before the members of the Maine Historical and Natural History Societies, on the shellheaps of Maine, which I had recently explored, and I had the pleasure of addressing these Societies in Portland on the twenty-third of December. My explorations in Tennessee were made in the vicinity of Brentwood, Williamson County, during the months of May and June, and I must here express my indebtedness to Dr. W. H. Jarman and Mrs. Jarman for their kind assistance. At this time an earth-mound on the farm of Mr. John Owen Hunt was examined. This mound has been in the possession of the Hunt family since 1782, and the present proprietor remembers when it had a flat top and steep regular sides, but constant plough- ing has reduced its height about four feet while it increased its diameter. Its present height is ten feet and its diameter about ninety-five feet. In 1875 a large red elm, three and a half feet in diameter, was cut from the top of the mound. Leading from the mound to a large boiling spring, about an eighth of a mile away, there is a deeply worn trail which can still be distinctly traced through the woods where it is, in places, three feet deep and four feet wide. There are six good springs within a quarter of a mile of the mound, and the region about was in past times the site of extensive settlements. 1 Since deceased. 163 Exploration showed this mound to be one of those large tumuli, the purpose of which is unknown. At its centre, on the surface of the ground, a small bed of ashes was discovered, in which were a few potsherds, a fragment of an animal bone and a piece of burnt stone. Six feet above this were several pieces of burnt limestone, and at various depths in the course of the excavation were found pieces of charcoal, a few animal bones, small masses of ashes, and occasionally a flint chip. About three feet from the top of the mound was a layer of very hard clay, about eight inches thick, which apparently had covered the mound when it was about six feet in height. This does not seem to have been a burial mound, nor did its ash bed indicate cremation. In the immediate vicinity of the mound were many stone graves, and this circumstance recalls my exploration, several years ago, of another large mound twenty-three feet high, about twenty miles from Brentwood, about which were also a large number of stone graves, and in which there was not a trace of a burial nor even of a fire. Are tumuli of this character simply monuments marking the sites of ancient cemeteries ? About a mile from Hunt's mound, on the rising ground upon which stands the house of Dr. W. H. Jarman, are the remains of what was formerly an extensive cemetery, covering several acres, but as most of the ground has long been under cultivation hundreds of graves have been destroyed by former owners of the land with- out any heed being given to their contents. In the immediate vicinity of Dr. Jarman's house, I opened eighty graves which had not been disturbed. The top stones of many of these were from two to three feet below the surface, which is an unusual depth. These graves were of the same character as the several thousand which have been explored by Mr. Curtis and myself in the Cum- berland valley. They were made of large slabs of stone placed edgewise, to form the sides and ends, on which other flat stones rested, forming the tops of the graves. The bottoms of these cists were sometimes lined with small stones but oftener with large potsherds. In some instances the lining was probably of bark. In several of these graves, two or three, and in one instance five, bodies were buried. In two graves I found, besides the skeleton of the person for whom the grave was made, one or two bones belonging to a second individual in such positions as showed that 164 they had been carefully placed in the grave. In the grave of an adult whose skeleton was removed nearly entire, there was the skull, but no other bones, of a very old person, which was unquestionably placed in the grave at the time of the burial of the body. In one grave containing five skeletons, two of the three adult crania have persistent frontal sutures, and these are the onlv crania from the eighty graves presenting this pecu- liarity/ One adult skull has an extra suture dividing the pa- rietal of the left side into two nearly equal portions. This skull is also remarkable for its extreme occipital flattening, and for the great development of large Wormian bones. The two lat- eral incisors of the upper jaw are absent, and if they were ever present they must have been lost early in life, as all signs of the alveoli or of wide gaps between the teeth are obliterated. Many of the bones found in these graves bear evidence of simple inflam- matory disease but none of any specific taint. Several bones showing united fractures were found. As has been the case in all the other cemeteries of the stone-grave people of Tennessee, considerable well-made pottery of an orna- mental character was found in the graves at Brentwood. This pottery resembles in type that from the Missouri graves, but is, taken as a whole, of better finish. There were no large and coarse vessels in the graves, although the large fragments of thick potteiy with