The person charging this material is re- 
 sponsible for its return to the library from 
 which it was withdrawn on or before the 
 Latest Date stamped below. 
 
 Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books 
 are reasons for disciplinary action and may 
 result in dismissal from the University. 
 
 / 
 
REGULATED PUBLIC UTILITY SERVICE 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN HOWARD MATHEWS 
 
 B. S. University of Illinois, 1913 
 M. S. University of Illinois, 1914 
 
 THESIS 
 
 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the 
 
 Degree of 
 
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEER 
 
 IN 
 
 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 1921 
 

 
 

 
 
 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/regulatedpublicuOOmath 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Page 
 
 GENERAL 1 
 
 Definition of Service 2 
 
 Maximum Service for Unit of Cost 3 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 FACTORS ENTERING INTO SERVICE OF PUBLIC 
 UTILITIES 5 
 
 Electric Utilities 6 
 
 Gas Utilities 6 
 
 Water Utilities . ...» 6 
 
 Railroads 7 
 
 Telephone Utilities 7 
 
 Heating Utilities 7 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 NECESSITY FOR ATTENTION TO SERVICE 9 
 
 Continuity of Service 9 
 
 Voltage Regulation 10 
 
 Frequency Regulation 11 
 
 Construction and Maintenance 12 
 
 Quality of Gas 13 
 
 Service of Water, Telephone, Heating and 
 
 Railway Utilities 17 
 
 Handling Complaints 18 
 
 Accuracy in Billing, etc 21 
 
 Accuracy of Registration 21 
 
 Records, Tests, Surveys, etc* * 24 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 REGULATION OF PUBLIC UTILITY SERVICE 27 
 
 Development of the Public Utility 27 
 
 Need for Regulation 27 
 
 Regulation vs. Competition 29 
 
 Source of Regulatory Power 31 
 
 State vs. Local Regulation 31 
 
 Home Rule 34 
 
 Invalidity of Ordinance Contracts 36 
 
- 2 - 
 
 Page 
 
 State Regulation 38 
 
 Purpose of Regulation 38 
 
 Establishment of Service Standards 39 
 
 Inspections and Investigations 40 
 
 Results not Methods to be Prescribed 41 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 DETERMINATION OF COMPARATIVE VALUES OF SERVICE. 43 
 
 Need for Service Ratting 43 
 
 Grading of Service 44 
 
 Merits of Grading System 55 
 
 Influence of Local Management on Service .*57 
 
 APPENDIX 59 
 
-* y 
 
 y y 
 
 
REGULATED PUBLIC UTILITY SERVICE 
 
 I. 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 "By their fruits shall ye know them." This passage 
 of scripture written centuries ago- generations before the 
 public utility business was developed- is just as applicable 
 in our age to any sort of activity or industry as in that 
 age. The figure of speech was at the time applied to the 
 fruit tree. We judge the fruit tree by what it produces 
 and we judge a business by what it brings forth and not by 
 the manner in which production is accomplished. We may know 
 nothing about the chemical compositions of the sap; we may 
 know nothing about the composition of the wood; nothing 
 about the great creative principle that builds the blossoms 
 or moulds the fruit; but when the fruit is finally develop- 
 ed there is not one of us so poorly informed that we cannot 
 judge the fruit. And so we judge the tree. 
 
 The best informed consumer of a utility* s commodity 
 may know nothing about the utility’s organization, nothing 
 about the financial condition, or about the utility’s prob- 
 lems in disposing of its securities; he may know nothing 
 about lines of authority in the organization, nothing about 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 • - 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
the functions of the departments or duties of the employes. To 
 him "sinking fund" or "straight line depreciation" may mean 
 
 2 . 
 
 nothing if not a disease or new kind of soap. He may know no 
 more about the details of the company’s business than one of 
 us knows about the principles of the growth of the fruit tree; 
 yet the most ignorant consumer will quickly know if a utility 
 furnishes water not potable, gas that will not cook meals, or 
 electricity that will not illuminate his living room or turn 
 his motor. The famous passage might be modernized so as to 
 be applicable to public utilities and stated: "By their serv- 
 ice shall ye know them." 
 
 Definition of Service 
 
 Service is defined in the New Standard dictionary as 
 "any work done for the benefit of another." Warren G. Harding, 
 in his recent inaugural speech, made this contribution to the 
 subject of service: "Service is the supreme commitment of 
 
 life. I would rejoice to acclaim the era of golden rule and 
 crown it with the autocracy of service." The Public Utili- 
 ties Commission Law of the State of Illinois contains the fol- 
 lowing: 
 
 "The term ’service*, when used in this Act, 
 is used in its broadest and most inclusive sense, 
 and includes not only the use or accommodation 
 afforded consumers or patrons, but also any pro- 
 duct or commodity furnished by any public util- 
 ity and the plant, equipment, apparatus, appli- 
 ances, property and facilities employed by, or 
 in connection with, any public utility in perform- 
 ing any service or in furnishing any product or 
 commodity and devoted to the purposes in which 
 such public utility is engaged and to the use and 
 accommodation of the public." 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 ' 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
3 
 
 Maximum Service for Unit of Cost 
 
 In a practical sense, however, the character of service 
 furnished must necessarily depend on the cost of furnishing it* 
 
 In very small communities where electric energy is furnished from 
 a local plant and where no energy is necessary for power purposes 
 the furnishing of twenty four hour service would manifestly call 
 for an expenditure that the consumers could ill-afford to sup- 
 port* Compliance under certain conditions with standard re- 
 quirements of voltage regulation might require an investment 
 out of proportion to the benefit received in way of the improve- 
 ment in service. The distribution of locally manufactured gas 
 in small towns, while entirely possible, is impractical for the 
 reason that the consumers could not afford to bear the cost of 
 furnishing gas at a profit. Individual line telephone service 
 will not justify the cost of furnishing it in rural communities. 
 Innumerable examples might be cited to show that the cost of 
 furnishing a standard grade of service under certain conditions 
 would call for a rate for the commodity which the business 
 could not bear. 
 
 The term " service” then, in its most practical and 
 economic sense, means the greatest amount of service for unit 
 of cost to the consumer and the standard by which it is judged 
 should be determined by the manner in which the public will be 
 best served. In considering the quantity of service that can 
 reasonably be furnished to the consumer per unit of cost all 
 the important factors that have a bearing on the business must 
 be given consideration. The character of fuels available, the 
 
. ■ 
 
 , 
 
 — » 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4 . 
 
 type and condition of plant and machinery in use, the size and 
 character and location of community served, condition of the 
 byproducts market, cost of labor and material, and the losses 
 attendant upon distribution are factors vitally affecting the 
 grade of service that the utility can afford to furnish and 
 that the consumers can afford to purchase. Duplicate trans- 
 mission lines, emergency units and standby plants may all add 
 to the service but tend to make the cost of it prohibitive. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 . , I 
 
 ♦ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5 
 
 II. 
 
 FACTORS ENTERING INTO SERVICE 
 OF PUBLIC UTILITIES 
 
 In thinking of service of public utilities we are 
 likely to have in mind only a few of the most important factors. 
 When the average user of electric service says service is poor 
 he usually means it is subject to frequent interruptions or 
 possibly the voltage is low. The gas consumer makes complaint 
 if he has difficulty in cooking and may say service is satis- 
 factory if he has no particular trouble in this respect. The 
 telephone subscriber says service is "rotten" if he has to 
 wait too long for the operator to answer his signal. These are 
 no doubt some of the most important matters to be considered 
 in classifying service but an analysis of the records of any 
 utility or of any regulatory body will show almost every con- 
 ceivable objection to the service. Criticisms are made of the 
 equipment, methods of operation, kind of treatment accorded 
 consumers, extension policies, accuracy of meters, and many 
 other features. In fact, the broad definition from the Public 
 Utilities Commission Law quoted above has been found none too 
 broad to cover the large range of subjects to which attention 
 must be directed if patrons of the public utilities are to be 
 satisfied. In this broad sense we are really considering 
 the treatment accorded the consumers and every factor that en- 
 ters into such treatment may properly be termed a factor of 
 the service. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 - 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6 
 
 More specifically, the most important factors that en- 
 ter into the furnishing of service by public utilities, which 
 are described in detail in Section III, are listed in the follow- 
 ing paragraphs: 
 
 a. Electric Utilities 
 
 1- Continuity of service. 
 
 2- Voltage and frequency regulation. 
 
 3- Accuracy of meter registration. 
 
 4- Construction and maintenance. 
 
 5- Adequacy of capacity. 
 
 6- Provisions for emergency. 
 
 7- Adjustment of bills . 
 
 8- Billing. 
 
 9- Extension policy. 
 
 10- Promptness in furnishing new service 
 
 11- Handling of complaints 
 
 12- Regularity and accuracy of meter readings 
 
 13- Courtesy of utility representatives 
 
 14- Testing of service and keeping of records. 
 
 b* Gas Utilities 
 
 1 - 
 
 2 - 
 
 3- 
 
 4- 
 
 5- 
 
 6 - 
 
 7- 
 
 8 - 
 9- 
 
 10 - 
 
 11 - 
 
 12 - 
 
 13- 
 
 14- 
 
 15- 
 
 16- 
 17- 
 
 Continuity of service. 
 
 Pressure 
 Heating value 
 Purity 
 
 Adjustment of appliances 
 Accuracy of meter registration 
 Construction and maintenance 
 Adequacy of capacity. 
 
 Provisions for emergency 
 Adjustment of bills 
 Billing 
 
 Extension policy 
 
 Promptness in furnishing new service 
 Handling of complaints 
 
 Regularity and accuracy of meter readings 
 Courtesy of utility representatives 
 Testing of service and keeping of records 
 
 c. Water Utilities 
 
 1- Continuity of service 
 
 2- Quality of water 
 
 3- Pressure 
 
 4- Accuracy of meter registration 
 
 5- Construction and maintenance 
 
 6- Adequacy of capacity 
 
7 
 
 7- Provisions for emergency 
 
 8- Adjustment of "bills 
 
 9- Billing 
 
 10- Extension policy 
 
 11- Promptness in furnishing new service 
 
 12- Handling of complaints 
 
 13- Regularity and accuracy of meter readings 
 
 14- Courtesy of utility representatives 
 
 15- Testing of service and keeping of records 
 
 d. Railroads 
 
 1- Reliability of service 
 
 2- Adequacy of service 
 
 3- Safety to public 
 
 4- Construction and maintenance 
 
 5- Adequacy of capacity 
 
 6- Provisions for emergency 
 
 7- Extension policy 
 
 8- Handling of complaints 
 
 9- Courtesy of employes 
 
 10- Sanitation of equipment and stations 
 
 e. Telephone Utilities 
 
 1- Continuity of service 
 
 2- Intelligibility of transmission 
 
 3- Promptness of operators 
 
 4- Accuracy of connection 
 
 5- Accuracy of charges 
 
 6- Phraseology and courtesy of operators 
 
 7- Adequacy of capacity 
 
 8- Provisions for emergency 
 
 9- Adjustment of bills 
 
 10- Billing 
 
 11- Extension policy 
 
 12- Promptness in furnishing new service 
 
 13- Handling of complaints 
 
 14- Testing of service and keeping of records 
 
 f . Heating Utilities 
 
 1- Continuity of service 
 
 2- Adequacy of service 
 
 3- Pressure (steam heating) 
 
 4- Temperature of circulating water 
 
 5- Accuracy of meter registration 
 
 6- Construction and maintenance 
 
 7- Adequacy of capacity 
 
 8- Provisions for emergency 
 
 9- Adjustment of bills 
 
8 
 
 10- Billing 
 
 11- Extension policy 
 
 12- Promptness in furnishing new service 
 
 13- Handling of complaints 
 
 14- Regularity and accuracy of meter readings 
 
 15- Courtesy of utility representatives 
 
 16- Testing of service and keeping of records 
 
- 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ' 7 
 
 ~ - 
 
9 
 
 III. 
 
 NECESSITY FOR ATTENTION TO SERVICE 
 Continuity of Service 
 
 The factor entering into service by public utilities, 
 which in most cases is the first essential to good service, is 
 continuity* A few short interruptions at a time when they 
 least affect the consumer need not be considered serious, but 
 if many long interruptions occur at times when interruptions 
 are most serious, they are provoking to the public, extremely 
 annoying and may occasion considerable financial loss. Where 
 interruptions are contemplated for the purpose of working on 
 a system, some inconvenience can be spared the public if pro- 
 per notice of such contemplated interruptions is given* 
 
 In normal periods interruptions of gas or water serv- 
 ice to an entire community are much rarer than interruptions 
 to electric service* Plant trouble, inability to secure coal, 
 or failure of the company* s gas holder or distribution system 
 may cause a total Interruption. The service may be interrupted 
 locally by restrictions in the mains or in the service pipes, 
 and in such cases the interruptions are closely allied with, 
 and hard to differentiate from, low or poor pressure conditions. 
 
 Consumers can get along without meter tests, can put 
 up with low voltage, or may tolerate low pressure of gas or 
 water supply without complaint, but when the service is entire- 
 ly interrupted every one knows it. Manufacturing may cease, 
 business is at a standstill, and, if carried to the extent of 
 affecting transportation, all industries may suffer and a 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5. ‘ 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
national crisis follow, so entirely dependent are we nowadays 
 upon public utilities for our subsistence. This is true of 
 service furnished by electric, gas, water, telephone utilities 
 and railroads. These utilities are no longer luxuries. 
 
 Voltage Regulation 
 
 Next to continuity voltage regulation is probably the 
 most important factor in electric utility service. The voltage 
 regulation on some systems is so universally satisfactory that 
 it does not occur to the consumers that poor regulation is of 
 material consequence. In some communities, however, regulation 
 has been found so poor as to make both lighting and power 
 service unsatisfactory, and indeed become so serious at times 
 as practically to constitute an interruption. Variation of 
 voltage has a very important effect on both power and lighting 
 service. Induction motor torque is proportional to the second 
 power of the voltage. A reduction of ten per cent in voltage 
 reduces the torque approximately twenty per cent. Excessive 
 voltage causes heating of motors and an abnormal exciting cur- 
 rent in many types of equipment. A difference of voltage on 
 phases of polyphase machinery seriously reduces the efficiency 
 and capacity of motors and may cause failure of the equipment. 
 Excessive voltage impressed upon transformers frequently intro- 
 duces harmonics into the electric lines, which cause very dis- 
 turbing influences upon paralleling telephone lines. Tests 
 as a result of complaints of low voltage show that heating ap- 
 pliances often become practically worthless to the housekeeper 
 unless the voltage is high enough to properly operate them. 
 

 . 
 
 
 , •• 
 
 . 
 
 , a :I ' 
 
 , 
 
 •• J 
 
 •« 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 * 
 4 
 
 
11 
 
 Voltage affects the life, candle power and efficiency 
 of lighting equipment# Plate I in the Appendix shov/s the ef- 
 fect of voltage variation on these various characteristics of 
 the mazda lamp# Carbon lamps are even more sensitive to var- 
 iation in voltage# These characteristics change somewhat with 
 the development in the art of lamp manufacturing but the curves 
 are typical of the various characteristics# 
 
 Closely allied to the effect of voltage variation on 
 multiple lamps is the change in candle power of series lamps 
 brought about by changes in the current# Plate II sho?/s the 
 changes in the mean horizontal candle power of a 5 .5 ampere 
 series mazda street lamp with variation in current# The curve 
 shows also the variation in terminal voltage and demonstrates 
 conclusively the importance of operating series lamps at the 
 correct rated current# A reduction of five per cent in the 
 current causes a reduction of approximately fifty per cent in 
 candle power, whereas practically no candle power is developed 
 if the current is less than fifty per cent of the normal. Ef- 
 ficiency expressed in candle power per ampere increases very 
 rapidly near the normal current value, but the life curve of 
 mazda lamps shows a steep decline near the point of normal cur- 
 rent so that if excessive current is used increased efficiency 
 is offset by cost of replacement# 
 
 Frequency Regulation 
 
 The variation in frequency of alternations is a phase 
 of electric service which may very seriously affect the power 
 user, although he may be ignorant of the cause of his trouble. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12 
 
 The speed of synchronous motors is, of course, directly pro- 
 portional to the frequency of the impressed voltage* The speed 
 of induction motors is directly affected by the frequency of the 
 impelling energy and in wide variations of frequency the func- 
 tioning of various types of equipment is seriously interfered 
 with. While variation in frequency is not nearly so common as 
 fluctuations in voltage, a number of cases have been found where 
 the correct operation of equipment has been affected by abnormal 
 frequencies. The accuracy of watt hour meters is not seriously 
 affected so long as the frequency remains within commercial 
 limits but tests show that it is appreciably affected when the 
 variation is excessive. 
 
 Construction and Maintenance 
 
 In the broad sense, as defined above, service may be 
 considered to include the construction and maintenance of lines 
 and equipment. Hazard to life and property follow from equip- 
 ment that is poorly designed, constructed or maintained, and 
 lack of attention to the proper care of lines, apparatus or 
 equipment or other facilities will sooner or later be reflected 
 in the quality of service. Poorly constructed or maintained 
 electric lines are certain to cause interruptions or unsatis- 
 factory voltage regulation. Poor telephone lines seriously im- 
 pair telephonic transmission or prevent it entirely. Lack of 
 proper maintenance of gas distribution systems causes 
 stoppages and failure to give close attention to repairs on 
 railway equipment is certain to affect the reliability of serv- 
 
 ice 
 

 :> 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
13 
 
 There is a direct and positive relation between con- 
 struction and service* Systems constructed in order to decrease 
 investment at the expense of stability may give reasonably 
 good service for a time or while favorable conditions of weather 
 prevail. As the load increases and the equipment becomes in- 
 adequate for the demand, service is impaired. During sleet or 
 wind storms, and especially during electrical storms, service 
 is very likely to be interrupted unless proper provisions have 
 been made at the time of original construction. Precaution 
 against hazard to the public is an obligation each electric 
 utility owes to its community. Danger from broken poles or 
 wires, low voltage circuits crossed with circuits of higher 
 voltage, or defective equipment which may impose high voltages 
 on secondary circuits, are all too common. Poorly constructed 
 systems require excessive maintenance, and a saving in original 
 investment which results in excessively high maintenance cer- 
 tainly is not good judgment. 
 
 The importance of proper construction and careful at- 
 tention to maintenance are of primary importance in every 
 branch of the public utility industry. 
 
 Quality of Gas 
 
 Four factors vitally related to gas service, and very 
 largely affecting the safety, efficiency, cleanliness and con- 
 venience of the use of gas are (1) heating value, (2) pressure, 
 (3) amount of air required for efficiency combustion, and (4) 
 sulphur content. 
 
 It is not only important that the heating value of 
 

 - 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 ^ • 
 
 , 
 
 t 
 
 , . 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
14 
 
 gas be of such value as to provide the required heat units per 
 cubic foot, but it is also essential that the quality be uniform. 
 Wide fluctuations in heating value are perhaps more annoying than 
 low heating value of a uniform quality. Tests of the heating 
 value should be made at points which will insure results repre- 
 sentative of the quality of gas actually delivered to the users. 
 Tests made at the manufacturing works are of great value from 
 an operating point of view, but they do not serve to detect de- 
 ficiency in quality which result in loss of heat content during 
 transmission. Incorrect heats and improper operation during 
 condensation may result in the production of a gas which loses 
 heat giving constituents rapidly. In view of the varying con- 
 ditions attendant upon the manufacturing and distribution of gas, 
 together with the different degrees of condensation and loss 
 in heating value that appear to prevail, the consumer is fully 
 protected only if the tests are made at some point at a suffi- 
 cient distance from the plant so that the results indicate a 
 representative condition of the gas delivered to the ultimate 
 consumer. Even if gas were uniformly manufactured at all 
 times and in all communities the data available to show the 
 probable loss in heating value due to transmission is yet too 
 meager, I believe, to permit a definite determination of the 
 heating value required at the manufacturing point in order to 
 insure good service to the consumer. If tests at the works are 
 to be used as a possible basis of control of operation it is 
 desirable that they should be supplemented by tests made at some 
 distance from the works from time to time in order to determine 
 that the quality of the gas does not deteriorate unduly enroute 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 
 
 to the user. 
 
 Many years ago the candle power standard practically 
 determined the quality of gas to be furnished. This followed 
 from the fact that it was used primarily for open flame lamps, 
 and until a few years ago the candle power standard of gas was 
 considered very important. There has recently come into use 
 the British thermal unit standard and it is practically univer- 
 sally accepted as the correct criterion of the value of gas to 
 the consumer for both lighting and heating purposes, as the use 
 of gas in open flat flame burners has largely fallen into dis- 
 use. There is a surprising uniformity of mantle candle power 
 per heat unit supplied per hour. Tests have been made which 
 show a variation of less than three per cent from this rela- 
 tion of candle power to heating value of the gas supplied per 
 hour, over the interval 540 to 640 B,t.u. per cubic foot* It 
 is important also to bear in mind the advantage to the gas 
 maker of the heating standard over the candle power standard 
 on account of the greater ease of operation to meet a heating 
 unit standard as well as the smaller percentage loss in heat- 
 ing value during pumping or distribution of the gas. In one 
 series of tests reported to the Bureau of Standards it was 
 found that pumping by-products gas, which had been "benzolized" 
 to give about 16 candle power units in the open flame and 600 
 B.t.u. total heating value, produced losses of about 40 per 
 cent in candle power and less than 7 per cent in heating value, 
 due to compression and transmission at 30 pounds pressure for 
 nine miles with the ground temperature less than 50 degrees 
 Fahrenheit, On other gases mixed with carburetted water gas 
 

 * 
 
16 . 
 
 with candle power value up to 22 and heating value up to 620 
 B.t.u. the candle power lost varied from 15 to 35 per cent, 
 whereas the loss in heating value was not over 5 per cent and 
 in some cases less than 2 per cent* 
 
 In Circular No. 110 on the Influence of Quality of 
 Gas and Other Factors on the Efficiency of Gas-Mantle Lamps, 
 the Bureau of Standards concludes as follows: 
 
 "With uniform gas quality and with good con- 
 ditions of service in other particulars the useful- 
 ness for mantle lighting of lean water gas of the 
 qualities studied compared with rich water gas is 
 slightly higher, for some types of lamps, than in 
 proportion to the total heating values. Comparing 
 lean coal gas and lean water gas of the qualities 
 tested, the coal gas is slightly less useful, and 
 this difference is about the same as the differ- 
 ence between the two qualities of water gas. 
 
 Hence, it may be concluded that the usefulness of 
 a uniform quality of coal gas of 550 to 575 B.t.u. 
 per cubic foot as compared with a uniform supply 
 of richer water gas (e.g., one meeting a 22 candle- 
 power requirement) is substantially in proportion 
 to the heating values of the two gases. However, 
 greater fluctuations in B.t.u. per cubic foot, 
 slightly greater diff iculities in adjustment, and 
 the other factors met in commercial use of lamps 
 make the higher quality gas somewhat less desir- 
 able per heat unit for general use than either of 
 the two kinds of lean gas." 
 
 The usual complaint of "poor gas" is ordinarily con- 
 fused with poor pressure or improper regulation of appliances. 
 Good pressure is perhaps even more essential than high heating 
 value or uniform quality. Pressure conditions are easily de- 
 termined by the use of a "U" tube or pressure gauge, and we 
 have noticed that the utility which gives careful study to the 
 kind of pressure prevailing throughout its system has less com- 
 plaint of unsatisfactory service than the utility maintaining 
 a better heating standard. Each utility should make pressure 
 surveys at such intervals and of such comprehensiveness as may 
 
o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' ■ 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' I 
 
17 
 
 be necessary to keep itself fully informed regarding the char- 
 acter of the service being furnished from its system* 
 
 Variations in constituency of gas call for varying 
 quantities of air to complete combustion* Obviously it is very 
 important that gas using appliances give satisfactory operation 
 at all times with no great amount of attention on the part of 
 the consumer since the majority of consumers cannot be expected 
 to adjust their appliances to meet any new condition of gas mix- 
 ture, specific gravity of the gas, or others variable over which 
 the consumer has no control* To a greater or less extent the 
 users of gas on an industrial scale can and will make such ad- 
 justments but the efficient utilization of gas for domestic 
 purposes is ordinarily dependent upon such uniformity of supply 
 as will permit satisfactory operation with a fixed adjustment 
 of the appliances or fixtures* 
 
 No objectionable feature of gas service is so quickly 
 noticeable as the distribution of incompletely purged gas* Not 
 only are foul gas fumes extremely obnoxious but they are des- 
 tructive to animal and plant tissue* Tests for presence of 
 hydrogen sulphide are very easily made but determinations of 
 total sulphur content are not so simple* During the last year 
 or two when the coal situation presented difficult operating 
 problems, it was extremely difficult to purify the gas properly 
 at all times • Proper size and rotation of purifying boxes and 
 effective tests to determine when the oxide is spent, tend to 
 reduce possibilities of sulphur trouble* 
 
 Service of Water, Telephone, Heating and Railway Utilities 
 
 A large number of the factors which go to constitute 
 

 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 •- - • - : 
 
 . 
 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 « 
 
 
 *: *: 
 
 • ■ • 
 
 
 ' ■ ‘ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 ' :: i 
 
 . a 
 
 , 
 
 • . 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
18 . 
 
 good service in electric or gas utilities are also common to 
 water service. Such matters as continuity, pressure, con- 
 struction and maintenance, meter accuracy, etc., apply to water 
 service as well as to gas service or electric service. The 
 quality of water, however, is even more important than quality 
 of gas, although pressure is probably of less importance than 
 gas pressure. Adequacy of fire service is a factor which is 
 peculiar to water service. With telephone utilities the in- 
 telligibility of transmission is of first importance, while 
 the promptness of operators on first answer and on recall, 
 their phraseology and courtesy, and accuracy of connection are 
 phases of service depending primarily upon the personnel of the 
 operators. Other phases of telephone service are dependent 
 upon, and largely affected by, switchboard and station equip- 
 ment and the construction and maintenance of lines. Utilities 
 furnishing hot water service must pay special attention to the 
 temperature and pressure of circulating water at all periods 
 of day and night, and must be careful to furnish proper pres- 
 sure throughout the system where steam heating service is fur- 
 nished. In connection with service from steam and electric 
 railroads and street railways, the reliability of service, 
 adequacy of the equipment, safety to the public, sanitation 
 of equipment and stations, and the furnishing of proper facili- 
 ties and extensions are all factors which go to make the serv- 
 ice. 
 
 Handling Complaints 
 
 It has been our experience that the method of handling 
 

 
 
 
19 # 
 
 complaints has been one of the most important, if not the most 
 important, factor in molding the public opinion of public util- 
 ities, The relations between the utility and the public are 
 amicable or inimical, depending to a large extent on the util- 
 ity’s success in satisfactorily handling complaints and the con- 
 troversies arising through complaints* More than one municipal 
 plant can be traced directly to the former utility’s failure to 
 properly cope with some situations usually originating in some 
 complaint against the service# Through the handling of com- 
 plaints most utilities find their only opportunity of meeting 
 their consumers. The utility gains its impression of its con- 
 sumers through these complaints, which are often presented at 
 a time when the consumer is indignant, and, on the other hand, 
 the consumer gains his impression of the utility through the 
 methods by which the complaint is handled# This is unfortunate, 
 but it is a condition of fact which must be met and emphasizes 
 the importance to a public utility of meeting the situation in 
 a commendable manner# 
 
 A consumer may have but one occasion in his experience 
 to register a complaint against a public utility. His opinion 
 of the utility - and certain of his associates will be influenced 
 by his opinion - will be based on the treatment accorded him in 
 that experience and the amount of individuality the utility’s 
 representative injects into his case# To the complainant’s mind 
 his case stands out as a particular case meriting individual 
 attention# To the utility’s complaint man it is only one of 
 dozens he has encountered, perhaps on the same day, and unless 
 he is particularly adapted to the work and continuously on his 
 
I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
20 
 
 guard he may treat the complainant indifferently, perhaps dis- 
 courteously, and will dispose of the complaint in a routine 
 manner very much as a local resident might answer inquiries of 
 tourist visitors who are ever harassing him for information* 
 
 To the complaint man it lacks individuality* To the complain- 
 ant it is a real grievance and he will be permanently impressed 
 by the manner in which it is handled* If the utility is will- 
 ing to give each complaint a just investigation and impress the 
 consumer with its sincerity of purpose the complainant is well 
 satisfied, feels an appreciation of the utility* s willingness 
 to properly serve, and to him the organization assumes human 
 characteristics* He no longer thinks of it as a bloodless cor- 
 poration. A satisfied consumer is a good advertiser. 
 
 A dissatisfied consumer may cause a utility more 
 trouble and grief than a whole community of indifferent custom- 
 ers* If his grievance is not adjusted to his satisfaction, he 
 is a cumulative liability. If his complaint, on the other hand, 
 is handled to his satisfaction, he becomes a traveling asset 
 and develops into a more effective booster for the company than 
 if he had never had occasion to complain. We have seen munici- 
 pal plants vigorously agitated in communities where the service 
 is reasonably good, simply because the management, or some 
 representative, with whom the consumer has had occasion to deal, 
 has not shown the proper disposition to render the complainant 
 the relief he desired. We can all recall individuals within 
 our acquaintance who even in granting favors, make enemies* 
 
 We also know of men who can refuse a favor and do it in such a 
 manner as to make a warm friend of the man whose request was 
 
21 
 
 denied. A complaint man with the right qualifications can make 
 most of the dissatisfied consumers feel they have been given 
 every courtesy and consideration or can cause them to see the un- 
 fairness of their point of view, at the same time putting them 
 in such a frame of mind that they will be satisfied with the 
 treatment accorded them. 
 
 Accuracy in Billing, etc . 
 
 Utilities which are rendering service far above the 
 average grade often bring upon themselves no end of trouble, 
 the good will of the public leaves them and their ship of state 
 is steered surely toward the rocks, by inaccuracies in billing 
 resulting possibly from inaccuracies and irregularities in 
 meter reading and errors in bookkeeping. An error leaves an 
 impression that is a long time in correction. The public ex- 
 pects the utility to be accurate in its work, probably expects 
 the super-human of the utility representatives, and if an error 
 is made unfavorable to the consumer, it is difficult to con- 
 vince him that it was not an intentional move on the part of the 
 utility to "gouge" him of his hard-earned money. 
 
 Accuracy of Registration 
 
 Electric energy and gas distributed by public utili- 
 ties is in this age practically universally metered. Water 
 service is furnished on both flat and metered bases. Accuracy 
 of registration of electric, gas and water meters is necessarily 
 extremely important since it is upon these devices that the 
 company* s return depends and by them is determined the amount 
 the consumer is to pay. Of these meters the electric meter is 
 
» 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
22 
 
 most complex. Its accuracy is affected by voltage, frequency, 
 amount of load and the power factor of the energy in the cir- 
 cuit. The accuracy is affected by abnormal conditions, such as 
 short circuits, lightning disturbances, vibration and rough 
 handling. Gas and water meters are more rugged and their accu- 
 racy not so likely to be affected, and yet the accuracy of a gas 
 meter, for instance, is very appreciably affected by temperature 
 conditions while impurities in water ultimately affect the accu- 
 racy of water meters. Notwithstanding all this, the accuracy 
 of these instruments is exceptional and the more experienced an 
 individual becomes with a meter, the more dependence he seems 
 willing to place in it. The general tendency of all meters 
 that have been in service some time is to run slow, although 
 occasional instances can always be found where meters over- 
 register, sometimes excessively. 
 
 The best studies of tests of electric, gas and water 
 meters indicates that periodic tests should be made on electric 
 meters at intervals ranging possibly from two and one-half to 
 four years, at intervals of five to seven years for gas meters, 
 and at intervals up to ten years for water meters. The fre- 
 quency of all tests on all kinds of meters should depend some- 
 what upon the amount of revenue derived from the particular in- 
 stallation which is in general more or less governed by the 
 size of the meter. The Public Utilities Commission of Illinois 
 has seen fit during the last year to extend from two and one- 
 half to four years the intervals of tests on all small alter- 
 nating current meters which meet the requirements of the 
 National Electric Light Code. The results of thousands of 
 

 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . ' " 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 , 
 
 • ‘ 
 
 , 
 
23 
 
 tests on gas meters made by one large gas utility in the country 
 during the past few years appears to indicate that the accuracy 
 of gas meters is retained very well until the meter has been in 
 service between seven and eight years, after which time the 
 tendency to under-register becomes marked* The Public Utili- 
 ties Commission of Illinois has extended the interval on gas 
 meters from five to seven years. 
 
 The question is often raised whether meters register 
 accurately on varying voltage or whether an electric light will 
 consume more electricity if turned off and on repeatedly In- 
 stead of burning steadily, A large number of electric con- 
 sumers have been found under the impression that meters show 
 no decrease In registration when voltage is low. With a view 
 of determining accuracy of watthour meters at different voltages, 
 we have carefully conducted a test, results of which are 
 plotted on Plate III, from which it appears that watthour meters 
 register slightly in error when voltages above or below normal 
 are impressed. The curve referred to shows results of tests 
 made on a Sangamo type W H" meter. Within commercial ranges of 
 voltage (10 per cent above or below normal) the error has been 
 found to be less than one-half per cent. It is interesting 
 also to note that the meter over-registers slightly where the 
 voltage is below normal and under-registers where the voltage 
 is above normal, a condition probably contrary to what would 
 occur to us on first thought as being logical. The character- 
 istic curves of the Sangamo watthour meter as shown on Plate IV 
 show that except for very light loads (below 8 per cent of 
 normal) the meters are slightly fast for voltages below normal 
 
. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
24 . 
 
 and slow for voltages above normal, the amount of error depend- 
 ing on the load. This must not be taken to mean that meters reg- 
 ister more energy when the voltage is low. The reverse is true. 
 Registration is practically proportional to voltage, for con- 
 stant current, but if the voltage is 90 per cent of normal the 
 registration will be about 90.3 per cent of normal; that is, 
 the meter will register about 0.3 per cent more energy than is 
 actually consumed. 
 