which the bottoms of many graves were lined show that large vessels were made. The pottery from the stone-graves consists principally of water-bottles of various shapes, small food- dishes, and bowls. Some of these are ornamented by incised lines, and others by designs in colors. Stone implements have never been found in large numbers in the stone-graves, although they have yielded some very fine and interesting chipped and polished specimens. Among the articles of this character from the Brent- wood graves, are a large and finely polished celt of chert, several long chipped points with serrated edges, and a few arrowheads, one of which was found embedded in a dorsal vertebra of the skeleton in the grave. Several implements and ornaments made of bone were obtained from the graves, among them two long bone pins with large flat heads, both found close to skulls, suggest- ing that they were probably used for hair ornaments. Several terra-cotta and shell beads were found, also a single carved disk of shell, resembling those previously found in the stone-graves 165 of the Cumberland valley. A clay pipe with an ornamental bowl was taken from one of the graves. Very few pipes have been found in the stone-graves, only eight having been obtained in the several thousand graves which have been explored for the Museum. Of these eight, three were of pottery, and the rest of different kinds of stone ; one of the latter, elaborately carved, representing a man holding a cooking pot which formed the bowl of the pipe. An interesting discovery was made in the cemetery, close to the gate of Dr. Jarman's door-yard. The hill at this place had grad- ually been gullied, and after a late rain Dr. Jarman had noticed a mass of charcoal to which he called my attention soon after my arrival. On removing with a trowel all the earth about the charcoal, it proved to be the remains of burnt logs. A man was then kept at woTk for several days following out the lines of charcoal and burnt clay and after a time he succeeded in bringing to light, from under a few inches of clay, the charred floor-beams of a wooden structure of some sort. AVithin the enclosure formed by the charred logs were discovered a bed of ashes, a number of fragments of pottery, one perfect dish, identical in character with those found in the stone-graves near by, also a few burnt bones, two small discoidal stones and two discoidal pieces of pottery. The logs had been supported by clay which partly covered them and thus pre- vented their total destruction when the building, of whose floor they formed a part, was destroyed by fire. This structure was traced for about ten feet in length and five in width, and a drawing was made before anything was disturbed. While stone-graves were found on all sides and within ten to twenty feet of the site of this structure, none were discovered under it, and there seems no reasonable doubt that these charred logs were the remains of a wooden structure of the period of the stone-graves. In May last I renewed my explorations in the Ancient Cemetery at Madisonville, Ohio, which has become noted for its singular ash- pits, as well as for the skeletons buried in or at the bottom of the leaf mould covering the pits. In my investigations here and in other places in Ohio, I have been greatly aided by the cooperation and constant association of Dr. C. L. Metz, who has become identified with researches relating to the antiquities of the Little Miami Valley. I had in two previous years become greatly inter- ested in this place, and wished, if possible, by renewed investigations to obtain some clew to the purpose which the ashpits served ; but 166 after a thorough examination of a large area, dug over under my direction, in which were numerous ashpits, they remain nearly as much a mystery as ever, and none of the theories brought forward to explain them seem to be satisfactory. The labor expended in diooino- them in the hard clay, to the depth of from one to five and sometimes even six or seven feet, and the peculiar character of their contents, of which ashes form the greater part, render^ it not improbable that they were made in pursuance of some peculiar superstition or as a part of a religious rite. A thousand of these pits have been opened and a large amount of material obtained, illustrative of the implements, ornaments, pottery and other articles used by the people who made the pits. Charred corn, nuts, bones and other remains of animals used for food have also been found in the pits. The contents of several pits, excepting the ashes, of which samples were saved, have been brought to the Museum and arranged so as to show the singular mixture of objects found in them." Besides these special lots, a very extensive collection of specimens was obtained from the pits in general. During the exploration a number of human skeletons were dug out of the leaf mould or from just beneath it. With the skeletons were found a number of pottery vessels, most of which have con- ical bottoms, and four handles ; pipes cut from stone, and orna- ments of shell and copper. For the first time in all my explorations finger rings were found. These rings, made of bands ^of copper, were still on the