 To determine the effect of varying voltages on watt- 
 hour meters we recently conducted a test where the accuracy of 
 three meters of entirely different type and construction were 
 compared. The voltage was suddenly changed from 0 to normal 
 many times during the test. The results appear to show that the 
 effect was to introduce no error greater than about 1 per cent. 
 This is of course a very extreme condition and conclusively 
 shows that variations of voltage within commercial ranges have 
 no appreciable effect on electric meter accuracy. Other tests 
 show that no appreciable error was introduced when the current 
 was varied continuously from 0 to normal. 
 
 Records, Tests, Surveys, etc . 
 
 There are a large number of matters not directly af- 
 fecting the consumer which are of vital importance in our opin- 
 ion in the proper conduct of a public utility business. Rec- 
 ords, tests, surveys, etc., upon which establishment of ade- 
 quate service is based, are matters which the utility cannot af- 
 ford to neglect. It has been our experience that in numerous 
 cases public utility representatives have stated, and honestly,. 
 

 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 . ' 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25 
 
 believe - that they have had no interruptions to service. It may 
 even be that their representative consumers, provided the public 
 attitude is favorable, may not recollect discontinuity. A re- 
 view of records conscientiously and accurately kept will reveal 
 the fact, however, that interruptions have occurred. The advan- 
 tage of a record in such a case is obvious. A short outage now 
 and then, especially at a time when it least inconveniences the 
 consumer, is likely to be forgotten readily. Several such in- 
 terruptions, however, if recorded and made proper use of, will 
 impress the management with the necessity of giving attention to 
 these matters of service. 
 
 Voltage or pressure surveys invariably reveal condi- 
 tions more or less serious, the existence of which was perhaps 
 not even suspected. Or it may be that the subordinate repre- 
 sentatives of the utility may not pay proper attention to the eli- 
 mination of unfavorable service conditions, which if brought to 
 the attention of the general manager or other official through a 
 study of records will be given immediate and serious considera- 
 tion. 
 
 The question of testing all kinds of meters has been 
 given more or less consideration and efforts have been made dur- 
 ing past years to demonstrate the financial importance of giving 
 attention to the accurate registration of the meters. Such 
 tests, however, are only partially effective if records, includ- 
 ing monthly or annual summaries, are not kept. A tabulation 
 which will show the general tendency of all of a utility* s meters 
 to under-register will be given the consideration it deserves by 
 a well managed organization. The tester himself, or perhaps his 
 
26 
 
 immediate superior, will not be impressed with the importance of 
 establishing the accuracy of meters in the aggregate; his time 
 is too much taken up with the routine of his work. 
 
 It may be true that some old over-organized public 
 utilities where some representatives have a hobby of developing 
 forms and creating, rather than eliminating, office routine, 
 will be burdening the utility with many excess, and perhaps 
 duplicate, records. The reverse, however, is generally true, 
 and it is safe to say that by far the larger proportion of 
 public utilities suffer from lack of records rather than from 
 a superfluity. 
 
 In the Appendix are shown samples of suggested forms to 
 be used in keeping records of interruptions, meters, meter tests, 
 station operation, etc. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 . 
 
 * 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
27 
 
 IV. 
 
 REGULATION OF PUBLIC UTILITY SERVICE 
 
 Development of the Public Utility 
 
 Certainly one of the outstanding features of the economic 
 development of the world has been the amazing widening of the 
 public utility industry. The water utility supplies the greatest 
 human necessity and has solved the problem of private and public 
 sanitation. The street railway by facilitating travel has made 
 possible the present large American city without the congested 
 slums adjacent to factory districts. Gas and electric utilities 
 have brought heat, light and power in every conceivable form to 
 supply individual comfort and needs. Telephone and telegraphic 
 systems have annihilated space, promoted the community welfare, 
 and furnished the facilities whereby all parts of the civilized 
 world are brought in almost immediate contact with each other. 
 Inventive genius developed these ideas, courageous individuals 
 promoted them and the public soon learned to give them its sup- 
 port. 
 
 Need for Regulation 
 
 Contemporaneous with this movement have naturally develop- 
 ed, as in any other enterprise, some of the abuses which have 
 laid the industry open to criticism. Some of the utilities were 
 formulated and exploited for speculative and unusual profit. 
 
 This led to distrust. There was developed then, more or less by 
 necessity, some sort of regulation to protect the public against 
 abuses and exploitation. The carrying out of the obligations of 
 the public service corporations created a necessity for a wiser 
 

 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 * 
 
 , - 
 
 * 
 
 , 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
28 . 
 
 system of regulation not only for the protection of the public 
 but partly to protect the utility from the abuses of the public. 
 
 The obligations of public service corporations are three- 
 fold. First, they should furnish an adequate and sufficient 
 service. Second, such service should be furnished at rates which 
 are reasonable to all classes of consumers. Third, these cor- 
 porations owe to the public from which their rights to operate 
 are derived and from which must come funds for their construction, 
 the obligation to treat it fairly in the issue of their securi- 
 ties. First of all then there must be a set of standards for 
 adequate service. A certain level of efficiency based upon the 
 best resulting economies must be maintained. Thorough inspections 
 and constant supervision must be carried out. 
 
 The functioning of electric utilities has created a need 
 for the establishment of maximum and minimum voltage limits 
 assuring efficient use of the consumers* lamps, motors and ap- 
 pliances. Meters should be periodically inspected and tested. 
 Consumers should be given information as to the conditions under 
 which their equipment can give the most efficient results. The 
 requirements for gas service must be a heating value standard 
 that will guarantee adequate cooking and lighting qualities. 
 
 The pressure standard must be fixed and the amount of different 
 constituents in the gas must be prescribed not only for the sake 
 of service, but for the protection of life and property of the 
 consumers. Telephone regulation involves the requirement of an 
 adequate standard of service and elimination of unnecessary de- 
 lays in answering calls and making connections. Regulation of 
 water utilities covers such matters as adequacy of fire pressure. 
 
' ■ 
 
 , ' • : 
 
 . . 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ’ , . 
 
 * - 
 
 » ' 
 
 * 
 
 
 
29 . 
 
 sufficiency of pressure for domestic uses, purity of water supply, 
 accuracy of meters and adequacy of the source of supply. Demands 
 for extensions of gas and water mains and electric lines must be 
 passed upon and the ability of a plant to earn a reasonable return 
 has to be considered in connection with proposed extensions. Ex- 
 pert theories of additional cost as against a basis for adequate 
 return on the entire investment are problems too comprehensive to 
 be delegated to local prejudiced and unqualified authorities. In 
 the street railway field are many equal technical details to be 
 taken into consideration when increase service, line extensions 
 or rate changes are demanded. It is recognized further that the 
 utility should not be allowed to exact more than a reasonable 
 rate and the security must bear a proper relation to the property 
 represented. There is an implied obligation on the part of the 
 public that the investment devoted to the service under regula- 
 tion shall be protected. For the just enforcement of these 
 obligations some agency must be responsible. There can be no 
 guess work or snap judgment or prejudice or political expression 
 in regulation. The community and national Interests involved 
 are too important to permit haphazard work. 
 
 Regulation vs. Competition 
 
 It was only natural that In the early periods of develop- 
 ment a form of regulation was to be found in competition. The 
 theory of competition as practiced in the utility business has 
 been found unsound in that duplication of equipment and mainte- 
 nance costs resulting therefrom have made it economically in- 
 advisable to throw the field open to this form of regulation. 
 
 There is still competition in telephone service in a good many 
 

 
 
 
 ? : 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 , 
 
 - 
 
 , 
 
 ’ 
 
 ♦ 
 
: aBsa a.d'j ■ jt- ■ ■■- " ■ ■■■- ■ - » ■■■ — ■ ■■ ■ ' ~~~ ' ■■ ~ ' ■ ■ .. ; 
 
 30 . 
 
 localities. If regulation by a central body properly functions, 
 there is no need for duplication as in competitive practice. Of 
 all industries the telephone utility business has been recognized 
 as standing foremost as a natural monopoly. We have all visited 
 towns where two or three telephone systems have no physical con- 
 nection. We have found it necessary to go to two or three differ- 
 ent locations in order to talk directly to the parties in demand. 
 
 The business man finds it necessary to pay for service from two or 
 three different companies in order to secure the business of all 
 the public. 
 
 There was early recognized the monopolistic characteris- 
 tics of the public utility enterprises and with the development 
 of correct public thinking a demand arose for the establishment 
 of some sort of regulation by properly selected bodies. It is 
 only through the encouragement and protection of just and reason- 
 able laws, rules and regulations established through the instru- 
 mentalities of unbiased bodies of experts that the public utility 
 industry has been stabilized and the utilities made recipients of 
 a large amount of the capital of the people. Millions of people 
 in the United States directly or indirectly have interest in 
 public utility securities. This capital attracted by the recog- 
 nized stability of the industry has made possible the provision 
 of public utility service in almost every city and village in the 
 United States and has brought the telephone and electric facili- 
 ties into a large number of rural communities. These investments 
 should be safeguarded. It Is in the interest of the utilities, 
 and of the public as well, that provision for any class of public 
 utility service be confined to one agent. It makes for economy. 
 

 
 
 
 , 
 
 - 
 
 , 
 
 ; 
 
 
 , 
 
 - 
 
 - '• 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 * 
 
 * ’ ' : 
 
31 
 
 It is also in the interest of the utilities and the public that 
 the regulation employed be such as to attract capital and make 
 for the most efficient and economical use of the facilities em- 
 ployed. 
 
 Source of Regulatory Power 
 
 I assume therefore that there will be no argument against 
 the statement that there must be somewhere vested the authority 
 and ability to solve the intricate problems of public utilities 
 to the end that the shortcomings may be discovered and the cor- 
 rect remedies applied. The authority to regulate public service 
 enterprises has always rested in sovereignty, which means under 
 our form of government that whatever power is or may be exercised 
 by a city, village or town over public service corporations must 
 be specifically granted to it by the Legislature. Exercise of 
 any regulatory power by the State then cannot operate to deprive 
 cities, villages or towns of a power v/hich they never possessed. 
 The Supreme Court itself has repeatedly answered the question of 
 the right of a state to delegate to such authority as it chooses 
 the right to administer the affairs of the state. The following 
 Supreme Court opinion is typical of those frequently expressed 
 by that body: 
 
 "Over all public and governmental powers 
 exercised by the municipal corporation, the cor- 
 poration acts as the agent of the State and the 
 State is essentially supreme." 
 
 State vs. Local Regulation 
 
 The treatment of this subject necessarily centers around 
 the question of the relative merits of state or centralized 
 regulation and local regulation. Sincere opposition to state 
 

 
 
 ■ . • 
 
 )■ 
 
 l 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 • 
 
 , 
 
 ’ 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • ' 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
32 . 
 
 regulation is entitled to a respectful hearing and fair treatment 
 as is a sincere defense of it. Probably the most severe indict- 
 ment of state or centralized regulation of public utilities as 
 voiced by its opponents may be summed up in the statement, "State 
 regulation is wrong in principle because it deprives the cities, 
 villages and towns of the right and power to administer certain 
 of their own local affairs and thus tends to destroy civic pride 
 and responsibility." 
 
 An analysis of any comprehensive study reveals the fact 
 that cities seek to enforce obsolete and impossible franchise 
 terms, and yet in the face of this we find cities making un- 
 reasonable demands that the State in its regulation of public 
 utilities require that franchise requirements be held inviolate. 
 It is a matter of common information that operation under fran- 
 chises keeps utilities in local politics, and we believe that 
 the demand for local regulation now being made by certain ele- 
 ments is an outgrowth of public misunderstanding. Municipali- 
 ties are in no position to regulate issuances of securities and 
 certainly in no position to attempt regulation of those utilities 
 extending their fields outside the municipal limits, which in 
 this era is undoubtedly true of a large percentage of the total. 
 Cities encourage wasteful competition between utility companies. 
 The utility regulation is not deemed a function of local govern- 
 ment and it has been demonstrated beyond all reasonable doubt 
 that cities are unable to carry on work now performed by State 
 commissions, nor are they able to bear the expense of efficient 
 utility regulation even if they were competent to conduct the 
 work. Should the State choose then to leave in the hands of the 
 municipalities the question of regulation of rates and service of 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ’ 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 
 
33 
 
 public utilities, it is the usual condition of affairs that the 
 city could not afford the expense of a body equipped and qualified 
 to intelligently determine the reasonableness of a rate or quality 
 of service and establish standards therefor# When analyzed in 
 every detail we are unable to cite any clear outstanding reason 
 why public utilities should be locally controlled, and we believe 
 that the political demands for such local regulations appeal pri- 
 marily to the selfish motives. 
 
 Utilities rapidly outgrew the condition of being local ser- 
 vants • Telephone lines extended from state to state, coast to 
 coast, and throughout rural communities. Even the local lines 
 emanating from the exchanges in the towns or cities served sub- 
 scribers outside the corporate limits as well as inside. Electric 
 and gas central station plants began serving many communities from 
 one large plant- often as many as one to two hundred. Transporta- 
 tion systems ran outside cities; in fact, most of the business 
 was often conducted between municipalities, leaving but a small 
 amount of the business to be conducted within the city. Persons 
 living within a radius of one hundred miles or more of a central 
 station might be affected by its services, and rebelled against 
 accepting regulation provided by municipal authorities of the town 
 or city where the central plant might happen to be located. A 
 state-wide interest, not a local one, immediately came into exist- 
 ence. Cities and villages found that if they were individually 
 to attempt regulation of rates and service, each would have to 
 create commissions of highly skilled experts, and that there would 
 probably be continuous conflict between the commissions of the 
 various municipalities. It would still leave the utility without 
 
, 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 . . . - 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
34 
 
 regulation outside the city limits. That the state acting for 
 all the cities and for all its citizens having voting power is 
 better situated to undertake such regulation than the cities act- 
 ing independently is no longer open to serious consideration. 
 
 Home Rule 
 
 When so empowered by the Legislature a municipality may, of 
 course, undertake local regulation. It may provide regulations 
 in its franchise, it may regulate by ordinance or pass new ordi- 
 nances as the occasion demands to meet new situations. It may 
 create a local board or commission. As we have already seen, 
 however, any one of these methods would be incompetent to cope 
 with the situation where the system extends beyond the municipal 
 limits . 
 
 The law has established protection to property and it is 
 a narrow minded assumption to consider that a question of rates 
 or quality of service can be determined by anybody at any time. 
 Facts, not guess work, must govern regulation. If a local com- 
 mission or a common council that has been given the power to do 
 so should fix a rate for a public service corporation, it must 
 be able to prove in court that the rate fixed is reasonable. 
 
 The Home Rule exponent is too often mistaken in his impression 
 of what constitutes liberty of action. Does he think that 
 privileges granted him by virtue of citizenship in a free coun- 
 try are curtailed because he, as a member of a city council, can- 
 not dictate that the local utility shall furnish transportation 
 for five cents, electricity for seven cents a kw-hr., or gas at 
 eighty cents per thousand cubic feet? Without pausing to comment 
 on the legal right of a State to delegate through its legislators 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : ' 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 . , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
35 
 
 to an organization of expert engineers and accountants, let us deal 
 merely with the business aspect of the problem and note the fal- 
 lacy of the theory or belief that a public good is done by reduc- 
 ing a public utility's rates below that necessary to give a return 
 which will attract capital and permit the business to prosper, A 
 quotation from the United States Supreme Court is here pertinent: 
 
 "Our social system rests largely upon the 
 sanctity of private property; and that state or 
 community which seeks to invade it will soon dis- 
 cover the error in the diaster that follows. The 
 slight gain to the consumer which he would obtain 
 from a reduction in the rates charged by public 
 service corporations is as nothing compared with 
 his share in the ruin which would be brought about 
 by denying to private property its just reward, 
 thus unsettling values and destroying confidence." 
 
 Assume, however, that a municipality possessed an unlimit- 
 ed right to reduce rates and no redress were possible in court. 
 
 The abuse of such practice would soon demoralize the industry and 
 break the back bone of its business in the community. The local 
 utility's business is not, can not be, foreign to us. Consider 
 the innumerable benefits it brings to us which we could not pos- 
 sibly enjoy, and without which our home nurtured businesses would 
 not find it possible to compete with the world. An illuminating 
 engineer has recently said: "A well lighted city will stabilize 
 
 business, increase the value of real estate, reduce crime, and 
 bring in more people as visitors, investors and buyers of the 
 town's product." He might have added that without electric power 
 industries could never be attracted to a city. Without it we 
 cannot live as a cog in the machinery of industry. We are living 
 and working not alone for ourselves but also for those who are, 
 and are to become, our own, and for all others in so far as their 
 interests and their welfare are common with ours or affected by 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 . ' 
 
 . 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 • « 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
36 * 
 
 ours* W © must not lose sight of the fact that our individual wel- 
 fare is so related to the welfare of the aggregate that we can not 
 but heap injury upon ourselves by stimulating agitation against 
 any branch of industry with a view or effect of dwarfing it. This 
 is especially true of public utilities. Not to mention the direct 
 financial effect on the holders of public utilities' stock and se- 
 curities, there is a broader effect, and a very vital one, upon 
 the welfare of the community in which we live. A further damage 
 to our business or that of our neighbor merchant or manufacturer 
 would be caused by discouraging extensions or preventing develop- 
 ment of the sources of those public utility commodities upon 
 which the welfare of our community, of the State, or of the 
 Nation depends. This is the true phi li sophy by which those who 
 are sane and intelligent and conscientious are guided. Upon such 
 philisophy are based all economies, all developments and all pru- 
 dent action. 
 
 Invalidity of Ordinance Contracts 
 
 There seems to be prevalent throughout the state, especial- 
 ly at this time, an impression that if given Home Rule city au- 
 thorities can make rates that will be binding, whereas the funda- 
 mental principle of the constitution has established the fact 
 that the courts will give relief where it is necessary. Home 
 Rule means nothing in making firm and stable rates for any speci- 
 fied period if conditions warrant a change in those rates. It is 
 the contention of certain city authorities that rates should be 
 fixed in accordance with franchise ordinances and that these 
 rates should exist without change during the life of the ordi- 
 nance. Even though the proper authority were delegated to the 
 
- 
 
 
 
37 
 
 cities by the state, no community could fix a franchise rate that 
 could not be changed when conditions warrant. 
 
 It has been repeatedly held by the Public Utilities Commis- 
 sion of Illinois that under the Public Utilities Act the Commission 
 has power over rates and service of public utilities regardless of 
 provisions contained in ordinances or contracts. The case of the 
 City of Chicago, et al, appelle, vs. Wm. L. O’Connell, et al, grew 
 out of an order entered by this Commission relative to service of 
 street cars operated by the Chicago City Railway Company and the 
 Chicago Railway Company in the city of Chicago. In passing on 
 this matter the Supreme Court held: 
 
 "The regulation of public utilities is one 
 phase of the exercise of the police power of the 
 State. The police power may be exercised by the 
 Legislature directly, or it may be exercised in- 
 directly by conferring the power on agencies 
 created by the Legislature. The power is an at- 
 tribute of soveriegnty and is primarily vested 
 in the Legislature, which has the right to re- 
 call at any time from the agency to which it has 
 been delegated, and after being recalled to retain 
 it or confer it upon some other agency of govern- 
 ment. In the exercise of this power the State may 
 interfere whenever the public interests demand 
 such interference, and in this particular a large 
 discretion is necessarily vested in the Legislature 
 to determine not only what the interests of the 
 public require, but what measures are necessary for 
 the protection of such interests." 
 
 A contract between a public utility and a consumer may be 
 considered analogous to a contract ordinance. In the case of the 
 Union Dry Goods Company v. Georgia Public Service Corporation 
 the United States Supreme Court held: 
 
 "It is settled that neither the * contract’ 
 clause nor the ’due process* clause has the effect 
 of overriding the power of the State to establish 
 all regulations and are reasonably necessary to 
 secure the health, safety, good order, comfort, or 
 general welfare of the community; that this power 
 

 
 
 
 » 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 * 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
38 
 
 can neither be abdicated nor bargained away, and is 
 inalienable even by express grant; and that all 
 contract and property rights are held subject to its 
 fair exercise." 
 
 We firmly believe that franchises, if enforced, would in 
 the main cause more dissatisfaction due to the absurd and impos- 
 sible provisions existing in most franchises than now exists on 
 the part of municipalities on account of the alleged curtailment 
 of municipal privileges. 
 
 State Regulation 
 
 It has therefore been recognized that the utility is 
 charged with a public duty, and therefore should be regulated by 
 the public, and that the public in turn owes a duty to the indus- 
 try which is regulated. It is recognized that this regulation 
 could not be secured and enforced without the creation of semi- 
 judicial bodies clothed with the wide powers of investigation, 
 composed of men having a judicial sense of fairness and employing 
 men highly skilled and experienced in their line of technical or 
 accounting work. So generally is this condition now understood 
 that within the last fifteen years forty two states have created 
 commissions with ample authority to protect both the public and 
 the industries to the end that rates for the necessities of life 
 supplied by these industries shall at all times be reasonable, 
 free from discrimination and adjusted to yield a reasonable return 
 on the fair value of the property. 
 
 Purpose of Regulation 
 
 The regulating body must first undertake to determine what 
 is essential to good service, or, in other words, what the user 
 of the commodity really needs, keeping in mind always that the 
 

 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
39 
 
 maximum service for each unit cost to the user is one of the 
 first essentials in establishing standards. All of the items 
 hereinbefore mentioned should be given consideration, the util- 
 ities should be informed of the requirements, and facilities for 
 determining quality of service provided by both the regulating 
 body and the utilities. In general, the purpose of the regula- 
 tion should be to insure (1) adequate and continuous supply at 
 all times and for all parts of the territory served; (2) safety 
 for the users of the commodity and for the general public; (3) 
 proper maintenance of the producing plant and the distribution 
 system; (4) intelligent conservation of national wealth in coal, 
 oil, gas, and other natural resources of the country; and (5) 
 fair return to the operating company. 
 
 Establishment of Service Standards 
 
 One of the first important duties of a body attempting 
 regulation of service is the establishment of standards of serv- 
 ice. The Illinois Public Utilities Commission Law contains the 
 following provision: 
 
 "The commission shall have power to ascertain, 
 determine and fix for each kind of public utility 
 suitable and convenient standard commercial units 
 of service, product or commodity, which units shall 
 be lawful units for the purpose of this act; to as- 
 certain, determine and fix adequate and serviceable 
 standards for the measurement of quantity, quality, 
 pressure, initial voltage or other condition pertain- 
 ing to the performing of its service or to the fur- 
 nishing of its product or commodity by any public 
 utility, and to prescribe reasonable regulations for 
 examining, measuring and testing such service, pro- 
 duct or commodity, and to establish reasonable rules, 
 regulations, specifications and standards to secure 
 the accuracy of all meters and appliances for examin- 
 ing, measuring, or testing such service, product or 
 commodity. " 
 
 In 1914 the Public Utilities Commission of Illinois 
 
40 
 
 established a set of rules and regulations establishing standards 
 of service for gas and electric utilities and subsequently es- 
 tablished standards for water and telephone utilities. From time 
 to time consideration has been given to the need for making cer- 
 tain changes and amendments in the requirements, and such modi- 
 fications and additions have been made as the conditions appear 
 to warrant. 
 
 Inspections and Investigations 
 
 A corps of specialized engineers was early organized and a 
 system of inspection throughout the State instituted. Investi- 
 gations are made upon complaint or upon the Commission^ own 
 motion. They may be "special'' for determining whether the grade 
 of service is commensurate with an established or proposed rate 
 or may be "routine" to determine the general character of serv- 
 ice and degree of compliance with the Commissions requirements. 
 
 It is the function of the service inspector to make a 
 study of the various subjects discussed hereinbefore and to ob- 
 tain such thorough knowledge of each that he is able to assign 
 a grade which will fairly represent the degree of perfection at- 
 tained. He must examine voltage and pressure charts, look over 
 the distribution system of an electric utility or examine maps 
 to determine points where the gas or water pressure is likely 
 to be low, and make a study of the pressure at such points. If 
 it appears advisable he makes tests of the service without know- 
 ledge of the utility. This is especially advisable if a fair 
 idea is to be obtained of the average conditions prevailing when 
 the voltage is hand regulated and it is also true, perhaps to a 
 lesser extent, when a determination of the heating value of gas 
 

 r 
 
 - 
 
 , ■ 
 
 - ' 
 
 - ' ^ ‘ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
41 
 
 Is to be made. There is a human trait in each one of us which 
 by nature calls upon us to put our best foot forward and to con- 
 duct ourselves in such a manner as to make the best impression. 
 For instance, if a utility representative is aware that an in- 
 spector is making tests of the system voltage, it would be only 
 human for him to put forth a little more effort to see that bet- 
 ter conditions of voltage prevail. 
 
 The investigator should interview city authorities and 
 representative consumers. There are often feelings of dissatis- 
 faction on account of action taken by the utility which may not 
 be revealed through an examination of the utility’s records or 
 by an inspection of its service. It may have to do with conduct 
 of the utility in matters which could not possibly come to the 
 attention of an inspector. Inspections are made of the records 
 to determine the quality and progress of the meter testing and 
 some tests are possibly supervised. In case telephone service 
 is being investigated, a number of calls are made with a view of 
 determining the promptness of operators, their phraseology, and 
 the accuracy of connection. Inspections may be made in a few 
 hours or may require several days. It is usually necessary in 
 order to get a fair idea of the service to continue the investi- 
 gation through at least one peak period. 
 
 Results not Methods to be Prescribed 
 
 In the establishment of service standards the Commission 
 is prescribing results and not methods by means of which the 
 results are to be obtained. The Supreme Court has held that a 
 commission has no authority to interfere with the broad dis- 
 cretionary powers of utilities in the conduct of the details of 
 

 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 , 
 
 - 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 . . 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 ■* 
 
42 
 
 their business, considering that that is a problem which is to 
 be determined by the utility itself as it is to be the sole 
 judge of the manner in which results are to be obtained. 
 
 In accordance with the decision of the Supreme Court only 
 the results to be accomplished by the companies may be prescrib- 
 ed and the companies are permitted to bring about these results 
 by any means which they may choose to employ# The operating 
 engineer is generally in a much better position to determine the 
 most economical methods of procedure than is the technical staff 
 of the regulating body. There are exceptional cases in which 
 the regulatory authorities find it necessary to overrule the 
 choice of methods employed by the company. For instance, an 
 electric utility may be required to maintain a standby plant, 
 possibly under sufficient steam to operate the machinery if serv- 
 ice from a transmission line is unsatisfactory or inadequate. 
 
 It may be necessary to make occasional suggestions as to the 
 methods rather than to order the specific procedure by which the 
 improvement is to be effected. 
 

 
 — N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ’ ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ♦ 
 
 : ' ■ : ‘ . ;• 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
43 . 
 
 V. 
 
 DETERMINATION OF COMPARATIVE VALUE 
 OF SERVICE 
 
 Need for Service Rating 
 
 In connection with our extensive study of service matters 
 throughout the State, we have seen a need for comparing gas and 
 electric service in various communities. The necessity for 
 such development arose out of the fact that it was difficult, 
 practically impossible, to state specifically in any manner how 
 the service of one utility or in one town compared with that in 
 another community although there appeared a need for such com- 
 parison. In one town the continuity may be good and voltage 
 regulation poor. In the community with which comparison is 
 desired the voltage regulation may be good and the continuity 
 of service unsatisfactory. In many respects the service In one 
 might be better than that in the other, while in other respects 
 the service in the other may be better than in the first. In 
 the absence of some form of abstract grading we have not been 
 able to answer intelligently an inquiry as to the relative 
 standing from the service point of view of two utilities. It 
 was therefore found necessary, if comparison was to be made, 
 to develop a method that would give some means of determining 
 the relative grade of service in the two. 
 
 It has been the usual practice of inspectors employed by 
 regulatory bodies to report a rule either as violated or as 
 complied with. This must necessarily be true. For instance, 
 if a few meter tests are overdue, technically speaking, the 
 rule is violated and must be reported as such. The result is. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
44 
 
 a large number of rules may be reported as violated when the 
 service is truly good. The number of rules violated does not, 
 therefore, fairly indicate the character of service rendered. 
 Frequent interruptions of service is a violation of one of the 
 rules as is failure to properly record two runs during a meter 
 test. But obviously the first far outweighs the other in im- 
 portance. Actual conditions of service are manifestly much more 
 important than are the records indicating the conditions of 
 service, and yet either may violate a rule. In other words, it 
 is a violation of a rule if the continuity of service is un- 
 satisfactory. It is also a violation of a rule to keep no rec- 
 ord of interruptions, although the interruptions may be exceed- 
 ingly rare. One violation is more serious however, and the 
 utility should not be given the same amount of discredit or 
 criticism. 
 
 Grading of Service 
 
 The plan as developed and shown hereinafter in detail 
 shows at a glance the degree of perfection attained in each 
 phase of service as each is given a grade. To take care of the 
 relative greater importance of one over the other, the grade as 
 assigned by the engineer is multiplied by a given weight, the 
 value of which depends on the importance of the factor. For 
 instance, a constant of 30 is given where continuity of service 
 is graded, whereas 5 has been chosen for use where records are 
 considered. The total of the weights is 100, so that the var- 
 ious grades may be multiplied by the respective constants and the 
 products added. The final result so obtained is divided by 100 
 to give the resultant grade of service. It would seem upon first 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
45 
 
 thought that an adequate method could not be devised on account 
 of the large number of varying conditions and the different 
 opinions of inspectors. It is a matter of common knowledge, 
 however, that grading systems upon which dependence is placed 
 are used in schools and colleges, although the course of study 
 may be entirely different and taken under different instructors. 
 Did we not know that grading systems are in use we might say 
 that a grading system could not be satisfactorily used in edu- 
 cational institutions. Of course, no grading system can be 
 devised except it be dependent, more or less, upon the judgment 
 of certain individuals and upon approximations, but the method 
 herein explained has worked very satisfactorily. 
 
 The forms used in grading gas and electric service are re- 
 produced below. They are stenciled on the back of the routine 
 inspection sheets (see Plates V and VI) and the grading is 
 done by the engineer making the investigation. The grades 
 are checked against the report to insure uniformity of opinion. 
 This checking is done by some one other than the engineer mak- 
 ing the investigation. The forms show the items that are 
 taken into consideration and the relative weights assigned. 
 Grades have been assumed for the various factors and the grad- 
 ing carried out to illustrate the manner in which the form is 
 filled out at the time of the inspection. 
 
46 
 
 The following form is used in grading service of gas 
 utilities . 
 
 Conditions of Service 
 
 Weight 
 
 Grade 
 
 Weighted 
 
 Score 
 
 Pressure ( Including interruptions ) 
 
 30 
 
 96 
 
 2.9 40 
 
 Heating Value 
 
 15 
 
 90 
 
 / 3 SO 
 
 Handling of Complaints 
 
 lo 
 
 es 
 
 6 3 s O 
 
 Purity 
 
 5 
 
 70 
 
 3SO 
 
 Meter Testing 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 2 00 
 
 Construction and Maintenance 
 
 5 
 
 60 
 
 300 
 
 Adequacy of Capacity 
 
 Provisions for Emergency 
 
 Adjustment of Bills 
 
 5 
 
 60 
 
 300 
 
 Information on Bills 
 
 Extension 'Policy 
 
 Furnishing New Service 
 
 Consumers* Attitude 
 
 6 
 
 6o 
 
 400 
 
 Records 
 
 Record of Interruptions 
 
 
 70 
 
 3 SO 
 
 Pressure Surveys and Records 
 
 O 
 
 Records of Heating Value 
 
 
 70 
 
 3 SO 
 
 Records of Purity 
 
 0 
 
 Records of Meters and Tests 
 
 5 
 
 / OO 
 
 SOO 
 
 Records of Complaints 
 
 5 
 
 O O 
 
 000 
 
 Final Grade 7q.9o 
 
47 
 
 The following form is used in grading service of elec- 
 tric utilities. 
 
 Conditions of Service 
 
 Weight 
 
 Grade 
 
 Weighted 
 
 Score 
 
 Continuity of Service 
 
 30 
 
 95 
 
 2650 
 
 Voltage Regulation 
 
 15 
 
 GO 
 
 1200 
 
 Handling of Complaints 
 
 10 
 
 GO 
 
 GOO 
 
 Meter Testing 
 
 ... . g 
 
 70 
 
 3 50 
 
 Construction and Maihtenance 
 
 5 
 
 90 
 
 4 50 
 
 Adequacy of Capacity 
 
 c 
 
 65 
 
 425 
 
 Provisions for Emergency 
 
 o 
 
 Adjustment of Bills 
 
 
 
 
 Ini' ormat ion on Bills 
 
 5 
 
 50 
 
 250 
 
 Extension Policy 
 
 
 Furnishing New service 
 
 
 
 
 Consumers 1 Attitude 
 
 5 
 
 QO 
 
 400 
 
 Records 
 
 Record of Interruptions 
 
 : 5 
 
 : 40 
 
 200 
 
 Voltage Surveys and Records 
 
 : 5 
 
 : o 
 
 : ooo 
 
 Records of Meters and Tests 
 
 : o 
 
 : qo 
 
 : 400 
 
 Record of Complaints 
 
 : 
 
 : 50 
 
 : 2 50 
 
 
 Final 
 
 Grade 
 
 7&75 
 
48 . 
 