finger bones. They are described and figiu'ed in the last Keport as ob- jects unique hi American archaeology. A number of crania in good preservation, with other human bones, some of them of pathological interest, were found in the leaf mould. Of a large mimber^of humeri about half were found to have the olecranon cavity perforated ; in some cases one humerus was perforated and the opposite one was entire. The tibiae show various de- grees of flattening. The crania are nearly all brachycephalic, and although those in our collection have not yet been measured, they appear to be smaller and less flattened posteriorly than those from the stone-graves of Tennessee. For the first time digging implements made of antler, and the singular bone scrapers, were found in the leaf mould although not" associated with the skeletons. As these antler and bone implements are common in the ashpits, this adds to the diffi- 167 culty in solving the problem of the comparative age of the pits and of the objects found above them. It has been suggested that these characteristic objects were thrown out of the pits sev- eral years ago by persons who dug holes in the field, in a search for buried gold, and this may be, though none of the pits in the vicinity showed signs of disturbance. Near the cemetery, a little up the hill, are several .earth-circles from forty-three to fifty-eight feet in diameter. Trenches were run through four of them, down to the hard clay below the leaf mould, revealing in the centre of two, on the clay, beds of ashes in which were potsherds, flint flakes and burnt bones, with a perforated clam shell like those which have been taken by hun- dreds from the ashpits. One of the beds of ashes was surrounded by a number of flat stones, which had been burnt and were evi- dently the remains of a fire-place. In the trench, on the clay, there were found a rudely chipped stone hoe, a rude stone axe with a groove, a split pebble, a fragment of a stone gorget, worked antler tips and several rude arrowpoints. The results of the examination of these circles proved them to be the sites of habitations, over which from one to two feet of leaf mould has formed since the central fires were deserted and the circular structures fell from decay. There can hardly be a doubt that these circles point out the site of the village of the people who, living on this beautiful spot, made the singular ashpits near by, and may have buried their dead over the pits. The few things found within the circles, and the abundance of household utensils, implements and refuse found in the ashpits, suggest the possibil- ity that on speciah occasions all the articles in the house, with ornaments, implements and other personal objects, were partly destroyed by fire and the remnants being gathered up with the ashes were deposited in a pit dug for the purpose ; while the great number of broken bones of various animals mixed with the ashes and other things in the pits, indicates that at such times feasts were held. Such a custom would account for the character of the contents of the pits, and the great number of the pits would indi- cate a long continued occupation of the village. During my stay in Ohio, I made several excursions to the various points of interest in Anderson Township, in company with Messrs. Metz, Low, and Conkling. One of the most interesting of these excursions was to the place known as Sand Ridge, and referred to 168 by Dr. Metz under numbers 4 and 5 of group E in his map of the Prehistoric Monuments of Anderson Township. Of this place Dr. Metz writes as follows : " Westward from the Union Bridge, over the Little Miami river, is a ridge of land, known as the sand ridge, that forms a series of elevated plateaus, extending westwardly for about a mile, and reaches an elevation of over six hundred feet above the first plain. Its greatest width is about three hundred yards. After a steep ascent of about one hundred and twenty-five feet, the second level or bench is reached, having an area of probably four acres. This level is undoubtedly the site of an ancient cemetery (No. 4, Group E). On the surface, numerous potsherds, together with human bones, are found. Many fine relics have been obtained by the writer and others from this locality. Crossing the level, a.nother steep ascent of about one hundred feet brings us to the third plain. In the centre of the upper edge of this plain or bench, overlooking the cemetery, was, until recently, a circle of upright stones, ten feet in diameter (No. 5, Group E). These stones were from ten to twelve inches wide, and from four to five feet in length, arranged close together and forming a circle. From this point the ascent is gradual until the highest point is reached, about six hundred feet above the Little Miami river. Over this entire slope, broken bowlders, flint chips, fragments of pottery, arrow flints, stone implements, etc., are found, giving evidence of a long and continued occupation." Many relics were gathered at this place; among them a large sharpening stone with deeply worn grooves eleven inches long and four inches wide, several rudely chipped hoe-like stones, hammerstones, chipped stone points, a few polished celts, two bone implements, and a few ornaments. A visit was also made to "Fort Ancient," in company with Messrs. Metz, Lov7 and Couden ; and this, the largest and most interesting of the remaining earthworks of Ohio, was examined as thoroughly as possible under the adverse condition of a heavy rain during the day. We walked over the whole of the nearly five miles of hio-h embankment and noticed with regret the many signs pointing to'its early destruction. Although it has withstood the elements for untold centuries, it is falling before the American farmer with his all-destroying plough, his herds of cattle and droves of swme. The immense embankments, from twelve to twenty feet m height and sixty or more in width, are now gradually being undermined. 