 In order to insure uniformity of opinion and so far as 
 possible to eliminate the element of personal judgment, the fol- 
 lowing instructions have been prepared for use in grading serv- 
 ice of electric utilities. 
 
 Continuity of Service 
 
 Few short interruptions, at time when least 
 
 serious, deduct 0 to 3^ 
 
 Few long interruptions, at time when least 
 
 serious, deduct 5$ 
 
 Few short interruptions, at time when most 
 
 serious, deduct 10$ 
 
 Few long interruptions, at time when most 
 
 serious, deduct 20$ 
 
 Many short interruptions, at time when least 
 
 serious, deduct 20$ 
 
 Many long interruptions, at time when least 
 
 serious, deduct 30$ 
 
 Many short interruptions, at time when most 
 
 serious, deduct 40 to 50$ 
 
 Many long interruptions, at time when most 
 
 serious, deduct 50 to 75$ 
 
 For failure to notify Commission of inter- 
 ruptions , deduct 15$ 
 
 For failure to notify consumers of contem- 
 plated interruptions, deduct .. 10$ 
 
 Note: If no records of interruptions are 
 
 kept, give not more than 90$ 
 
 Voltage Regulation 
 
 To determine reduction in grade where voltage regulation 
 for lighting purposes is unsatisfactory, multiply per cent of 
 total consumers affected by 1 to 5, depending on degree and fre- 
 quency of violation. Use the following constants where daily 
 variation is beyond limits allowable for lighting service. 
 
 If 1-5 per cent outside limits, use constant 1 
 If 6 -10 " " " " " " 2 
 
 If 11 -15 " " " " » » 3 
 
 If 16 -20 " " " " " " 4 
 
 If 21 -25 " " " " ” " 5 
 
49 
 
 To determine reduction where voltage variation for power 
 purposes is unsatisfactory, multiply the per cent of total con- 
 sumers (lighting and power) affected by 2 to 10, depending on 
 seriousness of violation. 
 
 Note: If no records of results of utility* s sur- 
 
 vey are available, give not more than .... 90$ 
 Handling of Complaints 
 
 Grading on this is to cover courtesy of employees, prompt- 
 ness and efficiency in disposing of complaints, success in sat- 
 isfying complainants, and is determined by judgment of the in- 
 
 spector. 
 
 Note: If no records of complaints are kept, 
 
 give not more than 90$ 
 
 Meter Testing 
 
 a. If initial tests are not made, deduct 10$ 
 
 b. If installation tests are overdue (depend- 
 
 ing on per cent of tests, and length of time, 
 overdue), deduct 1 to 20$ 
 
 c. If periodic tests are overdue, deduct 1 to 
 
 4 per cent for each per cent of meters over- 
 due in accordance with the following: 
 
 If 1 to 6 months overdue, deduct 1$ 
 
 " 7 to 12 ** " " 2$ 
 
 ” 13 to 18 " " " 3$ 
 
 " 19 to 24 " " " 4$ 
 
 d. If proper testing facilities and equipment 
 
 are not provided and checked (depending on 
 seriousness of violation)deduct 1 to 15$ 
 
 e. If testing is not done in accordance with 
 standard practice, or where proper methods 
 
 are not employed, deduct 1 to 20$ 
 
 f. If request tests are not willingly and pro- 
 perly made, deduct 10$ 
 

 
 
 
 
50 
 
 Not©: If initial tests only are made, allow not 
 
 more than 10$ 
 
 If Installation tests only are made, al- 
 low not more than 20$ 
 
 If periodic tests only are made, allow 
 
 not more than 70$ 
 
 Construction and Maintenance 
 
 Grade to be based on condition of plant and lines. De- 
 gree of compliance with standard construction requirements, 
 character of maintenance, possible hazard, and probability of 
 impaired service are to be considered. 
 
 For each per cent of transformers not grounded 
 
 as required, deduct 2$ 
 
 Adequacy of Capacity 
 Provisions for Emergency 
 
 If capacity is inadequate (depending on like- 
 lihood that inadequacy will cause interrup- 
 tions), deduct 1 to 25$ 
 
 If provisions for emergency have not been 
 
 made (depending on likelihood that lack of 
 
 such provision will cause interruptions), 
 
 deduct 1 to 75$ 
 
 Note: When a town is served from a trans- 
 
 mission line, consider possible 
 sources of supply. Base conclusions 
 as to need for additional provisions 
 for emergency on past performance as 
 indicated by interruption records. 
 
 Adjustment of Bills 
 
 Billing 
 
 Extension Policy 
 Furnishing New Service 
 
 If refunds on over-registering meters are 
 
 not made, deduct 1 to 15$ 
 
 If bills are not sent, or if improperly or 
 inaccurately made out, if unsuitable form 
 is used, or billing in any other way unsat- 
 isfactory, deduct 1 to 15$ 
 
 Depending on degree of compliance with rule 
 covering line extensions, and on promptness 
 in making extensions, deduct .1 to 50$ 
 

51 
 
 Depending on promptness In furnishing new 
 service where line extensions are not nec- 
 essary, deduct 1 to 20$ 
 
 Consumer's Attitude 
 
 Grading to "be determined by judgment of inspector. 
 Record of Interruptions 
 
 Grading to be determined by judgment of inspector. 
 
 If separate record is not kept, deduct 20 % 
 
 If duplicate record is not kept in local of- 
 fice, deduct 15 % 
 
 Voltage Surveys and Records 
 
 Grading to be largely determined by comprehensive- 
 
 ness of survey. 
 
 For failure to keep records, deduct 1 to 20 % 
 
 For failure to provide recording voltmeter 
 
 where required, deduct 1 to 15$ 
 
 For failure to keep recording voltmeter in 
 
 continuous use, deduct 1 to 15$ 
 
 If duplicate records are not kept in the lo- 
 cal office, deduct 15$ 
 
 Records of Meters and Tests 
 
 If meter record is unsatisfactory as to form 
 
 or completeness, deduct 1 to 40$ 
 
 If meter test record is unsatisfactory as to 
 
 form or completeness, deduct 1 to 60$ 
 
 If duplicates of these records are not kept 
 
 in the local office, deduct 10 to 20$ 
 
 Record of Complaints 
 
 Grade to be determined by judgment of inspector, con- 
 sideration being given to form and completeness of record. 
 
 If duplicate records are not kept at local 
 
 office, deduct 15$ 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
52 
 
 The following instructions are for use in grading service 
 of gas utilities. 
 
 Pressure (Including Interruptions) 
 
 For each per cent of consumers affected by unsat- 
 isfactory pressure (depending upon extent to 
 which variation exceeds allowable limits) deduct 1 to 5$ 
 
 Deduction for interruptions to be determined by 
 
 judgment of inspector. 
 
 For failure to notify Commission of long inter- 
 ruptions, deduct 15$ 
 
 For failure to notify consumers of contemplated 
 interruptions, deduct 10$ 
 
 Note: If no records of interruptions are kept, 
 
 give not more than 90$ 
 
 Heating Value 
 
 a. If the average of the inspector* s tests shows the gas to 
 be below the standard of 565 but above 530, deduct i per cent 
 for each B.t.u. below the standard. Deduct 3 per cent for each 
 B.t.u. below 530. 
 
 b. If the utility* s tests show the monthly average to be be- 
 low the standard of 565, deduct 2 per cent for each B.t.u. below 
 the standard. 
 
 Note: If no records of results of the utility *s 
 
 tests are available, give not more than . 90$ 
 
 Handling of Complaints 
 
 Grading on this is to cover courtesy of employes, prompt- 
 ness and efficiency in disposing of complaints, success in sat- 
 isfying complainants and is determined by judgment of the in- 
 spector. 
 
 Note: If no records of complaints are kept, give 
 
 not more than 
 
 90$ 
 

55 
 
 Purity 
 
 For each per cent of tests showing presence of 
 hydrogen sulphide (depending on amount of hy- 
 drogen sulphide present) deduct 2 to 5$ 
 
 Note: If no records of hydrogen sulphide tests 
 
 have been kept, give not more than .... 90 $ 
 
 Meter Testing 
 
 a. If initial tests are not made, deduct 25$ 
 
 b. If periodic tests are overdue, deduct 1 to 3 
 per cent for each per cent of meters overdue 
 in accordance with the following: 
 
 If less than 12 months overdue, deduct 1$ 
 
 If 13 to 24 months overdue, deduct • • 2$ 
 
 If 25 to 36 months overdue, deduct 3$ 
 
 c. If proper testing facilities and equipment are 
 
 not provided, (depending on seriousness of vio- 
 lation), deduct 1 to 15$ 
 
 d. If testing is not done in accordance with 
 
 standard practice, deduct 1 to 20$ 
 
 e. If request tests are not willingly and proper- 
 ly made, deduct . 15$ 
 
 Note: If initial tests only are made, give 
 
 not more than 25$ 
 
 If periodic tests only are made, give 
 
 not more than ...» 75$ 
 
 Construction and Maintenance 
 
 Grading to be based on condition of plant and distribu- 
 tion system. Character of maintenance, possible hazard and 
 probability of impaired service are to be considered. 
 
 Adequacy of Capacity 
 Proivlsfons for Emergency 
 
 If capacity is inadequate (depending on like- 
 lihood that inadequacy will cause interrup- 
 tions) , deduct 1 to 50$ 
 
 If provisions for emergencies have not been 
 made ,( depending . on likelihood that lack of 
 * such provision will cause interruptions), de- 
 duct 1 to 50$ 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
54 . 
 
 Adjustment of Bills 
 
 %mTng 
 
 Extension Policy 
 FurnishYng N ewsservice 
 
 If refunds on over-registering meters are not 
 
 made, deduct 1 to 15$ 
 
 If bills are not sent, if improperly or inac- 
 curately made out, if unsuitable form Is used 
 or billing in any other way unsatisfactory, 
 deduct 1 to 15$ 
 
 Depending on degree of compliance 7dth rule 
 covering main extensions and on promptness in 
 making extensions, deduct 1 to 50$ 
 
 Depending on promptness in furnishing new 
 
 service where main extensions are unnecessary, 
 
 deduct 1 to 20$ 
 
 Consumer's Attitude 
 
 Grading to be determined by judgment of inspector. 
 
 Record of Interruptions 
 Pressur e Surveys and Records 
 
 Grading to be determined by judgment of inspector. 
 
 Grading on pressure surveys to be largely determined 
 
 by comprehensiveness of survey. 
 
 For failure to keep recording pressure gauge In 
 
 continuous use, deduct 1 to 15$ 
 
 For failure to provide recording pressure 
 
 gauge , deduct 15$ 
 
 If duplicate records are not kept in the local 
 office , deduct 1 to 25$ 
 
 Records of Heating Value 
 RecorcHT of Purity 
 
 If records of heating value tests are not pro- 
 perly kept or are unsatisfactory as to form or 
 
 completeness, deduct 1 to 50$ 
 
 If records of purity tests are not kept, de- 
 duct 1 to 50$ 
 
 If duplicates of these records are not kept in 
 local office, deduct 10 to 20$ 
 
55 
 
 Records of Meters and Tests 
 
 If meter record is unsatisfactory as to form 
 or completeness, deduct 1 to 40$ 
 
 If meter test record is unsatisfactory as to 
 
 form or completeness, deduct 1 to 60$ 
 
 If duplicates of these records are not kept in 
 
 the local office, deduct 10 to 20$ 
 
 Record of Complaints 
 
 Grade to he determined by judgment of inspector, consider- 
 ation being given to form and completeness of record. 
 
 If duplicate records are not kept in the local 
 office, deduct 15$ 
 
 Merits of Grading System 
 
 One of the important advantages of this development is 
 that anyone may readily determine from the grading report the 
 relative condition of each feature of the service, and tell 
 whether it is good, medium or poor, A study of the routine 
 inspection forms for gas and electric service (see Plates V. 
 and VI) shows that the engineer’s report indicates the rules 
 violated and the manner in which they are violated. The grad- 
 ing which is given on a form stenciled on the back of the 
 routine inspection sheet shows at a glance the degree to which 
 compliance has been effected, A grade of 90 or 95 will indi- 
 cate that a rule has been violated but only slightly so, where- 
 as a grade of 30 would indicate a flagrant violation. 
 
 From the point of view of a large public utility operat- 
 ing in several towns there is an advantage in being able to 
 show the average grade of service in all the towns on the sys- 
 tem compared with towns on some other system, and the relative 
 
56 
 
 status from a service viewpoint of the different towns on the same 
 system. Such a method of grading continued over a period of years 
 would give the regulatory body a means of comparing the general 
 condition of service between periods. For instance, the average 
 grade by months might be plotted over a period of years, and thus 
 indicate the gradual decline or improvement in the service from 
 one period to another. Were such data available for several years 
 past one might expect a curve plotted from it to rise from January 
 1, 1914 until probably 1917, when it would show a decline until 
 the latter part of 1920, when it would again begin to rise. Such 
 information would have an important statistical value. 
 
 It is believed further, and this has been demonstrated by 
 the use already made of the grading, that a rating of the differ- 
 ent towns in the matter of service tends to create a rivalry 
 among local managers of the same utility and between different 
 utilities, each striving to maintain an average above that of the 
 other. Excellent opportunity is presented for impressing local 
 managers with the importance of attention to the various details 
 that enter into the furnishing of service, and this is especially 
 true where the facilities and conditions under which the work 
 has to be done are about the same. We find that as utilities 
 become acquainted with the system they have a much better con- 
 ception of the value of the various factors entering into service 
 and are impressed with the importance of giving them attention. 
 They have also a better understanding of the Commissions work- 
 ings and become more familiar with the Commission’s requirements. 
 
 It is expected that inspections would be made less fre- 
 quently in towns where the grade shows a satisfactory service 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 * * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 -< - 
 
 
 
 
 * - 
 
 
 - V. 
 
 
 ' ' ; 
 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
57 
 
 while the interval between inspections would be shortened in com- 
 munities where the service was found relatively poor. 
 
 Influence of Local Management on Service 
 
 Service is admittedly dependent upon management, the de- 
 gree of influence depending upon the power and authority resting 
 in the manager* s hands. Where the service in a community is 
 furnished from a transmission line of a large system it may be 
 argued that the character of service is beyond the control of 
 the local manager. The table given below furnishes interesting 
 figures, representing the extent to which the grade of service 
 may be influenced by the local management. This is, of course, 
 only approximate and is based upon an assumption of the extent 
 to Which the local man has authority in certain service matters. 
 It has been compiled upon the assumption that meter testing and 
 voltage surveys are under the supervision of the central office, 
 over which the local manager has very little, if any, control. 
 
 It is also based upon the assumption that the authentic records 
 of interruptions must come for the load dispatcher of the sys- 
 tem, and for that reason a record of local interruptions only 
 originates with the local manager. The compilation shows that 
 even under these conditions the local manager may influence the 
 grade received for electric service by 41.25 per cent when the 
 grading is done on the basis outlined above. 
 
, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 
 * ’ ' t 
 
 ~ 
 
 . 
 
 rr • * 
 
 * 
 
58 
 
 Phase of Service 
 
 Weight 
 
 Contribution 
 
 of 
 
 Local Manager 
 
 Possible 
 Influence on 
 Final Grade 
 
 Continuity of Service 
 
 30 
 
 25 % of 
 
 Grade 
 
 7.50 
 
 Voltage Regulation 
 
 15 
 
 75 % 
 
 u 
 
 tt 
 
 11.25 
 
 Handling of Complaints 
 
 10 
 
 100 % 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 10.00 
 
 Meter Testing 
 
 5 
 
 10 % 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 .50 
 
 Construction and 
 Maintenance 
 
 5 
 
 25 % 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 1.25 
 
 Adequacy of Capacity 
 Provisions for Emer- 
 gency 
 
 5 
 
 0 % 
 
 If 
 
 it 
 
 .00 
 
 Adjustment of Bills 
 Information on Bills 
 Extension Policy 
 Furnishing New Serv- 
 ice 
 
 5 
 
 4 : 0 % 
 
 If 
 
 it 
 
 2.00 
 
 Consumer's Attitude 
 
 5 
 
 25 % 
 
 If 
 
 it 
 
 1.25 
 
 Record of Interrup- 
 tions 
 
 5 
 
 50 % 
 
 It 
 
 it 
 
 2.50 
 
 Voltage Surveys and 
 Records 
 
 5 
 
 0 % 
 
 If 
 
 it 
 
 .00 
 
 Record of Meters and 
 Tests 
 
 5 
 
 0 % 
 
 It 
 
 tt 
 
 .00 
 
 Record of Complaints 
 
 5 
 
 100 % 
 
 It 
 
 it 
 
 5.00 
 
 < 
 
 41.25 
 

 
 -* 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *• 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
59 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 PLATE 
 
 I. Curves showing characteristics of mazda multiple 
 lamps . 
 
 II. Curves showing characteristics of mazda series lamps. 
 
 III. Curve showing accuracy of watthour meters at differ- 
 ent voltages . 
 
 IV. Curves showing accuracy of watthour meters at differ- 
 ent voltages and loads. 
 
 V. Routine gas service inspection form. 
 
 VI. Routine electric service inspection form. 
 
 VII. Suggested form of bill for small electric utilities. 
 
 VIII. Suggested form of bill for large electric utilities. 
 
 IX. Suggested form for acknowledgment of complaints. 
 
 X. Suggested form for report of high bill complaints. 
 
 (Two sheets) 
 
 XI. Suggested form for complaint record. 
 
 XII. Suggested form for electric meter test card. 
 
 XIII. Suggested form for summary of electric meter tests. 
 
 XIV. Suggested form for electric meter history card. 
 
 XV. Suggested form for summary of gas meter tests. 
 
 XVI. Suggested form for gas meter test card. 
 
 XVII. Suggested form for station record. 
 
 XVIII. Suggested form for voltage survey record. 
 
 XIX. Suggested form for report of inspection and test of 
 
 gas meter prover. 
 


 l ; 'Ji 
 
 
 
-iywy' 
 
* 
 
 
 
 
* ■• «■■■« m h^bb aaaaaaaaa a «a»BBB»ajia aaaaa aaaaa «b ■*•.«••■■■ unaBaaaa: 
 
 iionrvn. iaa»aaar»HMH*iii«M«d««4ia «■■■«« umiaBiir* - 9m*v*Bm***+ Jam r« 
 u«aiaa*iiiai.a!i«iMri*iiiMaaiaK>>ia»aMBaa»«*idiuiK a am- c luvnaatak^ 
 
 B bbb b aaaaa m./BBB bbbb a aa*«a Biaaa<aiaaa«a»«aa»> Haiamaa ak«aB>»aaii.nBa»«k 
 ••aaaaiaB.MiaiaaiBav/viMaMBiauaaianMaaiBaaaitiau »a6a mi a»ik^ 
 
 iBaiaaM^iiMHaaaaix.aMaiiaMiaaaaifiiHaiafliiaaaaa • DT A 'Pm 1 TTT ainiaaiMiiam 
 
 Jl Jjjfi X JGj X X X • 
 
 - aacaiB^aaBaniaiai^.i a a a a ■_* a a aajia«|*fi a a a «aaaaaaaa a a^ « a a a a a a 6 m a a t* w r*. r* • i»aaa« * *■ a a| a r ■ 1 ^ a» a aa ■ a a* •« • *aa ■ - ,J 
 
 jriiaaBkiBf Mui 
 
 aa aaa aaaBfr«*aaa «*«.-*** aaaaaa it* aai 
 ««aacsfltaaaaaaaai7* eae»v«av«aaa 
 
 aaaaat aaaaaaw aattpaa I 
 - jaaaaaaa 1 
 
 BVhaMkaiaiHaflr^af^aitaaBiBaasaiHiaiaaiaRinaBHrBiiaM laRaaiaaBBaaiHaaBi 
 I«Iamaaaaa«aaaaa*. aakhaai-aiat aaaaaaaaBaaaaaaejaaaaaaaaaca ■ »aaaau«iaiitaaa«i 
 
 8 aa?aaaaaa •.'in.^aii'MaiaaaiiflaaRaaiiRBaiaaaaaMMaaaaaaaa kaaAaaaaaa aaaaa aa* 
 ■aaaitaaaw'iai -«a;.uaa •aamaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaBKaaa uaaaaaaK*aaBBBaaa 
 ■ ■■«MBBmiiit'*aa.' , c«aB*BfcB«aiBaaaaaaaBaaaaRBRaBNBaNaBaaaBii aaanaaaaa. aaaaaaaaa 
 
 B lIBBia 
 ■HHHaaMni 
 
 HBiaBBRijaa 
 
 bbibbmvbvx ^aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaanaaaaaaaaaaaapaaBfaaBaaaaaaBaaaaaas 
 
 r aaaaBBaaa’' ^wavsaaae aaBNabaa»aaiMauui>aafft>a«aaiiaaaaaauaaBaaBa 
 aiaaaaaa oaaaaai aa a a »«aaaaaawa-aaa <.a> iutn aRwaaaauaaaaaaaaaaa 
 
 ■■aaiiaaaBBaaa' aaaa aaaaaaaaa a a-iaaai 
 
 S BBaaaaaaaaaa'.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaai 
 aaaaraaaaar ^aaaaaaaaaaauaaaaaaaaai 
 
 iiaaaBaBaaaMaaaBBa aaaaa * bbbb I 
 
 ■ (t>H^Br^itku^aaia»>aai>^aaa] 
 
 aaaaaa aaa iaaaaaa i a aa aaaaaaaaaa I 
 
 r^BB’vxaa aaai taaataaaaBBiaaiaaaaai 
 ixaai ■•aaL «ii'an. ^aaaaaaaaa aaaaaai 
 gaaiKmaa.'^aaaxaao aaaaaai ^aaaaaai 
 haaaM a j - aat^iaa aaaaaaia^a aaaaaai 
 
 |X u«aa MMI I HMM — fl MM 
 
 aaai 
 
 B u« aa . 
 
 l«.taiaaiNMa»^ 
 a k aa>«aaixk«aai 
 
 laaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaBaBaaaiBaBaii aaaaaaxaaBaauaaaBBaaaar ,aaaaaBaaaKBaaaDaLjis< ,.it'Aa*>aai 
 BaBBBaBBBBBBBBBBBB«BBBB* IBBIB BBBBa IBaBiaaBBa Bf >B«liaiBBRB«B BBMfC «« »»■ R BB*B BBBB 
 
 aaaaaaiaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaar ^aaaaaaaaacaaaaa«««aaB9eaBBu<^Eaxa> 
 a aaaaa aaaa»#aaa r a«RilBanaiBaaaBBCKe aawaaoasaaBtraaaaJ 
 
 - - - --- ^aie«it!tiaM*atb<iei) 9 [jt>Ba 
 
 air aaje.ja' i-.- a 
 
 aamac/'iia* .ur. 7tsaa 
 
 aaaavaaaBiiaBBaBaB aaaaa aaaaa aaaaa aaaaa laaiBaaiBBiaaBr .cfeBauMBiaaaaiiaaaMBaBaaaBiMaBatMaaB 
 
 a aaBtfiRaaiaatBBBk aaaaa 
 
 a aaaaaaaiiaaaaaa aaaaaa 
 
 BB ‘ «l«aa'.ma'IB >MIIMai|llBBBBaMIIBiaaaBIIVBBJBHaBIBk«tfl IIH'I-, r;aah^. *«' « 
 
 Iriki aaik - aa. ■^aati»'aBBBBf , »*.aaaaan»*aea*ki«"’i’f,arMu. • :mr ■ .■ i*aad«aaaaaBii •a»c’ .r . • 
 
 K**a. iB 7 aa«. 4 i 3 ikBBBBBBrkiaKlBBBaB«BaB 8 flaaaaaKH«caBB 7 tfaa *a(aaaaaaaaasBBca aaaaaaa^ai 
 
 — — = - bbbb aBBiaBaiBBaflRBBiflBBBaaiiBiaaBBaiBaaaaaBaBBBBBBa aBfeaBaafacBacaaaBaaaaai^aa^ •aa.'.jaaxa 
 
 aaaaaa aaaaaBBBaa aaaaa aaaaa aaaaa aaaaa iBaaiaaaaiiiBBr ffiaiUMa^aMhniaBiiRVBan aaaaavocat oit- rt 
 
 aaaann 
 
 s 3 rKnaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa ■ 
 
 ■ *«ff%2>aa*aaBaBaaaaBBaaaaaaaa| 
 u mme a vnaaB - a., n ^maRiiaat I 
 
 .-;BlB«aBZS'BBaiaBaBBIBBBIBBaBl 
 
 (cyiatfBaaiBiieksaaaaaaiBaaia 
 
 TP Baa aaaaa bbbb*! aaaaa aaaaa aa 
 
 QMu£atJj£Mi3t»iiaajBaa«BaB| 
 
 BiaaaitasKaaaal 
 
 * b I 
 
 iiaur^aaa- 1 
 
 !iBiiaMBUHiflaiiBMia«Raaainaiia* iBBaaaaaia 
 iia3fiBiaaaaaBBaB fiaaaa aaaaa aaaaa aaii’ aaaaaaaaaa' 
 ■BBBMaBiaaaiaiaiaanaHaaaaaiaBBiflf jaiaaaaKaa3i 
 
 aaaaaaaaaa amBiBaaiaaiaaaaBiBiBiaaaaaaBBa 
 
 IBB 
 
 ■■■aaBiaaii laBaaRBiaiiaiaiiiiiiRBiiiRaan 
 a aaaaa aaaaaai 
 
 H iiiBiBBinakaBai kBmaaiaRaiBiaaiBBsvaaaisiiBRaaaaaaBBL _ 
 
 BaaaaaBiaaiaBBaaaaaiMBiniaaaaaan b|aaaaaiaaaa aaaaaaaaaa <kaaaaaaaaaMaaafrM»'.iiaiiuaB»RBaBiaaraaai»auuaiiK 
 EaBaaaaaaaBaaBaaaaaaaBBaaaBBaBBaaarafiaaaaaBiaaaaaapaaaBaa aaaBaaaaaiaBaiBaiBaaMBBaBBaBiiaaaiiaafRBaaaaBciiiMX 
 
 aa a aaaaaaaaa aaaaa aaiaaf rbbi aaaaa aa jib BB 6 BB aaaaa aaaaaaaaaa laaaaaMiBiiaaBB 
 Ka aaaaa BBiaaaaa^H a vaai aaaaa aaaaaa .■■a*«acBaaa«a **«£■ * ibb« aaaaa taaxpcaaaa 
 pBiiaiaaaaaaaiiBiaaaBBBaaiaiiur aaaaiaRRDiaaiLiiaB«MaBai raaac aaaaa aaaaaa: 
 
 * — laRtaaaiRaRRflBiRRRaRRaMRaa i«iiiaavik«aaaasaaa^" n-ci<a» aaaaa aaa 
 
 ■ aaaaaiiBaaaiaaaRaaaaaaia' »iiiM«BMiaiiimraniaiac 
 
 iR«aaaMiaaaa!iimiflR t aaar /anitaaii^wiij- ’H«; ■ 
 
 iiRH»RuaaiHRR«aRaBKvac aaiiiaxaBaaBKiBbiauiaiaiaai ■ HL 
 
 |RRRaBaRacBa«BRRaBRiRflBRRaiRRr /aaiMaaaiBBBaiB. irvBkkavukc «aasaa«iti aaaaa 
 
 |fiaaiRRMMKBaHaR>i«aiBRiRa 4 aiV .aiaiaaiaiaiBRiBai aaeaieu ' 
 
 BaaaiBiRRaaviBRBaacsi'adk ”ii' aaaaanvx » '.»■ 
 
 iBBaDBBaBBaBRisa<ai 3 £BaiBRaBBl 3 aaaaB«RRaeaaNiaiat 'aaaauRaaai 
 aaiaaowacaa aaaaanaaa iiKiaavit • - «mbb aaaaa aaaaa iv^Jaasaaiaar -*#■ 
 laBBaaaaaaaBBaaaaBPaBBBBaaaB-yaaa aaaaa «aix«araiif a« iiaa»aari «al 
 
 iBRaaaiaaBiBR BRRRBBiiaaiiBaaiaRBaaafaaRaBiv 
 
 :aa aaaaaaaaaBaaBaaaaaKaaaKv-a - 
 
 ai ••Ba 4 iaiaaaii»B«si 
 
 • iflRiBaaRRii faBRaBRaaaiaaBaflfliRiRiHiMBaiiaiaiRRBRaaai 
 
 — aaaaSaaaaaai 
 
 ia»BBLiBj«K!i«fta(<t 
 
 aaa; 
 
 •aaaaov F>aa<iiia«uaiai 
 
 __ I ___^aaaa»aaaaBaa ... . _ 
 
 • k waaaaaaBBBacBaaaa aaaaa aaaaa saafiaamaaa aaaaa aaapaaaaiaaa .'«aiaaiiar< -»| 
 aaaaBiBiBiBBaBRiBaiaaBMMiRiaaiiaiaaiiauktB .mBaaiaaaK <a ! ia !!!*!t . 11 1 
 aBaaaaBBBiaiBBaBaiiaaBiiaRaaHaBUBH«raaR 8 r«?i)^Mi»iiia*MaaBBRiiRrMl 
 
 aaaaBBaaaa i Taaaaaaaa%'al 
 
 iaaa«aiaBLkaR'<aaai(wiBl 
 : bRinf r.uc 'R-3* .. «isf“ il 
 
 . _ «aa aaaaaaaaaa i.. Mfanaa 5 
 
 h la ibiaisktaiA* aaaaaaaa*-- . " 
 
 » iaia»Ba^iactB«u.*i«i»aag I 
 aaaaaabaaaaB '<a>aaBMi»ail 
 feiaiMRa««»Ba«^u>;^iiiRBaaMaii»»aaaiaaiaiMal 
 liBBiRBiiRafRRaiRiiRiiaaaaiaaiRR maRtiaiRnil 
 aaaaa aaaaaaaaaa ■laaqaifBaiakBii .uiaBaaiiafal 
 
 laaaBiB ■■BiRaRaai an * aaraaaaaBBaaBaaBaBBBBBaaaa 
 
 iiBiaaaiiasRBiiaMaaaa WL 
 
 I j aaBiiRiiRaiBaBBaiaMiBBaBBiBiiiiiaiBaiBBaaiiiiaait.i 
 
 ■aaaaaaaa BaBaiaBaBBaiBaRiBaiiiBf>aBiHBaBiaiiaiiiBRiasBK» * 
 
 aBi«anB<R*kRaaajrjRfliiaavii:BM' i ■ • . e •. .. » « 3 ® a 
 
 m . - a aaaaa aaa bbbb aaaaa aaaaa aaaaaaaaa ■ lafnikiRiariiaaDa? 
 
 ■aaiaiiaaaaa .■aaaaBRRaaiii|MiiBiBiaaiiiaiiBaiaaniifii>i a* aaa* a jaaaKBiiaeaaaaaasamaaa 
 BaaaaaaaaSaf iaBaaRiRRnRRiaaaai«uaiBaiiiafRMRiiR«aaM< aa»cBaB<«taaiKa«ii» 9 . ip ' l }«KBBka 
 
 ■i «aaciiMaBBi| 
 
 fliaaaaiBURRa«aaaiiiiiiiBBitRR| 
 ■iiiaaiRHaRiiiRBaaaaaiUB«aii f 
 — ■iaiaaaaaaaaa«**aaaa | 
 
 aa wbrrbbi »iaaiRi»»BBRRRiiiaai 
 aaaaaaaaa' aBuiiiRBiiiaH«»aiiiii 
 
 c -iBiiaaaBaaaaiMaBBBBii 
 
 aaaaa — 
 
 BaaaiBEVti 
 
 ..Maaaaaaai 
 
 aaaaaaaaa! 
 
 iaaaBBBaai 
 
 aaaMaaaaaaa :*K>BQiaa«Ri«i!QBNiHBRiMHKiias»aaiaR<a^iBaR(': aa> 
 laRiBBiaiii 4 aaaa a a aaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaana aaa aa a& *»»?«« aaa bev*« n 
 
 gBBBRaaaaia a aaaaa aaaaa aaaaa aaaaa aaaaa Baaat aaaaa aasaaaar «4 aaaaa aaaaa Baaac.iiaazi a eraaaaa 1 - --- 
 
 bbbf aaaaaa aiaaiBiBaaiaaiiiana aaaaa aaaaa aaaaaaaaaa »R 8 ai<ja**aaaa*a*vsa«£ iBaiaBaaauiuakaMaakBkiaBB^v 
 
 aaa ibbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb aaaaa iiiib aaaaa aaaaa aaaaa aaaaa iiaamvaa a* hJBniBB»iBi 8 BanaiacBicaeBiviBBiar,ii aaaaa ■ 
 
 iwoSafTf ““ ‘ — iMiaRiiiiiRiRi»aaBaiiiiiiRaRiacaiMHiiaBiiaaaiaRaEMR»»airiBRiaiiiiBiMiaiii«aHii«aii>aiBiaiiaa 
 
 ■laaaiaaai ikkaiBkRUBaaaasBU.gn'^VBMsaifRaaas •*■» aRaiBHaaziiaaiaNMMriiBHfURf zrn 
 iiBBBBaaai aiiiiiiflaiiRaiiRiiHiiiBaB«iiRiiiiBaaaaaiiaiBiaiineaBiMaiiiHHiaa««RiaiBB«iaaa».iiniRU 
 flaiaaaiBai aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaa aaaa&aaaaaBBaaaaaaxa aaaaa aaaaa aaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaanaaaa 
 
 aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaa aaa aaaawiaRaaa.aaaBBiaa 
 
 HBBBBaaar aiBRMiBaRiiiaiBaBiaaaaRBMiaaaaiaaaMaaaRaaaBii aaaaaaaaaaaiaaBaaaaa aaiiiiaaia aaaaaaaaaa iiKiiniaiiiiaaiaiiianu ana a «•■■•■■■■■■■■■■■■»"? 
 ■aaaBRRi BaamaBimRaaakaKiaBiuaaaaaiaRaBiiipr'aaRiaaa icacaaaaakiisiaa£giBaiEac:.k;uk«aH« k' icakauavTiaiiBiaaa s *E* mn, *i55 r ' 5 ’••i!; ,a iS»55?22SS!5* 
 laaaaaaa iiBaBMiaRRiBBBaiMaiinRiiRBiaiaiiaBiflBiaaaiaaai MiiiacaBaiaiaaBiaBiaaaaaiiRRBmcBaaafaBaaMRaBaiiRaiiaai aaivatnutiiianiaiiiaiHiMRak 
 mmmmmmt <iaiaBaaaaBaiaMHiRaaBBai»BaBiBNiaiaiaa«aiiaaRb T.aiaa-eaaaaaaaa^ iihmui auaasaaaBaaaaaa >«ar a»o«ai«cir - aaaaa: 
 
 ■aaaaa v laaiBBaBaflMfliRiiiiaiBiaaaaiaaiBBiaiBiaiaaMaiaii iMaBaa*«aBBaaaaiaaiaaBaaiamBBBaaRBaiiiaBaaiiRaiiaB«aaakk.'iaMaaa*«BBiaaBaimBaBiauBBaaa 
 iiribib aaaaBBaai aiaaa aaaaa aaaaaaaaf a aaaaaaaaaB aaaaaa aaa a BaiBBiRiaiRiiRBaaBiiiiaaRaiaiaiiBiiBianiBiiBBaRRinRiiB&kfaRiRi 3 ~ i 
 
 iRBifki -aaaaaaaaa BasaaBiaeaaBawBBBBaaiiiB aaaaaa laaaa a kMikaaaBiBRiakiiaiaaakaaaaika'VHRaavckaaaEii ;a«iR'jaan« ' •*. - » a*t«rn..-. r , jih' -j \ 
 
 laaaaar aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaBaaaaaaaaBBaaaaBaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaa aaaaa bbbbw aaBamBBBBBBBBBa BaaaBBBBaaaaaaa*. aaaaa aaBaaaa ©*!.<• vaaa* aaaaa aiaif aaaaa aaaaa aaaaa I 
 
 lllail>RaiBaallaiaamiRaaiaB>RliaiR9l iBaMaaiiaafliflai>aiRiRaBaBiaBaBii 3 aBiBaiBiH»BRiiaRBEiRRBssRa«nRaaaii»iiBixaMRaBBiiMuaKl 
 
 aiBBiauRRaBaaiBaflRaiiaBRaaBaaiiiRaaRi aaaaa aaaaa aaaaBaaaaa BaaaaBaBaaaHBisaatkaiaaaMkaai eaaaiiackk aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaa aaaaa | 
 
 ■■bbbb 4 aaaaa aaaaa aaa a 
 
 ■nail HIM 
 ■»aa aaaa 
 ■jjia? 
 
 M aaaaaaaaaa aaaaa aaaaa laaaaaaaaaBBaai v aaaa aaaaa aaKiaakiaa saaaa a aaaa aavaataiaiMaikr anal* 
 aaaaa aiaaaaaaiB aaaiat aaBaaaaBBaaaaaa aaaaa auaaaBtieaa aaaaa aaaaaaaa vaaa^caaasaB aaaaaaaaaa a 
 
 ■ aaaRiifiRBiiRiiaiir 
 
 *Minaaaiiia?fBaaBax 9 i)iaiMag«Biaaiia«> *•«?.,; .-via -«a r 
 
 RBaRaaRiaRRURaaBaBaiRaiaaBRRaiaaRiiai laiaiaiiaaiaiia^ mt ■WW W— — 
 
 laaaa aaaaBaaaaa aaaaaRUiBBBaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaBaaBi u ■aaaBaaaiiaMiaaaiB laanara aaa aaaaa aaaaa BiaiRiaiiiRaaBiaae 
 laaaa aiBRaaaaai aaa BBaBBaaaaaaaaaaraflaRaaaBBaR aaiiaaaaiiiaaaaaiiaaBiiBiKaBaaaBiuaBBiaBaaiMiiaaaBMeitv 
 
 9 cBBiraiKBO ■■Ba«Baaaa aiiiBiBRaa I 
 b aaaaa aaa a a imaatititiciiPaiaiail 
 

i«n*urvs«o 
 
 )■■■■■■■■■■■■■■> 
 !■■■■■ ■■■■■nail 
 
 !■■■■■■■! 
 
 !■■■■■■■! 
 
 mmwr aaaaaaai 
 
 muiiiiii 
 
 ):»:sbsssk: 
 
 
 IIIIBMIIEai 
 
 iiiSiiiiiiiiai 
 
 i iiHlii-illifi 
 
 laaaaBaaaaBi 
 
 iiauaiafliai 
 
 
 
 IESBB 
 
 
 laaaaaai 
 
 laaaaaBi 
 

 
 
 
 
 
MM) 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 STATE PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION OF ILLINOIS 
 
 ROUTINE GAS SERVICE INSPECTION 
 
 2 
 
 y 
 
 , Manager 
 of Service 
 al Sales 
 
 ERAL: consumers as of 
 
 complaints from to 
 
 ling of complaints 
 •funds made for fast meters? 
 rtant changes in staff 
 
 iriews 
 
 ots: Utility records Insp. records 
 
 'EM : Local works or pipe-line supply? 
 
 are in street mains 
 
 isions and alterations 
 
 RATION: Is force sufficient? 
 
 oinmission’s requirements? 
 
 cu. ft. 
 191 
 
 City 
 
 Inspector 
 Date Inspection 
 Last Inspection 
 Rules Violated 
 
 Date Memo. 
 Date Reply 
 Exemptions 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Dist. 
 
 Attitude 
 
 Forms Clippings Spec. Rept. 
 
 Is capacity adequate? 
 
 Provision for emergencies 
 Extension policy 
 
 Are operators technically capable of understanding and carrying out the 
 
 they been informed of these requirements? 
 
 npiions from to 
 
 pours duration Max. duration 
 
 JlTENANCE: Quality 
 
 TNG FACILITIES: Quarters 
 
 ttneter Location 
 
 sulphur equipment 
 
 t plant Portable gage 
 
 JTY OF GAS: 
 
 : Total Partial 
 
 Tests and inspections 
 Prover 
 
 H 3 S apparatus 
 
 Recording pressure gage at office 
 
 SUMMARY OF TESTS OF QUALITY. 
 
 Heat Value 
 
 
 
 Utility. 
 
 
 Inspr. 
 
 Purity of Gas 
 
 
 Utility. 
 
 
 
 Inspr. 
 
 hs 
 
 JStS 
 
 • req. aver. 
 
 • req. min. 
 nly a vg. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;; 
 
 — " ... 
 
 No. Total S. tests 
 
 No. outside limit 
 
 No. H 2 S tests 
 
 No. H 2 S present 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ERS AND METER, TESTS: No. of meters in service 
 
 xls of testing - Not tested within five years 
 
 SUMMARY OF ROUTINE AND COMPLAINT TESTS. From to 
 
 % Accuracy 
 
 D.R. 
 
 Leak 
 
 80 %- 
 
 80-90 
 
 90-95 
 
 95-98 
 
 9S-100 
 
 100-102 
 
 102-105 
 
 105-110 
 
 110+ 
 
 le tests 
 
 
 • 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 laint tests 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SURE CONDITIONS: Quality Pressure surveys 
 
 PRESSURE RECORDS. 
 
 Address 
 
 _ 
 
 Date on 
 
 Size of Main 
 
 Size of 
 Service 
 
 Distance to 
 Station 
 
 No Demand 
 Pressure 
 
 24 Hour 
 
 % 
 
 Variation 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■*- • — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 - 
 
 • 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 **' 
 
 
 
 
 •RDS AND FORMS: Complaint record Pressure records ’ Meter history record 
 
 al test record . * Summary of meter tests 
 
 1 of interruptions Bill form Record of quality tests 
 
 IRKS: 
 
 
• • • v* • 
 
 
 : 9 
 
 s?§aji ptSx? slapSjfl jo s-paooeg : 
 
 : : : 9 ! 
 
 jo spjooejj; 
 ani'RA Suxi-eag jo spaooejjl 
 
 : ■ 5 : 
 
 spjocey; pirr s^eAJtig ajussajg;. 
 suot^cTtujsjui jo p-ioosg*. 
 
 • 3pjO03g : 
 
 ’ ; * 
 
 eprip 'my , s jsuid.suo q • 
 
 J * ♦ * 
 
 : : 9 : 
 
 ; ! ; g 
 
 ab taj eg Me]f Suxpspuxxijp 
 Ao x T 0.0 l oxo u .. ’ . a - 
 
 S I T .IK uo oroT^-erajojui; 
 s IITa J° JxtsuijsuTpY: 
 
 .toueSIe-pp” !xo j~oi:o pop Xoaj ’ 
 Appo'B'I'eQ jo Ao'stibspv* 
 acu'ei.io-iio'Tt.jj put? noxporuq.suoo] 
 
 ' " 9 
 
 SuppsSj, 39J3flr 
 
 
 ' ~~ " " “ 
 
 01 • 
 
 sjutuxloicg jo1?tixxpu-eg'’ 
 
 91 * 
 
 • • % 
 
 oxipp/T Sup^fejj* 
 
 * V. 1,' 
 
 * f sac x jcltm^ux ~ Srt pptixc-aj y 33 ns s 53<p ' 
 
 93oog ; 
 
 4 
 
 :P©^T9ii : sp'eJO : 
 
 soxA3ag jo suoppppuog: 
 
I5IHM) 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 ■•€6r#* i 
 
 PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION 
 
 ROUTINE ELECTRIC SERVICE INSPECTION 
 
 City 
 
 Utility 
 
 Official Title 
 
 Type of Service 
 Hours of Operation 
 NERAL: consumers of 
 
 complaints from 
 Handling' of complaints 
 Are refunds made for fast meters 
 Important changes in staff 
 Special report 
 interviews 
 Attitude 
 
 Inspector 
 Date Inspection 
 Last Inspection 
 , 19 Rules Violated" 
 to 
 
 Exemptions Granted 
 Billing 
 
 Pop. 
 
 District 
 
 STEM: Source of energy 
 
 Is capacity adequate? 
 
 Are secondaries grounded? 
 
 Line extension policy 
 ORATION: Is force sufficient? 
 
 the commission's requirements? 
 
 Have they been informed of these requirements? 
 interruptions (make general statement. Attach detailed 
 
 Character of construction 
 Extensions and alterations 
 Provisions for emergencies 
 Are operators technically capable of 
 
 record of interruptions) : From 
 
 understanding 
 
 to 
 
 and carrying out 
 
 INTENANCE: Quality 
 
 Inspections 
 
 ITCHBOARD INSTRUMENTS 
 STING FACILITIES: Quarters 
 
 Rotating- stds. Check meter 
 
 ’ort. rec. vm. 
 
 TERS AND METER TESTS: Meters, A. C. 
 
 Pests overdue Installation 
 
 Jethods of testing 
 
 SUMMARY OF ROUTINE METER TESTS.’ 
 
 % Accuracy 
 
 Secondary standards 
 Ind. wm. 
 
 Cal. cards 
 D. C. 
 
 Routine 
 
 Tort. ind. vm. 
 
 Ownership 
 Tests by Inspector 
 
 From 
 
 to 
 
 Light Load 
 leavy Load 
 jTAGE REGULATION: Method 
 
 Quality 
 
 5QUENCY REGULATION: 
 
 D. R. 
 
 Creep 
 
 -SO’ 
 
 8.0 -90 
 
 ■ 90-96 
 
 96-100 
 
 •100-104 
 
 Y04-110 
 
 110-120 
 
 120+ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Voltage Surveys 
 
 Std. Voltage 
 
 VOLTAGE CHARTS. 
 
 Name 
 
 Address 
 
 Distance from 
 
 Size Trans. 
 
 ; 
 
 Date on 
 
 ' 
 
 Date off 
 
 .Hours on 
 
 Max. 
 
 Min. 
 
 Std. 
 
 % 
 
 Variatior 
 
 •Trans. 
 
 Sta. 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 , 
 
 • ■ - 
 
 - - 
 
 ■*« 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10RDS AND FORMS.: Complaint record Voltage survey records 
 
 leter history record Orig\ meter test record Summ. of meter tests 
 
 station record Record’ of interruptions • ~ Bill form 
 
 ‘Explain nature of violations on back of this sheet. 
 
 i 
 
 (OVER) 
 
apsjc itciti 
 
 
 
 
 : 9 
 
 s + s 0 t, p,re s j’dia'n jc pjoogh 
 
 
 ,9 
 
 spjioospr pbe e Saving a&aVioA 
 
 
 : g 
 
 suoTpSnjjaial ‘ jo" pofobaH 
 
 epjooaK 
 
 • 
 
 g 
 
 apuat'4^.r ibaeaciBUOQ 
 
 
 
 aaiA-taS iaaM Satqstujn.i 
 
 
 5 9 
 
 Aoxjod uoTsuaii-xa 1 
 
 * , 
 
 
 sit xq tio uo % % aaao jrx I 
 
 
 
 silTS JO jxxaott.snt’pv 
 
 
 n 
 
 AouoSvi&ujJi joj suotaiAOJj 
 
 
 
 Apvo^cO jo Aoenbapy 
 
 
 : 9 
 
 QOusueq.tiL'BH =y uox?.onJcqsxioO 
 
 
 : 9 
 
 L S G jj 
 
 
 ' 01 
 
 squx^pcKnoj jo Str'iiibusH 
 
 
 v ““oe““ 
 
 - - - aotASag" jo" Tv jluux^T'.SD 
 
 : oaoos 
 
 
 
 5 pajq§xa/A 
 
 apeji) ^q^xa/i 
 
 •aoxAjag jo suoxqxpuoQ 
 
 ( s>ijuui8j Jdijjo joj put; seinj jo suotpeiotA jo uoij'BU'R[dxa joj apis sii{} asfi) 
 
 (aox) 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 > •' 
 
PLATE IX. 
 
 '."TATE PPBliiv ? ^I LXTIEl COtouSSI.,;: OF 
 
 Suggested Form for Acknowledgment of Complaint. 
 
 ACKliO WLE DGMEM! OF CGMPLAIOT 
 
 C ozjaple int He * Lat © 
 
 This acknowledges receipt of yours of 
 complain. ; that 
 
 This matter will have our prompt attention* 
 
 You will favor us by signing our workman^ re- 
 cord when the matter is adjusted to your satis- 
 faction. 
 
 Yours very trxuj 
 
 Co. 
 
 ky 
 
 Explanation:- The above form is intended for the acknow- 
 ledgment of written complaints. h j^ri r.fced .on pcs/r^arU’ 
 
 it Will facilitate such acknowledgment. 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 REPORT BY UTILITY OF A HIGH BILL 
 
 COMPLAINT. 
 
 Sheet 
 
 Name 
 
 Utility 
 
 Kind 
 
 Date 
 
 
 Name 
 
 Complainant 
 
 Address 
 
 
 Town 
 
 METER INFORMATION : 
 
 Date of purchase of meter above location and at present in use 
 Date set Date removed 
 
 lumber tests (a) date 
 Meter (b) date 
 inspected to(d) date 
 
 .Accuracy 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 Repairs 
 
 It 
 
 if 
 
 Date of purchase of meter formerly in use by complainant 
 
 at above location 
 
 )ate set Date removed 
 
 umber tests (a) date Accurac y Repairs 
 
 meter sub- (b) date " ft 
 
 j acted to ~ 
 
 ( c ) dat e " »* 
 
 ~ .--Transcript of complainant's account for 2 years previous to date 
 
 [ removal of meter in question or for the period meter has been in service 
 t above location. If gas has been measured by more than one meter, during 
 eriaa that this account extends overstate so specifically. 
 