169 Along their summits a fence has been built, by the side of which the cattle have worn a deep path, and from this, after eve.ry rain, flow hundreds of little rills which are slowly but surely washing the earth from the top to the bottom of the steep banks. Here and there, also, a ditch has been made to drain the fields enclosed, which every spring cuts deeper and deeper into the ancient walls. After fully appreciating the immensity of this structure and realizing the enormous amount of human labor which was bestowed centuries ago upon these ancient walls and the mounds which they enclose, it was with a sigh that I turned away feeling myself powerless to save so important a monument of the past for the wonder and admiration of future generations. It would require but a few thousand dollars to secure this grand old work, and with little expense the recently destroyed portions could be restored and na- ture be induced again to furnish her protecting coat of verdure, and with slight care from coming generations this achievement of an unknown people would be preserved for all time to come. If the Museum should be the medium for accomplishing this desirable result, and Fort Ancient should be preserved and brought under its charge, it would undoubtedly be carrying out in the broadest sense one of the objects for which it was founded — the preservation of American antiquities. On a hill belonging to Mr. William Edwards, about one hundred and fifty feet above the level of " Big Dry Run," in the eastern part of Anderson Township, to the south of the Batavia Pike, is an interesting stone-mound which I explored in company with Dr. Metz. This mound had been opened in 1876 by a man who was present during our exploration, and he stated that he dug the hole, which extended under the roots of the large beech tree which was growing upon one side of the mound, in the hope of finding gold, but that all he discovered were the bones of two human skel° etons under a layer of ashes. In our examination we found the layer of ashes and in it a few potsherds and fragments of human bones belonging to two skeletons. Although it was a disappoint- ment to find the mound had been disturbed we had the opportunity of studying an interesting structure. A trench was run through the mound and the central portion cleared to the original surface. We found that the bodies had been placed on the surface of the hill and over them a quantity of ashes, in which were potsherds, probably the remains of one or more vessels placed near the bodies : 170 A vertical wall of stones, two feet eight inches high, had been built, forming a circle thirty-six feet in diameter with the bodies near the centre. The space inside this wall had then been filled up with stones which were raised in a conical form to a height of four feet three inches in the centre. Over this pile of stones there was a covering of about two feet of clay. The stones composing the mound had all been brought from the bed of a creek nearly a quar- ter of a mile away, and as many must have required at least two m^n to handle them, few being under fifty pounds in weight, the labor in making this tumulus must have been very great. Its commanding position, near the edge of a projecting point on the hill, shows that it was intended to be an imposing monument in honor of the dead, whose memory it perpetuated until their de- scendants had all passed away. On the estate of Mr. Michael Turner, in the northeastern corner of Anderson Township, near the Little Miami river, is a group of earthworks which has proved to be, in several respects, the most interesting and important of the many which have been investigated in Ohio, and I am happy to be able to state that Mr. Turner gave to the Museum the exclusive right of exploration, which has been most thoroughly conducted. In May last I visited the group with Dr. Metz, and soon after we took several men to the place and passed the day in exploring one of the mounds and trenching a large earth-circle in which, a number of years ago, Mr. Turner, when ploughing, found a stone cist containing a human skeleton. As the time at my disposal was insufficient for a proper exploration of the group, I arranged with Dr. Metz to continue the work for the Museum. This he has done in a most satisfactory manner and we are under great obligations to him for his gra- tuitous labors and the care with which he has conducted the work for several months. A civil engineer, Mr. J. A. Hasbrook, was employed to make for the Museum a careful survey of the whole group, which embraces thirteen mounds and two earth-circles, all of which are enclosed by two circular embankments, one of which is on a hill and is connected with the other by a graded way. Several of the mounds contained "altars," or basins of burnt clay, on two of which there were literally thousands of objects of interest. Two of these altars, each about four feet square, were cut out and brought to the Museum. Among the objects from the altars are nu- merous ornaments and carvings unlike anything we have had before. 171 One altar contained about two bushels of ornaments made of stone, copper, mica, shells, the canine teeth of bears and otliei animals, and thousands of pearls. Nearly all of these objects are perforated in various ways for suspension. Several of the copper ornaments are covered with native silver, which had been ham- mered out into thin sheets and folded over the copper. Among these are a bracelet and a bead, and several of the spool-shaped objects, which, from discoveries made in other mounds of this group, I now regard as ear-ornaments. One small copper pen- dant seems to have been covered with a thin sheet of gold, a portion of which still adheres to the copper, while other bits of it were found in the mass of materials. This is the first time that native gold has been found in the mounds, although hundreds have been explored ; and the small amount found here shows that its use was exception al.^ The ornaments cut out of copper and mica are very interesting and embrace many forms ; among them is a grotesque human profile cut out of a sheet of mica. Several or- naments of this material resemble the heads of animals whose fea- tures are emphasized by a red color, while others are in the form of circles and bands. Many of the copper ornaments are large and of peculiar shape ; others are scrolls, scalloped circles, oval pendants and other forms. There are about thirty of the singular spool-shaped objects, or earrings, made of copper, like the two described in the last Report (figs. 18, 19). Three large sheets of mica were on this altar, and several finely chipped points of obsid- ian, chalcedony and chert, were in the mass of materials. Several pendants, cut from a micaceous schist^, are of a unique style of work. There are also portions of a circular piece of bone, over the surface of which are incised figures, and flat pieces of shell similarly carved. Several masses of native copper were on the altar. But by far the most important things found on this altar were the several masses of meteoric iron and the ornaments made from this metal. One of these is half of a spool-shaped object, or ear- ornament, like those made of copper, with which it was associated. Another ear-ornament of copper is covered with a thin plating of 2 Dr. HiLDKETH, Arch. Amer., vol. I, p. 176, 1820. states that he was told that a gold ornament was found in a small mound near Chillicothe, Ohio. This proved to be cop- per. See Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments, p. 279, 1818. 3 1 am indebted to Dr. M. E. Wadsworth, of the Geological Department of the Uni- varsity, for this determination and also for other similar favors. 172 the iron, in the same manner as others were covered with silver. There is also a folded and corrugated band of iron of the same shape and of about the same size as the band of copper found in a mound in Tennessee and figured in the last Report (fig. 16). Three of the masses of iron have been more or less hammered into bars, as if for the purpose of making some ornament or implement, and another is apparently in the natural shape in which it was found. As all these iron masses were exposed to great heat on the altar, they have become more or less oxi- dized, and two of them were so much changed in external char- acter that several good mineralogists, as well as myself, mistook them for masses of limonite, or bog iron, which had probably formed since the mound was erected. The discovery of iron in the mound was of course a matter of great interest, from which- ever side it was viewed, and it was therefore of the first impor- tance that its character should be accurately determined. For this purpose I have been fortunate in securing the cooperation of Dr. L. P. KiNNiGUTT, Assistant in Chemistry in Harvard Col- lege, who has become much interested in the work and has made careful analyses of all the masses and objects of iron. Dr. Kin- NicuTT has found that each and all contain nickel, and that all tJie • iron is unquestionably meteoricA As this is the first time that ob- jects made of meteoric iron have been determined from the mounds, it is of great interest, and it will now be necessary to examine anew the statements made by Hildrethand Atwater in relation to the traces of iron which they found in mounds in Ohio over sixty years ago.^ 4 The quantitative analyses have not yet been made, bnt as noticed farther on, Dr. KINNICUTT is to furnish a detailed account for publication in this report. 