 Gross Year Month Day Gross 
 
 “Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 March 
 April 
 June 
 July 
 August 
 Sept. 
 
 Oot. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 lioh bill or bills is in dispute 
 
 is complaint been made to utili.ty~relative to above diiputed hill 
 
 ear Month Day 
 “Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Oot. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 

 
 PLATE X continued. 
 
 
 
 REPORT BY UTILITY OP A HIGH BILL COMPLA IK T 
 
 sheet 2. 
 
 
 
 Was it investigated 
 
 Disposition 
 
 
 Any previous complaint of high bills 
 
 date 
 
 Wa« an inspection mads of installation by utility 
 
 Date . Results 
 
 Has complainant deposit with utility 
 
 Amount 
 
 Complainant ever shut off for deqlinquent bills 
 
 ■ Da ^ e : • No. times 
 
 Has utility ever .furnished service to complainant at other 
 locations 
 
 fa) address_ 
 
 fb) " 
 
 from 
 
 to 
 
 Remarks should include information that will describe 
 the credit of the complainant, promptness inpayment of bills 
 or other matter of importance bearing upon the cnmplaint. 
 
 REMARKS: 
 
 Prepared bjr 
 
 Approved by 
 
 Date 
 
i 
 
 
PLATE XI. 
 
 STATE PUBLIC UTILITIES COM SSI ON OF ILLINOIS 
 Suggested Form for Complaint Record 
 
 Mr 
 
 COMPLAINT RECORD 
 
 : (Letter 
 
 : Complaint No. (Person 
 
 ; ( Phone 
 
 : Received ,19 , by 
 
 Adjusted ,19 , by 
 
 Complains that 
 
 Complaint adjusted by 
 
 Time required 
 Material used" 
 
 Complaint adjusted to 
 my satisfaction 
 
 The above form is intended to show: the name and ad- 
 dress of a complainant; a number given the complaint for 
 reference purposes; how complaint was transmitted to com- 
 pany; by whom it was received and when; by whom it was ad- 
 justed and when; the nature of the complaint; how it was 
 adjusted; the labor and material required; and whether the 
 complaint was adjusted to the satisfaction of the complainant. 
 
 This form can be made up into pads. Then when a com- 
 plaint is received, a duplicate record can be made by use of 
 carbon paper, the original given to the workman instructed to 
 handle the complaint, and the duplicate pasted in a book. 
 
 When the complaint is adjusted,, this fact can be indicated by 
 pasting the original in over the duplicate in the book. 
 

PLATE XII 
 
 PUBLIC UTI LT^ TS3 COMMISSIO N QP ILLI N OIS 
 Suggested Po i for KleotrLc Meter Test Card. 
 
 
 
 Front 
 
 of 
 
 Card 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Back 
 
 of 
 
 Card 
 
 
 :Card 
 
 : Bo. . 
 
 (Name ox' Company) 
 Meter Test Card 
 
 Late 
 
 19 T 
 
 :Name 
 
 Address 
 
 
 : Location 
 
 ^Reason 
 
 11 
 
 : wake 
 
 Type 
 
 
 :Amp. 
 
 Volts 
 
 ~VTtb 
 
 JOIST'S 
 
 rnioz — : 
 
 ~c^T r el!o7~ 
 
 iManaara usea . — - 
 
 utaving 01 Mia. as 
 
 : Con .Load 
 
 used 
 
 — 
 
 found 
 
 Sealing left 
 
 : Pound Creeping? 
 
 Wot. Reg. 
 
 
 
 Teat as Pound 
 
 Bo ad * Rev. 
 
 3td. * Rev.Serv. 
 
 ! Error 'Remarks 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 « 
 
 
 • _ 
 
 • # 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 « 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 : ; 
 
 • ♦ 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 : ; 
 
 • 
 
 . • 
 
 #► 
 
 % 
 
 • 
 
 » 
 
 ♦ « 
 
 ♦ • 
 
 • • 
 
 
 Test as Left 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 ♦ 
 
 ♦ 
 
 • • 
 
 * • 
 
 ♦ % 
 
 . • _ __ • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 « 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 * 
 
 • 
 
 ! • 
 
 ♦ 
 
 • 
 
 * 
 
 : 
 
 • e 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 * 
 
 • 
 
 » • 
 
 • » 
 
 * « 
 
 
 Tester 
 
 
PLATE XIII 
 
 STATE PUBLIC UTILITIES C 
 Suggested Form for Summary 
 
 OMMISBION OF ILLINOIS 
 of I lectric Meter Tests 
 
 i i 
 
 I I 
 
 (Name of Company) 
 
 Summary of Electric Meter Tests 
 
 (Class 
 
 For 
 
 Month 
 Year - 
 
 19 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 — 
 
 Ave re 
 
 ;e di 
 
 for 
 
 
 i 
 
 ! Type 
 
 i 
 
 Reason 
 
 for 
 
 Test 
 
 Not 
 
 Reg. 
 
 ; li e 3 S 
 
 Creep- ;than 
 ing : 9Q/o 
 
 W 
 
 to 
 
 96 
 
 U6 
 
 to 
 
 1*0 
 
 100"“ 
 
 to 
 
 104 
 
 1U4 
 
 GO 
 
 110 
 
 Over 
 1 i 0/b 
 
 Re mar ks 
 
 Shop 
 
 Installation 
 
 Periodic 
 
 Complaint 
 
 Of fi c e 
 
 Shop 
 
 Installation 
 
 Periodic 
 
 Complaint 
 
 Office 
 
 Hhop 
 
 Installation 
 
 Periodic 
 
 Complaint 
 
 Office _ ' 
 
 SiTop ' 
 
 Installation 
 
 Periodic 
 
 Complaint 
 
 Office 
 
 Totals 
 
 Explanation: 
 
 One sheet should he used for each class (as specified in Ser- 
 vice Rule No. 24) of meter in use. 
 
 Under "Type" the manufacturer’s trade designation should he 
 given. The summary sheet should have sufficient space on it to 
 take care of the greatest number of different types represented 
 in any one of the periodic testing classes prescribed by the Ser- 
 vice Rules. 
 
 Shop tests are those made in the laboratory or meter shop of 
 the utility prior to installation. 
 
 Installation tests are those required to be made on consum- 
 ers' premises after installation. 
 
 Periodic tests are those made on consumers' premises at regu- 
 lar intervals, as prescribed by Service Rules. 
 
 Complaint tests are those made on complaint by a consumer. 
 
 Office tests are those originating with the utility and made 
 _tr a he purpose of investigating the cause of apparently incorrect 
 registration of individual meters. 
 
II IX 3TAJ<I 
 
 siu'il ui r :, \oi. n: DC 
 
 I'lIdlTU OLIITH 3TATS 
 8 * ' 9 ~ xcd '° 1 oiTtfoal : lo x:s.a..,asse ioI : mio'f AsiaesnurS «.- 
 
 ■ ■ •{ iqraoO 
 
 so'boA locj o." o I ■ i cJ" o 0 £ d i o y Termini 5 
 
 Q£ 
 
 d &noJ 
 
 TO'l 
 
 aeolOi 
 
 — , , ;i 
 
 ■ **" • — •— ... - — ■ — — ■ - - - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tO ii- 9 
 
 0 10 
 
 j , " •; 
 
 
 
 
 i : xUT : (JO. I 
 
 : 1ST ; Co ■ Oj 
 
 l^Co i : OII : AOf 
 
 0C 
 
 ocf 
 09 i 
 
 .. 
 
 o ' : nsri o ; - ;es'iO 
 
 t\0?: -gni 
 
 O' Oil 
 ■ •' 
 
 • f, v /* 
 
 noasoff 
 
 to! 
 
 •9qY : I. 
 
 
 
 -l 
 
 
 c L odi. 
 
 .. no id's Cledaxil 
 0x6oiT0? 
 inxBlqmoO 
 
 ©0 X_V 1_0_ 
 
 
 : : 
 
 
 
 
 qcrU 
 
 noxtfc .in clan I 
 oxJdOx'XsI 
 IxixBlnmoO 
 eoixxO 
 
 * 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 qor' 
 
 nolialx gj Gin I 
 ox. 5 oxis'-I 
 InxBlqnoQ 
 ; op x:. :.G 
 
 
 
 
 • l 
 
 
 qon ? 
 
 noitfsllglanl 
 oxJooinsI 
 dnxrlqnicO 
 g o i 1 1 0 
 
 i 
 
 ♦ 
 
 ■ j. 
 
 
 
 
 
 8l.£ii0? 
 
 • 
 
 - : 
 
 • ISC' fix .Osxiir, : 
 
 : noxtsnslcxcr 
 
 s) c s .010 rioaa iol ioogu 9o r AlxoAc -to oris o«0 
 
 i on lo (AS , oH oIxrH soiv 
 
 — JjXiroiia iiOiJ jii ji x 9i>x- x f a 1 laxi/AoBixinam oxi i ■ ,; 9c, .<,1" iQjbxxU 
 
 ■ 
 
 116 lo tetfaiuw ; o\ ' - j 
 
 . * aaluf.: , 9 olv 
 
 •° xOftS 'f -u':': 10 Hi Q&BCfi QEOdf SX-S, iSlSSl C V: 
 
 •xioiielislaxii ol TOinq y iiXitfxr 'erfj- * 
 
 -mr/anoo no Q-b-sr; so ox ' / ixc iljsi I ^zal 
 
 ■’ ; - ,2 96 
 
 -n-. ox uB e©ax;x x 1 sxsxiitranoo no sJ&Bfii ‘ osoxid* 9 X,g aleei ©iiniTsS 
 
 ■ " ' ; i 1 f • £ l 
 
 ■ ■ ‘ ■ Hi 
 
 . • i : t ■ t • ■ JQ 
 
 - - ' ! ri . . e ^ 
 
 ;• 
 
PLATE XIV 
 
 STATE PU BLIC UTILITI 1 *::.; CO; pX^IO N OP ILLINOIS 
 Suggested Form for Electric Meter History Card 
 
 — ‘ Feb .?_; . :I-.ay : Ju ne : Jul y ; Aug . :Sepl_. :Oct . :ITov. :I)ec 
 
 Meter Ho 
 Class 
 
 Make 
 
 Amp/ 
 
 Dial k 
 
 Date : 
 
 Set : Name 
 
 ( N am e of Co mp any ) 
 
 ELECTRIC METER RECORD 
 
 Test every 
 
 months . 
 
 "Volt s' 
 
 Type 
 
 Wire 
 
 Disc K 
 
 Maker's No, 
 
 Set 
 
 Removed 
 
 Addre ss :Date :Read :Date : Re ad ; Cause 
 
 Record of" Tests 
 
 Test 
 
 Card 
 
 No. 
 
 Reason : 
 for ; 
 Test ■ 
 
 As Round 
 
 As Left 
 
 : Light -Heavy : Light : Heavy ; 
 Date of: load: load: load; load ; 
 
 Test 
 
 fo 
 
 % 
 
 1o 
 
 :Error ; Error '.Error :Error 
 
 Repairs 
 
 and 
 
 Remarks 
 
 Date Purchased 
 
 Date Condemned 
 Reason 
 
 -pl-^arEon; - By use of colored steel flags a different mi 
 
 , v^hich can be clipped over the top edge 
 maicate when periodic tests are due it is 
 che cards for meters to be tested during 
 v- ueel flags can be obtained from the 
 
 of the card to 
 easy to pick out 
 an^ given month. 
 
 Library Bureau, 6 No, Michigan 
 
 Avenue 
 
 Chicago . 
 
- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ! :• 
 
PLATE XV 
 
 (Form for Gas Meter Test Summary*) 
 
 ; " " SiImmarY 
 
 ; (flame of Company) Mo:/th : : 
 
 • Year : 
 
 :Cla? : of: Years in: Percent Accuracy : 
 
 : Two : tervice: 9U- 
 
 90-95 
 
 9t>-9«:ya-iuu 
 
 100-102 
 
 105s-10b : lUb-Tlu 
 
 1IC7T 
 
 ‘ »pAfltr '‘m * 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 ♦ 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 : h«-pr.r^ : : 
 
 
 p • 
 • V 
 
 
 
 
 
 : Trmt.fil.t f-f- : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * “Int-jou • , „ ■ — 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 : _ ?*TJ=T 
 
 
 » 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 • « A 
 
 » :Over 6 : 
 
 
 • 
 
 0 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 • ; *4-5 ; 
 
 
 A 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 : Period rcJbi . 
 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 
 
 * • * S -**3 ° 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : fra : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : fb-T : 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 2 
 
 ♦ ♦ • 
 
 : :Qver 5 
 
 
 « 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 : : 4-5 : 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 : * : : 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 : -Td : 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 * V * 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 Note; The nr .her of meters tested each month or each year and found 
 to fall ujider tne headings noted above are to be entered on the test 
 summary* •‘■he same form of card may be used for both the monthly and the 
 
 ye&ily summary* 
 

PLATE XVI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , i 
 
 
 . 
 
 . - • -«»■*» -v - ► - — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ’ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 

PLATE XVII. 
 
 . . :/- : v 
 
 footed Form for Ltation Record 
 
 — 
 
 
 — • — 
 
 
 
 
 (Name of Company) 
 
 STATION . ilCORD 
 
 Condorclal ervico 
 
 . l'tnt started. 
 
 i* nt fchut down 
 Ho ure n.n 
 
 l oat J 
 
 — 
 
 
 street For vice 
 At dow n 
 
 Hours run 
 
 c-t lamv~'j 
 
 cn m 
 
 THe”’ Tu/1 nt i r 
 
 
 jccn'd . T.V r»c < r 
 
 Ik :OQ 
 
 li anight to neon 
 
 12:30 
 
 luaeter readings • at teeter or wattiiour meter) 
 
 Noon to ini^niKht 
 12:00 12:50 
 
 1:00 
 
 1 :30 
 
 2:^0 
 
 
 2:00 
 
 3:30 
 
 * S C0 . 
 
 
 
 
 [ • :C 
 
 5;30 
 
 1 ;00__ 
 
 
 1:30 
 
 
 
 
 3:00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5:30 
 
 6 ;00 
 ? lOQ 
 ■ 1:00 
 9:00 
 tO:CO 
 :::0C 
 
 
 6:30 
 
 8:30 
 
 
 10:i>C 
 
 
 6:20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i : 
 
 
 1C: SO 
 
 
 
 
 
 "-topped; clean}. ag boilers; Irs or troubles dti equipment; 
 
 interruptions In ©tract system ^oiratercial circuit - either total 
 r in oart, time off »r on, • itl- 'j.soa snd remedies# eriodic 
 .nitmeter readineu might also be taken ?Jh i ?b woul unbalance 
 
 cl (3. au" 3 iceep th t : slant at nti >. ?.bcut ?• r^# Readings 
 
 _ „ £ ^ uxU.ea<: utility : refer a to ac. to? _ 
 

 
 
PLATE XVIII 
 
 paste l ?onr for Volt • go ' vc Record. 
 
 ( Name of Com? .-nr) 
 
 70- - ‘ a.Vli D ^C0EL 
 
 Ho 
 
 
 «tv • ■ 
 
 “fx^iTfo rme r ’ • "T VolTa^e . 
 lo» & Locati on ;P1 • > of . tea *?.' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — — — 
 
 
 - — : — 
 
 if a ale 
 
 - — - - • • • - - - 
 
 •'.Lgn - o : u 
 
 standard * 
 
 r 3 nrrJv~y. 
 
 V-' ’ •• 
 
 Te; ter 
 
 5 net rw n- * > it & > . a s c 
 
 
 Explanation:- 
 
 T&i& form is «^r showing the results of a voli-ge 
 
 ■ jjve,v •' h. - r? r . in.‘t vol -19 ? h\"« ; ■ r; r - 3 
 
 aeed in case an indicating voltmeter is tise-d fox the 
 
 survey* 
 

 
 I . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PLATE XIX 
 
 STATE PUBLIC UTILITIES CGI II II S3 1 ON OF ILLINOIS 
 
 PROVER INSPECTION AND TEST 
 
 Place 
 
 Date 
 
 Company^ 
 Pr over 
 
 Capacity 
 
 Date Purchased 
 
 Accuracy Last Ohecked_ 
 
 Present Condition_ 
 By 
 
 Standard Used For Present Test 
 Accuracy of Standard - Start 
 
 Fini sh 
 
 Pressure As Indicated by U-Gauge on Prcver 
 
 Time per Rev. of Meter Rate per Hour 
 
 Readings and Results. 
 
 Temp . 
 
 Meter 
 
 Pr over 
 1 2 
 
 Test # 
 
 Room 
 
 Start 
 
 Finish 
 
 Meter 
 Start 
 Fini sh 
 
 Prover 
 Start 
 Fini sh 
 
 Should Prover Be Accepted as Accurate 
 Remarks : - 
 
 Differ ence 
 1 2 . 
 
 $ Error 
 1 2 
 
 Signed