5 Since this was written I have obtained for study, from the American Antiquarian Society the several specimens described by Dr. Hildreth (Arch apologia Americana vol I p 163, 1820), from the mound at Marietta. I shaU furnish a full description of these'articles to the Antiquarian Society, and it is only necessary to state here that Dr. Hildreth was mistaken in their character. The "silver plated bosses," which he thou-ht were ornaments from a sword belt, are identical with the silver plated ear ornaments I have mentioned above. The corrugated silver band which he describes 18 the "upper part of a sword scabbard," is of the same shape and character as tlie comi-nted band of meteoric iron from the altar referred to above and like the copper band described in the last Report (fig. 10). This is also of the same character as the copper ornament taken from a mound in Cincinnati in 1794, and figured ^y Barton; tZs Im. Phil. Soc, vol. IV, p. 180. fig. 10, 1799. The Copper tube" which Dr. Hddreth re-arded as the - end of the scabbard," is simply a much oxidized copper bead.tic^ the only signs of anything that could be taken for " the iron rust which fiUed the tube" were oxidized grains of copper. 173 It is worth recapitulating here that oiative gold, silver, copper and iron were all found on the altar of the large mound in this group, and that all were manufactured into ornaments simply by hammering.6 A mass of lead ore, galena, was found in another mound of this group. On another altar, in another mound of the group, were several terra-cotta figurines of a character heretofore unknown from the mounds. Unfortunately, these objects, as well as others found on tlie altars, had been more or less burnt, and many of them appear to have been purposely broken before they were placed on the altars. Many pieces of these images have been united and it is my hope that we shall succeed in nearly restoring some of them. Enough has already been made out to show their import- ance in the study of early American art. The peculiar method of wearing the hair, the singular head-dresses and large button-like ear- ornaments shown by these human figures are of particular interest. The ear-ornaments leave no doubt of the character of the spool- shaped objects referred to on a previous page. On the same altar with the figurines were two remarkable dishes carved from stone, in the form of animals, which we have nearly restored from a large number of small fragments. With these was a serpent cut out of mica. On the same altar were several hundred small quartz pebbles from the river, and nearly three hundred astragali of deer and elk. As but two of these bones could be "ob- tained from a single animal, and as there were but one or two fragments of other bones, there must have been some special and important reason for collecting so large a number of these partic- ular bones. A finely made bracelet of copper and several other From these misconceptions, for over sixty years archaeologists have been misled ia regard to the antiquity of the Marietta mound. The references to iron found in a mound at Circleville, by Mr. Atwater are hardly worth considering (Arch. Amer. i, p. 178). He simply found a worked piece of antler with a hole at one end, around which was a band of silver. This he called a knife or sword Imndle, and he says distinctly that " no iron tvas found, but an oxyde remained of similar shape and size." In this connection masses of burnt clay are spoken of as "bricks very well burnt," and a large sheet of mica is called a " mirrour, which an- swcred the puipose very well for which it was intended." From such expressions the lively imagination of the author can be appreciated. The other reference, on the same page, is as follows : "A plate of iron which had become an oxyde; but before it was disturbed by the spade, resembled a plate of cast iron." Certainly something more definite than this statement is required before it can be said that cast iron has been found in the ancient mounds. 6 1 may add that I have found no difficulty in cold hammering a piece of the meteoric iron into a thm sheet by using two stones ; also that a quantitative analysis by Dr Kin- NicuT shows the gold and silver to be native, as stated above. 174 ornaments of copper, a few pearls and shells and other ornaments were on this altar. Two large masses of native copper and one mass of un worked meteoric iron were also on this altar. Many specimens of fossil shells were found on the two altars. This brief mention of the large amount of material obtained from the several ''altar mounds" is given simpl}^ to convey an idea of the importance of the collection. It will take a long time to assort and arrange it for study ; but I hope to be able, in the course of the year, to furnish a full account of this group of mounds with an illustrated description of all the objects found in them. The mounds themselves are no less interesting than the objects which they contained, and as Dr. Metz took careful notes and made sketches during the exploration, we shall, I trust, in our joint memoir, be able to furnish a satisfactory account of the whole group. The larger of the two mounds within the earthwork on the Mil, a plan of which was published by Col. Whittlesey in 1850, proved a most interesting structure, unlike anything heretofore discovere